# An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations	国富論	An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations|国富論|noun|a treatise on economics by Adam Smith

- @title An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
- @author Adam Smith


## INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF THE WORK	序論と本書の構成	INTRODUCTION|序論|noun|a preliminary part of a book or speech	PLAN|構成|noun|a method for achieving an end	WORK|本書|noun|a book or other written material

The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it annually consumes, and which consist always either in the immediate produce of that labour, or in what is purchased with that produce from other nations.	どの国民の年間労働も、その国民が年間に消費する生活必需品や便利品をすべて供給する元手であり、それは常にその労働の直接の生産物か、その生産物で他国から購入したものである。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied

According, therefore, as this produce, or what is purchased with it, bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it, the nation will be better or worse supplied with all the necessaries and conveniencies for which it has occasion.	したがって、この生産物、またはそれで購入したものが、それを消費する人の数に対してより大きいか小さい割合を占めるかによって、国民は必要とするすべての必需品や便利品をよりよく、またはより悪く供給されることになる。	according|したがって|adverb|as a result	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	purchase|購入|verb|buy	bear|占める|verb|carry or support	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	occasion|必要とする|noun|a particular time or event

But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances: first, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applied;	しかし、この割合はどの国でも二つの異なる状況によって調整されなければならない。第一に、その労働が一般的に適用される技能、器用さ、判断力によってである。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	regulate|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	first|第一に|adverb|before all others in time or order	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	judgment|判断力|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	apply|適用される|verb|make use of
and, secondly, by the proportion between the number of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.	第二に、有用な労働に従事している人の数と、そうではない人の数の比率によってである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	those|人|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	employed|従事している|verb|have a job	useful|有用な|adjective|having a practical purpose or use	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Whatever be the soil, climate, or extent of territory of any particular nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must, in that particular situation, depend upon those two circumstances.	特定の国の土壌、気候、領土の広さがどうであれ、その国の年間供給量の豊富さや不足は、その特定の状況において、これら二つの状況に依存する。	whatever|どうであれ|pronoun|no matter what	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	climate|気候|noun|the weather averaged over a period of time	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	scantiness|不足|noun|a lack of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

The abundance or scantiness of this supply, too, seems to depend more upon the former of those two circumstances than upon the latter.	この供給の豊富さや不足も、後者よりも前者に依存しているように見える。	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	scantiness|不足|noun|a lack of something	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
Among the savage nations of hunters and fishers, every individual who is able to work is more or less employed in useful labour, and endeavours to provide, as well as he can, the necessaries and conveniencies of life, for himself, and such of his family or tribe as are either too old, or too young, or too infirm, to go a-hunting and fishing.	狩猟や漁業を行う未開民族の間では、働くことができる人は多かれ少なかれ有用な労働に従事しており、自分自身や、狩猟や漁業に行くには年を取りすぎているか、若すぎるか、弱すぎる家族や部族のために、生活必需品や便利品をできる限り提供しようと努力している。	Among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	savage|未開の|adjective|not civilized	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hunter|狩猟者|noun|a person who hunts	fisher|漁師|noun|a person who catches fish for a living	individual|人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	able|できる|adjective|having the power or skill to do something	work|働く|verb|perform work or fulfill duties	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	employed|従事する|verb|have a job	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	as well as|できる限り|adverb|to the best of one's ability	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that makes life easier or more comfortable	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	himself|自分自身|pronoun|that male person or animal	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, especially a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	too old|年を取りすぎている|adjective|having lived for a long time	too young|若すぎる|adjective|having lived for a short time	too infirm|弱すぎる|adjective|lacking the power to perform; feeble	go|行く|verb|move or travel from one place to another
Such nations, however, are so miserably poor, that, from mere want, they are frequently reduced, or at least think themselves reduced, to the necessity sometimes of directly destroying, and sometimes of abandoning their infants, their old people, and those afflicted with lingering diseases, to perish with hunger, or to be devoured by wild beasts.	しかし、そのような国々は非常に貧しく、単なる欠乏から、しばしば、あるいは少なくとも自分たちがそうであると考え、時には直接破壊し、時には乳児、老人、長引く病気に苦しむ人々を捨てて、飢えで死んだり、野獣に食い尽くされたりする必要がある。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	miserably|ひどく|adverb|in a very unhappy or unsuccessful way	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	want|欠乏|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	abandon|捨てる|verb|leave and never go back to	infant|乳児|noun|a very young child	old|年老いた|adjective|having lived for a long time	linger|長引く|verb|stay in a place longer than necessary	disease|病気|noun|a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury	perish|死ぬ|verb|die or be destroyed	wild|野生の|adjective|living or growing in the natural environment; not domesticated or cultivated	beast|獣|noun|an animal, especially a large or dangerous four-footed one
Among civilized and thriving nations, on the contrary, though a great number of people do not labour at all, many of whom consume the produce of ten times, frequently of a hundred times, more labour than the greater part of those who work;	反対に、文明的で繁栄している国々では、多くの人々が全く労働していないにもかかわらず、その多くが働いている人の大部分よりも10倍、しばしば100倍以上の労働の生産物を消費している。	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	among|～の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	though|～にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	great number of|多くの|noun|a large quantity or amount	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	do not labour|労働していない|verb|work hard; make great effort	at all|全く|adverb|in any way; to any extent	many of whom|その多くが|pronoun|a large number of people	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	ten times|10倍|noun|ten multiplied by a number	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	hundred times|100倍|noun|a hundred multiplied by a number	more labour|より多くの労働|noun|work hard; make great effort	greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	those who work|働いている人|noun|a person who works
yet the produce of the whole labour of the society is so great, that all are often abundantly supplied;	しかし、社会全体の労働の生産物は非常に大きく、すべての人々が豊富に供給されることがよくある。	yet|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; but	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	all|すべての|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	abundantly|豊富に|adverb|in large quantities; plentifully	supply|供給する|verb|make available for use
and a workman, even of the lowest and poorest order, if he is frugal and industrious, may enjoy a greater share of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than it is possible for any savage to acquire.	そして、最も低く貧しい階級の労働者でさえ、もし彼が質素で勤勉であれば、どんな野蛮人にも手に入れることができないほど多くの生活必需品や便利品を楽しむことができる。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	even|でさえ|adverb|to the extent of	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least importance or value	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or possessions	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	frugal|質素な|adjective|not spending much money	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard	enjoy|楽しむ|verb|take delight or pleasure in	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that makes life easier or more comfortable	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people who are not civilized	acquire|手に入れる|verb|come into possession or ownership of

The causes of this improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the order according to which its produce is naturally distributed among the different ranks and conditions of men in the society, make the subject of the first book of this Inquiry.	労働の生産力が向上した原因と、その生産物が社会のさまざまな階級や条件の人々の間に自然に分配される順序が、この研究の第一巻のテーマとなっている。	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	improvement|向上|noun|an increase in the quality or value of something	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or sequence of things	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military or police force	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before something else can happen	make|なっている|verb|form or constitute	subject|テーマ|noun|the main topic of a book, speech, or article	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	inquiry|研究|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.

Whatever be the actual state of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which labour is applied in any nation, the abundance or scantiness of its annual supply must depend, during the continuance of that state, upon the proportion between the number of those who are annually employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.	どの国においても、労働に適用される技能、器用さ、判断力の実際の状態がどうであれ、その国の年間供給量の豊富さや不足は、その状態が続く間は、年間に有用な労働に従事している人の数と、そうではない人の数の比率に依存する。	Whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	be|である|verb|to be	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|the ability to move or use your hands or body quickly and easily	judgment|判断力|noun|the ability to make good decisions	be applied|適用される|verb|to be put to use	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share the same language, culture, history, etc., and who live in a particular country or area	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large amount of something	scantiness|不足|noun|a lack of something	depend|依存する|verb|to need something or someone in order to exist, be successful, etc.	continuance|継続|noun|the act of continuing	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	proportion|比率|noun|the relationship between two or more amounts or numbers	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	those|人|noun|the people who	be employed|従事している|verb|to have a job	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	useful|有用な|adjective|having a practical use or purpose	so|そう|adverb|in the way mentioned
The number of useful and productive labourers, it will hereafter appear, is everywhere in proportion to the quantity of capital stock which is employed in setting them to work, and to the particular way in which it is so employed.	有用で生産的な労働者の数は、後述するように、どこでも彼らを働かせるために投入される資本ストックの量と、それが投入される特定の方法に比例している。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	useful|有用な|adjective|of practical use	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	hereafter|後述するように|adverb|in the future	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	proportion|比例する|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
The second book, therefore, treats of the nature of capital stock, of the manner in which it is gradually accumulated, and of the different quantities of labour which it puts into motion, according to the different ways in which it is employed.	したがって、第二巻では、資本ストックの性質、それが徐々に蓄積される方法、そしてそれが投入されるさまざまな方法に応じて、それが動かす労働のさまざまな量について扱う。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	book|巻|noun|a set of sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	treat|扱う|verb|deal with in a certain way	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other	way|方法|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment

Nations tolerably well advanced as to skill, dexterity, and judgment, in the application of labour, have followed very different plans in the general conduct or direction of it;	労働の適用において、技能、器用さ、判断力に関してかなり進歩した国々は、労働の一般的な実施や方向性において非常に異なる計画に従ってきた。	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|the ability to move your hands or body quickly and easily	judgment|判断力|noun|the ability to make good decisions	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	general conduct|一般的な実施|noun|the way that something is done or organized	direction|方向性|noun|the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed
and those plans have not all been equally favourable to the greatness of its produce.	そして、それらの計画はすべて、その生産物の偉大さに等しく好意的だったわけではない。	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	favourable|好意的|adjective|expressing approval or support	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
The policy of some nations has given extraordinary encouragement to the industry of the country;	一部の国の政策は、その国の産業に並外れた奨励を与えてきた。	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
that of others to the industry of towns.	他の国の政策は、都市の産業に並外れた奨励を与えてきた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement
Scarce any nation has dealt equally and impartially with every sort of industry.	あらゆる産業を平等かつ公平に扱った国はほとんどない。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	impartially|公平に|adverb|in a fair and just way	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Since the down-fall of the Roman empire, the policy of Europe has been more favourable to arts, manufactures, and commerce, the industry of towns, than to agriculture, the Industry of the country.	ローマ帝国の滅亡以来、ヨーロッパの政策は、農業、つまり国の産業よりも、芸術、製造業、商業、つまり都市の産業に有利に働いてきた。	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the ancient Roman state	down-fall|滅亡|noun|a sudden loss of power, prosperity, or status	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
The circumstances which seem to have introduced and established this policy are explained in the third book.	この政策を導入し、確立したと思われる状況については、第三巻で説明する。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be recognized and accepted	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd

Though those different plans were, perhaps, first introduced by the private interests and prejudices of particular orders of men, without any regard to, or foresight of, their consequences upon the general welfare of the society;	これらの異なる政策は、おそらく、社会の一般福祉に及ぼす影響について何ら考慮も予見もなしに、特定の階級の人々の私利私欲や偏見によって最初に導入されたものである。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	plan|政策|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	first|最初に|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	private|私利私欲|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	prejudice|偏見|noun|preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	regard|考慮|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	foresight|予見|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future	consequence|影響|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	welfare|福祉|noun|the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group
yet they have given occasion to very different theories of political economy;	しかし、それらは非常に異なる政治経済の理論を生み出してきた。	yet|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; but	give occasion to|生み出す|verb|cause or allow to happen	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy
of which some magnify the importance of that industry which is carried on in towns, others of that which is carried on in the country.	そのうちのいくつかは、都市で営まれている産業の重要性を強調し、他のものは農村で営まれている産業の重要性を強調している。	magnify|強調する|verb|make (something) appear bigger than it really is	importance|重要性|noun|the state or fact of having great worth or significance	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
Those theories have had a considerable influence, not only upon the opinions of men of learning, but upon the public conduct of princes and sovereign states.	これらの理論は、学者の意見だけでなく、君主や主権国家の公的な行動にも大きな影響を与えてきた。	theory|理論|noun|a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	learning|学問|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	upon|に関して|preposition|on	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	prince|君主|noun|a son, grandson, or other close male relative of a monarch	sovereign|主権|adjective|having supreme or ultimate power or authority
I have endeavoured, in the fourth book, to explain as fully and distinctly as I can those different theories, and the principal effects which they have produced in different ages and nations.	私は第四巻で、これらの異なる理論と、それらが異なる時代や国で生み出した主な効果を、できるだけ完全かつ明確に説明するよう努めた。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	theory|理論|noun|a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history and usually a territory

To explain in what has consisted the revenue of the great body of the people, or what has been the nature of those funds, which, in different ages and nations, have supplied their annual consumption, is the object of these four first books.	国民の大多数の収入が何で構成されているのか、あるいは異なる時代や国で彼らの年間消費を供給してきた資金の性質が何であったのかを説明することが、この最初の四巻の目的である。	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	different ages and nations|異なる時代や国|noun|different time periods and countries	annual consumption|年間消費|noun|the amount of goods and services consumed in a year	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something
The fifth and last book treats of the revenue of the sovereign, or commonwealth.	五巻目は、主権者または連邦の収入を扱っている。	fifth|五巻目|noun|the ordinal number of five	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	treat|扱う|verb|deal with in a certain way	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
In this book I have endeavoured to shew, first, what are the necessary expenses of the sovereign, or commonwealth;	この巻では、まず主権者または連邦の必要経費とは何かを明らかにするよう努めた。	book|巻|noun|a set of sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|明らかにする|verb|make visible or apparent	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
which of those expenses ought to be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society, and which of them, by that of some particular part only, or of some particular members of it:	これらの経費のうち、社会全体の一般的な寄付によって賄われるべきものと、その一部または特定のメンバーの寄付によって賄われるべきものを明らかにするよう努めた。	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	general contribution|一般的な寄付|noun|a donation that is not for a specific purpose	whole society|社会全体|noun|all of the people in a society	particular part|特定の部分|noun|a specific part of something	particular member|特定のメンバー|noun|a specific member of a group
secondly, what are the different methods in which the whole society may be made to contribute towards defraying the expenses incumbent on the whole society, and what are the principal advantages and inconveniencies of each of those methods;	第二に、社会全体が社会全体に課せられた経費を賄うために貢献するさまざまな方法とは何か、また、それぞれの方法の主な利点と不便さは何か。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	incumbent|課せられた|adjective|necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	inconvenience|不便さ|noun|trouble or difficulty caused by a particular situation or action
and, thirdly and lastly, what are the reasons and causes which have induced almost all modern governments to mortgage some part of this revenue, or to contract debts;	第三に、ほとんどすべての現代政府がこの収入の一部を担保にしたり、借金をしたりするようになった理由と原因は何か。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	cause|原因|noun|something that brings about an effect or a result	induce|誘発する|verb|persuade or influence someone to do something	almost all|ほとんどすべて|determiner|nearly all	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	mortgage|担保にする|verb|make a loan on the security of	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	contract|借金をする|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter
and what have been the effects of those debts upon the real wealth, the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	そして、これらの負債が実質的な富、つまり社会の土地と労働の年間生産物にどのような影響を及ぼしてきたか。	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	real wealth|実質的な富|noun|the value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year


## BOOK I: OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE.	第一篇労働の生産力の改善の原因と、その生産物が人々のさまざまな階級に自然に分配される順序について。	BOOK I|第一篇|noun|the first book	OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS OF LABOUR|労働の生産力の改善の原因について|noun phrase|the causes of improvement in the productive powers of labour	AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE|その生産物が人々のさまざまな階級に自然に分配される順序について|noun phrase|the order according to which its produce is naturally distributed among the different ranks of the people


## CHAPTER I: OF THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.	第一章: 労働分業について。	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

The greatest improvements in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which it is anywhere directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the division of labour.	労働の生産力の最大の改善と、それがどこであれ指示されたり、適用されたりする技能、器用さ、判断力の大部分は、分業の効果であるように思われる。	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	judgment|判断力|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	direct|指示する|verb|control the operations of	apply|適用する|verb|make use of	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force
The effects of the division of labour, in the general business of society, will be more easily understood, by considering in what manner it operates in some particular manufactures.	社会の一般的な仕事における分業の効果は、それがいくつかの特定の製造業でどのように作用するかを考えることによって、より簡単に理解されるだろう。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	general business|一般的な仕事|noun|the work of a company or organization	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	more easily|より簡単に|adverb|in a more easy manner	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
It is commonly supposed to be carried furthest in some very trifling ones;	分業は、ごく些細な製造業で最も進んでいると一般に考えられている。	be supposed to|考えられている|verb|be generally regarded as having a specified quality	be carried furthest|最も進んでいる|verb|be most advanced	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance
not perhaps that it really is carried further in them than in others of more importance: but in those trifling manufactures which are destined to supply the small wants of but a small number of people, the whole number of workmen must necessarily be small;	おそらく、分業がより重要な他の製造業よりも実際に進んでいるわけではないだろう。しかし、少数の人々の小さな欲求を満たす運命にある些細な製造業では、労働者の総数は必然的に少なくなる。	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	carry|進む|verb|move or cause to move in a specified way	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	destined|運命にある|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	want|欲求|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	whole|総数|adjective|complete in every part; entire	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	small|少なくなる|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
and those employed in every different branch of the work can often be collected into the same workhouse, and placed at once under the view of the spectator.	そして、仕事のあらゆる異なる部門で雇用されている人々は、しばしば同じ作業場に集められ、観察者の視界に一度に置かれる。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	workhouse|作業場|noun|a place where people were sent to live and work	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	spectator|観察者|noun|a person who watches at a show, game, or other event

In those great manufactures, on the contrary, which are destined to supply the great wants of the great body of the people, every different branch of the work employs so great a number of workmen, that it is impossible to collect them all into the same workhouse.	逆に、大勢の人々の大きな欲求を満たす運命にある大規模な製造業では、仕事のあらゆる異なる部門が非常に多くの労働者を雇用しているため、彼ら全員を同じ作業場に集めることは不可能である。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	destined|運命にある|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	want|欲求|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	every|あらゆる|determiner|each and all of a group	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main stem, trunk, or artery	employ|雇用する|verb|to use or engage the services of	great|非常に多くの|adjective|of major significance or importance	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	collect|集める|verb|to bring or gather together	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	workhouse|作業場|noun|a place where people were given food and a place to live in return for work
We can seldom see more, at one time, than those employed in one single branch.	一度に、単一の部門で雇用されている人々以上を見ることはめったにできない。	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	more|以上|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	at one time|一度に|adverb|simultaneously	those|人々|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	employed|雇用されている|adjective|having a paid job	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main stem or trunk
Though in such manufactures, therefore, the work may really be divided into a much greater number of parts, than in those of a more trifling nature, the division is not near so obvious, and has accordingly been much less observed.	したがって、そのような製造業では、仕事は実際にはもっと些細な性質のものよりもはるかに多くの部分に分割されるかもしれないが、分割はそれほど明白ではなく、したがってあまり観察されていない。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	part|部分|noun|something that is less than the whole	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into two or more parts	obvious|明白|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive

To take an example, therefore, from a very trifling manufacture, but one in which the division of labour has been very often taken notice of, the trade of a pin-maker:	したがって、非常に些細な製造業から例を挙げると、労働分業が非常に頻繁に注目されているもの、ピン製造業者の業種である。	take an example|例を挙げる|verb|give an example	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	division of labour|労働分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity	very often|非常に頻繁に|adverb|very frequently	take notice of|注目する|verb|observe attentively	trade|業種|noun|a job or line of work
a workman not educated to this business (which the division of labour has rendered a distinct trade), nor acquainted with the use of the machinery employed in it (to the invention of which the same division of labour has probably given occasion), could scarce, perhaps, with his utmost industry, make one pin in a day, and certainly could not make twenty.	この仕事(労働分業が明確な業種にした)を学んでおらず、それに使用される機械(同じ労働分業が発明の機会を与えた)の使い方にも精通していない労働者は、おそらく、最大限の勤勉さをもってしても、一日にピンを1本作ることすらできず、20本は絶対に作れないだろう。	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	division of labour|労働分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity	distinct|明確な|adjective|clearly different	acquainted|精通している|adjective|having knowledge or experience of	machinery|機械|noun|an assembly of interconnected parts used to transmit or modify force in a predetermined fashion	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	make|作る|verb|create or produce	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other, used especially for fastening pieces of cloth together	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one
But in the way in which this business is now carried on, not only the whole work is a peculiar trade, but it is divided into a number of branches, of which the greater part are likewise peculiar trades.	しかし、この事業が現在行われている方法では、仕事全体が独特の業種であるだけでなく、それは多くの部門に分かれており、その大部分も同様に独特の業種である。	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	trade|業種|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into parts	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main stem, root, or nerve	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition; too
One man draws out the wire;	一人の男が針金を引き伸ばす。	one|一人の|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	man|男|noun|an adult male human being	draw out|引き伸ばす|verb|to make longer or wider	wire|針金|noun|a metal drawn out into a thin flexible thread or rod
another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head;	別の男がそれを真っ直ぐにし、三人目がそれを切り、四人目がそれを尖らせ、五人目が頭部を取り付けるために上部を研磨する。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	straight|真っ直ぐにする|verb|make or become straight	third|三人目|noun|the ordinal number of three	cut|切る|verb|divide or separate with a sharp-edged tool	fourth|四人目|noun|the ordinal number of four	point|尖らせる|verb|sharpen to a point	fifth|五人目|noun|the ordinal number of five	grind|研磨する|verb|reduce to small particles or powder by crushing, abrading, or cutting
to make the head requires two or three distinct operations;	頭部を作るには二つか三つの別々の作業が必要である。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	head|頭部|noun|the upper part of the human body	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	two or three|二つか三つ|noun|a small number	distinct|別々の|adjective|not the same; different	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end
to put it on is a peculiar business;	それを装着するのは独特の仕事である。	put on|装着する|verb|to put something on oneself	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual
to whiten the pins is another;	ピンを白くするのはまた別の仕事である。	whiten|白くする|verb|make white	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other, used especially for fastening pieces of cloth together	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned
it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper;	それを紙に包むのもまたそれ自体が一つの仕事である。	put|包む|verb|place into a container	paper|紙|noun|a material made of pressed fibers
and the important business of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.	そして、ピンを作るという重要な仕事は、このようにして、約十八の別々の作業に分割され、ある工場では、すべて別々の手によって行われるが、他の工場では、同じ人が二つか三つの作業を行うこともある。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	divide|分割する|verb|separate into parts	about|約|adverb|approximately	eighteen|十八|numeral|the number 18	distinct|別々の|adjective|not the same	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts performed in a certain manner	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory or workshop	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	two|二|numeral|the number 2	three|三|numeral|the number 3
I have seen a small manufactory of this kind, where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations.	私は、この種の小さな工場を見たことがあり、そこでは十人しか雇用されておらず、そのうちの何人かは二つか三つの別々の作業を行っていた。	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory or workshop	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	ten|十|numeral|the number 10	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	some|何人か|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	two|二つ|numeral|the number 2	three|三つ|numeral|the number 3	distinct|別々の|adjective|not identical or alike	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts performed in a certain manner
But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day.	しかし、彼らは非常に貧しく、そのため必要な機械を十分に備えていなかったが、努力すれば、一日で約十二ポンドのピンを作ることができた。	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	indifferently|十分に|adverb|to a moderate degree; fairly	accommodate|備える|verb|provide with something	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	exert|努力する|verb|make a physical or mental effort	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	about|約|preposition|approximately	twelve|十二|adjective|being one more than eleven	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other, used especially for fastening pieces of cloth together	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset
There are in a pound upwards of four thousand pins of a middling size.	一ポンドには中くらいのサイズのピンが四千本以上ある。	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	four thousand|四千|numeral|4000	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other	middling|中くらい|adjective|of medium quality, size, or rank
Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upwards of forty-eight thousand pins in a day.	したがって、この十人は、一日で四万八千本以上のピンを作ることができた。	ten|十|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	forty-eight thousand|四万八千|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four thousand eight hundred and ten	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other, used especially for fastening pieces of cloth together	make|作る|verb|create, produce, or construct something
Each person, therefore, making a tenth part of forty-eight thousand pins, might be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day.	したがって、一人当たり四万八千本のピンの十分の一を作っていると考えると、一日で四千八百本のピンを作っていると考えることができる。	each person|一人当たり|noun|every person	make|作っている|verb|create or produce	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts	forty-eight thousand|四万八千|noun|the number 48000	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other	might|考えることができる|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	day|一日|noun|the period of time from sunrise to sunset
But if they had all wrought separately and independently, and without any of them having been educated to this peculiar business, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day;	しかし、もし彼らが皆別々に独立して働き、誰もこの特殊な仕事に教育を受けていなかったら、彼らは一人当たり一日二十本も作れなかっただろうし、おそらく一本も作れなかっただろう。	separately|別々に|adverb|not together	independently|独立して|adverb|not dependent on another	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or unusual	twenty|二十|noun|the number 20	one|一|noun|the number 1	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset
that is, certainly, not the two hundred and fortieth, perhaps not the four thousand eight hundredth, part of what they are at present capable of performing, in consequence of a proper division and combination of their different operations.	つまり、彼らの異なる作業を適切に分割し組み合わせた結果、現在彼らが行える量の二百四十分の一、おそらく四千八百分の一にもならなかっただろう。	two hundred and fortieth|二百四十分の一|noun|a fraction	four thousand eight hundredth|四千八百分の一|noun|a fraction	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	capable of|行える|adjective|having the ability to do something	performing|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the action of combining two or more things, or the state of being combined

In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one, though, in many of them, the labour can neither be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation.	他のあらゆる技芸や製造業においても、分業の成果はこのごく些細な例と似ているが、その多くでは、労働をそれほど細分化することも、作業をそれほど単純化することもできない。	art|技芸|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity	effect|成果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	similar|似ている|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance, especially in a general way	trifling|些細な|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	neither|～も～もない|conjunction|not either; used before the first of two or more alternatives (the second being introduced by nor) to indicate that they are each untrue or each do not happen	so much|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	subdivided|細分化|verb|divide into smaller parts	reduced|単純化|verb|make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end
The division of labour, however, so far as it can be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour.	しかし、分業は、導入できる限り、あらゆる技芸において、労働の生産力を比例的に増大させる。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	art|技芸|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	proportionable|比例的|adjective|being in proportion; having a due relation	increase|増大|noun|the action of increasing something	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services
The separation of different trades and employments from one another, seems to have taken place in consequence of this advantage.	異なる業種や職業が互いに分離したのは、この利点の結果であるように思われる。	separation|分離|noun|the action or state of moving or being moved apart	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	trade|業種|noun|a business or work activity	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	take place|起こる|verb|happen	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
This separation, too, is generally carried furthest in those countries which enjoy the highest degree of industry and improvement;	この分離もまた、産業と改良の度合いが最も高い国々で最も進んでいる。	separation|分離|noun|the action or state of moving or being moved apart	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	furthest|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	highest degree|最も高い度合い|noun|the greatest amount or extent	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
what is the work of one man, in a rude state of society, being generally that of several in an improved one.	未開の社会では一人の人の仕事であるものが、進歩した社会では一般に数人の仕事になる。	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	several|数人|adjective|more than two but not very many	improved|進歩した|adjective|made or become better
In every improved society, the farmer is generally nothing but a farmer;	あらゆる進歩した社会では、農民は一般に農民以外の何者でもない。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	improved|進歩した|adjective|made better	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	nothing but|以外の何者でもない|noun|only; no more than
the manufacturer, nothing but a manufacturer.	製造業者は製造業者以外の何者でもない。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	nothing but|以外の何者でもない|noun|only; exclusively
The labour, too, which is necessary to produce any one complete manufacture, is almost always divided among a great number of hands.	一つの完成品を製造するのに必要な労働も、ほとんど常に多数の労働者の間で分割される。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	produce|製造する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	complete|完成した|adjective|having all the necessary parts	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	great number|多数|noun|a large number	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work, especially physical or industrial work
How many different trades are employed in each branch of the linen and woollen manufactures, from the growers of the flax and the wool, to the bleachers and smoothers of the linen, or to the dyers and dressers of the cloth!	亜麻や羊毛の栽培者から、亜麻布の漂白業者やアイロンかけ業者、あるいは布の染色業者や仕上げ業者に至るまで、亜麻布や毛織物製造の各部門にどれほど多くの異なる職業が従事していることか!	linen|亜麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that has blue flowers and produces fibers that are used to make linen	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	bleacher|漂白業者|noun|a person who bleaches something	smoother|アイロンかけ業者|noun|a person who irons something	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	dyer|染色業者|noun|a person who dyes something	dresser|仕上げ業者|noun|a person who dresses something
The nature of agriculture, indeed, does not admit of so many subdivisions of labour, nor of so complete a separation of one business from another, as manufactures.	確かに、農業の性質上、製造業ほど労働を細分化したり、一つの仕事を他の仕事から完全に分離したりすることはできない。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	subdivision|細分化|noun|the division of something into smaller parts	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	separation|分離|noun|the action or state of moving or being moved apart	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
It is impossible to separate so entirely the business of the grazier from that of the corn-farmer, as the trade of the carpenter is commonly separated from that of the smith.	大工の仕事が普通鍛冶屋の仕事から分離されているように、牧畜業者の仕事を穀物農家の仕事から完全に分離することは不可能である。	separate|分離する|verb|keep apart or divide from one another	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who grazes cattle or sheep	corn-farmer|穀物農家|noun|a person who grows corn	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	trade|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal
The spinner is almost always a distinct person from the weaver;	紡績工はほとんど常に織工とは別の人間である。	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves
but the ploughman, the harrower, the sower of the seed, and the reaper of the corn, are often the same.	しかし、耕作者、ハローをかける人、種をまく人、穀物を刈り取る人は、しばしば同じである。	ploughman|耕作者|noun|a person who ploughs	harrower|ハローをかける人|noun|a person who harrows	sower|種をまく人|noun|a person who sows	reaper|刈り取る人|noun|a person who reaps	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times
The occasions for those different sorts of labour returning with the different seasons of the year, it is impossible that one man should be constantly employed in any one of them.	これらの異なる種類の労働の機会は、一年の異なる季節に巡ってくるので、一人の人間が一つの労働に常に従事することは不可能である。	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	return|巡ってくる|verb|come or go back to a place or person	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	employ|従事する|verb|be engaged in (an activity)
This impossibility of making so complete and entire a separation of all the different branches of labour employed in agriculture, is perhaps the reason why the improvement of the productive powers of labour, in this art, does not always keep pace with their improvement in manufactures.	農業に従事する労働のすべての異なる部門を完全に分離することが不可能であることが、おそらく、この技術における労働の生産力の向上が、製造業における労働の生産力の向上と常に歩調を合わせることができない理由である。	impossibility|不可能|noun|the quality or state of being impossible	complete|完全|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	entire|完全|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	separation|分離|noun|the action or state of moving or being moved apart	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	employed|従事する|verb|have a job	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	branch|部門|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	improvement|向上|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	keep pace with|歩調を合わせる|verb|move or develop at the same rate as someone or something else	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
The most opulent nations, indeed, generally excel all their neighbours in agriculture as well as in manufactures;	実際、最も裕福な国々は、一般的に製造業だけでなく農業においても近隣諸国を凌駕している。	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	excel|凌駕する|verb|be exceptionally good at	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
but they are commonly more distinguished by their superiority in the latter than in the former.	しかし、それらは通常、前者よりも後者における優位性によってより区別される。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
Their lands are in general better cultivated, and having more labour and expense bestowed upon them, produce more in proportion to the extent and natural fertility of the ground.	彼らの土地は一般的によく耕作されており、より多くの労働力と費用が費やされているため、土地の広さと自然の肥沃度に比例してより多くの生産物が得られる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; on the whole	better|よりよく|adverb|to a higher standard or more effectively	cultivated|耕作されている|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	bestowed|費やされている|verb|confer or present as a gift	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial products	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	proportion|比例して|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
But this superiority of produce is seldom much more than in proportion to the superiority of labour and expense.	しかし、この生産物の優位性は、労働力と費用の優位性に比例する以上に大きくなることはめったにない。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In agriculture, the labour of the rich country is not always much more productive than that of the poor;	農業において、豊かな国の労働は、貧しい国の労働よりも常に生産性が高いわけではない。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support
or, at least, it is never so much more productive, as it commonly is in manufactures.	あるいは、少なくとも、製造業で通常そうであるように、それほど生産性が高くなることは決してない。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	never|決して|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	so much|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	more|より|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or extent	productive|生産性が高い|adjective|producing much or many	as|そうであるように|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that expresses a comparison	it|それ|pronoun|the thing or animal previously mentioned	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	is|である|verb|be	in|で|preposition|expressing location
The corn of the rich country, therefore, will not always, in the same degree of goodness, come cheaper to market than that of the poor.	したがって、豊かな国の穀物は、同じ程度の品質であれば、貧しい国の穀物よりも市場で安くなるとは限らない。	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
The corn of Poland, in the same degree of goodness, is as cheap as that of France, notwithstanding the superior opulence and improvement of the latter country.	ポーランドの穀物は、同じ程度の品質であれば、フランスの穀物と同じくらい安いが、フランスの方が豊かで発展しているにもかかわらずである。	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Europe	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	opulence|豊かさ|noun|wealth or affluence	improvement|発展|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
The corn of France is, in the corn-provinces, fully as good, and in most years nearly about the same price with the corn of England, though, in opulence and improvement, France is perhaps inferior to England.	フランスの穀物は、穀物生産地では、イギリスの穀物と全く同じくらい良質で、ほとんどの年でほぼ同じ価格だが、豊かさと発展という点では、フランスはおそらくイギリスに劣っている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	improvement|発展|noun|the action of improving something	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower standard or quality
The corn-lands of England, however, are better cultivated than those of France, and the corn-lands of France are said to be much better cultivated than those of Poland.	しかし、イギリスの穀物地帯はフランスの穀物地帯よりもよく耕作されており、フランスの穀物地帯はポーランドの穀物地帯よりもはるかによく耕作されていると言われている。	corn-land|穀物地帯|noun|an area of land where corn is grown	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Europe	better|よりよく|adverb|to a higher standard or more effectively	cultivated|耕作されている|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	much better|はるかによく|adverb|to a much higher standard or more effectively
But though the poor country, notwithstanding the inferiority of its cultivation, can, in some measure, rival the rich in the cheapness and goodness of its corn, it can pretend to no such competition in its manufactures, at least if those manufactures suit the soil, climate, and situation, of the rich country.	しかし、貧しい国は、その耕作の劣等性にもかかわらず、ある程度、その穀物の安さと良さにおいて豊かな国に匹敵することができるが、その製造業においては、少なくともそれらの製造業が豊かな国の土壌、気候、状況に適合している場合には、そのような競争をすることはできない。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	inferiority|劣等性|noun|the state of being of lower quality or value	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	rival|匹敵する|verb|be equal or comparable to	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	cheapness|安さ|noun|the state of being low in price	goodness|良さ|noun|the state of being good	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods on a large scale using machinery	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	situation|状況|noun|the state of affairs at a particular time and place
The silks of France are better and cheaper than those of England, because the silk manufacture, at least under the present high duties upon the importation of raw silk, does not so well suit the climate of England as that of France.	フランスの絹はイギリスの絹よりも上質で安価だが、それは絹の製造が、少なくとも生糸の輸入に対する現在の高関税の下では、イギリスの気候にフランスほど適していないからである。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or causing to be brought into a country or region	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
But the hardware and the coarse woollens of England are beyond all comparison superior to those of France, and much cheaper, too, in the same degree of goodness.	しかし、イギリスの金物や粗い毛織物は、フランスのものと比べ物にならないほど優れており、同じ程度の品質で、はるかに安価である。	hardware|金物|noun|tools, implements, and other articles made of metal	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	beyond all comparison|比べ物にならない|adjective|so good that it cannot be compared to anything else	superior|優れている|adjective|better than average or usual	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	much cheaper|はるかに安価|adjective|much less expensive	same degree|同じ程度|noun|the same amount or level	goodness|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
In Poland there are said to be scarce any manufactures of any kind, a few of those coarser household manufactures excepted, without which no country can well subsist.	ポーランドでは、粗雑な家庭用品以外にはほとんど製造業が存在しないと言われているが、それなしではどの国も存続できない。	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	coarse|粗雑な|adjective|lacking refinement or good taste	household|家庭用品|noun|a person or group of people living together in one residence	subsist|存続する|verb|to continue to live or exist

This great increase in the quantity of work, which, in consequence of the division of labour, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances;	分業の結果、同じ人数でこなせる仕事量が大幅に増えるのは、三つの異なる事情による。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	quantity of work|仕事量|noun|the amount of work that is done or to be done	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	circumstance|事情|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman;	第一に、個々の労働者の器用さが増すことである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	increase|増すこと|noun|the amount by which something increases	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	particular|個々の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work
secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another;	第二に、ある種の仕事から別の種の仕事に移行する際に通常失われる時間を節約することである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	saving|節約|noun|the reduction of money spent	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	pass|移行する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	one|ある|determiner|the number 1	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
and, lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and enable one man to do the work of many.	そして最後に、労働を容易にし、短縮し、一人の人間が多人数の仕事をこなせるようにする多数の機械の発明である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	do|行う|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result

First, the improvement of the dexterity of the workmen, necessarily increases the quantity of the work he can perform;	第一に、労働者の器用さの向上は、必然的に彼がこなせる仕事量を増やす。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	improvement|向上|noun|the action of improving something	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
and the division of labour, by reducing every man’s business to some one simple operation, and by making this operation the sole employment of his life, necessarily increases very much the dexterity of the workman.	そして分業は、各人の仕事を単純な作業にまで縮小し、この作業を彼の生涯の唯一の仕事にすることで、必然的に労働者の器用さを大いに増大させる。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	reduce|縮小する|verb|make or become smaller or less	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	employment|仕事|noun|the state of being employed	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
A common smith, who, though accustomed to handle the hammer, has never been used to make nails, if, upon some particular occasion, he is obliged to attempt it, will scarce, I am assured, be able to make above two or three hundred nails in a day, and those, too, very bad ones.	ハンマーを扱うことには慣れているが、釘を作ることには慣れていない普通の鍛冶屋は、もし何か特別な機会に釘を作らなければならないとしても、一日で二、三百本以上の釘を作ることはできないだろうし、それも非常に粗悪なものになるだろう。	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	handle|扱う|verb|to deal with or manage	hammer|ハンマー|noun|a tool with a heavy metal head and a handle, used for hitting things	nail|釘|noun|a small metal object with a pointed end and a flat head, used for joining things together	make|作る|verb|to produce or create something	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	attempt|試みる|verb|to try to do something	scarce|できない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	assure|確信する|verb|to make someone feel certain about something	above|以上|preposition|more than	two or three hundred|二、三百|numeral|two hundred or three hundred	day|日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours	too|また|adverb|in addition; also	bad|粗悪な|adjective|of poor quality
A smith who has been accustomed to make nails, but whose sole or principal business has not been that of a nailer, can seldom, with his utmost diligence, make more than eight hundred or a thousand nails in a day.	釘を作ることに慣れているが、釘作りが唯一の仕事でも主な仕事でもない鍛冶屋は、どんなに勤勉に働いても、一日で八百本から千本以上の釘を作ることはめったにできない。	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to	nail|釘|noun|a small metal object with a pointed end and a flat head, used to join things together	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	principal|主な|adjective|most important	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	nailer|釘職人|noun|a person who makes nails	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	eight hundred|八百|numeral|800	thousand|千|numeral|1000	day|日|noun|a period of time from one sunrise to the next
I have seen several boys, under twenty years of age, who had never exercised any other trade but that of making nails, and who, when they exerted themselves, could make, each of them, upwards of two thousand three hundred nails in a day.	私は、二十歳以下の少年が何人か、釘作り以外に何も仕事をしたことがないのに、頑張れば一人で一日二千三百本以上の釘を作れるのを見てきた。	twenty years of age|二十歳|noun|the age of twenty	several|何人か|adjective|more than two but not many	boys|少年|noun|a male child or young man	under|以下|preposition|below or beneath	never|一度も～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	make|作る|verb|create or produce	nail|釘|noun|a small metal object with a pointed end and a flat head, used to join things together	when|～すると|conjunction|at or during the time that	exert|頑張る|verb|make a great effort	make|作れる|verb|create or produce	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	two thousand three hundred|二千三百|numeral|the number 2300	day|一日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours
The making of a nail, however, is by no means one of the simplest operations.	しかし、釘を作ることは決して単純な作業ではない。	making|作ること|noun|the process of creating something	nail|釘|noun|a small metal object with a pointed end and a flat head, used to join things together	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	simplest|最も単純な|adjective|most easy to understand or do	operation|作業|noun|a task performed as part of a job or series of actions
The same person blows the bellows, stirs or mends the fire as there is occasion, heats the iron, and forges every part of the nail: in forging the head, too, he is obliged to change his tools.	同じ人がふいごを吹き、必要に応じて火をかき混ぜたり、修理したり、鉄を熱したり、釘のあらゆる部分を鍛造したりする。頭を鍛造する際にも道具を交換しなければならない。	blow|吹く|verb|move or be moved by a current of air	bellows|ふいご|noun|a device with an air bag that emits a stream of air when squeezed	stir|かき混ぜる|verb|move or cause to move slightly	mend|修理する|verb|repair or improve	heat|熱する|verb|make or become hot	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal	forge|鍛造する|verb|shape by heating and hammering	head|頭|noun|the upper or front part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function
The different operations into which the making of a pin, or of a metal button, is subdivided, are all of them much more simple, and the dexterity of the person, of whose life it has been the sole business to perform them, is usually much greater.	ピンや金属製のボタンを作る作業は、どれももっと単純で、それを生業としている人の器用さは、通常、もっと優れている。	pin|ピン|noun|a thin, pointed piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the other	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	button|ボタン|noun|a small disc or knob sewn onto or through an item of clothing, either to fasten or decorate it	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts performed in a certain manner	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	life|生業|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
The rapidity with which some of the operations of those manufactures are performed, exceeds what the human hand could, by those who had never seen them, be supposed capable of acquiring.	これらの製造業の作業のいくつかは、それを見たことがない人には人間の手でできるとは思えないほどの速さで行われてる。	rapidity|速さ|noun|the quality or state of being rapid	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical nature	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially when carried on systematically with division of labor	exceed|超える|verb|be greater or better than	human|人間|noun|a bipedal primate mammal (Homo sapiens) that is anatomically similar and related to the great apes but distinguished by a more highly developed brain with a capacity for articulate speech and abstract reasoning	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	acquire|できる|verb|to come into possession or control of

Secondly, the advantage which is gained by saving the time commonly lost in passing from one sort of work to another, is much greater than we should at first view be apt to imagine it.	第二に、ある種の仕事から別の種の仕事に移行する際に通常失われる時間を節約することで得られる利点は、一見しただけでは想像できないほど大きい。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	save|節約する|verb|keep from being lost or wasted	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; ordinarily	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	pass|移行する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	one|ある|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	first|一見した|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	view|だけでは|noun|the ability to see something or to be seen from a particular place	imagine|想像できない|verb|form a mental image or concept of
It is impossible to pass very quickly from one kind of work to another, that is carried on in a different place, and with quite different tools.	ある種の仕事から別の種の仕事に素早く移行することは不可能であり、それは別の場所で行われ、全く異なる道具で行われることになる。	pass|移行する|verb|move from one place to another	quickly|素早く|adverb|at a fast speed	one|ある|determiner|the number 1	another|別の|determiner|a different one	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement used to carry out a particular function
A country weaver, who cultivates a small farm, must lose a good deal of time in passing from his loom to the field, and from the field to his loom.	小さな農場を耕作している田舎の織工は、織機から畑へ、畑から織機へと移動する際にかなりの時間を失うことになる。	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	small|小さな|adjective|little in size	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	pass|移動する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	loom|織機|noun|a machine or frame for weaving cloth	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture
When the two trades can be carried on in the same workhouse, the loss of time is, no doubt, much less.	2つの仕事が同じ作業場で行われれば、時間の損失は間違いなくずっと少なくなる。	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	carry on|行われる|verb|continue doing something	same|同じ|adjective|not different	workhouse|作業場|noun|a place where people work	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree
It is, even in this case, however, very considerable.	しかし、この場合でさえ、それは非常に大きい。	even in this case|この場合でさえ|adverb|despite the circumstances	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	considerable|大きい|adjective|large in size or amount
A man commonly saunters a little in turning his hand from one sort of employment to another.	人は普通、ある種の仕事から別の種の仕事に手を出す際に、少しぶらぶらする。	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; normally	saunter|ぶらぶらする|verb|walk in a slow and relaxed manner	turn one's hand|手を出す|verb|try one's skill at something	one sort of|ある種の|noun|a kind of	another|別の|adjective|different; distinct
When he first begins the new work, he is seldom very keen and hearty;	新しい仕事を始めたばかりの頃は、めったに熱心で元気なことはない。	first|最初|adverb|before any other person or thing	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
his mind, as they say, does not go to it, and for some time he rather trifles than applies to good purpose.	彼の心は、彼らが言うように、それに向いていないし、しばらくの間、彼は良い目的に適用するよりもむしろ些細なことをする。	mind|心|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	go to|向く|verb|be directed or given to	for some time|しばらくの間|noun|a period of time	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	trifle|些細なこと|noun|something of little value or importance	apply|適用する|verb|make use of	good purpose|良い目的|noun|a goal or intention that is morally right or beneficial
The habit of sauntering, and of indolent careless application, which is naturally, or rather necessarily, acquired by every country workman who is obliged to change his work and his tools every half hour, and to apply his hand in twenty different ways almost every day of his life, renders him almost always slothful and lazy, and incapable of any vigorous application, even on the most pressing occasions.	ぶらぶらしたり、怠惰で不注意な態度をとる習慣は、田舎の労働者なら誰でも自然に、あるいは必然的に身につけるもので、30分ごとに仕事や道具を変えたり、人生のほとんど毎日、20通りの異なる方法で手を動かしたりしなければならないため、ほとんどいつも怠惰で怠け者になり、どんなに差し迫った状況でも、精力的に取り組むことができなくなる。	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	saunter|ぶらぶらする|verb|walk in a slow and relaxed manner	indolent|怠惰な|adjective|lazy	careless|不注意な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	application|態度|noun|the action of putting something into operation	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	acquire|身につける|verb|come to have or possess	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	change|変える|verb|make or become different	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	every half hour|30分ごとに|noun|a period of time equal to thirty minutes	apply|動かす|verb|put into operation or use	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	every day|毎日|noun|each day	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	render|なる|verb|cause to be or become	almost always|ほとんどいつも|adverb|very nearly always	slothful|怠惰な|adjective|lazy	lazy|怠け者|adjective|unwilling to work or use energy	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	vigorous|精力的|adjective|strong, forceful, or energetic	application|取り組む|noun|the action of putting something into operation	even|でも|adverb|used to emphasize something surprising or extreme	most|最も|determiner|the majority of	pressing|差し迫った|adjective|urgent or insistent	occasion|状況|noun|a particular time or event
Independent, therefore, of his deficiency in point of dexterity, this cause alone must always reduce considerably the quantity of work which he is capable of performing.	したがって、器用さの点での欠陥とは別に、この原因だけでも、彼が遂行できる仕事量は常にかなり減少するはずである。	independent|別に|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	deficiency|欠陥|noun|a lack or shortage	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	alone|だけでも|adverb|only; without anyone or anything else	reduce|減少する|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	capable|遂行できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill

Thirdly, and lastly, everybody must be sensible how much labour is facilitated and abridged by the application of proper machinery.	第三に、そして最後に、適切な機械の適用によってどれだけ労働が容易になり、短縮されるかについては、誰もが理解しているはずである。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	everybody|誰もが|pronoun|every person	must|はずである|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be sensible|理解している|verb|be aware of	how much|どれだけ|determiner|the extent or degree to which	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	be facilitated|容易になる|verb|be made easier	be abridged|短縮される|verb|be made shorter	by|によって|preposition|through the agency of	the application of|の適用|noun|the act of putting to a special use or purpose	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines
It is unnecessary to give any example.	例を挙げる必要はない。	give|挙げる|verb|provide or supply	example|例|noun|a particular thing or person that shows or makes clear the characteristics of something else
I shall only observe, therefore, that the invention of all those machines by which labour is so much facilitated and abridged, seems to have been originally owing to the division of labour.	したがって、労働が非常に容易になり、短縮されるこれらの機械の発明は、もともと分業に起因していたように思われることを述べるにとどめる。	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force
Men are much more likely to discover easier and readier methods of attaining any object, when the whole attention of their minds is directed towards that single object, than when it is dissipated among a great variety of things.	人間は、心の注意がすべてその単一の対象に向けられているとき、非常に多様なものに散逸しているときよりも、何かの対象を達成するためのより簡単でより迅速な方法を発見する可能性がはるかに高い。	Men|人間|noun|an adult male human being	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	easier|より簡単な|adjective|more easy	readier|より迅速な|adjective|more ready	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	attain|達成する|verb|succeed in doing or getting something	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	direct|向ける|verb|control the course of; guide	single|単一の|adjective|only one	dissipate|散逸する|verb|disappear or cause to disappear	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied
But, in consequence of the division of labour, the whole of every man’s attention comes naturally to be directed towards some one very simple object.	しかし、分業の結果として、すべての人の注意のすべてが、自然に非常に単純な対象に向けられるようになる。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed
It is naturally to be expected, therefore, that some one or other of those who are employed in each particular branch of labour should soon find out easier and readier methods of performing their own particular work, whenever the nature of it admits of such improvement.	したがって、労働の各特定部門に従事している人々の誰かが、その性質がそのような改善を認めるときはいつでも、すぐに自分たちの特定の仕事を遂行するためのより簡単でより迅速な方法を見つけることが当然期待される。	be expected|期待される|verb|to be regarded as likely to happen or to be done	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	easier|より簡単な|adjective|more easy	readier|より迅速な|adjective|more ready	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out or accomplish	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
A great part of the machines made use of in those manufactures in which labour is most subdivided, were originally the invention of common workmen, who, being each of them employed in some very simple operation, naturally turned their thoughts towards finding out easier and readier methods of performing it.	労働が最も細分化されている製造業で使用されている機械の大部分は、もともと一般労働者の発明であり、彼らはそれぞれ非常に単純な作業に従事していたため、自然にそれを実行するためのより簡単でより迅速な方法を見つけることに向かった。	make use of|使用する|verb|to use something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	great part|大部分|noun|a large part	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	common workman|一般労働者|noun|a person who does work for a living	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process that has been invented by someone	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	very simple|非常に単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	operation|作業|noun|a piece of work, especially a large or complicated one	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural way	turn|向ける|verb|to change direction	thought|考え|noun|an idea or opinion produced by thinking or occurring suddenly in the mind	find out|見つける|verb|to discover or notice something	easier|より簡単な|adjective|more easy	readier|より迅速な|adjective|more ready	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something
Whoever has been much accustomed to visit such manufactures, must frequently have been shewn very pretty machines, which were the inventions of such workmen, in order to facilitate and quicken their own particular part of the work.	そのような製造業を訪問することに慣れている人は誰でも、仕事の自分の特定の部分を容易にし、迅速にするために、そのような労働者の発明である非常にきれいな機械を頻繁に見せられたに違いない。	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to	visit|訪問する|verb|go to see	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	be shown|見せられる|verb|be presented with	pretty|きれいな|adjective|pleasing to the eye or the ear	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier	quicken|迅速にする|verb|make faster	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
In the first fire engines {this was the current designation for steam engines}, a boy was constantly employed to open and shut alternately the communication between the boiler and the cylinder, according as the piston either ascended or descended.	最初の蒸気機関では、ピストンの上昇または下降に応じて、ボイラーとシリンダー間の通信を交互に開閉するために少年が常に雇われていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	fire engine|蒸気機関|noun|a vehicle that has a pump and carries water and other equipment for putting out fires	this|これは|pronoun|the person or thing that is being discussed	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time	designation|呼称|noun|a name or descriptive phrase that is given to a person, place, or thing	boy|少年|noun|a male child or young man	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	employ|雇う|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	shut|閉める|verb|move a door or window so as to block an opening	alternately|交互に|adverb|one after the other in a repeated sequence	communication|通信|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	boiler|ボイラー|noun|a closed vessel in which water is heated under pressure	cylinder|シリンダー|noun|a solid geometric figure with straight parallel sides and a circular or oval cross section	piston|ピストン|noun|a disk or short cylinder fitting closely within a tube in which it moves up and down against a liquid or gas, used in an internal combustion engine to impart motion to a crankshaft	ascend|上昇する|verb|move upward	descend|下降する|verb|move downward
One of those boys, who loved to play with his companions, observed that, by tying a string from the handle of the valve which opened this communication to another part of the machine, the valve would open and shut without his assistance, and leave him at liberty to divert himself with his play-fellows.	仲間と遊ぶのが大好きだった少年の一人はこの通信を開くバルブのハンドルから機械の別の部分に紐を結ぶことで、バルブが彼の助けなしに開閉し、遊び仲間と自由に遊べることに気づいた。	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	love|大好きだった|verb|have a strong feeling of affection for	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another	observe|気づく|verb|notice or perceive	valve|バルブ|noun|a device for controlling the passage of fluid or air through a pipe, duct, etc.	handle|ハンドル|noun|the part of a tool or object that is held in the hand when using it	string|紐|noun|a thin length of twisted fiber	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	divert|遊ぶ|verb|turn from one course or use to another	fellow|仲間|noun|a person in the same position, involved in the same activity, or otherwise associated with another
One of the greatest improvements that has been made upon this machine, since it was first invented, was in this manner the discovery of a boy who wanted to save his own labour.	この機械が発明されて以来、この機械に加えられた最大の改良の1つは、このようにして自分の労働を節約したい少年の発見だった。	one of|1つ|noun|a member of a group of two or more people or things	greatest|最大の|adjective|of major significance or importance	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	boy|少年|noun|a male child or young man	save|節約する|verb|keep and store up (something, especially money) for future use

All the improvements in machinery, however, have by no means been the inventions of those who had occasion to use the machines.	しかし、機械のすべての改良は、決して機械を使用する機会があった人々の発明ではなかった。	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	invention|発明|noun|the action of inventing something
Many improvements have been made by the ingenuity of the makers of the machines, when to make them became the business of a peculiar trade;	機械の製造が特殊な貿易の仕事になったとき、機械の製造者の工夫によって多くの改良がなされた。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	ingenuity|工夫|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	maker|製造者|noun|a person or thing that makes or produces something	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and some by that of those who are called philosophers, or men of speculation, whose trade it is not to do any thing, but to observe every thing, and who, upon that account, are often capable of combining together the powers of the most distant and dissimilar objects	そして、哲学者、あるいは思索家と呼ばれる人々の工夫によって、何かをすることではなく、あらゆることを観察することが仕事であり、そのために、最も遠くにある異質な対象の力を結びつけることができる人々によって、いくつかの改良がなされた。	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	speculation|思索|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	account|ため|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	combine|結びつける|verb|join or merge	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	distant|遠くにある|adjective|far away in space or time	dissimilar|異質な|adjective|not alike; different	object|対象|noun|a thing that is seen or touched
in the progress of society, philosophy or speculation becomes, like every other employment, the principal or sole trade and occupation of a particular class of citizens.	社会の進歩において、哲学や思索は、他のあらゆる仕事と同様に、特定の階級の市民の主要な、あるいは唯一の貿易や職業となる。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	speculation|思索|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	become|なる|verb|come to be	every other|他のあらゆる|determiner|each of the remaining ones	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work
Like every other employment, too, it is subdivided into a great number of different branches, each of which affords occupation to a peculiar tribe or class of philosophers;	他のあらゆる仕事と同様に、哲学や思索もまた、多数の異なる分野に細分化され、それぞれが哲学者の特定の部族や階級に職業を与えている。	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	employment|仕事|noun|the state of being employed	too|も|adverb|also	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts	great|多数の|adjective|of major significance or importance	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main stem	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	peculiar|特定の|adjective|strange or odd	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status
and this subdivision of employment in philosophy, as well as in every other business, improves dexterity, and saves time.	そして、哲学におけるこの仕事の細分化は、他のあらゆる仕事と同様に、器用さを向上させ、時間を節約する。	subdivision|細分化|noun|the division of something into smaller parts	employment|仕事|noun|the state of being employed	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	save|節約する|verb|keep and store up for future use
Each individual becomes more expert in his own peculiar branch, more work is done upon the whole, and the quantity of science is considerably increased by it.	各個人は、自分の専門分野でより専門的になり、全体的に多くの仕事がこなされ、科学の量が大幅に増加する。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	become|なる|verb|come to be	expert|専門家|noun|a person who has a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body	more|より|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	whole|全体|noun|all of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts, in consequence of the division of labour, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people.	分業の結果、あらゆる異なる技芸の生産物が大幅に増加し、それが、よく統治された社会において、人々の最下層にまで及ぶ普遍的な豊かさをもたらすのである。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	well-governed|よく統治された|adjective|governed well	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or value	rank|階層|noun|a position in the social hierarchy
Every workman has a great quantity of his own work to dispose of beyond what he himself has occasion for;	すべての労働者は、自分自身の必要量を超えて、処分すべき大量の自分の作品を持っている。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	work|作品|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	dispose|処分する|verb|deal with in a certain way	beyond|超えて|preposition|at or to the further side of	what|必要量|noun|that which	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event
and every other workman being exactly in the same situation, he is enabled to exchange a great quantity of his own goods for a great quantity or, what comes to the same thing, for the price of a great quantity of theirs.	そして、他のすべての労働者もまったく同じ状況にあるので、彼は自分の大量の商品を、彼らの大量の商品と、あるいは同じことだが、彼らの大量の商品の価格と交換することができる。	every other|他のすべての|determiner|each of the remaining members of a group	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	exactly|まったく|adverb|in an exact manner or to an exact degree	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time or place	enable|できる|verb|make possible	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
He supplies them abundantly with what they have occasion for, and they accommodate him as amply with what he has occasion for, and a general plenty diffuses itself through all the different ranks of the society.	彼は彼らが必要とするものを豊富に供給し、彼らは彼が必要とするものを十分に提供し、一般的な豊かさは社会のあらゆる階層に広がっていく。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	abundantly|豊富に|adverb|in large amounts	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	accommodate|提供する|verb|provide with something	amply|十分に|adverb|more than enough	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	plenty|豊かさ|noun|a state or condition of abundance	diffuse|広がる|verb|spread out or cause to spread out and become less concentrated

Observe the accommodation of the most common artificer or daylabourer in a civilized and thriving country, and you will perceive that the number of people, of whose industry a part, though but a small part, has been employed in procuring him this accommodation, exceeds all computation.	文明的で繁栄している国で、最も一般的な職人や日雇い労働者の住居を観察してみれば、その住居を調達するために、その労働の一部、ごく一部ではあるが、が費やされた人々の数は、あらゆる計算を超えていることに気づくだろう。	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	accommodation|住居|noun|a place where someone lives	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	daylabourer|日雇い労働者|noun|a person who is hired to work for a day	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	small|ごく一部|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	procure|調達する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	computation|計算|noun|the action of mathematical calculation
The woollen coat, for example, which covers the day-labourer, as coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labour of a great multitude of workmen.	例えば、日雇い労働者の着ているウールのコートは、いかに粗雑で粗野に見えようとも、非常に多くの労働者の共同作業の産物である。	woollen coat|ウールのコート|noun|a coat made of wool	day-labourer|日雇い労働者|noun|a person who is hired to work for a day	coarse|粗雑な|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	rough|粗野な|adjective|having a coarse or uneven surface	joint labour|共同作業|noun|work done with or in conjunction with another or others	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a person who does manual or industrial work
The shepherd, the sorter of the wool, the wool-comber or carder, the dyer, the scribbler, the spinner, the weaver, the fuller, the dresser, with many others, must all join their different arts in order to complete even this homely production.	羊飼い、羊毛の選別人、羊毛の梳毛人、染色工、梳毛工、紡績工、織工、縮絨工、仕上げ工、その他多くの人々が、この家庭的な生産品を完成させるために、それぞれ異なる技術を結集しなければならない。	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	sorter|選別人|noun|a person who sorts things	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy hair of a sheep or goat	wool-comber|梳毛人|noun|a person who combs wool	carder|梳毛人|noun|a person who cards wool	dyer|染色工|noun|a person who dyes things	scribbler|梳毛工|noun|a person who scribbles	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	fuller|縮絨工|noun|a person who fulls	dresser|仕上げ工|noun|a person who dresses	many others|その他多くの人々|noun|a large number of other people	join|結集する|verb|come together or unite	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	complete|完成させる|verb|finish making or doing	homely|家庭的な|adjective|simple and unpretentious	production|生産品|noun|the action of making or manufacturing something
How many merchants and carriers, besides, must have been employed in transporting the materials from some of those workmen to others who often live in a very distant part of the country?	その上、材料をこれらの労働者の一部から、しばしば国の非常に遠い地域に住んでいる他の労働者に運ぶために、どれだけの商人や運送業者が雇用されただろうか?	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
How much commerce and navigation in particular, how many ship-builders, sailors, sail-makers, rope-makers, must have been employed in order to bring together the different drugs made use of by the dyer, which often come from the remotest corners of the world?	特に、染色工が使用するさまざまな薬品を集めるために、どれだけの商取引や航海が行われ、どれだけの造船業者、船員、帆布職人、ロープ職人が雇用されただろうか?	commerce|商取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	ship-builder|造船業者|noun|a person or company that builds ships	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	sail-maker|帆布職人|noun|a person who makes sails	rope-maker|ロープ職人|noun|a person who makes ropes	drug|薬品|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	dyer|染色工|noun|a person who dyes things	corner|隅|noun|the area or region farthest from the center of something	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
What a variety of labour, too, is necessary in order to produce the tools of the meanest of those workmen!	これらの労働者の中で最も卑しい者の道具を作るためには、またどれほど多様な労働が必要だろうか!	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of having different forms or types	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	meanest|最も卑しい|adjective|of the lowest quality or standard	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function
To say nothing of such complicated machines as the ship of the sailor, the mill of the fuller, or even the loom of the weaver, let us consider only what a variety of labour is requisite in order to form that very simple machine, the shears with which the shepherd clips the wool.	船員の船、縮絨工の機械、あるいは織工の織機のような複雑な機械は言うまでもなく、羊飼いが羊毛を刈る非常に単純な機械である鋏を作るためには、どれほど多様な労働が必要かを考えてみましょう。	to say nothing of|言うまでもなく|adverb|not to mention	complicated|複雑な|adjective|having many parts or aspects	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	fuller|縮絨工|noun|a person who fulls cloth	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	loom|織機|noun|a machine or frame for weaving cloth	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	form|作る|verb|make or produce	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	shear|刈る|verb|cut the wool off a sheep or other animal	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat
The miner, the builder of the furnace for smelting the ore, the feller of the timber, the burner of the charcoal to be made use of in the smelting-house, the brickmaker, the bricklayer, the workmen who attend the furnace, the millwright, the forger, the smith, must all of them join their different arts in order to produce them.	鉱夫、鉱石を溶かすための炉の建設者、木材の伐採者、溶鉱炉で使用される木炭の焼き手、レンガ職人、レンガ積み職人、炉の世話をする労働者、機械工、鍛冶屋、鍛冶屋は、すべて彼らの異なる技術を結集してそれらを生産しなければならない。	miner|鉱夫|noun|a person who works in a mine	builder|建設者|noun|a person who builds something	furnace|炉|noun|an enclosed structure in which heat is produced	smelting|溶鉱|noun|the process of extracting a metal from its ore	ore|鉱石|noun|a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	charcoal|木炭|noun|a black porous carbonaceous material consisting of impure carbon obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of air	burner|焼き手|noun|a device that produces heat or light	smelting-house|溶鉱炉|noun|a building in which ore is smelted	brickmaker|レンガ職人|noun|a person who makes bricks	bricklayer|レンガ積み職人|noun|a person who builds structures with bricks	furnace|炉|noun|an enclosed structure in which heat is produced	attend|世話をする|verb|to be present at	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	millwright|機械工|noun|a person who builds or repairs mills or other machinery	forger|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who forges metal	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	join|結集する|verb|to come together or unite	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	produce|生産する|verb|to make or create something
Were we to examine, in the same manner, all the different parts of his dress and household furniture, the coarse linen shirt which he wears next his skin, the shoes which cover his feet, the bed which he lies on, and all the different parts which compose it, the kitchen-grate at which he prepares his victuals, the coals which he makes use of for that purpose, dug from the bowels of the earth, and brought to him, perhaps, by a long sea and a long land-carriage, all the other utensils of his kitchen, all the furniture of his table, the knives and forks, the earthen or pewter plates upon which he serves up and divides his victuals, the different hands employed in preparing his bread and his beer, the glass window which lets in the heat and the light, and keeps out the wind and the rain, with all the knowledge and art requisite for preparing that beautiful and happy invention, without which these northern parts of the world could scarce have afforded a very comfortable habitation, together with the tools of all the different workmen employed in producing those different conveniencies;	同じように、彼の衣服や家庭用家具のすべての部分、肌に直接触れる粗いリネンのシャツ、足を覆う靴、横たわるベッド、それを構成するすべての部分、食事を準備する台所の火格子、そのために使用する石炭、地球の内部から掘り出され、おそらく長い海路と長い陸路で運ばれてきたもの、台所の他のすべての道具、食卓のすべての家具、ナイフとフォーク、食事を盛ったり分けたりする陶器やピューターの皿、パンやビールを準備するために使われるさまざまな手、熱と光を取り入れ、風雨を防ぐガラス窓、この美しく幸福な発明を準備するために必要なすべての知識と技術、それがなければ世界のこれらの北の部分は、これらのさまざまな便利さを生み出すために雇われたすべての異なる労働者の道具と一緒に、非常に快適な住居を提供することはほとんどできなかっただろう。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	dress|衣服|noun|a garment or garments	household furniture|家庭用家具|noun|furniture that is used in a house	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	shirt|シャツ|noun|a garment for the upper body with a collar and sleeves	skin|肌|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	shoe|靴|noun|a covering for the foot	bed|ベッド|noun|a place for sleeping	lie|横たわる|verb|be in or assume a horizontal or resting position	kitchen-grate|台所の火格子|noun|a metal frame with bars that is used for cooking food over a fire	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	victuals|食事|noun|food	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock that is burned as a fuel	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	dig|掘る|verb|break up and move earth with a tool or machine	bowels|内部|noun|the inside of something	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	land-carriage|陸路|noun|transportation by land	utensil|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially for domestic or culinary use	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	knife|ナイフ|noun|a cutting instrument with a blade and a handle	fork|フォーク|noun|a pronged tool used for eating or cooking	earthen|陶器|adjective|made of earth or clay	pewter|ピューター|noun|a grey alloy of tin with copper and antimony	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish on which food is served	serve|盛る|verb|provide or supply	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	glass window|ガラス窓|noun|a window made of glass	let in|取り入れる|verb|allow to enter	heat|熱|noun|the quality or state of being hot	light|光|noun|the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible	keep out|防ぐ|verb|prevent from entering	wind|風|noun|a natural movement of air	rain|雨|noun|water falling in drops from the sky	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience
if we examine, I say, all these things, and consider what a variety of labour is employed about each of them, we shall be sensible that, without the assistance and co-operation of many thousands, the very meanest person in a civilized country could not be provided, even according to, what we very falsely imagine, the easy and simple manner in which he is commonly accommodated.	私が言うには、もし私たちがこれらすべてのことを調べ、それぞれにどのような多様な労働が使われているのかを考えれば、何千人もの人々の援助と協力なしには、文明国の最も卑しい人々は、私たちが非常に誤って想像しているように、彼が普通に宿泊している簡単で単純な方法でさえ、提供することができなかっただろうということに気づくだろう。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|使う|verb|use or engage the services of	thousands|何千|noun|the number 1000 multiplied by another number	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work	co-operation|協力|noun|the action or fact of working together	meanest|最も卑しい|adjective|of the lowest quality or standard	civilized|文明化された|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	simple|単純|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few problems	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	accommodate|宿泊する|verb|provide a place for someone to live in or stay in temporarily
Compared, indeed, with the more extravagant luxury of the great, his accommodation must no doubt appear extremely simple and easy;	確かに、偉大な人々のより贅沢な贅沢と比較すれば、彼の宿泊施設は間違いなく非常にシンプルで簡単なものに見えるだろう。	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	extravagant|贅沢な|adjective|costing a great deal of money	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	accommodation|宿泊施設|noun|a place where people can stay temporarily	simple|シンプルな|adjective|easy to understand or do	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort
and yet it may be true, perhaps, that the accommodation of an European prince does not always so much exceed that of an industrious and frugal peasant, as the accommodation of the latter exceeds that of many an African king, the absolute masters of the lives and liberties of ten thousand naked savages.	それでも、ヨーロッパの王子の宿泊施設は、勤勉で質素な農民の宿泊施設を常に上回っているわけではないかもしれないが、後者の宿泊施設は、何万人もの裸の野蛮人の命と自由を絶対的に支配するアフリカの王の宿泊施設をはるかに上回っている。	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	accommodation|宿泊施設|noun|a place where people can stay temporarily	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	peasant|農民|noun|a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	African|アフリカの|adjective|of or relating to Africa or its people	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	master|支配者|noun|a person who has control over something	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	ten thousand|何万人もの|noun|a very large number	naked|裸の|adjective|without clothes or covering	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized


## CHAPTER II: OF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES OCCASION TO THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.	第二章: 分業の原因となる原理について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

This division of labour, from which so many advantages are derived, is not originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that general opulence to which it gives occasion.	かくも多くの利益を生み出すこの分業は、もともと人間の知恵の産物ではなく、分業がもたらす一般的な豊かさを予見し、意図したものではない。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	derive|生み出す|verb|obtain something from a specified source	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	human|人間|noun|a human being	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious
It is the necessary, though very slow and gradual, consequence of a certain propensity in human nature, which has in view no such extensive utility;	それは、人間の本性にある一定の傾向の必然的な結果であり、非常にゆっくりと段階的に進むものではあるが、そのような広範な有用性を視野に入れているわけではない。	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	slow|ゆっくりとした|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	gradual|段階的な|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	human nature|人間の本性|noun|the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans	propensity|傾向|noun|a natural tendency to behave in a particular way	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial
the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another.	物々交換や交換の傾向である。	propensity|傾向|noun|a natural inclination or tendency	truck|物々交換|noun|the action of exchanging goods or services without using money	barter|交換|noun|the action of exchanging goods or services without using money	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another

Whether this propensity be one of those original principles in human nature, of which no further account can be given, or whether, as seems more probable, it be the necessary consequence of the faculties of reason and speech, it belongs not to our present subject to inquire.	この傾向が、これ以上説明のできない人間の本来の原理の一つなのか、あるいは、よりありそうなことだが、理性と言語能力の必然的な結果なのかは、ここでは問わない。	propensity|傾向|noun|a natural tendency or inclination	one of|一つ|noun|a single person or thing	those|それらの|determiner|the	original|本来の|adjective|existing from the beginning	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	human nature|人間の本性|noun|the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans	further|これ以上|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	be given|与えられる|verb|to be presented with or awarded something	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce a question	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	it be|それは|verb|to be	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	faculties|能力|noun|the ability to do something	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	speech|言語|noun|the expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds	belong|属する|verb|to be a member of a group or class	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a conversation or discussion	inquire|問う|verb|to ask about something
It is common to all men, and to be found in no other race of animals, which seem to know neither this nor any other species of contracts.	それはすべての人間に共通するものであり、他の動物には見られない。他の動物は、これも他の種類の契約も知らないようである。	common|共通する|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	race|種|noun|a group of people who share similar and distinctive physical characteristics	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement
Two greyhounds, in running down the same hare, have sometimes the appearance of acting in some sort of concert.	二匹のグレイハウンドが同じウサギを追いかけるとき、時々、ある種の協調行動をとっているように見えることがある。	two|二匹の|adjective|one more than one	greyhound|グレイハウンド|noun|a tall, slender, swift dog of an ancient breed	run down|追いかける|verb|chase after	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one	hare|ウサギ|noun|a fast-running mammal with long ears and a short tail	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	appearance|ように見える|noun|the way that someone or something looks	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	concert|協調行動|noun|an agreement of two or more people to act together
Each turns her towards his companion, or endeavours to intercept her when his companion turns her towards himself.	それぞれがウサギを仲間の方へ追い立てたり、仲間がウサギを自分の方へ追い立てると、それを横取りしようとする。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	turn|追い立てる|verb|cause to move in a specified way	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another	endeavour|横取りしようとする|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
This, however, is not the effect of any contract, but of the accidental concurrence of their passions in the same object at that particular time.	しかし、これは契約の効果ではなく、その特定の時点で同じ対象に対する情熱が偶然に一致した結果である。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	accidental|偶然の|adjective|happening by chance or accident	concurrence|一致|noun|agreement in opinion or action	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; precise	time|時点|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes
Nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog.	犬が別の犬と骨を公正に、そして慎重に交換するのを見た人はいない。	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes; discern visually	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial	deliberate|慎重な|adjective|done consciously and intentionally	exchange|交換|noun|an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	bone|骨|noun|any of the pieces of hard tissue making up the skeleton of a person or animal	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about
Nobody ever saw one animal, by its gestures and natural cries signify to another, this is mine, that yours;	動物が身振りや自然な鳴き声で、これは私のもので、あれはあなたのものだと、他の動物に伝えるのを見た人はいない。	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	gesture|身振り|noun|a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	cry|鳴き声|noun|a loud, piercing sound or expression of pain, sorrow, or fear	signify|伝える|verb|be a sign of; indicate	mine|私の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the speaker	yours|あなたの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned
I am willing to give this for that.	私はこれをあれと交換したい。	be willing to|したい|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	give|交換する|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing close to or just mentioned or being shown	that|あれ|pronoun|the person or thing indicated or mentioned before
When an animal wants to obtain something either of a man, or of another animal, it has no other means of persuasion, but to gain the favour of those whose service it requires.	動物が人間や他の動物から何かを得たいと思うとき、その動物には、その奉仕を必要とする者の好意を得る以外に説得する手段がない。	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	have no other means|他に手段がない|verb|have no other way	persuasion|説得|noun|the action of persuading someone to do or believe something	but|以外に|conjunction|used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	favour|好意|noun|approval, liking, or goodwill	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
A puppy fawns upon its dam, and a spaniel endeavours, by a thousand attractions, to engage the attention of its master who is at dinner, when it wants to be fed by him.	子犬は母犬に媚び、スパニエル犬は、餌を欲しがるときに、食事中の主人の注意を引こうと、あらゆる愛嬌を振りまく。	puppy|子犬|noun|a young dog	fawn|媚びる|verb|to act in a servile manner	dam|母犬|noun|a female parent of an animal	spaniel|スパニエル犬|noun|a dog of a breed with a long silky coat and drooping ears	endeavour|努力する|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	thousand|あらゆる|adjective|a very large number	attraction|愛嬌|noun|the quality of being pleasing or interesting	engage|引く|verb|to attract and hold the attention of	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	dinner|食事|noun|the main meal of the day, taken in the evening	feed|餌|noun|food, especially for animals or livestock
Man sometimes uses the same arts with his brethren, and when he has no other means of engaging them to act according to his inclinations, endeavours by every servile and fawning attention to obtain their good will.	人間は時々、仲間に対して同じ術策を用い、自分の意向に従って行動させるための他の手段がないときには、あらゆる卑屈で媚びた態度で彼らの善意を得ようと努力する。	use|用いる|verb|convert to one's own purposes	art|術策|noun|a skill at doing something	brethren|仲間|noun|a fellow member of a group	have no other means|他の手段がない|verb|have no other way	engage|従事させる|verb|occupy or attract	inclination|意向|noun|a tendency or disposition	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	good will|善意|noun|a kindly feeling
He has not time, however, to do this upon every occasion.	しかし、彼はあらゆる機会にこれをする時間がない。	have not time|時間がない|verb|not have enough time	do|する|verb|perform or execute	every occasion|あらゆる機会|noun|every chance or opportunity
In civilized society he stands at all times in need of the co-operation and assistance of great multitudes, while his whole life is scarce sufficient to gain the friendship of a few persons.	文明社会では、彼は常に大勢の人々の協力と援助を必要としているが、彼の全人生は、数人の友情を得るのに十分ではない。	civilized society|文明社会|noun|a society that has developed a high level of culture and technology	stand in need of|必要とする|verb|require or need	co-operation|協力|noun|the action of working with someone to produce or achieve something	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	great multitude|大勢|noun|a large number of people	whole life|全人生|noun|the entire period of a person's life	scarce|十分ではない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	friendship|友情|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	few|数人|adjective|a small number of
In almost every other race of animals, each individual, when it is grown up to maturity, is entirely independent, and in its natural state has occasion for the assistance of no other living creature.	他のほとんどすべての動物種では、個体は成熟すると完全に独立し、自然状態では他の生物の助けを必要としない。	almost every other|他のほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all of the remaining	race|種|noun|a group of people or things with a common feature or features	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	individual|個体|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	maturity|成熟|noun|the state of being fully developed	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	independent|独立|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	natural state|自然状態|noun|the condition of something in its original, unaltered form	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	living creature|生物|noun|a living being, especially an animal or plant
But man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only.	しかし、人間は仲間の助けを必要とする機会がほとんど常にあり、彼らの善意だけに期待しても無駄である。	occasion|機会|noun|a time or place at which something happens	brethren|仲間|noun|a fellow member of a group	benevolence|善意|noun|the quality of being well meaning; kindness
He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour, and shew them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them.	彼が彼らの自己愛を彼の好意に引きつけ、彼が彼らに要求することをすることが彼ら自身の利益になることを彼らに示すことができれば、彼は勝つ可能性がより高くなるだろう。	interest|引きつける|verb|attract or hold the attention of	self-love|自己愛|noun|love of oneself	favour|好意|noun|a kind or helpful act	shew|示す|verb|to show or demonstrate	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	require|要求する|verb|ask for authoritatively or urgently
Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this.	誰であれ、他人に何らかの取引を申し出る者は、これを行おうとしている。	whoever|誰であれ|pronoun|no matter who	offer|申し出る|verb|present for consideration, discussion, or acceptance	another|他人|pronoun|a different person	bargain|取引|noun|an agreement between two or more parties	propose|行おうとしている|verb|put forward for consideration or discussion
Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer;	私が欲しいものを私にくれれば、あなたはあなたが欲しいものを手に入れることができる、というのがそのような申し出の意味である。	give|くれれば|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	want|欲しい|verb|feel a need or a wish for	have|手に入れることができる|verb|possess, own, or hold	offer|申し出|noun|a proposal or bid
and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of.	そして、私たちが必要としている善意の大部分は、このようにして互いに得ている。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	stand in need of|必要とする|verb|require or need
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.	私たちが夕食を期待するのは、肉屋、ビール屋、パン屋の慈悲からではなく、彼らが自分たちの利益を重視することからである。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	brewer|ビール屋|noun|a person who makes beer	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	dinner|夕食|noun|the last meal of the day	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	benevolence|慈悲|noun|kindness or generosity	regard|重視|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration
We address ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities, but of their advantages.	私たちは彼らの人間性ではなく、彼らの自己愛に訴え、彼らに自分の必要性ではなく、彼らの利益について話す。	address|訴える|verb|direct one's attention to	humanity|人間性|noun|the quality of being human	self-love|自己愛|noun|love of oneself	talk|話す|verb|speak or converse
Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow-citizens.	乞食以外は、同胞の慈悲に主に依存することを選ぶ人はいない。	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	benevolence|慈悲|noun|kindness or generosity
Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely.	乞食でさえ、それに完全に依存しているわけではない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely
The charity of well-disposed people, indeed, supplies him with the whole fund of his subsistence.	善良な人々の慈善は、確かに彼に生計の全資金を供給する。	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	well-disposed|善良な|adjective|having a kindly or friendly attitude	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
But though this principle ultimately provides him with all the necessaries of life which he has occasion for, it neither does nor can provide him with them as he has occasion for them.	しかし、この原理は最終的には彼が必要とする生活必需品をすべて提供するが、彼が必要とするときにそれらを提供することはできないし、またできない。	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally; in the end	provide|提供する|verb|give or supply	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	occasion|必要とする|noun|a particular time or event	neither|できないし|conjunction|not either; not one nor the other	nor|またできない|conjunction|and not; also not; not either
The greater part of his occasional wants are supplied in the same manner as those of other people, by treaty, by barter, and by purchase.	彼の臨時の欲求の大部分は、他の人々の欲求と同じように、条約、物々交換、購入によって供給される。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	want|欲求|noun|a need or wish for something	same manner|同じ方法|noun|in the same way	other people|他の人々|noun|people other than oneself	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it
With the money which one man gives him he purchases food.	ある人が彼に与えたお金で、彼は食べ物を買う。	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying for
The old clothes which another bestows upon him he exchanges for other clothes which suit him better, or for lodging, or for food, or for money, with which he can buy either food, clothes, or lodging, as he has occasion.	別の人が彼に与えた古着は、彼がより適した他の服、宿泊、食事、またはお金と交換し、必要に応じて食べ物、服、宿泊のいずれかを購入できる。	old clothes|古着|noun|clothes that have been worn before	another|別の人|noun|a different person	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return	suit|適する|verb|be right or appropriate for	lodging|宿泊|noun|a place to stay temporarily	food|食べ物|noun|any substance that can be eaten	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	occasion|必要に応じて|noun|a particular time or event

As it is by treaty, by barter, and by purchase, that we obtain from one another the greater part of those mutual good offices which we stand in need of, so it is this same trucking disposition which originally gives occasion to the division of labour.	条約、物々交換、購入によって、私たちが必要としている相互の善意の大部分を互いに得るように、元々分業に機会を与えるのは、この同じトラック輸送の性質である。	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	mutual|相互の|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	good office|善意|noun|a kind or helpful act	stand in need of|必要としている|verb|require or need	trucking|トラック輸送|noun|the transport of goods by truck	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force
In a tribe of hunters or shepherds, a particular person makes bows and arrows, for example, with more readiness and dexterity than any other.	狩人や羊飼いの部族では、例えば、ある特定の人が他の誰よりも素早く器用に弓矢を作る。	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	hunter|狩人|noun|a person who hunts animals	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; precise	readiness|素早さ|noun|the state of being ready	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands
He frequently exchanges them for cattle or for venison, with his companions;	彼はよく仲間と牛や鹿肉と交換する。	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another
and he finds at last that he can, in this manner, get more cattle and venison, than if he himself went to the field to catch them.	そして、彼はついに、この方法で、彼自身が野原に行って捕まえた場合よりも、より多くの牛や鹿肉を得ることができることを発見する。	at last|ついに|adverb|after a long time	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer	field|野原|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture
From a regard to his own interest, therefore, the making of bows and arrows grows to be his chief business, and he becomes a sort of armourer.	したがって、彼自身の利益への配慮から、弓矢を作ることが彼の主な仕事となり、彼は一種の武器職人となる。	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	making|作ること|noun|the process of making something	bow|弓|noun|a weapon made of a curved piece of wood or plastic with a string stretched between its ends	arrow|矢|noun|a thin straight stick with a sharp point at one end and feathers at the other, shot from a bow	grow|なる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	chief|主な|adjective|most important	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	armourer|武器職人|noun|a person who makes or repairs arms and armour
Another excels in making the frames and covers of their little huts or moveable houses.	別の人は、小さな小屋や移動式住居の骨組みや覆いを作ることに優れている。	another|別の人|pronoun|a different person	excel|優れている|verb|be exceptionally good at something	frame|骨組み|noun|a rigid structure that surrounds or encloses something such as a door or window	cover|覆い|noun|something that lies on or over something else	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	hut|小屋|noun|a small, simple, often temporary, building	moveable|移動式の|adjective|capable of being moved	house|住居|noun|a place where people live
He is accustomed to be of use in this way to his neighbours, who reward him in the same manner with cattle and with venison, till at last he finds it his interest to dedicate himself entirely to this employment, and to become a sort of house-carpenter.	彼は、このようにして隣人の役に立つことに慣れており、隣人は牛や鹿肉で同じように報いてくれるので、ついに彼はこの仕事に専念して、一種の大工になることが自分の利益になることに気づく。	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to something	in this way|このように|adverb|in this manner	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	reward|報いる|verb|give something to someone as a sign of appreciation	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	venison|鹿肉|noun|the meat of a deer	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	dedicate|専念する|verb|devote oneself to	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	employment|仕事|noun|the state of being employed	a sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	house-carpenter|大工|noun|a person who builds and repairs wooden structures
In the same manner a third becomes a smith or a brazier;	同じように、三人目は鍛冶屋や火鉢職人になる。	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	third|三人目|noun|the ordinal number of three	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	brazier|火鉢職人|noun|a person who makes or sells braziers
a fourth, a tanner or dresser of hides or skins, the principal part of the clothing of savages.	四人目は、野蛮人の衣服の主要部分である皮革の鞣し職人や仕上げ職人になる。	fourth|四人目|noun|the number 4 in a series	tanner|鞣し職人|noun|a person who tans hides	dresser|仕上げ職人|noun|a person who dresses hides	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people who are not civilized
And thus the certainty of being able to exchange all that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he may have occasion for, encourages every man to apply himself to a particular occupation, and to cultivate and bring to perfection whatever talent of genius he may possess for that particular species of business.	こうして、自分の労働生産物の余剰部分をすべて、自分の消費量を超えて、必要に応じて他の人の労働生産物の一部と交換できるという確実性が、すべての人が特定の職業に従事し、その特定の業種に必要な天才的な才能を磨き、完成させることを促すのである。	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	apply|従事する|verb|devote oneself to a task or occupation	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	cultivate|磨く|verb|improve or develop	bring to perfection|完成させる|verb|make perfect	talent|才能|noun|a natural ability to be good at something	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to oneself or as part of oneself

The difference of natural talents in different men, is, in reality, much less than we are aware of;	人によって生まれつきの才能の差は、実際には私たちが思っているよりもずっと小さい。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	natural|生まれつきの|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	aware|思っている|adjective|having knowledge or being conscious of something
and the very different genius which appears to distinguish men of different professions, when grown up to maturity, is not upon many occasions so much the cause, as the effect of the division of labour.	そして、成熟したときに異なる職業の人々を区別するように見える非常に異なる才能は、多くの場合、分業の原因というよりはむしろ結果である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	genius|才能|noun|exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	maturity|成熟|noun|the state of being fully developed	not|ない|adverb|used to express negation	upon|際に|preposition|on	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	so much|というよりはむしろ|adverb|to such a great extent	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
The difference between the most dissimilar characters, between a philosopher and a common street porter, for example, seems to arise not so much from nature, as from habit, custom, and education.	たとえば、哲学者と普通の街頭ポーターという、最も似ていない性格の違いは、習慣、慣習、教育から生じるのであって、生まれつきのものではないようである。	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	street|街頭|noun|a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	porter|ポーター|noun|a person employed to carry luggage and other loads	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	custom|慣習|noun|a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
When they came in to the world, and for the first six or eight years of their existence, they were, perhaps, very much alike, and neither their parents nor play-fellows could perceive any remarkable difference.	彼らがこの世に生まれて、最初の六、八年間は、おそらく非常に似ていて、両親も遊び仲間も、目立った違いを認識できなかっただろう。	come in|生まれる|verb|be born	world|この世|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	six|六|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	eight|八|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	much|とても|adverb|to a great extent or degree	alike|似ている|adjective|having a likeness to each other	neither|～も～も|conjunction|not either	parent|両親|noun|a father or mother	play-fellow|遊び仲間|noun|a friend who you play with	perceive|認識する|verb|become aware of something through the senses
About that age, or soon after, they come to be employed in very different occupations.	その年齢前後、あるいはそのすぐ後に、彼らは非常に異なる職業に従事するようになる。	about|前後|preposition|approximately	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	soon|すぐ|adverb|in a short time	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	come to|ようになる|verb|start to be in a particular state	be employed|従事する|verb|have a job	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work
The difference of talents comes then to be taken notice of, and widens by degrees, till at last the vanity of the philosopher is willing to acknowledge scarce any resemblance.	すると才能の違いが注目されるようになり、次第に広がっていき、ついには哲学者の虚栄心はほとんど似ていないことを認めるようになる。	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	come to be|～になる|verb|become	taken notice of|注目される|verb|be noticed	widen|広がる|verb|become wider	by degrees|次第に|adverb|gradually	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	willing to|～するようになる|verb|be willing to do something	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	resemblance|似ていること|noun|the state or fact of resembling something
But without the disposition to truck, barter, and exchange, every man must have procured to himself every necessary and conveniency of life which he wanted.	しかし、物々交換や交換の性質がなければ、誰もが自分の必要とする生活必需品や便利なものをすべて自分で調達しなければならなかっただろう。	truck|物々交換|noun|the action of exchanging goods or services without using money	barter|交換|noun|the action of exchanging goods or services without using money	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	procure|調達する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	conveniency|便利なもの|noun|something that is useful or helpful	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
All must have had the same duties to perform, and the same work to do, and there could have been no such difference of employment as could alone give occasion to any great difference of talents.	誰もが同じ義務を果たし、同じ仕事をしなければならなかっただろうし、才能に大きな差を生じさせるような職業の違いもなかっただろう。	all|誰もが|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	have|あった|verb|possess, own, or hold	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	perform|果たす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	there could have been|なかっただろう|verb|it is possible that there was	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	alone|のみ|adverb|only, solely	give occasion to|生じさせる|verb|cause or allow to happen	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill

As it is this disposition which forms that difference of talents, so remarkable among men of different professions, so it is this same disposition which renders that difference useful.	才能の違いを形成するのはこの性質であり、異なる職業の人々の間で非常に顕著であるように、その違いを有用なものにしているのもこの同じ性質である。	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	remarkable|顕著な|adjective|worthy of attention; striking	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	useful|有用な|adjective|capable of being used to good effect
Many tribes of animals, acknowledged to be all of the same species, derive from nature a much more remarkable distinction of genius, than what, antecedent to custom and education, appears to take place among men.	すべて同じ種であると認められている動物の多くの部族は、習慣や教育に先立って人間の間に起こっているように見えるものよりも、はるかに顕著な天才の区別を自然から得ている。	tribe|部族|noun|a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	remarkable|顕著な|adjective|worthy of attention; striking	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	genius|天才|noun|an exceptionally intelligent person	custom|習慣|noun|a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur
By nature a philosopher is not in genius and disposition half so different from a street porter, as a mastiff is from a grey-hound, or a grey-hound from a spaniel, or this last from a shepherd’s dog.	生まれつき、哲学者は、マスチフがグレイハウンドと、グレイハウンドがスパニエルと、スパニエルが牧羊犬と違うほどには、天才性や気質において街頭の運搬人とは違わない。	by nature|生まれつき|adverb|naturally; inherently	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	genius|天才性|noun|exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability	disposition|気質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	different|違う|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	street porter|街頭の運搬人|noun|a person who carries things for people in the street	mastiff|マスチフ|noun|a large, powerful dog with a short, smooth coat	grey-hound|グレイハウンド|noun|a tall, slender, swift dog with a narrow head and long legs	spaniel|スパニエル|noun|a dog of a breed with a long silky coat and drooping ears	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice
Those different tribes of animals, however, though all of the same species are of scarce any use to one another.	しかし、それらの異なる動物の部族は、すべて同じ種であるにもかかわらず、互いにほとんど役に立たない。	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, especially a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	use|役に立つ|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used
The strength of the mastiff is not in the least supported either by the swiftness of the greyhound, or by the sagacity of the spaniel, or by the docility of the shepherd’s dog.	マスチフの強さは、グレイハウンドの素早さやスパニエルの賢さ、牧羊犬の従順さによっても、少しも支えられない。	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	mastiff|マスチフ|noun|a large, powerful dog with a short coat	greyhound|グレイハウンド|noun|a tall, slender, swift dog	spaniel|スパニエル|noun|a dog of a breed with a long silky coat and drooping ears	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice
The effects of those different geniuses and talents, for want of the power or disposition to barter and exchange, cannot be brought into a common stock, and do not in the least contribute to the better accommodation and conveniency of the species.	これらの異なる天才や才能の効果は、物々交換や交換する力や性質がないため、共通の株にすることはできず、種のより良い宿泊施設や利便性に少しも貢献しない。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	barter|物々交換|verb|trade by exchanging goods or services without using money	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	accommodation|宿泊施設|noun|a place where people stay temporarily	conveniency|利便性|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily and conveniently
Each animal is still obliged to support and defend itself, separately and independently, and derives no sort of advantage from that variety of talents with which nature has distinguished its fellows.	それぞれの動物は、依然として別々に独立して自分を支え、守る義務があり、自然が仲間を区別したさまざまな才能から何の利益も得ていない。	each|それぞれの|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	separately|別々に|adverb|not together	independently|独立して|adverb|not dependent on another	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	variety|さまざまな|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	fellow|仲間|noun|a person in the same position, involved in the same activity, or otherwise having a particular characteristic in common with another
Among men, on the contrary, the most dissimilar geniuses are of use to one another;	逆に、人間の間では、最も似ていない天才が互いに役立つ。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
the different produces of their respective talents, by the general disposition to truck, barter, and exchange, being brought, as it were, into a common stock, where every man may purchase whatever part of the produce of other men’s talents he has occasion for.	それぞれの才能の異なる産物は、トラック、物々交換、交換への一般的な性質によって、いわば共通の株に持ち込まれ、そこでは誰もが他の人の才能の産物の必要な部分を購入することができる。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	truck|トラック|noun|a large, heavy motor vehicle designed for transporting goods	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	bring|持ち込む|verb|cause to come to a place	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event


## CHAPTER III: THAT THE DIVISION OF LABOUR IS LIMITED BY THE EXTENT OF THE MARKET.	第3章: 分業は市場の範囲によって制限される	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	limit|制限|verb|restrict the size or extent of	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold

As it is the power of exchanging that gives occasion to the division of labour, so the extent of this division must always be limited by the extent of that power, or, in other words, by the extent of the market.	分業を生み出すのは交換の力であるから、この分業の範囲は常にその力の範囲、言い換えれば市場の範囲によって制限されなければならない。	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	division|分業|noun|the act or process of dividing something into parts	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
When the market is very small, no person can have any encouragement to dedicate himself entirely to one employment, for want of the power to exchange all that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he has occasion for.	市場が非常に小さい場合、自分の労働生産物の余剰部分をすべて交換する力がないため、誰も自分を完全に一つの仕事に専念させる動機を持つことはできない。	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	have any encouragement|動機を持つ|verb|have a reason to do something	dedicate|専念させる|verb|devote oneself to a particular activity	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	one|一つ|adjective|the number 1	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work	want|欠如|noun|the state of not having something that is needed or wanted	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event

There are some sorts of industry, even of the lowest kind, which can be carried on nowhere but in a great town.	最も下等な種類のものでさえ、大都市でしか営むことのできない産業がある。	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	lowest|最も下等な|adjective|of the least importance or value	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement
A porter, for example, can find employment and subsistence in no other place.	例えば、ポーターは他の場所では仕事も生活も見つけることができない。	porter|ポーター|noun|a person employed to carry luggage and other loads	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
A village is by much too narrow a sphere for him;	村は彼にとってあまりにも狭い範囲である。	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area	narrow|狭い|adjective|of small width or breadth	sphere|範囲|noun|the extent of someone's knowledge, interest, or influence
even an ordinary market-town is scarce large enough to afford him constant occupation.	普通の市場町でさえ、彼が常に仕事を得られる大きさはない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual	market-town|市場町|noun|a town where a market is held	scarce|ない|adjective|not enough	large|大きい|adjective|of great size or extent	afford|得られる|verb|be able to pay for	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	occupation|仕事|noun|a person's regular paid work
In the lone houses and very small villages which are scattered about in so desert a country as the highlands of Scotland, every farmer must be butcher, baker, and brewer, for his own family.	スコットランドの高原のような荒涼とした地方に散在する孤立した家や非常に小さな村では、すべての農民は自分の家族のために肉屋、パン屋、ビール醸造者でなければならない。	lone|孤立した|adjective|having no companions; solitary	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area	scatter|散在する|verb|throw in various random directions	desert|荒涼とした|adjective|having little or no vegetation	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes and sells bread	brewer|ビール醸造者|noun|a person who makes beer	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other by blood or marriage
In such situations we can scarce expect to find even a smith, a carpenter, or a mason, within less than twenty miles of another of the same trade.	このような状況では、同じ職業の別の職人から20マイル以内に鍛冶屋、大工、石工を見つけることさえ期待できない。	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	mason|石工|noun|a person who builds with stone	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession
The scattered families that live at eight or ten miles distance from the nearest of them, must learn to perform themselves a great number of little pieces of work, for which, in more populous countries, they would call in the assistance of those workmen.	最も近い職人から8マイルまたは10マイル離れたところに住んでいる散在する家族は、より人口の多い国では職人の助けを借りるであろう、たくさんの小さな仕事を自分で行うことを学ばなければならない。	eight or ten miles|8マイルまたは10マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	scattered|散在する|adjective|thrown around loosely	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	perform|行う|verb|carry out or accomplish	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	populous|人口の多い|adjective|having a large population	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	call in|借りる|verb|request the presence of	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
Country workmen are almost everywhere obliged to apply themselves to all the different branches of industry that have so much affinity to one another as to be employed about the same sort of materials.	田舎の労働者は、ほとんどどこでも、同じ種類の材料に使われるほど互いに親和性のある、あらゆる産業に従事せざるを得ない。	country workman|田舎の労働者|noun|a person who works in the country	almost everywhere|ほとんどどこでも|adverb|in almost all places	apply oneself|従事する|verb|to devote oneself to a task	different branch|異なる部門|noun|a different part of a larger group	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	have affinity|親和性がある|verb|to have a natural liking for or attraction to	same sort|同じ種類|noun|the same type	material|材料|noun|the matter from which something is or can be made
A country carpenter deals in every sort of work that is made of wood;	田舎の大工は木で作られたあらゆる種類の仕事を扱う。	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	deal in|扱う|verb|trade or do business in	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
a country smith in every sort of work that is made of iron.	田舎の鍛冶屋は鉄で作られたあらゆる種類の仕事を扱う。	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal
The former is not only a carpenter, but a joiner, a cabinet-maker, and even a carver in wood, as well as a wheel-wright, a plough-wright, a cart and waggon-maker.	前者は大工であるだけでなく、建具屋、家具職人、さらには木彫師であり、車大工、鋤大工、荷車や馬車の製造者でもある。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	joiner|建具屋|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	cabinet-maker|家具職人|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	carver|彫師|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	wheel-wright|車大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	plough-wright|鋤大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	cart|荷車|noun|a small vehicle with two wheels that is pulled by an animal	waggon-maker|馬車製造者|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures
The employments of the latter are still more various.	後者の職業はさらに多様である。	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent	various|多様な|adjective|of different kinds or sorts
It is impossible there should be such a trade as even that of a nailer in the remote and inland parts of the highlands of Scotland.	スコットランドの高原の遠隔地や内陸部では、釘師のような職業さえ存在するはずがない。	It is impossible|ありえない|verb|not possible; not able to be done	there should be|存在するはずがない|verb|be likely or expected to be	such a trade|そのような職業|noun|a job or profession	even that of a nailer|釘師のような|noun|a person who makes nails	in the remote and inland parts|遠隔地や内陸部では|noun|a place that is far away from other places	of the highlands of Scotland|スコットランドの高原|noun|the mountainous region of Scotland
Such a workman at the rate of a thousand nails a-day, and three hundred working days in the year, will make three hundred thousand nails in the year.	そのような職人は、一日千本の釘を打ち、年間三百日働くと、年間三十万本の釘を作ることになる。	a thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	a day|一日|noun|a period of 24 hours	three hundred|三百|noun|the number 300	a year|一年|noun|a period of 365 days	three hundred thousand|三十万|noun|the number 300000
But in such a situation it would be impossible to dispose of one thousand, that is, of one day’s work in the year.	しかし、そのような状況では、年間千本、つまり一日分の仕事を処理することは不可能であろう。	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	dispose of|処理する|verb|deal with or get rid of	one thousand|千本|noun|the number 1000	one day|一日分|noun|the period of time from one midnight to the next	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
As by means of water-carriage, a more extensive market is opened to every sort of industry than what land-carriage alone can afford it, so it is upon the sea-coast, and along the banks of navigable rivers, that industry of every kind naturally begins to subdivide and improve itself, and it is frequently not till a long time after that those improvements extend themselves to the inland parts of the country.	水運によって、陸運だけでは提供できないあらゆる産業に対してより広範な市場が開かれるので、あらゆる産業は海岸や航行可能な河川の岸辺で自然に細分化され、改善され始め、その改善が国の内陸部にまで及ぶのは、しばしば長い時間を要する。	water-carriage|水運|noun|the transport of goods by water	land-carriage|陸運|noun|the transport of goods by land	open|開かれる|verb|to become or cause to become accessible	sea-coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on	river|河川|noun|a large natural stream of water	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	improve|改善される|verb|make or become better	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country
A broad-wheeled waggon, attended by two men, and drawn by eight horses, in about six weeks time, carries and brings back between London and Edinburgh near four ton weight of goods.	幅広の車輪のついた荷馬車は、二人の男が付き添い、八頭の馬に引かれて、約六週間でロンドンとエジンバラの間を往復し、四トン近くの荷物を運ぶ。	broad-wheeled|幅広の車輪のついた|adjective|having broad wheels	waggon|荷馬車|noun|a horse-drawn vehicle for carrying goods	attend|付き添う|verb|go regularly to an institution for education	two|二人|numeral|one more than one	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	draw|引く|verb|pull or move something	about|約|adverb|approximately	six|六|numeral|one more than five	week|週間|noun|a period of seven days	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	back|戻る|adverb|to or toward the place or time that is earlier or the beginning	between|間|preposition|at a point in time or space that is intermediate between two other points	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	near|近く|preposition|at or to a short distance from	four|四|numeral|one more than three	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
In about the same time a ship navigated by six or eight men, and sailing between the ports of London and Leith, frequently carries and brings back two hundred ton weight of goods.	ほぼ同じ時間で、六、八人の船員が乗り、ロンドンとリースの港の間を往復する船は、しばしば二百トンの貨物を運ぶ。	about the same time|ほぼ同じ時間|noun phrase|approximately the same time	six or eight|六、八|noun phrase|six or eight	navigate|乗り|verb|plan and direct the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Leith|リース|noun|a port in Scotland	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	two hundred|二百|noun phrase|two hundred	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	weight|重さ|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	goods|貨物|noun|merchandise or commodities
Six or eight men, therefore, by the help of water-carriage, can carry and bring back, in the same time, the same quantity of goods between London and Edinburgh as fifty broad-wheeled waggons, attended by a hundred men, and drawn by four hundred horses.	したがって、六、八人の人間は、水運の助けを借りて、同じ時間に、百人の人間が付き添い、四百頭の馬に引かれた五十台の幅広の車輪のついた荷馬車と同じ量の貨物をロンドンとエジンバラの間で運ぶことができる。	six or eight|六、八人の|noun|the number 6 or 8	water-carriage|水運|noun|the transport of goods by water	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|return with something	same time|同じ時間|noun|the same point in time	same quantity|同じ量|noun|the same amount	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	fifty|五十台の|noun|the number 50	broad-wheeled|幅広の車輪のついた|adjective|having wide wheels	waggon|荷馬車|noun|a horse-drawn vehicle for transporting goods	hundred|百人の|noun|the number 100	four hundred|四百頭の|noun|the number 400
Upon two hundred tons of goods, therefore, carried by the cheapest land-carriage from London to Edinburgh, there must be charged the maintenance of a hundred men for three weeks, and both the maintenance and what is nearly equal to maintenance the wear and tear of four hundred horses, as well as of fifty great waggons.	したがって、ロンドンからエジンバラまで最も安い陸運で運ばれる二百トンの貨物には、百人の人間の三週間分の維持費と、四百頭の馬と五十台の大型荷馬車の維持費とほぼ同額の維持費と損耗費がかかる。	two hundred tons|二百トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2000 pounds	goods|貨物|noun|an article of trade	cheapest|最も安い|adjective|low in price or value	land-carriage|陸運|noun|transportation by land	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	three weeks|三週間|noun|a period of three weeks	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	four hundred|四百|noun|the number 400	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	fifty|五十|noun|the number 50	great|大型|adjective|of major significance or importance	waggon|荷馬車|noun|a horse-drawn vehicle for transporting goods
Whereas, upon the same quantity of goods carried by water, there is to be charged only the maintenance of six or eight men, and the wear and tear of a ship of two hundred tons burthen, together with the value of the superior risk, or the difference of the insurance between land and water-carriage.	一方、同じ量の貨物を水運で運ぶ場合、六、八人の人間の維持費と、二百トンの船の損耗費、それに陸運と水運の保険料の差額だけがかかる。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	goods|貨物|noun|merchandise or possessions	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	charge|かかる|verb|ask for a certain price	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	six|六|numeral|the number 6	eight|八|numeral|the number 8	men|人間|noun|an adult male human being	wear and tear|損耗費|noun|damage that naturally occurs as a result of normal use	two hundred|二百|numeral|the number 200	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	together|合わせ|adverb|with each other	value|差額|noun|the amount of money that something is worth	superior|高い|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	difference|差額|noun|the amount by which one number or quantity is different from another	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss	land|陸|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	carriage|運賃|noun|the cost of transporting people or goods
Were there no other communication between those two places, therefore, but by land-carriage, as no goods could be transported from the one to the other, except such whose price was very considerable in proportion to their weight, they could carry on but a small part of that commerce which at present subsists between them, and consequently could give but a small part of that encouragement which they at present mutually afford to each other’s industry.	したがって、この二つの場所の間に陸運以外の交通手段がなければ、重量に比べて価格が非常に高いもの以外は、一方から他方へ運ぶことができないので、現在両者の間で行われている商業のごく一部しか行うことができず、その結果、現在互いに相手方の産業に与えている奨励のごく一部しか与えることができなくなる。	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	communication|交通手段|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	land-carriage|陸運|noun|the transport of goods by land	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of a person or thing	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
There could be little or no commerce of any kind between the distant parts of the world.	世界の遠く離れた地域の間には、どんな種類の商業もほとんど、あるいはまったく存在し得なかっただろう。	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったく|adjective|not any	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	distant|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
What goods could bear the expense of land-carriage between London and Calcutta?	ロンドンとカルカッタの間の陸運費を負担できる商品は何か?	bear|負担する|verb|carry or support	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	land-carriage|陸運|noun|the transport of goods by land	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Calcutta|カルカッタ|noun|the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal
Or if there were any so precious as to be able to support this expense, with what safety could they be transported through the territories of so many barbarous nations?	あるいは、この費用を負担できるほど高価なものがあったとしても、それほど多くの野蛮な国々の領土をどれほど安全に運ぶことができるだろうか?	precious|高価な|adjective|of high price or value	support|負担する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
Those two cities, however, at present carry on a very considerable commerce with each other, and by mutually affording a market, give a good deal of encouragement to each other’s industry.	しかし、この二つの都市は、現在、互いに非常に大きな商業を行っており、互いに市場を提供することで、互いの産業を大いに奨励している。	those two cities|この二つの都市|noun|the two cities mentioned	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	very considerable|非常に大きな|adjective|very large or important	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	each other|互いに|pronoun|one another	mutually|互いに|adverb|in a mutual manner	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or have something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	a good deal of|大いに|noun|a large amount of	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity

Since such, therefore, are the advantages of water-carriage, it is natural that the first improvements of art and industry should be made where this conveniency opens the whole world for a market to the produce of every sort of labour, and that they should always be much later in extending themselves into the inland parts of the country.	したがって、水運の利点はこのようなものであるから、この便利さがあらゆる種類の労働の生産物に対する市場として全世界を開放するところで、芸術と産業の最初の改良がなされるのは当然であり、それらが国の内陸部にまで拡大するのは、常にずっと後になるはずである。	water-carriage|水運|noun|the transport of goods by water	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	open|開放する|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	whole world|全世界|noun|the entire world	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country
The inland parts of the country can for a long time have no other market for the greater part of their goods, but the country which lies round about them, and separates them from the sea-coast, and the great navigable rivers.	国の内陸部は、長い間、その周辺にあって、海岸や大きな航行可能な川から隔てている国以外に、その商品の大部分を売る市場を持つことができない。	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	long time|長い間|noun|a lengthy period of time	no other|他にない|adjective|not any other	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold	lie round|周辺にある|verb|be situated around something	separate|隔てる|verb|keep or cause to be apart	sea-coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water that flows through a particular area of land
The extent of the market, therefore, must for a long time be in proportion to the riches and populousness of that country, and consequently their improvement must always be posterior to the improvement of that country.	したがって、市場の規模は、長い間、その国の富と人口に比例していなければならないし、その結果、その国の改善は、常にその国の改善に後れをとらなければならない。	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between two quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	populousness|人口|noun|the state of having a large population	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	posterior|後れ|adjective|coming after something in time; later
In our North American colonies, the plantations have constantly followed either the sea-coast or the banks of the navigable rivers, and have scarce anywhere extended themselves to any considerable distance from both.	我々の北米植民地では、農園は常に海岸線か航行可能な川の岸辺に沿って広がっており、そのどちらからもかなり離れた場所にまで広がることはほとんどない。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm	constantly|常に|adverb|always; all the time	sea-coast|海岸線|noun|the land bordering the sea	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	bank|岸辺|noun|the land alongside or sloping down to a river, lake, or other body of water	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	anywhere|どこにも|adverb|in or to any place	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	themselves|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to people in general	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points

The nations that, according to the best authenticated history, appear to have been first civilized, were those that dwelt round the coast of the Mediterranean sea.	最も信頼できる歴史によれば、最初に文明化されたと思われる国々は、地中海沿岸に住んでいた国々である。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	appear|思われる|verb|seem	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	civilized|文明化された|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	those|国々|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	dwell|住む|verb|live in a place	round|沿岸|preposition|around	coast|沿岸|noun|the land next to the sea	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia
That sea, by far the greatest inlet that is known in the world, having no tides, nor consequently any waves, except such as are caused by the wind only, was, by the smoothness of its surface, as well as by the multitude of its islands, and the proximity of its neighbouring shores, extremely favourable to the infant navigation of the world;	世界で知られている最大の入り江であるこの海は、潮の干満がなく、風だけが原因の波以外には波がないため、その表面の滑らかさや島々の多さ、隣接する海岸の近さなどから、世界の幼児航海に非常に適していた。	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	inlet|入り江|noun|a small body of water leading into a larger body of water	tide|潮|noun|the alternate rising and falling of the sea	wave|波|noun|a wall of water that moves towards the shore	wind|風|noun|a natural movement of air	surface|表面|noun|the top or outside layer of something	multitude|多さ|noun|a large number of people or things	proximity|近さ|noun|the state of being near	infant|幼児|noun|a very young child	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
when, from their ignorance of the compass, men were afraid to quit the view of the coast, and from the imperfection of the art of ship-building, to abandon themselves to the boisterous waves of the ocean.	当時、人々は羅針盤を知らなかったため、海岸の景色を離れることを恐れ、造船技術の不完全さから、荒々しい海の波に身を任せることができなかった。	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	compass|羅針盤|noun|an instrument for determining directions	quit|離れる|verb|leave a place	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	imperfection|不完全さ|noun|the quality or condition of being imperfect	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	ship-building|造船|noun|the construction of ships and other floating vessels	abandon|身を任せる|verb|give up completely	boisterous|荒々しい|adjective|rough and violent	wave|波|noun|a wall of water that moves towards the shore
To pass beyond the pillars of Hercules, that is, to sail out of the straits of Gibraltar, was, in the ancient world, long considered as a most wonderful and dangerous exploit of navigation.	ヘラクレスの柱を越えて、つまりジブラルタル海峡を抜けて航海することは、古代世界では長い間、最も驚異的で危険な航海の偉業と考えられていた。	pass beyond|越える|verb|go past or across	pillar|柱|noun|a tall vertical structure of stone, wood, or metal, used as a support for a building, or as an ornament or monument	Hercules|ヘラクレス|noun|a divine hero in Greek mythology	sail|航海する|verb|travel by water	strait|海峡|noun|a narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two other large areas of water	Gibraltar|ジブラルタル|noun|a British overseas territory on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	wonderful|驚異的な|adjective|extremely good or impressive	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	exploit|偉業|noun|a bold or daring feat
It was late before even the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, the most skilful navigators and ship-builders of those old times, attempted it;	当時最も優れた航海者であり造船者であったフェニキア人やカルタゴ人でさえ、それを試みたのは遅かった。	Phoenicians|フェニキア人|noun|a member of an ancient Semitic people who inhabited the coast of the Mediterranean	Carthaginians|カルタゴ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Carthage	skilful|優れた|adjective|having or showing skill	navigator|航海者|noun|a person who navigates	ship-builder|造船者|noun|a person who builds ships	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something
and they were, for a long time, the only nations that did attempt it.	そして、長い間、それを試みたのは彼らだけだった。	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something

Of all the countries on the coast of the Mediterranean sea, Egypt seems to have been the first in which either agriculture or manufactures were cultivated and improved to any considerable degree.	地中海沿岸のすべての国の中で、エジプトは農業や製造業がかなりの程度まで発達し、改良された最初の国だったようである。	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	cultivate|発達する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better
Upper Egypt extends itself nowhere above a few miles from the Nile; and in Lower Egypt, that great river breaks itself into many different canals, which, with the assistance of a little art, seem to have afforded a communication by water-carriage, not only between all the great towns, but between all the considerable villages, and even to many farm-houses in the country, nearly in the same manner as the Rhine and the Maese do in Holland at present.	上エジプトはナイル川から数マイル以上離れた場所には広がっていない。下エジプトでは、この大河は多くの運河に分かれており、少しの技術の助けを借りて、すべての大都市の間だけでなく、すべての重要な村の間、さらには田舎の多くの農家まで、水運による交通手段を提供していたようである。これは、現在のオランダのライン川やマース川とほぼ同じである。	Upper Egypt|上エジプト|noun|the region of Egypt from south of the Nile delta to the Sudanese border	Nile|ナイル川|noun|a river in northeastern Africa	Lower Egypt|下エジプト|noun|the region of Egypt from the Nile delta to the Mediterranean Sea	great river|大河|noun|a large river	break|分かれる|verb|separate into pieces	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	little art|少しの技術|noun|a small amount of skill or knowledge	afford|提供する|verb|provide or supply	communication|交通手段|noun|the process of sharing information	water-carriage|水運|noun|transportation by water	great town|大都市|noun|a large city	considerable village|重要な村|noun|a large or important village	farm-house|農家|noun|a house on a farm	country|田舎|noun|a rural area	Rhine|ライン川|noun|a river in western Europe	Maese|マース川|noun|a river in western Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe
The extent and easiness of this inland navigation was probably one of the principal causes of the early improvement of Egypt.	この内陸水運の広がりと容易さは、おそらくエジプトの初期の改良の主な原因の一つだった。	extent|広がり|noun|the area covered by something	easiness|容易さ|noun|the quality of being easy	inland navigation|内陸水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by boat on rivers, canals, or lakes	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	principal cause|主な原因|noun|the most important reason for something	early improvement|初期の改良|noun|the process of making something better in the early stages of its development

The improvements in agriculture and manufactures seem likewise to have been of very great antiquity in the provinces of Bengal, in the East Indies, and in some of the eastern provinces of China, though the great extent of this antiquity is not authenticated by any histories of whose authority we, in this part of the world, are well assured.	農業と製造業の改良は、ベンガル地方、東インド、中国の東部地方の一部でも同様に非常に古代から行われていたようである。しかし、この古代の大部分は、世界のこの地域で私たちが確信している権威ある歴史書によって証明されていない。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition	antiquity|古代|noun|the ancient world	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a historical region of the Indian subcontinent	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	extent|大部分|noun|the area covered by something	authenticate|証明する|verb|prove or show to be true, genuine, or valid	history|歴史書|noun|the study of past events	authority|権威|noun|the power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge	assure|確信する|verb|to make (something) certain; ensure
In Bengal, the Ganges, and several other great rivers, form a great number of navigable canals, in the same manner as the Nile does in Egypt.	ベンガルでは、ガンジス川や他のいくつかの大河が、エジプトのナイル川と同じように、多数の航行可能な運河を形成している。	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in South Asia	Ganges|ガンジス川|noun|a river in India	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	great|大河|adjective|of major significance or importance	Nile|ナイル川|noun|a river in Africa	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in North Africa	form|形成する|verb|to make or produce	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel through	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway
In the eastern provinces of China, too, several great rivers form, by their different branches, a multitude of canals, and, by communicating with one another, afford an inland navigation much more extensive than that either of the Nile or the Ganges, or, perhaps, than both of them put together.	中国の東部地方でも、いくつかの大河がその支流によって多数の運河を形成し、互いに連絡し合うことで、ナイル川やガンジス川のどちらよりも、あるいはおそらくその両方を合わせたよりもはるかに広範囲な内陸水運を提供している。	eastern provinces|東部地方|noun|the eastern part of a country	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	great river|大河|noun|a large river	different branch|支流|noun|a stream or river flowing into a larger river or lake	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	communicate|連絡し合う|verb|share or exchange information	inland navigation|内陸水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by boat on rivers, canals, or lakes	Nile|ナイル川|noun|a river in northeastern Africa	Ganges|ガンジス川|noun|a river in northern India	put together|合わせる|verb|combine or join two or more things
It is remarkable, that neither the ancient Egyptians, nor the Indians, nor the Chinese, encouraged foreign commerce, but seem all to have derived their great opulence from this inland navigation.	注目すべきは、古代エジプト人もインド人も中国人も、外国貿易を奨励しなかったが、すべてこの内陸水運から大きな富を得たように思われることだ。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egyptian|エジプト人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Egypt	Indian|インド人|noun|a native or inhabitant of India	Chinese|中国人|noun|a native or inhabitant of China	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	navigation|水運|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle

All the inland parts of Africa, and all that part of Asia which lies any considerable way north of the Euxine and Caspian seas, the ancient Scythia, the modern Tartary and Siberia, seem, in all ages of the world, to have been in the same barbarous and uncivilized state in which we find them at present.	アフリカのすべての内陸部、そしてエウクシン海とカスピ海のかなり北にあるアジアのすべての部分、古代スキタイ、現代のタタリアとシベリアは、世界のどの時代においても、現在私たちが目にしているような野蛮で未開の状態にあったように思われる。	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Euxine|エウクシン|noun|the ancient Greek name for the Black Sea	Caspian|カスピ海|noun|a sea between Europe and Asia	Scythia|スキタイ|noun|an ancient region in Eurasia extending from the Black Sea to the Aral Sea	Tartary|タタリア|noun|a historical region of Europe and Asia	Siberia|シベリア|noun|a region in northern Asia	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people living on it	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	uncivilized|未開の|adjective|not civilized; savage
The sea of Tartary is the frozen ocean, which admits of no navigation;	タタリア海は凍った海で、航行はできない。	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	Tartary|タタリア|noun|a historical region of Europe and Asia	frozen|凍った|adjective|turned into ice	ocean|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true	navigation|航行|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
and though some of the greatest rivers in the world run through that country, they are at too great a distance from one another to carry commerce and communication through the greater part of it.	そして、世界最大の河川のいくつかがその国を流れているにもかかわらず、それらは互いに距離が離れすぎていて、その国の大部分で商業やコミュニケーションを行うことができない。	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	river|河川|noun|a large natural stream of water	run through|流れる|verb|flow through	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at too great a distance|離れすぎて|adverb|too far away	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	carry|行う|verb|take or bring from one place to another	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	communication|コミュニケーション|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news
There are in Africa none of those great inlets, such as the Baltic and Adriatic seas in Europe, the Mediterranean and Euxine seas in both Europe and Asia, and the gulfs of Arabia, Persia, India, Bengal, and Siam, in Asia, to carry maritime commerce into the interior parts of that great continent;	アフリカには、ヨーロッパのバルト海やアドリア海、ヨーロッパとアジアの地中海やエウクシン海、アジアのアラビア湾、ペルシア湾、インド湾、ベンガル湾、シャム湾など、その大大陸の内部に海上貿易を運ぶための大きな入江はない。	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the third smallest continent, after Australia and Antarctica	Baltic|バルト海|noun|a sea of northern Europe	Adriatic|アドリア海|noun|a sea of southern Europe	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a sea of southern Europe	Euxine|エウクシン海|noun|a sea of southern Europe	Arabia|アラビア|noun|a peninsula of southwestern Asia	Persia|ペルシア|noun|a historical region of southwestern Asia	India|インド|noun|a country in southern Asia	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a historical region of northeastern South Asia	Siam|シャム|noun|a historical region of southeastern Asia	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	continent|大陸|noun|one of the main continuous bodies of land on the earth's surface
and the great rivers of Africa are at too great a distance from one another to give occasion to any considerable inland navigation.	そしてアフリカの大河は互いに距離が離れすぎていて、内陸の航行に大きな機会を与えることができない。	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|provide an opportunity for	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	navigation|航行|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
The commerce, besides, which any nation can carry on by means of a river which does not break itself into any great number of branches or canals, and which runs into another territory before it reaches the sea, can never be very considerable, because it is always in the power of the nations who possess that other territory to obstruct the communication between the upper country and the sea.	そのうえ、多くの支流や運河に分岐せず、海に達する前に別の領土に流れ込む川によって、どの国も行える商業は、決して大規模なものにはなりえない。なぜなら、上流の国と海との間の交通を妨害することは、常にその別の領土を所有する国の権限にあるからである。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行える|verb|continue doing something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water that flows through a particular area of land	break|分岐する|verb|separate into pieces as a result of impact or force	branch|支流|noun|a secondary road, path, or railway line that leads from a main one	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	run|流れ込む|verb|move at a speed faster than a walk	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	reach|達する|verb|stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	considerable|大規模な|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	communication|交通|noun|the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people information	upper|上流|adjective|higher in position or status
The navigation of the Danube is of very little use to the different states of Bavaria, Austria, and Hungary, in comparison of what it would be, if any of them possessed the whole of its course, till it falls into the Black sea.	ドナウ川の航行は、バイエルン、オーストリア、ハンガリーの各州にとって、黒海に注ぐまでその全流路を所有していた場合に比べれば、ほとんど役に立たない。	navigation|航行|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	Danube|ドナウ川|noun|a river in central and eastern Europe	Bavaria|バイエルン|noun|a state in southeastern Germany	Austria|オーストリア|noun|a landlocked country in central Europe	Hungary|ハンガリー|noun|a landlocked country in central Europe	Black sea|黒海|noun|a sea between Europe and Asia


## CHAPTER IV: OF THE ORIGIN AND USE OF MONEY.	第四章: 貨幣の起源と用途について	CHAPTER IV|第四章|noun|the fourth chapter	ORIGIN|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	USE|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used

When the division of labour has been once thoroughly established, it is but a very small part of a man’s wants which the produce of his own labour can supply.	分業がいったん完全に確立されると、人間の欲求のうち、自分の労働の生産物で満たせる部分はごくわずかになる。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	once|いったん|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	thoroughly|完全に|adverb|completely or fully	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	want|欲求|noun|a need or wish for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	supply|満たす|verb|to provide or furnish with what is needed or wanted
He supplies the far greater part of them by exchanging that surplus part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he has occasion for.	人間は、自分の労働の生産物のうち、自分の消費量を超えた余剰部分を、必要とする他人の労働の生産物と交換することで、欲求の大部分を満たす。	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	occasion|必要|noun|a time when something happens or is done	other|他人|noun|a person other than oneself	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Every man thus lives by exchanging, or becomes, in some measure, a merchant, and the society itself grows to be what is properly a commercial society.	こうして誰もが交換によって生活し、ある程度商人となり、社会そのものが正真正銘の商業社会へと成長する。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	live|生活する|verb|be alive	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	become|なる|verb|come to be	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	grow|成長する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	properly|正真正銘|adverb|in a correct manner	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade

But when the division of labour first began to take place, this power of exchanging must frequently have been very much clogged and embarrassed in its operations.	しかし、分業が始まった当初は、この交換の力は、その作用においてしばしば非常に妨げられ、困難に直面したに違いない。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	first|当初|adverb|before any other person or thing	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	take place|起こる|verb|happen	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	very much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very	clog|妨げる|verb|block or become blocked	embarrass|困難に直面する|verb|cause to feel awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed
One man, we shall suppose, has more of a certain commodity than he himself has occasion for, while another has less.	ある人は、ある商品を必要量より多く持っており、別の人は必要量より少なく持っているとしよう。	one|ある|adjective|being a single unit or thing	more|多く|adjective|greater in amount or degree	less|少なく|adjective|smaller in amount or degree
The former, consequently, would be glad to dispose of;	前者は、その結果、処分したいと思うだろう。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	be glad to|したいと思う|verb|be happy to do something	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of something
and the latter to purchase, a part of this superfluity.	そして後者は、この余剰の一部を購入したいと思うだろう。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	superfluity|余剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than is needed
But if this latter should chance to have nothing that the former stands in need of, no exchange can be made between them.	しかし、後者が前者が必要としているものを何も持っていない場合、両者の間で交換は行われない。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	stand in need of|必要とする|verb|to be in need of	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	be made|行われる|verb|to be done or performed
The butcher has more meat in his shop than he himself can consume, and the brewer and the baker would each of them be willing to purchase a part of it.	肉屋は、自分の店で消費できる量よりも多くの肉を持っており、醸造業者とパン屋はそれぞれその一部を購入したいと思っている。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	each|それぞれ|determiner|every one of two or more people or things	be willing to|したいと思っている|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something
But they have nothing to offer in exchange, except the different productions of their respective trades, and the butcher is already provided with all the bread and beer which he has immediate occasion for.	しかし、彼らはそれぞれの業種の異なる生産物を除いて、交換に提供できるものは何も持っていないし、肉屋はすでにすぐに必要なパンやビールをすべて用意している。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	offer|提供する|verb|present or proffer	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	production|生産物|noun|the act of producing	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the persons or things concerned	trade|業種|noun|a business or occupation	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	provide|用意する|verb|make available for use; supply	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
No exchange can, in this case, be made between them.	この場合、彼らの間で交換は行われない。	no|ない|determiner|not any	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	be made|行われる|verb|be created or produced
He cannot be their merchant, nor they his customers;	彼は彼らの商人になることはできないし、彼らも彼の顧客になることはできない。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business
and they are all of them thus mutually less serviceable to one another.	こうして彼らは互いに役に立たなくなる。	all of them|彼らは皆|pronoun|the whole group of people or things	mutually|互いに|adverb|in a reciprocal manner	less serviceable|役に立たなくなる|adjective|not as useful or helpful
In order to avoid the inconveniency of such situations, every prudent man in every period of society, after the first establishment of the division of labour, must naturally have endeavoured to manage his affairs in such a manner, as to have at all times by him, besides the peculiar produce of his own industry, a certain quantity of some one commodity or other, such as he imagined few people would be likely to refuse in exchange for the produce of their industry.	このような状況の不便を避けるために、分業が最初に確立された後、社会のあらゆる時期のあらゆる賢明な人は、自分の産業の独特の生産物以外にも、常に自分の手元にあるように、自分の仕事を管理しようと努力したに違いない。自分の産物の交換に応じない者はほとんどいないと思われる、ある種の商品を一定量保有する。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	inconveniency|不便|noun|lack of ease or comfort	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	establishment|確立|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	division|分業|noun|the action of dividing something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of or responsible for	affair|仕事|noun|an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been mentioned	in such a manner|そのように|adverb|in the way mentioned	as to|ように|conjunction|in order to	have at all times|常に持つ|verb|have in one's possession	by|手元に|preposition|near or next to	besides|以外にも|preposition|in addition to; apart from	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	a certain quantity|一定量|noun|a specified amount	some one|ある種の|adjective|a particular but unspecified	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	other|その他|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	such as|のような|conjunction|for example	few|ほとんどいない|adjective|a small number of	people|人|noun|an adult male human being	would be likely to|応じない|verb|be probable or expected	refuse|拒む|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	in exchange for|と引き換えに|preposition|as a replacement for	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process	of|の|preposition|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
Many different commodities, it is probable, were successively both thought of and employed for this purpose.	おそらく、この目的のために多くの異なる商品が次々と考えられ、使用された。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	successively|次々と|adverb|one after another	think of|考える|verb|to form an idea of	employ|使用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose
In the rude ages of society, cattle are said to have been the common instrument of commerce;	社会の未開の時代には、牛が商業の共通の道具であったと言われている。	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and, though they must have been a most inconvenient one, yet, in old times, we find things were frequently valued according to the number of cattle which had been given in exchange for them.	そして、牛は最も不便なものだったに違いないが、昔は物々交換で与えられた牛の数に応じて物が評価されることが多かった。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	old times|昔|noun|a time in the past	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return
The armour of Diomede, says Homer, cost only nine oxen;	ホメロスによれば、ディオメーデースの鎧はわずか9頭の牛の価値しかなかった。	armour|鎧|noun|a defensive covering worn by a person	Diomede|ディオメーデース|noun|a Greek hero in the Trojan War	Homer|ホメロス|noun|an ancient Greek poet	cost|価値|noun|the price paid for something	nine|9|numeral|the number 9	oxen|牛|noun|an adult castrated male bovine used for draft purposes
but that of Glaucus cost a hundred oxen.	しかし、グラウコスの鎧は百頭の牛の価値があった。	cost|価値がある|verb|require the payment of	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	oxen|牛|noun|an adult castrated male bovine used for draft purposes
Salt is said to be the common instrument of commerce and exchanges in Abyssinia; a species of shells in some parts of the coast of India; dried cod at Newfoundland; tobacco in Virginia; sugar in some of our West India colonies;	塩はアビシニアの商業と交換の共通の道具であると言われている。インド沿岸の一部では貝の一種、ニューファンドランドでは干しタラ、バージニアではタバコ、西インド諸島の一部では砂糖である。	Salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	be said to be|～と言われている|verb|be reported to be	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another	Abyssinia|アビシニア|noun|a region in eastern Africa	species|一種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	shell|貝|noun|the hard protective outer case of a mollusk or crustacean	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	coast|沿岸|noun|the part of the land adjacent to the sea	Newfoundland|ニューファンドランド|noun|an island off the eastern coast of Canada	cod|タラ|noun|a large edible marine fish	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the eastern US	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	West India|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea
hides or dressed leather in some other countries;	他の国では皮革やなめし革である。	hide|皮革|noun|the skin of an animal	dressed leather|なめし革|noun|leather that has been treated with oil or wax	some other countries|他の国|noun|other countries
and there is at this day a village in Scotland, where it is not uncommon, I am told, for a workman to carry nails instead of money to the baker’s shop or the ale-house.	そして、今日でもスコットランドには、職人がパン屋や居酒屋にお金の代わりに釘を持って行くのは珍しくないと聞いている。	at this day|今日でも|adverb|at the present time	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	uncommon|珍しくない|adjective|not common; unusual	workman|職人|noun|a person who does manual labor	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	nail|釘|noun|a small metal object with a pointed end and a flat head, used to join things together	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	baker's shop|パン屋|noun|a place where bread and cakes are made or sold	ale-house|居酒屋|noun|a place where beer is sold and drunk

In all countries, however, men seem at last to have been determined by irresistible reasons to give the preference, for this employment, to metals above every other commodity.	しかし、すべての国で、人々はついに、この用途のために、他のすべての商品よりも金属を優先するという、抵抗できない理由によって決定されたように思われる。	in all countries|すべての国で|adverb|in every country	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	irresistible|抵抗できない|adjective|too strong or pleasing to be resisted	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	give the preference|優先する|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another or others	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	above|よりも|preposition|at a higher level or position than	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
Metals can not only be kept with as little loss as any other commodity, scarce any thing being less perishable than they are, but they can likewise, without any loss, be divided into any number of parts, as by fusion those parts can easily be re-united again;	金属は、他のどの商品よりも損失が少なく保管できるだけでなく、それよりも腐りにくいものはほとんどなく、また、損失なく任意の数に分割することができ、それらの部分は溶融によって簡単に再結合できる。	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	perishable|腐りやすい|adjective|liable to decay, spoil, or become useless	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	part|部分|noun|something that is less than the whole	fusion|溶融|noun|the process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	re-unite|再結合する|verb|come together again after a separation
a quality which no other equally durable commodities possess, and which, more than any other quality, renders them fit to be the instruments of commerce and circulation.	他の同等に耐久性のある商品が持たない性質であり、他のどの性質よりも、それらを商業と流通の道具に適したものにしている。	quality|性質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	durable|耐久性のある|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to one; own	more than|以上に|adverb|to a greater extent than	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	render|する|verb|cause to be or become; make	fit|適した|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of people or things from one place to another
The man who wanted to buy salt, for example, and had nothing but cattle to give in exchange for it, must have been obliged to buy salt to the value of a whole ox, or a whole sheep, at a time.	たとえば、塩を買いたいと思った人が、牛しか交換できるものがなかった場合、一度に牛一頭分、あるいは羊一頭分の塩を買わざるを得なかったに違いない。	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	cattle|牛|noun|an adult female domesticated ox	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	nothing but|しか〜ない|adverb|only	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced to do something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	whole|一頭分|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat
He could seldom buy less than this, because what he was to give for it could seldom be divided without loss;	彼がこれより少ない量を買うことはめったにできなかった。なぜなら、彼が塩と交換に差し出す牛や羊は、損失なく分割することができなかったからである。	less than|より少ない|adjective|not as much as	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	give|差し出す|verb|freely transfer the possession of	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
and if he had a mind to buy more, he must, for the same reasons, have been obliged to buy double or triple the quantity, the value, to wit, of two or three oxen, or of two or three sheep.	そして、もし彼がもっと買おうと思ったら、同じ理由で、二倍、三倍の量、つまり二頭、三頭の牛、あるいは二頭、三頭の羊の価値の塩を買わざるを得なかったに違いない。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	mind|思う|noun|one's intention; what one intends to do	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	double|二倍|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	triple|三倍|adjective|having three parts, elements, or aspects	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	two|二|adjective|being one more than one	three|三|adjective|being one more than two	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated ruminant mammal with long horns and a thick neck	sheep|羊|noun|a ruminant mammal that has a thick woolly coat and is often kept for its wool or its meat
If, on the contrary, instead of sheep or oxen, he had metals to give in exchange for it, he could easily proportion the quantity of the metal to the precise quantity of the commodity which he had immediate occasion for.	逆に、もし彼が羊や牛の代わりに、金属を交換に差し出せるなら、彼は金属の量を、彼がすぐに必要とする商品の正確な量に簡単に合わせることができる。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal with horns	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return	proportion|合わせる|verb|be in a due or proper relation to	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event

Different metals have been made use of by different nations for this purpose.	異なる国々は、この目的のために異なる金属を使用してきた。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	make use of|使用する|verb|to use something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
Iron was the common instrument of commerce among the ancient Spartans, copper among the ancient Romans, and gold and silver among all rich and commercial nations.	鉄は古代スパルタ人の間で、銅は古代ローマ人の間で、金と銀はすべての富裕で商業的な国々の間で、共通の商業手段だった。	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, silvery-gray metal	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Spartan|スパルタ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown, soft, malleable, ductile metal	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman republic or empire	gold|金|noun|a soft, yellow, malleable, ductile metal	silver|銀|noun|a soft, white, lustrous transition metal	rich|富裕な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	commercial|商業的な|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce

Those metals seem originally to have been made use of for this purpose in rude bars, without any stamp or coinage.	これらの金属は、もともとこの目的のために、刻印や鋳造を施さない粗い棒状のものが使われていたようだ。	those metals|これらの金属|noun|the metals mentioned	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	this purpose|この目的|noun|the purpose mentioned	rude bars|粗い棒状のもの|noun|bars that are not refined or processed	without|施さない|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	stamp|刻印|noun|a mark or design made by stamping	coinage|鋳造|noun|the process of making coins
Thus we are told by Pliny (Plin. Hist Nat. lib. 33, cap. 3), upon the authority of Timaeus, an ancient historian, that, till the time of Servius Tullius, the Romans had no coined money, but made use of unstamped bars of copper, to purchase whatever they had occasion for.	こうして、古代歴史家ティマイオスの権威に基づいて、プリニウス(プリニウス博物誌第33巻第3章)は、セルウィウス・トゥッリウスの時代まで、ローマ人は鋳造貨幣を持たず、必要なものを何でも買うために、刻印のない銅の棒を使っていたと語っている。	Pliny|プリニウス|noun|a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher	Timaeus|ティマイオス|noun|a dialogue written by Plato	Servius Tullius|セルウィウス・トゥッリウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman republic or empire	coined money|鋳造貨幣|noun|money in the form of coins	unstamped|刻印のない|adjective|not having a stamp	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	whatever|何でも|pronoun|no matter what	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
These rude bars, therefore, performed at this time the function of money.	したがって、これらの粗い棒は、この時点で貨幣の機能を果たしていた。	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	bar|棒|noun|a long thin piece of wood or metal	perform|果たす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	function|機能|noun|the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

The use of metals in this rude state was attended with two very considerable inconveniences;	このような粗い状態での金属の使用には、二つの非常に大きな不便が伴った。	use|使用|noun|the act of using something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	attend|伴う|verb|go regularly to an institution for educational purposes	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	considerable|大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one's personal requirements or comfort
first, with the trouble of weighing, and secondly, with that of assaying them.	一つは、計量の手間であり、二つ目は、それらを試金する手間である。	first|一つは|adverb|before any other person or thing	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	weigh|計量|verb|measure the weight of	secondly|二つ目は|adverb|in the second place	assay|試金|verb|test the purity of
In the precious metals, where a small difference in the quantity makes a great difference in the value, even the business of weighing, with proper exactness, requires at least very accurate weights and scales.	量のわずかな違いが価値に大きな違いをもたらす貴金属では、適切な正確さで計量する作業でさえ、少なくとも非常に正確な重りと秤を必要とする。	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	small difference|わずかな違い|noun|a slight difference	great difference|大きな違い|noun|a significant difference	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	business|作業|noun|an activity that is done regularly and usually involves making or selling goods or providing services	proper exactness|適切な正確さ|noun|the quality of being accurate or exact	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	weight|重り|noun|a piece of metal or other heavy object that is used to weigh something down	scale|秤|noun|a device for measuring weight
The weighing of gold, in particular, is an operation of some nicety in the coarser metals, indeed, where a small error would be of little consequence, less accuracy would, no doubt, be necessary.	特に金の計量は、粗い金属では多少の精密さを要する作業であり、実際、小さな誤差がほとんど影響しない場合には、それほど正確でなくてもかまわないのは間違いない。	weighing|計量|noun|the action or process of measuring the weight of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	coarser|粗い|adjective|of low quality	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	error|誤差|noun|the difference between a computed, estimated, or measured value and the true, specified, or theoretically correct value	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	consequence|影響|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	less|それほどない|adjective|not as much or as many	accuracy|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite
Yet we should find it excessively troublesome if every time a poor man had occasion either to buy or sell a farthing’s worth of goods, he was obliged to weigh the farthing.	それでも、貧しい人が一ファージングの価値のある品物を売り買いするたびに、そのファージングの重さを量らなければならないとしたら、それは非常に面倒なことだろう。	find|思う|verb|to discover or notice	excessively|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	troublesome|面倒な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	occasion|時|noun|a particular time	buy|買う|verb|to get something by paying money for it	sell|売る|verb|to give something in exchange for money	farthing|ファージング|noun|a former British coin worth one quarter of a penny	weigh|量る|verb|to measure the weight of something	obliged|義務付けられる|verb|to be forced or compelled to do something
The operation of assaying is still more difficult, still more tedious;	試金作業はさらに難しく、さらに退屈である。	operation|作業|noun|the work done by a machine or person	assaying|試金|noun|the testing of a metal or ore to determine its ingredients and quality	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull
and, unless a part of the metal is fairly melted in the crucible, with proper dissolvents, any conclusion that can be drawn from it is extremely uncertain.	そして、金属の一部が適切な溶剤とともにるつぼの中でかなり溶かされない限り、そこから引き出される結論は非常に不確実である。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	fairly|かなり|adverb|to a moderately high degree	melt|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid state	crucible|るつぼ|noun|a container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard	dissolvent|溶剤|noun|a liquid that can dissolve other substances	conclusion|結論|noun|the end or finish of an event or process	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
Before the institution of coined money, however, unless they went through this tedious and difficult operation, people must always have been liable to the grossest frauds and impositions;	しかし、鋳造貨幣制度が始まる前は、この退屈で難しい作業を経なければ、人々は常に最もひどい詐欺や押しつけに遭いやすかったに違いない。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	coined money|鋳造貨幣|noun|money in the form of coins	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	go through|経る|verb|experience	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts performed in a certain manner	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	liable|遭いやすい|adjective|likely to do or suffer from something	grossest|最もひどい|adjective|very great	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be someone else	imposition|押しつけ|noun|an unfair or excessive burden or restriction
and instead of a pound weight of pure silver, or pure copper, might receive, in exchange for their goods, an adulterated composition of the coarsest and cheapest materials, which had, however, in their outward appearance, been made to resemble those metals.	そして、一ポンドの純銀や純銅の代わりに、彼らの商品と引き換えに、最も粗悪で安価な材料の混ぜ物を受け取り、しかし、その外観はそれらの金属に似せて作られていたかもしれない。	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	exchange|引き換え|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|rough or harsh in texture or quality	cheap|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	adulterated|混ぜ物|adjective|made poorer in quality by adding another substance	composition|混ぜ物|noun|the nature of something's ingredients or constituents	outward|外観|adjective|of or on the outside	appearance|外観|noun|the way that someone or something looks	resemble|似せる|verb|be like or similar to
To prevent such abuses, to facilitate exchanges, and thereby to encourage all sorts of industry and commerce, it has been found necessary, in all countries that have made any considerable advances towards improvement, to affix a public stamp upon certain quantities of such particular metals, as were in those countries commonly made use of to purchase goods.	このような不正を防ぎ、交換を容易にし、それによってあらゆる産業や商業を奨励するために、改善に向けてかなりの進歩を遂げたすべての国で、一定量の特定の金属に公印を押すことが必要であることがわかった。それらの国々では、一般的に商品を購入するために使用されていた。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	abuse|不正|noun|the improper use of something	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	affix|押す|verb|attach or fasten	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	stamp|印|noun|a small adhesive piece of paper used to pay postage or as a receipt	certain|一定の|adjective|having or showing no doubt	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for
Hence the origin of coined money, and of those public offices called mints;	これが鋳造貨幣の起源であり、造幣局と呼ばれる官庁の起源である。	hence|これが|adverb|for this reason; therefore	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	coined money|鋳造貨幣|noun|money in the form of coins	public office|官庁|noun|a government agency or department
institutions exactly of the same nature with those of the aulnagers and stamp-masters of woollen and linen cloth.	羊毛や麻布の検査官や検印官の制度と全く同じ性質の制度である。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	exactly|全く|adverb|precisely; accurately	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	woollen|羊毛|adjective|made of wool	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant
All of them are equally meant to ascertain, by means of a public stamp, the quantity and uniform goodness of those different commodities when brought to market.	これらはすべて、公印によって、市場に出されるこれらのさまざまな商品の数量と均一な品質を確かめることを目的としている。	all of them|それらすべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same manner or degree	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	public stamp|公印|noun|a stamp used by a government or public authority	quantity|数量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	uniform|均一な|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	goodness|品質|noun|the state or quality of being good	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold

The first public stamps of this kind that were affixed to the current metals, seem in many cases to have been intended to ascertain, what it was both most difficult and most important to ascertain, the goodness or fineness of the metal, and to have resembled the sterling mark which is at present affixed to plate and bars of silver, or the Spanish mark which is sometimes affixed to ingots of gold, and which, being struck only upon one side of the piece, and not covering the whole surface, ascertains the fineness, but not the weight of the metal.	流通している金属に押されたこの種の最初の公印は、多くの場合、金属の品質や純度を確認することが最も困難であり、最も重要であったことを確認することを意図していたようであり、現在、銀の板や棒に付けられているスターリングマークや、金の延べ棒に付けられることがあるスペインマークに似ており、金属の表面全体を覆うのではなく、片側だけに刻印されているため、金属の重量ではなく、純度を確認するものである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	stamp|印|noun|a small adhesive piece of paper used to pay postage or as a receipt	current|流通している|adjective|belonging to the present time	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	affix|押す|verb|attach or fasten	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an event	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	intend|意図する|verb|have in mind as a purpose	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	difficult|困難な|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	goodness|品質|noun|the state or quality of being good	fineness|純度|noun|the quality or state of being fine	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	sterling|スターリング|noun|British money	mark|マーク|noun|a sign or symbol	present|現在|noun|the time now existing	affix|付ける|verb|attach or fasten	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bar|棒|noun|a long, thin piece of wood, metal, or another material	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people	mark|マーク|noun|a sign or symbol	affix|付ける|verb|attach or fasten	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	ingot|延べ棒|noun|a bar of metal	strike|刻印する|verb|hit or beat forcefully	piece|片側|noun|a portion or part of something	cover|覆う|verb|extend over the surface of	surface|表面|noun|the outside part or uppermost layer of something	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of a person or thing
Abraham weighs to Ephron the four hundred shekels of silver which he had agreed to pay for the field of Machpelah.	アブラハムは、マクペラの畑の代金として支払うことに同意した銀四百シェケルをエフロンに量り渡す。	Abraham|アブラハム|noun|the first of the Hebrew patriarchs	weigh|量り渡す|verb|measure the weight of	Ephron|エフロン|noun|a Hittite	four hundred|四百|numeral|400	shekel|シェケル|noun|an ancient unit of weight	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	Machpelah|マクペラ|noun|a cave in the West Bank
They are said, however, to be the current money of the merchant, and yet are received by weight, and not by tale, in the same manner as ingots of gold and bars of silver are at present.	しかし、それらは商人の流通貨幣であると言われているが、現在でも金の延べ棒や銀の延べ棒と同じように、数ではなく重量で受け取られている。	be said to be|であると言われている|verb|be reported to be	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	current|流通|adjective|in general use or circulation	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	tale|数|noun|a number	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	ingot|延べ棒|noun|a bar of metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The revenues of the ancient Saxon kings of England are said to have been paid, not in money, but in kind, that is, in victuals and provisions of all sorts.	古代サクソン系イングランド王の収入は、金銭ではなく現物、つまりあらゆる種類の食料や食料品で支払われていたと言われている。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Saxon|サクソン|noun|a member of a Germanic people who conquered and settled in England from the 5th century	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	revenue|収入|noun|income	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	kind|現物|noun|the equivalent in money	victual|食料|noun|food	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
William the Conqueror introduced the custom of paying them in money.	征服王ウィリアムは、それらを金銭で支払う習慣を導入した。	William the Conqueror|征服王ウィリアム|noun|the first Norman King of England	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
This money, however, was for a long time, received at the exchequer, by weight, and not by tale.	しかし、この貨幣は長い間、数ではなく重量で受け取られていた。	this money|この貨幣|noun|the money that is being talked about	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	by weight|重量で|adverb|according to the weight	by tale|数で|adverb|according to the number

The inconveniency and difficulty of weighing those metals with exactness, gave occasion to the institution of coins, of which the stamp, covering entirely both sides of the piece, and sometimes the edges too, was supposed to ascertain not only the fineness, but the weight of the metal.	これらの金属を正確に計量することの不便さと困難さは、硬貨の制度を生み出す機会を与え、その刻印は、硬貨の両面を完全に覆い、時には縁も覆い、金属の純度だけでなく重量も確かめるものとされていた。	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	difficulty|困難|noun|the quality or state of being difficult	weigh|計量する|verb|measure the weight of	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being exact	give occasion to|生み出す|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design stamped on it and used as money	stamp|刻印|noun|a mark or design impressed on a surface	cover|覆う|verb|be or act as a covering for	piece|硬貨|noun|a portion of something	edge|縁|noun|the outside limit of an object	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	fineness|純度|noun|the quality or state of being fine	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs
Such coins, therefore, were received by tale, as at present, without the trouble of weighing.	そのため、このような硬貨は、現在のように、計量の手間をかけずに数で受け取られるようになった。	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	tale|数|noun|a number of things	weigh|計量|verb|measure the weight of

The denominations of those coins seem originally to have expressed the weight or quantity of metal contained in them.	これらの硬貨の額面は、元々は硬貨に含まれる金属の重量や量を表していたようだ。	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|硬貨|noun|a small, flat, round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	express|表す|verb|show or represent by a symbol, formula, etc.	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
In the time of Servius Tullius, who first coined money at Rome, the Roman as or pondo contained a Roman pound of good copper.	ローマで初めて貨幣を鋳造したセルウィウス・トゥッリウスの時代には、ローマのアスまたはポンドはローマの1ポンドの良質の銅を含んでいた。	Servius Tullius|セルウィウス・トゥッリウス|noun|the sixth king of Rome	first|初めて|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	coin|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people	as|アス|noun|a bronze coin used in ancient Rome	pondo|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	Roman pound|ローマの1ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 12 ounces	good|良質の|adjective|of high quality	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
It was divided, in the same manner as our Troyes pound, into twelve ounces, each of which contained a real ounce of good copper.	それは、我々のトロイポンドと同じように、12オンスに分割され、それぞれに良質の銅が1オンス含まれていた。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into parts	Troyes pound|トロイポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 12 ounces	twelve|12|noun|the number 12	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or occurring as a fact	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
The English pound sterling, in the time of Edward I. contained a pound, Tower weight, of silver of a known fineness.	エドワード一世の時代、イギリスのポンドは、タワー重量で1ポンドの純度の知れた銀を含んでいた。	English pound|イギリスのポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	Edward I|エドワード一世|noun|King of England from 1272 to 1307	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight equal to 12 ounces	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	fineness|純度|noun|the proportion of pure metal in an alloy
The Tower pound seems to have been something more than the Roman pound, and something less than the Troyes pound.	タワーポンドはローマポンドよりは重く、トロイポンドよりは軽かったようだ。	Tower pound|タワーポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 12 ounces	Roman pound|ローマポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 12 ounces	Troyes pound|トロイポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 12 ounces
This last was not introduced into the mint of England till the 18th of Henry the VIII.	この最後のものは、ヘンリー八世の18年までイギリスの造幣局に導入されなかった。	This last|この最後の|noun|the last one	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Henry the VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 28 January 1547
The French livre contained, in the time of Charlemagne, a pound, Troyes weight, of silver of a known fineness.	フランスのリーヴルは、シャルルマーニュの時代には、トロイ重量で1ポンドの純度の知れた銀を含んでいた。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	livre|リーヴル|noun|a former monetary unit of France	Charlemagne|シャルルマーニュ|noun|King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	Troyes|トロワ|noun|a city in northeastern France	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a precious metal and the best conductor of heat and electricity	fineness|純度|noun|the quality or state of being fine
The fair of Troyes in Champaign was at that time frequented by all the nations of Europe, and the weights and measures of so famous a market were generally known and esteemed.	シャンパーニュのトロイの市は、当時ヨーロッパのすべての国々が頻繁に訪れており、その有名な市場の重量と寸法は広く知られ、尊敬されていた。	fair|市|noun|a gathering of people for the buying and selling of goods	Troyes|トロイ|noun|a city in France	Champaign|シャンパーニュ|noun|a region in France	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	measure|寸法|noun|the extent, size, amount, or degree of something	generally|広く|adverb|in most cases; usually	esteem|尊敬する|verb|regard with respect or admiration
The Scots money pound contained, from the time of Alexander the First to that of Robert Bruce, a pound of silver of the same weight and fineness with the English pound sterling.	スコットランドの貨幣ポンドは、アレキサンダー一世の時代からロバート・ブルースの時代まで、イギリスのポンドと重量と純度が同じ銀を1ポンド含んでいた。	Scots|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	money pound|貨幣ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	Alexander the First|アレキサンダー一世|noun|King of Scotland from 1107 to 1124	Robert Bruce|ロバート・ブルース|noun|King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people	pound sterling|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
English, French, and Scots pennies, too, contained all of them originally a real penny-weight of silver, the twentieth part of an ounce, and the two hundred-and-fortieth part of a pound.	イギリス、フランス、スコットランドのペニーも、もとはすべて、銀の実際のペニー重量、オンスの20分の1、ポンドの240分の1を含んでいた。	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	Scots|スコットランド|noun|the language of Scotland	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	too|も|adverb|also; as well	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	originally|もとは|adverb|in the beginning; at first	real|実際の|adjective|true; genuine	penny-weight|ペニー重量|noun|a unit of weight equal to 24 grains	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	twentieth|20分の1|adjective|being one of twenty equal parts	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 28.35 grams	two hundred-and-fortieth|240分の1|adjective|being one of two hundred and forty equal parts	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms
The shilling, too, seems originally to have been the denomination of a weight.	シリングも、もとは重量の単位だったようである。	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	originally|もとは|adverb|in the beginning; at first	denomination|単位|noun|a unit of value	weight|重量|noun|the heaviness of a person or thing
“When wheat is at twelve shillings the quarter,” says an ancient statute of Henry III. “then wastel bread of a farthing shall weigh eleven shillings and fourpence”.	ヘンリー三世の古い法令には、「小麦がクォーターあたり12シリングになると、ファーシングのウェイステルパンは11シリング4ペンスの重さになる」とある。	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	twelve|12|numeral|the number 12	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|クォーター|noun|one of four equal parts	Henry III|ヘンリー三世|noun|King of England from 1216 to 1272	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	farthing|ファーシング|noun|a former British coin equal to one quarter of a penny	wastel bread|ウェイステルパン|noun|a kind of fine white bread	eleven|11|numeral|the number 11	fourpence|4ペンス|noun|a sum of four pence
The proportion, however, between the shilling, and either the penny on the one hand, or the pound on the other, seems not to have been so constant and uniform as that between the penny and the pound.	しかし、シリングとペニー、あるいはシリングとポンドの比率は、ペニーとポンドの比率ほど一定で均一ではなかったようである。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペニー|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twelfth of a shilling	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	constant|一定|adjective|non-varying	uniform|均一|adjective|not varying; the same throughout
During the first race of the kings of France, the French sou or shilling appears upon different occasions to have contained five, twelve, twenty, and forty pennies.	フランス王の最初の王朝の時代には、フランスのスー、つまりシリングは、5、12、20、40ペニーを含んでいたとされている。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	race|王朝|noun|a group of people who share the same culture, history, language, etc.	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	sou|スー|noun|a former French coin of low value	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	appear|されている|verb|seem or be judged to be	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	occasion|時|noun|a particular time or instance	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	five|5|noun|the number 5	twelve|12|noun|the number 12	twenty|20|noun|the number 20	forty|40|noun|the number 40	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound
Among the ancient Saxons, a shilling appears at one time to have contained only five pennies, and it is not improbable that it may have been as variable among them as among their neighbours, the ancient Franks.	古代サクソン人の間では、シリングはかつて5ペニーしか含んでいなかったようであり、彼らの間でも隣人である古代フランク人の間でも同様に可変だった可能性は否定できない。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Saxon|サクソン人|noun|a member of a Germanic people who conquered and settled in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries	appear|思われる|verb|seem	one time|かつて|noun|a particular occasion in the past	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	five|5|noun|the number 5	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin and monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a pound	it is not improbable that|可能性は否定できない|phrase|it is likely that	among|の間|preposition|in the middle of	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living next door or very close	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Frank|フランク人|noun|a member of the Germanic people that conquered Gaul in the 6th century
From the time of Charlemagne among the French, and from that of William the Conqueror among the English, the proportion between the pound, the shilling, and the penny, seems to have been uniformly the same as at present, though the value of each has been very different;	フランスではシャルルマーニュの時代から、イギリスでは征服王ウィリアムの時代から、ポンド、シリング、ペニーの比率は、それぞれ価値は大きく異なるものの、現在と同じように一定していたようである。	Charlemagne|シャルルマーニュ|noun|King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	William the Conqueror|征服王ウィリアム|noun|King of England from 1066 until his death	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	penny|ペニー|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike
for in every country of the world, I believe, the avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states, abusing the confidence of their subjects, have by degrees diminished the real quantity of metal, which had been originally contained in their coins.	なぜなら、世界のどの国でも、君主や主権国家の貪欲さと不正が、臣民の信頼を悪用して、もともと貨幣に含まれていた金属の実際の量を徐々に減らしてきたと私は信じているからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	in every country|どの国でも|noun phrase|in all countries	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	I believe|私は信じる|verb phrase|I think	avarice|貪欲|noun|an extreme greed for wealth or material possessions	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	princes|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	sovereign states|主権国家|noun|a state with a defined territory that administers its own government and is not subject to any external authority	abusing|悪用する|verb|use something in a wrong or harmful way	confidence|信頼|noun|a feeling of self-assurance arising from one's appreciation of one's own abilities or qualities	have by degrees diminished|徐々に減らしてきた|verb phrase|have gradually decreased	real quantity|実際の量|noun phrase|the actual amount	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	contained|含まれていた|verb|be included in	coins|貨幣|noun|a flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
The Roman as, in the latter ages of the republic, was reduced to the twenty-fourth part of its original value, and, instead of weighing a pound, came to weigh only half an ounce.	共和政後期のローマのアス貨は、元の価値の24分の1に減り、1ポンドの重さの代わりに、わずか半オンスの重さになった。	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	latter|後期の|adjective|being the second of two things mentioned	republic|共和政|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	reduce|減る|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	twenty-fourth|24分の1|adjective|being one of twenty-four equal parts	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	weigh|重さ|verb|have a specified weight	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7,000 grains	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound or 16 drams or 28.3495 grams
The English pound and penny contain at present about a third only;	イギリスのポンドとペニーは、現在では約3分の1しか含んでいない。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin and monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a pound	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	at present|現在では|adverb|now; at this time	about|約|adverb|approximately	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts into which something is or can be divided
the Scots pound and penny about a thirty-sixth; and the French pound and penny about a sixty-sixth part of their original value.	スコットランドのポンドとペニーは約36分の1、フランスのポンドとペニーは約66分の1の価値しか含んでいない。	Scots|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin worth one hundredth of a pound	about|約|preposition|approximately	thirty-sixth|36分の1|noun|one of thirty-six equal parts	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people	sixty-sixth|66分の1|noun|one of sixty-six equal parts	original|本来の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
By means of those operations, the princes and sovereign states which performed them were enabled, in appearance, to pay their debts and fulfil their engagements with a smaller quantity of silver than would otherwise have been requisite.	これらの操作によって、それを行った君主や主権国家は、見かけ上は、そうでなければ必要だったよりも少ない量の銀で、負債を支払い、約束を果たすことができた。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	sovereign state|主権国家|noun|a state with a defined territory that administers its own government and is not subject to any external authority	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	appearance|見かけ|noun|the way that someone or something looks	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	fulfil|果たす|verb|bring to completion or reality	engagement|約束|noun|a promise or agreement to do something	requisite|必要|adjective|made or done as a condition of something else being done
It was indeed in appearance only;	それは確かに見かけだけのことだった。	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	appearance|見かけ|noun|the way that someone or something looks
for their creditors were really defrauded of a part of what was due to them.	債権者は、実際には支払われるべきものの一部を騙し取られたのだから。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	defraud|騙し取る|verb|deprive of something by deception	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	due|支払われるべき|adjective|owed or payable
All other debtors in the state were allowed the same privilege, and might pay with the same nominal sum of the new and debased coin whatever they had borrowed in the old.	国家の他のすべての債務者も同じ特権を認められ、古い貨幣で借りたものはすべて、新しい貨幣で同じ額を支払うことができた。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	nominal|額面|adjective|existing in name only; not real or actual	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money
Such operations, therefore, have always proved favourable to the debtor, and ruinous to the creditor, and have sometimes produced a greater and more universal revolution in the fortunes of private persons, than could have been occasioned by a very great public calamity.	したがって、そのような操作は常に債務者にとって有利であり、債権者にとって破滅的であることが証明されており、時には非常に大きな公衆災害によって引き起こされたよりも、私人の運命にさらに大きく、より普遍的な革命をもたらした。	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true or correct	favourable|有利な|adjective|giving an advantage	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing ruin	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order	private|私人の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	public|公衆の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress

It is in this manner that money has become, in all civilized nations, the universal instrument of commerce, by the intervention of which goods of all kinds are bought and sold, or exchanged for one another.	このような方法で、すべての文明国において、貨幣はあらゆる種類の商品が売買されたり、交換されたりする普遍的な商業手段となった。	in this manner|このような方法で|adverb|in this way	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	become|なる|verb|come to be	civilized nation|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	intervention|介入|noun|the action or process of intervening	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced or provided in order to satisfy a need or want	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else

What are the rules which men naturally observe, in exchanging them either for money, or for one another, I shall now proceed to examine.	人々が貨幣と交換したり、互いに交換したりする際に自然に従う規則は何か、これから検討する。	rule|規則|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	observe|従う|verb|notice or perceive	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	proceed|検討する|verb|continue or go on with an action or process
These rules determine what may be called the relative or exchangeable value of goods.	これらの規則は、商品の相対的価値または交換価値と呼ばれるものを決定する。	rule|規則|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	relative|相対的|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	exchangeable|交換可能|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

The word VALUE, it is to be observed, has two different meanings, and sometimes expresses the utility of some particular object, and sometimes the power of purchasing other goods which the possession of that object conveys.	価値という言葉には二つの異なる意味があり、ある特定の物の有用性を表現することもあれば、その物を所有することで得られる他の物を買う力を表現することもある。	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	meaning|意味|noun|what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	object|物|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying for	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	good|物|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched
The one may be called ‘value in use;’ the other, ‘value in exchange.’	前者は使用価値、後者は交換価値と呼ばれる。」	one|前者|noun|the number 1	be called|と呼ばれる|verb|be named or referred to as	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	other|後者|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return
The things which have the greatest value in use have frequently little or no value in exchange;	使用価値が最も大きい物は、交換価値がほとんどあるいは全くない場合が多い。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return
and, on the contrary, those which have the greatest value in exchange have frequently little or no value in use.	逆に、交換価値が最も大きい物は、使用価値がほとんどあるいは全くない場合が多い。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	have the greatest value|最も大きい価値がある|verb|be of the highest importance or significance	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|全く|adverb|not at all; in no way
Nothing is more useful than water;	水ほど有用なものはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	useful|有用な|adjective|being of use or service	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
but it will purchase scarce any thing;	しかし、水ではほとんど何も買えない。	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
scarce any thing can be had in exchange for it.	水と交換に得られるものはほとんどない。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	any thing|何か|noun|something	can be had|得られる|verb|be able to get or obtain	in exchange for|と交換に|preposition|in return for
A diamond, on the contrary, has scarce any value in use;	逆に、ダイヤモンドは使用価値がほとんどない。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be had in exchange for it.	しかし、ダイヤモンドと交換に他の財を非常に大量に得ることができる。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	goods|財|noun|a thing that is produced and then sold	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be permitted to; be allowed to	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	be had|得られる|verb|be obtained or received	in exchange for|と交換に|preposition|in return for; as a payment for

In order to investigate the principles which regulate the exchangeable value of commodities, I shall endeavour to shew,	商品の交換価値を調整する原理を研究するために、私は次のことを示すよう努力する。	in order to|のために|preposition|with the purpose of	investigate|研究する|verb|study or examine closely and thoroughly	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|示す|verb|to cause or allow to be seen; display

First, what is the real measure of this exchangeable value;	第一に、この交換価値の真の尺度とは何か。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	measure|尺度|noun|a unit or standard of measurement	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
or wherein consists the real price of all commodities.	あるいは、すべての商品の真の価格とは何か。	wherein|何か|adverb|in what place or respect	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

Secondly, what are the different parts of which this real price is composed or made up.	第二に、この真の価格を構成するさまざまな部分とは何か。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	compose|構成する|verb|make up	make up|構成する|verb|form or constitute

And, lastly, what are the different circumstances which sometimes raise some or all of these different parts of price above, and sometimes sink them below, their natural or ordinary rate;	そして最後に、これらのさまざまな価格の一部または全部を、自然なまたは通常の率より高くしたり、低くしたりするさまざまな状況とは何か。	and|そして|conjunction|in addition to; as well as; also	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally; in conclusion	what|何か|pronoun|the thing that	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	raise|高くする|verb|lift or move to a higher position	some|一部|noun|an unspecified amount or number of	all|全部|noun|the whole amount or number of	above|上|preposition|in or to a higher place or position	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	sink|低くする|verb|go down below the surface of water	below|下|preposition|in or to a lower place or position	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual; not special or different	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
or, what are the causes which sometimes hinder the market price, that is, the actual price of commodities, from coinciding exactly with what may be called their natural price.	あるいは、市場価格、つまり商品の実際の価格が、自然価格と呼ばれるものと正確に一致するのを妨げる原因とは何か。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is traded in the market	actual price|実際の価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is actually sold	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price at which a commodity would be sold if there were no artificial restrictions on supply or demand	coincide|一致する|verb|occur at the same time	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect

I shall endeavour to explain, as fully and distinctly as I can, those three subjects in the three following chapters, for which I must very earnestly entreat both the patience and attention of the reader: his patience, in order to examine a detail which may, perhaps, in some places, appear unnecessarily tedious;	私は、この三つの主題を、できるだけ十分に、また明確に、次の三つの章で説明するよう努力するつもりだが、そのためには、読者の忍耐と注意を切にお願いしなければならない。忍耐は、おそらく、ある部分では不必要に退屈に思われるかもしれない詳細を検討するためであり、	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	following|次の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	earnestly|切に|adverb|in a serious and sincere way	entreat|お願いする|verb|ask someone earnestly or anxiously to do something	patience|忍耐|noun|the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	examine|検討する|verb|inspect or study closely and thoroughly	detail|詳細|noun|an individual fact or item	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	place|部分|noun|a particular position, point, or area in space	appear|思われる|verb|seem or be perceived as being	unnecessarily|不必要に|adverb|in an unnecessary manner	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull
and his attention, in order to understand what may perhaps, after the fullest explication which I am capable of giving it, appear still in some degree obscure.	注意は、私ができる限り十分に説明した後でも、まだある程度不明瞭に見える部分を理解するためである。	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	fullest|十分な|adjective|as full or as great as possible	explication|説明|noun|the action of explaining something	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	obscure|不明瞭|adjective|not discovered or known about; uncertain
I am always willing to run some hazard of being tedious, in order to be sure that I am perspicuous;	私は、自分が明快であることを確実にするために、退屈になる危険を冒すことを常にいとわない。	be willing to|いとわない|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	run some hazard|危険を冒す|verb|expose oneself to danger	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the aim of	be sure|確実にする|verb|be certain or confident about something	perspicuous|明快な|adjective|expressed clearly and easily understood
and, after taking the utmost pains that I can to be perspicuous, some obscurity may still appear to remain upon a subject, in its own nature extremely abstracted.	そして、私が明快であるためにできる限りの努力をした後でも、本質的に非常に抽象的な主題には、まだ不明瞭な部分が残っているように見えるかもしれない。	take the utmost pains|できる限りの努力をする|verb|make the greatest possible effort	perspicuous|明快である|adjective|expressed clearly	obscurity|不明瞭な部分|noun|the state of being unknown or unclear	remain|残っている|verb|be left after others have gone	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	abstracted|抽象的な|adjective|existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence


## CHAPTER V: OF THE REAL AND NOMINAL PRICE OF COMMODITIES, OR OF THEIR PRICE IN LABOUR, AND THEIR PRICE IN MONEY.	第五章: 商品の実質価格と名目価格、または労働における価格と貨幣における価格について	CHAPTER V|第五章|noun|the fifth chapter	OF THE REAL AND NOMINAL PRICE OF COMMODITIES|商品の実質価格と名目価格について|noun phrase|the real and nominal price of commodities	OF THEIR PRICE IN LABOUR|労働における価格について|noun phrase|their price in labour	AND THEIR PRICE IN MONEY|貨幣における価格について|noun phrase|their price in money

Every man is rich or poor according to the degree in which he can afford to enjoy the necessaries, conveniencies, and amusements of human life.	人は誰でも、人間生活の必需品、便利品、娯楽を享受できる程度に応じて、富裕か貧困かである。	every man|人は誰でも|noun|all people	rich|富裕|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧困|adjective|having little or no money or property	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	afford|享受できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that makes life easier or more comfortable	amusements|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment
But after the division of labour has once thoroughly taken place, it is but a very small part of these with which a man’s own labour can supply him.	しかし、分業が一度完全に行われると、人間自身の労働で供給できるのは、これらのごく一部にすぎない。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	thoroughly|完全に|adverb|completely or fully	take place|起こる|verb|happen or occur	a very small part|ごく一部|noun|a tiny portion	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with
The far greater part of them he must derive from the labour of other people, and he must be rich or poor according to the quantity of that labour which he can command, or which he can afford to purchase.	その大部分は他人の労働から得なければならず、その労働をどれだけ使役できるか、あるいはどれだけ購入できるかによって、富裕か貧困かが決まる。	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	other people|他人|noun|people other than oneself	rich|富裕|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poor|貧困|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	quantity|どれだけ|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	command|使役できる|verb|give an authoritative order	purchase|購入できる|verb|buy something
The value of any commodity, therefore, to the person who possesses it, and who means not to use or consume it himself, but to exchange it for other commodities, is equal to the quantity of labour which it enables him to purchase or command.	したがって、ある商品を所有し、それを自分で使用したり消費したりせずに、他の商品と交換しようとする者にとって、その商品の価値は、その商品によって購入または使役できる労働量に等しい。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	command|使役する|verb|give an authoritative order to do something
Labour therefore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities.	したがって、労働はすべての商品の交換価値の真の尺度である。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	measure|尺度|noun|a unit or standard of measurement	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

The real price of every thing, what every thing really costs to the man who wants to acquire it, is the toil and trouble of acquiring it.	あらゆるものの真の価格、つまりそれを手に入れたいと思う人にとってあらゆるものの真のコストは、それを手に入れるための労苦と苦労である。	real price|真の価格|noun|the actual price of something	real cost|真のコスト|noun|the actual cost of something	acquire|手に入れたい|verb|to gain or obtain something	toil|労苦|noun|hard work or effort	trouble|苦労|noun|difficulty or problems
What every thing is really worth to the man who has acquired it and who wants to dispose of it, or exchange it for something else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can impose upon other people.	あらゆるものの真の価値、つまりそれを手に入れ、それを処分したり、何か他のものと交換したいと思っている人にとってあらゆるものの真の価値は、それが自分自身に節約でき、他人に課すことができる労苦と苦労である。	acquire|手に入れる|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	dispose of|処分する|verb|to get rid of	exchange|交換する|verb|to give and receive something in return for something else	save|節約する|verb|to avoid the need to spend or use	impose|課す|verb|to force someone to accept something
What is bought with money, or with goods, is purchased by labour, as much as what we acquire by the toil of our own body.	金銭や商品で買われるものは、私たちが自分の身体の労苦によって獲得するものと同じく、労働によって購入される。	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal
That money, or those goods, indeed, save us this toil.	確かに、その金銭や商品は私たちにこの労苦を省いてくれる。	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	save|省く|verb|keep from being lost or wasted	toil|労苦|noun|hard or exhausting work
They contain the value of a certain quantity of labour, which we exchange for what is supposed at the time to contain the value of an equal quantity.	それらは一定量の労働の価値を含んでおり、私たちはそれを、その時に同量の価値を含んでいると想定されるものと交換する。	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge
Labour was the first price, the original purchase money that was paid for all things.	労働は最初の価格であり、すべてのものに支払われた最初の購入資金だった。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	original|最初の|adjective|existing from the beginning; earliest	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
It was not by gold or by silver, but by labour, that all the wealth of the world was originally purchased;	世界のすべての富は、金や銀ではなく、労働によって最初に購入された。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	originally|最初に|adverb|in the beginning; at first
and its value, to those who possess it, and who want to exchange it for some new productions, is precisely equal to the quantity of labour which it can enable them to purchase or command.	そして、それを所有し、それを新しい生産物と交換したい人にとってのその価値は、それが彼らに購入または命令することを可能にする労働量と正確に等しい。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	want|欲しい|verb|feel a need or a wish for	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	production|生産物|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	precisely|正確に|adverb|in exact terms; without vagueness	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something, especially that can be measured	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	enable|可能にする|verb|make it possible for someone to do something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative or peremptory order

Wealth, as Mr Hobbes says, is power.	ホッブズ氏が言うように、富は力である。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way
But the person who either acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does not necessarily acquire or succeed to any political power, either civil or military.	しかし、大金を手に入れたり、相続したりした人が、必ずしも政治的権力、つまり文民政治権力や軍事的権力を手に入れたり、相続したりするわけではない。	acquire|手に入れたり|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	succeed|相続したり|verb|to come after someone or something in a series	great fortune|大金|noun|a large amount of money	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	political power|政治的権力|noun|the ability to influence or control the behavior of people in a society or group	civil|文民政治権力|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|軍事的権力|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces
His fortune may, perhaps, afford him the means of acquiring both;	彼の富は、おそらく、彼に両方を獲得する手段を与えるかもしれない。	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	afford|与える|verb|be able to do something without causing problems	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain something
but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either.	しかし、その富を単に所有しているだけでは、必ずしも彼にどちらも伝えられない。	mere|単なる|adjective|being nothing more than	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	convey|伝える|verb|communicate or make known
The power which that possession immediately and directly conveys to him, is the power of purchasing a certain command over all the labour, or over all the produce of labour which is then in the market.	その所有が即座に直接彼に伝える力は、市場にあるすべての労働、またはすべての労働生産物に対する一定の支配権を購入する力である。	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	convey|伝える|verb|communicate or make known	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or possessing something	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	command|支配権|noun|the authority to command	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
His fortune is greater or less, precisely in proportion to the extent of this power, or to the quantity either of other men’s labour, or, what is the same thing, of the produce of other men’s labour, which it enables him to purchase or command.	彼の富は、この権力の範囲、または他の人の労働の量、あるいは同じことだが、彼が購入したり命令したりできる他の人の労働の生産物の量に正確に比例して、多かれ少なかれある。	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	greater or less|多かれ少なかれ|adjective|more or less	precisely|正確に|adverb|in an exact manner or to an exact degree	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order
The exchangeable value of every thing must always be precisely equal to the extent of this power which it conveys to its owner.	あらゆるものの交換価値は、常にそれが所有者に伝えるこの権力の範囲と正確に等しくなければならない。	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service	every thing|あらゆるもの|noun|all things	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	precisely|正確に|adverb|in an exact manner	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	convey|伝える|verb|communicate or make known	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something

But though labour be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value is commonly estimated.	しかし、労働はすべての商品の交換価値の真の尺度であるが、それによってその価値が一般的に見積もられるわけではない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	be|である|verb|to be	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	measure|尺度|noun|a way of judging or estimating something	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of
It is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labour.	二つの異なる労働量の比率を確かめることはしばしば困難である。	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The time spent in two different sorts of work will not always alone determine this proportion.	二つの異なる種類の仕事に費やされた時間だけでは、この比率を決定することはできない。	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
The different degrees of hardship endured, and of ingenuity exercised, must likewise be taken into account.	耐え忍んだ困難の程度や発揮された創意工夫の程度も同様に考慮に入れなければならない。	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	endure|耐え忍ぶ|verb|tolerate something unpleasant	ingenuity|創意工夫|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|to consider something when making a decision
There may be more labour in an hour’s hard work, than in two hours easy business;	一時間のきつい仕事には、二時間の楽な仕事よりも多くの労働が含まれているかもしれない。	hour|時間|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	hard work|きつい仕事|noun|work that is difficult or demanding	two hours|二時間|noun|a period of time equal to 120 minutes	easy business|楽な仕事|noun|work that is not difficult or demanding
or in an hour’s application to a trade which it cost ten years labour to learn, than in a month’s industry, at an ordinary and obvious employment.	あるいは、習得するのに十年の労働を要する仕事に従事する一時間には、普通の単純な仕事に従事する一ヶ月よりも多くの労働が含まれているかもしれない。	hour|一時間|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	application|従事|noun|the act of putting something into operation	trade|仕事|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	cost|要する|verb|require to be paid for	ten years|十年|noun|a period of time equal to 3652 days	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	learn|習得する|verb|gain knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something	month|一ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 30 days	industry|仕事|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual	obvious|単純な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent
But it is not easy to find any accurate measure either of hardship or ingenuity.	しかし、困難や創意工夫の正確な尺度を見つけるのは容易ではない。	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	ingenuity|創意工夫|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring something
In exchanging, indeed, the different productions of different sorts of labour for one another, some allowance is commonly made for both.	実際、異なる種類の労働の異なる生産物を互いに交換する際には、通常、両方に対してある程度の許容がなされる。	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	production|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	another|互いに|pronoun|one more; an additional one	allowance|許容|noun|a sum of money that is given to someone regularly, especially by the government	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	both|両方|pronoun|the two people or things just mentioned
It is adjusted, however, not by any accurate measure, but by the higgling and bargaining of the market, according to that sort of rough equality which, though not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of common life.	しかし、それは正確な尺度によってではなく、市場での交渉によって、正確ではないが日常生活を営むには十分な大まかな平等に従って調整される。	adjust|調整する|verb|make minor changes in order to achieve accuracy or improve performance	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	bargaining|交渉|noun|the process of negotiating the terms of a transaction	rough|大まかな|adjective|not smooth or level	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	exact|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	business|生活|noun|a person's occupation or profession

Every commodity, besides, is more frequently exchanged for, and thereby compared with, other commodities, than with labour.	その上、あらゆる商品は、労働と交換されるよりも、他の商品と交換され、それによって比較されることが多い。	every commodity|あらゆる商品|noun|all goods	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	more frequently|より頻繁に|adverb|more often	exchanged for|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	compared with|比較される|verb|find the difference between two or more things	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It is more natural, therefore, to estimate its exchangeable value by the quantity of some other commodity, than by that of the labour which it can produce.	したがって、その交換価値を、それが生み出すことができる労働の量によって見積もるよりも、他の何らかの商品の量によって見積もる方が自然である。	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as estimated by the quantity of other goods or services for which it can be exchanged	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard work
The greater part of people, too, understand better what is meant by a quantity of a particular commodity, than by a quantity of labour.	人々の大部分もまた、労働量よりも特定の商品の量が何を意味するかをよりよく理解している。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The one is a plain palpable object;	一方は明白で触知できる対象である。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	plain|明白な|adjective|clear and simple	palpable|触知できる|adjective|able to be touched or felt	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with
the other an abstract notion, which though it can be made sufficiently intelligible, is not altogether so natural and obvious.	他方は抽象的な概念であり、十分に理解できるとはいえ、それほど自然で明白なものではない。	other|他方|adjective|the remaining one of two or more things	abstract|抽象的な|adjective|existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence	notion|概念|noun|a general understanding	intelligible|理解できる|adjective|able to be understood	altogether|それほど|adverb|completely; totally	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	obvious|明白な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear

But when barter ceases, and money has become the common instrument of commerce, every particular commodity is more frequently exchanged for money than for any other commodity.	しかし、物々交換が終わり、貨幣が商業の共通の道具になると、あらゆる特定の商品は、他のどの商品よりも貨幣と交換されるようになる。	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money	cease|終わる|verb|come to an end; stop	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
The butcher seldom carries his beef or his mutton to the baker or the brewer, in order to exchange them for bread or for beer;	肉屋は、牛肉や羊肉をパンやビールに交換するために、パン屋やビール醸造業者に運ぶことはめったにない。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	beef|牛肉|noun|the flesh of a cow, bull, or ox	mutton|羊肉|noun|the flesh of a sheep	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	brewer|ビール醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain
but he carries them to the market, where he exchanges them for money, and afterwards exchanges that money for bread and for beer.	肉屋は、牛肉や羊肉を市場に運び、そこで貨幣と交換し、その後、その貨幣をパンやビールと交換する。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain
The quantity of money which he gets for them regulates, too, the quantity of bread and beer which he can afterwards purchase.	肉屋が牛肉や羊肉と引き換えに受け取る貨幣の量は、その後に購入できるパンやビールの量も決定する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavored with hops
It is more natural and obvious to him, therefore, to estimate their value by the quantity of money, the commodity for which he immediately exchanges them, than by that of bread and beer, the commodities for which he can exchange them only by the intervention of another commodity;	したがって、肉屋にとって、牛肉や羊肉の価値を、別の商品を介在させなければ交換できないパンやビールの量によって見積もるよりも、直接交換する商品である貨幣の量によって見積もる方が、より自然で分かりやすい。	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and often yeast, and then baked	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	intervention|介在|noun|the action or process of intervening	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about
and rather to say that his butcher’s meat is worth three-pence or fourpence a-pound, than that it is worth three or four pounds of bread, or three or four quarts of small beer.	そして、肉屋の肉は三、四ポンドのパンや三、四クォートの小麦酒の価値があると言うよりも、一ポンド三、四ペンスの価値があると言う方がよい。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value	three-pence|三ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth three pennies	fourpence|四ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth four pennies	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	three or four pounds|三、四ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.592 grams	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	three or four quarts|三、四クォート|noun|a unit of liquid measure equal to two pints or 0.94635 liters	small beer|小麦酒|noun|a type of beer that is low in alcohol content
Hence it comes to pass, that the exchangeable value of every commodity is more frequently estimated by the quantity of money, than by the quantity either of labour or of any other commodity which can be had in exchange for it.	したがって、あらゆる商品の交換価値は、労働量やそれと引き換えに得られる他のいずれかの商品の量よりも、貨幣の量によって見積もられることが多い。	Hence|したがって|adverb|for this reason; therefore	come to pass|起こる|verb|happen	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as estimated by the quantity of other goods or services for which it can be exchanged	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	exchange|引き換え|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return, especially of the same kind or value

Gold and silver, however, like every other commodity, vary in their value;	しかし、金や銀は、他のあらゆる商品と同様に、その価値が変動する。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	vary|変動する|verb|change or be different from one another
are sometimes cheaper and sometimes dearer, sometimes of easier and sometimes of more difficult purchase.	時には安く、時には高く、時には買いやすく、時には買いにくい。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	dearer|高い|adjective|high in price or value	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	easier|買いやすい|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	more difficult|買いにくい|adjective|requiring much effort or work
The quantity of labour which any particular quantity of them can purchase or command, or the quantity of other goods which it will exchange for, depends always upon the fertility or barrenness of the mines which happen to be known about the time when such exchanges are made.	金や銀の特定の量が購入または命令できる労働量、またはそれと交換される他の財の量は、常に、そのような交換が行われる時期にたまたま知られている鉱山の豊饒性または不毛性に依存する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	fertility|豊饒性|noun|the quality of being fertile; productiveness	barrenness|不毛性|noun|the quality of being barren; unproductiveness	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	happen|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	know|知られている|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	exchange|交換|noun|an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	make|行われる|verb|cause to happen; bring about
The discovery of the abundant mines of America, reduced, in the sixteenth century, the value of gold and silver in Europe to about a third of what it had been before.	アメリカの豊かな鉱山の発見は、16世紀にヨーロッパの金と銀の価値を以前の約3分の1にまで低下させた。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	abundant|豊かな|adjective|more than enough; plentiful	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	about|約|adverb|approximately	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts of something	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously
As it cost less labour to bring those metals from the mine to the market, so, when they were brought thither, they could purchase or command less labour;	これらの金属を鉱山から市場に運ぶのにかかる労働力が減ったので、市場に運ばれても、購入したり命令できる労働力は減った。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order
and this revolution in their value, though perhaps the greatest, is by no means the only one of which history gives some account.	そして、その価値におけるこの革命は、おそらく最大のものではあるが、決して歴史が説明する唯一のものではない。	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events
But as a measure of quantity, such as the natural foot, fathom, or handful, which is continually varying in its own quantity, can never be an accurate measure of the quantity of other things;	しかし、自然の足、ファゾム、一握りなど、それ自体の量が絶えず変化する量の尺度としては、他のものの量を正確に測ることはできない。	measure|尺度|noun|a unit or standard of measurement	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	foot|足|noun|the end of the leg on which a person or animal stands or walks	fathom|ファゾム|noun|a unit of length equal to six feet	handful|一握り|noun|the quantity that can be held in the hand	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
so a commodity which is itself continually varying in its own value, can never be an accurate measure of the value of other commodities.	同様に、それ自体の価値が絶えず変化する商品は、他の商品の価値を正確に測ることはできない。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change in form, quality, or extent	accurately|正確に|adverb|in a way that is exact or correct	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size
Equal quantities of labour, at all times and places, may be said to be of equal value to the labourer.	いつでもどこでも、等量の労働は労働者にとって等価値であると言えるだろう。	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially one who does unskilled manual work	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
In his ordinary state of health, strength, and spirits;	健康、体力、精神の通常の状態では、	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	strength|体力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul
in the ordinary degree of his skill and dexterity, he must always lay down the same portion of his ease, his liberty, and his happiness.	彼の技能と器用さの通常の程度では、彼は常に彼の安らぎ、彼の自由、そして彼の幸福の同じ部分を捨てなければならない。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	lay down|捨てる|verb|to give up or renounce	ease|安らぎ|noun|a state of relaxation and rest	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy
The price which he pays must always be the same, whatever may be the quantity of goods which he receives in return for it.	彼が支払う代償は、その見返りとして受け取る商品の量がどうであれ、常に同じでなければならない。	price|代償|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	return|見返り|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity
Of these, indeed, it may sometimes purchase a greater and sometimes a smaller quantity;	確かに、それらのうち、時にはより多く、時にはより少ない量を購入するかもしれない。	of these|それらのうち|preposition|of the things just mentioned	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases but not always	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases but not always	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something
but it is their value which varies, not that of the labour which purchases them.	しかし、変化するのはそれらの価値であり、それらを購入する労働の価値ではない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
At all times and places, that is dear which it is difficult to come at, or which it costs much labour to acquire;	いつでもどこでも、手に入れるのが難しいもの、あるいは手に入れるのに多くの労働を要するものは高価である。	at all times|いつでも|adverb|always	at all places|どこでも|adverb|everywhere	come at|手に入れられる|verb|to reach or arrive at	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	cost|要する|verb|to require the payment of	much|多くの|adjective|a great deal of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and that cheap which is to be had easily, or with very little labour.	そして、簡単に、あるいはほとんど労働を必要とせずに手に入るものは安価である。	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Labour alone, therefore, never varying in its own value, is alone the ultimate and real standard by which the value of all commodities can at all times and places be estimated and compared.	したがって、労働だけが、それ自体の価値が決して変化せず、すべての商品の価値をいつでもどこでも見積もり、比較できる唯一の究極の真の基準である。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	ultimate|究極の|adjective|being or happening at the end of a process; final	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	standard|基準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	at all times|いつでも|adverb|always; on all occasions	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	be estimated|見積もられる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	be compared|比較される|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
It is their real price; money is their nominal price only.	それはそれらの本当の価格であり、貨幣はそれらの名目価格にすぎない。	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so-called but not in reality

But though equal quantities of labour are always of equal value to the labourer, yet to the person who employs him they appear sometimes to be of greater, and sometimes of smaller value.	しかし、労働の等量は労働者にとって常に等価値であるが、彼を雇用する人にとっては、時にはより大きく、時にはより小さな価値があるように見える。	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially one who does unskilled manual work	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to someone in return for regular pay	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	smaller|より小さい|adjective|less large or important
He purchases them sometimes with a greater, and sometimes with a smaller quantity of goods, and to him the price of labour seems to vary like that of all other things.	彼は時にはより多くの、時にはより少ない量の商品でそれらを購入し、彼にとって労働の価格は他のすべてのものと同様に変動するようだ。	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	smaller|より少ない|adjective|less in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	vary|変動する|verb|change	thing|もの|noun|an object that one can see or touch
It appears to him dear in the one case, and cheap in the other.	彼には、一方では高く、他方では安く見える。	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price
In reality, however, it is the goods which are cheap in the one case, and dear in the other.	しかし、現実には、一方では安く、他方では高いのは商品である。	in reality|現実には|adverb|in fact; actually	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value

In this popular sense, therefore, labour, like commodities, may be said to have a real and a nominal price.	したがって、この一般的な意味では、労働は商品と同様に、実質価格と名目価格を持つと言えるかもしれない。	popular|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	sense|意味|noun|a way in which something can be understood	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目|adjective|existing in name only; not real or actual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Its real price may be said to consist in the quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which are given for it;	その実質価格は、それに対して与えられる生活必需品や便利品の量にあると言えるかもしれない。	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful
its nominal price, in the quantity of money.	その名目価格は、貨幣の量にある。	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	quantity of money|貨幣の量|noun|the total amount of money in circulation in a country
The labourer is rich or poor, is well or ill rewarded, in proportion to the real, not to the nominal price of his labour.	労働者は、その労働の名目価格ではなく、実質価格に比例して、豊かになったり貧しくなったり、報酬を多くもらったり少なくもらったりする。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or property	well|多く|adverb|to a great extent or degree	ill|少なく|adverb|to a small extent or degree	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary or pretended	nominal|名目|adjective|existing in name only	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The distinction between the real and the nominal price of commodities and labour is not a matter of mere speculation, but may sometimes be of considerable use in practice.	商品と労働の実質価格と名目価格の区別は、単なる思弁の問題ではなく、時には実践においてかなり有用なことがある。	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目|adjective|being so-called but not in fact	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	speculation|思弁|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	practice|実践|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use
The same real price is always of the same value;	同じ実質価格は常に同じ価値である。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; existing or occurring as a fact	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
but on account of the variations in the value of gold and silver, the same nominal price is sometimes of very different values.	しかし、金と銀の価値の変動のために、同じ名目価格が時には非常に異なる価値になることがある。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike
When a landed estate, therefore, is sold with a reservation of a perpetual rent, if it is intended that this rent should always be of the same value, it is of importance to the family in whose favour it is reserved, that it should not consist in a particular sum of money.	したがって、永続的な地代を留保して土地を売却する場合、この地代が常に同じ価値を持つことを意図しているならば、それが留保されている家族にとって、それが特定の金額で構成されていないことが重要である。	landed estate|土地|noun|a large area of land, usually with a house, owned by one person or family	perpetual rent|永続的な地代|noun|a rent that is paid forever	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	favour|留保|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	reserve|留保する|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
Its value would in this case be liable to variations of two different kinds: first, to those which arise from the different quantities of gold and silver which are contained at different times in coin of the same denomination;	この場合、その価値は二つの異なる種類の変動の影響を受けることになる。第一に、同じ額面の硬貨に異なる時期に含まれている金と銀の量の違いから生じる変動である。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	liable|影響を受ける|adjective|likely to do or have something	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual or normal amount, rate, or level	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money
and, secondly, to those which arise from the different values of equal quantities of gold and silver at different times.	第二に、異なる時期の同量の金と銀の異なる価値から生じる変動である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal

Princes and sovereign states have frequently fancied that they had a temporary interest to diminish the quantity of pure metal contained in their coins;	君主や主権国家は、しばしば、自国の硬貨に含まれる純金属の量を減らすことに一時的な関心があると思い込んできた。	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	sovereign state|主権国家|noun|a state with a defined territory that administers its own government and is not subject to any external authority	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	fancy|思い込む|verb|to think or believe something that is not true	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short time	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed with anything else	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
but they seldom have fancied that they had any to augment it.	しかし、それを増やすことに興味があると考えることはめったになかった。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	fancy|考える|verb|to believe or suppose	augment|増やす|verb|to make or become greater, as in size, amount, or degree
The quantity of metal contained in the coins, I believe of all nations, has accordingly been almost continually diminishing, and hardly ever augmenting.	私の考えでは、すべての国において、硬貨に含まれる金属の量は、ほぼ継続的に減少しており、増加することはほとんどない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value stamped on it, issued by a government and used as money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	believe|考える|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	hardly|ほとんどない|adverb|almost not at all; barely	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
Such variations, therefore, tend almost always to diminish the value of a money rent.	したがって、このような変動は、ほとんど常に貨幣地代の価値を減少させる傾向がある。	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed to	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

The discovery of the mines of America diminished the value of gold and silver in Europe.	アメリカの鉱山の発見は、ヨーロッパの金銀の価値を下げた。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
This diminution, it is commonly supposed, though I apprehend without any certain proof, is still going on gradually, and is likely to continue to do so for a long time.	この減少は、確かな証拠はないものの、今も徐々に進行しており、今後も長く続くと思われている。	diminution|減少|noun|the act or process of becoming less	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	suppose|思う|verb|think or believe	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	apprehend|理解する|verb|to understand or perceive	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	continue|続く|verb|to keep doing something	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration
Upon this supposition, therefore, such variations are more likely to diminish than to augment the value of a money rent, even though it should be stipulated to be paid, not in such a quantity of coined money of such a denomination (in so many pounds sterling, for example), but in so many ounces, either of pure silver, or of silver of a certain standard.	したがって、この仮定に基づけば、そのような変動は、貨幣地代の価値を増大させるよりも減少させる可能性が高い。たとえ、そのような額面の貨幣を一定量(例えば、何ポンド)ではなく、純銀または一定の基準の銀を何オンスかで支払うことを定めていたとしてもである。	upon this supposition|この仮定に基づけば|noun phrase|based on this assumption	such variation|そのような変動|noun phrase|such a change	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	money rent|貨幣地代|noun phrase|rent paid in money	stipulate|定める|verb|require or specify as a condition or requirement	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	pound sterling|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	pure silver|純銀|noun phrase|silver that is not mixed with any other metal	certain standard|一定の基準|noun phrase|a fixed level of quality or attainment

The rents which have been reserved in corn, have preserved their value much better than those which have been reserved in money, even where the denomination of the coin has not been altered.	穀物で支払われる地代は、貨幣の額面が変更されなかった場合でも、貨幣で支払われる地代よりも価値をはるかによく保っている。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
By the 18th of Elizabeth, it was enacted, that a third of the rent of all college leases should be reserved in corn, to be paid either in kind, or according to the current prices at the nearest public market.	エリザベス一世の十八年には、すべての大学の賃借料の三分の一を穀物で支払うことが定められ、現物で支払うか、最寄りの公設市場の現在の価格に従って支払うことが定められた。	By the 18th of Elizabeth|エリザベス一世の十八年には|noun|the 18th year of the reign of Elizabeth I	enacted|定められた|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	lease|賃借|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	kind|現物|noun|the equivalent in money	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The money arising from this corn rent, though originally but a third of the whole, is, in the present times, according to Dr. Blackstone, commonly near double of what arises from the other two-thirds.	ブラックストン博士によれば、この穀物地代から生じる貨幣は、もともとは全体の三分の一にすぎなかったが、現在では、他の三分の二から生じる貨幣のほぼ二倍になっている。	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	corn rent|穀物地代|noun|a rent paid in corn	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	Dr. Blackstone|ブラックストン博士|noun|an English jurist and judge	commonly|ほぼ|adverb|usually; in most cases	double|二倍|noun|twice as many or as much	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	two-thirds|三分の二|noun|two of three equal parts
The old money rents of colleges must, according to this account, have sunk almost to a fourth part of their ancient value, or are worth little more than a fourth part of the corn which they were formerly worth.	この説明によれば、大学の古い貨幣地代は、その古代価値の四分の一近くまで下落したに違いない、あるいは、以前の価値の四分の一を少し超える程度の価値しかない。	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	almost|近く|adverb|very nearly	fourth|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more than|超える|preposition|above or beyond (a certain number, quantity, age, or time)	formerly|以前|adverb|in the past; previously
But since the reign of Philip and Mary, the denomination of the English coin has undergone little or no alteration, and the same number of pounds, shillings, and pence, have contained very nearly the same quantity of pure silver.	しかし、フィリップとメアリーの治世以来、イギリスの貨幣の額面はほとんど、あるいはまったく変更されておらず、同じ数のポンドは、シリング、ペンスは、ほぼ同じ量の純銀を含んでいる。	Philip|フィリップ|noun|King of Spain from 1556 to 1598	Mary|メアリー|noun|Queen of England from 1553 to 1558	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of the United Kingdom	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	undergo|変更される|verb|experience or be subjected to	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pence|ペンス|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material
This degradation, therefore, in the value of the money rents of colleges, has arisen altogether from the degradation in the price of silver.	したがって、大学の貨幣地代の価値のこの低下は、銀の価格の低下から生じたものである。	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	money rent|貨幣地代|noun|a rent paid in money	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

When the degradation in the value of silver is combined with the diminution of the quantity of it contained in the coin of the same denomination, the loss is frequently still greater.	銀の価値の低下が、同じ額面の貨幣に含まれる銀の量の減少と組み合わさると、損失はさらに大きくなることが多い。	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	combine|組み合わさる|verb|join or merge	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important
In Scotland, where the denomination of the coin has undergone much greater alterations than it ever did in England, and in France, where it has undergone still greater than it ever did in Scotland, some ancient rents, originally of considerable value, have, in this manner, been reduced almost to nothing.	スコットランドでは、貨幣の額面がイングランドよりもはるかに大きく変更され、フランスではスコットランドよりもさらに大きく変更されたため、元々かなりの価値があった古代の地代は、このようにしてほとんど無に帰した。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	undergo|変更される|verb|experience or be subjected to	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	nothing|無|noun|not anything; no single thing

Equal quantities of labour will, at distant times, be purchased more nearly with equal quantities of corn, the subsistence of the labourer, than with equal quantities of gold and silver, or, perhaps, of any other commodity.	等量の労働は、遠い時代には、等量の金や銀、あるいはおそらく他のどんな商品よりも、等量の穀物、労働者の生計で購入されるだろう。	equal quantity|等量|noun|the same amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	distant time|遠い時代|noun|a time in the past or future that is far away	equal quantity|等量|noun|the same amount	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that a person needs to live	equal quantity|等量|noun|the same amount	gold|金|noun|a soft yellow metal that is used for making coins and jewelry	silver|銀|noun|a soft white metal that is used for making coins and jewelry	commodity|商品|noun|a thing that is bought and sold
Equal quantities of corn, therefore, will, at distant times, be more nearly of the same real value, or enable the possessor to purchase or command more nearly the same quantity of the labour of other people.	したがって、等量の穀物は、遠い時代には、よりほぼ同じ実質価値を持つか、所有者がよりほぼ同じ量の他人の労働を購入したり、命令したりすることができるようになる。	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	possessor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	other|他人|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
They will do this, I say, more nearly than equal quantities of almost any other commodity;	私が言うには、彼らはほとんど他のどんな商品の等量よりも、よりほぼこれをするだろう。	do this|これをする|verb|do this	more nearly|よりほぼ|adverb|more nearly	equal quantities|等量|noun|equal quantities	almost any other commodity|ほとんど他のどんな商品|noun|almost any other commodity
for even equal quantities of corn will not do it exactly.	なぜなら、等量の穀物でさえ、それを正確に行うことはできないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	even|さえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner
The subsistence of the labourer, or the real price of labour, as I shall endeavour to shew hereafter, is very different upon different occasions;	労働者の生計、あるいは労働の実質価格は、私がこれから示そうと努力するように、状況によって非常に異なる。	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	occasion|状況|noun|a particular time or event
more liberal in a society advancing to opulence, than in one that is standing still, and in one that is standing still, than in one that is going backwards.	豊かさに向かって進歩している社会では、停滞している社会よりも、また停滞している社会では、後退している社会よりも、より豊かである。	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	stand still|停滞する|verb|not move or change	go backwards|後退する|verb|move in the opposite direction of normal movement
Every other commodity, however, will, at any particular time, purchase a greater or smaller quantity of labour, in proportion to the quantity of subsistence which it can purchase at that time.	しかし、他のすべての商品は、ある特定の時点で、その時点で購入できる生計の量に比例して、多かれ少なかれの労働量を購入することになる。	every other|他のすべての|adjective|each of the remaining	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; precise	time|時点|noun|a point in time	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	greater|多かれ少なかれ|adjective|larger; bigger	smaller|多かれ少なかれ|adjective|less; not as much	quantity|量|noun|an amount or number	labour|労働|noun|work	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between two numbers or amounts	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing needed to live	that time|その時点|noun|a point in time
A rent, therefore, reserved in corn, is liable only to the variations in the quantity of labour which a certain quantity of corn can purchase.	したがって、穀物で支払われる地代は、一定量の穀物で購入できる労働量の変動にのみ影響を受ける。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy
But a rent reserved in any other commodity is liable, not only to the variations in the quantity of labour which any particular quantity of corn can purchase, but to the variations in the quantity of corn which can be purchased by any particular quantity of that commodity.	しかし、他のどの商品で支払われる地代も、一定量の穀物で購入できる労働量の変動だけでなく、その商品の一定量で購入できる穀物量の変動にも影響を受ける。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	liable|影響を受ける|adjective|likely to do or have something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way that something happens or is done

Though the real value of a corn rent, it is to be observed, however, varies much less from century to century than that of a money rent, it varies much more from year to year.	しかし、穀物地代の実際の価値は、金銭地代の実際の価値よりも世紀ごとにはるかに少ない変動しかないが、年ごとにはるかに大きな変動がある。	corn rent|穀物地代|noun|a rent paid in corn	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	money rent|金銭地代|noun|a rent paid in money	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change
The money price of labour, as I shall endeavour to shew hereafter, does not fluctuate from year to year with the money price of corn, but seems to be everywhere accommodated, not to the temporary or occasional, but to the average or ordinary price of that necessary of life.	労働の貨幣価格は、私がこれから示そうと努力するように、穀物の貨幣価格と共に年ごとに変動せず、一時的または臨時的なものではなく、生活必需品の平均的または通常の価格にどこでも適応しているように見える。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|示す|verb|to show or demonstrate something	hereafter|これから|adverb|from now on; in the future	fluctuate|変動する|verb|vary or change, especially in an irregular manner	year to year|年ごとに|adverb|from one year to the next	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	temporary|一時的|adjective|lasting for only a short time	occasional|臨時的|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	average|平均的|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The average or ordinary price of corn, again is regulated, as I shall likewise endeavour to shew hereafter, by the value of silver, by the richness or barrenness of the mines which supply the market with that metal, or by the quantity of labour which must be employed, and consequently of corn which must be consumed, in order to bring any particular quantity of silver from the mine to the market.	穀物の平均的または通常の価格は、私がこれから示そうと努力するように、銀の価値、市場にその金属を供給する鉱山の豊富さまたは不毛さ、または使用しなければならない労働量、そしてその結果として消費しなければならない穀物の量によって、鉱山から市場に一定量の銀を運ぶために調整される。	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	ordinary|通常|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food	regulate|調整する|verb|control or maintain the rate or speed of (something)	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	richness|豊富さ|noun|the state of being rich or wealthy	barrenness|不毛さ|noun|the state of being unable to produce children or crops	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, precious metals, or other minerals are extracted from underground	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a destination; convey
But the value of silver, though it sometimes varies greatly from century to century, seldom varies much from year to year, but frequently continues the same, or very nearly the same, for half a century or a century together.	しかし、銀の価値は、世紀ごとに大きく変動することがあるが、年ごとに大きく変動することはめったになく、半世紀または一世紀にわたって同じか、ほぼ同じであることがよくある。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in form, quality, or extent	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	half a century|半世紀|noun|a period of 50 years	a century|一世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
The ordinary or average money price of corn, therefore, may, during so long a period, continue the same, or very nearly the same, too, and along with it the money price of labour, provided, at least, the society continues, in other respects, in the same, or nearly in the same, condition.	したがって、穀物の通常または平均的な貨幣価格は、少なくとも社会が他の点で同じかほぼ同じ状態を続けるならば、長い期間にわたって同じかほぼ同じであり続け、それに伴って労働の貨幣価格も同じかほぼ同じであり続ける可能性がある。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, or barley	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or operation	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	along with|伴って|preposition|together with	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	provided|ならば|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	condition|状態|noun|the state of something
In the mean time, the temporary and occasional price of corn may frequently be double one year of what it had been the year before, or fluctuate, for example, from five-and-twenty to fifty shillings the quarter.	その間に、穀物の一時的または臨時の価格は、前年の2倍になることもあれば、例えば1クォーターあたり25シリングから50シリングまで変動することもある。	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|in the intervening period	temporary|一時的|adjective|lasting for only a short period of time	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	double|2倍|adjective|having two parts, units, or members	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	before|前|preposition|earlier than; in front of	fluctuate|変動する|verb|vary or change, especially in an irregular manner	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	fifty|50|noun|the number 50	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|クォーター|noun|one of four equal or equivalent parts into which something is or can be divided
But when corn is at the latter price, not only the nominal, but the real value of a corn rent, will be double of what it is when at the former, or will command double the quantity either of labour, or of the greater part of other commodities;	しかし、穀物が後者の価格である場合、名目だけでなく、穀物地代の実際の価値は、前者の価格の2倍になるか、労働量または他のほとんどの商品の2倍の量を支配することになる。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	nominal|名目|adjective|being something in name only	real|実際|adjective|being or occurring in fact or actuality	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	double|2倍|adjective|having two parts, units, or members	former|前者|adjective|the first of two things mentioned	command|支配する|verb|to have authority or control over	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
the money price of labour, and along with it that of most other things, continuing the same during all these fluctuations.	労働の貨幣価格、そしてそれに伴って他のほとんどの物の価格は、これらの変動の間ずっと同じである。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	along with|伴って|preposition|together with	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	other|他の|determiner|not the same	thing|物|noun|an object that one can see or touch	continue|同じである|verb|remain in the same state	fluctuation|変動|noun|a change in the value, price, or rate of something

Labour, therefore, it appears evidently, is the only universal, as well as the only accurate, measure of value, or the only standard by which we can compare the values of different commodities, at all times, and at all places.	したがって、労働は明らかに、唯一の普遍的かつ唯一の正確な価値の尺度、またはいつでもどこでも異なる商品の価値を比較できる唯一の基準である。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	measure|尺度|noun|a way of judging or estimating something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	standard|基準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	at all places|どこでも|adverb|in every place; everywhere
We cannot estimate, it is allowed, the real value of different commodities from century to century by the quantities of silver which were given for them.	認められているように、我々は世紀ごとに異なる商品の実際の価値を、それらに対して支払われた銀の量によって見積もることはできない。	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
We cannot estimate it from year to year by the quantities of corn.	我々はそれを毎年穀物の量で推定することはできない。	year to year|毎年|adverb|from one year to the next	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	estimate|推定する|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of
By the quantities of labour, we can, with the greatest accuracy, estimate it, both from century to century, and from year to year.	労働量によって、我々はそれを世紀ごとに、また年ごとに、最も正確に見積もることができる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
From century to century, corn is a better measure than silver, because, from century to century, equal quantities of corn will command the same quantity of labour more nearly than equal quantities of silver.	世紀ごとに、穀物は銀よりも良い尺度である。なぜなら、世紀ごとに、等量の穀物は等量の銀よりも同じ量の労働をより近くで支配するからである。	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	measure|尺度|noun|a way of measuring something	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	command|支配する|verb|to give an order to someone	more nearly|より近くで|adverb|more closely
From year to year, on the contrary, silver is a better measure than corn, because equal quantities of it will more nearly command the same quantity of labour.	逆に、年ごとには、銀は穀物よりも良い尺度である。なぜなら、等量の銀は等量の穀物よりも同じ量の労働をより近くで支配するからである。	from year to year|年ごとに|adverb|each year	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

But though, in establishing perpetual rents, or even in letting very long leases, it may be of use to distinguish between real and nominal price;	しかし、永続的な地代を定める場合、あるいは非常に長期の賃貸借契約を結ぶ場合でさえ、実質価格と名目価格を区別することは有用かもしれない。	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	establish|定める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	long|長期の|adjective|having a great length or duration	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only; not real or actual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
it is of none in buying and selling, the more common and ordinary transactions of human life.	人間の生活でより一般的で普通の取引である売買においては、それは無意味である。	buying and selling|売買|noun|the action of buying and selling	common|一般的|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	ordinary|普通|adjective|with no special or distinctive features; normal or usual	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something

At the same time and place, the real and the nominal price of all commodities are exactly in proportion to one another.	同じ時と場所では、すべての商品の実質価格と名目価格は互いに正確に比例している。	at the same time|同じ時|adverb|simultaneously	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	real|実質|adjective|existing or occurring as a thing or occurring in fact	nominal|名目|adjective|being so-called but not in fact	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise and accurate manner	in proportion to|比例して|adverb|in a manner that is in a direct relationship to something else	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
The more or less money you get for any commodity, in the London market, for example, the more or less labour it will at that time and place enable you to purchase or command.	たとえば、ロンドン市場で、ある商品に対して多かれ少なかれお金を受け取れば、そのときその場所で多かれ少なかれ労働を購入したり、命令したりすることができる。	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order
At the same time and place, therefore, money is the exact measure of the real exchangeable value of all commodities.	したがって、同じ時と場所では、貨幣はすべての商品の実際の交換価値の正確な尺度である。	at the same time|同じ時|adverb|simultaneously	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	exact|正確な|adjective|not approximated in any way; precise	measure|尺度|noun|a unit or standard of measurement	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
It is so, however, at the same time and place only.	しかし、それは同じ時と場所でのみそうである。	be so|そうである|verb|be the case	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space

Though at distant places there is no regular proportion between the real and the money price of commodities, yet the merchant who carries goods from the one to the other, has nothing to consider but the money price, or the difference between the quantity of silver for which he buys them, and that for which he is likely to sell them.	遠く離れた場所では、商品の実質価格と貨幣価格の間に一定の比率はないが、一方から他方へ商品を運ぶ商人は、貨幣価格、つまり、商品を買うために支払う銀の量と、売るために支払う銀の量の差以外に考慮すべきことは何もない。	distant|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	regular|一定の|adjective|done or happening frequently	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in size or amount between two or more things	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	nothing|何もない|noun|not anything; no single thing	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about	but|以外|preposition|other than; except	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	difference|差|noun|the state or fact of being unlike or dissimilar	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a chemical element with atomic number 47 and that occurs in nature as a free element and in ores and that is used especially in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
Half an ounce of silver at Canton in China may command a greater quantity both of labour and of the necessaries and conveniencies of life, than an ounce at London.	中国の広州では、銀の半オンスはロンドンの一オンスよりも、労働と生活必需品や便利品の両方をより多く手に入れることができる。	half an ounce|半オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Canton|広州|noun|a city in southern China	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful
A commodity, therefore, which sells for half an ounce of silver at Canton, may there be really dearer, of more real importance to the man who possesses it there, than a commodity which sells for an ounce at London is to the man who possesses it at London.	したがって、広州で銀の半オンスで売れる商品は、ロンドンで一オンスで売れる商品がロンドンでそれを所有している人にとってよりも、そこでそれを所有している人にとって本当に高価で、より重要であるかもしれない。	half an ounce|半オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	sell|売れる|verb|exchange or dispose of in return for money	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	Canton|広州|noun|a city in southern China	really|本当に|adverb|in fact; actually	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	importance|重要|noun|the state or quality of being important	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound
If a London merchant, however, can buy at Canton, for half an ounce of silver, a commodity which he can afterwards sell at London for an ounce, he gains a hundred per cent.	しかし、ロンドンの商人が広州で銀の半オンスで商品を買い、それをロンドンで一オンスで売ることができれば、彼は百パーセントの利益を得る。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	Canton|広州|noun|a city in southern China	half an ounce|半オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	per cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of measurement equal to one hundredth of a whole
by the bargain, just as much as if an ounce of silver was at London exactly of the same value as at Canton.	ロンドンで銀一オンスが広州と全く同じ価値であるかのように、その取引によって。	bargain|取引|noun|an agreement between two or more parties	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Canton|広州|noun|a city in southern China
It is of no importance to him that half an ounce of silver at Canton would have given him the command of more labour, and of a greater quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than an ounce can do at London.	広州で銀の半オンスがロンドンで一オンスができることよりも、より多くの労働と生活必需品や便利品のより多くの量を彼に与えたであろうことは、彼にとって重要ではない。	half an ounce|半オンス|noun|a unit of mass equal to 1/16 of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Canton|広州|noun|a city in southern China	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of mass equal to 1/16 of a pound	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together make a whole	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful
An ounce at London will always give him the command of double the quantity of all these, which half an ounce could have done there, and this is precisely what he wants.	ロンドンでの一オンスは、常に彼にこれらのすべてを二倍の量で与えるであろうし、それは半オンスがそこでできたであろうし、これはまさに彼が望んでいることである。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	double|二倍|adjective|twice as many or as much	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	there|そこで|adverb|in, at, or to that place	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	precisely|まさに|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	want|望む|verb|feel a need or a wish for

As it is the nominal or money price of goods, therefore, which finally determines the prudence or imprudence of all purchases and sales, and thereby regulates almost the whole business of common life in which price is concerned, we cannot wonder that it should have been so much more attended to than the real price.	したがって、すべての売買の賢明さや軽率さを最終的に決定し、それによって価格が関係する日常生活のほとんどすべての取引を規制するのは、商品の名目価格または貨幣価格であるため、それが実際の価格よりもはるかに注目されてきたとしても不思議ではない。	nominal|名目|adjective|being something in name only	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	prudence|賢明さ|noun|the quality of being prudent; care and foresight in the management of affairs	imprudence|軽率さ|noun|the quality of being imprudent; lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who work in it	common life|日常生活|noun|the ordinary course of daily life	wonder|不思議に思う|verb|be curious or surprised about something	attend to|注目する|verb|take care of; deal with	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence

In such a work as this, however, it may sometimes be of use to compare the different real values of a particular commodity at different times and places, or the different degrees of power over the labour of other people which it may, upon different occasions, have given to those who possessed it.	しかし、このような研究では、特定の商品の異なる時期や場所での異なる実質価値を比較したり、異なる機会にそれを所有していた人々に与えたかもしれない他の人々の労働に対する力の程度を比較したりすることが役に立つことがある。	such a work as this|このような研究|noun phrase|a work like this	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	be of use|役に立つ|verb phrase|be useful	compare|比較する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	real value|実質価値|noun phrase|the value of something in terms of goods or services	particular commodity|特定の商品|noun phrase|a specific good or service	different time|異なる時期|noun phrase|a different point in time	different place|異なる場所|noun phrase|a different location	different degree|異なる程度|noun phrase|a different level or extent	power|力|noun|the ability to do or act	other people|他の人々|noun phrase|people other than oneself	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	different occasion|異なる機会|noun phrase|a different time or event	give|与える|verb|provide or supply	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself
We must in this case compare, not so much the different quantities of silver for which it was commonly sold, as the different quantities or labour which those different quantities of silver could have purchased.	この場合、それが通常売られていた銀の量の違いよりも、それらの銀の量の違いが購入できた労働の量の違いを比較しなければならない。	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
But the current prices of labour, at distant times and places, can scarce ever be known with any degree of exactness.	しかし、遠い時代や場所での労働の現在の価格は、ほとんど正確に知ることはできない。	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	scarce|ほとんど～ない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being exact; precision
Those of corn, though they have in few places been regularly recorded, are in general better known, and have been more frequently taken notice of by historians and other writers.	穀物の価格は、定期的に記録されている場所は少ないが、一般的にはよく知られており、歴史家や他の作家によってより頻繁に注目されている。	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	few|少ない|adjective|a small number of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	record|記録する|verb|set down in writing	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	know|知る|verb|be aware of	historian|歴史家|noun|a person who studies or writes about history	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes books, stories, or articles as a job or regular occupation
We must generally, therefore, content ourselves with them, not as being always exactly in the same proportion as the current prices of labour, but as being the nearest approximation which can commonly be had to that proportion.	したがって、私たちは一般的に、労働の現在の価格と常に正確に同じ比率であるとしてではなく、その比率に通常得られる最も近い近似値として、それらに満足しなければならない。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	content oneself with|満足する|verb|be happy with	not as|としてではなく|conjunction|not in the role or position of	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	the same proportion|同じ比率|noun|the same ratio	as|として|conjunction|in the role or position of	the current prices|現在の価格|noun|the prices at the present time	but as|として|conjunction|in the role or position of	the nearest approximation|最も近い近似値|noun|the value that is closest to the actual value	which|その|pronoun|that	can|得られる|auxiliary verb|be able to	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	be had|得られる|verb|be obtained
I shall hereafter have occasion to make several comparisons of this kind.	今後、この種の比較を何度か行う機会があるだろう。	hereafter|今後|adverb|from now on	have occasion to|機会がある|verb|have a chance to	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things

In the progress of industry, commercial nations have found it convenient to coin several different metals into money;	産業の発展に伴い、商業国家はいくつかの異なる金属を貨幣に鋳造することが便利だとわかった。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	coin|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of metal	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
gold for larger payments, silver for purchases of moderate value, and copper, or some other coarse metal, for those of still smaller consideration,	高額の支払いには金、中程度の価値の購入には銀、さらに小さな支払いには銅やその他の粗い金属である。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	larger|高額の|adjective|of greater size or amount	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	moderate|中程度の|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture or quality	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)
They have always, however, considered one of those metals as more peculiarly the measure of value than any of the other two;	しかし、彼らは常に、これらの金属のうちの1つを、他の2つよりも価値の尺度としてより特異的に考えてきた。	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	two|2つ|noun|a cardinal number, one more than one	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	peculiarly|特異的に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and this preference seems generally to have been given to the metal which they happen first to make use of as the instrument of commerce.	そして、この選好は、一般的に、彼らが最初に商業の道具として利用した金属に与えられたように思われる。	preference|選好|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	make use of|利用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work
Having once begun to use it as their standard, which they must have done when they had no other money, they have generally continued to do so even when the necessity was not the same.	かつてそれを基準として使い始めると、他の貨幣がないときにはそうせざるを得なかったが、必要性が同じでなくても、一般的にはそうし続けてきた。	once|かつて|adverb|at some time in the past	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	have no other|他にない|verb|not have any other	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	have to|せざるを得ない|verb|be obliged to	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	be not the same|同じではない|verb|be different	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process

The Romans are said to have had nothing but copper money till within five years before the first Punic war (Pliny, lib.	ローマ人は、第一次ポエニ戦争の5年前まで銅貨しか持っていなかったと言われている(プリニウス、lib.	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	have nothing but|しか持っていない|verb|have only	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	within five years|5年以内|noun|a period of five years	first|第一次|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	Punic war|ポエニ戦争|noun|a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC	Pliny|プリニウス|noun|a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher
xxxiii. cap. 3), when they first began to coin silver.	xxxiii. cap. 3)、彼らが最初に銀貨を鋳造し始めたときである。	first|最初|adverb|before any other person or thing	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	coin|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of metal
Copper, therefore, appears to have continued always the measure of value in that republic.	したがって、銅は、その共和国において常に価値の尺度であり続けたように思われる。	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	appear|思われる|verb|seem	continue|続く|verb|go on	measure|尺度|noun|a way of measuring something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
At Rome all accounts appear to have been kept, and the value of all estates to have been computed, either in asses or in sestertii.	ローマでは、すべての会計が保管され、すべての財産の価値がアスまたはセステルティウスで計算されていたように思われる。	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	account|会計|noun|a record of financial transactions	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or organization	compute|計算する|verb|determine (the amount or number of something) mathematically	as|アス|noun|a bronze coin used in ancient Rome	sestertius|セステルティウス|noun|an ancient Roman silver coin
The as was always the denomination of a copper coin.	アスは常に銅貨の単位だった。	as|アス|noun|a bronze coin of ancient Rome	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	denomination|単位|noun|a unit of value	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
The word sestertius signifies two asses and a half.	セステルティウスという言葉は、2アス半を意味する。	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	sestertius|セステルティウス|noun|an ancient Roman coin	signify|意味する|verb|be a sign of; be an indication of
Though the sestertius, therefore, was originally a silver coin, its value was estimated in copper.	したがって、セステルティウスはもともと銀貨だったが、その価値は銅で評価されていた。	sestertius|セステルティウス|noun|an ancient Roman coin	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	estimate|評価する|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of
At Rome, one who owed a great deal of money was said to have a great deal of other people’s copper.	ローマでは、多額の借金をしている人は、他人の銅をたくさん持っていると言われていた。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	owe|借りている|verb|have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received	a great deal of|多額の|noun|a large amount of	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	other people's|他人の|noun|people other than oneself	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity

The northern nations who established themselves upon the ruins of the Roman empire, seem to have had silver money from the first beginning of their settlements, and not to have known either gold or copper coins for several ages thereafter.	ローマ帝国の廃墟に自らを打ち立てた北方の諸国は、定住の最初の頃から銀貨を持っていたようで、その後数世紀にわたって金貨も銅貨も知らなかったようである。	The northern nations|北方の諸国|noun|the countries in the north	establish|打ち立てる|verb|set up or lay the foundation of	the ruins of the Roman empire|ローマ帝国の廃墟|noun|the remains of the Roman empire	seem to have had|持っていたようである|verb|appear to have had	the first beginning|最初の頃|noun|the very beginning	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	not to have known|知らなかったようである|verb|appear not to have known	several ages|数世紀|noun|a long period of time
There were silver coins in England in the time of the Saxons; but there was little gold coined till the time of Edward III nor any copper till that of James I. of Great Britain.	サクソン人の時代にはイギリスに銀貨があったが、エドワード三世の時代まで金貨はほとんど鋳造されず、イギリスのジェームズ一世の時代まで銅貨は鋳造されなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Saxons|サクソン人|noun|a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and settled there from the 5th century	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	James I|ジェームズ一世|noun|King of England from 1603 to 1625	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	copper coin|銅貨|noun|a coin made of copper
In England, therefore, and for the same reason, I believe, in all other modern nations of Europe, all accounts are kept, and the value of all goods and of all estates is generally computed, in silver: and when we mean to express the amount of a person’s fortune, we seldom mention the number of guineas, but the number of pounds sterling which we suppose would be given for it.	したがって、イギリスでは、また同じ理由で、ヨーロッパの他のすべての近代国家でも、すべての勘定が記録され、すべての商品とすべての財産の価値は、一般的に銀で計算されていると私は信じている。そして、ある人の財産の額を表現する場合には、ギニーの数を言うことはめったになく、その代わりに、その財産と引き換えに支払われると思われるポンドの数を言う。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or organization	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sterling|スターリング|noun|of, relating to, or denominated in British money

Originally, in all countries, I believe, a legal tender of payment could be made only in the coin of that metal which was peculiarly considered as the standard or measure of value.	もともと、すべての国で、支払いの法定通貨は、価値の基準または尺度として特別に考慮された金属の硬貨でのみ行うことができたと私は信じている。	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	all countries|すべての国|noun|the entire world	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	peculiarly|特別に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	standard|基準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	measure|尺度|noun|a way of judging or estimating something
In England, gold was not considered as a legal tender for a long time after it was coined into money.	イギリスでは、金は貨幣に鋳造されてから長い間、法定通貨とは見なされなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that is legally valid for the payment of debts and must be accepted for that purpose when offered
The proportion between the values of gold and silver money was not fixed by any public law or proclamation, but was left to be settled by the market.	金貨と銀貨の価値の比率は、公法や布告によって固定されたものではなく、市場によって決まるようにされていた。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	public law|公法|noun|the body of law that deals with the state and its relationship with the individual	proclamation|布告|noun|an official public announcement	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
If a debtor offered payment in gold, the creditor might either reject such payment altogether, or accept of it at such a valuation of the gold as he and his debtor could agree upon.	債務者が金で支払いを申し出た場合、債権者はそのような支払いを完全に拒否するか、債権者と債務者が合意できる金の評価額でそれを受け入れるかのいずれかであった。	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	offer|申し出る|verb|present or suggest for consideration, discussion, or action	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	reject|拒否する|verb|refuse to accept, consider, or use	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	accept|受け入れる|verb|receive (something offered) willingly	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	agree|合意する|verb|have the same opinion about something
Copper is not at present a legal tender, except in the change of the smaller silver coins.	銅は、現在、小型の銀貨の変更を除いて、法定通貨ではない。	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	smaller|小型の|adjective|of less than average size	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value, used as money

In this state of things, the distinction between the metal which was the standard, and that which was not the standard, was something more than a nominal distinction.	このような状況では、標準である金属と標準ではない金属との区別は、名目上の区別以上の何かであった。	in this state of things|このような状況では|noun phrase|in this situation	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only

In process of time, and as people became gradually more familiar with the use of the different metals in coin, and consequently better acquainted with the proportion between their respective values, it has, in most countries, I believe, been found convenient to ascertain this proportion, and to declare by a public law, that a guinea, for example, of such a weight and fineness, should exchange for one-and-twenty shillings, or be a legal tender for a debt of that amount.	時が経つにつれて、人々は硬貨に異なる金属を使うことに次第に慣れ、その結果、それぞれの価値の比率をよりよく知るようになったので、ほとんどの国では、この比率を確かめ、例えば、そのような重量と純度のギニーは、21シリングと交換するか、その金額の負債の法定通貨とすべきであると、公法で宣言することが便利であると考えられた。	in process of time|時が経つにつれて|adverb|as time passes	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	familiar|慣れる|adjective|well known from long or close association	use|使う|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	better|よりよく|adverb|to a greater degree	acquainted|知る|verb|have knowledge of	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	believe|考える|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	convenient|便利である|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out for certain; make sure of	public law|公法|noun|the law of a state or nation dealing with the state as a whole or with the relations between the state and individuals	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	example|例えば|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of a person or thing	fineness|純度|noun|the quality of being pure	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	twenty-one|21|numeral|the number equivalent to the product of twenty and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt
In this state of things, and during the continuance of any one regulated proportion of this kind, the distinction between the metal, which is the standard, and that which is not the standard, becomes little more than a nominal distinction.	このような状況で、また、この種の規制された比率が続いている間は、標準である金属と標準ではない金属との区別は、名目上の区別にすぎなくなる。	state|状況|noun|the way things are	continuance|継続|noun|the continuation of something	regulated|規制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only

In consequence of any change, however, in this regulated proportion, this distinction becomes, or at least seems to become, something more than nominal again.	しかし、この規制された比率に何らかの変化が生じた結果、この区別は再び名目上の区別以上のものになるか、少なくともそうなるように思われる。	in consequence of|結果として|preposition|as a result of	any|何らかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	in|に|preposition|within the limits or bounds of	this|この|determiner|the person or thing mentioned or understood	regulated|規制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	this|この|determiner|the person or thing mentioned or understood	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	become|なる|verb|come to be	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so in name only; not real or actual	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time
If the regulated value of a guinea, for example, was either reduced to twenty, or raised to two-and-twenty shillings, all accounts being kept, and almost all obligations for debt being expressed, in silver money, the greater part of payments could in either case be made with the same quantity of silver money as before;	例えば、ギニーの規制価値が20シリングに引き下げられるか、22シリングに引き上げられた場合、すべての勘定が保管され、ほとんどすべての債務が銀貨で表現されるので、どちらの場合も支払いの大部分は以前と同じ量の銀貨で行うことができる。	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	regulated value|規制価値|noun|the value of something that is set by a government or other authority	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	two-and-twenty|22|numeral|the number 22	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound	account|勘定|noun|a record of the financial transactions over a period of time	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	silver money|銀貨|noun|money made of silver	payment|支払い|noun|the transfer of money from one person or organization to another	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
but would require very different quantities of gold money;	しかし、金貨の量は大きく異なる。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
a greater in the one case, and a smaller in the other.	一方ではより多く、他方ではより少なくなる。	a greater|より多く|noun|a larger amount	in the one case|一方では|adverb|in one situation	a smaller|より少なくなる|noun|a smaller amount	in the other|他方では|adverb|in the other situation
Silver would appear to be more invariable in its value than gold.	銀は金よりも価値が不変であるように思われる。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	appear|思われる|verb|seem	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal
Silver would appear to measure the value of gold, and gold would not appear to measure the value of silver.	銀は金の価値を測るように思われるが、金は銀の価値を測るようには思われないだろう。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	appear|思われる|verb|seem	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	would not|思われないだろう|auxiliary verb|will not
The value of gold would seem to depend upon the quantity of silver which it would exchange for, and the value of silver would not seem to depend upon the quantity of gold which it would exchange for.	金の価値は、交換される銀の量に依存するように思われるが、銀の価値は交換される金の量に依存するようには思われないだろう。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
This difference, however, would be altogether owing to the custom of keeping accounts, and of expressing the amount of all great and small sums rather in silver than in gold money.	しかし、この違いは、会計処理の習慣と、大小の金額を金貨ではなく銀貨で表す習慣に起因する。	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or common	keep accounts|会計処理|verb|record financial transactions	express|表す|verb|represent or convey in words	amount|金額|noun|the total of two or more quantities	gold money|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	silver money|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver
One of Mr Drummond’s notes for five-and-twenty or fifty guineas would, after an alteration of this kind, be still payable with five-and-twenty or fifty guineas, in the same manner as before.	ドラモンド氏の25ギニーまたは50ギニーの紙幣は、この種の変更後も、以前と同じように25ギニーまたは50ギニーで支払われるだろう。	one|1枚|noun|the lowest cardinal number	Mr Drummond|ドラモンド氏|noun|a person's name	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	fifty|50|noun|the number 50	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at a particular time in the past or future; yet	payable|支払われる|adjective|able to be paid	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
It would, after such an alteration, be payable with the same quantity of gold as before, but with very different quantities of silver.	そのような変更の後、それは以前と同じ量の金で支払われるだろうが、銀の量は非常に異なるだろう。	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
In the payment of such a note, gold would appear to be more invariable in its value than silver.	そのような紙幣の支払いにおいて、金は銀よりもその価値がより不変であるように思われるだろう。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Gold would appear to measure the value of silver, and silver would not appear to measure the value of gold.	金は銀の価値を測るように思われるだろうし、銀は金の価値を測るようには思われないだろう。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	appear|思われる|verb|seem	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	would not|思われないだろう|auxiliary verb|will not
If the custom of keeping accounts, and of expressing promissory-notes and other obligations for money, in this manner should ever become general, gold, and not silver, would be considered as the metal which was peculiarly the standard or measure of value.	このような方法で会計処理をしたり、約束手形やその他の金銭債務を表示したりする習慣が一般化すれば、銀ではなく金が価値の基準または尺度である金属と見なされるだろう。	keep accounts|会計処理をする|verb|record financial transactions	promissory-note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	obligation|債務|noun|a legal or moral duty to do or not do something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	general|一般化する|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	standard|基準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	measure|尺度|noun|a unit or standard of measurement

In reality, during the continuance of any one regulated proportion between the respective values of the different metals in coin, the value of the most precious metal regulates the value of the whole coin.	実際には、硬貨中の異なる金属のそれぞれの価値の間に規制された比率が続いている間は、最も貴重な金属の価値が硬貨全体の価値を規制する。	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	any one|いずれか|noun|any person or thing	regulated|規制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	proportion|比率|noun|the relationship of one thing to another in terms of quantity, size, or number	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	most|最も|adjective|the majority of; more than half of	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by rules or regulations	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
Twelve copper pence contain half a pound avoirdupois of copper, of not the best quality, which, before it is coined, is seldom worth seven-pence in silver.	12枚の銅貨には、最高品質ではない銅が半ポンド含まれており、鋳造される前は銀貨の7ペンスの価値になることはめったにない。	twelve|12|numeral|the number 12	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	pence|ペンス|noun|a British unit of money	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	avoirdupois|常衡|noun|a system of weights based on the pound of 16 ounces	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	not|ではない|adverb|a word used to express negation	the best|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	which|それは|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	it|それ|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	is coined|鋳造される|verb|make (coins) by stamping metal	is|である|verb|be	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value	seven|7|numeral|the number 7	pence|ペンス|noun|a British unit of money	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something in a place or position	silver|銀|noun|a shiny grayish-white metal
But as, by the regulation, twelve such pence are ordered to exchange for a shilling, they are in the market considered as worth a shilling, and a shilling can at any time be had for them.	しかし、規制により、そのような12ペンスは1シリングと交換するように命じられているので、市場では1シリング相当と見なされ、いつでも1シリングと交換できる。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	twelve|12|numeral|the number 12	pence|ペンス|noun|a British unit of money	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and unit of money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	worth|相当|adjective|having a specified value	at any time|いつでも|adverb|whenever you want
Even before the late reformation of the gold coin of Great Britain, the gold, that part of it at least which circulated in London and its neighbourhood, was in general less degraded below its standard weight than the greater part of the silver.	英国の金貨の最近の改鋳の前でさえ、金は、少なくともロンドンとその周辺で流通していた部分は、銀の大部分よりも標準重量を下回る劣化が一般的に少なかった。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	neighbourhood|周辺|noun|the area around a place	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
One-and-twenty worn and defaced shillings, however, were considered as equivalent to a guinea, which, perhaps, indeed, was worn and defaced too, but seldom so much so.	しかし、21枚の摩耗して傷ついたシリングは、ギニーに相当すると考えられていたが、ギニーも摩耗して傷ついていたかもしれないが、それほどひどいことはめったになかった。	one-and-twenty|21枚|noun|the number 21	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by wear	defaced|傷ついた|adjective|damaged or disfigured	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin worth one pound and one shilling	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, or effect	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	indeed|確かに|adverb|in fact; really	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely
The late regulations have brought the gold coin as near, perhaps, to its standard weight as it is possible to bring the current coin of any nation;	最近の規制により、金貨は、おそらく、どの国の現行貨幣も持ち込める限り、標準重量に近づいた。	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	bring|近づいた|verb|cause to come to a place	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	near|近く|preposition|close to	standard weight|標準重量|noun|the weight that is considered normal or average	bring|持ち込める|verb|cause to come to a place	current coin|現行貨幣|noun|a coin that is currently in use	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and the order to receive no gold at the public offices but by weight, is likely to preserve it so, as long as that order is enforced.	そして、重量でなければ金貨を受け取らないという命令は、その命令が強制されている限り、それを維持する可能性が高い。	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	gold|金貨|noun|a yellow precious metal	public office|官庁|noun|a government department or other public body	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	order|命令|noun|an authoritative command or instruction	enforce|強制する|verb|compel observance of or compliance with
The silver coin still continues in the same worn and degraded state as before the reformation of the cold coin.	銀貨は、金貨の改鋳前と同じように摩耗し劣化した状態が続いている。	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or in a certain state	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	degraded|劣化した|adjective|made worse or of a lower quality	state|状態|noun|the condition of something or someone
In the market, however, one-and-twenty shillings of this degraded silver coin are still considered as worth a guinea of this excellent gold coin.	しかし、市場では、この劣化した銀貨の21枚は、この優れた金貨のギニーに相当すると見なされている。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	one-and-twenty|21|numeral|the number 21	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	degraded|劣化した|adjective|made worse or of a lower quality	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	still|まだ|adverb|up until the present time	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being	worth|相当する|adjective|having a specified value	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling

The reformation of the gold coin has evidently raised the value of the silver coin which can be exchanged for it.	金貨の改鋳は、明らかにそれと交換できる銀貨の価値を上げた。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else

In the English mint, a pound weight of gold is coined into forty-four guineas and a half, which at one-and-twenty shillings the guinea, is equal to forty-six pounds fourteen shillings and sixpence.	イギリスの造幣局では、1ポンドの金は44ギニー半に鋳造され、1ギニー21シリングで46ポンド14シリング6ペンスに相当する。	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	coin|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of	forty-four|44|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of forty-three and one	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	one-and-twenty|21|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound	forty-six|46|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of forty-five and one	fourteen|14|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin with a value of six pennies
An ounce of such gold coin, therefore, is worth £ 3:17:101⁄2 in silver.	したがって、そのような金貨1オンスは、銀で3ポンド17シリング101⁄2ペンスの価値がある。	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a specified value	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal used in jewelry and tableware
In England, no duty or seignorage is paid upon the coinage, and he who carries a pound weight or an ounce weight of standard gold bullion to the mint, gets back a pound weight or an ounce weight of gold in coin, without any deduction.	イギリスでは、貨幣の鋳造に税金や貨幣発行益は支払われず、1ポンドまたは1オンスの標準金地金を造幣局に持ち込んだ人は、1ポンドまたは1オンスの金を貨幣で、控除なしに受け取る。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported goods	seignorage|貨幣発行益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	coinage|貨幣の鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	carry|持ち込む|verb|take or bring with oneself	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight	standard|標準|adjective|of a level of quality or attainment	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	get back|受け取る|verb|receive something that one has lost or that has been taken away	deduction|控除|noun|an amount that is subtracted
Three pounds seventeen shillings and tenpence halfpenny an ounce, therefore, is said to be the mint price of gold in England, or the quantity of gold coin which the mint gives in return for standard gold bullion.	したがって、1オンス3ポンド17シリング10ペンス半ペンスは、イギリスの金の造幣局価格、つまり造幣局が標準金地金と引き換えに与える金貨の量であると言われている。	three pounds|3ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	seventeen shillings|17シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	tenpence halfpenny|10ペンス半ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a shilling	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a mint buys or sells gold	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where coins are made	standard gold bullion|標準金地金|noun|gold of a specified purity that is used as a standard for the value of other gold

Before the reformation of the gold coin, the price of standard gold bullion in the market had, for many years, been upwards of £3:18s. sometimes £ 3:19s, and very frequently £4 an ounce;	金貨の改鋳前は、市場の標準金地金の価格は、長年3ポンド18シリング以上、時には3ポンド19シリング、そして非常に頻繁に1オンス4ポンドだった。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	standard gold bullion|標準金地金|noun|gold bullion that is of a standard purity	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions	very frequently|非常に頻繁に|adverb|very often	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound
that sum, it is probable, in the worn and degraded gold coin, seldom containing more than an ounce of standard gold.	その額は、おそらく、摩耗して劣化した金貨では、標準金1オンス以上を含むことはめったにない。	sum|額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	degraded|劣化した|adjective|made worse or of a lower quality	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely
Since the reformation of the gold coin, the market price of standard gold bullion seldom exceeds £ 3:17:7 an ounce.	金貨の改鋳以来、標準金地金の市場価格は1オンス3ポンド17シリング7ペンスを超えることはめったにない。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	standard gold bullion|標準金地金|noun|a bar of gold of a specified weight and purity	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound
Before the reformation of the gold coin, the market price was always more or less above the mint price.	金貨の改鋳前は、市場価格は常に造幣局価格を多少上回っていた。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多少|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale by the mint
Since that reformation, the market price has been constantly below the mint price.	金貨の改鋳以来、市場価格は常に造幣局価格を下回っている。	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	below|下回る|preposition|at a lower level or position than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale by the mint
But that market price is the same whether it is paid in gold or in silver coin.	しかし、その市場価格は、金貨で支払っても銀貨で支払っても同じである。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
The late reformation of the gold coin, therefore, has raised not only the value of the gold coin, but likewise that of the silver coin in proportion to gold bullion, and probably, too, in proportion to all other commodities;	したがって、最近の金貨の改鋳は、金貨の価値を上げただけでなく、金地金に対する銀貨の価値も上げ、おそらく他のすべての商品に対する価値も上げた。	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of changing something to make it better	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in bars or ingots	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
though the price of the greater part of other commodities being influenced by so many other causes, the rise in the value of either gold or silver coin in proportion to them may not be so distinct and sensible.	他のほとんどの商品の価格は、他の多くの要因の影響を受けているため、金貨や銀貨の価値の上昇は、それらに比べてそれほど明確で顕著ではないかもしれないが。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	be influenced by|影響を受ける|verb|be affected by	so many|非常に多くの|determiner|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	distinct|明確な|adjective|able to be perceived as different or individual	sensible|顕著な|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses

In the English mint, a pound weight of standard silver bullion is coined into sixty-two shillings, containing, in the same manner, a pound weight of standard silver.	イギリスの造幣局では、標準銀地金一ポンドの重量は、同様に標準銀一ポンドの重量を含む六十二シリングに鋳造される。	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	standard|標準|adjective|of or relating to a standard	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	sixty-two|六十二|numeral|the number 62	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	manner|同様に|noun|a way of doing something	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	standard|標準|adjective|of or relating to a standard	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|鋳造される|verb|make coins out of metal
Five shillings and twopence an ounce, therefore, is said to be the mint price of silver in England, or the quantity of silver coin which the mint gives in return for standard silver bullion.	したがって、一オンス五シリング二ペンスは、イギリスの銀の造幣局価格、つまり造幣局が標準銀地金と引き換えに与える銀貨の量である。	five shillings and twopence|五シリング二ペンス|noun|a sum of money	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a mint buys bullion	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	return|引き換え|noun|something given in exchange	standard|標準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form
Before the reformation of the gold coin, the market price of standard silver bullion was, upon different occasions, five shillings and fourpence, five shillings and fivepence, five shillings and sixpence, five shillings and sevenpence, and very often five shillings and eightpence an ounce.	金貨の改鋳前は、標準銀地金の市場価格は、時によって、一オンス五シリング四ペンス、五シリング五ペンス、五シリング六ペンス、五シリング七ペンス、そして非常にしばしば五シリング八ペンスだった。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	standard silver bullion|標準銀地金|noun|silver bullion that is of a standard quality	different occasion|時によって|noun|a time that is different from the present	five shillings|五シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	fourpence|四ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	fivepence|五ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	sixpence|六ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	sevenpence|七ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound
Five shillings and sevenpence, however, seems to have been the most common price.	しかし、五シリング七ペンスが最も一般的な価格だったようだ。	five shillings|五シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	sevenpence|七ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
Since the reformation of the gold coin, the market price of standard silver bullion has fallen occasionally to five shillings and threepence, five shillings and fourpence, and five shillings and fivepence an ounce, which last price it has scarce ever exceeded.	金貨の改鋳以来、標準銀地金の市場価格は、時折一オンス五シリング三ペンス、五シリング四ペンス、五シリング五ペンスに下落したが、この最後の価格を超えることはほとんどなかった。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	standard silver bullion|標準銀地金|noun|silver bullion that is of a standard quality	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	five shillings and threepence|五シリング三ペンス|noun|a sum of money equal to five shillings and threepence	five shillings and fourpence|五シリング四ペンス|noun|a sum of money equal to five shillings and fourpence	five shillings and fivepence|五シリング五ペンス|noun|a sum of money equal to five shillings and fivepence	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
Though the market price of silver bullion has fallen considerably since the reformation of the gold coin, it has not fallen so low as the mint price.	金貨の改鋳以来、銀地金の市場価格はかなり下落したが、造幣局価格ほどには下落していない。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in the form of bars or ingots	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale by the mint

In the proportion between the different metals in the English coin, as copper is rated very much above its real value, so silver is rated somewhat below it.	イギリスの硬貨の中の異なる金属の比率では、銅がその真の価値をはるかに上回って評価されているように、銀もまたその真の価値を多少下回って評価されている。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of England	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity	below|下回る|preposition|in a lower position than
In the market of Europe, in the French coin and in the Dutch coin, an ounce of fine gold exchanges for about fourteen ounces of fine silver.	ヨーロッパの市場では、フランスの硬貨とオランダの硬貨では、一オンスの純金は約十四オンスの純銀と交換される。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	Dutch|オランダの|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or language	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.99%	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	about|約|adverb|approximately	fourteen|十四|numeral|the number 14	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver with a purity of 99.9%
In the English coin, it exchanges for about fifteen ounces, that is, for more silver than it is worth, according to the common estimation of Europe.	イギリスの硬貨では、それは約十五オンスと交換されるが、これはヨーロッパの一般的な評価によれば、その価値以上の銀と交換されることになる。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	exchange|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	about|約|adverb|approximately	fifteen|十五|adjective|the number 15	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	that is|つまり|phrase|in other words	for|と|preposition|in exchange for	more|以上の|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	worth|価値|noun|the value of something	according to|によれば|phrase|as stated by	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	estimation|評価|noun|an opinion or judgment of the worth, quality, or importance of someone or something
But as the price of copper in bars is not, even in England, raised by the high price of copper in English coin, so the price of silver in bullion is not sunk by the low rate of silver in English coin.	しかし、イギリスでさえ、銅の棒の価格はイギリスの硬貨の銅の高価格によって上昇しないように、銀地金の価格はイギリスの硬貨の銀の低価格によって下落することはない。	bar|棒|noun|a long thin piece of wood or metal	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	silver|銀|noun|a white shiny metal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	raise|上昇する|verb|go up	sink|下落する|verb|go down
Silver in bullion still preserves its proper proportion to gold, for the same reason that copper in bars preserves its proper proportion to silver.	銀地金は、銅の棒が銀に対する適切な比率を保っているのと同じ理由で、金に対する適切な比率を保っている。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	bar|棒|noun|a long thin piece of wood, metal, or another material	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification

Upon the reformation of the silver coin, in the reign of William III., the price of silver bullion still continued to be somewhat above the mint price.	ウィリアム三世の治世に銀貨の改鋳が行われたが、銀地金の価格は依然として造幣局価格を若干上回っていた。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which the mint buys or sells bullion
Mr Locke imputed this high price to the permission of exporting silver bullion, and to the prohibition of exporting silver coin.	ロック氏はこの高価格を銀地金の輸出許可と銀貨の輸出禁止に帰した。	Mr Locke|ロック氏|noun|John Locke, an English philosopher and physician	impute|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is above average	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing something	export|輸出|verb|send goods or services to another country for sale	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of officially or legally forbidding something
This permission of exporting, he said, rendered the demand for silver bullion greater than the demand for silver coin.	彼は、この輸出許可によって銀地金の需要が銀貨の需要を上回ったと述べた。	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
But the number of people who want silver coin for the common uses of buying and selling at home, is surely much greater than that of those who want silver bullion either for the use of exportation or for any other use.	しかし、国内での売買の一般的な用途に銀貨を必要とする人の数は、輸出用やその他の用途に銀地金を必要とする人の数よりもはるかに多いことは確かである。	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	common use|一般的な用途|noun|a use that is common	buying and selling|売買|noun|the act of buying and selling	at home|国内|adverb|in one's own country	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	any other use|その他の用途|noun|any use other than the one specified
There subsists at present a like permission of exporting gold bullion, and a like prohibition of exporting gold coin;	現在、金地金の輸出許可と金貨の輸出禁止が同様に存在している。	subsist|存在する|verb|to exist or continue to exist	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	like|同様の|adjective|similar or having a likeness to	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	export|輸出|verb|to send or take goods or services to another country for sale	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in bulk before coining, or valued by weight	like|同様の|adjective|similar or having a likeness to	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of officially or legally forbidding something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold
and yet the price of gold bullion has fallen below the mint price.	それでも金地金の価格は造幣局価格を下回っている。	and yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in the form of bars or ingots	fall below|下回る|verb|be lower than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a mint buys or sells gold
But in the English coin, silver was then, in the same manner as now, under-rated in proportion to gold;	しかし、イギリスの貨幣では、銀は当時も現在と同じように金に比べて過小評価されていた。	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	then|当時|adverb|at that time	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	under-rate|過小評価する|verb|to estimate or value too low	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal
and the gold coin (which at that time, too, was not supposed to require any reformation) regulated then, as well as now, the real value of the whole coin.	そして金貨(当時も改革の必要はないと考えられていた)は、現在と同様に当時も貨幣全体の真の価値を調整していた。	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	reformation|改革|noun|the action or process of reforming something	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	then|当時|adverb|at that time; at the time in question	as well as|と同様に|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	now|現在|adverb|at the present time; at this moment	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual value of something, as opposed to its nominal value	whole coin|貨幣全体|noun|all of the coins in a particular currency
As the reformation of the silver coin did not then reduce the price of silver bullion to the mint price, it is not very probable that a like reformation will do so now.	銀貨の改鋳によって銀地金の価格が造幣局価格まで下がらなかったのだから、同様の改鋳によって現在そうした事態が起こる可能性は高くない。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price of silver set by the mint	like|同様の|adjective|having the same characteristics or qualities as some other person or thing	now|現在|adverb|at the present time

Were the silver coin brought back as near to its standard weight as the gold, a guinea, it is probable, would, according to the present proportion, exchange for more silver in coin than it would purchase in bullion.	銀貨が金貨と同じように標準重量に近づけば、ギニーは現在の比率に従って、地金で購入するよりも多くの銀貨と交換されるだろう。	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	gold|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	present proportion|現在の比率|noun|the current ratio	exchange|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
The silver coin containing its full standard weight, there would in this case, be a profit in melting it down, in order, first to sell the bullion for gold coin, and afterwards to exchange this gold coin for silver coin, to be melted down in the same manner.	銀貨が標準重量を完全に含む場合、まず地金を金貨で売り、その後この金貨を銀貨に交換して同じように溶かすために、それを溶かすことで利益が得られる。	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	full standard weight|標準重量|noun|the weight that is considered normal or average	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being considered	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	melt down|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid	in order|ために|conjunction|with the aim of	first|最初に|adverb|before anything else	sell|売る|verb|exchange (something) for money	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way
Some alteration in the present proportion seems to be the only method of preventing this inconveniency.	この不都合を防ぐ唯一の方法は、現在の比率を変更することであるように思われる。	some alteration|変更|noun|a change or modification	present proportion|現在の比率|noun|the ratio of two quantities at the present time	seems to be|であるように思われる|verb|appear to be	only method|唯一の方法|noun|the sole way or manner of doing something	preventing|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that is inconvenient

The inconveniency, perhaps, would be less, if silver was rated in the coin as much above its proper proportion to gold as it is at present rated below it, provided it was at the same time enacted, that silver should not be a legal tender for more than the change of a guinea, in the same manner as copper is not a legal tender for more than the change of a shilling.	銀が現在金に対して過小評価されている分だけ、金に対して過大評価され、同時に銅がシリング以下の支払いにしか法定通貨として認められていないのと同じように、銀もギニー以下の支払いにしか法定通貨として認められないとすれば、不都合はおそらく少なくなるだろう。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	rate|評価される|verb|to estimate the value, quality, or importance of	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	proper|適正な|adjective|right or correct	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	enacted|制定される|verb|to make into law	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound
No creditor could, in this case, be cheated in consequence of the high valuation of silver in coin;	この場合、銀貨の評価が高いために債権者が騙されることはない。	no creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	be cheated|騙される|verb|act dishonestly; deceive	in consequence of|のために|preposition|as a result of	high valuation|高い評価|noun|a high opinion of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
as no creditor can at present be cheated in consequence of the high valuation of copper.	銅の評価が高いために債権者が騙されることがないように。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	be cheated|騙される|verb|be deceived or misled	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	high valuation|高い評価|noun|a high opinion of something	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
The bankers only would suffer by this regulation.	この規制によって損害を被るのは銀行家だけである。	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant
When a run comes upon them, they sometimes endeavour to gain time, by paying in sixpences, and they would be precluded by this regulation from this discreditable method of evading immediate payment.	取り付け騒ぎが起こると、彼らは時々六ペンス玉で支払うことで時間を稼ごうとするが、この規制によって即時支払いを回避するこの不名誉な方法は不可能になる。	come upon|起こる|verb|happen or occur	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	gain time|時間を稼ぐ|verb|delay or postpone something	sixpence|六ペンス玉|noun|a small British coin worth six pennies	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
They would be obliged, in consequence, to keep at all times in their coffers a greater quantity of cash than at present;	その結果、彼らは常に金庫に現在よりも多くの現金を保管しておかなければならない。	be obliged|義務付けられる|verb|be required to do something	in consequence|結果として|adverb|as a result	at all times|常に|adverb|on all occasions; always	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
and though this might, no doubt, be a considerable inconveniency to them, it would, at the same time, be a considerable security to their creditors.	これが彼らにとってかなりの不便であることは間違いないが、同時に債権者にとってはかなりの安心材料となる。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble or difficulty	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	security|安心材料|noun|something that gives or assures safety or certainty

Three pounds seventeen shillings and tenpence halfpenny (the mint price of gold) certainly does not contain, even in our present excellent gold coin, more than an ounce of standard gold, and it may be thought, therefore, should not purchase more standard bullion.	三ポンド十七シリング十ペンス半ペニー(金の造幣局価格)は、現在の優れた金貨でさえ、確かに一オンス以上の標準金を含んでおらず、それゆえ、それ以上の標準地金を買うべきではないと考えられる。	three pounds|三ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	seventeen shillings|十七シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	tenpence halfpenny|十ペンス半ペニー|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a shilling	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a coin is sold by the mint	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	excellent|優れた|adjective|extremely good	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	standard gold|標準金|noun|gold of a known purity	therefore|それゆえ|adverb|for that reason	should not|べきではない|auxiliary verb|expressing advice or obligation	purchase|買う|verb|buy	more|それ以上|adverb|to a greater extent	standard bullion|標準地金|noun|gold or silver of a known purity
But gold in coin is more convenient than gold in bullion;	しかし、金貨の金は地金の金よりも便利である。	coin|金貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
and though, in England, the coinage is free, yet the gold which is carried in bullion to the mint, can seldom be returned in coin to the owner till after a delay of several weeks.	イギリスでは貨幣鋳造は無料だが、地金として造幣局に運ばれた金は、数週間の遅れがあってようやく所有者に貨幣として返却される。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	free|無料|adjective|without cost or payment	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design that is used as money	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	delay|遅れ|noun|the time during which something is delayed or postponed	week|週|noun|a period of seven days
In the present hurry of the mint, it could not be returned till after a delay of several months.	造幣局の現在の多忙さでは、数ヶ月の遅れがあってようやく返却される。	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	hurry|多忙|noun|a state of urgency	return|返却|verb|give back	delay|遅れ|noun|the time during which something is delayed or postponed
This delay is equivalent to a small duty, and renders gold in coin somewhat more valuable than an equal quantity of gold in bullion.	この遅れは小さな関税に相当し、金貨の金を地金の金よりも多少価値あるものにする。	delay|遅れ|noun|the time during which something is delayed	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	coin|金貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	valuable|価値ある|adjective|worth a great deal of money
If, in the English coin, silver was rated according to its proper proportion to gold, the price of silver bullion would probably fall below the mint price, even without any reformation of the silver coin;	もしイギリスの貨幣で、銀が金に対する適切な比率に従って評価されたら、銀貨の改革がなくても、銀地金の価格はおそらく造幣局価格を下回るだろう。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fall below|下回る|verb|be lower than	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined
the value even of the present worn and defaced silver coin being regulated by the value of the excellent gold coin for which it can be changed.	現在の摩耗して傷ついた銀貨の価値でさえ、交換できる優れた金貨の価値によって調整されている。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	defaced|傷ついた|adjective|damaged or spoiled	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	being regulated|調整されている|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	excellent|優れた|adjective|extremely good; outstanding	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	be changed|交換できる|verb|make or become different

A small seignorage or duty upon the coinage of both gold and silver, would probably increase still more the superiority of those metals in coin above an equal quantity of either of them in bullion.	金と銀の両方の貨幣に対する小さな貨幣鋳造税または関税は、おそらく地金のいずれかの等量よりも貨幣のそれらの金属の優位性をさらに増加させるだろう。	seignorage|貨幣鋳造税|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coinage|貨幣|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
The coinage would, in this case, increase the value of the metal coined in proportion to the extent of this small duty, for the same reason that the fashion increases the value of plate in proportion to the price of that fashion.	この場合、貨幣鋳造は、この小さな関税の範囲に比例して鋳造された金属の価値を増加させるだろう。それは、ファッションがそのファッションの価格に比例してプレートの価値を増加させるのと同じ理由である。	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	proportion|比例して|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	fashion|ファッション|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The superiority of coin above bullion would prevent the melting down of the coin, and would discourage its exportation.	地金に対する貨幣の優位性は、貨幣の溶解を防ぎ、その輸出を阻害するだろう。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	melting down|溶解|noun|the conversion of a solid into a liquid	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm
If, upon any public exigency, it should become necessary to export the coin, the greater part of it would soon return again, of its own accord.	公的な緊急事態で貨幣を輸出する必要が生じた場合、その大部分はすぐに自発的に戻ってくるだろう。	public exigency|公的な緊急事態|noun|a situation that requires immediate action	become necessary|必要になる|verb|to be required or needed	export|輸出する|verb|to send or take goods or services out of a country	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	return|戻る|verb|to go or come back to a place or person	of one's own accord|自発的に|adverb|without being forced or asked to do something
Abroad, it could sell only for its weight in bullion.	海外では、地金の重量でしか売れない。	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	sell|売れる|verb|be bought by a customer	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
At home, it would buy more than that weight.	国内では、その重量以上のものを買うことができる。	at home|国内では|adverb|in one's own country	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	more than|以上の|adverb|to a greater extent than	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs
There would be a profit, therefore, in bringing it home again.	したがって、それを再び国内に持ち込むことで利益が得られる。	there would be|あるだろう|verb|exist	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
In France, a seignorage of about eight per cent.	フランスでは、約8パーセントの貨幣鋳造益が徴収されている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	about|約|adverb|approximately	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part
is imposed upon the coinage, and the French coin, when exported, is said to return home again, of its own accord.	貨幣鋳造益が徴収されており、フランスの貨幣は輸出されると、自ら国内に戻ってくると言われている。	be imposed upon|徴収される|verb|to be forced to accept something	coinage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	export|輸出する|verb|to send or take goods or services to another country for sale	return|戻ってくる|verb|go or come back to a place or person	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household

The occasional fluctuations in the market price of gold and silver bullion arise from the same causes as the like fluctuations in that of all other commodities.	金銀地金の市場価格に時折生じる変動は、他のすべての商品の価格に生じる同様の変動と同じ原因から生じる。	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the value, rate, or level of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is currently selling or is expected to sell in the market	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
The frequent loss of those metals from various accidents by sea and by land, the continual waste of them in gilding and plating, in lace and embroidery, in the wear and tear of coin, and in that of plate, require, in all countries which possess no mines of their own, a continual importation, in order to repair this loss and this waste.	海や陸でのさまざまな事故によるこれらの金属の頻繁な損失、金メッキやメッキ、レースや刺繍、硬貨やプレートの摩耗による継続的な浪費は、自国に鉱山を持たないすべての国で、この損失と浪費を修復するために、継続的な輸入を必要としている。	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	various|さまざまな|adjective|different from each other	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	land|陸|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	continual|継続的な|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	waste|浪費|noun|the act or an instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	gilding|金メッキ|noun|the art or process of applying gold leaf or gold paint	plating|メッキ|noun|a thin coating of a precious metal	lace|レース|noun|a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern	embroidery|刺繍|noun|the art or process of embroidering	wear and tear|摩耗|noun|damage that occurs in the normal course of events	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	plate|プレート|noun|a flat, usually round dish with raised edges that is used to hold food	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, ores, or other mineral deposits are excavated	repair|修復する|verb|restore to good condition; mend	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	waste|浪費|noun|the act or an instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose
The merchant importers, like all other merchants, we may believe, endeavour, as well as they can, to suit their occasional importations to what they judge is likely to be the immediate demand.	輸入商は、他のすべての商人と同じように、時折の輸入を、当面の需要になると判断したものに合わせようと努力していると考えられる。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	importer|輸入商|noun|a person or company that imports goods	like|ように|preposition|similar to	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	as well as|できるだけ|adverb|to the best of one's ability	suit|合わせる|verb|be appropriate or acceptable to	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	likely|なりそう|adjective|probable; expected	immediate|当面の|adjective|happening or done without delay	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
With all their attention, however, they sometimes overdo the business, and sometimes underdo it.	しかし、彼らはあらゆる注意を払っていながら、時には過剰に、時には過小に取引をしてしまう。	with all one's attention|あらゆる注意を払って|adverb|with all one's effort	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; on the other hand	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	overdo|過剰に|verb|do too much of	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	underdo|過小に|verb|do too little of
When they import more bullion than is wanted, rather than incur the risk and trouble of exporting it again, they are sometimes willing to sell a part of it for something less than the ordinary or average price.	彼らは、必要以上の地金を輸入した場合、それを再び輸出するリスクや手間をかけるよりも、その一部を通常価格や平均価格よりも安く売ることをいとわないことがある。	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	incur|かける|verb|bring upon oneself	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to a foreign country	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均の|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
When, on the other hand, they import less than is wanted, they get something more than this price.	一方、必要量よりも少ない量を輸入した場合は、この価格よりも高く売れる。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	less than|よりも少ない|preposition|not as much as	want|必要|verb|feel a need or a wish for	more than|よりも高い|preposition|to a greater extent than
But when, under all those occasional fluctuations, the market price either of gold or silver bullion continues for several years together steadily and constantly, either more or less above, or more or less below the mint price, we may be assured that this steady and constant, either superiority or inferiority of price, is the effect of something in the state of the coin, which, at that time, renders a certain quantity of coin either of more value or of less value than the precise quantity of bullion which it ought to contain.	しかし、こうした時折の変動がある中で、金や銀の地金の市場価格が数年間にわたって、造幣局価格よりも多少高いか低いかで、着実に、そして一定に続く場合、この着実で一定の価格の優劣は、貨幣の状態にある何かの影響であり、その時点で、一定量の貨幣を、含むべき地金の正確な量よりも価値が高いか低いかにしているのだと確信できる。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	those|それらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening infrequently	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the value of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time lasting more than two years	together|共に|adverb|with each other	steadily|着実に|adverb|in a regular and even manner	constantly|一定に|adverb|in a way that does not change	more or less|多少|adverb|to some extent	above|上|preposition|in a higher position than	below|下|preposition|in a lower position than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a coin is sold by the mint	assure|確信する|verb|make someone feel certain about something	steady|着実な|adjective|regular and even	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	superiority|優位|noun|the state of being better than something else	inferiority|劣位|noun|the state of being worse than something else	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	at that time|その時|adverb|at the time in question	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	certain|一定の|adjective|particular but not specified	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the importance or worth of something	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself
The constancy and steadiness of the effect supposes a proportionable constancy and steadiness in the cause.	結果の不変性と安定性は、原因の比例した不変性と安定性を前提としている。	constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	steadiness|安定性|noun|the quality of being steady	suppose|前提としている|verb|assume that something is true without having evidence to confirm it

The money of any particular country is, at any particular time and place, more or less an accurate measure or value, according as the current coin is more or less exactly agreeable to its standard, or contains more or less exactly the precise quantity of pure gold or pure silver which it ought to contain.	特定の国の貨幣は、特定の時間と場所において、流通している貨幣がその基準にほぼ正確に従っているか、または含むべき純金または純銀の正確な量をほぼ正確に含んでいるかによって、多かれ少なかれ正確な尺度または価値である。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	measure|尺度|noun|a unit or standard of measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	current|流通している|adjective|belonging to the present time	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	pure|純粋な|adjective|unmixed with any other substance or material	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation
If in England, for example, forty-four guineas and a half contained exactly a pound weight of standard gold, or eleven ounces of fine gold, and one ounce of alloy, the gold coin of England would be as accurate a measure of the actual value of goods at any particular time and place as the nature of the thing would admit.	例えば、イギリスで44ギニー半が正確に1ポンドの標準金、または11オンスの純金と1オンスの合金を含んでいるとしたら、イギリスの金貨は、物事の性質が許す限り、特定の時間と場所における商品の実際の価値を正確に測定できるものとなるだろう。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	forty-four|44|numeral|the number 44	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	exactly|正確に|adverb|in an exact manner or to an exact degree	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	standard|標準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	eleven|11|numeral|the number 11	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound or 16 drams or 28.3495 grams	fine|純粋な|adjective|free from impurities	alloy|合金|noun|a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value stamped on it	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	measure|測定|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something, as established by measuring	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space, whether of definite or indefinite extent	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true
But if, by rubbing and wearing, forty-four guineas and a half generally contain less than a pound weight of standard gold, the diminution, however, being greater in some pieces than in others, the measure of value comes to be liable to the same sort of uncertainty to which all other weights and measures are commonly exposed.	しかし、摩擦や摩耗によって、44ギニー半が一般的に1ポンド以下の標準金を含んでいる場合、その減少は、他の部分よりも大きい部分があるため、価値の尺度は、他のすべての重量や尺度が一般的にさらされているものと同じ種類の不確実性にさらされることになる。	forty-four|44|numeral|the number 44	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	standard|標準|adjective|of a quality or level regarded as usual or acceptable	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average	piece|部分|noun|a part of something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or system of measurement	liable|さらされる|adjective|responsible by law; legally responsible	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	commonly|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	exposed|さらされる|verb|make (something) visible or accessible
As it rarely happens that these are exactly agreeable to their standard, the merchant adjusts the price of his goods as well as he can, not to what those weights and measures ought to be, but to what, upon an average, he finds, by experience, they actually are.	これらが基準に正確に従っていることはめったにないので、商人は自分の商品の価格を、それらの重量や尺度がどうあるべきかではなく、経験上、平均的に実際にはどうなっているかに合わせて調整する。	rarely|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; infrequently	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or exact	agreeable|従っている|adjective|able or willing to agree to something	standard|基準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	adjust|調整する|verb|to change something slightly in order to make it more correct, effective, or suitable	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	ought to be|～であるべきだ|verb|to be expected or required to be	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	find|分かる|verb|to discover or notice something	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really
In consequence of a like disorder in the coin, the price of goods comes, in the same manner, to be adjusted, not to the quantity of pure gold or silver which the coin ought to contain, but to that which, upon an average, it is found, by experience, it actually does contain.	貨幣の同様の混乱の結果として、商品の価格は、同様に、貨幣が含むべき純金または純銀の量ではなく、経験上、平均的に実際に含んでいる量に調整されるようになる。	disorder|混乱|noun|a state of confusion or lack of order	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced or provided	come|なる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	adjust|調整される|verb|make minor changes in order to achieve accuracy or improve performance	manner|同様に|noun|a way of doing something	ought to|含むべき|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or a strong recommendation	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	average|平均的に|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	experience|経験上|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	actually|実際に|adverb|as the truth or facts of a situation; really

By the money price of goods, it is to be observed, I understand always the quantity of pure gold or silver for which they are sold, without any regard to the denomination of the coin.	商品の貨幣価格とは、貨幣の額面には関係なく、常に純金または純銀の量を意味していることに注意されたい。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	observe|注意する|verb|notice or perceive	understand|意味する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	pure|純粋な|adjective|unmixed with any other substance or material	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
Six shillings and eight pence, for example, in the time of Edward I., I consider as the same money price with a pound sterling in the present times, because it contained, as nearly as we can judge, the same quantity of pure silver.	例えば、エドワード一世の時代のシリング六枚とペンス八枚は、私たちが判断できる限り、同じ量の純銀を含んでいたので、私は現在の一ポンドと同じ貨幣価格だと考える。	six shillings and eight pence|シリング六枚とペンス八枚|noun|a sum of money	Edward I|エドワード一世|noun|King of England from 1272 to 1307	the same money price|同じ貨幣価格|noun|the same price in terms of money	a pound sterling|一ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	the present times|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	as nearly as we can judge|私たちが判断できる限り|adverb|to the best of our knowledge	the same quantity|同じ量|noun|the same amount	pure silver|純銀|noun|silver that is not mixed with any other metal


## CHAPTER VI: OF THE COMPONENT PART OF THE PRICE OF COMMODITIES.	第六章: 商品価格の構成要素について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee

In that early and rude state of society which precedes both the accumulation of stock and the appropriation of land, the proportion between the quantities of labour necessary for acquiring different objects, seems to be the only circumstance which can afford any rule for exchanging them for one another.	資本の蓄積と土地の私有化に先立つ社会の初期の未開の状態では、異なる物品を獲得するために必要な労働量の比率が、それらを互いに交換するための規則を与えることができる唯一の状況であるように思われる。	early|初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	precede|先立つ|verb|come before in time	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	appropriation|私有化|noun|the action of taking something for one's own use	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	object|物品|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	rule|規則|noun|one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity	afford|与える|verb|be able to do or provide something
If among a nation of hunters, for example, it usually costs twice the labour to kill a beaver which it does to kill a deer, one beaver should naturally exchange for or be worth two deer.	例えば、狩猟民族の間では、鹿を殺すのに比べてビーバーを殺すのに通常二倍の労働を要するなら、一匹のビーバーは当然二頭の鹿と交換されるか、二頭の鹿の価値があるはずだ。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hunter|狩猟民族|noun|a person who hunts animals	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	usually|通常|adverb|normally; generally	cost|要する|verb|require to be paid for	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	beaver|ビーバー|noun|a large rodent that builds dams	deer|鹿|noun|a large animal with hooves that lives in the forest	one|一匹|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	exchange|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	be worth|価値がある|verb|have a particular value
It is natural that what is usually the produce of two days or two hours labour, should be worth double of what is usually the produce of one day’s or one hour’s labour.	通常二日間または二時間の労働の生産物であるものが、通常一日または一時間の労働の生産物であるものの二倍の価値を持つのは当然である。	two days|二日間|noun|a period of two days	two hours|二時間|noun|a period of two hours	one day|一日|noun|a period of one day	one hour|一時間|noun|a period of one hour	double|二倍|adjective|twice as much or as many	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable

If the one species of labour should be more severe than the other, some allowance will naturally be made for this superior hardship;	もし一方の労働が他方よりも過酷であるならば、このより過酷な労働に対して当然何らかの割増しがされるだろう。	one species of labour|一方の労働|noun|one kind of work	more severe|より過酷である|adjective|more serious or intense	the other|他方|noun|the other one	some allowance|何らかの割増し|noun|some extra money	naturally|当然|adverb|as expected	superior hardship|より過酷な労働|noun|more severe work
and the produce of one hour’s labour in the one way may frequently exchange for that of two hour’s labour in the other.	そして、一方の労働の1時間の生産物は、他方の労働の2時間の生産物と交換されることがよくある。	one hour|1時間|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	two hours|2時間|noun|a period of time equal to 120 minutes	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return for something else

Or if the one species of labour requires an uncommon degree of dexterity and ingenuity, the esteem which men have for such talents, will naturally give a value to their produce, superior to what would be due to the time employed about it.	あるいは、一方の労働が並外れた器用さと独創性を必要とするならば、人々がそのような才能に対して抱く尊敬の念は、当然のことながら、その労働に費やされた時間に見合う以上の価値をその生産物に与えるであろう。	one species of labour|一方の労働|noun|one kind of work	uncommon degree|並外れた程度|noun|an unusual amount	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	esteem|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	give a value|価値を与える|verb|assign a certain worth to	superior|見合う以上|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
Such talents can seldom be acquired but in consequence of long application, and the superior value of their produce may frequently be no more than a reasonable compensation for the time and labour which must be spent in acquiring them.	そのような才能は、長い努力を重ねなければ身につけることはできないし、その生産物の優れた価値は、それを身につけるために費やさなければならない時間と労力に対する合理的な報酬にすぎない場合が多い。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	talent|才能|noun|a natural ability to be good at something	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or develop a skill or quality	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	application|努力|noun|the action of putting something into operation	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no more than|～にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting according to reason or logic	compensation|報酬|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	labour|労力|noun|work, especially hard physical work
In the advanced state of society, allowances of this kind, for superior hardship and superior skill, are commonly made in the wages of labour;	社会が進歩した状態では、より過酷な労働やより優れた技能に対して、このような手当が労働賃金に加算されるのが一般的である。	advanced state|進歩した状態|noun|a state of being advanced	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, usually to help them pay for the things that they need	superior hardship|より過酷な労働|noun|a hardship that is greater than average	superior skill|より優れた技能|noun|a skill that is greater than average	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
and something of the same kind must probably have taken place in its earliest and rudest period.	そして、同じようなものが、おそらく最も初期の最も未開の時代に起こったに違いない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	kind|種類|noun|a group of things that are similar in some way	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely; almost certainly	have taken place|起こった|verb|have happened	in|に|preposition|used to indicate a place, time, or situation	its|その|determiner|belonging to or connected with a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	earliest|最も初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	rudest|最も未開の|adjective|lacking refinement, good manners, or good taste

In this state of things, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer;	このような状況では、労働の生産物はすべて労働者に属する。	state|状況|noun|the way things are	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
and the quantity of labour commonly employed in acquiring or producing any commodity, is the only circumstance which can regulate the quantity of labour which it ought commonly to purchase, command, or exchange for.	そして、ある商品を獲得したり生産したりするのに通常用いられる労働量は、その商品が通常購入したり、命令したり、交換したりするのに必要な労働量を調整できる唯一の状況である。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard work	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	employ|用いる|verb|use	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ought|する必要がある|auxiliary verb|should	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else

As soon as stock has accumulated in the hands of particular persons, some of them will naturally employ it in setting to work industrious people, whom they will supply with materials and subsistence, in order to make a profit by the sale of their work, or by what their labour adds to the value of the materials.	資本が特定の人の手に蓄積されるとすぐに、そのうちの何人かは、勤勉な人々を働かせるためにそれを用いて、彼らに材料と生活必需品を提供し、彼らの仕事の販売や、彼らの労働が材料の価値に加えるものによって利益を得ようとするのは当然のことである。	as soon as|とすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	some of|うちの何人か|noun|an unspecified number or amount of	naturally|当然のことである|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	employ|用いる|verb|use	setting to work|働かせるために|verb|start working	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard	supply|提供する|verb|give or provide someone or something with	material|材料|noun|a substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive	make a profit|利益を得る|verb|gain money	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	add to|加える|verb|increase the amount or number of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
In exchanging the complete manufacture either for money, for labour, or for other goods, over and above what may be sufficient to pay the price of the materials, and the wages of the workmen, something must be given for the profits of the undertaker of the work, who hazards his stock in this adventure.	完成した製品を、材料の代金や労働者の賃金を支払うのに十分な額を超えて、金銭、労働、その他の商品と交換する場合、この冒険に資本を投じる事業主の利益のために何かを与えなければならない。	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	complete|完成した|adjective|having all the necessary parts	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	other|その他の|adjective|not the same as the one or ones already mentioned or implied	over and above|を超えて|preposition|in addition to	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	price|代金|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	workman|労働者|noun|a man who works, especially in a skilled job	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	something|何か|pronoun|an unspecified or unknown thing	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting, typically hazardous, experience or activity
The value which the workmen add to the materials, therefore, resolves itself in this case into two parts, of which the one pays their wages, the other the profits of their employer upon the whole stock of materials and wages which he advanced.	したがって、労働者が材料に加える価値は、この場合、2つの部分に分かれ、一方は賃金を支払い、もう一方は、雇用主が前払いした材料と賃金の全資本に対する利益となる。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	resolve|分かれる|verb|separate into parts or components	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	two|2つ|numeral|one more than one	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due
He could have no interest to employ them, unless he expected from the sale of their work something more than what was sufficient to replace his stock to him;	彼は、彼らの仕事の販売から、彼の資本を回収するのに十分なもの以上のものを期待しない限り、彼らを雇用することに関心を持つことはできなかった。	have no interest|関心を持つことができない|verb|not be interested in	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	something more|十分なもの以上|noun|an additional amount or thing	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
and he could have no interest to employ a great stock rather than a small one, unless his profits were to bear some proportion to the extent of his stock.	そして、彼の利益が彼の資本の規模に何らかの割合を占めない限り、彼は小さな資本よりも大きな資本を雇用することに関心を持つことはできなかった。	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	bear|占める|verb|be produced or give birth to	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

The profits of stock, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction.	資本の利潤は、おそらく、ある種の労働、つまり監督と指示の労働の賃金の別名にすぎないと考えられているかもしれない。	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	be thought|考えられている|verb|be of the opinion that	particular|ある種の|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, group, class, or category	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	inspection|監督|noun|the action or process of inspecting something	direction|指示|noun|the action of directing or guiding something
They are, however, altogether different, are regulated by quite different principles, and bear no proportion to the quantity, the hardship, or the ingenuity of this supposed labour of inspection and direction.	しかし、それらはまったく異なり、まったく異なる原理によって規制されており、この想定される監督と指示の労働の量、困難、または独創性とは比例しない。	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	bear|比例する|verb|have a particular relationship to	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	inspection|監督|noun|the action of inspecting something	direction|指示|noun|the action of directing something
They are regulated altogether by the value of the stock employed, and are greater or smaller in proportion to the extent of this stock.	それらはすべて使用される資本の価値によって規制され、この資本の規模に比例して大きくなったり小さくなったりする。	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage the services of	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things
Let us suppose, for example, that in some particular place, where the common annual profits of manufacturing stock are ten per cent.	たとえば、製造業資本の一般的な年間利益が10パーセントである特定の場所があるとしよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for example|たとえば|adverb|by way of illustration	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	annual|年間の|adjective|of or relating to a year	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
there are two different manufactures, in each of which twenty workmen are employed, at the rate of fifteen pounds a year each, or at the expense of three hundred a-year in each manufactory.	そこには二つの異なる製造業があり、それぞれに二十人の労働者が雇用され、それぞれ年間十五ポンドの賃金で働いており、各工場では年間三百ポンドの費用がかかっている。	there are|ある|verb|exist	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	twenty|二十|adjective|two times ten	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	fifteen|十五|adjective|five more than ten	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	three hundred|三百|adjective|three times one hundred	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
Let us suppose, too, that the coarse materials annually wrought up in the one cost only seven hundred pounds, while the finer materials in the other cost seven thousand.	また、一方の工場で年間に加工される粗悪な材料の費用がわずか七百ポンドであるのに対し、もう一方の工場のより上質な材料の費用は七千ポンドであるとしよう。	let us suppose|仮定しよう|verb|assume that something is true for the sake of argument	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|of low quality	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	wrought|加工される|verb|past participle of work	cost|費用|noun|the price paid for something	seven hundred pounds|七百ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	finer|より上質な|adjective|of high quality	seven thousand|七千|noun|a number
The capital annually employed in the one will, in this case, amount only to one thousand pounds;	この場合、一方の工場で年間に使用される資本はわずか千ポンドにすぎない。	annually|年間に|adverb|once a year	employ|使用される|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	amount|わずか|noun|a quantity of something	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
whereas that employed in the other will amount to seven thousand three hundred pounds.	一方、もう一方の工場で使用される資本は七千三百ポンドにのぼる。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	that|その|determiner|the one mentioned before	employed|使用される|verb|have a job	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	amount to|にのぼる|verb|be equal to or the same as
At the rate of ten per cent.	十パーセントの利子率で、	at the rate of|の割合で|preposition|in proportion to	ten|十|noun|the number 10	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
therefore, the undertaker of the one will expect a yearly profit of about one hundred pounds only;	したがって、一方の工場の経営者は年間約百ポンドの利益しか期待できない。	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	yearly|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
while that of the other will expect about seven hundred and thirty pounds.	一方、もう一方の工場の経営者は約七百三十ポンドの利益を期待できる。	while|一方|conjunction|during the time that	that|その|pronoun|the one or ones previously mentioned or easily identified	other|もう一方の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	expect|期待できる|verb|regard something as likely to happen or be the case	about|約|preposition|approximately	seven hundred and thirty pounds|七百三十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains
But though their profits are so very different, their labour of inspection and direction may be either altogether or very nearly the same.	しかし、利益は非常に異なるが、監督と指揮の労働は全く同じか、あるいはほとんど同じである。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	inspection|監督|noun|an official examination or investigation	direction|指揮|noun|the action of directing or guiding
In many great works, almost the whole labour of this kind is committed to some principal clerk.	多くの大規模な工場では、この種の労働のほとんどすべてが主任事務員に委ねられている。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	work|工場|noun|a place where people work, especially a factory or other industrial establishment	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	commit|委ねる|verb|do or perform	principal|主任|adjective|first in rank or importance	clerk|事務員|noun|an office worker who keeps records, does calculations, and writes letters
His wages properly express the value of this labour of inspection and direction.	彼の賃金は、この監督と指揮の労働の価値を適切に表現している。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words	inspection|監督|noun|the action of inspecting something	direction|指揮|noun|the action of directing something
Though in settling them some regard is had commonly, not only to his labour and skill, but to the trust which is reposed in him, yet they never bear any regular proportion to the capital of which he oversees the management;	賃金を決める際には、彼の労働と技能だけでなく、彼に寄せられる信頼にも通常は考慮が払われるが、それでも彼が管理する資本と賃金が一定の関係にあることは決してない。	settle|決める|verb|decide or agree on	regard|考慮|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	repose|寄せる|verb|place	oversee|管理する|verb|supervise	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
and the owner of this capital, though he is thus discharged of almost all labour, still expects that his profit should bear a regular proportion to his capital.	そして、この資本の所有者は、ほとんどすべての労働から解放されているにもかかわらず、自分の利益が資本に一定の割合を占めることを期待している。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	discharge|解放される|verb|to release someone from a duty, responsibility, or obligation	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	bear|占める|verb|to carry or be responsible for	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
In the price of commodities, therefore, the profits of stock constitute a component part altogether different from the wages of labour, and regulated by quite different principles.	したがって、商品の価格において、資本の利潤は労働の賃金とは全く異なる構成要素を形成し、全く異なる原理によって規制される。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	constitute|形成する|verb|be or form a part of	component|構成要素|noun|a part or element of a larger whole	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as something else	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations

In this state of things, the whole produce of labour does not always belong to the labourer.	このような状況では、労働の生産物全体が常に労働者に帰属するわけではない。	state|状況|noun|the way things are	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	belong|帰属する|verb|be a member of or have a connection with
He must in most cases share it with the owner of the stock which employs him.	ほとんどの場合、彼はそれを自分を雇っている資本の所有者と分け合う必要がある。	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually; more often than not	share|分け合う|verb|have or use something in common with others	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	employ|雇う|verb|give work to someone in return for regular pay
Neither is the quantity of labour commonly employed in acquiring or producing any commodity, the only circumstance which can regulate the quantity which it ought commonly to purchase, command or exchange for.	いずれの商品を獲得したり生産したりするのに通常用いられる労働量も、その商品が通常購入したり、命令したり、交換したりすべき量を調整できる唯一の状況ではない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard work	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	employ|用いる|verb|use	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
An additional quantity, it is evident, must be due for the profits of the stock which advanced the wages and furnished the materials of that labour.	賃金を前払いし、その労働の材料を提供した資本の利潤のために、追加量が必要であることは明らかである。	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	evident|明らかな|adjective|obvious to the eye or mind	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide (something)	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for its natural produce.	いずれかの国の土地がすべて私有財産になるとすぐに、地主は他のすべての人々と同じように、種を蒔いたことのないところで収穫することを好み、その自然産物に対しても地代を要求する。	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	become|なる|verb|come to be	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private individual or group	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	like|～と同じように|preposition|similar to	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	love|好む|verb|be extremely fond of	reap|収穫する|verb|cut or gather a crop	sow|種を蒔く|verb|plant (seed) in or on the ground	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	natural produce|自然産物|noun|a product of nature
The wood of the forest, the grass of the field, and all the natural fruits of the earth, which, when land was in common, cost the labourer only the trouble of gathering them, come, even to him, to have an additional price fixed upon them.	土地が共有されていたときには、労働者が集める手間しかかからなかった森の木、野原の草、そして地球のすべての天然の果実は、彼にとってさえも、それらに追加の価格が設定されるようになる。	wood|木|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of a tree	forest|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	grass|草|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	field|野原|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	natural|天然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	fruit|果実|noun|the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	common|共有|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	gather|集める|verb|come together; assemble	come|なる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected or usual	additional|追加の|adjective|added, especially to something already existing	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fix|設定|verb|make or become firm, stable, or secure
He must then pay for the licence to gather them, and must give up to the landlord a portion of what his labour either collects or produces.	彼は、それらを集める許可証の代金を支払わなければならず、労働によって集めたり生産したりしたものの一部を地主に差し出さなければならない。	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something	gather|集める|verb|come together	give up|差し出す|verb|hand over	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, land, or other property
This portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of this portion, constitutes the rent of land, and in the price of the greater part of commodities, makes a third component part.	この部分、あるいは同じことだが、この部分の価格は、地代を構成し、商品の大部分の価格において、第三の構成部分となる。	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd	component|構成|noun|a part of something larger

The real value of all the different component parts of price, it must be observed, is measured by the quantity of labour which they can, each of them, purchase or command.	価格のすべての異なる構成部分の真の価値は、それぞれが購入または命令できる労働量によって測定されることに注意しなければならない。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	component part|構成部分|noun|a part of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	must be observed|注意しなければならない|verb|must be noticed	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order
Labour measures the value, not only of that part of price which resolves itself into labour, but of that which resolves itself into rent, and of that which resolves itself into profit.	労働は、労働に分解される価格の部分だけでなく、地代に分解される部分、利潤に分解される部分の価値も測定する。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	measure|測定する|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	resolve|分解される|verb|find a solution to (a problem, question, or dispute)	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

In every society, the price of every commodity finally resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those three parts;	どの社会においても、あらゆる商品の価格は、最終的には、この三つの部分のいずれか、あるいはすべてに分解される。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, or after many problems	resolve|分解される|verb|find a solution to, or deal with successfully	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	one|いずれか|pronoun|the number 1	other|すべて|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole
and in every improved society, all the three enter, more or less, as component parts, into the price of the far greater part of commodities.	そして、あらゆる進歩した社会において、この三つはすべて、多かれ少なかれ、構成要素として、商品の大部分の価格に組み込まれている。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in|において|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	every|あらゆる|determiner|each and all of a group of people or things	improved|進歩した|adjective|made or become better	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	three|三つ|numeral|the number 3	enter|組み込まれている|verb|go or come in	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	as|として|conjunction|used to express a function or purpose	component|構成要素|noun|a part of something	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	into|に|preposition|expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something ends up in a place or situation	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

In the price of corn, for example, one part pays the rent of the landlord, another pays the wages or maintenance of the labourers and labouring cattle employed in producing it, and the third pays the profit of the farmer.	たとえば、穀物の価格では、一部は地主の地代を支払い、別の部分はそれを産み出すために雇われた労働者と労働牛の賃金または維持費を支払い、三番目の部分は農民の利益を支払う。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, or maize, or their seeds	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled, manual work for wages	cattle|牛|noun|an adult female animal of a domesticated breed of ox, kept for milk or beef	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a sequence; 3rd	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
These three parts seem either immediately or ultimately to make up the whole price of corn.	これらの三つの部分は、直接的または最終的に穀物の全価格を構成しているように見える。	three|三つの|adjective|being one more than two	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	immediately|直接的に|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|finally	make up|構成する|verb|form or constitute	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
A fourth part, it may perhaps be thought is necessary for replacing the stock of the farmer, or for compensating the wear and tear of his labouring cattle, and other instruments of husbandry.	第四の部分は、農民の資本を補充したり、労働牛やその他の農具の損耗を補償するために必要であると考えられる。	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after the third and before the fifth in position	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	wear and tear|損耗|noun|damage that happens to something through normal use	labouring cattle|労働牛|noun|cattle used for work	instrument|農具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	husbandry|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
But it must be considered, that the price of any instrument of husbandry, such as a labouring horse, is itself made up of the same time parts;	しかし、農耕馬などの農具の価格は、それ自体が同じ三つの部分で構成されていることを考慮しなければならない。	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising crops and animals	labouring horse|農耕馬|noun|a horse used for farming	make up|構成する|verb|form or constitute	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different	time|三つの|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
the rent of the land upon which he is reared, the labour of tending and rearing him, and the profits of the farmer, who advances both the rent of this land, and the wages of this labour.	馬が育てられた土地の地代、馬の世話と育成の労働、そしてこの土地の地代とこの労働の賃金の両方を前払いする農民の利益である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rear|育てる|verb|bring up	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
Though the price of the corn, therefore, may pay the price as well as the maintenance of the horse, the whole price still resolves itself, either immediately or ultimately, into the same three parts of rent, labour, and profit.	したがって、穀物の価格は馬の維持費だけでなく価格も支払うかもしれないが、全体の価格は直接的または最終的に地代、労働、利潤の同じ三つの部分に分解される。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, or maize, or their seeds	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something	horse|馬|noun|a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	resolve|分解される|verb|find a solution to	immediately|直接的|adverb|at once; without delay	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|in the end; finally	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

In the price of flour or meal, we must add to the price of the corn, the profits of the miller, and the wages of his servants;	小麦粉や食事の価格には、穀物の価格、粉屋の利益、使用人の賃金を加えなければならない。	flour|小麦粉|noun|a powder made by grinding grain, especially wheat, and used to make bread, cakes, and pastry	meal|食事|noun|an occasion when food is eaten	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	miller|粉屋|noun|a person who owns or works in a mill	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
in the price of bread, the profits of the baker, and the wages of his servants;	パンの価格には、パン屋の利益と使用人の賃金を加えなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
and in the price of both, the labour of transporting the corn from the house of the farmer to that of the miller, and from that of the miller to that of the baker, together with the profits of those who advance the wages of that labour.	そして、両方の価格に、農家の家から粉屋の家へ、そして粉屋の家からパン屋の家へと穀物を運ぶ労働と、その労働の賃金を前払いする者の利潤を加えなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	miller|粉屋|noun|a person who owns or works in a mill	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread or cakes	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

The price of flax resolves itself into the same three parts as that of corn.	亜麻の価格は、穀物と同じ三つの部分に分解される。	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber and its seeds	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	resolve|分解される|verb|to find a solution to a problem or question	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain
In the price of linen we must add to this price the wages of the flax-dresser, of the spinner, of the weaver, of the bleacher, etc.	リネンの価格には、この価格に亜麻の梳毛工、紡績工、織工、漂白工などの賃金を加えなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	flax-dresser|亜麻の梳毛工|noun|a person who prepares flax for spinning	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins yarn or thread	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves fabric	bleacher|漂白工|noun|a person who bleaches fabric
together with the profits of their respective employers.	それぞれの雇用者の利潤と共に。	together with|共に|adverb|in addition to	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people

As any particular commodity comes to be more manufactured, that part of the price which resolves itself into wages and profit, comes to be greater in proportion to that which resolves itself into rent.	ある特定の商品がより多く製造されるようになると、価格のうち賃金と利潤に分解される部分は、地代に分解される部分に比べて大きくなる。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	come to be|～になる|verb|become	manufactured|製造される|verb|make or produce by industrial or other processes	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	resolve|分解される|verb|find a solution to	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
In the progress of the manufacture, not only the number of profits increase, but every subsequent profit is greater than the foregoing;	製造の進歩に伴い、利潤の数が増加するだけでなく、その後の利潤はすべて前述の利潤よりも大きくなる。	in the progress of|の進歩に伴い|preposition|as something progresses	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	is greater than|よりも大きい|verb|be larger or greater than	the foregoing|前述の|adjective|previously mentioned
because the capital from which it is derived must always be greater.	なぜなら、それが得られる資本は常に大きくなるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average
The capital which employs the weavers, for example, must be greater than that which employs the spinners;	例えば、織工を雇用する資本は、紡績工を雇用する資本よりも大きくなければならない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins yarn or thread
because it not only replaces that capital with its profits, but pays, besides, the wages of the weavers: and the profits must always bear some proportion to the capital.	なぜなら、その資本を利潤で置き換えるだけでなく、織工の賃金も支払うからである。そして、利潤は常に資本に対して一定の割合を占めなければならない。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	besides|その上|adverb|as well as; also	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	bear|占める|verb|carry or hold up	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole

In the most improved societies, however, there are always a few commodities of which the price resolves itself into two parts only: the wages of labour, and the profits of stock;	しかし、最も進歩した社会では、価格が労働賃金と資本の利潤という二つの部分にしか分解されない商品が常にいくつかある。	In the most improved societies|最も進歩した社会では|noun phrase|in the most advanced societies	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	there are always a few commodities|常にいくつかの商品がある|noun phrase|there are always a few goods	of which the price resolves itself into two parts only|価格が二つの部分にしか分解されない|noun phrase|of which the price is resolved into only two parts	the wages of labour|労働賃金|noun phrase|the wages of labor	and the profits of stock|資本の利潤|noun phrase|and the profits of capital
and a still smaller number, in which it consists altogether in the wages of labour.	そして、さらに少ない数ではあるが、労働賃金だけで構成されるものもある。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	still|さらに|adverb|even more; even now	smaller|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	altogether|だけで|adverb|completely; totally	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
In the price of sea-fish, for example, one part pays the labour of the fisherman, and the other the profits of the capital employed in the fishery.	例えば、海産魚の価格では、一部は漁師の労働に支払われ、残りは漁業に投入された資本の利潤に支払われる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sea-fish|海産魚|noun|a fish that lives in the sea	one part|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	fisherman|漁師|noun|a person engaged in fishing	other|残り|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Rent very seldom makes any part of it, though it does sometimes, as I shall shew hereafter.	地代がその一部をなすことはめったにないが、後述するように、時々そうすることがある。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	very seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	as|ように|conjunction|in the way that	shall|する|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	shew|述べる|verb|to make known; to exhibit; to display	hereafter|後述|adverb|in the future
It is otherwise, at least through the greater part of Europe, in river fisheries.	少なくともヨーロッパの大部分では、河川漁業ではそうではない。	otherwise|そうではない|adverb|in a different way	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water that flows through a particular area of land	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish
A salmon fishery pays a rent;	サケ漁は地代を支払う。	salmon|サケ|noun|a large edible fish that is a popular food	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
and rent, though it cannot well be called the rent of land, makes a part of the price of a salmon, as well as wares and profit.	そして、地代は、土地の地代とは呼べないものの、サケの価格の一部を、賃金や利潤と同様に構成している。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
In some parts of Scotland, a few poor people make a trade of gathering, along the sea-shore, those little variegated stones commonly known by the name of Scotch pebbles.	スコットランドの一部では、少数の貧しい人々が、海岸沿いで、スコッチ・ペブルという名で一般に知られる小さな斑点のある石を集める商売をしている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of something	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	make a trade of|商売をする|verb|engage in trade	gathering|集める|noun|an assembly or meeting	along|沿って|preposition|in a line parallel to the length or direction of	sea-shore|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	those|それらの|determiner|the	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	variegated|斑点のある|adjective|having different colors in irregular patches	stones|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	known|知られる|verb|be aware of	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	Scotch pebbles|スコッチ・ペブル|noun|agate, jasper, and other hard ornamental stones found on the beaches of Scotland
The price which is paid to them by the stone-cutter, is altogether the wages of their labour;	石工が彼らに支払う価格は、すべて彼らの労働の賃金である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	stone-cutter|石工|noun|a person who cuts stone	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
neither rent nor profit makes an part of it.	地代も利潤もその一部を構成していない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	make|構成する|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something

But the whole price of any commodity must still finally resolve itself into some one or other or all of those three parts;	しかし、どんな商品の価格も、最終的には、この三つの部分のいずれか、またはすべてに分解されなければならない。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	resolve|分解する|verb|find a solution to	itself|それ自体|pronoun|the thing mentioned	some|いずれか|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	other|その他|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from one already mentioned or known about	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	three|三つ|determiner|the number 3	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
as whatever part of it remains after paying the rent of the land, and the price of the whole labour employed in raising, manufacturing, and bringing it to market, must necessarily be profit to somebody.	土地の地代と、それを育て、製造し、市場に出すために費やされた労働の全価格を支払った後に残った部分は、必然的に誰かの利益になるからである。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage the services of (someone)	raise|育てる|verb|bring up (a child)	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

As the price or exchangeable value of every particular commodity, taken separately, resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those three parts;	個々の商品の価格または交換価値は、個別に取れば、この三つの部分のいずれか、またはすべてに分解される。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed by the quantity of another good or service for which it can be exchanged	every particular commodity|個々の商品|noun|a good or service that is produced and sold in the market	separately|個別に|adverb|as a separate entity	resolve|分解される|verb|find a solution to	one or other|いずれか|noun|one or the other	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	three|三つの|noun|the number 3
so that of all the commodities which compose the whole annual produce of the labour of every country, taken complexly, must resolve itself into the same three parts, and be parcelled out among different inhabitants of the country, either as the wages of their labour, the profits of their stock, or the rent of their land.	あらゆる国の労働の年間生産物全体を構成するすべての商品は、複雑に取れば、同じ三つの部分に分解され、その国のさまざまな住民の間で、労働の賃金、資本の利潤、土地の地代として分割されなければならない。	so that|その結果|conjunction|with the result that	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	compose|構成する|verb|make up	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	every|あらゆる|determiner|each and all of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	taken|取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	complexly|複雑に|adverb|in a complicated manner	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	resolve|分解する|verb|find a solution to	itself|それ自体|pronoun|the thing mentioned	same|同じ|adjective|not different	three|三つの|numeral|one more than two	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	be parcelled out|分割される|verb|be divided into parts	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
The whole of what is annually either collected or produced by the labour of every society, or, what comes to the same thing, the whole price of it, is in this manner originally distributed among some of its different members.	あらゆる社会の労働によって毎年集められたり生産されたりするものの全体、あるいは同じことになるが、その全体の価格は、このようにして、もともとその社会のさまざまな成員の一部に分配される。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	collect|集める|verb|gather together	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	whole|全体|noun|all of something	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	come to|なる|verb|reach or arrive at	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	member|成員|noun|a person belonging to a group or an organization
Wages, profit, and rent, are the three original sources of all revenue, as well as of all exchangeable value.	賃金、利潤、地代は、すべての収入の三つの元の源泉であり、すべての交換価値の源泉でもある。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service for which it can be exchanged
All other revenue is ultimately derived from some one or other of these.	他のすべての収入は、最終的にはこれらのいずれかから派生する。	all other|他のすべての|adjective|the remaining ones	revenue|収入|noun|income	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally	derive|派生する|verb|come from	some one or other|いずれか|noun|one or the other

Whoever derives his revenue from a fund which is his own, must draw it either from his labour, from his stock, or from his land.	自分の収入を自分の資金から得ている人は誰でも、それを自分の労働、資本、土地から得なければならない。	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	revenue|収入|noun|income	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	draw|得る|verb|receive or obtain	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
The revenue derived from labour is called wages;	労働から得られる収入は賃金と呼ばれる。	revenue|収入|noun|income	derive|得る|verb|obtain or receive	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to
that derived from stock, by the person who manages or employs it, is called profit;	資本から得られる収入は、それを管理または使用している人によって利潤と呼ばれる。	derive|得られる|verb|receive or obtain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	employ|使用する|verb|use	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
that derived from it by the person who does not employ it himself, but lends it to another, is called the interest or the use of money.	自分では使用せず、他人に貸し付ける人がそこから得る収入は、利子または金利と呼ばれる。	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	employ|使用する|verb|use something as a means of accomplishing a purpose	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that must be returned, usually with interest	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
It is the compensation which the borrower pays to the lender, for the profit which he has an opportunity of making by the use of the money.	それは、借り手が貸し手に支払う報酬であり、そのお金を使うことで得られる利益に対するものである。	compensation|報酬|noun|something (such as money) that is given or received as payment or reparation	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	lender|貸し手|noun|a person who lends something	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	opportunity|機会|noun|a chance to do something	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Part of that profit naturally belongs to the borrower, who runs the risk and takes the trouble of employing it, and part to the lender, who affords him the opportunity of making this profit.	その利益の一部は当然、リスクを負い、それを使用するために苦労する借り手に属し、一部は彼にこの利益を得る機会を与える貸し手に属する。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected; of course	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	take the trouble|苦労する|verb|make an effort to do something	employing|使用する|verb|use or utilize	lender|貸し手|noun|a person who lends something	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something
The interest of money is always a derivative revenue, which, if it is not paid from the profit which is made by the use of the money, must be paid from some other source of revenue, unless perhaps the borrower is a spendthrift, who contracts a second debt in order to pay the interest of the first.	金利は常に派生的な収入であり、もしそれがお金の使用によって得られる利益から支払われない場合、借り手が浪費家で最初の借金の利子を支払うために二度目の借金をしない限り、他の収入源から支払われなければならない。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	derivative|派生的|adjective|obtained by derivation	revenue|収入|noun|income	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	borrower|借り手|noun|a person or organization that borrows money	spendthrift|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in an extravagant, irresponsible way	contract|借金|noun|a written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or tenancy, that is intended to be enforceable by law	second|二度目|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	debt|借金|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due
The revenue which proceeds altogether from land, is called rent, and belongs to the landlord.	土地から得られる収入は、地代と呼ばれ、地主に属する。	revenue|収入|noun|income	proceed|得られる|verb|come from	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out
The revenue of the farmer is derived partly from his labour, and partly from his stock.	農民の収入は、一部は労働から、一部は資本から得られる。	revenue|収入|noun|income	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
To him, land is only the instrument which enables him to earn the wages of this labour, and to make the profits of this stock.	彼にとって、土地は彼がこの労働の賃金を得て、この資本の利益を得ることを可能にする道具にすぎない。	to|にとって|preposition|for	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	only|にすぎない|adverb|and no more than that	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	earn|得る|verb|gain or make money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
All taxes, and all the revenue which is founded upon them, all salaries, pensions, and annuities of every kind, are ultimately derived from some one or other of those three original sources of revenue, and are paid either immediately or mediately from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land.	すべての税金、およびそれに基づくすべての収入、あらゆる種類の給与、年金、年金は、最終的にはこれらの3つの元の収入源のいずれかから得られ、労働賃金、資本の利益、または土地の地代から直接的または間接的に支払われる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly or biweekly basis but often expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|finally; in the end	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	immediately|直接的に|adverb|at once; instantly	mediately|間接的に|adverb|in a way that is not direct	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

When those three different sorts of revenue belong to different persons, they are readily distinguished;	これらの3つの異なる種類の収入が異なる人に属している場合、それらは容易に区別される。	three|3|numeral|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	revenue|収入|noun|income	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	person|人|noun|a human being	readily|容易に|adverb|easily	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different
but when they belong to the same, they are sometimes confounded with one another, at least in common language.	しかし、それらが同じ人に属している場合、少なくとも日常会話では、それらは互いに混同されることがある。	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	same|同じ|adjective|not different	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	confound|混同する|verb|confuse	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	common language|日常会話|noun|the language used by ordinary people

A gentleman who farms a part of his own estate, after paying the expense of cultivation, should gain both the rent of the landlord and the profit of the farmer.	自分の土地の一部を耕作している紳士は、耕作費を支払った後、地主の地代と農夫の利益の両方を得るべきである。	farm|耕作する|verb|cultivate land	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
He is apt to denominate, however, his whole gain, profit, and thus confounds rent with profit, at least in common language.	しかし、彼は自分の利益全体を利益と呼びがちであり、少なくとも日常会話では、地代と利益を混同している。	denominate|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	confound|混同する|verb|cause to be confused or perplexed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	common language|日常会話|noun|the language used by the ordinary people of a country or region
The greater part of our North American and West Indian planters are in this situation.	北米と西インド諸島の農園主の大部分は、このような状況にある。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	West Indian|西インド諸島|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or operates a plantation	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place
They farm, the greater part of them, their own estates: and accordingly we seldom hear of the rent of a plantation, but frequently of its profit.	彼らの大部分は、自分たちの土地を耕作しており、それに応じて、農園の地代についてはめったに聞かないが、その利益についてはよく耳にする。	farm|耕作する|verb|cultivate land	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	own|自分たちの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	hear of|聞く|verb|be told or informed about	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain

Common farmers seldom employ any overseer to direct the general operations of the farm.	普通の農民は、農場の一般的な運営を指揮するために監督者を雇うことはめったにない。	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	employ|雇う|verb|give work to	overseer|監督者|noun|a person who supervises others	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	operation|運営|noun|the running of a business or organization
They generally, too, work a good deal with their own hands, as ploughmen, harrowers, etc.	彼らもまた、一般的に、耕作者、ハローワーカーなどとして、自分たちの手でかなりの仕事をこなしている。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	work|こなす|verb|perform work or fulfill duties	own|自分たちの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	ploughman|耕作者|noun|a person who works a plough	harrower|ハローワーカー|noun|a person who works a harrow
What remains of the crop, after paying the rent, therefore, should not only replace to them their stock employed in cultivation, together with its ordinary profits, but pay them the wages which are due to them, both as labourers and overseers.	したがって、地代を支払った後に残った作物は、耕作に使用した資本を通常の利益とともに補填するだけでなく、労働者と監督者の両方として支払われるべき賃金を支払うべきである。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|使用する|verb|use	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	overseer|監督者|noun|a person who supervises others
Whatever remains, however, after paying the rent and keeping up the stock, is called profit.	しかし、地代を支払い、資本を維持した後に残ったものは、利益と呼ばれる。	whatever|残ったもの|pronoun|no matter what	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
But wages evidently make a part of it.	しかし、賃金は明らかにその一部をなしている。	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something
The farmer, by saving these wages, must necessarily gain them.	農場主は、これらの賃金を節約することで、必然的にそれらを得る。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	save|節約する|verb|spend less money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure
Wages, therefore, are in this case confounded with profit.	したがって、この場合、賃金は利益と混同される。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue

An independent manufacturer, who has stock enough both to purchase materials, and to maintain himself till he can carry his work to market, should gain both the wages of a journeyman who works under a master, and the profit which that master makes by the sale of that journeyman’s work.	材料を購入し、自分の作品を市場に出すまで自分を維持するのに十分な資本を持っている独立した製造業者は、親方の下で働く職人の賃金と、その親方がその職人の作品を売ることで得る利益の両方を得るべきである。	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with another	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	work|作品|noun|the product of mental or physical work or activity	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
His whole gains, however, are commonly called profit, and wages are, in this case, too, confounded with profit.	しかし、彼の全収入は、一般に利潤と呼ばれ、この場合も賃金は利潤と混同される。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	gain|収入|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	confound|混同される|verb|cause to become mixed up or confused

A gardener who cultivates his own garden with his own hands, unites in his own person the three different characters, of landlord, farmer, and labourer.	自分の庭を自分の手で耕す庭師は、地主、農場主、労働者という三つの異なる性格を自分の中に持っている。	gardener|庭師|noun|a person who works in a garden	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	unite|持っている|verb|join or combine	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	three|三つの|adjective|being one more than two	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages
His produce, therefore, should pay him the rent of the first, the profit of the second, and the wages of the third.	したがって、彼の生産物は、彼に第一の賃料、第二の利潤、第三の賃金を支払うべきである。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	third|第三|adjective|coming after the second in time or order; 3rd
The whole, however, is commonly considered as the earnings of his labour.	しかし、全体は、一般に彼の労働の収入と考えられている。	whole|全体|noun|all of something	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	earnings|収入|noun|money that is earned
Both rent and profit are, in this case, confounded with wages.	この場合、地代と利潤の両方が賃金と混同される。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee

As in a civilized country there are but few commodities of which the exchangeable value arises from labour only, rent and profit contributing largely to that of the far greater part of them, so the annual produce of its labour will always be sufficient to purchase or command a much greater quantity of labour than what was employed in raising, preparing, and bringing that produce to market.	文明国では、交換価値が労働だけから生じる商品はほとんどなく、地代と利潤がその大部分に大きく貢献しているため、その労働の年間生産量は、その生産物を市場に持ち込むために使用された量よりもはるかに多くの労働を購入または指揮するのに常に十分である。	civilized country|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	largely|大きく|adverb|to a great extent	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|使用する|verb|use	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry to a place
If the society were annually to employ all the labour which it can annually purchase, as the quantity of labour would increase greatly every year, so the produce of every succeeding year would be of vastly greater value than that of the foregoing.	もし社会が毎年購入できるすべての労働を毎年雇用するとしたら、労働量は毎年大幅に増加するので、その後の各年の生産物は前年の生産物よりもはるかに大きな価値を持つことになる。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	succeed|続く|verb|come after in time	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time; preceding
But there is no country in which the whole annual produce is employed in maintaining the industrious.	しかし、年間生産量のすべてが勤勉な人々を維持するために使われている国はない。	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	employ|使われている|verb|use	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
The idle everywhere consume a great part of it;	怠惰な人々はどこでもその大部分を消費している。	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
and, according to the different proportions in which it is annually divided between those two different orders of people, its ordinary or average value must either annually increase or diminish, or continue the same from one year to another.	そして、それが毎年この二つの異なる階級の人々の間で分割される割合の違いに応じて、その通常の、あるいは平均的な価値は、毎年増加するか減少するか、あるいは毎年同じでなければならない。	according to|応じて|preposition|as stated or reported by	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the mean of a set of values	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun


## CHAPTER VII: OF THE NATURAL AND MARKET PRICE OF COMMODITIES.	第七章: 商品の自然価格と市場価格について	CHAPTER VII|第七章|noun|the seventh chapter	OF THE NATURAL AND MARKET PRICE OF COMMODITIES|商品の自然価格と市場価格について|noun|the natural and market price of commodities

There is in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate, both of wages and profit, in every different employment of labour and stock.	あらゆる社会や地域には、労働と資本のあらゆる異なる用途において、賃金と利潤の両方の通常の、あるいは平均的な率がある。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	neighbourhood|地域|noun|the area around a place	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business
This rate is naturally regulated, as I shall shew hereafter, partly by the general circumstances of the society, their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition, and partly by the particular nature of each employment.	この率は、後で示すように、一部は社会の一般的な状況、富裕か貧困か、進歩しているか停滞しているか衰退しているか、一部は各用途の特殊な性質によって、自然に調整される。	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	regulate|調整される|verb|control or maintain the rate or speed of	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	riches|富裕|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	advancing|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	declining|衰退|adjective|becoming smaller or weaker	employment|用途|noun|the state of having paid work

There is likewise in every society or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate of rent, which is regulated, too, as I shall shew hereafter, partly by the general circumstances of the society or neighbourhood in which the land is situated, and partly by the natural or improved fertility of the land.	同様に、あらゆる社会や地域には、地代の通常の、あるいは平均的な率があり、これもまた、後で示すように、一部はその土地が位置する社会や地域の一般的な状況によって、一部はその土地の自然の、あるいは改良された肥沃度によって調整される。	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	neighbourhood|地域|noun|the area around a place	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	regulate|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	hereafter|後で|adverb|in the future	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the quality of being fertile; productiveness

These ordinary or average rates may be called the natural rates of wages, profit and rent, at the time and place in which they commonly prevail.	これらの通常の、あるいは平均的な率は、それが一般的に優勢な時と場所において、賃金、利潤、地代の自然率と呼ばれるかもしれない。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the mean of a set of values	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price.	ある商品の価格が、その自然率に従って、その商品を育て、準備し、市場に出すために投入された土地の地代、労働の賃金、資本の利潤を支払うのに十分な額にすぎない場合、その商品はその自然価格と呼ばれる価格で売られる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	neither more nor less than|にすぎない|adverb|only; simply	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	raise|育てる|verb|bring up (a child)	prepare|準備する|verb|make (something) ready for use or consideration	bring|市場に出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	natural rate|自然率|noun|the equilibrium real interest rate, determined by the intersection of the supply and demand for loanable funds	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity when supply and demand are in equilibrium

The commodity is then sold precisely for what it is worth, or for what it really costs the person who brings it to market;	その商品は、その価値に見合った価格で、あるいはそれを市場に出す人に実際にかかる費用で売られる。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	precisely|正確に|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable	cost|費用|noun|the price paid for something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
for though, in common language, what is called the prime cost of any commodity does not comprehend the profit of the person who is to sell it again, yet, if he sells it at a price which does not allow him the ordinary rate of profit in his neighbourhood, he is evidently a loser by the trade;	なぜなら、一般的な言葉で言えば、ある商品の原価と呼ばれるものは、それを再び売る人の利益を理解していないが、彼がその商品を、彼の近隣の通常の利潤率を許容しない価格で売った場合、彼は明らかにその取引で損をするからである。	for though|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	common language|一般的な言葉|noun|the language of everyday speech	prime cost|原価|noun|the direct cost of producing the goods a company sells	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	allow|許容する|verb|permit	ordinary rate|通常の利潤率|noun|the usual rate	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
since, by employing his stock in some other way, he might have made that profit.	なぜなら、彼は自分の資本を他の方法で投入することで、その利益を得ることができたかもしれないからである。	since|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that; because	by|によって|preposition|through the agency or means of	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	some other way|他の方法|noun|a different way	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
His profit, besides, is his revenue, the proper fund of his subsistence.	その上、彼の利益は彼の収入であり、彼の生計の適切な資金である。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	revenue|収入|noun|income from business or other sources	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life
As, while he is preparing and bringing the goods to market, he advances to his workmen their wages, or their subsistence;	彼が商品を準備して市場に出す間、彼は労働者に賃金や生活費を前払いする。	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	bring|出す|verb|take or carry to a destination	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	subsistence|生活費|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life
so he advances to himself, in the same manner, his own subsistence, which is generally suitable to the profit which he may reasonably expect from the sale of his goods.	同様に、彼は自分の生活費を前払いするが、それは通常、彼が商品の販売から合理的に期待できる利益に適合している。	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	manner|同様に|noun|a way of doing something	subsistence|生活費|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	suitable|適合している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	expect|期待できる|verb|regard something as likely to happen or be the case	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money
Unless they yield him this profit, therefore, they do not repay him what they may very properly be said to have really cost him.	したがって、彼がこの利益を得ない限り、彼が実際にかかった費用を返済したとは言えない。	yield|得る|verb|produce or give	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	cost|費用|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something

Though the price, therefore, which leaves him this profit, is not always the lowest at which a dealer may sometimes sell his goods, it is the lowest at which he is likely to sell them for any considerable time;	したがって、彼にこの利益を残す価格は、ディーラーが時々商品を販売する最低価格ではないが、かなりの期間にわたって販売する可能性のある最低価格である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or business that buys and sells goods	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height or amount	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
at least where there is perfect liberty, or where he may change his trade as often as he pleases.	少なくとも完全な自由がある場合、または彼が好きなだけ取引を変更できる場合である。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	where|場合|conjunction|in the place that	there is|ある|verb|exist	perfect|完全な|adjective|complete and correct in every way	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	where|場合|conjunction|in the place that	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being discussed	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	change|変更する|verb|make or become different	his|彼の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal that is being discussed	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	as often as|好きなだけ|adverb|whenever; on every occasion that	he|彼|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being discussed	pleases|喜ばせる|verb|make someone happy or satisfied

The actual price at which any commodity is commonly sold, is called its market price.	あらゆる商品が通常販売される実際の価格は、市場価格と呼ばれる。	actual price|実際の価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is sold	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	sell|販売する|verb|exchange or deliver for money	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is sold in a market
It may either be above, or below, or exactly the same with its natural price.	それは、自然価格より上、下、またはまったく同じである。	above|上|preposition|in or to a higher place or position	below|下|preposition|in or to a lower place or position	exactly|まったく|adverb|in every way; completely	same|同じ|adjective|not different; identical

The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labour, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither.	あらゆる特定の商品の市場価格は、実際に市場に持ち込まれる量と、商品の自然価格、またはそれを市場に持ち込むために支払わなければならない地代、労働、利潤の全価値を支払う意思のある人々の需要との比率によって調整される。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is traded in the market	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	regulate|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	willing|意思のある|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity that is equal to the cost of producing it	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place
Such people may be called the effectual demanders, and their demand the effectual demand;	そのような人々は有効需要者と呼ばれ、彼らの需要は有効需要と呼ばれる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	be called|呼ばれる|verb|be given a specified name	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demander|需要者|noun|a person who demands something	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay for it
since it maybe sufficient to effectuate the bringing of the commodity to market.	なぜなら、それは商品を市場に持ち込むのに十分であるからだ。	since|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that; because	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	effectuate|効果がある|verb|to cause to come into existence; to make effective	bring|持ち込む|verb|to cause to come to a place	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
It is different from the absolute demand.	それは絶対需要とは異なる。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	absolute|絶対|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total
A very poor man may be said, in some sense, to have a demand for a coach and six;	非常に貧しい人は、ある意味、馬車と六頭立ての馬を欲しがっていると言えるかもしれない。	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	sense|意味|noun|a meaning conveyed or intended	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	coach|馬車|noun|a horse-drawn carriage	six|六|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one
he might like to have it;	彼はそれを欲しがっているかもしれない。	like|欲しがる|verb|want to have or do	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold
but his demand is not an effectual demand, as the commodity can never be brought to market in order to satisfy it.	しかし、彼の需要は効果的な需要ではない。なぜなら、その商品は彼の需要を満たすために市場に持ち込まれることは決してないからだ。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	demand|需要|noun|the desire to own something combined with the ability to pay for it	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	satisfy|満たす|verb|meet the requirements of	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold

When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither, cannot be supplied with the quantity which they want.	市場に持ち込まれる商品の量が有効需要に満たない場合、その商品を市場に持ち込むために支払わなければならない地代、賃金、利潤の全価値を支払う意思のある人々全員に、彼らが望む量を供給することはできない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	fall short of|満たない|verb|be insufficient or inadequate	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	whole value|全価値|noun|the total value of something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	want|望む|verb|feel a need or a wish for
Rather than want it altogether, some of them will be willing to give more.	彼らの中には、それを全く欲しくないというよりは、もっと多くを支払っても構わないという人もいるだろう。	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	some|一部|noun|an unspecified number or amount	be willing to|構わない|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	give|支払う|verb|transfer money to someone in exchange for a good or service
A competition will immediately begin among them, and the market price will rise more or less above the natural price, according as either the greatness of the deficiency, or the wealth and wanton luxury of the competitors, happen to animate more or less the eagerness of the competition.	彼らの間ですぐに競争が始まり、不足の程度や競争者の富や贅沢が競争の熱意を高めるか否かによって、市場価格は自然価格よりも多少高くなる。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a competitive market	deficiency|不足|noun|a lack or shortage	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	wanton|贅沢|adjective|unrestrained by morality or convention	luxury|贅沢|noun|something that is expensive or hard to obtain	eagerness|熱意|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to do or have something
Among competitors of equal wealth and luxury, the same deficiency will generally occasion a more or less eager competition, according as the acquisition of the commodity happens to be of more or less importance to them.	同等の富と贅沢を持つ競合他社の間では、同じ不足が、商品の獲得が彼らにとって重要であるかどうかによって、多かれ少なかれ熱心な競争を引き起こすだろう。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	luxury|贅沢|noun|something that is expensive and not necessary	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that is trying to win or be more successful than others	deficiency|不足|noun|a lack or shortage	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	eager|熱心な|adjective|wanting to do or have something very much	competition|競争|noun|a situation in which people or organizations compete with each other	acquisition|獲得|noun|the act of getting something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	importance|重要性|noun|the quality of being important
Hence the exorbitant price of the necessaries of life during the blockade of a town, or in a famine.	そのため、町の封鎖中や飢饉の際には、生活必需品の価格が法外なものになる。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	blockade|封鎖|noun|an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither.	市場に持ち込まれる量が有効需要を上回ると、それを市場に持ち込むために支払わなければならない地代、賃金、利潤の全額を支払っても構わないという人にすべてを売ることはできない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place; there
Some part must be sold to those who are willing to pay less, and the low price which they give for it must reduce the price of the whole.	一部は、より安く支払っても構わないという人に売らなければならず、彼らが支払う低価格は全体価格を下げる。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	be willing to|構わない|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	pay less|より安く支払う|verb|give a smaller amount of money than the usual or expected amount	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	low price|低価格|noun|a price that is lower than the usual or expected price	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less
The market price will sink more or less below the natural price, according as the greatness of the excess increases more or less the competition of the sellers, or according as it happens to be more or less important to them to get immediately rid of the commodity.	市場価格は、過剰の度合いが売り手の競争を多かれ少なかれ増大させるか、あるいは商品をすぐに処分することが彼らにとって多かれ少なかれ重要であるかによって、自然価格を多かれ少なかれ下回るだろう。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a competitive market	sink|下回る|verb|go down or cause to go down	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	greatness|度合い|noun|the quality of being great	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	seller|売り手|noun|a person or organization that sells something	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	rid|処分する|verb|free oneself of something unwanted
The same excess in the importation of perishable, will occasion a much greater competition than in that of durable commodities;	腐敗しやすい商品の輸入における同じ過剰は、耐久性のある商品の輸入における過剰よりもはるかに大きな競争を引き起こすだろう。	perishable|腐敗しやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	durable|耐久性のある|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
in the importation of oranges, for example, than in that of old iron.	例えば、オレンジの輸入では、古鉄の輸入よりも。	importation|輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country from another country	orange|オレンジ|noun|a round orange-colored fruit that grows on a tree	iron|鉄|noun|a strong hard magnetic silvery-gray metal

When the quantity brought to market is just sufficient to supply the effectual demand, and no more, the market price naturally comes to be either exactly, or as nearly as can be judged of, the same with the natural price.	市場に持ち込まれた量が有効需要を満たすのにちょうど十分で、それ以上ではない場合、市場価格は当然、自然価格とまったく同じか、あるいは判断できる限りほぼ同じになる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	just|ちょうど|adverb|exactly; precisely	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	no more|それ以上ではない|adverb|not more than; only	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	exactly|まったく|adverb|in an exact manner	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a competitive market
The whole quantity upon hand can be disposed of for this price, and can not be disposed of for more.	手持ちの全量をこの価格で処分することができ、それ以上の価格では処分できない。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	upon|手持ちの|preposition|on	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	can be disposed of|処分できる|verb|can be dealt with or got rid of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The competition of the different dealers obliges them all to accept of this price, but does not oblige them to accept of less.	異なる業者間の競争は、彼ら全員にこの価格を受け入れることを義務付けるが、それより低い価格を受け入れることを義務付けるわけではない。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	accept|受け入れる|verb|take or receive something offered	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The quantity of every commodity brought to market naturally suits itself to the effectual demand.	市場に持ち込まれるあらゆる商品の量は、当然のことながら有効需要に適合する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	suit|適合する|verb|be appropriate or satisfactory for	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
It is the interest of all those who employ their land, labour, or stock, in bringing any commodity to market, that the quantity never should exceed the effectual demand;	土地、労働、または資本を投入して、何らかの商品を市場に持ち込むすべての人にとって、その量が有効需要を超えないようにすることが利益になる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
and it is the interest of all other people that it never should fall short of that demand.	そして、他のすべての人々にとって、その量が有効需要を下回らないようにすることが利益になる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it|その量|pronoun|the amount of something	fall short of|下回る|verb|be less than or fail to reach	demand|有効需要|noun|the desire to own something combined with the ability to pay for it

If at any time it exceeds the effectual demand, some of the component parts of its price must be paid below their natural rate.	いつでもそれが有効需要を超えるならば、その価格の構成要素の一部は、自然率を下回って支払われなければならない。	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any time	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	some of|一部|noun|a part of something	component part|構成要素|noun|a part of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	be paid|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	below|下回る|adverb|at a lower level or position	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium
If it is rent, the interest of the landlords will immediately prompt them to withdraw a part of their land;	それが地代ならば、地主の利益は即座に彼らに土地の一部を撤退させるよう促す。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	interest|利益|noun|a payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; without delay	prompt|促す|verb|cause or encourage to happen	withdraw|撤退させる|verb|take away or back	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something
and if it is wages or profit, the interest of the labourers in the one case, and of their employers in the other, will prompt them to withdraw a part of their labour or stock, from this employment.	そしてそれが賃金または利潤ならば、一方では労働者の利益、他方では雇用者の利益が、彼らに労働または資本の一部をこの雇用から撤退させるよう促す。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	withdraw|撤退させる|verb|take away or back	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
The quantity brought to market will soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand.	市場に持ち込まれる量は、すぐに有効需要を満たすのに十分な量にしかならない。	bring to market|市場に持ち込む|verb|to make available for purchase	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	no more than|しか～ない|adverb|only	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	supply|満たす|verb|to provide with what is needed or wanted	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay for it
All the different parts of its price will rise to their natural rate, and the whole price to its natural price.	その価格のすべての異なる部分は自然率まで上昇し、価格全体は自然価格まで上昇する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium	whole price|価格全体|noun|the total amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a perfectly competitive market

If, on the contrary, the quantity brought to market should at any time fall short of the effectual demand, some of the component parts of its price must rise above their natural rate.	逆に、市場に持ち込まれる量がいつでも有効需要を下回る場合、その価格の構成要素の一部は自然率を超えて上昇する。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	bring to market|市場に持ち込む|verb|to introduce a product to the market	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any point	fall short of|下回る|verb|to be or come to be less or lower than	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	some of|一部|noun|a part of a whole	component part|構成要素|noun|a part of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise above|上昇する|verb|to go up or to a higher level	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium
If it is rent, the interest of all other landlords will naturally prompt them to prepare more land for the raising of this commodity;	それが地代ならば、他のすべての地主の利益は、当然、この商品の生産のためにより多くの土地を用意するよう促す。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected; of course	prompt|促す|verb|cause or encourage to happen sooner or more easily	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
if it is wages or profit, the interest of all other labourers and dealers will soon prompt them to employ more labour and stock in preparing and bringing it to market.	それが賃金や利潤ならば、他のすべての労働者と商人の利益は、すぐに彼らがそれを準備して市場に持ち込むために、より多くの労働と資本を投入するよう促す。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	dealer|商人|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	prompt|促す|verb|cause or encourage to happen	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready or suitable for a particular purpose or for some use, event, or action	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place with oneself
The quantity brought thither will soon be sufficient to supply the effectual demand.	そこに持ち込まれる量は、すぐに有効需要を満たすのに十分になる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	thither|そこ|adverb|to that place	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed or wanted	effectual|有効|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service together with the ability to pay for it
All the different parts of its price will soon sink to their natural rate, and the whole price to its natural price.	その価格のすべての異なる部分は、すぐに自然率に落ち、価格全体は自然価格になる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	sink|落ちる|verb|go down below the surface of something	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The natural price, therefore, is, as it were, the central price, to which the prices of all commodities are continually gravitating.	したがって、自然価格は、いわば中心価格であり、すべての商品の価格は常にその価格に引き寄せられる。	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity when supply and demand are in equilibrium	central price|中心価格|noun|the price of a commodity when supply and demand are in equilibrium	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	continually|常に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	gravitate|引き寄せられる|verb|move or be drawn toward
Different accidents may sometimes keep them suspended a good deal above it, and sometimes force them down even somewhat below it.	さまざまな偶然が、時にはそれをかなり上回る価格に留め、時にはそれを下回る価格に押し下げることがある。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	accident|偶然|noun|something that happens without planning or intention	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	keep|留める|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	suspend|上回る|verb|stop temporarily	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	above|上|preposition|in a higher position than	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	force|押し下げる|verb|make someone or something move or do something by using physical strength or violence	down|下|preposition|in a lower position than	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent than before	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a small extent or degree
But whatever may be the obstacles which hinder them from settling in this centre of repose and continuance, they are constantly tending towards it.	しかし、この安息と継続の中心に落ち着くのを妨げる障害が何であれ、それらは常にそこに向かっている。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	obstacle|障害|noun|something that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	settle|落ち着く|verb|move into a place and establish a home	centre|中心|noun|the middle point of something	repose|安息|noun|a state of rest, relaxation, or peace	continuance|継続|noun|the action of continuing in a state or condition	constantly|常に|adverb|all the time; continuously	tend|向かう|verb|be likely to move or develop in a particular direction

The whole quantity of industry annually employed in order to bring any commodity to market, naturally suits itself in this manner to the effectual demand.	市場に商品を持ち込むために毎年投入される産業の総量は、このようにして自然に有効需要に適応する。	whole quantity|総量|noun|the total amount	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry to a place	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	suit|適応する|verb|be appropriate or suitable for	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay
It naturally aims at bringing always that precise quantity thither which may be sufficient to supply, and no more than supply, that demand.	それは当然、その需要を満たすのに十分な量を、それ以上でもそれ以下でもない量を常に市場に持ち込むことを目指している。	aim at|目指す|verb|direct one's effort toward	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	bring|持ち込む|verb|cause to come to a place	precise|正確な|adjective|exact; accurate	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service

But, in some employments, the same quantity of industry will, in different years, produce very different quantities of commodities;	しかし、ある種の雇用では、同じ量の産業が、異なる年に、非常に異なる量の商品を生産する。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold
while, in others, it will produce always the same, or very nearly the same.	一方、他の雇用では、常に同じか、ほぼ同じ量を生産する。	while|一方|conjunction|at the same time; during the time that	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
The same number of labourers in husbandry will, in different years, produce very different quantities of corn, wine, oil, hops, etc.	農業労働者の数が同じでも、年によって、穀物、ワイン、油、ホップなどの生産量は大きく異なる。	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	oil|油|noun|a liquid that is not soluble in water	hop|ホップ|noun|a climbing plant that is used to give beer its bitter taste
But the same number of spinners or weavers will every year produce the same, or very nearly the same, quantity of linen and woollen cloth.	しかし、同じ数の紡績工や織工は、毎年同じか、ほぼ同じ量の麻布や毛織物を生産する。	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins yarn or thread	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves fabric	every year|毎年|adverb|annually	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
It is only the average produce of the one species of industry which can be suited, in any respect, to the effectual demand;	あらゆる点で有効需要に適合しうるのは、ただ一つの産業の平均生産物だけである。	only|ただ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	one|一つ|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	suit|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	any|あらゆる|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; a	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	effectual|有効|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right
and as its actual produce is frequently much greater, and frequently much less, than its average produce, the quantity of the commodities brought to market will sometimes exceed a good deal, and sometimes fall short a good deal, of the effectual demand.	そして、その実際の生産物は、平均生産物よりもはるかに多かったり、はるかに少なかったりするので、市場に出される商品の量は、有効需要をかなり上回ったり、かなり下回ったりすることがある。	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	less|より少ない|adjective|smaller in size, amount, degree, or value	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	fall short|下回る|verb|fail to reach or be enough	deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	effective|有効|adjective|producing a desired or intended result	demand|需要|noun|an expressed need for a particular good or service
Even though that demand, therefore, should continue always the same, their market price will be liable to great fluctuations, will sometimes fall a good deal below, and sometimes rise a good deal above, their natural price.	したがって、その需要が常に同じであっても、市場価格は大きく変動しやすく、時には自然価格をかなり下回ったり、かなり上回ったりすることがある。	even though|たとえ|conjunction|despite the fact that	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	continue|続く|verb|to keep doing something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	be liable to|しやすい|verb|be likely to suffer from or do something	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	fluctuation|変動|noun|a change in the value of something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	fall|下がる|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	below|下|preposition|in a lower position than	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	rise|上がる|verb|move or cause to move from a lower to a higher level	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	above|上|preposition|in a higher position than	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is determined by the cost of production
In the other species of industry, the produce of equal quantities of labour being always the same, or very nearly the same, it can be more exactly suited to the effectual demand.	他の産業では、同量の労働の生産物は常に同じか、ほぼ同じであるため、有効需要にもっと正確に適合させることができる。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or already known about	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	suit|適合させる|verb|be convenient or satisfactory for	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
While that demand continues the same, therefore, the market price of the commodities is likely to do so too, and to be either altogether, or as nearly as can be judged of, the same with the natural price.	したがって、その需要が同じである限り、商品の市場価格も同じであり、自然価格とまったく同じか、ほぼ同じであると判断できる。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is determined by the cost of production
That the price of linen and woollen cloth is liable neither to such frequent, nor to such great variations, as the price of corn, every man’s experience will inform him.	麻布や毛織物の価格が、穀物の価格ほど頻繁に、また大きく変動しないことは、誰もが経験から知っているだろう。	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen cloth|毛織物|noun|a cloth made from wool	liable|起こりやすい|adjective|likely to happen or to be the case	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way that something happens or is done	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	inform|知る|verb|give (someone) facts or information
The price of the one species of commodities varies only with the variations in the demand;	一方の商品の価格は、需要の変動によってのみ変動する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	one|一方|adjective|the number 1	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in quality, amount, or level	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it
that of the other varies not only with the variations in the demand, but with the much greater, and more frequent, variations in the quantity of what is brought to market, in order to supply that demand.	他方の商品の価格は、需要の変動だけでなく、その需要を満たすために市場に出される量の、はるかに大きく、より頻繁な変動によっても変動する。	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something

The occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of any commodity fall chiefly upon those parts of its price which resolve themselves into wages and profit.	あらゆる商品の市場価格における時折の、一時的な変動は、主に賃金と利潤に分解される価格の部分に影響する。	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short period of time; not permanent	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the value, rate, or level of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is traded in the market	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	fall upon|影響する|verb|to have an effect on	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
That part which resolves itself into rent is less affected by them.	地代に分解される部分は、それらの影響を受けにくい。	resolve|分解する|verb|to break down into components	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	less|受けにくい|adjective|not as much or as many as	affect|影響する|verb|to have an effect on
A rent certain in money is not in the least affected by them, either in its rate or in its value.	貨幣で支払われる一定の地代は、その率においても価値においても、それらの影響を受けない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	certain|一定|adjective|having or showing no doubt	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
A rent which consists either in a certain proportion, or in a certain quantity, of the rude produce, is no doubt affected in its yearly value by all the occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of that rude produce;	一定の割合、または一定量の未加工生産物からなる地代は、その未加工生産物の市場価格における時折の、一時的な変動によって、その年額価値に影響を受けることは間違いない。	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking in good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	yearly|年額|adjective|happening or done once a year	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short time; not permanent
but it is seldom affected by them in its yearly rate.	しかし、その年率がそれらの影響を受けることはめったにない。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	affect|影響を受ける|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to
In settling the terms of the lease, the landlord and farmer endeavour, according to their best judgment, to adjust that rate, not to the temporary and occasional, but to the average and ordinary price of the produce.	賃貸借契約の条件を決める際に、地主と農場主は、最善の判断に従って、その率を一時的、臨時的なものではなく、生産物の平均的、通常の価格に合わせるように努力する。	settle|決める|verb|decide or agree on	term|条件|noun|a condition or requirement	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	adjust|合わせる|verb|make minor changes in order to achieve accuracy or improve performance	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	temporary|一時的|adjective|lasting for only a short time	occasional|臨時的|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	average|平均的|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard

Such fluctuations affect both the value and the rate, either of wages or of profit, according as the market happens to be either overstocked or understocked with commodities or with labour, with work done, or with work to be done.	このような変動は、市場が商品や労働、完了した仕事、または完了すべき仕事で過剰供給または過少供給のいずれかになると、賃金または利潤の価値と率の両方に影響する。	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the value or rate of something	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	overstock|過剰供給|verb|have too much of something	understock|過少供給|verb|have too little of something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	done|完了した|adjective|finished; completed	to be done|完了すべき|adjective|needing to be done
A public mourning raises the price of black cloth (with which the market is almost always understocked upon such occasions), and augments the profits of the merchants who possess any considerable quantity of it.	国民的追悼は黒い布の価格を上げ(そのような機会には市場はほとんど常に過少供給になる)、それをかなりの量所有している商人の利益を増やす。	public mourning|国民的追悼|noun|a period of time during which people mourn the death of a public figure	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	black cloth|黒い布|noun|a piece of fabric that is black in color	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|very frequently or habitually	understock|過少供給|verb|have too little of something	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
It has no effect upon the wages of the weavers.	それは織工の賃金には影響しない。	have no effect|影響しない|verb|to not have any influence or impact	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
The market is understocked with commodities, not with labour, with work done, not with work to be done.	市場は商品の供給不足であり、労働の供給不足ではなく、完了した仕事の供給不足であり、完了すべき仕事の供給不足ではない。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	understocked|供給不足|adjective|having an insufficient supply of something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	done|完了した|adjective|finished; completed	to be done|完了すべき|adjective|needing to be done; requiring completion
It raises the wages of journeymen tailors.	それは職人の仕立て屋の賃金を上げる。	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes
The market is here understocked with labour.	ここでは市場は労働の供給不足である。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	understock|供給不足|verb|have an insufficient supply of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
There is an effectual demand for more labour, for more work to be done, than can be had.	入手できるよりも多くの労働、より多くの仕事に対する有効需要がある。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	be had|入手できる|verb|be obtained or acquired
It sinks the price of coloured silks and cloths, and thereby reduces the profits of the merchants who have any considerable quantity of them upon hand.	それは色のついた絹や布の価格を下げ、それによってそれらをかなりの量手元に持っている商人の利益を減らす。	sink|下げる|verb|go down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	coloured silk|色のついた絹|noun|silk that has been dyed	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
It sinks, too, the wages of the workmen employed in preparing such commodities, for which all demand is stopped for six months, perhaps for a twelvemonth.	それはまた、そのような商品の準備に従事する労働者の賃金も下げる。それらの商品に対する需要は六ヶ月、あるいは一年の間止まる。	sink|下げる|verb|go down	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	stop|止まる|verb|come to an end	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	twelvemonth|一年|noun|a period of time equal to one year
The market is here overstocked both with commodities and with labour.	ここでは市場は商品と労働の両方で供給過剰である。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	overstock|供給過剰|verb|have too much of something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

But though the market price of every particular commodity is in this manner continually gravitating, if one may say so, towards the natural price;	しかし、あらゆる個々の商品の市場価格は、このようにして、いわば自然価格に向かって絶えず引き寄せられているが、	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is traded in the market	particular|個々の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity in a perfectly competitive market	gravitate|引き寄せられる|verb|move or be drawn toward something
yet sometimes particular accidents, sometimes natural causes, and sometimes particular regulations of policy, may, in many commodities, keep up the market price, for a long time together, a good deal above the natural price.	それでも、時には個々の事故、時には自然的原因、時には政策の個々の規制が、多くの商品で、市場価格を長い間、自然価格をかなり上回る水準に維持することがある。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; still; even so	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	particular|個々の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain or continue at a certain rate or level	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity or service is sold in the market	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long or seems long	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity in a perfectly competitive market

When, by an increase in the effectual demand, the market price of some particular commodity happens to rise a good deal above the natural price, those who employ their stocks in supplying that market, are generally careful to conceal this change.	有効需要の増加によって、ある特定の商品の市場価格が自然価格をかなり上回ることになった場合、その市場に供給するために在庫を抱えている人々は、一般的にこの変化を隠すように注意する。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is determined by the cost of production	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	conceal|隠す|verb|keep from sight; hide	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different
If it was commonly known, their great profit would tempt so many new rivals to employ their stocks in the same way, that, the effectual demand being fully supplied, the market price would soon be reduced to the natural price, and, perhaps, for some time even below it.	もしそれが広く知られれば、彼らの大きな利益は、多くの新しいライバルが同じように在庫を抱えるように誘惑し、有効需要が十分に供給されれば、市場価格はすぐに自然価格に下がり、おそらくしばらくの間はそれ以下になるだろう。	commonly|広く|adverb|generally; usually	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	tempt|誘惑する|verb|entice or allure	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or object	employ|抱える|verb|use or utilize	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	supply|供給|verb|make available for use; provide	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; quickly	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less	below|以下|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than
If the market is at a great distance from the residence of those who supply it, they may sometimes be able to keep the secret for several years together, and may so long enjoy their extraordinary profits without any new rivals.	市場が供給者の住居から遠く離れている場合、彼らは時には数年間秘密を守り続けることができ、新しいライバルが現れることなく、長い間特別な利益を享受することができる。	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	be at a great distance|遠く離れている|verb|be far away	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	keep a secret|秘密を守る|verb|not tell anyone about something	several years|数年間|noun|a number of years	together|一緒に|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or object
Secrets of this kind, however, it must be acknowledged, can seldom be long kept;	しかし、この種の秘密は、めったに長く守れないことを認めなければならない。	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be acknowledged|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	be kept|守られる|verb|be maintained or preserved
and the extraordinary profit can last very little longer than they are kept.	そして、特別な利益は、秘密が守られている期間よりも長く続くことはできない。	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	last|続く|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	longer|長く|adverb|for a longer period of time	kept|守られている|verb|cause to remain in a specified state

Secrets in manufactures are capable of being longer kept than secrets in trade.	製造業の秘密は、貿易の秘密よりも長く守られることができる。	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
A dyer who has found the means of producing a particular colour with materials which cost only half the price of those commonly made use of, may, with good management, enjoy the advantage of his discovery as long as he lives, and even leave it as a legacy to his posterity.	普通に使用されている材料の半分の価格で特定の色を作り出す方法を発見した染色工は、適切な管理をすれば、生きている限りその発見の恩恵を享受することができ、さらにはそれを子孫に遺産として残すこともできる。	dyer|染色工|noun|a person who dyes things	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	means|方法|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	produce|作り出す|verb|make or create	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	colour|色|noun|the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commonly|普通に|adverb|usually; generally	make use of|使用する|verb|use	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	with|とともに|preposition|accompanied by	good|適切な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	advantage|恩恵|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	live|生きる|verb|be alive	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	legacy|遺産|noun|money or property left to someone in a will	posterity|子孫|noun|all future generations of people
His extraordinary gains arise from the high price which is paid for his private labour.	彼の特別な利益は、彼の私的な労働に対して支払われる高価格から生じる。	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	private labour|私的な労働|noun|work that is done by an individual for their own benefit
They properly consist in the high wages of that labour.	それらは、その労働の高賃金に適切に含まれている。	consist in|含まれる|verb|be composed of	high wages|高賃金|noun|a large amount of money paid to an employee for their work
But as they are repeated upon every part of his stock, and as their whole amount bears, upon that account, a regular proportion to it, they are commonly considered as extraordinary profits of stock.	しかし、それらは彼の資本のあらゆる部分で繰り返され、その総額がその点で資本に一定の割合を占めるので、それらは一般に資本の特別利益と考えられている。	be repeated|繰り返される|verb|do or say again	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts	bear|占める|verb|be in a certain relation to	regular proportion|一定の割合|noun|a fixed or constant ratio	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain

Such enhancements of the market price are evidently the effects of particular accidents, of which, however, the operation may sometimes last for many years together.	市場価格のこのような上昇は、明らかに特定の事故の影響であるが、その影響は時として何年も続くことがある。	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	operation|影響|noun|the state of being in effect or in force	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	many years|何年も|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	together|続く|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing

Some natural productions require such a singularity of soil and situation, that all the land in a great country, which is fit for producing them, may not be sufficient to supply the effectual demand.	ある種の天然産物は、土壌や立地に非常に特殊な条件を必要とするため、大国であっても、その生産に適した土地がすべてあっても、有効需要を満たすのに十分ではないことがある。	natural production|天然産物|noun|a product of nature	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	singularity|特殊な条件|noun|the state of being unique	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located	great country|大国|noun|a country that is powerful and influential	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed or wanted	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay
The whole quantity brought to market, therefore, may be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land which produced them, together with the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock which were employed in preparing and bringing them to market, according to their natural rates.	したがって、市場に出回る全量は、それらを生産した土地の地代を支払うのに十分な額よりも多く支払ってもよいと考える人々に、それらを準備して市場に出すために投入された労働の賃金と資本の利潤を、自然な率に従って支払ってもらうことができる。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	dispose|支払ってもらう|verb|get rid of	those|人々|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	willing|考えても|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift	more|多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount	what|額|noun|the thing that	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	together|従って|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready or suitable for a particular purpose or for some use, event, or action	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
Such commodities may continue for whole centuries together to be sold at this high price;	このような商品は、何世紀にもわたってこの高値で販売され続けることがある。	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	whole centuries|何世紀にもわたって|noun|a period of 100 years	together|共に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	be sold|販売される|verb|be bought by someone	high price|高値|noun|a price that is above average
and that part of it which resolves itself into the rent of land, is in this case the part which is generally paid above its natural rate.	そして、地代に分解される部分は、この場合、一般的に自然率を超えて支払われる部分である。	resolve|分解する|verb|to break down into components	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of interest that would prevail in a hypothetical market that is frictionless and in which all transactions are carried out in real terms
The rent of the land which affords such singular and esteemed productions, like the rent of some vineyards in France of a peculiarly happy soil and situation, bears no regular proportion to the rent of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land in its neighbourhood.	このような特異な高評価の産物を生み出す土地の地代は、フランスの特に恵まれた土壌と立地にあるブドウ園の地代のように、近隣の同じように肥沃で同じようによく耕された他の土地の地代とは一定の比率にはならない。	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	singular|特異な|adjective|very good or special	esteemed|高評価の|adjective|highly regarded	production|産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located	bear|ならない|verb|to be in a particular relation to something	regular|一定の|adjective|happening or done frequently	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in size or amount between two or more things	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place
The wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in bringing such commodities to market, on the contrary, are seldom out of their natural proportion to those of the other employments of labour and stock in their neighbourhood.	反対に、そのような商品を市場に出すために投入された労働の賃金と資本の利潤は、近隣の他の労働と資本の投入に対するそれらの自然な比率から外れることはめったにない。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	out of|外れる|preposition|from inside to outside of	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place

Such enhancements of the market price are evidently the effect of natural causes, which may hinder the effectual demand from ever being fully supplied, and which may continue, therefore, to operate for ever.	このような市場価格の上昇は明らかに自然的原因によるものであり、有効需要が十分に供給されるのを妨げる可能性があり、したがって永遠に作用し続けるかもしれない。	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	natural cause|自然的原因|noun|a cause that is not the result of human intervention	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	ever|永遠に|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; always	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	operate|作用する|verb|function or work

A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company, has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures.	個人または貿易会社に与えられた独占は、貿易または製造業の秘密と同じ効果を持つ。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	grant|与える|verb|give, especially officially or formally	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	trading company|貿易会社|noun|a company that trades internationally	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly understocked by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price, and raise their emoluments, whether they consist in wages or profit, greatly above their natural rate.	独占者は、有効需要を十分に供給しないことで市場を常に品不足に保つことで、商品を自然価格をはるかに上回る価格で販売し、賃金であれ利潤であれ、報酬を自然率をはるかに上回る水準に引き上げる。	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person who has exclusive control over a commodity or service	keep|保つ|verb|cause to continue; maintain	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	understock|品不足|noun|a situation in which there is not enough of something	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	above|上回る|preposition|at a higher level or position than	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	raise|引き上げる|verb|move to a higher position	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	greatly|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	above|上回る|preposition|at a higher level or position than	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure

The price of monopoly is upon every occasion the highest which can be got.	独占価格は、あらゆる場合に得られる最高の価格である。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold
The natural price, or the price of free competition, on the contrary, is the lowest which can be taken, not upon every occasion indeed, but for any considerable time together.	逆に、自然価格、つまり自由競争の価格は、あらゆる場合にではなく、かなりの期間にわたって取引できる最低価格である。	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service in a free market	free competition|自由競争|noun|a market in which economic forces operate with little or no interference from government	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	lowest|最低|adjective|the least high	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	every occasion|あらゆる場合|noun|each time something happens	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	considerable time|かなりの期間|noun|a large amount of time	together|共に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing
The one is upon every occasion the highest which can be squeezed out of the buyers, or which it is supposed they will consent to give;	一方は、あらゆる場合に、買い手から搾り取ることができる最高の価格、または買い手が支払うことに同意すると思われる最高の価格である。	upon|あらゆる|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	the highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	squeeze|搾り取る|verb|extract juice or liquid from by applying pressure	out of|から|preposition|from	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as a payment
the other is the lowest which the sellers can commonly afford to take, and at the same time continue their business.	他方は、売り手が通常受け取ることができ、同時に事業を継続できる最低価格である。	the other|他方|noun|the other one	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height	seller|売り手|noun|a person who sells something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	afford|受け取る|verb|have enough money to pay for	take|受け取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at one and the same time	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something

The exclusive privileges of corporations, statutes of apprenticeship, and all those laws which restrain in particular employments, the competition to a smaller number than might otherwise go into them, have the same tendency, though in a less degree.	法人の独占的特権、徒弟制度、特定の職業において競争を制限するすべての法律は、程度は低いものの、同じ傾向がある。	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is only available to one person or group	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	statute|制度|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	particular employment|特定の職業|noun|a specific job or profession	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present
They are a sort of enlarged monopolies, and may frequently, for ages together, and in whole classes of employments, keep up the market price of particular commodities above the natural price, and maintain both the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock employed about them somewhat above their natural rate.	それらは一種の拡大された独占であり、しばしば、長い年月をかけて、あらゆる職業において、特定の商品の市場価格を自然価格より高く保ち、労働賃金とそれらの商品に投下された資本の利潤の両方を自然率よりやや高く維持することがある。	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	enlarged|拡大された|adjective|made or become bigger or greater	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	age|長い年月|noun|the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed	together|かけて|adverb|with or near each other	class|あらゆる|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	keep up|保つ|verb|maintain at a certain level	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a competitive market	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of interest that would prevail in a competitive market

Such enhancements of the market price may last as long as the regulations of policy which give occasion to them.	市場価格のこのような上昇は、それを生み出す政策の規制が続く限り続く可能性がある。	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	occasion|生み出す|noun|a particular time or event	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority

The market price of any particular commodity, though it may continue long above, can seldom continue long below, its natural price.	特定の商品の市場価格は、長く上回り続けることはあっても、自然価格を長く下回り続けることはめったにない。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is traded in the market	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity in a free market
Whatever part of it was paid below the natural rate, the persons whose interest it affected would immediately feel the loss, and would immediately withdraw either so much land or so much labour, or so much stock, from being employed about it, that the quantity brought to market would soon be no more than sufficient to supply the effectual demand.	自然率を下回る支払いがあった場合、利害関係者はすぐに損失を感じ、すぐに土地や労働力、資本を投入するのをやめ、市場に出回る量はすぐに有効需要を満たすに十分な量にしかならなくなる。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of interest that would prevail in a free market	interest|利害|noun|a right or title to property	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	withdraw|撤退する|verb|take (something) back or away	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employed|投入する|verb|use or engage (something) for a particular purpose	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; before long	no more than|しか～ない|adverb|only; merely	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	supply|満たす|verb|provide or furnish with (something)
Its market price, therefore, would soon rise to the natural price;	したがって、その市場価格はすぐに自然価格まで上昇する。	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a competitive market
this at least would be the case where there was perfect liberty.	少なくとも完全な自由がある場合にはそうなるだろう。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	be the case|そうなる|verb|be the situation	perfect liberty|完全な自由|noun|the freedom to do whatever one wants

The same statutes of apprenticeship and other corporation laws, indeed, which, when a manufacture is in prosperity, enable the workman to raise his wages a good deal above their natural rate, sometimes oblige him, when it decays, to let them down a good deal below it.	実際、徒弟制度やその他の法人法の同じ法令は、製造業が繁栄しているときには労働者が賃金を自然率をかなり上回る水準に引き上げることができるようにする一方で、製造業が衰退しているときには労働者が賃金を自然率をかなり下回る水準に引き下げざるを得なくなることがある。	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium	decay|衰退|noun|the state of declining	let down|引き下げる|verb|to lower or reduce
As in the one case they exclude many people from his employment, so in the other they exclude him from many employments.	前者では多くの人々を彼の職から排除するのに対し、後者では彼を多くの職から排除する。	as in the one case|前者では|adverb|in the first situation	exclude|排除する|verb|not include or take into account	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	employment|職|noun|the state of being employed	so in the other|後者では|adverb|in the second situation	exclude|排除する|verb|not include or take into account	him|彼を|pronoun|the male person previously mentioned	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	employment|職|noun|the state of being employed
The effect of such regulations, however, is not near so durable in sinking the workman’s wages below, as in raising them above their natural rate.	しかし、そのような規制の効果は、労働者の賃金を自然率より下に引き下げる場合、自然率より上に引き上げる場合ほど長続きしない。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	sink|引き下げる|verb|go down or cause to go down	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	below|下に|adverb|in or to a lower place or position	natural rate|自然率|noun|the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium	raise|引き上げる|verb|move or cause to move upwards
Their operation in the one way may endure for many centuries, but in the other it can last no longer than the lives of some of the workmen who were bred to the business in the time of its prosperity.	一方ではその効果は何世紀も続くかもしれないが、他方では繁栄期にその職業に就いた労働者の一部の人生よりも長く続くことはない。	operation|効果|noun|the way something works or operates	endure|続く|verb|continue to exist or last	many centuries|何世紀も|noun|a period of 100 years	the other|他方では|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	last|続く|verb|continue to exist or last	the lives of some of the workmen|一部の労働者の人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	bred|就いた|verb|brought up in a particular way	the business|その職業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	the time of its prosperity|繁栄期|noun|a period of time during which a person or organization is successful
When they are gone, the number of those who are afterwards educated to the trade will naturally suit itself to the effectual demand.	彼らがいなくなると、その後その職業に就く人の数は自然と有効需要に適応するようになる。	be gone|いなくなる|verb|be no longer present	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	educate|就く|verb|teach or train someone	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	suit|適応する|verb|be appropriate or satisfactory for	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
The policy must be as violent as that of Indostan or ancient Egypt (where every man was bound by a principle of religion to follow the occupation of his father, and was supposed to commit the most horrid sacrilege if he changed it for another), which can in any particular employment, and for several generations together, sink either the wages of labour or the profits of stock below their natural rate.	インドや古代エジプト(そこでは誰もが宗教の原則によって父親の職業に従うことを義務付けられ、それを別の職業に変えれば最も恐ろしい冒涜を犯したと見なされた)のような暴力的な政策でなければ、特定の職業において、また数世代にわたって、労働賃金や資本の利潤を自然率以下に引き下げることはできない。	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|a civilization that lasted from about 3100 BC to 30 BC	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	change|変える|verb|make or become different	commit|犯す|verb|carry out or perpetrate	horrid|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause horror; shocking	sacrilege|冒涜|noun|violation or misuse of what is regarded as sacred	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	generation|世代|noun|all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively	sink|引き下げる|verb|go or cause to go down below the surface of something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure

This is all that I think necessary to be observed at present concerning the deviations, whether occasional or permanent, of the market price of commodities from the natural price.	これが、商品の市場価格が自然価格から逸脱することについて、それが一時的なものであろうと永続的なものであろうと、現時点で観察する必要があると思うことのすべてである。	This|これが|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	think|思う|verb|have an opinion about something	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	present|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	deviation|逸脱|noun|the action of departing from an established or usual course	occasional|一時的|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is currently selling or is expected to sell in the market	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a commodity when supply and demand are in equilibrium

The natural price itself varies with the natural rate of each of its component parts, of wages, profit, and rent;	自然価格そのものは、その構成要素である賃金、利潤、地代の自然率によって変化する。	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service that would prevail in a free market	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change	component part|構成要素|noun|a part of something that is essential to its existence or functioning	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
and in every society this rate varies according to their circumstances, according to their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition.	そして、どの社会でもこの率は、その状況、富裕か貧困か、進歩しているか、停滞しているか、衰退しているかによって変化する。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	riches|富裕|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	advancing|進歩している|verb|move forward	stationary|停滞している|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	declining|衰退している|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease
I shall, in the four following chapters, endeavour to explain, as fully and distinctly as I can, the causes of those different variations.	次の四つの章では、これらの異なる変動の原因をできるだけ完全かつ明確に説明するよう努める。	the four following chapters|次の四つの章|noun|the four chapters that come after this one	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something

First, I shall endeavour to explain what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of wages, and in what manner those circumstances are affected by the riches or poverty, by the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society.	まず、賃金率を自然に決定する状況とは何か、また、その状況が富裕か貧困か、社会の進歩、停滞、衰退によってどのように影響を受けるかを説明するよう努める。	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	determine|決定する|verb|cause (something) to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	riches|富裕|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	advancing|進歩|noun|the action of moving forward	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	declining|衰退|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, quality, or value

Secondly, I shall endeavour to shew what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of profit;	第二に、利潤率を自然に決定する状況とは何かを示すよう努める。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|示す|verb|to show or demonstrate something	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
and in what manner, too, those circumstances are affected by the like variations in the state of the society.	そして、その状況が社会の状態の同様の変動によってどのように影響を受けるかについても示すよう努める。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time

Though pecuniary wages and profit are very different in the different employments of labour and stock;	労働と資本の異なる用途では、金銭的賃金と利潤は非常に異なるが、	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made to a worker	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has
yet a certain proportion seems commonly to take place between both the pecuniary wages in all the different employments of labour, and the pecuniary profits in all the different employments of stock.	それでも、労働のあらゆる異なる用途における金銭的賃金と、資本のあらゆる異なる用途における金銭的利潤の両者の間には、ある一定の比率が一般的に存在するようだ。	take place|存在する|verb|happen	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	both|両者|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	pecuniary wages|金銭的賃金|noun|wages paid in money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	pecuniary profits|金銭的利潤|noun|profits paid in money	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
This proportion, it will appear hereafter, depends partly upon the nature of the different employments, and partly upon the different laws and policy of the society in which they are carried on.	この比率は、後で明らかになるように、一部は異なる用途の性質に依存し、一部はそれが営まれている社会の異なる法律や政策に依存する。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	appear|明らかになる|verb|become visible or noticeable	hereafter|後で|adverb|from now on; in the future	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual
But though in many respects dependent upon the laws and policy, this proportion seems to be little affected by the riches or poverty of that society, by its advancing, stationary, or declining condition, but to remain the same, or very nearly the same, in all those different states.	しかし、多くの点で法律や政策に依存しているとはいえ、この比率はその社会の富や貧困、その進歩、停滞、衰退の状況にほとんど影響を受けず、それらの異なるすべての状態で同じ、あるいはほぼ同じままであるように思われる。	in many respects|多くの点で|adverb|in many ways	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	be affected by|影響を受ける|verb|be influenced or changed by	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	advancing|進歩|noun|the action of moving forward	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	declining|衰退|adjective|becoming smaller, fewer, or less; decreasing	remain the same|同じままである|verb|stay the same	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time
I shall, in the third place, endeavour to explain all the different circumstances which regulate this proportion.	第三に、私はこの比率を決定するあらゆる異なる状況を説明するよう努める。	in the third place|第三に|adverb|thirdly	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations

In the fourth and last place, I shall endeavour to shew what are the circumstances which regulate the rent of land, and which either raise or lower the real price of all the different substances which it produces.	第四に、そして最後に、私は地代を決定し、それが生産するあらゆる異なる物質の実際の価格を上げ下げする状況が何であるかを示すよう努める。	fourth|第四に|adjective|coming after three others in a series	last|最後に|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|示す|verb|to make known or indicate	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something


## CHAPTER VIII: OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR.	第八章: 労働の賃金について	CHAPTER VIII|第八章|noun|the eighth chapter	OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR|労働の賃金について|noun|the wages of labour

The produce of labour constitutes the natural recompence or wages of labour.	労働の生産物は労働の自然な報酬または賃金を構成する。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
In that original state of things which precedes both the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock, the whole produce of labour belongs to the labourer.	土地の占有と資本の蓄積の両方に先行する事物の原初的な状態では、労働の生産物全体が労働者に属する。	state|状態|noun|the way something is	precede|先行する|verb|come before in time	appropriation|占有|noun|the action of taking something for one's own use	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with
He has neither landlord nor master to share with him.	彼には分け合うべき地主も主人もいない。	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	share|分ける|verb|have or use something in common with others

Had this state continued, the wages of labour would have augmented with all those improvements in its productive powers, to which the division of labour gives occasion.	この状態が続いていたら、労働の賃金は、分業が機会を与える生産力の向上に伴って増加していただろう。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	give occasion|機会を与える|verb|provide an opportunity for
All things would gradually have become cheaper.	すべての物は徐々に安くなっていただろう。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
They would have been produced by a smaller quantity of labour;	それらはより少ない労働量で生産されていただろう。	be produced|生産される|verb|be made or manufactured	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a more limited size, amount, or extent	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
and as the commodities produced by equal quantities of labour would naturally in this state of things be exchanged for one another, they would have been purchased likewise with the produce of a smaller quantity.	そして、この状況では、等量の労働によって生産された商品は当然互いに交換されるので、それらは同様に、より少ない量の生産物で購入されていただろう。	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	state|状況|noun|the condition of a person or thing	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	purchase|購入|verb|buy	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual

But though all things would have become cheaper in reality, in appearance many things might have become dearer, than before, or have been exchanged for a greater quantity of other goods.	しかし、すべての物が実際には安くなっていたとしても、見た目には多くの物が以前よりも高価になったり、より多くの他の物と交換されていたかもしれない。	all things|すべての物|noun|everything	become cheaper|安くなる|verb|become less expensive	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	appearance|見た目|noun|the way that someone or something looks	many things|多くの物|noun|a large number of things	become dearer|高価になる|verb|become more expensive	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	have been exchanged|交換される|verb|be traded for something else	greater quantity|より多くの|noun|a larger amount	other goods|他の物|noun|other things
Let us suppose, for example, that in the greater part of employments the productive powers of labour had been improved to tenfold, or that a day’s labour could produce ten times the quantity of work which it had done originally;	例えば、雇用の大部分で労働の生産力が10倍に向上した、つまり一日の労働で元々行っていた仕事の10倍の量を生産できると仮定してみよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improve|向上する|verb|become or make better	tenfold|10倍|adjective|ten times as great or as many	a day's labour|一日の労働|noun|the amount of work done in a day	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
but that in a particular employment they had been improved only to double, or that a day’s labour could produce only twice the quantity of work which it had done before.	しかし、特定の雇用では、それが2倍にしか改善されなかった、つまり一日の労働で以前の2倍の仕事量しか生産できなかったと仮定してみよう。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	double|2倍|adjective|having two parts, units, or members	day|日|noun|a period of time from one midnight to the next	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
In exchanging the produce of a day’s labour in the greater part of employments for that of a day’s labour in this particular one, ten times the original quantity of work in them would purchase only twice the original quantity in it.	雇用の大部分における一日の労働の生産物を、この特定の雇用における一日の労働の生産物と交換する場合、それらの元の仕事量の10倍は、その元の仕事量の2倍しか購入できない。	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	a day's labour|一日の労働|noun|the work done in a day	this particular one|この特定の|noun|this specific one	ten times|10倍|noun|ten multiplied by	the original quantity|元の量|noun|the initial amount	only twice|2倍|noun|two multiplied by	purchase|購入する|verb|buy
Any particular quantity in it, therefore, a pound weight, for example, would appear to be five times dearer than before.	したがって、その中の特定の量、例えば1ポンドの重さは、以前の5倍高価に見えるだろう。	any particular quantity|特定の量|noun|a specific amount of something	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	five times|5倍|noun|five multiplied by a number	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money; expensive
In reality, however, it would be twice as cheap.	しかし、実際には2倍安い。	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	be twice as cheap|2倍安い|verb|be half the price
Though it required five times the quantity of other goods to purchase it, it would require only half the quantity of labour either to purchase or to produce it.	それを買うのに他の財の5倍の量が必要だが、それを買うのにも生産するのにも労働量は半分しか必要としない。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	five|5|noun|the number 5	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	good|財|noun|a material thing that can be bought or sold	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
The acquisition, therefore, would be twice as easy as before.	したがって、取得は以前の2倍簡単になる。	acquisition|取得|noun|the act of acquiring something	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	twice|2倍|adverb|two times	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort

But this original state of things, in which the labourer enjoyed the whole produce of his own labour, could not last beyond the first introduction of the appropriation of land and the accumulation of stock.	しかし、労働者が自分の労働の生産物全体を享受していたこの原初的な状態は、土地の私有と資本の蓄積が初めて導入された後には続かなかった。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	original|原初的な|adjective|existing from the beginning	last|続く|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	beyond|後に|preposition|at or to the further side of	first|初めて|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	appropriation|私有|noun|the action of taking something for one's own use	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has
It was at an end, therefore, long before the most considerable improvements were made in the productive powers of labour;	したがって、労働の生産力が最も大きく改善されるずっと前に、それは終わりを告げた。	at an end|終わりを告げる|verb|to come to an end; to finish	long before|ずっと前に|adverb|a long time before	most considerable|最も大きい|adjective|of the greatest importance or significance	improvement|改善|noun|an act of improving something	be made|なされる|verb|to be created or produced	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services
and it would be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects upon the recompence or wages of labour.	そして、労働の報酬や賃金にどのような影響があったのかをさらに追跡しても無意味だろう。	be to no purpose|無意味である|verb|have no purpose or effect	trace|追跡する|verb|follow the course or development of	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment given in return for an action	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee

As soon as land becomes private property, the landlord demands a share of almost all the produce which the labourer can either raise or collect from it.	土地が私有財産になるとすぐに、地主は労働者が土地から生産したり収穫したりできる生産物のほとんどすべてを分け前として要求する。	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	become|なる|verb|come to be	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private individual or group	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	raise|生産する|verb|grow or breed	collect|収穫する|verb|gather together
His rent makes the first deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.	彼の地代は、土地に投入された労働の生産物から最初に差し引かれる。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	make|差し引かれる|verb|cause to be or become	first|最初に|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	deduction|差し引かれる|noun|the action of deducting or subtracting something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water

It seldom happens that the person who tills the ground has wherewithal to maintain himself till he reaps the harvest.	地面を耕す人が、収穫するまで自分を養うための資産を持っていることはめったにない。	till|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of crops
His maintenance is generally advanced to him from the stock of a master, the farmer who employs him, and who would have no interest to employ him, unless he was to share in the produce of his labour, or unless his stock was to be replaced to him with a profit.	彼の生活費は通常、彼を雇っている農場主の資本から前払いされるが、農場主は彼の労働の生産物を分け合うか、資本を利潤をつけて返済してもらわない限り、彼を雇う利益はない。	maintenance|生活費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	master|農場主|noun|a person who has control over another person	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	employ|雇う|verb|give work to someone in return for payment	interest|利益|noun|a payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	share|分け合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
This profit makes a second deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.	この利潤は、土地に投入された労働の生産物から二番目に差し引かれる。	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	deduction|控除|noun|a subtraction or taking away	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water

The produce of almost all other labour is liable to the like deduction of profit.	他のほとんどすべての労働の生産物も、同様に利潤が差し引かれる。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all	other|他の|adjective|not the same	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	liable|差し引かれる|adjective|likely to do or have something	like|同様に|adjective|similar	deduction|差し引き|noun|the action of subtracting something	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
In all arts and manufactures, the greater part of the workmen stand in need of a master, to advance them the materials of their work, and their wages and maintenance, till it be completed.	すべての技芸や製造業において、労働者の大部分は、仕事が完成するまで、仕事の材料や賃金や生活費を前払いしてくれる主人を必要としている。	art|技芸|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works in a skilled or unskilled manual job	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	stand in need of|必要とする|verb|to require or need something	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over others	advance|前払いする|verb|to give or pay (something) before it is due	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	maintenance|生活費|noun|the provision of financial support for a person	complete|完成する|verb|to finish making or doing something
He shares in the produce of their labour, or in the value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed;	主人は労働者の労働の生産物、あるいは労働が投入された材料に付加された価値を分け合う。	share|分け合う|verb|have a portion of (something) with another or others	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	add|付加する|verb|join or combine (something) with something else so as to increase the size, amount, or importance
and in this share consists his profit.	そして、この分け前が主人の利潤となる。	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

It sometimes happens, indeed, that a single independent workman has stock sufficient both to purchase the materials of his work, and to maintain himself till it be completed.	確かに、独立した一人の労働者が、仕事の材料を購入するのに十分な資金を持ち、仕事が完成するまで自分を養うことができる場合もある。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	single|一人の|adjective|not married	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with others	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	have|持つ|verb|possess; own	stock|資金|noun|a supply of goods or materials	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	material|材料|noun|a substance that has mass and takes up space	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	maintain|養う|verb|support oneself	complete|完成する|verb|finish; conclude
He is both master and workman, and enjoys the whole produce of his own labour, or the whole value which it adds to the materials upon which it is bestowed.	彼は主人であり労働者でもあり、自分の労働の生産物全体、あるいは労働が投入された材料に付加された価値全体を享受する。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over people or things	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
It includes what are usually two distinct revenues, belonging to two distinct persons, the profits of stock, and the wages of labour.	そこには、通常は二人の別々の人間に属する二つの別々の収入、つまり資本の利潤と労働の賃金が含まれている。	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	distinct|別々の|adjective|not identical or alike	revenue|収入|noun|income	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	two|二人|numeral|one more than one	distinct|別々の|adjective|not identical or alike	person|人間|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee

Such cases, however, are not very frequent;	しかし、そのようなケースはあまり頻繁には起こらない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	case|ケース|noun|an instance of something occurring	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	not very|あまり|adverb|to a small extent	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often or regularly
and in every part of Europe twenty workmen serve under a master for one that is independent, and the wages of labour are everywhere understood to be, what they usually are, when the labourer is one person, and the owner of the stock which employs him another.	ヨーロッパのどの地域でも、独立した労働者一人に対して二十人の労働者が主人の下で働いており、労働者の賃金は、労働者と彼を雇う資本の所有者が別人である場合の通常の賃金であると理解されている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	every part|どの地域でも|noun|each and all of the parts of something	twenty|二十|numeral|the number 20	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	serve|働く|verb|work for	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another person or thing	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	usually|通常|adverb|under normal conditions	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇う|verb|give work to (someone) in return for regular or fixed payment

What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same.	労働の一般的な賃金は、どこでも、利害が決して同じではない二つの当事者間で通常結ばれる契約に依存している。	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action or matter	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical
The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little, as possible.	労働者はできるだけ多くを得たいと望み、主人はできるだけ少なく与えたいと望む。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	as much as possible|できるだけ多く|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the least extent or degree possible
The former are disposed to combine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages of labour.	前者は労働賃金を引き上げるために、後者は労働賃金を引き下げるために団結する傾向がある。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things mentioned	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make someone likely to have or do something	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	lower|引き下げる|verb|make or become less high or less intense

It is not, however, difficult to foresee which of the two parties must, upon all ordinary occasions, have the advantage in the dispute, and force the other into a compliance with their terms.	しかし、通常の場合には、どちらの当事者が紛争で優位に立ち、相手に自分の条件を受け入れさせるかを予測することは難しくない。	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	advantage|優位|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	dispute|紛争|noun|a disagreement between two or more people or groups	force|受け入れさせる|verb|make (someone) do something by using force or threats	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
The masters, being fewer in number, can combine much more easily: and the law, besides, authorises, or at least does not prohibit, their combinations, while it prohibits those of the workmen.	主人は数が少ないので、ずっと簡単に団結できるし、その上、法律は主人の団結を認めているか、少なくとも禁止していないが、労働者の団結は禁止している。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	authorise|認める|verb|give official permission for	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a person who does manual or industrial work
We have no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work, but many against combining to raise it.	労働価格を下げるための団結に反対する議会法はないが、それを上げるための団結に反対する議会法は多い。	have no|ない|verb|not have	act|法|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	against|反対する|preposition|in opposition to	combine|団結|verb|join or merge together	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	work|労働|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	many|多い|adjective|a large number of
In all such disputes, the masters can hold out much longer.	このような争いでは、主人の方がずっと長く持ちこたえることができる。	dispute|争い|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	hold out|持ちこたえる|verb|to continue to resist or refuse to give in	much longer|ずっと長く|adverb|for a much longer period of time
A landlord, a farmer, a master manufacturer, or merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could generally live a year or two upon the stocks, which they have already acquired.	地主、農場主、製造業者、商人は、一人の労働者も雇用しなかったとしても、すでに獲得した株で1年か2年は生活できる。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	master manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who owns or manages a factory or other business that makes goods	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to someone in return for regular pay	single|一人の|adjective|only one	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in a factory or other industrial establishment	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	live|生活する|verb|be alive	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	two|2|numeral|one more than one	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of
Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce any a year, without employment.	多くの労働者は一週間も生活できず、一ヶ月生活できる者は少なく、一年生活できる者はほとんどいない。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	could not|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	subsist|生活する|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level	week|一週間|noun|a period of seven days	few|少ない|adjective|a small number of	month|一ヶ月|noun|a period of thirty days	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	year|一年|noun|a period of twelve months	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
In the long run, the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him;	長期的には、労働者は主人にとって主人が労働者にとって必要であるのと同じくらい必要であるかもしれない。	in the long run|長期的には|adverb|eventually	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	as necessary as|同じくらい必要である|adjective|to the same degree or extent	to|にとって|preposition|for
but the necessity is not so immediate.	しかし、その必要性は即時的ではない。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	immediate|即時的|adjective|happening or done without delay

We rarely hear, it has been said, of the combinations of masters, though frequently of those of workmen.	主人の組合についてはめったに聞かないが、労働者の組合についてはよく聞く。	rarely|めったに|adverb|not often; seldom	hear|聞く|verb|perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)	combination|組合|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a person who does manual or industrial work
But whoever imagines, upon this account, that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject.	しかし、このことから主人がめったに団結しないと考えるのは、この問題について無知であるのと同じくらい世間知らずである。	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image or concept of	upon this account|このことから|adverb|for this reason	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	rarely|めったに|adverb|not often; seldom	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge together	ignorant|無知である|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	subject|問題|noun|a matter or topic that is being discussed or studied
Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate.	主人はいつでもどこでも、労働者の賃金を実際の率以上に上げないために、暗黙のうちに、しかし常に一様に団結している。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	always|いつでも|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of; a type of	tacit|暗黙の|adjective|expressed or understood without being directly stated	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	uniform|一様な|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	combination|団結|noun|the joining of two or more things	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
To violate this combination is everywhere a most unpopular action, and a sort of reproach to a master among his neighbours and equals.	この団結を破ることは、どこでも最も不評を買う行為であり、主人にとって近隣や同業者の間で一種の非難の対象となる。	violate|破る|verb|break or fail to comply with	combination|団結|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	most|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent	unpopular|不評を買う|adjective|not liked or popular	action|行為|noun|something that is done	sort|一種の|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	reproach|非難|noun|a rebuke or criticism	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	neighbour|近隣|noun|a person who lives near another	equal|同業者|noun|a person or thing considered to be the same as or equivalent to another in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.
We seldom, indeed, hear of this combination, because it is the usual, and, one may say, the natural state of things, which nobody ever hears of.	確かに、この団結についてはめったに聞かないが、それは通常のことであり、ある意味自然な状態なので、誰も聞いたことがない。	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	hear of|聞く|verb|be informed of	combination|団結|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time
Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate.	主人もまた、労働者の賃金をこの率よりもさらに下げるために、特別な団結を結ぶことがある。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	enter into|結ぶ|verb|to become involved in	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	combination|団結|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	sink|下げる|verb|to go down or cause to go down	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
These are always conducted with the utmost silence and secrecy till the moment of execution;	これらは常に、実行の瞬間まで最大限の沈黙と秘密を守って行われる。	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	conduct|行う|verb|organize and carry out	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	silence|沈黙|noun|absence of sound or noise	secrecy|秘密|noun|the condition of being kept or done in secret	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time
and when the workmen yield, as they sometimes do without resistance, though severely felt by them, they are never heard of by other people.	そして、労働者が屈服したとき、彼らは時々抵抗せずにそうするが、彼らはひどく感じたとしても、他の人々は決してそれを聞かない。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	yield|屈服する|verb|give way to pressure, force, or persuasion	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	without|せずに|preposition|not having or not doing something	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or comply with something	severely|ひどく|adverb|to a great degree	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
Such combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary defensive combination of the workmen, who sometimes, too, without any provocation of this kind, combine, of their own accord, to raise the price of their labour.	しかし、このような団結は、労働者の反対の防御的団結によってしばしば抵抗され、労働者は、この種の挑発なしに、自らの意志で団結して労働の価格を上げようとすることがある。	combination|団結|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	contrary|反対の|adjective|opposite in nature or direction	defensive|防御的|adjective|serving to defend or protect	combination|団結|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	provocation|挑発|noun|the action of provoking	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge	own|自らの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	accord|意志|noun|a formal agreement	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position
Their usual pretences are, sometimes the high price of provisions, sometimes the great profit which their masters make by their work.	彼らの通常の口実は、時には食料の高価格であり、時には主人が彼らの仕事によって得る大きな利益である。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	pretence|口実|noun|a false appearance or action intended to deceive; a pretext	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	great profit|大きな利益|noun|a large amount of money that is gained from a business or investment	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
But whether their combinations be offensive or defensive, they are always abundantly heard of.	しかし、彼らの団結が攻撃的であろうと防御的であろうと、彼らのことは常によく聞こえてくる。	combination|団結|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	offensive|攻撃的|adjective|causing someone to feel hurt, angry, or upset	defensive|防御的|adjective|used for defending or protecting	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	abundantly|よく|adverb|in large amounts; plentifully
In order to bring the point to a speedy decision, they have always recourse to the loudest clamour, and sometimes to the most shocking violence and outrage.	問題を迅速に解決するために、彼らは常に最も大きな騒ぎに訴え、時には最も衝撃的な暴力や暴行に訴える。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	bring|至らせる|verb|cause to come to a certain place, condition, or conclusion	point|問題|noun|the most important part of something	speedy|迅速な|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	decision|解決|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	recourse|訴える|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	loudest|最も大きな|adjective|having or making a great deal of noise	clamour|騒ぎ|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	most shocking|最も衝撃的な|adjective|causing great surprise or disgust	violence|暴力|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	outrage|暴行|noun|an act of violence or other violation of the law
They are desperate, and act with the folly and extravagance of desperate men, who must either starve, or frighten their masters into an immediate compliance with their demands.	彼らは絶望しており、飢え死にするか、主人を脅して要求に即座に応じさせるしかない絶望的な人間の愚かさと狂暴さで行動する。	desperate|絶望的な|adjective|having lost all hope	act|行動する|verb|do something	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness	extravagance|狂暴さ|noun|the quality of being extravagant	starve|飢え死にする|verb|die of hunger	frighten|脅す|verb|make someone afraid	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	immediate|即座の|adjective|happening or done without delay	compliance|応じる|noun|the action or fact of complying with something
The masters, upon these occasions, are just as clamorous upon the other side, and never cease to call aloud for the assistance of the civil magistrate, and the rigorous execution of those laws which have been enacted with so much severity against the combination of servants, labourers, and journeymen.	このような場合、主人は反対側で騒ぎ立て、召使、労働者、職人の団結に対して非常に厳しく制定された法律の厳格な執行と、行政官の援助を大声で呼びかけ続ける。	upon|際に|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	just as|同様に|adverb|in the same way	clamorous|騒ぎ立てる|adjective|making a loud and confused noise	other side|反対側|noun|the opposite side	never cease|やめない|verb|not stop	call aloud|大声で呼びかける|verb|shout	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	civil magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	rigorous execution|厳格な執行|noun|the strict and thorough application of a law or rule	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	severity|厳しさ|noun|the quality or state of being severe	combination|団結|noun|the joining of two or more things	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is employed by another
The workmen, accordingly, very seldom derive any advantage from the violence of those tumultuous combinations, which, partly from the interposition of the civil magistrate, partly from the superior steadiness of the masters, partly from the necessity which the greater part of the workmen are under of submitting for the sake of present subsistence, generally end in nothing but the punishment or ruin of the ringleaders.	したがって、労働者は、これらの騒々しい団結の暴力から利益を得ることはめったになく、それは、一部は行政官の介入、一部は主人の優れた堅固さ、一部は労働者の大部分が現在の生計のために服従せざるを得ない必要性から、一般的に首謀者の処罰や破滅に終わる。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	violence|暴力|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	tumultuous|騒々しい|adjective|making a lot of noise	combination|団結|noun|the joining of two or more things	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	interposition|介入|noun|the action of intervening	civil magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	steadiness|堅固さ|noun|the quality or state of being steady	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	under|下|preposition|below or beneath something	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	end|終わる|verb|come or bring to a final point; finish	nothing|何もない|noun|not anything; no single thing	punishment|処罰|noun|the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offence	ruin|破滅|noun|the physical destruction or collapse of something

But though, in disputes with their workmen, masters must generally have the advantage, there is, however, a certain rate, below which it seems impossible to reduce, for any considerable time, the ordinary wages even of the lowest species of labour.	しかし、労働者との争いでは、主人が一般的に有利になるはずだが、それでも、ある程度の率があり、それ以下になると、かなりの期間、最も低い労働種の通常の賃金でさえも下げることが不可能になるように思われる。	dispute|争い|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	have the advantage|有利になる|verb|be in a more favorable position	there is|ある|verb|exist	certain|ある程度の|adjective|particular; specific	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure	below|それ以下|adverb|at a lower level or position	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

A man must always live by his work, and his wages must at least be sufficient to maintain him.	人は常に自分の労働で生活しなければならず、賃金は少なくとも自分を養うのに十分でなければならない。	live|生活する|verb|be alive	work|労働|noun|effort exerted to do or accomplish something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
They must even upon most occasions be somewhat more, otherwise it would be impossible for him to bring up a family, and the race of such workmen could not last beyond the first generation.	ほとんどの場合、それらはさらに多くなるはずで、そうでなければ、彼が家族を養うことは不可能であり、そのような労働者の種族は第一世代を超えて存続することはできない。	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	bring up|養う|verb|to care for and educate	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	race|種族|noun|a group of people who share the same culture, history, language, etc.	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	generation|世代|noun|all of the people born and living at about the same time
Mr Cantillon seems, upon this account, to suppose that the lowest species of common labourers must everywhere earn at least double their own maintenance, in order that, one with another, they may be enabled to bring up two children;	カンティヨン氏は、この説明によると、一般労働者の最も低い種は、どこでも少なくとも自分の維持費の2倍を稼がなければならないと仮定しているようで、そうすれば、彼らは2人の子供を育てることができるようになる。	Mr Cantillon|カンティヨン氏|noun|Richard Cantillon, an Irish-French economist	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	upon this account|この説明によると|phrase|according to this explanation	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least importance or value	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	double|2倍|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving something	in order that|そうすれば|phrase|with the intention that; so that	one with another|彼らは|phrase|taken all together; on an average	bring up|育てる|verb|care for and educate (a child)
the labour of the wife, on account of her necessary attendance on the children, being supposed no more than sufficient to provide for herself:	妻の労働は、子供の世話が必要なため、自分を養うのに十分なだけだと想定されている。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wife|妻|noun|a married woman	attendance|世話|noun|the action of going regularly to an institution	children|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	suppose|想定される|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	provide|養う|verb|supply or make available for use
But one half the children born, it is computed, die before the age of manhood.	しかし、生まれた子供の半分は、成人する前に死ぬと計算されている。	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	born|生まれる|verb|come into existence	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	manhood|成人|noun|the state of being a man	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living
The poorest labourers, therefore, according to this account, must, one with another, attempt to rear at least four children, in order that two may have an equal chance of living to that age.	したがって、この説明によると、最も貧しい労働者は、2人がその年齢まで生きる機会を平等に得るために、少なくとも4人の子供を育てようとしなければならない。	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or possessions	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	this|この|adjective|the person or thing that is close to or being indicated or experienced by the speaker	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	one with another|互いに|adverb|in relation to each other	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	rear|育てる|verb|bring up a child	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	four|4|numeral|the number 4	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	two|2|numeral|the number 2	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	equal|平等な|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	chance|機会|noun|a possibility or probability	live|生きる|verb|be alive	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived or a thing has existed
But the necessary maintenance of four children, it is supposed, may be nearly equal to that of one man.	しかし、4人の子供の必要な維持費は、1人の男性の維持費とほぼ同じであると想定されている。	four|4人の|numeral|the number 4	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	one|1人の|numeral|the number 1	man|男性|noun|an adult male human being
The labour of an able-bodied slave, the same author adds, is computed to be worth double his maintenance;	同じ著者は、健常な奴隷の労働は、彼の維持費の2倍の価値があると計算されていると付け加えている。	able-bodied|健常な|adjective|physically fit and healthy	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	add|付け加える|verb|say something further	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something
and that of the meanest labourer, he thinks, cannot be worth less than that of an able-bodied slave.	そして、最も卑しい労働者の労働は、健常な奴隷の労働よりも価値が低いはずはないと彼は考えている。	mean|卑しい|adjective|of little value or importance	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable	less|低い|adjective|of a lower standard or quality	able-bodied|健常な|adjective|physically fit and healthy	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
Thus far at least seems certain, that, in order to bring up a family, the labour of the husband and wife together must, even in the lowest species of common labour, be able to earn something more than what is precisely necessary for their own maintenance;	少なくともここまでは確かなことのように思われるが、家族を養うためには、夫婦の労働は、最も低い種類の一般労働でさえ、自分たちの維持に必要なものよりも少し多く稼ぐことができなければならない。	bring up|養う|verb|to care for and educate a child	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	husband|夫|noun|a married man	wife|妻|noun|a married woman	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least importance or value	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	common|一般|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition
but in what proportion, whether in that above-mentioned, or many other, I shall not take upon me to determine.	しかし、どの程度の割合で、上記の割合か、あるいは他の多くの割合か、私は決定するつもりはない。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	above-mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	take upon oneself|決定する|verb|to decide to do something

There are certain circumstances, however, which sometimes give the labourers an advantage, and enable them to raise their wages considerably above this rate, evidently the lowest which is consistent with common humanity.	しかし、労働者に有利に働き、一般の人道に適合する最低賃金であるこの率を大幅に上回る賃上げを可能にする状況もある。	give an advantage|有利に働く|verb|to provide a favorable circumstance	enable|可能にする|verb|to make possible	raise|上げる|verb|to increase	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least importance or value	consistent|適合する|adjective|in agreement or harmony with	humanity|人道|noun|the human race

When in any country the demand for those who live by wages, labourers, journeymen, servants of every kind, is continually increasing;	どの国でも、賃金で生活する人々、労働者、職人、あらゆる種類の使用人に対する需要が絶えず増加しているとき、	in any country|どの国でも|adverb|in any nation	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	those who live by wages|賃金で生活する人々|noun|people who earn money by working	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	journeyman|職人|noun|a person who has completed an apprenticeship and is fully trained in a trade or craft	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
when every year furnishes employment for a greater number than had been employed the year before, the workmen have no occasion to combine in order to raise their wages.	毎年、前年よりも多くの雇用が提供されるとき、労働者は賃上げのために団結する必要がない。	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	greater number|より多くの|noun|a larger number	the year before|前年|noun|the year before the current year	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	have no occasion to|する必要がない|verb|not have a reason to	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge together	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of
The scarcity of hands occasions a competition among masters, who bid against one another in order to get workmen, and thus voluntarily break through the natural combination of masters not to raise wages.	労働者の不足は、労働者を得るために互いに競い合い、賃金を上げないための主人たちの自然な組み合わせを自発的に打ち破る主人たちの間の競争を引き起こす。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over something	bid|競い合う|verb|offer a price for something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	break through|打ち破る|verb|to make a way through something	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
The demand for those who live by wages, it is evident, cannot increase but in proportion to the increase of the funds which are destined to the payment of wages.	賃金で生活する人々の需要は、賃金の支払いに充てられる資金の増加に比例してしか増加できないことは明らかである。	live by|で生活する|verb|to earn a living by	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
These funds are of two kinds, first, the revenue which is over and above what is necessary for the maintenance;	これらの資金には二種類あり、第一に、維持に必要な額を超える収入である。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	two|二|numeral|one more than one	first|第一|numeral|coming before all others in time or order; 1st	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition
and, secondly, the stock which is over and above what is necessary for the employment of their masters.	第二に、主人の雇用に必要な額を超える資本である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	over and above|を超える|adverb|in addition to	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing

When the landlord, annuitant, or monied man, has a greater revenue than what he judges sufficient to maintain his own family, he employs either the whole or a part of the surplus in maintaining one or more menial servants.	地主、年金生活者、または金持ちが、自分の家族を養うのに十分だと判断するよりも多くの収入を得ている場合、彼は余剰分の全部または一部を、一人以上の下私を養うために使う。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	annuitant|年金生活者|noun|a person who receives an annuity	monied|金持ち|adjective|having a lot of money	revenue|収入|noun|income	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	employ|使う|verb|use	one or more|一人以上|noun|at least one	menial|下僕|noun|a person who does work that is considered to be of low status
Increase this surplus, and he will naturally increase the number of those servants.	この余剰分を増やせば、彼は当然、使用人の数を増やすだろう。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that remains after use or need	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one

When an independent workman, such as a weaver or shoemaker, has got more stock than what is sufficient to purchase the materials of his own work, and to maintain himself till he can dispose of it, he naturally employs one or more journeymen with the surplus, in order to make a profit by their work.	織工や靴職人のような独立した職人が、自分の仕事の材料を購入し、それを処分するまで自分を養うのに十分な資本よりも多くの資本を得た場合、彼は当然、その余剰分で一人以上の職人を雇い、彼らの仕事で利益を得ようとする。	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with others	workman|職人|noun|a person who works in a skilled trade	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	shoemaker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	maintain|養う|verb|support oneself	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	employ|雇う|verb|give work to	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
Increase this surplus, and he will naturally increase the number of his journeymen.	この余剰分を増やせば、彼は当然、職人の数を増やすだろう。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is left over when requirements have been met	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected; of course	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person

The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without it.	したがって、賃金で生活する人々の需要は、必然的にあらゆる国の収入と資本の増加に伴って増加し、それなしに増加することはありえない。	live by|で生活する|verb|to earn a living by	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The increase of revenue and stock is the increase of national wealth.	収入と資本の増加は、国民の富の増加である。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	national wealth|国民の富|noun|the total value of money and other assets owned by a nation
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, naturally increases with the increase of national wealth, and cannot possibly increase without it.	したがって、賃金で生活する人々の需要は、当然のことながら国民の富の増加に伴って増加し、それなしに増加することはありえない。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	live|生活する|verb|be alive	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	national wealth|国民の富|noun|the total value of money and other assets owned by a nation's citizens	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by

It is not the actual greatness of national wealth, but its continual increase, which occasions a rise in the wages of labour.	労働賃金の上昇をもたらすのは、国民の富の実際の多大さではなく、その継続的な増加である。	national wealth|国民の富|noun|the total value of money and other assets owned by the citizens of a nation	actual greatness|実際の多大さ|noun|the actual size or extent of something	continual increase|継続的な増加|noun|a steady increase in something	rise in the wages of labour|労働賃金の上昇|noun|an increase in the amount of money that workers are paid
It is not, accordingly, in the richest countries, but in the most thriving, or in those which are growing rich the fastest, that the wages of labour are highest.	したがって、労働賃金が最も高いのは、最も豊かな国ではなく、最も繁栄している国、あるいは最も急速に豊かになっている国である。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	richest|最も豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	fastest|最も急速に|adverb|at high speed	highest|最も高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
England is certainly, in the present times, a much richer country than any part of North America.	イギリスは、確かに、現時点では、北米のどの地域よりもはるかに豊かな国である。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	present time|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	richer|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The wages of labour, however, are much higher in North America than in any part of England.	しかし、労働賃金は、北米ではイギリスのどの地域よりもはるかに高い。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
In the province of New York, common labourers earned in 1773, before the commencement of the late disturbances, three shillings and sixpence currency, equal to two shillings sterling, a-day; ship-carpenters, ten shillings and sixpence currency, with a pint of rum, worth sixpence sterling, equal in all to six shillings and sixpence sterling;	ニューヨーク州では、一般労働者は、1773年、最近の騒動が始まる前には、3シリング6ペンスの通貨、つまり1日2シリングを稼いでいた。船大工は、10シリング6ペンスの通貨と、6ペンス相当のラム酒1パイントで、合計6シリング6ペンスに相当する。	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	earn|稼ぐ|verb|receive money in return for work or through investments	1773|1773年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	three shillings and sixpence|3シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	two shillings|2シリング|noun|a sum of money	ship-carpenter|船大工|noun|a person who builds and repairs ships	ten shillings and sixpence|10シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money	pint|パイント|noun|a unit of liquid volume	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a sum of money	six shillings and sixpence|6シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money
house-carpenters and bricklayers, eight shillings currency, equal to four shillings and sixpence sterling;	大工やレンガ職人は、8シリングの通貨で、4シリング6ペンスに相当する。	house-carpenter|大工|noun|a carpenter who builds houses	bricklayer|レンガ職人|noun|a person who builds with bricks	eight shillings|8シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one fortieth of a pound	sterling|スターリング|noun|the official currency of the United Kingdom
journeymen tailors, five shillings currency, equal to about two shillings and tenpence sterling.	職人の仕立て屋は、5シリングの通貨で、約2シリング10ペンスに相当する。	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	equal|相当する|verb|be the same as or equivalent to	about|約|adverb|approximately	two shillings|2シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	tenpence|10ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth ten pennies	sterling|スターリング|noun|the official currency of the United Kingdom
These prices are all above the London price;	これらの価格はすべてロンドンの価格を上回っている。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
and wages are said to be as high in the other colonies as in New York.	そして、他の植民地でもニューヨークと同じくらい賃金が高いと言われている。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	be said to be|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern US
The price of provisions is everywhere in North America much lower than in England.	北米ではどこでも食料の価格がイギリスよりもずっと安い。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
A dearth has never been known there.	飢饉はそこでは知られていない。	dearth|飢饉|noun|a lack of something
In the worst seasons they have always had a sufficiency for themselves, though less for exportation.	最悪の季節でも、輸出量は減るものの、彼らは常に自給自足してきた。	worst|最悪の|adjective|of the poorest quality or the most unpleasant	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	sufficiency|自給自足|noun|the state or condition of having enough of something	less|減る|adjective|a smaller amount of	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
If the money price of labour, therefore, be higher than it is anywhere in the mother-country, its real price, the real command of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it conveys to the labourer, must be higher in a still greater proportion.	だから、労働の貨幣価格が母国のどこよりも高ければ、その実質価格、つまり労働者に与えられる生活必需品や便利品の実際の支配力は、さらに大きな割合で高くなければならない。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	mother-country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of something in terms of goods or services	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is convenient or useful	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole

But though North America is not yet so rich as England, it is much more thriving, and advancing with much greater rapidity to the further acquisition of riches.	しかし、北米はイギリスほど豊かではないが、はるかに繁栄しており、富のさらなる獲得に向けてはるかに急速に進歩している。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	advancing|進歩している|verb|move forward	acquisition|獲得|noun|the act of getting something
The most decisive mark of the prosperity of any country is the increase of the number of its inhabitants.	どの国の繁栄においても最も決定的な印は、その住民数の増加である。	mark|印|noun|a sign or indication of something	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
In Great Britain, and most other European countries, they are not supposed to double in less than five hundred years.	イギリスや他のヨーロッパ諸国のほとんどでは、500年未満で倍増することはないと考えられている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	five hundred years|500年|noun|a period of time equal to 500 years	double|倍増する|verb|become twice as great or as many
In the British colonies in North America, it has been found that they double in twenty or five-and-twenty years.	北米のイギリス植民地では、20年または25年で倍増することがわかった。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-four and one
Nor in the present times is this increase principally owing to the continual importation of new inhabitants, but to the great multiplication of the species.	また、この増加は、現在では、主に新しい住民の継続的な移入によるものではなく、種の大幅な増加によるものである。	Nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	owing to|による|preposition|because of	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	importation|移入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
Those who live to old age, it is said, frequently see there from fifty to a hundred, and sometimes many more, descendants from their own body.	老齢まで生きる人は、そこで自分の肉体から生まれた子孫を50人から100人、時にはそれ以上見かけることがあるという。	old age|老齢|noun|the later part of life	live to|まで生きる|verb|survive until	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	see|見かける|verb|perceive with the eyes	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to five times ten	hundred|100|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to ten times ten	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; now and then	many|それ以上|adjective|a large number of	descendant|子孫|noun|a person who is descended from another	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	body|肉体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal
Labour is there so well rewarded, that a numerous family of children, instead of being a burden, is a source of opulence and prosperity to the parents.	労働はそこでは非常に報われるので、子供の多い家族は、重荷になるどころか、親にとって豊かさと繁栄の源である。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	reward|報われる|verb|give a reward to	numerous|多い|adjective|many	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	burden|重荷|noun|a heavy load	source|源|noun|the place or thing from which something comes or is obtained	opulence|豊かさ|noun|wealth or luxury	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous
The labour of each child, before it can leave their house, is computed to be worth a hundred pounds clear gain to them.	子供が家を出るまで、一人一人の労働は、彼らにとって100ポンドの純益に値すると計算されている。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	leave|出る|verb|go away from a place	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	worth|値する|adjective|deserving to be treated or regarded in the way specified	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	clear|純粋な|adjective|free from doubt or confusion	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources
A young widow with four or five young children, who, among the middling or inferior ranks of people in Europe, would have so little chance for a second husband, is there frequently courted as a sort of fortune.	ヨーロッパの中流階級や下層階級では、4、5人の幼い子供を持つ若い未亡人が再婚する機会はほとんどないだろうが、そこでは一種の幸運として求婚されることがよくある。	young widow|若い未亡人|noun|a woman whose husband has died	four or five|4、5人の|noun|the number 4 or 5	young children|幼い子供|noun|a person who is young	middling or inferior ranks|中流階級や下層階級|noun|the middle or lower classes	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	second husband|再婚|noun|a man who is married to a woman who has been married before	frequently|よく|adverb|many times; often	court|求婚する|verb|try to win the love of	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of; a type of	fortune|幸運|noun|a large amount of money
The value of children is the greatest of all encouragements to marriage.	子供の価値は、結婚を促すあらゆる要因の中で最も大きい。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman)
We cannot, therefore, wonder that the people in North America should generally marry very young.	したがって、北アメリカの人々が一般的に非常に若くして結婚するのは不思議ではない。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time
Notwithstanding the great increase occasioned by such early marriages, there is a continual complaint of the scarcity of hands in North America.	このような早婚によって人口が大幅に増加したにもかかわらず、北米では労働力不足の不満が絶えない。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	great|大幅な|adjective|of major significance or importance	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	occasion|によって|verb|cause or produce	early|早い|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman)	there is|がある|verb|exist	continual|絶えない|adjective|never stopping or ending	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	hand|労働力|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere, extending northward from the Colombia-Panama border and including Central America, Mexico, the islands of the Caribbean Sea, the united states, Canada, and Greenland
The demand for labourers, the funds destined for maintaining them increase, it seems, still faster than they can find labourers to employ.	労働者の需要、彼らを維持するための資金は、雇用する労働者を見つけるよりもさらに急速に増加しているようだ。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it

Though the wealth of a country should be very great, yet if it has been long stationary, we must not expect to find the wages of labour very high in it.	一国の富が非常に大きくても、それが長い間停滞しているならば、その国で労働賃金が非常に高くなることを期待してはならない。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	great|非常に大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	long|長い間|adjective|having a great distance or duration	stationary|停滞している|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The funds destined for the payment of wages, the revenue and stock of its inhabitants, may be of the greatest extent;	賃金の支払いに充てられる資金、住民の収入と資産は、最大の規模になるかもしれない。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	stock|資産|noun|the goods or property of a business	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something
but if they have continued for several centuries of the same, or very nearly of the same extent, the number of labourers employed every year could easily supply, and even more than supply, the number wanted the following year.	しかし、それらが数世紀にわたって同じ、あるいはほぼ同じ規模で続いた場合、毎年雇用される労働者の数は、翌年に必要な数を容易に供給し、供給量を上回ることさえできる。	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	several centuries|数世紀|noun|a period of time lasting from 100 to 999 years	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	every year|毎年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	more than|上回る|adverb|to a greater extent than	following year|翌年|noun|the year after the present year
There could seldom be any scarcity of hands, nor could the masters be obliged to bid against one another in order to get them.	労働力が不足することはめったになく、主人は労働者を得るために互いに競り合うことを余儀なくされることもない。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	hand|労働力|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over people or things	bid|競り合う|verb|offer a price for something	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold
The hands, on the contrary, would, in this case, naturally multiply beyond their employment.	それどころか、この場合、労働力は自然に雇用を超えて増加するだろう。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite	hand|労働力|noun|a person employed in manual or industrial work	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	multiply|増加する|verb|increase in number or quantity	beyond|超えて|preposition|on the farther side of
There would be a constant scarcity of employment, and the labourers would be obliged to bid against one another in order to get it.	雇用は常に不足し、労働者はそれを得るために互いに競り合うことを余儀なくされるだろう。	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or situation in which something is not available in sufficient quantities	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	be obliged to|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	bid|競り合う|verb|offer a price for something
If in such a country the wages of labour had ever been more than sufficient to maintain the labourer, and to enable him to bring up a family, the competition of the labourers and the interest of the masters would soon reduce them to the lowest rate which is consistent with common humanity.	そのような国で労働者の賃金が労働者を維持し、家族を養うのに十分すぎるほど高かったとしたら、労働者の競争と主人の利害はすぐにそれを一般の人道に適合する最低の率にまで引き下げるだろう。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over others	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	humanity|人道|noun|the human race
China has been long one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, and most populous, countries in the world.	中国は長い間、世界で最も豊かな国の一つ、つまり最も肥沃で、最も耕作が進み、最も勤勉で、最も人口の多い国の一つだった。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	richest|最も豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	that is|つまり|conjunction|in other words	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	most fertile|最も肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit	best cultivated|最も耕作が進んだ|adjective|most improved by labor, care, or study	most industrious|最も勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	most populous|最も人口の多い|adjective|having a large population	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It seems, however, to have been long stationary.	しかし、長い間停滞していたように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	long|長い|adjective|having a great extent or duration	stationary|停滞している|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved
Marco Polo, who visited it more than five hundred years ago, describes its cultivation, industry, and populousness, almost in the same terms in which they are described by travellers in the present times.	五百年以上前に中国を訪れたマルコ・ポーロは、その耕作、産業、人口の多さを、現代の旅行者が記述するのとほぼ同じ言葉で記述している。	Marco Polo|マルコ・ポーロ|noun|a Venetian merchant traveler who wrote about his travels in Asia	visit|訪れる|verb|go to see a person or place	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	five hundred years ago|五百年前|noun|a period of time that began 500 years ago	describe|記述する|verb|give an account of something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	populousness|人口の多さ|noun|the state of having a large population	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept	traveller|旅行者|noun|a person who is travelling or who often travels	present time|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now
It had, perhaps, even long before his time, acquired that full complement of riches which the nature of its laws and institutions permits it to acquire.	おそらく、彼の時代よりずっと前から、中国はその法律や制度の性質上、獲得できる富をすべて獲得していたのだろう。	long before|ずっと前に|adverb|a long time before	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
The accounts of all travellers, inconsistent in many other respects, agree in the low wages of labour, and in the difficulty which a labourer finds in bringing up a family in China.	他の多くの点で矛盾するすべての旅行者の説明は、労働賃金の低さと、中国で労働者が家族を養うことの難しさに一致している。	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	traveller|旅行者|noun|a person who is travelling or who often travels	inconsistent|矛盾する|adjective|not staying the same throughout	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	agree|一致する|verb|have the same opinion about something	low|低い|adjective|not high or tall	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made to a worker	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	difficulty|難しさ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice something	bring up|養う|verb|care for and educate a child
If by digging the ground a whole day he can get what will purchase a small quantity of rice in the evening, he is contented.	一日中地面を掘って、夕方には少量の米を買えるだけのものを手に入れることができれば、彼は満足する。	dig|掘る|verb|break up and move earth with a tool or machine	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	whole day|一日中|noun|the entire day	evening|夕方|noun|the period of a day from the end of the afternoon to the beginning of night	rice|米|noun|a grass that is cultivated in warm climates and is the source of the staple food of many Asian countries	contented|満足する|adjective|in a state of peaceful happiness
The condition of artificers is, if possible, still worse.	職人の状況は、可能ならば、さらに悪い。	condition|状況|noun|the state of something	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
Instead of waiting indolently in their work-houses for the calls of their customers, as in Europe, they are continually running about the streets with the tools of their respective trades, offering their services, and, as it were, begging employment.	ヨーロッパのように、彼らは仕事場で怠惰に顧客の呼び出しを待つ代わりに、それぞれの商売道具を持って街を走り回り、奉仕を申し出て、いわば仕事を求めている。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	wait|待つ|verb|stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or until something else happens	indolently|怠惰に|adverb|in a lazy manner	work-house|仕事場|noun|a place where people work	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	call|呼び出し|noun|a request or command to come or do something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	run about|走り回る|verb|move quickly or busily from one place to another	street|街|noun|a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	trade|商売|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	offer|申し出る|verb|present or proffer	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	beg|求める|verb|ask for something, typically food or money, as charity or a gift
The poverty of the lower ranks of people in China far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe.	中国の下層階級の貧困は、ヨーロッパで最も貧しい国々の貧困をはるかに上回っている。	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	lower ranks|下層階級|noun|the lowest social class	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	far surpass|はるかに上回る|verb|be greatly superior to	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
In the neighbourhood of Canton, many hundred, it is commonly said, many thousand families have no habitation on the land, but live constantly in little fishing-boats upon the rivers and canals.	広州の近隣では、何百、いや何千もの家族が陸上に住居を持たず、川や運河の小さな漁船で生活しているといわれている。	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	Canton|広州|noun|a city in southern China	many hundred|何百|noun|a large number	many thousand|何千|noun|a large number	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	have no habitation|住居を持たない|verb|not have a place to live	land|陸上|noun|the solid surface of the earth	live|生活する|verb|be alive	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway
The subsistence which they find there is so scanty, that they are eager to fish up the nastiest garbage thrown overboard from any European ship.	彼らがそこで得る生計は非常に乏しいので、彼らはヨーロッパの船から投げ捨てられた最も汚いゴミを釣り上げることに熱心である。	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	find|得る|verb|discover or notice	scanty|乏しい|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	eager|熱心である|adjective|strongly desirous	fish up|釣り上げる|verb|to catch something by fishing	garbage|ゴミ|noun|trash; refuse
Any carrion, the carcase of a dead dog or cat, for example, though half putrid and stinking, is as welcome to them as the most wholesome food to the people of other countries.	どんな腐肉でも、例えば死んだ犬や猫の死骸でも、半分腐って悪臭を放っていても、彼らにとっては他の国の人々にとって最も健康的な食べ物と同じくらい歓迎される。	carrion|腐肉|noun|the decaying flesh of dead animals	carcase|死骸|noun|the dead body of an animal	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	putrid|腐った|adjective|decaying or rotting and emitting a fetid smell	stinking|悪臭を放つ|adjective|having a very unpleasant smell	welcome|歓迎される|verb|be glad to receive or hear	wholesome|健康的な|adjective|promoting or conducive to health or well-being	food|食べ物|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms, especially by human beings, in order to sustain life and for growth
Marriage is encouraged in China, not by the profitableness of children, but by the liberty of destroying them.	中国では、子供の有益性によってではなく、子供を殺す自由によって結婚が奨励されている。	marriage|結婚|noun|the state of being married	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	profitableness|有益性|noun|the quality of being profitable	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	destroy|殺す|verb|cause the destruction of
In all great towns, several are every night exposed in the street, or drowned like puppies in the water.	すべての大都市では、毎晩何人かが路上に放置されたり、子犬のように水に溺れたりしている。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	great|大都市|adjective|of major significance or importance	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	several|何人か|determiner|more than two but not very many	every night|毎晩|adverb|on every night	expose|放置される|verb|leave without shelter or protection	street|路上|noun|a public road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	drown|溺れる|verb|die through submersion in and inhalation of water	puppy|子犬|noun|a young dog
The performance of this horrid office is even said to be the avowed business by which some people earn their subsistence.	この恐ろしい仕事の遂行は、一部の人々が生計を立てるための公然のビジネスであるとさえ言われている。	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	horrid|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause horror; shocking	office|仕事|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	be said to be|言われている|verb|be reported to be	avowed|公然の|adjective|openly acknowledged or declared	business|ビジネス|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labor or services	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing that is necessary to keep a person alive

China, however, though it may, perhaps, stand still, does not seem to go backwards.	しかし、中国は、おそらく停滞しているかもしれないが、後退しているようにはない。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	stand still|停滞する|verb|not move or change	go backwards|後退する|verb|move in the opposite direction of normal movement
Its towns are nowhere deserted by their inhabitants.	その町はどこも住民に見捨てられていない。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	nowhere|どこも|adverb|not anywhere	desert|見捨てる|verb|leave someone who needs or counts on you	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
The lands which had once been cultivated, are nowhere neglected.	かつて耕作されていた土地は、どこも放置されていない。	once|かつて|adverb|at some earlier time	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	nowhere|どこも|adverb|not anywhere	neglect|放置する|verb|fail to care for properly
The same, or very nearly the same, annual labour, must, therefore, continue to be performed, and the funds destined for maintaining it must not, consequently, be sensibly diminished.	したがって、同じ、あるいはほぼ同じ年労働が継続して行われなければならず、その結果、それを維持するための資金が著しく減少してはならない。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	annual|年|adjective|happening once a year	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	perform|行う|verb|carry out or accomplish	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
The lowest class of labourers, therefore, notwithstanding their scanty subsistence, must some way or another make shift to continue their race so far as to keep up their usual numbers.	したがって、最下層の労働者は、その乏しい生計にもかかわらず、通常の数を維持する限り、何らかの方法で種族を存続させるための工夫をしなければならない。	lowest|最下層の|adjective|of the least importance or value	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	scanty|乏しい|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing needed to live	make shift|工夫する|verb|to manage or contrive to do something	continue|存続させる|verb|to keep doing or keep happening	race|種族|noun|a group of people who share the same language, history, characteristics, etc.	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	keep up|維持する|verb|to maintain or continue at a certain rate or level	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly

But it would be otherwise in a country where the funds destined for the maintenance of labour were sensibly decaying.	しかし、労働の維持に充てられる資金が著しく減少している国では、そうではないだろう。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sensibly|著しく|adverb|in a reasonable or sensible manner	decay|減少する|verb|rot or decompose
Every year the demand for servants and labourers would, in all the different classes of employments, be less than it had been the year before.	毎年、あらゆる種類の雇用において、使用人や労働者の需要は前年よりも少なくなっていくだろう。	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to own a particular good	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
Many who had been bred in the superior classes, not being able to find employment in their own business, would be glad to seek it in the lowest.	上流階級で育った多くの人々は、自分の仕事に就くことができず、喜んで下層階級で仕事を求めるだろう。	superior|上流|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	breed|育つ|verb|be brought up in a particular way	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve
The lowest class being not only overstocked with its own workmen, but with the overflowings of all the other classes, the competition for employment would be so great in it, as to reduce the wages of labour to the most miserable and scanty subsistence of the labourer.	最下層階級は、その階級の労働者だけで過剰に供給されているだけでなく、他のすべての階級からあふれ出た人々で過剰に供給されているため、雇用をめぐる競争が激しく、労働者の賃金は最も悲惨で乏しい生計を維持できる程度にまで低下するだろう。	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or value	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	overstock|過剰に供給される|verb|have too much of something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	overflowing|あふれ出る|verb|flow over the brim of	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	great|激しい|adjective|of major significance or importance	reduce|低下する|verb|make or become smaller or less	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works
Many would not be able to find employment even upon these hard terms, but would either starve, or be driven to seek a subsistence, either by begging, or by the perpetration perhaps, of the greatest enormities.	多くの人は、このような厳しい条件のもとでさえも仕事を見つけることができず、飢え死にするか、あるいは物乞いをしたり、あるいは恐らくは最大の凶悪犯罪を犯したりして、生計を立てることを余儀なくされるだろう。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|仕事|noun|the state of being employed	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	hard|厳しい|adjective|requiring a great deal of effort	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept	starve|飢え死にする|verb|die of hunger	be driven to|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced to do something	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	begging|物乞い|noun|the activity of asking people for money or food	perpetration|犯行|noun|the act of committing a crime	perhaps|恐らく|adverb|possibly	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	enormity|凶悪犯罪|noun|an act of great wickedness
Want, famine, and mortality, would immediately prevail in that class, and from thence extend themselves to all the superior classes, till the number of inhabitants in the country was reduced to what could easily be maintained by the revenue and stock which remained in it, and which had escaped either the tyranny or calamity which had destroyed the rest.	欠乏、飢餓、死亡がその階級にすぐに蔓延し、そこからすべての上位階級に広がり、国の住民の数が、残った収入と資本で容易に維持できる数に減り、残りを破壊した暴政や災害から逃れるまで続くだろう。	want|欠乏|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	famine|飢餓|noun|extreme scarcity of food	mortality|死亡|noun|the state of being subject to death	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	prevail|蔓延する|verb|be widespread or current	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place or time	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	reduce|減る|verb|make or become smaller or less	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	escape|逃れる|verb|get free from a situation or place	tyranny|暴政|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress
This, perhaps, is nearly the present state of Bengal, and of some other of the English settlements in the East Indies.	これが、おそらく、ベンガルや東インドの他のイギリス人居住地の現在の状態に近い。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is close to you or that you are pointing at	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost; not quite	present state|現在の状態|noun|the current situation	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of South Asia	some other|他のいくつか|noun|an unspecified number of people or things	English settlement|イギリス人居住地|noun|a place where English people live	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia
In a fertile country, which had before been much depopulated, where subsistence, consequently, should not be very difficult, and where, notwithstanding, three or four hundred thousand people die of hunger in one year, we may be assured that the funds destined for the maintenance of the labouring poor are fast decaying.	以前は人口が大幅に減少していた肥沃な国では、生計を立てることはそれほど難しくはないはずだが、それにもかかわらず、1年間に30万から40万人が飢餓で亡くなっている。労働貧困層の維持に充てられる資金が急速に減少していることは間違いない。	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	depopulated|人口が減少した|verb|reduce the population of	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	three or four hundred thousand|30万から40万|noun|a number between 300,000 and 400,000	people|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	die|亡くなる|verb|stop living	hunger|飢餓|noun|a state of having a very strong desire or need for food	labouring|労働|adjective|involving hard work	poor|貧困|adjective|having little or no money and few or no possessions	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	destined|充てられる|verb|be intended for a particular purpose	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed	decaying|減少している|verb|rot or decompose
The difference between the genius of the British constitution, which protects and governs North America, and that of the mercantile company which oppresses and domineers in the East Indies, cannot, perhaps, be better illustrated than by the different state of those countries.	北米を保護し統治するイギリス憲法の天才と、東インドを抑圧し支配する商事会社の天才との違いは、おそらく、これらの国の異なる状態によって説明される以上に、よりよく説明することはできない。	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	govern|統治する|verb|rule over; exercise authority over	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia	mercantile|商事|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	company|会社|noun|a business organization	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	domineer|支配する|verb|rule or control in a harsh or arrogant manner	illustrate|説明する|verb|make clear or more easily understood	state|状態|noun|the condition of something

The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the necessary effect, so it is the natural symptom of increasing national wealth.	したがって、労働に対する十分な報酬は、それが必然的な結果であるように、国民の富が増加していることの自然な兆候である。	liberal|十分な|adjective|generous in amount	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	symptom|兆候|noun|a sign of the existence of something, especially of a disease or other disorder	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The scanty maintenance of the labouring poor, on the other hand, is the natural symptom that things are at a stand, and their starving condition, that they are going fast backwards.	一方、労働貧困層の維持が不十分であることは、物事が停滞していることの自然な兆候であり、彼らの飢餓状態は、彼らが急速に後退していることを示す。	scanty|不十分な|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	labouring poor|労働貧困層|noun|people who are poor and work for a living	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	natural symptom|自然な兆候|noun|a sign or indication of something	stand|停滞|noun|a state of inactivity	starving condition|飢餓状態|noun|a state of extreme hunger	go backwards|後退する|verb|move in the opposite direction of progress

In Great Britain, the wages of labour seem, in the present times, to be evidently more than what is precisely necessary to enable the labourer to bring up a family.	イギリスでは、労働者の賃金は、現時点では、労働者が家族を養うのに必要な額を明らかに上回っているように思われる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	present time|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	more than|上回る|preposition|to a greater degree or extent than	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	enable|可能にする|verb|to make possible	bring up|養う|verb|to care for and educate (a child)
In order to satisfy ourselves upon this point, it will not be necessary to enter into any tedious or doubtful calculation of what may be the lowest sum upon which it is possible to do this.	この点について自分たちを納得させるために、これを行うことが可能な最低額がいくらかについて、退屈で疑わしい計算に入る必要はない。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	satisfy|納得させる|verb|meet the requirements of	this point|この点|noun|the current topic	enter into|に入る|verb|become involved in	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable	calculation|計算|noun|the mathematical determination of the value of something	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least importance or value	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	possible|可能な|adjective|able to be done or achieved
There are many plain symptoms, that the wages of labour are nowhere in this country regulated by this lowest rate, which is consistent with common humanity.	労働者の賃金が、この国ではどこでも、一般の人道主義と一致するこの最低賃金によって規制されていないことを示す多くの明白な兆候がある。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least importance or value	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	humanity|人道主義|noun|the quality of being humane; benevolence

First, in almost every part of Great Britain there is a distinction, even in the lowest species of labour, between summer and winter wages.	第一に、イギリスのほとんどすべての地域で、夏と冬の賃金の間には、最も低い労働種でさえ区別がある。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	summer|夏|noun|the season of the year between spring and autumn	winter|冬|noun|the season of the year between autumn and spring	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
Summer wages are always highest.	夏の賃金は常に最高である。	summer|夏|noun|the season of the year between spring and autumn	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent
But, on account of the extraordinary expense of fuel, the maintenance of a family is most expensive in winter.	しかし、燃料の特別な出費のために、家族の維持費は冬に最も高くなる。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something	most expensive|最も高くなる|adjective|costing a great deal of money
Wages, therefore, being highest when this expense is lowest, it seems evident that they are not regulated by what is necessary for this expense, but by the quantity and supposed value of the work.	したがって、この出費が最も低いときに賃金が最も高くなるので、賃金はこの出費に必要なものによってではなく、仕事の量と想定される価値によって規制されていることは明らかである。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least height	highest|最も高い|adjective|of the greatest height	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
A labourer, it may be said, indeed, ought to save part of his summer wages, in order to defray his winter expense;	労働者は、確かに、冬の出費を賄うために夏の賃金の一部を貯蓄するべきだと言うことができる。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	summer|夏|noun|the season of the year between spring and autumn	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	winter|冬|noun|the season of the year between autumn and spring	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and that, through the whole year, they do not exceed what is necessary to maintain his family through the whole year.	そして、年間を通して、家族を維持するために必要な額を超えることはない。	through the whole year|年間を通して|adverb|for the entire year	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
A slave, however, or one absolutely dependent on us for immediate subsistence, would not be treated in this manner.	しかし、奴隷や、当面の生活を完全に私たちに依存している人は、このように扱われることはない。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	absolutely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally; utterly	dependent|依存している|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	immediate|当面の|adjective|happening or done without delay	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to provide the necessities of life	manner|扱い|noun|a way of doing something
His daily subsistence would be proportioned to his daily necessities.	彼の毎日の生活は、彼の毎日の必需品に比例するだろう。	daily|毎日の|adjective|happening or done every day	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to provide for oneself	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation to	daily necessities|毎日の必需品|noun|the things that are needed every day

Secondly, the wages of labour do not, in Great Britain, fluctuate with the price of provisions.	第二に、イギリスでは労働賃金は食料品の価格と連動していない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	fluctuate|連動する|verb|vary or change, especially in an irregular manner
These vary everywhere from year to year, frequently from month to month.	これらはどこでも年ごとに、またしばしば月ごとに変動する。	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in quality, amount, or level	year to year|年ごとに|adverb|from one year to the next	month to month|月ごとに|adverb|from one month to the next
But in many places, the money price of labour remains uniformly the same, sometimes for half a century together.	しかし、多くの場所では、労働の貨幣価格は、時には半世紀もの間、一様に同じままである。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	uniformly|一様に|adverb|in a consistent manner	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	half a century|半世紀|noun|a period of 50 years
If, in these places, therefore, the labouring poor can maintain their families in dear years, they must be at their ease in times of moderate plenty, and in affluence in those of extraordinary cheapness.	したがって、これらの場所で、労働貧困層が家族を養うことができるならば、彼らは適度に豊かな時代には安楽に過ごし、異常に安い時代には豊かに過ごすに違いない。	in these places|これらの場所で|adverb|in the places mentioned	labouring poor|労働貧困層|noun|people who are poor and have to work	maintain|養う|verb|support financially	dear years|飢饉の年|noun|years when food is scarce and expensive	at ease|安楽に|adverb|in a relaxed or comfortable state	moderate plenty|適度に豊かな|adjective|having a moderate amount of something	extraordinary cheapness|異常に安い|adjective|being much cheaper than usual
The high price of provisions during these ten years past, has not, in many parts of the kingdom, been accompanied with any sensible rise in the money price of labour.	この10年間の食料品の高価格は、王国の多くの地域で、労働の貨幣価格の顕著な上昇を伴っていない。	these ten years|この10年間|noun|the period of time from 10 years ago to the present	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	accompany|伴う|verb|go together with	sensible|顕著な|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It has, indeed, in some; owing, probably, more to the increase of the demand for labour, than to that of the price of provisions.	確かに、一部ではそうである。おそらく、食料品の価格の上昇よりも、労働需要の増加によるものである。	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	some|一部|noun|an unspecified amount or number of	owing|による|verb|have as a cause or source	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something

Thirdly, as the price of provisions varies more from year to year than the wages of labour, so, on the other hand, the wages of labour vary more from place to place than the price of provisions.	第三に、食料品の価格は労働賃金よりも年ごとに大きく変動するので、一方で、労働賃金は食料品の価格よりも場所によって大きく変動する。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	vary|変動する|verb|be different from one another	year to year|年ごとに|adverb|from one year to the next	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	place to place|場所によって|adverb|from one place to another
The prices of bread and butchers’ meat are generally the same, or very nearly the same, through the greater part of the united kingdom.	パンや肉屋の肉の価格は、イギリスの大部分で一般的に同じか、ほぼ同じである。	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	united kingdom|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland
These, and most other things which are sold by retail, the way in which the labouring poor buy all things, are generally fully as cheap, or cheaper, in great towns than in the remoter parts of the country, for reasons which I shall have occasion to explain hereafter.	これら、および小売りで販売される他のほとんどのものは、労働貧困層がすべてのものを買う方法であり、私が後で説明する理由により、一般的に国の遠隔地よりも大都市で安価である。	these|これら|pronoun|the things mentioned before	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	retail|小売り|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	labouring poor|労働貧困層|noun|people who are poor and have to work	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	cheaper|より安い|adjective|low in price or value	great town|大都市|noun|a large human settlement	remoter part|遠隔地|noun|a place that is far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	hereafter|後で|adverb|in the future
But the wages of labour in a great town and its neighbourhood are frequently a fourth or a fifth part, twenty or five-and—twenty per cent.	しかし、大都市とその周辺の労働賃金は、しばしば四分の一または五分の一、二〇パーセントまたは二五パーセントである。	great town|大都市|noun|a large town	neighbourhood|周辺|noun|the area around a place	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	fourth|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	twenty|二〇|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	five-and-twenty|二五|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of measure equal to one hundredth of a dollar
higher than at a few miles distance.	数マイル離れたところよりも高い。	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	a few miles|数マイル|noun|a small number of miles	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points
Eighteen pence a day may be reckoned the common price of labour in London and its neighbourhood.	ロンドンとその周辺の労働の一般的な価格は、一日十八ペンスと見積もられる。	eighteen pence|十八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	day|一日|noun|a period of time	reckon|見積もる|verb|calculate or estimate	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
At a few miles distance, it falls to fourteen and fifteen pence.	数マイル離れたところでは、それは十四、五ペンスに下がる。	a few miles|数マイル|noun|a small number of miles	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	fall|下がる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	fourteen|十四|noun|the number 14	fifteen|十五|noun|the number 15	pence|ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to one hundredth of a pound
Tenpence may be reckoned its price in Edinburgh and its neighbourhood.	エジンバラとその周辺では、その価格は十ペンスと見積もられる。	tenpence|十ペンス|noun|ten pence	be reckoned|見積もられる|verb|be calculated or estimated	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	neighbourhood|周辺|noun|the area around a place
At a few miles distance, it falls to eightpence, the usual price of common labour through the greater part of the low country of Scotland, where it varies a good deal less than in England.	数マイル離れたところでは、それは八ペンスに下がるが、これはスコットランドの低地の大部分における一般労働の通常価格であり、そこではイングランドよりもかなり変動が少ない。	a few miles|数マイル|noun|a small number of miles	fall|下がる|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|eight pennies	the usual price|通常価格|noun|the price that is normally charged	common labour|一般労働|noun|labour that is not specialized	the greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	the low country|低地|noun|a country that is low-lying	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
Such a difference of prices, which, it seems, is not always sufficient to transport a man from one parish to another, would necessarily occasion so great a transportation of the most bulky commodities, not only from one parish to another, but from one end of the kingdom, almost from one end of the world to the other, as would soon reduce them more nearly to a level.	このような価格差は、人を一つの小教区から別の小教区に移住させるには必ずしも十分ではないように思われるが、必然的に、最もかさばる商品を、一つの小教区から別の小教区へだけでなく、王国の端から端まで、ほとんど世界の端から端まで、大量に輸送することになり、すぐに価格がほぼ同じになるだろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	difference|差|noun|the state or relation of being different	parish|小教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	transport|移住させる|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and heavy or awkward to carry or use	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people and countries on it	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	level|同じ|adjective|having a flat and even surface without slopes or bumps
After all that has been said of the levity and inconstancy of human nature, it appears evidently from experience, that man is, of all sorts of luggage, the most difficult to be transported.	人間性の軽薄さや移り気についてあれこれ言われてきたが、経験から明らかになったのは、人間はあらゆる荷物の中で最も運びにくいということである。	after all|結局|adverb|in spite of everything	be said|言われる|verb|be expressed or described in words	levity|軽薄さ|noun|lack of seriousness	inconstancy|移り気|noun|lack of constancy; changeableness	human nature|人間性|noun|the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans	appear|明らかになる|verb|come into sight; become visible	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	luggage|荷物|noun|personal belongings packed for travel	be transported|運ばれる|verb|be taken or carried from one place to another
If the labouring poor, therefore, can maintain their families in those parts of the kingdom where the price of labour is lowest, they must be in affluence where it is highest.	したがって、労働貧民が労働価格が最も低い王国の地域で家族を養うことができるならば、彼らは労働価格が最も高い地域では裕福でなければならない。	labouring poor|労働貧民|noun|a person who is poor and has to work for a living	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least height	highest|最も高い|adjective|of the greatest height

Fourthly, the variations in the price of labour not only do not correspond, either in place or time, with those in the price of provisions, but they are frequently quite opposite.	第四に、労働価格の変動は、場所的にも時間的にも食料価格の変動と一致しないだけでなく、しばしば全く逆になる。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	correspond|一致する|verb|be in agreement or harmony	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	quite|全く|adverb|completely; absolutely	opposite|逆|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction

Grain, the food of the common people, is dearer in Scotland than in England, whence Scotland receives almost every year very large supplies.	一般庶民の食料である穀物は、スコットランドではイングランドよりも高価であり、スコットランドはほぼ毎年、イングランドから大量の穀物を受け取っている。	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	common people|一般庶民|noun|the ordinary people of a country	dearer|より高価|adjective|more expensive	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	whence|～から|adverb|from which place	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	almost every year|ほぼ毎年|adverb|nearly every year	very large supplies|大量の穀物|noun|a lot of grain
But English corn must be sold dearer in Scotland, the country to which it is brought, than in England, the country from which it comes;	しかし、イギリスの穀物は、それが運ばれる国であるスコットランドでは、それが生産される国であるイングランドよりも高く売られなければならない。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	be brought|運ばれる|verb|be taken or carried to a place	be produced|生産される|verb|be made or manufactured
and in proportion to its quality it cannot be sold dearer in Scotland than the Scotch corn that comes to the same market in competition with it.	そして、その品質に比例して、スコットランドでは、同じ市場で競合するスコットランド産の穀物よりも高く売ることはできない。	in proportion to|比例して|adverb|in a way that is directly related to	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	dearer|高く|adjective|costing a lot of money	Scotch|スコットランド産の|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
The quality of grain depends chiefly upon the quantity of flour or meal which it yields at the mill;	穀物の品質は、主に製粉所で生産される小麦粉や粉の量に依存する。	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	flour|小麦粉|noun|a powder obtained by grinding grain, especially wheat, and used to make bread, cakes, and pastry	meal|粉|noun|the edible part of any grain or pulse ground to powder	yield|生産する|verb|produce or provide	mill|製粉所|noun|a building fitted with machinery for grinding grain into flour
and, in this respect, English grain is so much superior to the Scotch, that though often dearer in appearance, or in proportion to the measure of its bulk, it is generally cheaper in reality, or in proportion to its quality, or even to the measure of its weight.	そして、この点で、イギリスの穀物はスコットランドの穀物よりもはるかに優れているので、見た目や容積の割には高価に見えても、実際には、品質や重量の割には一般的に安価である。	in this respect|この点で|adverb|in this particular case	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	so much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people or language	though|でも|conjunction|despite the fact that	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	appearance|見た目|noun|the way that someone or something looks	in proportion to|～に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	bulk|容積|noun|the large mass or size of something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	cheaper|安価|adjective|low in price or cost	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of a person or thing
The price of labour, on the contrary, is dearer in England than in Scotland.	反対に、労働の価格はスコットランドよりもイングランドの方が高い。	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	dearer|より高い|adjective|more expensive	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom
If the labouring poor, therefore, can maintain their families in the one part of the united kingdom, they must be in affluence in the other.	したがって、労働貧困層が連合王国の一部で家族を養うことができるならば、彼らは他の地域では裕福でなければならない。	labouring poor|労働貧困層|noun|people who are poor and work for a living	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	united kingdom|連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland	affluence|裕福|noun|having a great deal of money; wealthy
Oatmeal, indeed, supplies the common people in Scotland with the greatest and the best part of their food, which is, in general, much inferior to that of their neighbours of the same rank in England.	実際、オートミールはスコットランドの一般の人々に食料の大部分と最良の部分を提供している。それは一般的に、イングランドの同じ階級の隣人の食料よりもはるかに劣っている。	oatmeal|オートミール|noun|a food made from oats	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	common people|一般の人々|noun|the ordinary people of a country	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten	greatest|大部分|adjective|of the highest quality	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower quality	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
This difference, however, in the mode of their subsistence, is not the cause, but the effect, of the difference in their wages;	しかし、彼らの生計のあり方のこの違いは、彼らの賃金の違いの原因ではなく、結果である。	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	mode|あり方|noun|a way or manner in which something occurs or is done	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
though, by a strange misapprehension, I have frequently heard it represented as the cause.	奇妙な誤解によって、私はそれが原因として表されているとよく耳にするが。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	strange|奇妙な|adjective|unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand	misapprehension|誤解|noun|a wrong idea or opinion	frequently|よく|adverb|many times; often	hear|耳にする|verb|perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
It is not because one man keeps a coach, while his neighbour walks a-foot, that the one is rich, and the other poor;	一方が馬車を持ち、隣人が徒歩で歩くからといって、一方が金持ちで、もう一方が貧乏なわけではない。	keep|持つ|verb|have or possess	coach|馬車|noun|a horse-drawn carriage	walk|歩く|verb|move at a regular and fairly slow pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poor|貧乏|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society
but because the one is rich, he keeps a coach, and because the other is poor, he walks a-foot.	一方が金持ちだから馬車を持ち、もう一方が貧乏だから徒歩で歩くのである。	because|だから|conjunction|for the reason that	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	keep|持つ|verb|have or retain possession of	coach|馬車|noun|a horse-drawn carriage	poor|貧乏|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	walk|歩く|verb|move at a regular and fairly slow pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once

During the course of the last century, taking one year with another, grain was dearer in both parts of the united kingdom than during that of the present.	前世紀の期間中、一年を一年と見れば、穀物は連合王国の両地域において、現在よりも高かった。	during the course of|期間中|noun|throughout the duration of	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	take one year with another|一年を一年と見れば|verb|on average	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	dearer|高かった|adjective|more expensive	united kingdom|連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in Europe, made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
This is a matter of fact which cannot now admit of any reasonable doubt;	これは、今や合理的な疑いを認めることのできない事実である。	matter of fact|事実|noun|something that is true	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something
and the proof of it is, if possible, still more decisive with regard to Scotland than with regard to England.	そして、その証拠は、可能ならば、イングランドよりもスコットランドに関してさらに決定的である。	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
It is in Scotland supported by the evidence of the public fiars, annual valuations made upon oath, according to the actual state of the markets, of all the different sorts of grain in every different county of Scotland.	スコットランドでは、スコットランドのあらゆる郡のあらゆる種類の穀物の市場の実際の状態に従って、宣誓のもとで行われた年次評価である公正価格の証拠によって裏付けられている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	evidence|証拠|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid	public fiars|公正価格|noun|the prices of grain that are set by the government	annual|年次|adjective|happening or done once every year	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the monetary worth of something	oath|宣誓|noun|a solemn promise, often invoking a deity or other witness	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	actual state|実際の状態|noun|the way that something is at a particular time	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a country	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass
If such direct proof could require any collateral evidence to confirm it, I would observe, that this has likewise been the case in France, and probably in most other parts of Europe.	もしそのような直接的な証拠がそれを裏付ける何らかの付随的証拠を必要とするならば、私は、これがフランスでも同様であり、おそらくヨーロッパの他のほとんどの地域でも同様であったことを観察するだろう。	direct proof|直接的な証拠|noun|evidence that directly proves a fact	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	collateral evidence|付随的証拠|noun|evidence that is not directly related to the main issue	confirm|裏付ける|verb|provide support for	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one already mentioned or known about	part|地域|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole
With regard to France, there is the clearest proof.	フランスに関しては、最も明確な証拠がある。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	there is|ある|verb|exist	clear|明確な|adjective|easy to understand	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement
But though it is certain, that in both parts of the united kingdom grain was somewhat dearer in the last century than in the present, it is equally certain that labour was much cheaper.	しかし、連合王国の両地域で穀物が前世紀には現在よりもやや高価だったことは確かだが、労働力がはるかに安価だったことも同様に確かである。	united kingdom|連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	labour|労働力|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	much cheaper|はるかに安価|adjective|much less expensive
If the labouring poor, therefore, could bring up their families then, they must be much more at their ease now.	したがって、労働貧困層が当時家族を養うことができたのであれば、今はもっと楽に暮らせているはずだ。	labouring poor|労働貧困層|noun|people who are poor and work for a living	bring up|養う|verb|to care for and educate a child	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	at ease|楽に|adjective|relaxed and comfortable	now|今|adverb|at the present time
In the last century, the most usual day-wages of common labour through the greater part of Scotland were sixpence in summer, and fivepence in winter.	前世紀には、スコットランドの大部分で一般労働者の最も一般的な日給は夏は6ペンス、冬は5ペンスだった。	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	summer|夏|noun|the season of the year between spring and autumn	winter|冬|noun|the season of the year between autumn and spring
Three shillings a-week, the same price, very nearly still continues to be paid in some parts of the Highlands and Western islands.	ハイランド地方や西部諸島の一部では、週3シリングという同じ価格が今でも支払われ続けている。	three shillings|3シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-week|週|noun|a period of seven days	the same price|同じ価格|noun|the same amount of money	very nearly|今でも|adverb|almost	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of something	the Highlands|ハイランド地方|noun|a historical region of Scotland	Western islands|西部諸島|noun|a group of islands in the west of Scotland
Through the greater part of the Low country, the most usual wages of common labour are now eight pence a-day; tenpence, sometimes a shilling, about Edinburgh, in the counties which border upon England, probably on account of that neighbourhood, and in a few other places where there has lately been a considerable rise in the demand for labour, about Glasgow, Carron, Ayrshire, etc.	低地の大部分では、一般労働者の最も一般的な賃金は現在1日8ペンスである。エジンバラ周辺、イングランドと国境を接する郡では、おそらくその近隣のせいで、またグラスゴー、キャロン、エアシャーなど、最近労働需要がかなり増加している他のいくつかの場所では、10ペンス、時には1シリングである。	Low country|低地|noun|a country that is low-lying	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a worker who does not have any special skills	eight pence|8ペンス|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	tenpence|10ペンス|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	shilling|1シリング|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	England|イングランド|noun|a country in Europe	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	Glasgow|グラスゴー|noun|the largest city in Scotland	Carron|キャロン|noun|a river in Scotland	Ayrshire|エアシャー|noun|a county in Scotland
In England, the improvements of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, began much earlier than in Scotland.	イングランドでは、農業、製造業、商業の改善はスコットランドよりもずっと早く始まった。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom
The demand for labour, and consequently its price, must necessarily have increased with those improvements.	労働需要、そしてその結果として労働価格は、必然的にこれらの改善とともに増加したに違いない。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
In the last century, accordingly, as well as in the present, the wages of labour were higher in England than in Scotland.	したがって、前世紀には、現在と同様に、イングランドの労働賃金はスコットランドよりも高かった。	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom
They have risen, too, considerably since that time, though, on account of the greater variety of wages paid there in different places, it is more difficult to ascertain how much.	イングランドの賃金もまた、その当時からかなり上昇しているが、イングランドでは場所によって支払われる賃金の多様性が大きいため、どれだけ上昇したかを確かめるのはより難しい。	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a great extent	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	how much|どれだけ|determiner|the extent or degree to which	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom
In 1614, the pay of a foot soldier was the same as in the present times, eightpence a-day.	1614年には、歩兵の給料は現在と同じで、一日八ペンスだった。	1614|1614年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	foot soldier|歩兵|noun|a soldier who fights on foot	pay|給料|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a sum of money equal to eight pennies	a-day|一日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours
When it was first established, it would naturally be regulated by the usual wages of common labourers, the rank of people from which foot soldiers are commonly drawn.	それが最初に定められた時、それは当然、歩兵が通常引き抜かれる階級である一般労働者の通常の賃金によって調整されただろう。	when it was first established|それが最初に定められた時|noun phrase|the time when something was first established	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	be regulated by|によって調整される|verb phrase|be adjusted by	the usual wages of common labourers|一般労働者の通常の賃金|noun phrase|the wages that are usually paid to common labourers	the rank of people from which foot soldiers are commonly drawn|歩兵が通常引き抜かれる階級|noun phrase|the rank of people from which foot soldiers are usually drawn
Lord-chief-justice Hales, who wrote in the time of Charles II. computes the necessary expense of a labourer’s family, consisting of six persons, the father and mother, two children able to do something, and two not able, at ten shillings a-week, or twenty-six pounds a-year.	チャールズ二世の時代に執筆した首席裁判官ヘイルズ卿は、父と母、何かできる子供が二人、できない子供が二人の六人からなる労働者家族の必要経費を、一週間に十シリング、一年に二十六ポンドと計算している。	Lord-chief-justice Hales|首席裁判官ヘイルズ卿|noun|the chief justice of England and Wales	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	six|六|noun|the number 6	father|父|noun|a man who has a child	mother|母|noun|a woman who has a child	two|二|noun|the number 2	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	able|できる|adjective|having the power or skill to do something	two|二|noun|the number 2	not able|できない|adjective|not having the power or skill to do something	ten|十|noun|the number 10	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	twenty-six|二十六|noun|the number 26	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
If they cannot earn this by their labour, they must make it up, he supposes, either by begging or stealing.	彼らが労働でこれを稼げない場合、彼は、彼らは物乞いか盗みでそれを補わなければならないと考える。	earn|稼ぐ|verb|gain or make money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	make up|補う|verb|compensate for	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	begging|物乞い|noun|the activity of asking people for money or food	stealing|盗み|noun|the action of taking something from someone without their permission
He appears to have enquired very carefully into this subject {See his scheme for the maintenance of the poor, in Burn’s History of the Poor Laws.}.	彼はこの問題を非常に注意深く調べたようである(バーンの救貧法史にある、彼の貧困者維持計画を見よ)。	appear|ようである|verb|seem to be	enquire|調べる|verb|ask about	carefully|注意深く|adverb|in a careful manner	subject|問題|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	scheme|計画|noun|a plan or program of action	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	poor|貧困者|noun|a person who has little or no money and few or no possessions	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey
In 1688, Mr Gregory King, whose skill in political arithmetic is so much extolled by Dr Davenant, computed the ordinary income of labourers and out-servants to be fifteen pounds a-year to a family, which he supposed to consist, one with another, of three and a half persons.	一六八八年、政治算術の技量をダヴェナン博士に大いに賞賛されたグレゴリー・キング氏は、労働者と外働きの通常の収入を、一家族あたり年間十五ポンドと計算したが、彼はそれを三人半で構成されると考えていた。	1688|一六八八年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Gregory King|グレゴリー・キング|noun|an English statistician and engraver	political arithmetic|政治算術|noun|the science of statistics	Davenant|ダヴェナン|noun|an English economist	skill|技量|noun|the ability to do something well	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	ordinary income|通常の収入|noun|the income from a business or investment that is subject to regular tax rates	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	out-servant|外働き|noun|a servant who does not live in the house of their employer	fifteen pounds|十五ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	three and a half|三人半|noun|a number that is three plus a half
His calculation, therefore, though different in appearance, corresponds very nearly at bottom with that of Judge Hales.	したがって、彼の計算は、見た目は異なるものの、基本的にはヘイルズ判事の計算とほぼ一致している。	calculation|計算|noun|the action of calculating	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	appearance|見た目|noun|the way that someone or something looks	correspond|一致する|verb|be in agreement or harmony	bottom|基本的に|noun|the lowest part of something	Judge Hales|ヘイルズ判事|noun|a judge
Both suppose the weekly expense of such families to be about twenty-pence a-head.	どちらも、そのような家族の週の支出は一人あたり約二十ペンスであると想定している。	weekly|週の|adjective|happening or done once a week	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	about|約|preposition|approximately	twenty-pence|二十ペンス|noun|a sum of money	a-head|一人あたり|noun|for each person
Both the pecuniary income and expense of such families have increased considerably since that time through the greater part of the kingdom, in some places more, and in some less, though perhaps scarce anywhere so much as some exaggerated accounts of the present wages of labour have lately represented them to the public.	そのような家族の金銭的収入と支出は、それ以来、王国の大部分でかなり増加しており、場所によってはもっと増え、場所によってはもっと減っているが、最近、労働の現在の賃金について誇張された説明が公衆に示したほど、どこでもそれほど増えているわけではない。	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	income|収入|noun|money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	less|もっと少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	scarce|乏しい|adjective|insufficient for the demand	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place	much|それほど|adverb|to a great extent	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	exaggerated|誇張された|adjective|represented as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	lately|最近|adverb|recently; not long ago	represent|示す|verb|be a symbol or expression of	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
The price of labour, it must be observed, cannot be ascertained very accurately anywhere, different prices being often paid at the same place and for the same sort of labour, not only according to the different abilities of the workman, but according to the easiness or hardness of the masters.	労働の価格は、どこでも非常に正確に確かめることができないことに注意しなければならないが、同じ場所で同じ種類の労働に対して、労働者の能力の違いだけでなく、主人の寛大さや厳しさによっても異なる価格が支払われることが多い。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	according to|によると|preposition|as stated by or in	easiness|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being easy	hardness|厳しさ|noun|the quality of being hard
Where wages are not regulated by law, all that we can pretend to determine is, what are the most usual;	賃金が法律で規制されていない場合、私たちが決定できると称することができるのは、最も一般的なものだけである。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	pretend|称する|verb|speak and act so as to make it appear that something is the case when in fact it is not	usual|一般的|adjective|commonly or ordinarily encountered, done, or used
and experience seems to shew that law can never regulate them properly, though it has often pretended to do so.	そして経験は、法律がしばしばそうであると称しているにもかかわらず、決して適切に規制することができないことを示しているように見える。	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner; correctly	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	pretend|称する|verb|claim or assert falsely

The real recompence of labour, the real quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which it can procure to the labourer, has, during the course of the present century, increased perhaps in a still greater proportion than its money price.	労働の真の報酬、労働者に提供できる生活必需品や便利品の実際の量は、今世紀の間に、おそらくその金銭的価格よりもさらに大きな割合で増加した。	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially one who does unskilled manual work	procure|提供する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	present|今|adjective|existing or happening now	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Not only grain has become somewhat cheaper, but many other things, from which the industrious poor derive an agreeable and wholesome variety of food, have become a great deal cheaper.	穀物が多少安くなっただけでなく、勤勉な貧しい人々が快適で健康的なさまざまな食料を得られる他の多くのものが、かなり安くなった。	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	become|なる|verb|come to be	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	agreeable|快適な|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	wholesome|健康的な|adjective|promoting or conducive to health or well-being	variety|さまざまな|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	become|なる|verb|come to be	great deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent
Potatoes, for example, do not at present, through the greater part of the kingdom, cost half the price which they used to do thirty or forty years ago.	例えば、ジャガイモは、現在、王国の大部分で、30年または40年前に比べて半額になっている。	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	through|通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other of	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
The same thing may be said of turnips, carrots, cabbages;	カブ、ニンジン、キャベツについても同じことが言える。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words
things which were formerly never raised but by the spade, but which are now commonly raised by the plough.	これらは以前は鋤でしか栽培されなかったが、現在では普通に鋤で栽培されている。	formerly|以前は|adverb|in the past	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	raise|栽培する|verb|grow or breed	spade|鋤|noun|a hand tool for digging or cutting	plough|鋤|noun|a large farming tool with sharp blades that is pulled across the soil to turn it over
All sort of garden stuff, too, has become cheaper.	あらゆる種類の園芸品も安くなった。	all sort of|あらゆる種類の|noun|all kinds of	garden|園芸|noun|a piece of land where plants (such as flowers or vegetables) are grown	stuff|品|noun|an unspecified object or material
The greater part of the apples, and even of the onions, consumed in Great Britain, were, in the last century, imported from Flanders.	イギリスで消費されるリンゴの大部分、そしてタマネギでさえ、前世紀にはフランダースから輸入されていた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	apple|リンゴ|noun|a round fruit with red, green, or yellow skin and sweet white flesh	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected or usual	onion|タマネギ|noun|a round vegetable with a brown skin and a strong smell and taste	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
The great improvements in the coarser manufactories of both linen and woollen cloth furnish the labourers with cheaper and better clothing;	麻布と毛織物の粗製品の製造における大きな進歩は、労働者に安価でより良い衣服を提供している。	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	manufactory|製造|noun|a factory or workshop	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	cheaper|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality
and those in the manufactories of the coarser metals, with cheaper and better instruments of trade, as well as with many agreeable and convenient pieces of household furniture.	そして粗金属の製造業では、安価でより良い貿易用具や、家庭用家具の多くの快適で便利な部分を提供している。	coarser|粗い|adjective|of low quality	manufactory|製造業|noun|a factory or workshop	cheaper|安価な|adjective|low in price or cost	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	instrument|用具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	agreeable|快適な|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
Soap, salt, candles, leather, and fermented liquors, have, indeed, become a good deal dearer, chiefly from the taxes which have been laid upon them.	石鹸、塩、ろうそく、皮革、発酵酒は、主にそれらに課せられた税金のために、かなり高価になった。	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used for washing and cleaning	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	candle|ろうそく|noun|a stick of wax with a wick inside that is lit to produce light	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning	fermented liquor|発酵酒|noun|an alcoholic drink made by fermentation	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	become|なる|verb|come to be	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	chiefly|主に|adverb|mostly; mainly	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	lay upon|課する|verb|impose or inflict on
The quantity of these, however, which the labouring poor are under any necessity of consuming, is so very small, that the increase in their price does not compensate the diminution in that of so many other things.	しかし、労働貧民が消費する必要のあるこれらの量は非常に少ないので、その価格の上昇は他の多くのものの価格の低下を補うには至らない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labouring poor|労働貧民|noun|a person who is poor and has to work	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	increase|上昇|noun|the action of increasing something	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	diminution|低下|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
The common complaint, that luxury extends itself even to the lowest ranks of the people, and that the labouring poor will not now be contented with the same food, clothing, and lodging, which satisfied them in former times, may convince us that it is not the money price of labour only, but its real recompence, which has augmented.	贅沢が人々の最下層にまで及んでおり、労働貧民は以前は満足していた同じ食事、衣服、住居に満足しなくなったという一般的な不満は、労働の貨幣価格だけでなく、その実質報酬が増加したことを私たちに確信させるかもしれない。	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	rank|階層|noun|a position in the social hierarchy	labouring|労働|adjective|involving hard work	poor|貧民|noun|people who are poor	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	food|食事|noun|any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth	clothing|衣服|noun|items worn to cover the body	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	former|以前|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	convince|確信させる|verb|cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	real|実質|adjective|not imagined or supposed	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount

Is this improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of the people to be regarded as an advantage, or as an inconveniency, to the society?	下層階級の状況のこの改善は、社会にとって利益と見なされるべきか、不便と見なされるべきか?	lower rank|下層階級|noun|the lowest social class	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or discomfort
The answer seems at first abundantly plain.	答えは最初は非常に明白に思われる。	answer|答え|noun|a reply to a question	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	at first|最初は|adverb|in the beginning; initially	abundantly|非常に|adverb|more than enough; plentifully	plain|明白な|adjective|clear and simple to understand
Servants, labourers, and workmen of different kinds, make up the far greater part of every great political society.	召使、労働者、さまざまな種類の職人が、あらゆる偉大な政治社会の大部分を占めている。	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	workman|職人|noun|a person who works in a skilled trade	make up|占める|verb|constitute	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	every great political society|あらゆる偉大な政治社会|noun|all large political societies
But what improves the circumstances of the greater part, can never be regarded as any inconveniency to the whole.	しかし、大部分の状況を改善するものは、全体にとって不便とは見なされない。	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something
No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable.	構成員の大部分が貧しく惨めな社会は、決して繁栄し幸福にはなれない。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	surely|決して|adverb|without doubt; certainly	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	happy|幸福な|adjective|feeling or showing pleasure or contentment	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	poor|貧しい|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	miserable|惨めな|adjective|wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable
It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labour as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed, and lodged.	そのうえ、国民全体に食事、衣服、住居を提供する彼らが、自分たちの労働生産物から、自分たちが十分に食事、衣服、住居を得られるだけの分け前を得るのは、公正なことにすぎない。	feed|食事を与える|verb|give food to	clothe|衣服を与える|verb|provide with clothes	lodge|住居を与える|verb|provide with accommodation	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something	fed|食事を得る|verb|eat	clothed|衣服を得る|verb|wear clothes	lodged|住居を得る|verb|live in a place	equity|公正|noun|the difference between the value of a property and the amount of any outstanding mortgages or other liens on the property	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition; as well

Poverty, though it no doubt discourages, does not always prevent, marriage.	貧困は、間違いなく結婚を阻害するが、常に結婚を妨げるわけではない。	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising
It seems even to be favourable to generation.	むしろ出産には好都合なようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	favourable|好都合な|adjective|giving an advantage; advantageous	generation|出産|noun|the production of offspring
A half-starved Highland woman frequently bears more than twenty children, while a pampered fine lady is often incapable of bearing any, and is generally exhausted by two or three.	半分飢えたハイランドの女性は、しばしば20人以上の子供を産むが、甘やかされた上品な女性は、しばしば子供を産むことができず、通常は2、3人で疲れ果てる。	half-starved|半分飢えた|adjective|very hungry	Highland|ハイランド|noun|a historic region of Scotland	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	bear|産む|verb|give birth to	more than|以上|preposition|in excess of	twenty|20|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	while|一方で|conjunction|during the time that	pampered|甘やかされた|adjective|over-indulged	fine|上品な|adjective|of high quality	lady|女性|noun|a woman of good breeding, refinement, and gentle manners	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to perform	bearing|産む|verb|give birth to	any|どれも|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	exhausted|疲れ果てる|adjective|drained of all energy
Barrenness, so frequent among women of fashion, is very rare among those of inferior station.	不妊は、上流階級の女性にはよくあるが、下層階級の女性にはめったにない。	barrenness|不妊|noun|the inability to produce offspring	frequent|よくある|adjective|happening or occurring often	among|～の間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	inferior|下層の|adjective|of lower status or quality	station|階級|noun|a person's social or professional position
Luxury, in the fair sex, while it inflames, perhaps, the passion for enjoyment, seems always to weaken, and frequently to destroy altogether, the powers of generation.	女性の贅沢は、おそらく享楽への情熱を燃え上がらせる一方で、生殖能力を常に弱め、しばしば完全に破壊するようだ。	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	fair sex|女性|noun|women considered as a group	inflame|燃え上がらせる|verb|cause to become inflamed	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement	enjoyment|享楽|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	weaken|弱める|verb|make or become weaker	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally

But poverty, though it does not prevent the generation, is extremely unfavourable to the rearing of children.	しかし、貧困は出産を妨げることはないが、子育てには非常に不利である。	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising	generation|出産|noun|the production of offspring	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|adverse; disadvantageous	rearing|子育て|noun|the process of bringing up a child
The tender plant is produced; but in so cold a soil, and so severe a climate, soon withers and dies.	柔らかい植物は生産されるが、あまりに寒い土壌とあまりに厳しい気候では、すぐに枯れて死んでしまう。	tender|柔らかい|adjective|soft or delicate	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	cold|寒い|adjective|having a low temperature	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	wither|枯れる|verb|become dry and shriveled	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living
It is not uncommon, I have been frequently told, in the Highlands of Scotland, for a mother who has born twenty children not to have two alive.	スコットランドの高原地方では、20人の子供を産んだ母親が2人も生きていないということは珍しくないとよく聞かされる。	It is not uncommon|珍しくないとよく聞かされる|phrase|it is not unusual	I have been frequently told|よく聞かされる|phrase|I have been told frequently	Highlands of Scotland|スコットランドの高原地方|noun|the mountainous region of Scotland	mother|母親|noun|a woman who has given birth to a child	twenty|20人の|adjective|the number 20	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	two|2人も|adjective|the number 2	alive|生きていない|adjective|living; not dead
Several officers of great experience have assured me, that, so far from recruiting their regiment, they have never been able to supply it with drums and fifes, from all the soldiers’ children that were born in it.	経験豊富な将校数名が私に保証してくれたのは、連隊を募集するどころか、連隊で生まれた兵士の子供たちからドラムやファイフを供給することができなかったということだ。	several|数名の|adjective|more than two but not many	great experience|経験豊富な|noun|having a lot of experience	assure|保証する|verb|to make someone feel certain about something	so far from|どころか|adverb|to a great extent; very much	recruit|募集する|verb|enlist (someone) in the armed forces	regiment|連隊|noun|a military unit	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	drum|ドラム|noun|a percussion instrument	fife|ファイフ|noun|a small shrill flute	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army
A greater number of fine children, however, is seldom seen anywhere than about a barrack of soldiers.	しかし、兵舎の周りほど多くの元気な子供たちが見られる場所はめったにない。	a greater number of|より多くの|noun phrase|a larger quantity of	fine|元気な|adjective|in good health	children|子供たち|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	anywhere|どこにも|adverb|in or to any place	about|周り|preposition|on all sides of; surrounding
Very few of them, it seems, arrive at the age of thirteen or fourteen.	そのうちのごくわずかしか、13歳や14歳に達していないようだ。	very few|ごくわずか|noun|a small number of	arrive|達する|verb|reach a destination	thirteen|13歳|noun|the number 13	fourteen|14歳|noun|the number 14
In some places, one half the children die before they are four years of age, in many places before they are seven, and in almost all places before they are nine or ten.	ある場所では子供の半数が4歳になる前に亡くなり、多くの場所では7歳になる前に、そしてほとんどすべての場所では9歳か10歳になる前に亡くなる。	some place|ある場所|noun|an unspecified location	one half|半数|noun|one of two equal parts	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	four years of age|4歳|noun|the age of four	many place|多くの場所|noun|a large number of unspecified locations	seven years of age|7歳|noun|the age of seven	almost all place|ほとんどすべての場所|noun|the majority of unspecified locations	nine years of age|9歳|noun|the age of nine	ten years of age|10歳|noun|the age of ten
This great mortality, however will everywhere be found chiefly among the children of the common people, who cannot afford to tend them with the same care as those of better station.	しかし、この高い死亡率は、どこでも主に一般の人々の子供たちの間で見られ、彼らはより良い地位にある人々と同じように子供たちの世話をする余裕がない。	mortality|死亡率|noun|the number of deaths in a population	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	common people|一般の人々|noun|people who are not of the nobility	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	care|世話|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	better station|より良い地位|noun|a higher social position
Though their marriages are generally more fruitful than those of people of fashion, a smaller proportion of their children arrive at maturity.	彼らの結婚は、一般的に上流階級の人々の結婚よりも実りが多いが、子供たちの成熟率は低い。	marriage|結婚|noun|the state of being married	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	fruitful|実りが多い|adjective|producing good or helpful results	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	fashion|上流階級|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	arrive|至る|verb|reach a destination	maturity|成熟|noun|the state of being fully developed
In foundling hospitals, and among the children brought up by parish charities, the mortality is still greater than among those of the common people.	捨て子養育院や教区の慈善団体で育てられた子供たちの間では、死亡率は一般の人々の間よりもさらに高い。	foundling hospital|捨て子養育院|noun|a hospital for foundlings	parish charity|教区の慈善団体|noun|a charity organization in a parish	bring up|育てる|verb|raise a child	mortality|死亡率|noun|the number of deaths in a population	common people|一般の人々|noun|people who are not of the nobility

Every species of animals naturally multiplies in proportion to the means of their subsistence, and no species can ever multiply beyond it.	動物のあらゆる種は、生存手段に比例して自然に増殖し、それを超えて増殖する種は存在しない。	every species|あらゆる種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	multiply|増殖する|verb|increase in number	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the farther side of
But in civilized society, it is only among the inferior ranks of people that the scantiness of subsistence can set limits to the further multiplication of the human species;	しかし、文明社会では、生存手段の不足が人類のさらなる増殖に限界を設けることができるのは、下層階級の人々の間だけである。	civilized society|文明社会|noun|a society that has developed a high level of culture and technology	inferior ranks|下層階級|noun|the lower classes	scantiness|不足|noun|the state of being insufficient	subsistence|生存手段|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	set limits|限界を設ける|verb|to establish a maximum or minimum amount or number	further multiplication|さらなる増殖|noun|an increase in number or amount	human species|人類|noun|the human race
and it can do so in no other way than by destroying a great part of the children which their fruitful marriages produce.	そして、それは彼らの豊かな結婚生活が生み出す子供たちの大部分を破壊する以外に方法はない。	no other way|他の方法はない|noun|no alternative	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause to be ruined or demolished	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	children|子供たち|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	fruitful|豊かな|adjective|producing many results or much fruit	marriage|結婚|noun|the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law

The liberal reward of labour, by enabling them to provide better for their children, and consequently to bring up a greater number, naturally tends to widen and extend those limits.	労働に対する十分な報酬は、彼らが子供たちをよりよく養い、結果としてより多くの子供を育てることを可能にすることで、当然のことながら、これらの限界を広げ、拡大する傾向がある。	liberal|十分な|adjective|generous	reward|報酬|noun|something given in return for a service or achievement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	provide|養う|verb|supply or furnish	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	bring up|育てる|verb|care for and educate	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural or normal way	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	widen|広げる|verb|make or become wider	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive
It deserves to be remarked, too, that it necessarily does this as nearly as possible in the proportion which the demand for labour requires.	労働需要に応じて、可能な限りこの割合に近づける必要があることも注目に値する。	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	remark|注目|noun|a comment or observation	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
If this demand is continually increasing, the reward of labour must necessarily encourage in such a manner the marriage and multiplication of labourers, as may enable them to supply that continually increasing demand by a continually increasing population.	この需要が継続的に増加している場合、労働者の報酬は、継続的に増加する人口によって継続的に増加する需要を供給できるように、労働者の結婚と増加を必然的に奨励しなければならない。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of multiplying	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	supply|供給する|verb|make available for use; provide	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
If the reward should at any time be less than what was requisite for this purpose, the deficiency of hands would soon raise it;	報酬がこの目的に必要な額よりも少なくなった場合、労働力の不足はすぐにそれを上昇させるだろう。	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any point	be less than|より少ない|verb|be smaller in amount or value than	what|何|pronoun|that which; the thing that	requisite|必要|adjective|required as a condition or necessary for success	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	deficiency|不足|noun|a lack or shortage	hand|労働力|noun|a person who does work	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise
and if it should at any time be more, their excessive multiplication would soon lower it to this necessary rate.	そして、もし報酬がこの目的に必要な額よりも多くなった場合、労働者の過剰な増加はすぐにそれをこの必要な率まで下げるだろう。	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any time	more|より多い|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or extent	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or proper	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed
The market would be so much understocked with labour in the one case, and so much overstocked in the other, as would soon force back its price to that proper rate which the circumstances of the society required.	市場は、一方では労働力が不足し、他方では過剰になるため、すぐにその価格を社会の状況に応じた適切な水準に戻すことになる。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	understocked|不足する|adjective|having an insufficient supply of something	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	overstocked|過剰になる|adjective|having too much of something	force back|戻す|verb|cause to return to a previous state or position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate in the circumstances	rate|水準|noun|a level of occurrence or frequency
It is in this manner that the demand for men, like that for any other commodity, necessarily regulates the production of men, quickens it when it goes on too slowly, and stops it when it advances too fast.	このように、人間に対する需要は、他のあらゆる商品に対する需要と同様に、必然的に人間の生産を調整し、それがあまりにゆっくりと進む場合にはそれを加速し、あまりに急速に進む場合にはそれを停止させる。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	quicken|加速する|verb|make or become faster	advance|進む|verb|move forward	stop|停止させる|verb|cause to cease moving or operating
It is this demand which regulates and determines the state of propagation in all the different countries of the world;	世界のあらゆる国々における繁殖の状態を調整し決定しているのは、この需要である。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner; settle or decide	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	propagation|繁殖|noun|the action of increasing or spreading	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
in North America, in Europe, and in China; which renders it rapidly progressive in the first, slow and gradual in the second, and altogether stationary in the last.	北米、ヨーロッパ、中国において、それは最初の国では急速に進歩し、二番目の国ではゆっくりと段階的に進歩し、最後の国では全く停滞している。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the continent of Europe	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	second|二番目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	rapidly|急速に|adverb|very quickly	progressive|進歩的|adjective|favoring or promoting progress	slow|ゆっくり|adjective|moving or operating or done without speed or in a leisurely manner	gradual|段階的|adjective|taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees	altogether|全く|adverb|completely or totally	stationary|停滞している|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved

The wear and tear of a slave, it has been said, is at the expense of his master;	奴隷の消耗は主人の負担であると言われてきた。	wear and tear|消耗|noun|damage or deterioration caused by normal use	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves
but that of a free servant is at his own expense.	しかし、自由な召使の消耗は彼自身の負担である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	at one's own expense|自分の負担で|adverb|using one's own money
The wear and tear of the latter, however, is, in reality, as much at the expense of his master as that of the former.	しかし、後者の消耗は、実際には、前者の消耗と同じくらい主人の負担である。	wear and tear|消耗|noun|damage or deterioration caused by normal use	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	expense|負担|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The wages paid to journeymen and servants of every kind must be such as may enable them, one with another to continue the race of journeymen and servants, according as the increasing, diminishing, or stationary demand of the society, may happen to require.	あらゆる種類の職人と召使に支払われる賃金は、社会の需要の増加、減少、または停滞に応じて、彼らが職人と召使の種族を継続できるようにするものでなければならない。	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified worker who has completed an apprenticeship	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	race|種族|noun|a group of people sharing the same culture, history, language, etc.; an ethnic group
But though the wear and tear of a free servant be equally at the expense of his master, it generally costs him much less than that of a slave.	しかし、自由な召使の消耗は主人の負担であるが、一般的に奴隷の消耗よりもはるかに少ない。	wear and tear|消耗|noun|damage or deterioration caused by normal use	be at the expense of|負担である|verb|be paid for by	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
The fund destined for replacing or repairing, if I may say so, the wear and tear of the slave, is commonly managed by a negligent master or careless overseer.	奴隷の消耗を交換または修理するための資金は、一般的に怠慢な主人または不注意な監督者によって管理されている。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	replace|交換する|verb|take the place of	repair|修理する|verb|restore to good condition	wear and tear|消耗|noun|damage or deterioration caused by normal use	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run	negligent|怠慢な|adjective|failing to take proper care in doing something	careless|不注意な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	overseer|監督者|noun|a person who supervises others, especially workers
That destined for performing the same office with regard to the freeman is managed by the freeman himself.	自由人に関して同じ職務を遂行する運命にあるものは、自由人自身によって管理されている。	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	office|職務|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	freeman|自由人|noun|a person who is not a slave	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of or responsible for
The disorders which generally prevail in the economy of the rich, naturally introduce themselves into the management of the former;	富裕層の経済に一般的に蔓延している混乱は、当然のことながら前者の管理に持ち込まれる。	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	prevail|蔓延する|verb|be widespread or current	economy|経済|noun|the wealth and resources of a country or region	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	introduce|持ち込む|verb|bring in or establish	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
the strict frugality and parsimonious attention of the poor as naturally establish themselves in that of the latter.	貧しい人々の厳しい倹約と倹約的な注意は、当然のことながら後者の管理に定着する。	strict|厳しい|adjective|demanding that rules or standards be obeyed	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	parsimonious|倹約的な|adjective|unwilling to spend money or use resources	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	establish|定着する|verb|to start or create something that is likely to last for a long time
Under such different management, the same purpose must require very different degrees of expense to execute it.	このような異なる管理のもとでは、同じ目的を達成するためには、非常に異なる程度の費用が必要となる。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	same|同じ|adjective|not different	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
It appears, accordingly, from the experience of all ages and nations, I believe, that the work done by freemen comes cheaper in the end than that performed by slaves.	それに応じて、あらゆる時代と国家の経験から、自由人によってなされた仕事は、奴隷によってなされた仕事よりも最終的には安価になると思われる。	appear|思われる|verb|seem	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate or suitable	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
It is found to do so even at Boston, New-York, and Philadelphia, where the wages of common labour are so very high.	一般労働者の賃金が非常に高いボストン、ニューヨーク、フィラデルフィアでさえそうであることがわかっている。	Boston|ボストン|noun|the capital of Massachusetts	New-York|ニューヨーク|noun|the largest city in the United States	Philadelphia|フィラデルフィア|noun|the largest city in the state of Pennsylvania	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent

The liberal reward of labour, therefore, as it is the effect of increasing wealth, so it is the cause of increasing population.	したがって、労働に対する十分な報酬は、富の増加の効果であるとともに、人口増加の原因でもある。	liberal|十分な|adjective|generous	reward|報酬|noun|something that is given in return for a service or achievement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
To complain of it, is to lament over the necessary cause and effect of the greatest public prosperity.	それを不満に思うのは、最大の公共の繁栄の必然的な原因と結果を嘆くことである。	complain|不満に思う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	lament|嘆く|verb|express great regret or guilt for something	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success

It deserves to be remarked, perhaps, that it is in the progressive state, while the society is advancing to the further acquisition, rather than when it has acquired its full complement of riches, that the condition of the labouring poor, of the great body of the people, seems to be the happiest and the most comfortable.	おそらく、社会が富を完全に獲得したときよりも、社会がさらなる獲得に向かって前進している進歩的な状態にあるとき、労働貧困層、国民の大多数の状態が最も幸福で最も快適であるように思われることは、注目に値する。	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	remark|注目に値する|verb|say something as a comment	progressive|進歩的な|adjective|favoring or promoting progress	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	advance|前進する|verb|move forward	acquisition|獲得|noun|the action of gaining or getting something	complement|補完|noun|something that completes or brings to perfection	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	labouring|労働|adjective|involving hard work	poor|貧困|adjective|having little or no money	great|大多数|adjective|of major significance or importance	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression of being	happiest|最も幸福|adjective|in a state of great happiness	comfortable|快適|adjective|providing physical ease and relaxation
It is hard in the stationary, and miserable in the declining state.	停滞した状態では困難であり、衰退した状態では悲惨である。	hard|困難|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	stationary|停滞した|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	miserable|悲惨|adjective|wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable	declining|衰退した|adjective|becoming smaller, fewer, or less; decreasing
The progressive state is, in reality, the cheerful and the hearty state to all the different orders of the society;	進歩的な状態は、実際には、社会のあらゆる階層にとって明るく元気な状態である。	progressive|進歩的な|adjective|moving forward or onward	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	cheerful|明るい|adjective|happy and positive	hearty|元気な|adjective|strong and healthy	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region
the stationary is dull; the declining melancholy.	停滞した状態は退屈であり、衰退した状態は憂鬱である。	stationary|停滞した|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	dull|退屈な|adjective|lacking interest or excitement	declining|衰退した|adjective|becoming smaller or weaker	melancholy|憂鬱な|adjective|a feeling of sadness, usually with no obvious cause

The liberal reward of labour, as it encourages the propagation, so it increases the industry of the common people.	労働に対する十分な報酬は、繁殖を促すとともに、一般の人々の勤勉さを増す。	liberal|十分な|adjective|generous in amount	reward|報酬|noun|something that is given in return for good behavior or good work	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	propagation|繁殖|noun|the action of increasing or spreading	increase|増す|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful
The wages of labour are the encouragement of industry, which, like every other human quality, improves in proportion to the encouragement it receives.	労働の賃金は勤勉の奨励であり、勤勉は他のあらゆる人間の資質と同様に、受けた奨励に比例して向上する。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful	quality|資質|noun|a standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	improve|向上する|verb|become better
A plentiful subsistence increases the bodily strength of the labourer, and the comfortable hope of bettering his condition, and of ending his days, perhaps, in ease and plenty, animates him to exert that strength to the utmost.	豊かな生活は労働者の体力を増し、自分の境遇を改善し、おそらく安楽で豊かな生活を送って人生を終えることができるという心地よい希望は、その力を最大限に発揮するよう彼を活気づける。	plentiful|豊かな|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to provide for oneself	increase|増す|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	bodily|身体的な|adjective|of or relating to the body	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	comfortable|心地よい|adjective|providing or capable of providing contentment and physical ease and relaxation	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	better|改善する|verb|make or become better	condition|境遇|noun|the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order	end|終える|verb|bring or come to a final point; finish	day|日々|noun|a period of time	ease|安楽|noun|freedom from pain, worry, or difficulty	plenty|豊かさ|noun|a state or condition of abundance	exert|発揮する|verb|apply or bring to bear	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	utmost|最大限|adjective|of the highest degree or intensity
Where wages are high, accordingly, we shall always find the workmen more active, diligent, and expeditious, than where they are low;	したがって、賃金が高いところでは、賃金が低いところよりも、労働者は常に活発で勤勉で迅速である。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	low|低い|adjective|of small vertical extent	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	active|活発|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	diligent|勤勉|adjective|showing care and effort in your work or duties	expeditious|迅速|adjective|done or acting with speed and efficiency
in England, for example, than in Scotland; in the neighbourhood of great towns, than in remote country places.	例えば、イングランドではスコットランドよりも、大都市の近郊では遠隔地よりもそうである。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	remote|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time
Some workmen, indeed, when they can earn in four days what will maintain them through the week, will be idle the other three.	実際、ある種の労働者は、一週間を維持できるだけのものを四日で稼ぐことができると、残りの三日間は怠惰になる。	some|ある種の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	four days|四日|noun|a period of four days	week|一週間|noun|a period of seven days	idle|怠惰になる|adjective|not working or active; unemployed
This, however, is by no means the case with the greater part.	しかし、これは決して大部分の労働者に当てはまることではない。	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
Workmen, on the contrary, when they are liberally paid by the piece, are very apt to overwork themselves, and to ruin their health and constitution in a few years.	それどころか、労働者は、出来高払いで十分な支払いを受けている場合、過労になりやすく、数年で健康と体質を損なうことが多い。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	liberally|十分に|adverb|in a generous manner	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	piece|出来高|noun|a part of something	apt|しやすい|adjective|likely to do something	overwork|過労|noun|too much work	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	constitution|体質|noun|the physical makeup of a person
A carpenter in London, and in some other places, is not supposed to last in his utmost vigour above eight years.	ロンドンや他のいくつかの場所の大工は、八年以上は精力的に働き続けることができないと考えられている。	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	some other places|他のいくつかの場所|noun|some places other than the one mentioned	not supposed to|できないと考えられている|verb|not expected or required to	last|続く|verb|continue or persist for a specified period of time	utmost|精力的に|adjective|of the greatest or highest degree or amount	vigour|働く|noun|physical or mental strength or energy
Something of the same kind happens in many other trades, in which the workmen are paid by the piece;	同じことが、労働者が出来高払いを受けている他の多くの業種でも起こっている。	something|何か|noun|an unspecified thing	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|being or belonging to a different person or thing	trade|業種|noun|a business or occupation	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for goods or services	piece|出来高|noun|a part of something
as they generally are in manufactures, and even in country labour, wherever wages are higher than ordinary.	賃金が通常より高い場合には、製造業や農村労働者でさえ、一般的に出来高払いである。	as|ように|conjunction|in the way that	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	wherever|場合には|conjunction|in any place that	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent than average or usual	ordinary|通常|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard
Almost every class of artificers is subject to some peculiar infirmity occasioned by excessive application to their peculiar species of work.	ほとんどすべての職人階級は、彼ら特有の仕事に過度に従事することによって生じる、ある種の独特の病弱さにかかりやすい。	almost every|ほとんどすべての|determiner|nearly all	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social, economic, or educational status	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	subject to|かかりやすい|adjective|likely to be affected by	some|ある種の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	infirmity|病弱さ|noun|a physical or mental weakness	occasioned by|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	excessive|過度に|adjective|more than is usual or necessary	application|従事|noun|the action of using something for a particular purpose	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to a person or thing
Ramuzzini, an eminent Italian physician, has written a particular book concerning such diseases.	イタリアの著名な医師であるラムッツィーニは、そのような病気に関する特別な本を著した。	Ramuzzini|ラムッツィーニ|noun|an Italian physician	eminent|著名な|adjective|well-known and respected	Italian|イタリアの|adjective|of or relating to Italy or its people or language	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	write|著す|verb|to be the author of	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	concern|関する|verb|to be about or connected with
We do not reckon our soldiers the most industrious set of people among us;	我々は、我々の兵士を我々の中で最も勤勉な人々の集団とは見ていない。	reckon|見なす|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	set|集団|noun|a group of people with a shared interest
yet when soldiers have been employed in some particular sorts of work, and liberally paid by the piece, their officers have frequently been obliged to stipulate with the undertaker, that they should not be allowed to earn above a certain sum every day, according to the rate at which they were paid.	それでも、兵士が何らかの特定の仕事に従事し、出来高払いで気前よく支払われると、彼らの将校は、彼らが支払われるレートに従って、毎日一定額以上稼ぐことを許可されるべきではないと、しばしば請負業者と取り決めを結ぶことを余儀なくされた。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	be employed|従事する|verb|have a job	some particular sort of|何らかの特定の|noun phrase|a specific type of	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	liberally|気前よく|adverb|in a generous manner	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	piece|出来高|noun|a part of something	officer|将校|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	be obliged to|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	stipulate|取り決める|verb|demand or specify as a condition of an agreement	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	rate|レート|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due
Till this stipulation was made, mutual emulation, and the desire of greater gain, frequently prompted them to overwork themselves, and to hurt their health by excessive labour.	この取り決めがなされるまでは、互いに競い合い、より多くの利益を得たいという欲求から、彼らはしばしば過労になり、過労によって健康を害した。	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or the event when	stipulation|取り決め|noun|a condition or requirement that is specified or agreed to as part of a contract or agreement	mutual|互い|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	emulation|競い合い|noun|the act of trying to equal or surpass another	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	prompt|促す|verb|cause or encourage to happen	overwork|過労|noun|too much work	hurt|害する|verb|cause damage or harm to
Excessive application, during four days of the week, is frequently the real cause of the idleness of the other three, so much and so loudly complained of.	週の四日間の過度の労働は、しばしば、他の三日間の怠惰の本当の原因であり、それについて多くの人が大声で不平を言う。	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual or proper	application|労働|noun|the act of using something	during|間の|preposition|in or throughout the course of	four days|四日間|noun|a period of four days	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	real cause|本当の原因|noun|the actual or true reason for something	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle	other three|他の三日間|noun|the remaining three days	so much|多くの|adverb|to a great extent	so loudly|大声で|adverb|at a high volume	complain|不平を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance
Great labour, either of mind or body, continued for several days together is, in most men, naturally followed by a great desire of relaxation, which, if not restrained by force, or by some strong necessity, is almost irresistible.	精神的にも肉体的にも、数日間連続して激しい労働をすると、ほとんどの人は、自然とリラックスしたいという強い欲求に駆られ、力ずくで、あるいは何か強い必要性によって抑えられない限り、ほとんど抵抗できない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	body|肉体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	several|数|adjective|more than two but not many	day|日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours as a unit of time, reckoned from one midnight to the next, corresponding to a rotation of the earth on its axis	together|連続して|adverb|in or into one place, mass, or group	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	follow|続く|verb|go after someone or something in the same direction	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	relaxation|リラックス|noun|the state of being free from tension and anxiety	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	not|ない|adverb|a word used to express negation, denial, refusal, or prohibition	restrain|抑える|verb|hold back from doing something	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	some|何か|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to move heavy weights or perform other physically demanding tasks	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	irresistible|抵抗できない|adjective|too attractive or tempting to be resisted
It is the call of nature, which requires to be relieved by some indulgence, sometimes of ease only, but sometimes too of dissipation and diversion.	それは自然の呼びかけであり、時には安らぎだけだが、時には放蕩や気晴らしによって、ある程度の耽溺によって解放されることを要求する。	call|呼びかけ|noun|a request or command	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	relieve|解放する|verb|free from a burden or responsibility	indulgence|耽溺|noun|the act of indulging	ease|安らぎ|noun|a state of relaxation and comfort	dissipation|放蕩|noun|the act of dissipating	diversion|気晴らし|noun|something that distracts the mind
If it is not complied with, the consequences are often dangerous and sometimes fatal, and such as almost always, sooner or later, bring on the peculiar infirmity of the trade.	それに従わないと、結果はしばしば危険で、時には致命的であり、遅かれ早かれ、ほとんど常に、その職業特有の病気を招く。	comply with|従う|verb|act in accordance with	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	fatal|致命的な|adjective|causing death	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually	bring on|招く|verb|cause to happen or occur	peculiar|特有の|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	infirmity|病気|noun|a physical or mental weakness or defect
If masters would always listen to the dictates of reason and humanity, they have frequently occasion rather to moderate, than to animate the application of many of their workmen.	主人が常に理性と人間性の命令に耳を傾けるならば、彼らはしばしば、多くの労働者の労働意欲を高めるよりも、むしろそれを抑える機会を持つことになる。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	listen to|耳を傾ける|verb|give one's attention to	dictate|命令|noun|an order or command	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	humanity|人間性|noun|the human race	have occasion to|機会を持つ|verb|have the opportunity to	moderate|抑える|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, or violent	animate|高める|verb|make or become more lively or vigorous	application|労働意欲|noun|the action of putting something into operation	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work
It will be found, I believe, in every sort of trade, that the man who works so moderately, as to be able to work constantly, not only preserves his health the longest, but, in the course of the year, executes the greatest quantity of work.	あらゆる業種において、常に働ける程度に適度に働く人は、健康を最も長く保つだけでなく、年間を通して最も多くの仕事をこなすことがわかるだろう。	be found|わかる|verb|be discovered or noticed	believe|思う|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	sort|業種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	moderately|適度に|adverb|to a moderate degree; not excessively or extremely	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state or in good condition	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	longest|最も長く|adjective|of great or more than average length	course|年間|noun|the period of time during which something happens	execute|こなす|verb|carry out or put into effect

In cheap years it is pretended, workmen are generally more idle, and in dear times more industrious than ordinary.	物価の安い年には、労働者は概して怠惰になり、物価の高い年には、通常よりも勤勉になると言われる。	cheap year|物価の安い年|noun|a year in which prices are low	pretend|言われる|verb|to claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	generally|概して|adverb|in most cases; usually	idle|怠惰|adjective|not working or active	dear time|物価の高い年|noun|a year in which prices are high	industrious|勤勉|adjective|working hard and steadily	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual
A plentiful subsistence, therefore, it has been concluded, relaxes, and a scanty one quickens their industry.	したがって、豊かな生活は彼らの勤勉さを緩め、乏しい生活は彼らの勤勉さを早めると結論づけられている。	plentiful|豊かな|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to provide for oneself	relax|緩める|verb|make or become less tense or anxious	scanty|乏しい|adjective|small in amount or quantity	quicken|早める|verb|make or become faster or quicker
That a little more plenty than ordinary may render some workmen idle, cannot be well doubted;	通常より少し豊かになると、一部の労働者が怠惰になることは疑いようがない。	a little more|少し多い|noun|a small amount more	plenty|豊か|noun|a state or condition of abundance	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	render|なる|verb|cause to be or become	idle|怠惰|adjective|lazy or inactive	cannot be well doubted|疑いようがない|verb|be certain or definite
but that it should have this effect upon the greater part, or that men in general should work better when they are ill fed, than when they are well fed, when they are disheartened than when they are in good spirits, when they are frequently sick than when they are generally in good health, seems not very probable.	しかし、それが大部分にこのような影響を及ぼすとか、人々が一般的に、十分に食べているときよりも食べていないとき、元気なときよりも落胆しているとき、概して健康なときよりも頻繁に病気のときの方がよく働くというのは、あまりありそうにない。	have this effect|このような影響を及ぼす|verb|have this effect	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	in general|一般的に|adverb|generally; usually	ill fed|食べていない|adjective|not having enough to eat	well fed|十分に食べている|adjective|having enough to eat	disheartened|落胆している|adjective|having lost hope or confidence	in good spirits|元気な|adjective|cheerful and optimistic	frequently sick|頻繁に病気|adjective|often ill	generally in good health|概して健康|adjective|usually healthy	seems not very probable|あまりありそうにない|verb|does not seem very likely
Years of dearth, it is to be observed, are generally among the common people years of sickness and mortality, which cannot fail to diminish the produce of their industry.	飢饉の年は、一般に庶民の間では病気と死亡率が高い年であり、彼らの産業の生産物が減少することは避けられないことに注意すべきである。	year|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	dearth|飢饉|noun|a scarcity or lack of something	observe|注意する|verb|notice or perceive	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	common people|庶民|noun|people who are not of the nobility	sickness|病気|noun|a disease or period of illness affecting the body and mind	mortality|死亡率|noun|the number of deaths in a particular population	fail|避けられない|verb|be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by farming

In years of plenty, servants frequently leave their masters, and trust their subsistence to what they can make by their own industry.	豊作の年には、召使はしばしば主人のもとを去り、自らの勤勉さによって得られるものに生活を託す。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	leave|去る|verb|go away from a place	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	trust|託す|verb|place confidence in; rely on	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	make|得る|verb|create, produce, or bring into existence	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful
But the same cheapness of provisions, by increasing the fund which is destined for the maintenance of servants, encourages masters, farmers especially, to employ a greater number.	しかし、食料の安さは、召使の維持に充てられる資金を増やすことで、主人、特に農民がより多くの召使を雇用することを促す。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount
Farmers, upon such occasions, expect more profit from their corn by maintaining a few more labouring servants, than by selling it at a low price in the market.	農民は、そのような場合には、市場で安値で売るよりも、労働者を数人増やして維持することで、トウモロコシからより多くの利益を得ることを期待する。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food for people and animals	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	low price|安値|noun|a price that is lower than the usual or expected price	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labouring servant|労働者|noun|a person who works for another person in return for wages or other payment
The demand for servants increases, while the number of those who offer to supply that demand diminishes.	召使の需要は増加するが、その需要に応えようとする人の数は減少する。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	supply|応える|verb|provide or furnish with	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less
The price of labour, therefore, frequently rises in cheap years.	したがって、労働の価格は、安い年にしばしば上昇する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	rise|上昇する|verb|go up; move upwards

In years of scarcity, the difficulty and uncertainty of subsistence make all such people eager to return to service.	不足の年には、生計の困難さと不確実性により、そのような人々は皆、仕事に復帰することを切望する。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or condition in which something is lacking or in short supply	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	eager|切望する|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something
But the high price of provisions, by diminishing the funds destined for the maintenance of servants, disposes masters rather to diminish than to increase the number of those they have.	しかし、食料の高価格は、召使の維持に充てられる資金を減少させることで、主人が召使の数を増やすよりも減らすように仕向ける。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining or preserving something	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	dispose|仕向ける|verb|make someone inclined to do something	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
In dear years, too, poor independent workmen frequently consume the little stock with which they had used to supply themselves with the materials of their work, and are obliged to become journeymen for subsistence.	高価な年には、貧しい独立した労働者も、仕事の材料を自分たちで供給するために使っていたわずかな在庫を消費し、生計を立てるために職人になることを余儀なくされる。	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with another	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	obliged|余儀なくされる|adjective|compelled by law or duty	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing needed to sustain life
More people want employment than easily get it;	簡単に就職できるよりも多くの人が就職を望んでいる。	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	want|望む|verb|feel a need or a wish for	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold as a result of some effort or action
many are willing to take it upon lower terms than ordinary;	多くの人が通常よりも低い条件でそれを受け入れる用意がある。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	be willing to|喜んで〜する|verb|be happy to do something	take|受け入れる|verb|receive or accept something offered	upon|〜で|preposition|on	lower|より低い|adjective|less high	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
and the wages of both servants and journeymen frequently sink in dear years.	そして、召使と職人の両方の賃金は、高価な年にはしばしば下がる。	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	sink|下がる|verb|go down below the surface of something	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money

Masters of all sorts, therefore, frequently make better bargains with their servants in dear than in cheap years, and find them more humble and dependent in the former than in the latter.	したがって、あらゆる種類の主人たちは、安い年よりも高価な年に召使とより良い交渉をすることが多く、後者よりも前者の方が召使がより謙虚で従順であることに気づく。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	make a bargain|交渉する|verb|negotiate an agreement	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice	humble|謙虚な|adjective|having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance	dependent|従順な|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like
They naturally, therefore, commend the former as more favourable to industry.	したがって、彼らは当然、前者を産業にとってより有利であると賞賛する。	naturally|当然|adverb|as might be expected	commend|賞賛する|verb|praise formally or officially	former|前者|adjective|denoting the first or earlier of two or more people or things mentioned	favourable|有利|adjective|giving an advantage to someone or something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Landlords and farmers, besides, two of the largest classes of masters, have another reason for being pleased with dear years.	その上、主人の二大階級である地主と農場主は、高価な年に満足する別の理由がある。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	largest|最大の|adjective|of great size or extent	class|階級|noun|a group of people or things with the same or similar characteristics	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over others	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	another|別の|adjective|different or distinct from the one already mentioned or implied	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	be pleased with|満足する|verb|be happy or satisfied with	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money; expensive	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
The rents of the one, and the profits of the other, depend very much upon the price of provisions.	一方の地代と他方の利益は、食料の価格に大きく依存している。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Nothing can be more absurd, however, than to imagine that men in general should work less when they work for themselves, than when they work for other people.	しかし、人々が自分のために働くとき、他人のために働くときよりも一般的に働きが少ないと考えることほど馬鹿げたことはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	can be|あり得る|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	more absurd|もっと馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image of something	men|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	work less|働きが少ない|verb|work a smaller amount	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	for themselves|自分のために|preposition|with the object or effect of benefiting oneself	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	for other people|他人のために|preposition|with the object or effect of benefiting someone else
A poor independent workman will generally be more industrious than even a journeyman who works by the piece.	貧しい独立した労働者は、一般的に、出来高で働く職人よりも勤勉である。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person
The one enjoys the whole produce of his own industry, the other shares it with his master.	一方は自分の勤勉さの成果をすべて享受し、他方は主人とそれを分かち合う。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	produce|成果|noun|agricultural or natural products	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else
The one, in his separate independent state, is less liable to the temptations of bad company, which, in large manufactories, so frequently ruin the morals of the other.	一方は、独立した状態では、大工場ではしばしば他方の道徳を破壊する悪友の誘惑にあまりさらされない。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	separate|独立した|adjective|not connected or joined	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent	liable|さらされる|adjective|likely to do or suffer from something	temptation|誘惑|noun|the desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	company|仲間|noun|a commercial business	which|それは|relative pronoun|used to refer to something previously mentioned	large|大規模な|adjective|of great or more than average size, extent, or capacity	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	ruin|破壊する|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	other|他方|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from one already mentioned or known about
The superiority of the independent workman over those servants who are hired by the month or by the year, and whose wages and maintenance are the same, whether they do much or do little, is likely to be still greater.	独立した労働者の優位性は、月給や年俸で雇われ、仕事の量の多少にかかわらず賃金や待遇が同じである使用人に対しては、さらに大きいと考えられる。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	month|月|noun|one of the twelve periods into which a year is divided	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	maintenance|待遇|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	do much|仕事の量の多少|verb|perform or accomplish a lot	do little|仕事の量の多少|verb|perform or accomplish a little	be likely to|と考えられる|verb|be probable or expected	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent
Cheap years tend to increase the proportion of independent workmen to journeymen and servants of all kinds, and dear years to diminish it.	物価の安い年は、独立した労働者の割合があらゆる種類の職人や使用人に対して増加する傾向があり、物価の高い年はそれが減少する傾向がある。	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or controlled by another	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified craftsman who works for another	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less

A French author of great knowledge and ingenuity, Mr Messance, receiver of the tallies in the election of St Etienne, endeavours to shew that the poor do more work in cheap than in dear years, by comparing the quantity and value of the goods made upon those different occasions in three different manufactures;	サン・テティエンヌ選挙の集計責任者である、博識で独創的なフランス人作家のメサンス氏は、三つの異なる製造業において、物価の安い年と高い年で作られた製品の量と価値を比較することで、貧しい人々は物価の安い年には物価の高い年よりも多くの仕事をすることを示そうとしている。	great knowledge|博識|noun|a lot of knowledge	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	French|フランス人|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	author|作家|noun|a person who writes books	Mr Messance|メサンス氏|noun|a French author	receiver|集計責任者|noun|a person who is appointed to manage the financial affairs of a bankrupt person or company	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	St Etienne|サン・テティエンヌ|noun|a city in east-central France	endeavour|示そうとする|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	poor|貧しい人々|adjective|having little money or few possessions	do more work|より多くの仕事をする|verb|work more	cheap|物価の安い年|adjective|low in price or value	dear|物価の高い年|adjective|high in price or value	comparing|比較する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	made|作られた|verb|produce (something) by manufacturing, altering, or improving	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	occasions|時|noun|a particular time or instance of something occurring	three|三つ|adjective|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	manufactures|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
one of coarse woollens, carried on at Elbeuf; one of linen, and another of silk, both which extend through the whole generality of Rouen.	一つはエルブーフで生産される粗い毛織物、もう一つはルーアンの全域に広がる麻織物と絹織物である。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	coarse|粗い|adjective|having a rough or uneven texture	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	carry on|生産される|verb|continue doing something	Elbeuf|エルブーフ|noun|a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in north-western France	one|もう一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	linen|麻織物|noun|a fabric made from flax	another|絹織物|noun|an additional one	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	whole|全域|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	generality|一般性|noun|the quality of being general	Rouen|ルーアン|noun|a city in north-western France
It appears from his account, which is copied from the registers of the public offices, that the quantity and value of the goods made in all those three manufactories has generally been greater in cheap than in dear years, and that it has always been greatest in the cheapest, and least in the dearest years.	官庁の登記簿から書き写した彼の記述によると、これら三つの製造業すべてにおいて、物価の安い年には物価の高い年よりも生産量と生産額が概して大きく、最も安い年には常に最大となり、最も高い年には最小となったことがわかる。	appear|わかる|verb|be clear or obvious	account|記述|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	copy|書き写す|verb|make a duplicate of	public office|官庁|noun|a government agency	register|登記簿|noun|an official list or record	quantity|生産量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|生産額|noun|the worth of something	generally|概して|adverb|in most cases; usually	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	least|最小|adjective|of the lowest quality or degree
All the three seem to be stationary manufactures, or which, though their produce may vary somewhat from year to year, are, upon the whole, neither going backwards nor forwards.	三つとも定常的な製造業であるように思われるが、生産量は年によって多少変動するものの、全体としては前進も後退もしていない。	all three|三つとも|noun|the three things mentioned	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	stationary|定常的な|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	though|ものの|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something produced	vary|変動する|verb|be different from one another	year to year|年によって|noun|each year	upon the whole|全体としては|adverb|in general; all things considered	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either; not one or the other	backwards|後退|adverb|in a reverse direction	forwards|前進|adverb|in a forward direction

The manufacture of linen in Scotland, and that of coarse woollens in the West Riding of Yorkshire, are growing manufactures, of which the produce is generally, though with some variations, increasing both in quantity and value.	スコットランドの麻織物製造業とヨークシャー西ライディングの粗毛織物製造業は成長中の製造業であり、その生産量は多少の変動はあるものの、概して量と価値の両面で増加している。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	linen|麻織物|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	Yorkshire|ヨークシャー|noun|a historic county in northern England	West Riding|西ライディング|noun|a historic subdivision of Yorkshire	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture, grain, or fiber	woollen|毛織物|noun|a cloth made from wool	grow|成長する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	produce|生産量|noun|agricultural or industrial products	generally|概して|adverb|in most cases; usually	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual or normal condition, amount, or level	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Upon examining, however, the accounts which have been published of their annual produce, I have not been able to observe that its variations have had any sensible connection with the dearness or cheapness of the seasons.	しかし、その年産量について公表されている記述を調べてみると、その変動が季節の高低との間に何らかの明確な関係があることは確認できなかった。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	account|記述|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	publish|公表する|verb|make public	annual|年産量|adjective|happening or done once a year	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way something happens or is done	sensible|明確な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	connection|関係|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else	dearness|高低|noun|the quality of being expensive or costing a lot	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
In 1740, a year of great scarcity, both manufactures, indeed, appear to have declined very considerably.	確かに、大飢饉の年である一七四〇年には、両方の製造業がかなり衰退したように見える。	1740|一七四〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a lack of something	both|両方|determiner|the two	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	decline|衰退する|verb|become smaller or fewer	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a noticeable extent
But in 1756, another year of great scarcity, the Scotch manufactures made more than ordinary advances.	しかし、もう一つの大飢饉の年である一七五六年には、スコットランドの製造業は通常以上の進歩を遂げた。	1756|1756年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	another|もう一つの|adjective|one more; an additional	great scarcity|大飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	Scotch|スコットランド|noun|a person from Scotland	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	more than|通常以上の|adverb|to a greater extent than	ordinary|通常|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	advance|進歩|noun|a forward movement
The Yorkshire manufacture, indeed, declined, and its produce did not rise to what it had been in 1755, till 1766, after the repeal of the American stamp act.	確かにヨークシャー製造業は衰退し、その生産量はアメリカの印紙法が廃止された後の一七六六年まで、一七五五年の水準にまで回復しなかった。	Yorkshire|ヨークシャー|noun|a historic county in northern England	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	decline|衰退|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something produced	rise|回復|verb|go up	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its inhabitants	stamp act|印紙法|noun|a law that required all legal documents, permits, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards in the American colonies to carry a tax stamp
In that and the following year, it greatly exceeded what it had ever been before, and it has continued to advance ever since.	その年と翌年には、それはそれまでを上回り、それ以来ずっと進歩を続けてきた。	that|その|adjective|the person or thing mentioned or pointed out	following|翌|adjective|coming after something in time; next	greatly|大いに|adverb|very much; to a great extent	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater or better than	ever since|それ以来|adverb|continuously from a particular time in the past until the present

The produce of all great manufactures for distant sale must necessarily depend, not so much upon the dearness or cheapness of the seasons in the countries where they are carried on, as upon the circumstances which affect the demand in the countries where they are consumed;	遠隔地販売向けのすべての大規模製造業の生産量は、それが行われている国の季節の高低よりも、それが消費されている国の需要に影響を与える状況に依存せざるを得ない。	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	distant sale|遠隔地販売|noun|the sale of goods to a distant location	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	dearness|高さ|noun|the high price of something	cheapness|安さ|noun|the low price of something	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, and winter)	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
upon peace or war, upon the prosperity or declension of other rival manufactures and upon the good or bad humour of their principal customers.	平和か戦争か、他の競合する製造業の繁栄か衰退か、そして主要顧客の気分が良いか悪いかである。	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	declension|衰退|noun|a change to a lower state or level	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a group of two or more	rival|競合する|adjective|competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	customer|顧客|noun|a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store or business
A great part of the extraordinary work, besides, which is probably done in cheap years, never enters the public registers of manufactures.	そのうえ、おそらく安い年になされる臨時の仕事の大部分は、製造業の公的台帳には決して載らない。	a great part of|大部分|noun|a large part of	extraordinary|臨時|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	enter|載る|verb|go or come in	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	register|台帳|noun|an official list or record
The men-servants, who leave their masters, become independent labourers.	主人のもとを去った召使は、独立した労働者になる。	leave|去る|verb|go away from a place	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	become|なる|verb|start to be	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or controlled by another	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work
The women return to their parents, and commonly spin, in order to make clothes for themselves and their families.	女性は親元に戻り、自分や家族の衣服を作るために、普通は糸を紡ぐ。	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place	parent|親|noun|a father or mother	commonly|普通は|adverb|usually; in most cases	spin|紡ぐ|verb|make thread or yarn from fiber	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
Even the independent workmen do not always, work for public sale, but are employed by some of their neighbours in manufactures for family use.	独立した労働者でさえ、いつも一般向けに販売する仕事をするわけではなく、家族用に製造する近所の人に雇われることもある。	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with another	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	public sale|一般向けの販売|noun|the sale of goods or services to the general public	family use|家族用|noun|the use of something by a family
The produce of their labour, therefore, frequently makes no figure in those public registers, of which the records are sometimes published with so much parade, and from which our merchants and manufacturers would often vainly pretend to announce the prosperity or declension of the greatest empires.	だから、彼らの労働の生産物は、しばしば、それらの公的台帳に載らない。その台帳の記録は、時々、大いに誇示して公表され、我々の商人や製造業者は、しばしば、そこから、最大の帝国の繁栄や衰退を告げようと無駄に言い張る。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	make no figure|載らない|verb|not appear	public register|公的台帳|noun|an official list or record of items	record|記録|noun|a permanent account of something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	so much|大いに|adverb|to a great extent	parade|誇示|noun|a public procession	publish|公表する|verb|make public	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	vainly|無駄に|adverb|without success	pretend|言い張る|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	announce|告げる|verb|make known publicly	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	declension|衰退|noun|a decline or decrease

Though the variations in the price of labour not only do not always correspond with those in the price of provisions, but are frequently quite opposite, we must not, upon this account, imagine that the price of provisions has no influence upon that of labour.	労働の価格の変動は、食料の価格の変動と常に一致するわけではないだけでなく、しばしば全く逆になるが、このことから、食料の価格が労働の価格に影響を与えないと想像してはならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	correspond|一致する|verb|be in harmony or in conformity with	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	opposite|逆|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something not actually present to the senses
The money price of labour is necessarily regulated by two circumstances;	労働の貨幣価格は、必然的に二つの状況によって調整される。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	regulate|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
the demand for labour, and the price of the necessaries and conveniencies of life.	労働の需要と、生活必需品や便利品の価格である。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The demand for labour, according as it happens to be increasing, stationary, or declining, or to require an increasing, stationary, or declining population, determines the quantities of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which must be given to the labourer;	労働の需要は、それが増加、停滞、減少、あるいは人口の増加、停滞、減少を必要とするかによって、労働者に与えられなければならない生活必需品や便利品の量を決定する。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|減少|verb|become or make smaller or fewer	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful
and the money price of labour is determined by what is requisite for purchasing this quantity.	そして労働の貨幣価格は、この量を購入するために必要なものによって決定される。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something
Though the money price of labour, therefore, is sometimes high where the price of provisions is low, it would be still higher, the demand continuing the same, if the price of provisions was high.	したがって、労働の貨幣価格は、食料の価格が低い場合には高くなることがあるが、食料の価格が高ければ、需要が同じであれば、さらに高くなるだろう。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	low|低い|adjective|of small vertical extent	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that

It is because the demand for labour increases in years of sudden and extraordinary plenty, and diminishes in those of sudden and extraordinary scarcity, that the money price of labour sometimes rises in the one, and sinks in the other.	労働の貨幣価格が、突然の異常な豊作の年には上昇し、突然の異常な不作の年には下落するのは、労働の需要が前者では増加し、後者では減少するからである。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning or preparation	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	diminish|減少|verb|make or become less	scarcity|不作|noun|a state or condition of having little or no food, money, or other resources	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of a good or service expressed in terms of money	rise|上昇|verb|go up	sink|下落|verb|go down

In a year of sudden and extraordinary plenty, there are funds in the hands of many of the employers of industry, sufficient to maintain and employ a greater number of industrious people than had been employed the year before;	突然の異常な豊作の年には、多くの産業雇用者の手元に、前年に雇用されていたよりも多くの勤勉な人々を維持し、雇用するのに十分な資金がある。	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	year before|前年|noun|the year before the present year
and this extraordinary number cannot always be had.	そして、この異常な数は常に得られるわけではない。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label
Those masters, therefore, who want more workmen, bid against one another, in order to get them, which sometimes raises both the real and the money price of their labour.	したがって、より多くの労働者を必要とする親方たちは、彼らを得るために互いに競り合い、それが彼らの労働の実質価格と貨幣価格の両方を上昇させることがある。	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is qualified to work in a particular trade	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	bid|競り合う|verb|offer a price for something	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	get|得る|verb|come into possession of	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; existing or occurring as a fact	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The contrary of this happens in a year of sudden and extraordinary scarcity.	突然の異常な不作の年には、これとは逆のことが起こる。	contrary|逆|noun|the opposite	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something
The funds destined for employing industry are less than they had been the year before.	産業を雇用するための資金は、前年よりも少ない。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	destine|充てる|verb|to set apart for a specific purpose	employ|雇用する|verb|to give work to	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as before	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
A considerable number of people are thrown out of employment, who bid one against another, in order to get it, which sometimes lowers both the real and the money price of labour.	かなりの数の人々が失業し、彼らは仕事にありつくために互いに競り合い、それが労働の実質価格と貨幣価格の両方を下げることがある。	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	throw out|失う|verb|to get rid of something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	bid|競り合う|verb|offer a price for something	against|互いに|preposition|in opposition to	another|もう一方|pronoun|an additional person or thing	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
In 1740, a year of extraordinary scarcity, many people were willing to work for bare subsistence.	異常な不作の年である1740年には、多くの人々が最低限の生活のために働くことをいとわなかった。	1740|1740年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	willing|いとわない|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	bare|最低限の|adjective|with nothing added; basic	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
In the succeeding years of plenty, it was more difficult to get labourers and servants.	豊作が続いた年には、労働者や使用人を得るのがより困難になった。	succeed|続く|verb|come after in time	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	difficult|困難|adjective|hard to do or accomplish	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties
The scarcity of a dear year, by diminishing the demand for labour, tends to lower its price, as the high price of provisions tends to raise it.	物価の高い年の不作は、労働需要を減少させることで、労働価格を下げる傾向にあるが、食料品価格の高騰は、労働価格を上げる傾向にある。	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something	dear year|物価の高い年|noun|a year in which prices are high	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something coupled with the ability to pay for it	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position
The plenty of a cheap year, on the contrary, by increasing the demand, tends to raise the price of labour, as the cheapness of provisions tends to lower it.	逆に、物価の安い年の豊作は、需要を増やすことで労働価格を上げる傾向にあるが、食料品の安さは労働価格を下げる傾向にある。	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price or value	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position
In the ordinary variations of the prices of provisions, those two opposite causes seem to counterbalance one another, which is probably, in part, the reason why the wages of labour are everywhere so much more steady and permanent than the price of provisions.	食料品の価格の通常の変動では、これら二つの相反する原因は互いに相殺し合うように思われ、これがおそらく、労働賃金がどこでも食料品の価格よりもはるかに安定して永続的である理由の一部である。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	opposite|相反する|adjective|being the other of a pair of things	cause|原因|noun|the person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	counterbalance|相殺し合う|verb|to act against with an equal force or effect	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or in every situation	steady|安定した|adjective|not likely to change or fail	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely

The increase in the wages of labour necessarily increases the price of many commodities, by increasing that part of it which resolves itself into wages, and so far tends to diminish their consumption, both at home and abroad.	労働賃金の上昇は、必然的に多くの商品の価格を上昇させ、そのうち賃金に分解される部分を増加させ、国内外でその消費を減少させる傾向がある。	increase|上昇|noun|the action of increasing something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	resolve|分解|verb|find a solution to	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency
The same cause, however, which raises the wages of labour, the increase of stock, tends to increase its productive powers, and to make a smaller quantity of labour produce a greater quantity of work.	しかし、労働賃金を引き上げる同じ原因である資本の増加は、生産力を増大させ、より少ない労働量でより多くの仕事を生み出す傾向がある。	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount or level of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	increase|増大|noun|the action of increasing something	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	make|生み出す|verb|cause to be or become	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
The owner of the stock which employs a great number of labourers necessarily endeavours, for his own advantage, to make such a proper division and distribution of employment, that they may be enabled to produce the greatest quantity of work possible.	多数の労働者を雇用する資本の所有者は、必然的に、自分自身の利益のために、労働者が可能な限り最大量の仕事を生産できるように、適切な分業と配分を行うよう努力する。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
For the same reason, he endeavours to supply them with the best machinery which either he or they can think of.	同じ理由で、彼は彼らが考えつく限り最高の機械を彼らに供給するよう努力する。	for the same reason|同じ理由で|adverb|for the same cause or purpose	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	think of|考えつく|verb|to produce or create by thinking
What takes place among the labourers in a particular workhouse, takes place, for the same reason, among those of a great society.	特定の作業場で労働者の間で起こることは、同じ理由で、大社会の労働者の間で起こる。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	workhouse|作業場|noun|a place where people were given food and a place to live in return for work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The greater their number, the more they naturally divide themselves into different classes and subdivisions of employments.	彼らの数が増えれば増えるほど、彼らは自然に異なる階級や職業の細分化に分かれていく。	the greater|増えれば増えるほど|adjective|larger in size or amount	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into parts	class|階級|noun|a group of people or things with the same social, economic, or educational status	subdivision|細分化|noun|a division of a division	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed
More heads are occupied in inventing the most proper machinery for executing the work of each, and it is, therefore, more likely to be invented.	より多くの頭脳が、それぞれの仕事を遂行するのに最も適した機械を発明することに費やされ、それゆえ、発明される可能性が高くなる。	head|頭脳|noun|the upper or front part of the human body, containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	be occupied in|費やされる|verb|be busy with	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	execute|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
There are many commodities, therefore, which, in consequence of these improvements, come to be produced by so much less labour than before, that the increase of its price is more than compensated by the diminution of its quantity.	したがって、これらの改良の結果、以前よりもはるかに少ない労働で生産されるようになり、その価格の上昇がその数量の減少によって補われる以上の多くの商品がある。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	come to be|～になる|verb|become	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	increase|上昇|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|数量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement


## CHAPTER IX: OF THE PROFITS OF STOCK.	第九章: 資本の利潤について	CHAPTER IX|第九章|noun|the ninth chapter	PROFITS|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	STOCK|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business

The rise and fall in the profits of stock depend upon the same causes with the rise and fall in the wages of labour, the increasing or declining state of the wealth of the society;	資本の利潤の上昇と下降は、労働賃金の上昇と下降、社会の富の増加または減少と同じ原因に依存している。	rise and fall|上昇と下降|noun|an increase and decrease	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	same|同じ|adjective|not different	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	rise and fall|上昇と下降|noun|an increase and decrease	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming greater or more numerous	decline|減少|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, or value
but those causes affect the one and the other very differently.	しかし、これらの原因は、一方と他方に非常に異なる影響を与える。	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely

The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit.	賃金を引き上げる資本の増加は、利潤を低下させる傾向がある。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	raise|引き上げる|verb|cause to rise	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	lower|低下させる|verb|cause to be lower
When the stocks of many rich merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition naturally tends to lower its profit;	多くの裕福な商人の資本が同じ貿易に投入されると、彼らの相互競争は当然その利益を低下させる傾向がある。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	turn into|投入される|verb|change into	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	mutual|相互の|adjective|shared by two or more people or things	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	tend to|傾向がある|verb|be likely to do something	lower|低下させる|verb|make or become lower	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
and when there is a like increase of stock in all the different trades carried on in the same society, the same competition must produce the same effect in them all.	そして、同じ社会で営まれているすべての異なる貿易において、同じように資本が増加すると、同じ競争がそれらすべてにおいて同じ効果を生み出すに違いない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	when|すると|conjunction|at or during the time that	there is|ある|verb|exist	like|同じように|adjective|having the same characteristics or qualities as some other person or thing	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	the|その|determiner|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	trades|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	carried on|営まれている|verb|continue doing something	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	the|その|determiner|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	the|その|determiner|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|expressing an opinion or belief that something is very likely	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	the|その|determiner|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	them|それら|pronoun|used to refer to a group of people or things that have already been mentioned	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of

It is not easy, it has already been observed, to ascertain what are the average wages of labour, even in a particular place, and at a particular time.	すでに述べたように、特定の場所、特定の時期でさえ、労働の平均賃金がいくらであるかを確認するのは容易ではない。	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	easy|容易|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort; presenting few difficulties
We can, even in this case, seldom determine more than what are the most usual wages.	この場合でさえ、最も一般的な賃金がいくらであるか以上のことを決定することはめったにできない。	even in this case|この場合でさえ|adverb|in this situation also	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	most usual|最も一般的な|adjective|the most common or frequent	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
But even this can seldom be done with regard to the profits of stock.	しかし、資本の利潤に関してこれを行うことはめったにできない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	regard|に関して|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
Profit is so very fluctuating, that the person who carries on a particular trade, cannot always tell you himself what is the average of his annual profit.	利潤は非常に変動しやすいので、特定の貿易を営む人は、自分の年間利潤の平均がいくらかをいつも自分では言えない。	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	fluctuate|変動する|verb|vary or change, especially in an irregular manner	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number
It is affected, not only by every variation of price in the commodities which he deals in, but by the good or bad fortune both of his rivals and of his customers, and by a thousand other accidents, to which goods, when carried either by sea or by land, or even when stored in a warehouse, are liable.	それは、彼が扱う商品の価格のあらゆる変動だけでなく、彼のライバルと顧客の両方の幸運と不運、そして商品が海上または陸路で運ばれるとき、あるいは倉庫に保管されるときでさえも起こりうる、他の無数の事故によって影響を受ける。	be affected|影響を受ける|verb|be influenced or changed by	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	deal in|扱う|verb|trade in	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary	good or bad fortune|幸運と不運|noun|luck	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or object	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	thousand|無数の|noun|the number 1000	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	to which|起こりうる|relative pronoun|that	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	either|または|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	by sea|海上|noun|the surface of the sea	by land|陸路|noun|the surface of the earth	even|でさえも|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	stored|保管される|verb|keep or put away for future use	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale
It varies, therefore, not only from year to year, but from day to day, and almost from hour to hour.	したがって、それは年ごとに変化するだけでなく、日ごとに、そしてほとんど時間ごとに変化する。	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	year to year|年ごとに|adverb|from one year to the next	day to day|日ごとに|adverb|from one day to the next	hour to hour|時間ごとに|adverb|from one hour to the next
To ascertain what is the average profit of all the different trades carried on in a great kingdom, must be much more difficult;	大国で営まれているあらゆる異なる貿易の平均利潤がいくらかを確かめることは、はるかに困難に違いない。	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	difficult|困難|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort
and to judge of what it may have been formerly, or in remote periods of time, with any degree of precision, must be altogether impossible.	そして、それが以前、あるいは遠い過去にどれほどだったかを、ある程度の正確さで判断することは、まったく不可能に違いない。	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	formerly|以前|adverb|in the past	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	period|過去|noun|a length or portion of time	precision|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being precise	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally

But though it may be impossible to determine, with any degree of precision, what are or were the average profits of stock, either in the present or in ancient times, some notion may be formed of them from the interest of money.	しかし、現在でも古代でも、資本の平均利潤がどれほどかをある程度の正確さで決定することは不可能かもしれないが、金利からそれらについてある程度の考えを形成することはできる。	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	precision|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being precise	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
It may be laid down as a maxim, that wherever a great deal can be made by the use of money, a great deal will commonly be given for the use of it;	金銭の使用によって多くの利益を得ることができるところならどこでも、その使用に対して多くの利益が与えられるというのが格言として定められている。	be laid down|定められる|verb|be established or created	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	a great deal|多くの利益|noun|a large amount	be made|得られる|verb|be obtained or received	the use of|使用|noun|the act of using something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	a great deal|多くの利益|noun|a large amount	be given|与えられる|verb|be presented with or awarded	the use of|使用|noun|the act of using something
and that, wherever little can be made by it, less will commonly he given for it.	そして、それによってほとんど利益を得ることができないところでは、通常、それに対して与えられる利益は少ない。	little|ほとんど|adjective|not much; small in quantity or degree	be made by|利益を得る|verb|be produced or created by	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as the other	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	be given for|与えられる|verb|be presented or given to someone
Accordingly, therefore, as the usual market rate of interest varies in any country, we may be assured that the ordinary profits of stock must vary with it, must sink as it sinks, and rise as it rises.	したがって、通常の市場金利がどの国でも変動するので、資本の通常の利潤もそれに伴って変動し、金利が下がれば下がり、上がれば上がると確信できる。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	vary|変動する|verb|change in quality, amount, or level	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	ordinary|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	sink|下がる|verb|go down below the surface of something	rise|上がる|verb|go up
The progress of interest, therefore, may lead us to form some notion of the progress of profit.	したがって、利子の進歩は、利潤の進歩について何らかの考えを形成することにつながるかもしれない。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	lead|つながる|verb|be the cause of	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding

By the 37th of Henry VIII. all interest above ten per cent.	ヘンリー八世の三十七年法によって、十パーセントを超える利子はすべて、	Henry VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death	37th|三十七年|noun|the ordinal number of thirty-seven	ten per cent|十パーセント|noun|ten percent	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
was declared unlawful.	違法と宣言された。	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	unlawful|違法|adjective|not conforming to or permitted by law
More, it seems, had sometimes been taken before that.	それ以前には、それ以上の利子がとられていたこともあるようだ。	more|それ以上|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	it seems|～のようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	be taken|とられる|verb|be removed or carried away from a place
In the reign of Edward VI. religious zeal prohibited all interest.	エドワード六世の治世には、宗教的熱狂がすべての利子を禁止した。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	Edward VI|エドワード六世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547	religious|宗教的|adjective|of or relating to religion	zeal|熱狂|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid
This prohibition, however, like all others of the same kind, is said to have produced no effect, and probably rather increased than diminished the evil of usury.	しかし、この禁止は、同種の他のすべての禁止と同様、効果をあげなかったと言われ、おそらく高利貸しの害を減らすどころか増大させた。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	increase|増大|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	evil|害|noun|something which is harmful or undesirable
The statute of Henry VIII. was revived by the 13th of Elizabeth, cap.	ヘンリー八世の法令は、エリザベス一世の十三年法によって復活した。	Henry VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death	Elizabeth|エリザベス一世|noun|Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	revive|復活する|verb|come back to life or consciousness
8. and ten per cent. continued to be the legal rate of interest till the 21st of James I. when it was restricted to eight per cent.	八パーセントと十パーセントが、ジェームズ一世の二十一年法で八パーセントに制限されるまで、法定利子率であり続けた。	eight|八|noun|the number 8	ten|十|noun|the number 10	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred	continue|であり続けた|verb|persist in an activity or process	legal|法定|adjective|of or relating to the law or lawyers	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)	James I|ジェームズ一世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 24 March 1603	twenty-one|二十一年|noun|the number 21	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	eight|八|noun|the number 8	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred	restrict|制限される|verb|limit or keep under control
It was reduced to six per cent.	それは、チャールズ二世の十五年法で六パーセントに引き下げられた。	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	six|六|noun|the number 6	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	fifteen|十五|noun|the number 15	act|法|noun|a thing done; deed; action
soon after the Restoration, and by the 12th of Queen Anne, to five per cent.	王政復古後まもなく、そしてアン女王の十二年法で五パーセントに引き下げられた。	soon|まもなく|adverb|in a short time	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	Restoration|王政復古|noun|the return of a monarch to a throne	by|で|preposition|not later than	Queen Anne|アン女王|noun|the last of the Stuart monarchs	twelve|十二|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	five|五|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
All these different statutory regulations seem to have been made with great propriety.	これらの様々な法定規制は、すべて非常に適切に制定されたように思われる。	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	different|様々な|adjective|not the same	statutory|法定の|adjective|of or relating to a statute	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	propriety|適切|noun|the state or quality of being proper or suitable
They seem to have followed, and not to have gone before, the market rate of interest, or the rate at which people of good credit usually borrowed.	それらは、市場金利、つまり信用の良い人々が通常借りる金利に従い、先行しなかったように思われる。	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	go before|先行する|verb|go in front of someone or something	market rate|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest paid or received in the market	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	rate|金利|noun|the amount of money paid or charged for something, expressed as a proportion of the amount paid or charged	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily that belongs to someone else, with the intention of returning it
Since the time of Queen Anne, five per cent.	アン女王の時代以来、五パーセントという法定金利は、市場金利を下回ることはなかった。	Queen Anne|アン女王|noun|the last of the Stuart monarchs	five per cent|五パーセント|noun|a rate of interest of five percent	the market rate of interest|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest that is charged on loans in the market
seems to have been rather above than below the market rate.	市場金利を下回ることはなかったように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	below|下回る|preposition|lower than	market rate|市場金利|noun|the interest rate charged on loans made by banks to their most creditworthy customers
Before the late war, the government borrowed at three per cent.; and people of good credit in the capital, and in many other parts of the kingdom, at three and a-half, four, and four and a-half per cent.	前回の戦争前には、政府は三パーセントで借り入れ、首都や王国の他の多くの地域の信用の良い人々は、三・五パーセント、四パーセント、四・五パーセントで借り入れていた。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	three|三|numeral|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	three|三|numeral|the number 3	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	four|四|numeral|the number 4	four|四|numeral|the number 4	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided

Since the time of Henry VIII. the wealth and revenue of the country have been continually advancing, and in the course of their progress, their pace seems rather to have been gradually accelerated than retarded.	ヘンリー八世の時代以来、この国の富と収入は絶えず増大しており、その進歩の過程において、そのペースはむしろ減速するどころか、次第に加速しているように見える。	Henry VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 28 January 1547	time|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and take place	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	advance|増大する|verb|move forward	progress|進歩|noun|development towards an improved or more advanced condition	pace|ペース|noun|the rate at which something happens or changes	retard|減速する|verb|make slow or slower	accelerate|加速する|verb|increase in speed
They seem not only to have been going on, but to have been going on faster and faster.	これらは進歩を続けてきただけでなく、ますます速く進歩してきたように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	go on|進歩する|verb|continue	faster and faster|ますます速く|adverb|at an increasing rate
The wages of labour have been continually increasing during the same period, and, in the greater part of the different branches of trade and manufactures, the profits of stock have been diminishing.	労働賃金は同じ時期に絶えず増加しており、貿易や製造業のさまざまな部門の大部分で、資本の利潤は減少している。	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for their work	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	same period|同じ時期|noun|a period of time that is the same as another	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	different branches|さまざまな部門|noun|different parts of a business or organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	profits|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less

It generally requires a greater stock to carry on any sort of trade in a great town than in a country village.	大都市でどんな種類の商売を営むにも、田舎の村で営むよりも、一般的に多くの資本が必要である。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	great town|大都市|noun|a large human settlement	country village|田舎の村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area
The great stocks employed in every branch of trade, and the number of rich competitors, generally reduce the rate of profit in the former below what it is in the latter.	あらゆる業種に投入される大量の資本と、裕福な競合者の数は、一般的に前者の利潤率を後者の利潤率よりも低下させる。	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employ|投入する|verb|use	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	competitor|競合者|noun|a person or organization that is trying to win or achieve something that others also want	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
But the wages of labour are generally higher in a great town than in a country village.	しかし、労働賃金は一般的に大都市の方が田舎の村よりも高い。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	great|大都市|adjective|of major significance or importance	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area
In a thriving town, the people who have great stocks to employ, frequently cannot get the number of workmen they want, and therefore bid against one another, in order to get as many as they can, which raises the wages of labour, and lowers the profits of stock.	繁栄している町では、雇用する資本を多く持っている人々は、しばしば必要な数の労働者を得ることができず、そのため、できるだけ多くの労働者を得るために互いに競り合い、労働賃金が上昇し、資本の利潤が低下する。	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	town|町|noun|an urban area that is smaller than a city	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	bid|競り合う|verb|offer a price	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	raise|上昇する|verb|go up	lower|低下する|verb|go down
In the remote parts of the country, there is frequently not stock sufficient to employ all the people, who therefore bid against one another, in order to get employment, which lowers the wages of labour, and raises the profits of stock.	国の辺境部では、すべての人々を雇用するのに十分な資本がしばしば存在せず、そのため、人々は雇用を得るために互いに競り合い、労働賃金が低下し、資本の利潤が上昇する。	remote part|辺境部|noun|a part that is far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	bid|競り合う|verb|offer a price	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	order|ために|noun|a command, direction, or instruction	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	lower|低下する|verb|make or become lower	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	raise|上昇する|verb|increase in amount, value, or level

In Scotland, though the legal rate of interest is the same as in England, the market rate is rather higher.	スコットランドでは、法定金利はイングランドと同じだが、市場金利はむしろ高い。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
People of the best credit there seldom borrow under five per cent.	スコットランドでは、信用の最も良い人々でも、五パーセント以下で借りることはめったにない。	best|最も良い|adjective|of the highest quality	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	five|五|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
Even private bankers in Edinburgh give four per cent.	エジンバラの私立銀行家でさえ四パーセントを貸し出す。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	private|私立|adjective|not owned or controlled by the government	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	give|貸し出す|verb|provide or supply	four|四|adjective|the number 4	percent|パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
upon their promissory-notes, of which payment, either in whole or in part may be demanded at pleasure.	借用証書に対して貸し出し、その支払いは、全額でも一部でも、いつでも要求できる。	promissory-note|借用証書|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on demand or at a specified date	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	whole|全額|noun|all of something	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	pleasure|いつでも|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
Private bankers in London give no interest for the money which is deposited with them.	ロンドンの私立銀行家は、預金に対して利子を支払わない。	private banker|私立銀行家|noun|a banker who is not a government official	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	give|支払う|verb|transfer money to someone in exchange for a good or service	money|預金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest
There are few trades which cannot be carried on with a smaller stock in Scotland than in England.	スコットランドでは、イングランドよりも少ない資本で営むことのできない商売はほとんどない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
The common rate of profit, therefore, must be somewhat greater.	したがって、平均利潤率は、多少高くなければならない。	common rate of profit|平均利潤率|noun|the average rate of profit in a given industry or sector	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly
The wages of labour, it has already been observed, are lower in Scotland than in England.	労働賃金は、すでに述べたように、スコットランドではイングランドよりも低い。	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for their work	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
The country, too, is not only much poorer, but the steps by which it advances to a better condition, for it is evidently advancing, seem to be much slower and more tardy.	スコットランドは、はるかに貧しいだけでなく、より良い状態に進歩する歩みも、明らかに進歩しているにもかかわらず、はるかに遅く、より緩慢であるように思われる。	country|スコットランド|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; in addition to	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	step|歩み|noun|a movement made by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	condition|状態|noun|the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	slower|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or done at less than the usual or average speed	tardy|緩慢|adjective|moving or operating slowly
The legal rate of interest in France has not during the course of the present century, been always regulated by the market rate {See Denisart, Article Taux des Interests, tom.	フランスの法定利子率は、今世紀の間は、常に市場利子率によって調整されてきたわけではない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	rate of interest|利子率|noun|the amount of interest due per period of time	during the course of|間に|preposition|in or throughout the duration of	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	market rate|市場利子率|noun|the rate of interest prevailing in a financial market
iii, p.13}.	三巻、一三頁}。	iii|三巻|noun|the third volume	p.13|一三頁|noun|page 13
In 1720, interest was reduced from the twentieth to the fiftieth penny, or from five to two per cent.	一七二〇年には、利子は二〇ペニーから五〇ペニーに、つまり五パーセントから二パーセントに引き下げられた。	1720|1720年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	twentieth|二〇|adjective|coming after nineteen others in a series; 20th	fiftieth|五〇|adjective|coming after forty-nine others in a series; 50th	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin worth one hundredth of a pound	five|五|noun|the number 5	two|二|noun|the number 2	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of one hundredth of a dollar or other currency
In 1724, it was raised to the thirtieth penny, or to three and a third per cent.	一七二四年には、三〇ペニー、つまり三と三分の一パーセントに引き上げられた。	1724|一七二四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	thirtieth|三〇|adjective|being or denoting the number three in a series	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin and monetary unit with a value of one hundredth of a pound	three|三|noun|the number three	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts into which something is or can be divided	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of one hundredth of a dollar
In 1725, it was again raised to the twentieth penny, or to five per cent.	一七二五年には、再び二〇ペニー、つまり五パーセントに引き上げられた。	1725|一七二五年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	twentieth|二〇|adjective|the ordinal number of twenty	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	five|五|adjective|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of measure equal to one hundredth of a dollar
In 1766, during the administration of Mr Laverdy, it was reduced to the twenty-fifth penny, or to four per cent.	一七六六年には、ラヴェルディ氏の政権下で、二五ペニー、つまり四パーセントに引き下げられた。	1766|一七六六年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Mr Laverdy|ラヴェルディ氏|noun|a French politician	twenty-fifth|二五|adjective|the ordinal number of twenty-five	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	four|四|adjective|the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one	per cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part of a whole
The Abbé Terray raised it afterwards to the old rate of five per cent.	テレー師は、その後、それを五パーセントという旧来の率に引き上げた。	Abbé Terray|テレー師|noun|a French cleric and statesman	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	old|旧来の|adjective|having existed for a long time; not new	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
The supposed purpose of many of those violent reductions of interest was to prepare the way for reducing that of the public debts;	これらの金利の強引な引き下げの多くは、公債の金利引き下げの道を準備することが目的とされていた。	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	many|多く|noun|a large number of	violent|強引な|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	reduction|引き下げ|noun|the act of reducing something	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors
a purpose which has sometimes been executed.	この目的は、時折実行された。	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally; at times; now and then	execute|実行する|verb|carry out or put into effect
France is, perhaps, in the present times, not so rich a country as England; and though the legal rate of interest has in France frequently been lower than in England, the market rate has generally been higher;	フランスは、おそらく、現在では、イギリスほど豊かな国ではない。そして、フランスの法定金利はイギリスよりも低いことが多いが、市場金利は一般的に高くなっている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate|金利|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
for there, as in other countries, they have several very safe and easy methods of evading the law.	というのも、他の国々と同じように、フランスでも法律を回避する非常に安全で簡単な方法がいくつかあるからだ。	for there|というのも|conjunction|for that reason	as in|と同じように|preposition|in the same way as	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	safe|安全な|adjective|not likely to cause or lead to harm, injury, or loss	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort; presenting few difficulties	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
The profits of trade, I have been assured by British merchants who had traded in both countries, are higher in France than in England; and it is no doubt upon this account, that many British subjects chuse rather to employ their capitals in a country where trade is in disgrace, than in one where it is highly respected.	両国で貿易を行ったイギリス商人から聞いた話では、貿易の利益はイギリスよりもフランスの方が高いという。そして、このことから、多くのイギリス国民が、貿易が非常に尊敬されている国よりも、貿易が不名誉な国で資本を運用することを選んでいることは間違いない。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	assure|断言する|verb|to tell someone confidently that something is true	both|両方の|determiner|the two	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	many|多くの|determiner|a large number of	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	subject|国民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	chuse|選ぶ|verb|to pick out or select from a number of alternatives	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	employ|運用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	disgrace|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect	one|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	highly|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	respected|尊敬される|adjective|admired and regarded by someone
The wages of labour are lower in France than in England.	フランスの労働賃金はイギリスよりも低い。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	lower|低い|adjective|less high	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
When you go from Scotland to England, the difference which you may remark between the dress and countenance of the common people in the one country and in the other, sufficiently indicates the difference in their condition.	スコットランドからイングランドに行くと、両国の庶民の服装や顔つきの違いが、彼らの境遇の違いを十分に示している。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	go|行く|verb|move from one place to another	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	remark|述べる|verb|say something as a comment	dress|服装|noun|the way that someone dresses	countenance|顔つき|noun|the expression on a person's face	common people|庶民|noun|people who are not of the nobility	condition|境遇|noun|the state of something
The contrast is still greater when you return from France.	フランスから帰国すると、その対比はさらに大きくなる。	contrast|対比|noun|the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	return|帰国する|verb|go or come back to a place
France, though no doubt a richer country than Scotland, seems not to be going forward so fast.	フランスは、スコットランドよりも豊かな国であることは間違いないが、それほど急速に進歩していないように思われる。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	richer|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or valuable possessions	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	go forward|進歩する|verb|move ahead; make progress	so fast|それほど急速に|adverb|very quickly
It is a common and even a popular opinion in the country, that it is going backwards;	フランスでは、国が後退しているという考えが一般的で、国民の間でも広く信じられている。	common|一般的|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	popular|広く信じられている|adjective|regarded with favor, approval, or affection by people in general	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	go backwards|後退している|verb|move in the opposite direction of normal movement
an opinion which I apprehend, is ill-founded, even with regard to France, but which nobody can possibly entertain with regard to Scotland, who sees the country now, and who saw it twenty or thirty years ago.	私の理解では、この考えはフランスに関しても根拠のないものだが、スコットランドに関して言えば、20年、30年前にこの国の状況を見た人なら、誰もがそうは思えないだろう。	apprehend|理解する|verb|perceive or understand	ill-founded|根拠のない|adjective|not based on solid evidence or good reasoning	regard|に関して|noun|a reference to something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	twenty or thirty years ago|20年、30年前|noun|a period of time that is twenty or thirty years in the past

The province of Holland, on the other hand, in proportion to the extent of its territory and the number of its people, is a richer country than England.	一方、オランダ地方は、その領土の広さと人口に比例して、イギリスよりも豊かな国である。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	in proportion to|比例して|adverb|in a manner that is in a direct relationship to something else	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	number|人口|noun|a quantity of people	richer|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets
The government there borrow at two per cent.	そこの政府は2パーセントで借りている。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	two|2|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
and private people of good credit at three.	信用の良い個人は3パーセントで借りている。	private|個人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	three|3|numeral|the number 3
The wages of labour are said to be higher in Holland than in England, and the Dutch, it is well known, trade upon lower profits than any people in Europe.	労働賃金はイギリスよりもオランダの方が高いと言われており、オランダ人はヨーロッパのどの国民よりも低い利潤で取引していることはよく知られている。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	be said to be|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The trade of Holland, it has been pretended by some people, is decaying, and it may perhaps be true that some particular branches of it are so;	オランダの貿易は、一部の人々が主張しているように、衰退しており、その一部の特定の分野がそうであることはおそらく真実かもしれない。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	some people|一部の人々|noun|a group of people	pretend|主張する|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	decay|衰退する|verb|rot or decompose	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	true|真実|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality
but these symptoms seem to indicate sufficiently that there is no general decay.	しかし、これらの症状は、一般的な衰退がないことを十分に示しているように見える。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	these|これらの|determiner|the ones being discussed or indicated	symptom|症状|noun|a physical or mental feature which is regarded as indicating a condition of disease, particularly such a feature that is apparent to the patient	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	indicate|示す|verb|point out; show	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	there is no|ない|verb|not exist	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	decay|衰退|noun|the state or process of rotting or decomposition
When profit diminishes, merchants are very apt to complain that trade decays, though the diminution of profit is the natural effect of its prosperity, or of a greater stock being employed in it than before.	利潤が減少すると、商人は貿易が衰退していると不平を言う傾向があるが、利潤の減少は繁栄の自然な結果であり、以前よりも多くの資本が投入されている。	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	complain|不平を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	decay|衰退|noun|the state or process of rotting or decomposition	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business
During the late war, the Dutch gained the whole carrying trade of France, of which they still retain a very large share.	前回の戦争中に、オランダはフランスの運送貿易全体を獲得し、そのうちの非常に大きなシェアを依然として保持している。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands	gain|獲得する|verb|obtain or secure	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	retain|保持する|verb|continue to have or keep
The great property which they possess both in French and English funds, about forty millions, it is said in the latter (in which, I suspect, however, there is a considerable exaggeration ), the great sums which they lend to private people, in countries where the rate of interest is higher than in their own, are circumstances which no doubt demonstrate the redundancy of their stock, or that it has increased beyond what they can employ with tolerable profit in the proper business of their own country;	彼らがフランスとイギリスの両方の基金で所有している大きな財産は、約4000万であり、後者では(しかし、かなり誇張されていると思う)、金利が自国よりも高い国で民間人に貸し付けている多額の資金は、間違いなく彼らの資本の過剰性を示している状況であり、あるいは自国の適切な事業で許容できる利益を得て使用できる範囲を超えて増加している。	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	forty millions|4000万|noun|the number 40,000,000	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	suspect|思う|verb|believe or think that something is true or probable	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	exaggeration|誇張|noun|a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is	private|民間|adjective|not owned or controlled by the government	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	redundancy|過剰|noun|the state of being no longer needed or useful	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has available for the purpose of carrying out its business	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage the services of (someone)	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
but they do not demonstrate that that business has decreased.	しかし、彼らはその事業が減少したことを証明していない。	demonstrate|証明する|verb|to show or make clear how something works or is done	decrease|減少する|verb|to become or make smaller or less
As the capital of a private man, though acquired by a particular trade, may increase beyond what he can employ in it, and yet that trade continue to increase too, so may likewise the capital of a great nation.	個人の資本は、特定の貿易によって獲得されたとしても、その貿易に投入できる範囲を超えて増加する可能性があるが、その貿易も増加し続けるので、同様に大国の資本も増加する可能性がある。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	private man|個人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	particular trade|特定の貿易|noun|a specific type of trade	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain something	increase|増加する|verb|to become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	employ|投入する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	continue|増加し続ける|verb|to keep doing something	great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country

In our North American and West Indian colonies, not only the wages of labour, but the interest of money, and consequently the profits of stock, are higher than in England.	我が国の北米と西インド諸島の植民地では、労働賃金だけでなく、金利、ひいては資本の利益もイギリスよりも高い。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	West Indian|西インド諸島|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	money|金利|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
In the different colonies, both the legal and the market rate of interest run from six to eight percent.	各植民地では、法定金利も市場金利も6~8%となっている。	different|各|adjective|not the same	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	legal|法定|adjective|of or relating to the law or lawyers	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|金利|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	run|なっている|verb|be in a specified state or condition
High wages of labour and high profits of stock, however, are things, perhaps, which scarce ever go together, except in the peculiar circumstances of new colonies.	しかし、労働賃金の高さと資本利益の高さは、おそらく新植民地の特殊な状況を除いて、めったに両立しないものである。	high wages|高賃金|noun|a large amount of money that is paid to someone for work	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	high profits|高収益|noun|a large amount of money that is earned in a business	stock|資本|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	scarce|めったにない|adjective|not enough of something	go together|両立する|verb|to be able to exist or happen at the same time	new colonies|新植民地|noun|a new area that has been taken over by a country or group of people
A new colony must always, for some time, be more understocked in proportion to the extent of its territory, and more underpeopled in proportion to the extent of its stock, than the greater part of other countries.	新植民地は、しばらくの間、その領土の広さに比べて資本が不足し、資本の広さに比べて人口が不足する傾向にある。	new colony|新植民地|noun|a new settlement in a foreign country	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	be more understocked|不足する|verb|have a lower supply of something than is needed	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a quantity that is the same as or similar to	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	be more underpeopled|不足する|verb|have a lower population than is needed	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a quantity that is the same as or similar to	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	than the greater part of|よりも|preposition|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed
They have more land than they have stock to cultivate.	彼らは耕作する資本よりも土地の方が多い。	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
What they have, therefore, is applied to the cultivation only of what is most fertile and most favourably situated, the land near the sea-shore, and along the banks of navigable rivers.	そのため、彼らが持っているものは、最も肥沃で最も好ましい場所にあるもの、海岸に近い土地、そして航行可能な川の土手沿いの土地の耕作にのみ適用される。	apply|適用される|verb|make use of	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|capable of producing many offspring or much fruit	favourably|好ましい|adverb|in a way that is positive or beneficial	situated|位置する|verb|be located in a particular place	sea-shore|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on
Such land, too, is frequently purchased at a price below the value even of its natural produce.	そのような土地も、その天然産物の価値よりも低い価格で購入されることが多い。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	too|も|adverb|also; as well	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	natural|天然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
Stock employed in the purchase and improvement of such lands, must yield a very large profit, and, consequently, afford to pay a very large interest.	そのような土地の購入と改良に使用される資本は、非常に大きな利益を生み、その結果、非常に大きな利子を支払う余裕がある。	stock|資本|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	employ|使用される|verb|use	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	afford|支払う余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for
Its rapid accumulation in so profitable an employment enables the planter to increase the number of his hands faster than he can find them in a new settlement.	そのような収益性の高い雇用で急速に蓄積することで、農園主は新しい居住地で見つけられるよりも早く労働者数を増やすことができる。	rapid|急速な|adjective|done or occurring with great speed	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating or being accumulated	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial profit	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or operates a plantation	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular industry	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live
Those whom he can find, therefore, are very liberally rewarded.	そのため、彼が見つけられる人々は非常に気前よく報われる。	those|人々|noun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	liberally|気前よく|adverb|in a generous manner	reward|報われる|verb|give a reward to
As the colony increases, the profits of stock gradually diminish.	植民地が増えるにつれて、資本の利益は徐々に減少する。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	increase|増える|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; taking place or changing in small stages over a long period of time	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become smaller or less
When the most fertile and best situated lands have been all occupied, less profit can be made by the cultivation of what is inferior both in soil and situation, and less interest can be afforded for the stock which is so employed.	最も肥沃で最も立地の良い土地がすべて占領されると、土壌と立地の両方で劣っているものの耕作によって得られる利益は少なくなり、そのように使用される資本に対して支払える利子も少なくなる。	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	situated|立地の良い|adjective|having a particular location	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	occupied|占領される|verb|take up all or a lot of space	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	cultivation|耕作|noun|the raising of plants	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of low standard or quality	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located	less|少なくなる|adjective|not as much or as many	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
In the greater part of our colonies, accordingly, both the legal and the market rate of interest have been considerably reduced during the course of the present century.	したがって、私たちの植民地の大部分では、今世紀の間に法定金利と市場金利の両方が大幅に引き下げられた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	considerably|大幅に|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress
As riches, improvement, and population, have increased, interest has declined.	富、改良、人口が増加するにつれて、利子は低下した。	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	decline|低下する|verb|become smaller or fewer in number or amount
The wages of labour do not sink with the profits of stock.	労働賃金は資本の利潤と共に下落するわけではない。	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
The demand for labour increases with the increase of stock, whatever be its profits;	労働需要は、その利潤がどうであれ、資本の増加に伴って増加する。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and after these are diminished, stock may not only continue to increase, but to increase much faster than before.	そして、これらが減少した後も、資本は増加し続けるかもしれないが、以前よりもはるかに速く増加する。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	these|これら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	are diminished|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	to increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	but|しかし|conjunction|used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously	to increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	faster|より速く|adverb|at a high speed	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison
It is with industrious nations, who are advancing in the acquisition of riches, as with industrious individuals.	勤勉な個人と同様、勤勉な国々は富の獲得を進めている。	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	advance|進める|verb|move forward	acquisition|獲得|noun|the act of getting something	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions
A great stock, though with small profits, generally increases faster than a small stock with great profits.	大きな資本は、利益は小さくても、一般的に大きな利益のある小さな資本よりも速く増加する。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	stock|資本|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed; quickly
Money, says the proverb, makes money.	諺にもあるように、金は金を生む。	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	proverb|諺|noun|a short, well-known pithy saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice	make|生む|verb|produce or create
When you have got a little, it is often easy to get more.	少し手に入れると、もっと手に入れやすくなることが多い。	get|手に入れる|verb|come into possession of	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|もっと|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree
The great difficulty is to get that little.	大きな困難は、その少しを手に入れることである。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	get|手に入れる|verb|receive, obtain, or acquire
The connection between the increase of stock and that of industry, or of the demand for useful labour, has partly been explained already, but will be explained more fully hereafter, in treating of the accumulation of stock.	資本の増加と産業の増加、あるいは有用労働の需要の増加との関係は、すでに一部説明したが、資本の蓄積を扱う際に、今後さらに詳しく説明する。	connection|関係|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; not completely	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	hereafter|今後|adverb|in the future	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something

The acquisition of new territory, or of new branches of trade, may sometimes raise the profits of stock, and with them the interest of money, even in a country which is fast advancing in the acquisition of riches.	新しい領土や新しい貿易部門の獲得は、富の獲得が急速に進んでいる国でさえ、資本の利潤を上げ、それに伴って金利を上げることがある。	acquisition|獲得|noun|the act of acquiring something	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	raise|上げる|verb|cause to rise	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed	advance|進む|verb|move forward
The stock of the country, not being sufficient for the whole accession of business which such acquisitions present to the different people among whom it is divided, is applied to those particular branches only which afford the greatest profit.	国の資本は、そのような獲得によって分割された人々に与えられる事業の全体的な増加には十分ではないため、最大の利益をもたらす特定の部門にのみ適用される。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	not being sufficient|十分ではない|verb|not enough	accession|増加|noun|an increase in size, amount, or degree	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	acquisition|獲得|noun|the action of gaining or getting something	present|与える|verb|give	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	among whom|その中で|preposition|in or into the middle of	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	is divided|分割される|verb|split or be split into parts	is applied|適用される|verb|make use of	those|それらの|determiner|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	branches|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	which|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Part of what had before been employed in other trades, is necessarily withdrawn from them, and turned into some of the new and more profitable ones.	以前に他の貿易に使われていたものの一部は、必然的にそれらから引き揚げられ、新しくより収益性の高い貿易に回される。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	withdraw|引き揚げる|verb|take away or back	turn into|回される|verb|change into something else	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain
In all those old trades, therefore, the competition comes to be less than before.	したがって、それらの古い貿易すべてにおいて、競争は以前よりも少なくなってくる。	all|すべて|adjective|the whole amount of	old|古い|adjective|having existed for a long time	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	come to be|～になる|verb|become	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
The market comes to be less fully supplied with many different sorts of goods.	市場は、多くの異なる種類の商品が十分に供給されなくなる。	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	come to be|～になる|verb|become	less fully|十分に～でない|adverb|not as much as desired or required	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with something	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics
Their price necessarily rises more or less, and yields a greater profit to those who deal in them, who can, therefore, afford to borrow at a higher interest.	それらの価格は必然的に多かれ少なかれ上昇し、それらを扱う人々に大きな利益をもたらすので、彼らはより高い利子で借りることができる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or provide	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	deal in|扱う|verb|trade or do business in	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
For some time after the conclusion of the late war, not only private people of the best credit, but some of the greatest companies in London, commonly borrowed at five per cent.	前回の戦争が終結してからしばらくの間、信用の最も良い個人だけでなく、ロンドンの大企業のいくつかも、通常5パーセントで借り入れていた。	for some time|しばらくの間|noun|a period of time	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	conclusion|終結|noun|the end or finish of an event or process	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	private|個人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	best|最も良い|adjective|of the most excellent or desirable type or quality	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	some|いくつか|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	greatest|最も大きい|adjective|of the most importance or significance	companies|企業|noun|a business organization	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be enclosed or surrounded by something else	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	borrowed|借り入れた|verb|take and use (something belonging to someone else) with the intention of returning it	at|で|preposition|expressing location or arrival in a place	five|5|numeral|the number 5	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in every hundred
who, before that, had not been used to pay more than four, and four and a half per cent.	それまでは、4パーセントから4.5パーセント以上支払うことに慣れていなかった。	before|それまでは|preposition|earlier than	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	more than|以上|preposition|greater in number or amount than	four|4|noun|the number 4	four and a half|4.5|noun|the number 4.5	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
The great accession both of territory and trade by our acquisitions in North America and the West Indies, will sufficiently account for this, without supposing any diminution in the capital stock of the society.	北米と西インド諸島での獲得による領土と貿易の両方の大きな増加は、社会の資本ストックの減少を想定することなく、これを十分に説明するだろう。	accession|増加|noun|the attainment or acquisition of a position or office	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
So great an accession of new business to be carried on by the old stock, must necessarily have diminished the quantity employed in a great number of particular branches, in which the competition being less, the profits must have been greater.	古い株によって遂行される新しい事業の如此に大きな増加は、必然的に、競争が少なく、利益が大きかったであろう多数の特定の部門で使用される量を減少させたに違いない。	accession|増加|noun|the attainment or acquisition of a position or office	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	old stock|古い株|noun|a stock that has been around for a long time	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	employ|使用する|verb|use	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large company	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
I shall hereafter have occasion to mention the reasons which dispose me to believe that the capital stock of Great Britain was not diminished, even by the enormous expense of the late war.	今後、私は、英国の資本ストックは、前回の戦争の莫大な出費によっても減少しなかったと信じさせる理由に言及する機会があるだろう。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	enormous|莫大な|adjective|very large or great	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

The diminution of the capital stock of the society, or of the funds destined for the maintenance of industry, however, as it lowers the wages of labour, so it raises the profits of stock, and consequently the interest of money.	しかし、社会の資本ストック、あるいは産業の維持に充てられる資金の減少は、労働賃金を低下させるので、株の利益を上げ、結果として金利を上げる。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making less	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	lower|低下させる|verb|make or become lower	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
By the wages of labour being lowered, the owners of what stock remains in the society can bring their goods at less expense to market than before;	労働賃金が下がることで、社会に残っている株の所有者は、以前よりも少ない費用で商品を市場に出すことができる。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	be lowered|下がる|verb|move or cause to move to a lower position	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	bring|出す|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
and less stock being employed in supplying the market than before, they can sell them dearer.	そして、以前よりも市場に供給される株が少ないので、彼らはそれをより高く売ることができる。	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials	be employed|使われる|verb|be used	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	dearer|より高く|adjective|at a higher price
Their goods cost them less, and they get more for them.	彼らの商品は彼らにとってより安く、彼らはより多くを得る。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	less|より安く|adjective|a smaller amount of	get|得る|verb|receive or earn	more|より多く|adjective|a greater amount of
Their profits, therefore, being augmented at both ends, can well afford a large interest.	したがって、彼らの利益は両端で増大しているので、大きな利子を支払う余裕がある。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	be augmented|増大する|verb|be made greater or more intense	both ends|両端|noun|the two ends of something	afford|支払う余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
The great fortunes so suddenly and so easily acquired in Bengal and the other British settlements in the East Indies, may satisfy us, that as the wages of labour are very low, so the profits of stock are very high in those ruined countries.	ベンガルや東インドの他のイギリス人居住地で、突然、簡単に手に入れた大金は、労働賃金が非常に低いため、これらの荒廃した国々では株の利益が非常に高いことを私たちに納得させてくれるかもしれない。	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	suddenly|突然|adverb|quickly and without warning	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty	acquire|手に入れた|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	great fortune|大金|noun|a large amount of money	satisfy|納得させる|verb|to make someone happy or pleased	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made to a worker	low|低い|adjective|not high	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
The interest of money is proportionably so.	金利もそれに比例する。	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	proportionably|比例する|adverb|in a way that is in proportion
In Bengal, money is frequently lent to the farmers at forty, fifty, and sixty per cent.	ベンガルでは、農民に40、50、60パーセントで貸し付けられることが多い。	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in South Asia	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and ten	sixty|60|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of six and ten	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
and the succeeding crop is mortgaged for the payment.	そして、次の収穫は支払いのために抵当に入れられる。	succeed|続く|verb|come after in time	crop|収穫|noun|the agricultural produce of a particular place or season	mortgage|抵当に入れる|verb|make a loan on the security of	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
As the profits which can afford such an interest must eat up almost the whole rent of the landlord, so such enormous usury must in its turn eat up the greater part of those profits.	そのような利子を支払える利益は、地主のほぼ全地代を食いつぶすに違いないので、そのような法外な高利貸しは、今度はそうした利益の大部分を食いつぶすに違いない。	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	eat up|食いつぶす|verb|consume all of	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	enormous|法外な|adjective|very large or great	usury|高利貸し|noun|the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest	turn|今度は|noun|a change of direction, position, or course	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Before the fall of the Roman republic, a usury of the same kind seems to have been common in the provinces, under the ruinous administration of their proconsuls.	ローマ共和国の滅亡前には、属州総督の破滅的な統治下で、同じ種類の高利貸しが属州で一般的だったようである。	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of falling	Roman republic|ローマ共和国|noun|the ancient Roman state from 509 BC to 27 BC	usury|高利貸し|noun|the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great mass of people	province|属州|noun|an administrative division of a country	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	administration|統治|noun|the management of a business or organization	proconsul|属州総督|noun|a governor of a province in the ancient Roman republic
The virtuous Brutus lent money in Cyprus at eight-and-forty per cent.	高潔なブルータスはキプロスで48パーセントで金を貸した。	virtuous|高潔な|adjective|having or showing high moral standards	Brutus|ブルータス|noun|a Roman statesman and general	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a short time, expecting it to be returned	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	Cyprus|キプロス|noun|an island in the eastern Mediterranean	eight-and-forty|48|noun|the number 48	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
as we learn from the letters of Cicero.	キケロの手紙からわかるように。	learn|わかる|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	letter|手紙|noun|a written message addressed to a person or organization and delivered by mail or hand

In a country which had acquired that full complement of riches which the nature of its soil and climate, and its situation with respect to other countries, allowed it to acquire, which could, therefore, advance no further, and which was not going backwards, both the wages of labour and the profits of stock would probably be very low.	土壌や気候の性質、他の国々との関係から、その国が獲得できる富をすべて獲得し、それ以上進歩することも後退することもない国では、労働賃金も資本利潤もおそらく非常に低いだろう。	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	climate|気候|noun|the weather averaged over a period of time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain something	advance|進歩する|verb|to move forward	backwards|後退する|adverb|in the opposite direction of normal movement	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom or from head to foot
In a country fully peopled in proportion to what either its territory could maintain, or its stock employ, the competition for employment would necessarily be so great as to reduce the wages of labour to what was barely sufficient to keep up the number of labourers, and the country being already fully peopled, that number could never be augmented.	国土が維持できる人口、あるいは資本が雇用できる人口に達している国では、雇用をめぐる競争は必然的に激しくなり、労働者の数を維持するのにぎりぎり十分な額まで労働賃金が下がるだろうし、すでに人口が充足している国では、その数は決して増加しないだろう。	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	territory|国土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	great|激しい|adjective|of major significance or importance	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount
In a country fully stocked in proportion to all the business it had to transact, as great a quantity of stock would be employed in every particular branch as the nature and extent of the trade would admit.	取引しなければならないすべての事業に比例して十分な資本がある国では、貿易の性質と規模が許す限り、あらゆる特定の部門で大量の資本が投入されるだろう。	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	as great a quantity of|大量の|noun phrase|a large amount of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	would be employed|投入されるだろう|verb phrase|would be used	every particular branch|あらゆる特定の部門|noun phrase|every specific department	as the nature and extent of the trade would admit|貿易の性質と規模が許す限り|noun phrase|as much as the nature and size of the trade would allow
The competition, therefore, would everywhere be as great, and, consequently, the ordinary profit as low as possible.	したがって、競争はどこでも激しく、その結果、通常の利潤は可能な限り低くなるだろう。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	great|激しい|adjective|of major significance or importance	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	as low as possible|可能な限り低い|adjective|the lowest possible

But, perhaps, no country has ever yet arrived at this degree of opulence.	しかし、おそらく、この程度の豊かさに達した国はこれまでなかっただろう。	no country|国はない|noun|no nation	ever yet|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	arrive at|達する|verb|reach a destination	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious
China seems to have been long stationary, and had, probably, long ago acquired that full complement of riches which is consistent with the nature of its laws and institutions.	中国は長い間停滞していたようであり、おそらく、その法律や制度の性質と一致する富の完全な補完をずっと前に獲得していた。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	long|長い|adjective|having a great extent or duration	stationary|停滞している|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	long ago|ずっと前に|adverb|in the distant past	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	full|完全な|adjective|complete; not lacking or omitting anything	complement|補完|noun|something that completes or brings to perfection	riches|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money	consistent|一致する|adjective|in agreement or harmony with	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
But this complement may be much inferior to what, with other laws and institutions, the nature of its soil, climate, and situation, might admit of.	しかし、この補完は、他の法律や制度、その土壌、気候、状況の性質が認めるものよりもはるかに劣っているかもしれない。	complement|補完|noun|something that completes or brings to perfection	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower status or quality	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	climate|気候|noun|the weather averaged over a period of time	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place
A country which neglects or despises foreign commerce, and which admits the vessel of foreign nations into one or two of its ports only, cannot transact the same quantity of business which it might do with different laws and institutions.	外国貿易を無視したり軽視したり、外国船を港の1つか2つにしか入港させない国は、異なる法律や制度で行うことができるのと同じ量の取引を行うことはできない。	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	despise|軽視する|verb|look down on with intense aversion	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	admit|入港させる|verb|allow to enter	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
In a country, too, where, though the rich, or the owners of large capitals, enjoy a good deal of security, the poor, or the owners of small capitals, enjoy scarce any, but are liable, under the pretence of justice, to be pillaged and plundered at any time by the inferior mandarins, the quantity of stock employed in all the different branches of business transacted within it, can never be equal to what the nature and extent of that business might admit.	また、富裕層や大資本の所有者はかなりの安全を享受しているが、貧困層や小資本の所有者はほとんど享受しておらず、正義を口実にいつでも下級官吏に略奪される可能性がある国では、国内で取引されるあらゆる業種に投入される資本の量は、その事業の性質と規模が認める量に決して及ぶことはない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rich|富裕層|noun|a person with a great deal of money or valuable possessions	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	poor|貧困層|noun|a person who has little or no money and few or no possessions	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	liable|可能性がある|adjective|responsible by law; legally answerable	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment	pretence|口実|noun|an excuse or pretext	inferior|下級|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	mandarin|官吏|noun|a member of any of the nine ranks of public officials in the Chinese Empire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage the services of (a person or thing)	branch|業種|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	admit|認める|verb|confess to be true or to be the case, typically with reluctance
In every different branch, the oppression of the poor must establish the monopoly of the rich, who, by engrossing the whole trade to themselves, will be able to make very large profits.	あらゆる業種において、貧困層の抑圧は富裕層の独占を確立し、富裕層は貿易全体を独占することで、非常に大きな利益を得ることができるようになる。	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	poor|貧困層|noun|people who lack money or material possessions	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	rich|富裕層|noun|people who have a great deal of money or property	engrossing|独占する|verb|to occupy the whole of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Twelve per cent. accordingly, is said to be the common interest of money in China, and the ordinary profits of stock must be sufficient to afford this large interest.	したがって、中国では12パーセントが金利の相場であり、この高金利を支払うには、通常の資本利益で十分でなければならない。	twelve per cent|12パーセント|noun|a rate of interest of 12%	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	be said to be|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	common interest|相場|noun|the usual or average rate of interest	money|金利|noun|a medium that can be exchanged for goods and services and is used as a measure of their value	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	ordinary profit|通常の資本利益|noun|the usual or average profit	must be|でなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to be	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough	afford|支払う|verb|be able to pay for	large interest|高金利|noun|a high rate of interest

A defect in the law may sometimes raise the rate of interest considerably above what the condition of the country, as to wealth or poverty, would require.	法律の欠陥によって、金利が富や貧困に関して国の状況が必要とする水準を大幅に上回ることがある。	defect|欠陥|noun|a fault or flaw	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	rate|水準|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|金利|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor
When the law does not enforce the performance of contracts, it puts all borrowers nearly upon the same footing with bankrupts, or people of doubtful credit, in better regulated countries.	法律が契約の履行を強制しない場合、それはすべての借り手を、よりよく規制された国々における破産者や信用の疑わしい人々とほぼ同じ立場に置く。	law|法律|noun|a system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	enforce|強制する|verb|compel observance of or compliance with	performance|履行|noun|the execution of an action	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	put|置く|verb|move something or someone into a specified place or position	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows money	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close or similar to	footing|立場|noun|the basis on which something is established or operates	bankrupt|破産者|noun|a person who has been declared in law as unable to pay their debts	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable as to truth or quality	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The uncertainty of recovering his money makes the lender exact the same usurious interest which is usually required from bankrupts.	貸し手は、自分のお金を取り戻せるかどうかわからないので、破産者から通常要求されるのと同じ高利を要求する。	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	recover|取り戻す|verb|get back	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	lender|貸し手|noun|a person or organization that lends money	exact|要求する|verb|demand and obtain	usurious|高利の|adjective|involving or constituting usury	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	bankrupt|破産者|noun|a person who has been declared in law as unable to pay their debts
Among the barbarous nations who overran the western provinces of the Roman empire, the performance of contracts was left for many ages to the faith of the contracting parties.	ローマ帝国の西部諸州を席巻した野蛮な国々では、契約の履行は長い間契約当事者の信頼に委ねられていた。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	overrun|席巻する|verb|spread over or occupy in a rapid and overwhelming manner	western|西部の|adjective|of or relating to the west	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the empire founded by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western and Eastern empires	performance|履行|noun|the execution of an action	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	leave|委ねる|verb|go away from a place	many ages|長い間|noun|a long period of time	faith|信頼|noun|complete trust or confidence in someone or something	contracting party|契約当事者|noun|a person or group that has entered into a contract
The courts of justice of their kings seldom intermeddled in it.	彼らの王の裁判所がそれに干渉することはめったになかった。	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	intermeddle|干渉する|verb|to interfere in the affairs of others
The high rate of interest which took place in those ancient times, may, perhaps, be partly accounted for from this cause.	古代に起こった高金利は、おそらくこの原因から部分的に説明できるかもしれない。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	high rate|高率|noun|a high level or amount	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	be accounted for|説明できる|verb|be explained	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition

When the law prohibits interest altogether, it does not prevent it.	法律が利子を全面的に禁止しても、利子は防げない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	altogether|全面的に|adverb|completely; totally	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
Many people must borrow, and nobody will lend without such a consideration for the use of their money as is suitable, not only to what can be made by the use of it, but to the difficulty and danger of evading the law.	多くの人は借りなければならないし、誰も自分のお金の使用に対して、その使用によって得られる利益だけでなく、法律を回避することの困難さと危険性に見合った対価なしに貸そうとはしない。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	consideration|対価|noun|something given in return for something else	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; in addition to	what|利益|pronoun|the thing or things that	can be made|得られる|verb|be produced or created	by|によって|preposition|next to; beside	the use of|使用|noun|the action of using something	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	to|に|preposition|toward; into	the difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or quality of being difficult	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, or clauses	danger|危険性|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	evading|回避すること|verb|avoid or escape from	the law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
The high rate of interest among all Mahometan nations is accounted for by M. Montesquieu, not from their poverty, but partly from this, and partly from the difficulty of recovering the money.	モンテスキュー氏は、すべてのマホメット教徒の間で金利が高いのは、彼らの貧困からではなく、一部にはこのことから、また一部には金銭を取り戻すことの困難さからであると説明している。	high rate|高率|noun|a high level or amount	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	Mahometan|マホメット教徒|noun|a follower of the religion of Islam	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	account for|説明する|verb|give an explanation of	M. Montesquieu|モンテスキュー氏|noun|a French political philosopher	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	partly|一部には|adverb|to some extent; in part	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	partly|一部には|adverb|to some extent; in part	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	recovering|取り戻すこと|verb|get back or regain possession of

The lowest ordinary rate of profit must always be something more than what is sufficient to compensate the occasional losses to which every employment of stock is exposed.	最低の通常利潤率は、常に、あらゆる資本の使用がさらされている時折の損失を補償するのに十分なものよりも、何か多いものであるに違いない。	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least height or amount	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	expose|さらされている|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
It is this surplus only which is neat or clear profit.	この余剰だけが純益または純利益である。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
What is called gross profit, comprehends frequently not only this surplus, but what is retained for compensating such extraordinary losses.	粗利と呼ばれるものは、しばしばこの余剰だけでなく、そのような特別損失を補填するために保有されるものも含む。	gross profit|粗利|noun|the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting overheads, payroll, taxation, and interest payments	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
The interest which the borrower can afford to pay is in proportion to the clear profit only.	借り手が支払うことができる利子は、純利益にのみ比例する。	afford|支払うことができる|verb|have enough money to pay for	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	proportion|比例する|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	clear profit|純利益|noun|the amount of money a business has left after paying all its costs and taxes
The lowest ordinary rate of interest must, in the same manner, be something more than sufficient to compensate the occasional losses to which lending, even with tolerable prudence, is exposed.	最低の通常金利は、同様に、かなりの慎重さをもって貸し付けたとしても、貸し付けがさらされている時折の損失を補償するのに十分なものよりも、何か多いものであるに違いない。	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least height or amount	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|金利|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	same|同様に|adjective|being the same or not different	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	expose|さらされている|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible
Were it not, mere charity or friendship could be the only motives for lending.	そうでなければ、単なる慈善や友情だけが貸し付けの動機となりうる。	be not|そうでなければ|verb|if not	mere|単なる|adjective|being only that and nothing else	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	friendship|友情|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something

In a country which had acquired its full complement of riches, where, in every particular branch of business, there was the greatest quantity of stock that could be employed in it, as the ordinary rate of clear profit would be very small, so the usual market rate of interest which could be afforded out of it would be so low as to render it impossible for any but the very wealthiest people to live upon the interest of their money.	富の完全な補完物を獲得した国では、あらゆる特定の業種において、そこに投入できる最大量の資本があったため、通常の純利益率は非常に小さく、そこから得られる通常の市場金利は非常に低く、最も裕福な人々以外は誰もが自分のお金の利子で生活することが不可能になるほど低くなるだろう。	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	full complement|完全な補完物|noun|the full number of people or things needed	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employ|投入する|verb|to use or utilize	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	clear profit|純利益|noun|the amount of money a company has left after paying all its costs and expenses	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is below average or usual	afford|得られる|verb|to be able to pay for	usual|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	market rate|市場金利|noun|the interest rate paid on a security or loan that is traded on the open market	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	live|生活する|verb|to be alive	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
All people of small or middling fortunes would be obliged to superintend themselves the employment of their own stocks.	小規模または中規模の富を持つ人々はすべて、自分たちの資本の使用を監督する義務を負うことになる。	small|小規模な|adjective|little in size or extent	middling|中規模な|adjective|of medium size, amount, or quality	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	be obliged to|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	superintend|監督する|verb|supervise or direct	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
It would be necessary that almost every man should be a man of business, or engage in some sort of trade.	ほとんどすべての人が実業家であるか、何らかの商売に従事していることが必要になるだろう。	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	some sort of|何らかの|noun|a kind of	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The province of Holland seems to be approaching near to this state.	オランダの州は、この状態に近づいているように思われる。	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
It is there unfashionable not to be a man of business.	そこでは実業家でないことは流行遅れである。	be unfashionable|流行遅れである|verb|not be in fashion	man of business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business
Necessity makes it usual for almost every man to be so, and custom everywhere regulates fashion.	必要性からほとんどすべての人がそうすることが普通になり、どこでも習慣が流行を支配する。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	usual|普通|adjective|commonly or ordinarily done or happening	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	so|そう|adverb|in the manner or way mentioned	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	regulate|支配する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament
As it is ridiculous not to dress, so is it, in some measure, not to be employed like other people.	服を着ていないことが滑稽であるように、ある程度は、他の人々のように働いていないこと滑稽である。	as|ように|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	be ridiculous|滑稽である|adjective|causing laughter because of being absurd or inappropriate	dress|服を着る|verb|put on clothes	so|そう|adverb|to the same extent	in some measure|ある程度|adverb|to some extent	be employed|働く|verb|have a job	other people|他の人々|noun|people other than oneself
As a man of a civil profession seems awkward in a camp or a garrison, and is even in some danger of being despised there, so does an idle man among men of business.	民間職業の人間が、軍事キャンプや駐屯地ではぎこちなく見え、そこでは軽蔑される危険さえあるように、実業家のなかの怠惰な人間もそうである。	civil profession|民間職業|noun|a job that is not related to the military or government	awkward|ぎこちない|adjective|clumsy or ungainly in movement or manner	camp|軍事キャンプ|noun|a place with temporary accommodations of huts, tents, or other structures, typically for soldiers, refugees, or travelers	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post where troops are stationed	despise|軽蔑する|verb|to look down on with intense aversion	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or having no work to do	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business

The highest ordinary rate of profit may be such as, in the price of the greater part of commodities, eats up the whole of what should go to the rent of the land, and leaves only what is sufficient to pay the labour of preparing and bringing them to market, according to the lowest rate at which labour can anywhere be paid, the bare subsistence of the labourer.	最高の通常利潤率は、商品の大部分の価格において、地代に回されるべきもののすべてを食いつぶし、労働者に支払われる最低賃金、つまり労働者の最低限の生存に必要な賃金に従って、商品を準備して市場に出す労働に支払うのに十分なものだけを残すようなものである。	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	eat up|食いつぶす|verb|consume entirely	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	go to|回される|verb|be used for	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	leave|残す|verb|go away from	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least vertical extent	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	pay|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages
The workman must always have been fed in some way or other while he was about the work, but the landlord may not always have been paid.	労働者は、仕事をしている間は常に何らかの方法で食事を与えられていなければならないが、地主は常に支払いを受けているわけではない。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	feed|食事を与える|verb|give food to	some way or other|何らかの方法|noun|some method or means	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	pay|支払いを受ける|verb|give money to in return for a service or product
The profits of the trade which the servants of the East India Company carry on in Bengal may not, perhaps, be very far from this rate.	東インド会社の使用人がベンガルで行っている貿易の利益は、おそらくこの率からそれほど遠くないかもしれない。	East India Company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a historical region in the northeastern Indian subcontinent	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

The proportion which the usual market rate of interest ought to bear to the ordinary rate of clear profit, necessarily varies as profit rises or falls.	通常の市場金利が通常の純利益率に対して持つべき比率は、利益の上昇または下降に伴って必然的に変化する。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	market rate|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest paid on a loan or security in the open market	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	ought to|持つべき|auxiliary verb|should	bear|持つ|verb|carry or hold	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|the amount of one thing compared to another thing	clear profit|純利益|noun|the amount of money a company has left after paying all its costs and taxes	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change
Double interest is in Great Britain reckoned what the merchants call a good, moderate, reasonable profit;	イギリスでは、商人が善良で、穏健で、合理的な利益と呼ぶものを二重利子と見なしている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	good|善良な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	moderate|穏健な|adjective|not extreme	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
terms which, I apprehend, mean no more than a common and usual profit.	私が理解するところでは、これらの言葉は普通の通常の利益以上の意味はない。	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	apprehend|理解する|verb|perceive or understand	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
In a country where the ordinary rate of clear profit is eight or ten per cent.	通常の純利益率が8%または10%の国では、	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	clear profit|純利益|noun|the amount of money a business has left after paying all its expenses	eight|8|noun|the number 8	ten|10|noun|the number 10	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
it may be reasonable that one half of it should go to interest, wherever business is carried on with borrowed money.	借金で事業を営んでいるところでは、その半分を利子に回すのが妥当かもしれない。	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	go to|回す|verb|be used for	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	wherever|どこであれ|adverb|in or to whatever place	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	borrowed money|借金|noun|money that you have borrowed and have not yet paid back
The stock is at the risk of the borrower, who, as it were, insures it to the lender;	株は借り手のリスクであり、借り手は貸し手に保険をかけているようなものである。	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows money	lender|貸し手|noun|a person who lends money
and four or five per cent.	4%または5%である。	four or five|4%または5%|noun|a number that is equal to the sum of four and five	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
may, in the greater part of trades, be both a sufficient profit upon the risk of this insurance, and a sufficient recompence for the trouble of employing the stock.	取引の大部分において、この保険のリスクに対する十分な利益であり、株を運用する手間に対する十分な報酬である。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss or damage	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	employing|運用する|verb|make use of	stock|株|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution
But the proportion between interest and clear profit might not be the same in countries where the ordinary rate of profit was either a good deal lower, or a good deal higher.	しかし、通常の利潤率がかなり低い国やかなり高い国では、利子と純利潤の比率は同じではないかもしれない。	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	clear profit|純利潤|noun|the amount of money that a company has left after paying all its costs and taxes	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|the amount of one thing compared to another thing	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	lower|低い|adjective|not as high as something else	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent than something else
If it were a good deal lower, one half of it, perhaps, could not be afforded for interest;	もしかなり低ければ、その半分はおそらく利子に回せない。	a good deal|かなり|adverb|to a significant extent	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	afford|回す|verb|have enough money to pay for	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
and more might be afforded if it were a good deal higher.	そして、かなり高ければ、もっと回せるかもしれない。	afford|回せる|verb|have enough money to pay for	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent

In countries which are fast advancing to riches, the low rate of profit may, in the price of many commodities, compensate the high wages of labour, and enable those countries to sell as cheap as their less thriving neighbours, among whom the wages of labour may be lower.	富に向かって急速に進歩している国では、低い利潤率は、多くの商品の価格において、労働の高賃金を補い、それらの国々が、労働賃金がより低いかもしれない、あまり繁栄していない隣国と同じくらい安く売ることを可能にするかもしれない。	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom or from surface to base or from one end to the other	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	enable|可能にする|verb|make it possible for	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	lower|より低い|adjective|less high or tall

In reality, high profits tend much more to raise the price of work than high wages.	現実には、高利潤は高賃金よりも労働の価格を上げる傾向がはるかに強い。	in reality|現実には|adverb|in fact; actually	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	work|労働|noun|effort exerted to do or accomplish something
If, in the linen manufacture, for example, the wages of the different working people, the flax-dressers, the spinners, the weavers, etc.	例えば、リネン製造業において、様々な労働者、亜麻の梳毛工、紡績工、織工などの賃金が、	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	different|様々な|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	working people|労働者|noun|a person who works	flax-dresser|亜麻の梳毛工|noun|a person who dresses flax	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves
should all of them be advanced twopence a-day, it would be necessary to heighten the price of a piece of linen only by a number of twopences equal to the number of people that had been employed about it, multiplied by the number of days during which they had been so employed.	すべて一日二ペンス上がるとしたら、リネン一枚の価格を、それに従事した人数に従事日数を掛けた数に等しい二ペンスだけ上げればよい。	all of them|すべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	be advanced|上がるとしたら|verb|be raised or increased	twopence|二ペンス|noun|a small amount of money	a day|一日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours	be necessary|必要である|verb|be required or essential	heighten|上げる|verb|make higher	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	piece|一枚|noun|a portion of something	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	people|人数|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	employed|従事した|verb|be engaged in a paid occupation	number of days|日数|noun|the length of time in days	during which|の間に|conjunction|in or throughout the time that	so employed|従事した|verb|be engaged in a paid occupation
That part of the price of the commodity which resolved itself into the wages, would, through all the different stages of the manufacture, rise only in arithmetical proportion to this rise of wages.	賃金に分解される商品価格の部分は、製造のあらゆる段階を通して、この賃金の上昇に対して算術的な割合でしか上昇しないだろう。	resolve|分解する|verb|to find a solution to	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	rise|上昇する|verb|to go up	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	arithmetical|算術的な|adjective|of or relating to arithmetic	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
But if the profits of all the different employers of those working people should be raised five per cent.	しかし、もしこれらの労働者を雇用しているすべての雇用者の利潤が五パーセント上昇するとしたら、	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	raise|上昇する|verb|go up or cause to go up	five percent|五パーセント|noun|a proportion or share in every hundred
that part of the price of the commodity which resolved itself into profit would, through all the different stages of the manufacture, rise in geometrical proportion to this rise of profit.	利潤に分解される商品価格の部分は、製造のあらゆる段階を通して、この利潤の上昇に対して幾何級数的に上昇するだろう。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	resolve|分解する|verb|to find a solution to a problem or question	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	stage|段階|noun|a step in a process	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	geometrical|幾何級数的|adjective|of or relating to geometry	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
The employer of the flax dressers would, in selling his flax, require an additional five per cent.	亜麻の梳毛工の雇用者は、亜麻を売るときに、追加の五パーセントを要求するだろう。	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	flax dresser|亜麻の梳毛工|noun|a person that dresses flax	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra	five|五|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the whole value of the materials and wages which he advanced to his workmen.	彼が労働者に前払いした材料と賃金の全価値に対して。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work
The employer of the spinners would require an additional five per cent.	紡績工の雇用者は、追加の五パーセントを要求するだろう。	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	require|要求する|verb|ask for something to be given or done	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	five|五|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
both upon the advanced price of the flax, and upon the wages of the spinners.	亜麻の前払い価格と紡績工の賃金の両方に対して。	both|両方|conjunction|used to indicate that two things are involved	advanced|前払い|adjective|given or paid before it is due	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
And the employer of the weavers would require alike five per cent.	そして、織工の雇用者は、同様に五パーセントを要求するだろう。	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	require|要求する|verb|ask for something to be given or done	alike|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	five percent|五パーセント|noun|a proportion of five parts in every hundred
both upon the advanced price of the linen-yarn, and upon the wages of the weavers.	麻糸の前払い価格と織工の賃金の両方に対して。	both|両方|conjunction|used before the first of two or more words or phrases joined by and to indicate that they are alternatives	upon|に対して|preposition|on	advanced|前払い|adjective|given or sent ahead of time	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	linen-yarn|麻糸|noun|a yarn made from flax	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
In raising the price of commodities, the rise of wages operates in the same manner as simple interest does in the accumulation of debt.	商品の価格を上げるにあたって、賃金の上昇は、単利が負債の蓄積においてするのと同じように作用する。	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	operate|作用する|verb|have an effect or influence	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	simple interest|単利|noun|interest paid on the original principal only	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition of a large amount of something	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due
The rise of profit operates like compound interest.	利潤の上昇は、複利のように作用する。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	operate|作用する|verb|to perform a function	compound interest|複利|noun|interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan
Our merchants and master manufacturers complain much of the bad effects of high wages in raising the price, and thereby lessening the sale of their goods, both at home and abroad.	我が国の商人や製造業者は、高賃金が価格を上げ、それによって国内外で商品の販売が減少する悪影響について、大いに不満を漏らしている。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	complain|不満を漏らす|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	high wages|高賃金|noun|a large amount of money paid to an employee	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	goods|商品|noun|an article that is bought or sold	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country
They say nothing concerning the bad effects of high profits;	彼らは高利潤の悪影響については何も言わない。	say nothing|何も言わない|verb|not say anything	concerning|に関して|preposition|about	bad effect|悪影響|noun|a harmful or undesirable consequence
they are silent with regard to the pernicious effects of their own gains;	彼らは、自分たちの利益の有害な影響については沈黙している。	be silent|沈黙している|verb|not making or accompanied by any sound	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm; highly injurious or destructive	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources
they complain only of those of other people.	彼らは他人の利益についてのみ不満を言う。	complain|不満を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	other|他人|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied


## CHAPTER X: OF WAGES AND PROFIT IN THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF LABOUR AND STOCK.	第十章: 労働と資本のさまざまな用途における賃金と利潤について	CHAPTER X|第十章|noun|the tenth chapter	WAGES|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	PROFIT|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	LABOUR|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	STOCK|資本|noun|the total amount of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose

The whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, must, in the same neighbourhood, be either perfectly equal, or continually tending to equality.	労働と資本のさまざまな用途の利点と欠点の全体は、同じ地域では、完全に等しいか、または継続的に平等に向かう傾向にある。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	neighbourhood|地域|noun|a community or area in which people live	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities
If, in the same neighbourhood, there was any employment evidently either more or less advantageous than the rest, so many people would crowd into it in the one case, and so many would desert it in the other, that its advantages would soon return to the level of other employments.	もし、同じ地域に、明らかに他よりも有利な職業があれば、多くの人がそこに群がり、多くの人がそれを捨て、その利点はすぐに他の職業のレベルに戻ってしまうだろう。	neighbourhood|地域|noun|a district or community within a town or city	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	crowd|群がる|verb|gather together in a large group	desert|捨てる|verb|leave someone or something that you are supposed to stay with or support	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or condition	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person
This, at least, would be the case in a society where things were left to follow their natural course, where there was perfect liberty, and where every man was perfectly free both to choose what occupation he thought proper, and to change it as often as he thought proper.	少なくとも、物事が自然の成り行きに任され、完全な自由があり、誰もが自分の適当と思う職業を選び、適当と思うだけ何度でも変えることができる社会では、そうだろう。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	be the case|そうだろう|verb|be true or correct	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	natural course|自然の成り行き|noun|the way that things happen without being controlled	perfect liberty|完全な自由|noun|the state of being free from all restrictions or limitations	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	perfectly free|完全に自由|adjective|not limited or restricted in any way	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	proper|適当|adjective|suitable or appropriate in the circumstances	as often as|だけ何度でも|adverb|as frequently as	think proper|適当と思う|verb|consider to be right or appropriate
Every man’s interest would prompt him to seek the advantageous, and to shun the disadvantageous employment.	誰もが自分の利益のために、有利な職業を求め、不利な職業を避けようとするだろう。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	prompt|求める|verb|cause or encourage to happen	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	shun|避ける|verb|deliberately avoid	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage

Pecuniary wages and profit, indeed, are everywhere in Europe extremely different, according to the different employments of labour and stock.	実際、ヨーロッパでは、労働と資本の用途の違いによって、金銭的賃金と利潤はどこでも大きく異なる。	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	extremely|大きく|adverb|to a very great degree	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has
But this difference arises, partly from certain circumstances in the employments themselves, which, either really, or at least in the imagination of men, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others, and partly from the policy of Europe, which nowhere leaves things at perfect liberty.	しかし、この違いは、一部には、実際に、あるいは少なくとも人々の想像の中で、ある職業ではわずかな金銭的利益を補い、他の職業では大きな金銭的利益を相殺するような、職業自体の特定の状況から生じ、また一部には、どこにおいても物事を完全に自由にしないヨーロッパの政策から生じている。	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	partly|一部には|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	make up for|補う|verb|compensate for	small|わずかな|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	counterbalance|相殺する|verb|act against with an equal force or effect	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	nowhere|どこにおいても|adverb|not anywhere	leave|残す|verb|go away from	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

The particular consideration of those circumstances, and of that policy, will divide this Chapter into two parts.	これらの状況と政策を個別に考察するため、本章は二部に分かれる。	particular|個別の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	consideration|考察|noun|careful thought, typically over a period of time, about a possible course of action	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book

PART I.	第一部	part|部|noun|a piece of something that has been divided
Inequalities arising from the nature of the employments themselves.	職業そのものの性質から生じる不平等	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	itself|そのもの|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned

The five following are the principal circumstances which, so far as I have been able to observe, make up for a small pecuniary gain in some employments, and counterbalance a great one in others.	私の観察した限りでは、以下の五つが、ある職業ではわずかな金銭的利益を補い、他の職業では大きな金銭的利益を相殺する主な状況である。	five|五つ|noun|the number 5	following|以下の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	so far as|限りでは|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	make up for|補う|verb|compensate for	small|わずかな|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	counterbalance|相殺する|verb|act against with an equal force or effect	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered
First, the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employments themselves;	第一に、職業そのものの快適性または不快性である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	agreeableness|快適性|noun|the quality of being pleasant or agreeable	disagreeableness|不快性|noun|the quality of being unpleasant or disagreeable	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed
secondly, the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense of learning them;	第二に、その職業を学ぶことの容易さや安さ、あるいは困難さや費用である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	easiness|容易さ|noun|the quality of being easy	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being cheap	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the quality of being difficult	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
thirdly, the constancy or inconstancy of employment in them;	第三に、その職業に就けるかどうかの確実性である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	constancy|確実性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	inconstancy|不確実性|noun|the quality of being inconsistent or changeable	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	them|その職業|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned
fourthly, the small or great trust which must be reposed in those who exercise them;	第四に、その職業に従事する者に寄せられる信頼の大小である。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	great|大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be reposed|寄せられる|verb|be placed or put	those|その|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	exercise|従事する|verb|perform or carry out	them|その|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified
and, fifthly, the probability or improbability of success in them.	そして第五に、その職業で成功する可能性の大小である。	fifthly|第五に|adverb|in the fifth place	probability|可能性|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	improbability|非現実性|noun|the quality of being unlikely to happen or be true

First, the wages of labour vary with the ease or hardship, the cleanliness or dirtiness, the honourableness or dishonourableness, of the employment.	第一に、労働の賃金は、その職業の楽さや困難さ、清潔さや不潔さ、名誉あることや不名誉なことによって異なる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	ease|楽さ|noun|the state of being comfortable or relaxed	hardship|困難さ|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	cleanliness|清潔さ|noun|the state of being clean	dirtiness|不潔さ|noun|the state of being dirty	honourableness|名誉|noun|the quality of being honourable	dishonourableness|不名誉|noun|the quality of being dishonourable	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed
Thus in most places, take the year round, a journeyman tailor earns less than a journeyman weaver.	だから、ほとんどの場所では、年間を通して、職人仕立屋は職人織工よりも稼ぎが少ない。	most|ほとんどの|adjective|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	take|かかる|verb|require or need	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified worker who has completed an apprenticeship	tailor|仕立屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes	earn|稼ぐ|verb|receive money in return for work or through investments	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified worker who has completed an apprenticeship	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes fabric by weaving
His work is much easier.	彼の仕事はずっと楽だ。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
A journeyman weaver earns less than a journeyman smith.	職人織工は職人鍛冶屋よりも稼ぎが少ない。	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified worker who has completed an apprenticeship	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	earn|稼ぐ|verb|receive money in return for work or through investments	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as the other
His work is not always easier, but it is much cleanlier.	彼の仕事はいつも楽なわけではないが、ずっときれいだ。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	not always|いつもわけではない|adverb|not at all times; not on all occasions	easier|楽な|adjective|requiring little effort	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	cleanlier|きれいだ|adjective|free from dirt, marks, or stains
A journeyman blacksmith, though an artificer, seldom earns so much in twelve hours, as a collier, who is only a labourer, does in eight.	職人鍛冶屋は、職人ではあるが、単なる労働者である炭鉱夫が八時間で稼ぐほど十二時間で稼ぐことはめったにない。	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who has completed an apprenticeship	blacksmith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who makes and repairs things made of iron	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	earn|稼ぐ|verb|receive money in return for work or through investments	twelve hours|十二時間|noun|the period of time from midnight to noon	collier|炭鉱夫|noun|a person who works in a coal mine	eight hours|八時間|noun|the period of time from midnight to 8 a.m.
His work is not quite so dirty, is less dangerous, and is carried on in day-light, and above ground.	彼の仕事はそこまで汚くなく、危険も少なく、日光の下で地上で行われるものである。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	dirty|汚い|adjective|not clean	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	day-light|日光|noun|the natural light of day	ground|地上|noun|the solid surface of the earth
Honour makes a great part of the reward of all honourable professions.	名誉は、あらゆる名誉ある職業の報酬の大部分を占める。	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement
In point of pecuniary gain, all things considered, they are generally under-recompensed, as I shall endeavour to shew by and by.	金銭的利益という点では、あらゆることを考慮すると、彼らは一般的に報酬が低い。このことは、これから説明するつもりだ。	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|relating to or involving money	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	all things considered|あらゆることを考慮すると|adverb|taking everything into account	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	under-recompensed|報酬が低い|adjective|not given enough money or other reward for something	endeavour|説明するつもりだ|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
Disgrace has the contrary effect.	不名誉は逆の効果をもたらす。	disgrace|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect	contrary|逆の|adjective|opposite in nature or direction
The trade of a butcher is a brutal and an odious business;	肉屋という職業は残酷で忌まわしい仕事である。	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	brutal|残酷な|adjective|savagely violent	odious|忌まわしい|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred
but it is in most places more profitable than the greater part of common trades.	しかし、ほとんどの場所では、一般的な職業の大部分よりも収益性が高い。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	profitable|収益性が高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work
The most detestable of all employments, that of public executioner, is, in proportion to the quantity of work done, better paid than any common trade whatever.	あらゆる職業の中で最も忌まわしい死刑執行人の職は、仕事量に比例して、どんな一般的な職業よりも高給である。	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	detestable|忌まわしい|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	public executioner|死刑執行人|noun|a person who carries out a death sentence	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work

Hunting and fishing, the most important employments of mankind in the rude state of society, become, in its advanced state, their most agreeable amusements, and they pursue for pleasure what they once followed from necessity.	狩猟や漁業は、社会の未開の段階では人類の最も重要な仕事であったが、社会が進歩するにつれて、最も楽しい娯楽となり、かつては必要に迫られて行っていたことを、今では楽しみのために行うようになった。	hunting|狩猟|noun|the sport or activity of hunting animals or birds	fishing|漁業|noun|the activity or business of catching fish	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	advanced|進歩した|adjective|far on in development or progress	agreeable|楽しい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that amuses; entertainment	pursue|行う|verb|follow or chase after	pleasure|楽しみ|noun|enjoyment, satisfaction, or delight	once|かつて|adverb|formerly; previously	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary
In the advanced state of society, therefore, they are all very poor people who follow as a trade, what other people pursue as a pastime.	したがって、社会が進歩した段階では、他の人々が娯楽として追求していることを商売として従事している人々は皆、非常に貧しい人々である。	advanced state|進歩した段階|noun|a state of being far along in development or progress	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	follow|従事する|verb|go after someone or something	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	pastime|娯楽|noun|an activity that is done regularly for enjoyment
Fishermen have been so since the time of Theocritus. {See Idyllium xxi.}.	漁師はテオクリトスの時代からそうだった。{イディリウムxxiを参照。}	fisherman|漁師|noun|a person engaged in fishing	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration	the time of|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and take place	Theocritus|テオクリトス|noun|a Greek poet	see|参照|verb|look at or examine	Idyllium|イディリウム|noun|a short poem, typically on a pastoral or rural theme
A poacher is everywhere a very poor man in Great Britain.	密猟者はイギリスではどこでも非常に貧しい人である。	poacher|密猟者|noun|a person who hunts or catches game or fish illegally	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
In countries where the rigour of the law suffers no poachers, the licensed hunter is not in a much better condition.	法律の厳しさが密猟者を許さない国では、許可された狩猟者もあまり良い状態ではない。	rigour|厳しさ|noun|the quality of being extremely thorough, accurate, or careful	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	suffer|許す|verb|allow or permit	poacher|密猟者|noun|a person who hunts or catches game or fish illegally	licensed|許可された|adjective|having a license	hunter|狩猟者|noun|a person who hunts animals or birds
The natural taste for those employments makes more people follow them, than can live comfortably by them;	これらの職業に対する自然な趣味は、それによって快適に生活できるよりも多くの人々がそれらを従事させる。	natural taste|自然な趣味|noun|a liking for something that comes naturally	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	follow|従事する|verb|go after someone or something	live comfortably|快適に生活する|verb|live in a way that is pleasant and without hardship
and the produce of their labour, in proportion to its quantity, comes always too cheap to market, to afford any thing but the most scanty subsistence to the labourers.	そして、彼らの労働の生産物は、その量に比例して、労働者に最も乏しい生存以外に何も与えられず、市場に出すには常に安すぎる。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	afford|与える|verb|have enough money to pay for	scanty|乏しい|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence

Disagreeableness and disgrace affect the profits of stock in the same manner as the wages of labour.	不快感と不名誉は、労働賃金と同じように資本の利潤に影響を与える。	disagreeableness|不快感|noun|the quality of being unpleasant	disgrace|不名誉|noun|the loss of reputation or respect	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made to an employee
The keeper of an inn or tavern, who is never master of his own house, and who is exposed to the brutality of every drunkard, exercises neither a very agreeable nor a very creditable business.	自分の家の主人になることもなく、あらゆる酔っ払いの横暴にさらされる宿屋や居酒屋の主人の仕事は、あまり快適でも、あまり名誉あるものでもない。	keeper|主人|noun|a person who has the care, custody, or management of something	inn|宿屋|noun|a place where travelers can stay temporarily	tavern|居酒屋|noun|a place where people can buy and consume alcohol and food	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	exposed|さらされる|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	brutality|横暴|noun|savage physical or mental violence	agreeable|快適|adjective|pleasant; enjoyable	creditable|名誉ある|adjective|worthy of praise or approval
But there is scarce any common trade in which a small stock yields so great a profit.	しかし、小額の資本でこれほど大きな利益が得られる一般的な取引はほとんどない。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	common|一般的な|adjective|ordinary; usual	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	small|小額の|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	yield|得られる|verb|produce or provide	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

Secondly, the wages of labour vary with the easiness and cheapness, or the difficulty and expense, of learning the business.	第二に、労働賃金は、仕事を覚える容易さや安さ、あるいは困難さや費用によって変化する。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	easiness|容易さ|noun|the quality of being easy	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being cheap	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the quality of being difficult	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

When any expensive machine is erected, the extraordinary work to be performed by it before it is worn out, it must be expected, will replace the capital laid out upon it, with at least the ordinary profits.	高価な機械を設置する場合には、それが摩耗するまでに行われる特別な作業は、少なくとも通常の利潤を伴って、それにかけた資本を回収することが期待される。	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	erect|設置する|verb|construct or build	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	work|作業|noun|effort exerted to do or accomplish something	worn out|摩耗する|verb|become used up or worn out	expect|期待される|verb|regard as likely to happen	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
A man educated at the expense of much labour and time to any of those employments which require extraordinary dexterity and skill, may be compared to one of those expensive machines.	並外れた器用さと技能を必要とする職業に就くために、多くの労働と時間を費やして教育を受けた人は、高価な機械の一つに例えることができる。	at the expense of|を犠牲にして|preposition|at the cost of	much|多くの|adjective|a large amount or number of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	compare|例える|verb|represent as similar or having a likeness to	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
The work which he learns to perform, it must be expected, over and above the usual wages of common labour, will replace to him the whole expense of his education, with at least the ordinary profits of an equally valuable capital.	彼が行うことを学ぶ仕事は、一般労働者の通常の賃金を超えて、少なくとも同等の価値のある資本の通常の利潤を伴って、彼の教育の全費用を補填することが期待される。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	over and above|超えて|adverb|in addition to	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	ordinary|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
It must do this too in a reasonable time, regard being had to the very uncertain duration of human life, in the same manner as to the more certain duration of the machine.	機械のより確実な耐用年数と同じように、人間の寿命の非常に不確実な長さを考慮して、合理的な時間内にこれを行わなければならない。	do|行う|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	regard|考慮|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	duration|長さ|noun|the length of time that something continues	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task

The difference between the wages of skilled labour and those of common labour, is founded upon this principle.	熟練労働者の賃金と一般労働者の賃金の差は、この原則に基づいている。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	skilled labour|熟練労働者|noun|a worker who has acquired special skills	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a worker who has not acquired special skills	be founded upon|に基づく|verb|be based on	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning

The policy of Europe considers the labour of all mechanics, artificers, and manufacturers, as skilled labour;	ヨーロッパの政策では、すべての機械工、職人、製造業者の労働を熟練労働と見なし、	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	skilled|熟練した|adjective|having or showing special skill or knowledge
and that of all country labourers as common labour.	すべての農村労働者の労働を一般労働と見なしている。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	common|一般|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It seems to suppose that of the former to be of a more nice and delicate nature than that of the latter.	前者の労働は後者の労働よりもより精密で繊細な性質のものであると仮定しているようだ。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is true without having evidence to confirm it	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	nice|精密な|adjective|very precise or accurate	delicate|繊細な|adjective|very fine in texture or structure; easily broken or damaged
It is so perhaps in some cases;	おそらくいくつかのケースではそうだろう。	so|そう|adverb|in the manner or to the extent indicated	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	case|ケース|noun|an instance of something occurring
but in the greater part it is quite otherwise, as I shall endeavour to shew by and by.	しかし、大部分はまったくそうではなく、私はそのことをこれから示そうと思う。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	quite otherwise|まったくそうではない|adverb|not at all; not in the least	endeavour|示そうと思う|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
The laws and customs of Europe, therefore, in order to qualify any person for exercising the one species of labour, impose the necessity of an apprenticeship, though with different degrees of rigour in different places.	したがって、ヨーロッパの法律や慣習では、ある種の労働に従事する資格を得るためには、場所によって厳しさの程度は異なるものの、徒弟制度を必要としている。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	custom|慣習|noun|a practice or behavior that is common to many people or to a particular group	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	qualify|資格を得る|verb|to be entitled to or allowed to do something	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	exercise|従事する|verb|to perform or carry out	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	impose|必要としている|verb|to force or require someone to have or accept something	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of an apprentice	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
They leave the other free and open to every body.	他の労働は誰にでも自由に開放されている。	leave|開放する|verb|go away from a place	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	open|開放する|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision
During the continuance of the apprenticeship, the whole labour of the apprentice belongs to his master.	徒弟制度の存続期間中、徒弟の労働はすべて親方のものである。	continuance|存続|noun|the state of continuing or being continued	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the system of training a person in a trade or craft	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity
In the meantime he must, in many cases, be maintained by his parents or relations, and, in almost all cases, must be clothed by them.	その間、多くの場合、彼は両親や親戚に養われなければならず、ほとんどすべての場合、彼らに衣服を与えられなければならない。	in the meantime|その間|adverb|during the intervening period of time	in many cases|多くの場合|adverb|frequently; often	be maintained by|養われる|verb|be kept in a certain state	parent|両親|noun|a father or mother	relation|親戚|noun|a person who is connected with another by blood or marriage	in almost all cases|ほとんどすべての場合|adverb|in nearly all instances	be clothed by|衣服を与えられる|verb|be dressed in a certain way
Some money, too, is commonly given to the master for teaching him his trade.	通常、親方には、徒弟に仕事を教えるためにいくらかの金が支払われる。	some money|いくらかの金|noun|a certain amount of money	too|も|adverb|also; as well	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	give|支払われる|verb|transfer something to someone	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something
They who cannot give money, give time, or become bound for more than the usual number of years;	金銭を支払えない者は、時間を支払うか、通常の年数よりも長く拘束される。	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as payment	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	become|拘束される|verb|come to be	bound|拘束される|verb|obliged to do something	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
a consideration which, though it is not always advantageous to the master, on account of the usual idleness of apprentices, is always disadvantageous to the apprentice.	徒弟の怠惰が常態化しているため、親方にとって常に有利とは限らないが、徒弟にとっては常に不利な条件である。	consideration|条件|noun|something that is taken into account when making a decision	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	idleness|怠惰|noun|lack of activity or effort
In country labour, on the contrary, the labourer, while he is employed about the easier, learns the more difficult parts of his business, and his own labour maintains him through all the different stages of his employment.	反対に、田舎の労働では、労働者は、より簡単な仕事に従事している間に、仕事のより難しい部分を学び、彼自身の労働が、彼の雇用のすべての異なる段階を通して彼を支える。	country labour|田舎の労働|noun|work done in a rural area	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	while|間に|conjunction|during the time that	easier|より簡単な|adjective|more easy	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|支える|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	through|通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another	stage|段階|noun|a point, period, or step in a process or development	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
It is reasonable, therefore, that in Europe the wages of mechanics, artificers, and manufacturers, should be somewhat higher than those of common labourers.	したがって、ヨーロッパでは、機械工、職人、製造業者の賃金が一般労働者の賃金よりも多少高いのは当然である。	reasonable|当然である|adjective|fair and just	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work
They are so accordingly, and their superior gains make them, in most places, be considered as a superior rank of people.	彼らはそれに応じてそうであり、彼らの優れた収入は、ほとんどの場所で、彼らを人々の優れた階級と見なすようにする。	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate or suitable	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	gain|収入|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society or organization
This superiority, however, is generally very small: the daily or weekly earnings of journeymen in the more common sorts of manufactures, such as those of plain linen and woollen cloth, computed at an average, are, in most places, very little more than the day-wages of common labourers.	しかし、この優位性は一般的に非常に小さい。普通のリネンやウールの布などのより一般的な種類の製造業における日雇い労働者の日給や週給は、平均すると、ほとんどの場所で、一般労働者の日給よりわずかに多いだけである。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	daily|日給|adjective|happening or done every day	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	earnings|収入|noun|money that is earned	journeyman|日雇い労働者|noun|a qualified worker who is employed by someone else	common|一般的な|adjective|happening or done often	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	plain|普通の|adjective|simple in style or design	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|ウールの|adjective|made of wool	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	little|わずかに|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|多い|adjective|greater in number, amount, degree, or value	common|一般の|adjective|happening or done often	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled, physical work
Their employment, indeed, is more steady and uniform, and the superiority of their earnings, taking the whole year together, may be somewhat greater.	確かに、彼らの雇用はより安定しており、年間を通して見ると、収入の優位性は多少大きくなる可能性がある。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	steady|安定している|adjective|not faltering or wavering	uniform|一様である|adjective|not varying	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being superior	earnings|収入|noun|the money that a person earns	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	together|合わせる|adverb|with or near each other
It seems evidently, however, to be no greater than what is sufficient to compensate the superior expense of their education.	しかし、それは明らかに、彼らの教育にかかる優れた費用を補うのに十分な額を超えていないように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	be no greater than|を超えていない|verb|be not more than	what is sufficient|十分な額|noun|an amount that is enough	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	superior|優れた|adjective|of higher rank, status, or quality	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
Education in the ingenious arts, and in the liberal professions, is still more tedious and expensive.	独創的な芸術や自由な職業における教育は、さらに退屈で費用がかかる。	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	ingenious|独創的な|adjective|having or showing an unusual aptitude for discovering, inventing, or contriving	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	liberal|自由な|adjective|relating to or denoting a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull: tiresome or monotonous	expensive|費用がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money
The pecuniary recompence, therefore, of painters and sculptors, of lawyers and physicians, ought to be much more liberal;	したがって、画家や彫刻家、弁護士や医師の金銭的報酬は、もっと自由であるべきだ。	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	painter|画家|noun|a person who paints	sculptor|彫刻家|noun|a person who makes sculptures	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is a member of the legal profession	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	ought to|であるべきだ|auxiliary verb|should	liberal|自由|adjective|of or relating to liberalism
and it is so accordingly.	そして、それはその通りである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it|それは|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	so|その通り|adverb|to the degree or extent indicated	accordingly|従って|adverb|as a result; consequently

The profits of stock seem to be very little affected by the easiness or difficulty of learning the trade in which it is employed.	株の利益は、それが使われている取引を学ぶことの容易さや難しさにほとんど影響を受けていないようだ。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	be affected by|影響を受ける|verb|to be influenced or changed by something	easiness|容易さ|noun|the quality of being easy	difficulty|難しさ|noun|the quality of being difficult	learning|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
All the different ways in which stock is commonly employed in great towns seem, in reality, to be almost equally easy and equally difficult to learn.	大都市で株が一般的に用いられる様々な方法は、実際には、どれもほぼ同じように簡単で、同じように難しいように思われる。	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	employ|用いる|verb|use	different|様々な|adjective|not the same	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly; all but	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand
One branch, either of foreign or domestic trade, cannot well be a much more intricate business than another.	外国貿易であれ国内貿易であれ、ある部門が他の部門よりもはるかに複雑な事業であるということはあり得ない。	one branch|ある部門|noun|a division of a company or organization	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	domestic trade|国内貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services within a country	intricate|複雑な|adjective|very complicated or detailed	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade

Thirdly, the wages of labour in different occupations vary with the constancy or inconstancy of employment.	第三に、異なる職業の労働賃金は、雇用の安定性や不安定性によって異なる。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	constancy|安定性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	inconstancy|不安定性|noun|the quality of being inconsistent or changeable	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work

Employment is much more constant in some trades than in others.	雇用は、ある業種では他の業種よりもはるかに安定している。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	constant|安定している|adjective|non-varying; unchanging
In the greater part of manufactures, a journeyman maybe pretty sure of employment almost every day in the year that he is able to work.	製造業の大部分では、職人は働ける限り、ほぼ毎日雇用されることをかなり確信できる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who has completed an apprenticeship	pretty sure|かなり確信できる|adjective|very certain	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	almost every day|ほぼ毎日|adverb|on nearly all days	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun
A mason or bricklayer, on the contrary, can work neither in hard frost nor in foul weather, and his employment at all other times depends upon the occasional calls of his customers.	反対に、石工やれんが職人は、厳しい霜や悪天候では働くことができず、それ以外の時期の雇用は、顧客からの時折の呼び出しに依存している。	mason|石工|noun|a skilled craftsman who works with stone	bricklayer|れんが職人|noun|a skilled craftsman who works with bricks	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	hard frost|厳しい霜|noun|a frost that is severe enough to cause damage to plants	foul weather|悪天候|noun|bad weather	at all other times|それ以外の時期|adverb|at all times other than the one specified	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly	call|呼び出し|noun|a request or command to come or do something
He is liable, in consequence, to be frequently without any.	その結果、彼はしばしば無職になることがある。	be liable|ことがある|verb|be likely or expected to do or have something	in consequence|その結果|adverb|as a result	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	any|どれも|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some indiscriminately of whatever quantity
What he earns, therefore, while he is employed, must not only maintain him while he is idle, but make him some compensation for those anxious and desponding moments which the thought of so precarious a situation must sometimes occasion.	したがって、彼が雇用されている間に稼ぐものは、彼が怠惰な間に彼を維持するだけでなく、そのような不安定な状況の考えが時々引き起こす不安で落胆した瞬間に対して、彼にいくらかの補償をしなければならない。	earn|稼ぐ|verb|gain or make money	while|間に|conjunction|during the time that	employed|雇用されている|adjective|having a paid job	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	idle|怠惰な|adjective|not working or active	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	compensation|補償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	anxious|不安な|adjective|feeling or showing worry, nervousness, or unease	desponding|落胆した|adjective|feeling or showing a lack of hope or confidence	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not safe or stable; dangerous or risky	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	occasion|引き起こす|noun|a particular time or event
Where the computed earnings of the greater part of manufacturers, accordingly, are nearly upon a level with the day-wages of common labourers, those of masons and bricklayers are generally from one-half more to double those wages.	したがって、製造業者の大部分の計算された収入が、一般労働者の日給とほぼ同じレベルにある場合、石工やれんが職人の収入は、通常、その賃金の1.5倍から2倍になる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	computed earnings|計算された収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization earns after deducting all costs and expenses	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work	day-wages|日給|noun|the amount of money that a person earns in a day	mason|石工|noun|a person who builds with stone	bricklayer|れんが職人|noun|a person who builds with bricks	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	one-half|1.5倍|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	double|2倍|noun|twice as much or as many
Where common labourers earn four or five shillings a-week, masons and bricklayers frequently earn seven and eight;	一般労働者が週に4、5シリングを稼ぐ場合、石工やれんが職人はしばしば7、8シリングを稼ぐ。	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	four or five|4、5|noun|the number 4 or 5	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	mason|石工|noun|a skilled worker who builds with stone	bricklayer|れんが職人|noun|a person who builds with bricks	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	seven and eight|7、8|noun|the number 7 or 8
where the former earn six, the latter often earn nine and ten;	前者が6シリングを稼ぐ場合、後者はしばしば9シリングと10シリングを稼ぐ。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	six|6|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	nine|9|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one
and where the former earn nine and ten, as in London, the latter commonly earn fifteen and eighteen.	そして、前者がロンドンのように9シリングと10シリングを稼ぐ場合、後者は通常15シリングと18シリングを稼ぐ。	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	nine|9|noun|the number 9	ten|10|noun|the number 10	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	fifteen|15|noun|the number 15	eighteen|18|noun|the number 18
No species of skilled labour, however, seems more easy to learn than that of masons and bricklayers.	しかし、石工やれんが職人よりも習得しやすい熟練労働はないようだ。	species|種類|noun|a category of things or people having some common characteristics	skilled labour|熟練労働|noun|work that requires a high level of skill or training	mason|石工|noun|a skilled worker who builds structures with stone	bricklayer|れんが職人|noun|a skilled worker who builds structures with bricks	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
Chairmen in London, during the summer season, are said sometimes to be employed as bricklayers.	ロンドンの会長は、夏のシーズンには、時々れんが職人として雇われると言われている。	chairman|会長|noun|the person in charge of a meeting or organization	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	summer season|夏のシーズン|noun|the period of the year when the weather is warmest	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	be employed as|として雇われる|verb|have a job	bricklayer|れんが職人|noun|a person whose job is to build walls, houses, etc. with bricks
The high wages of those workmen, therefore, are not so much the recompence of their skill, as the compensation for the inconstancy of their employment.	したがって、これらの労働者の高賃金は、彼らの技能に対する報酬というよりは、彼らの雇用の不安定さに対する代償である。	high wages|高賃金|noun|a large amount of money that is paid to someone for work	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having a paid job	inconstancy|不安定さ|noun|the quality of being likely to change

A house-carpenter seems to exercise rather a nicer and a more ingenious trade than a mason.	大工は石工よりも、より精密でより独創的な仕事をしているように見える。	house-carpenter|大工|noun|a person who builds or repairs wooden structures	mason|石工|noun|a person who builds or repairs structures made of stone	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	rather|むしろ|adverb|on the contrary; instead	nicer|より精密な|adjective|more pleasant or attractive	more ingenious|より独創的な|adjective|more inventive or creative
In most places, however, for it is not universally so, his day-wages are somewhat lower.	しかし、ほとんどの場所では、普遍的ではないが、彼の日給は多少低い。	in most places|ほとんどの場所では|adverb|in the majority of places	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	universally|普遍的|adjective|existing or available everywhere	day-wages|日給|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for a day's work	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly
His employment, though it depends much, does not depend so entirely upon the occasional calls of his customers;	彼の雇用は、かなり依存しているとはいえ、顧客からの臨時の呼び出しに完全に依存しているわけではない。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business
and it is not liable to be interrupted by the weather.	そして、天候によって中断されることはない。	be liable to|しやすい|verb|be likely to do or suffer from something	be interrupted by|中断される|verb|be stopped or disturbed while doing something	weather|天候|noun|the state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place

When the trades which generally afford constant employment, happen in a particular place not to do so, the wages of the workmen always rise a good deal above their ordinary proportion to those of common labour.	一般的に一定の雇用を提供する職業が、特定の場所でそうならないことが起こると、労働者の賃金は常に、一般労働者の賃金に対する通常の比率をかなり上回る。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do without causing financial difficulty	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	do|行う|verb|carry out or accomplish	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	rise|上がる|verb|go up	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	above|上回る|preposition|at a higher level or position than	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by all members of a group
In London, almost all journeymen artificers are liable to be called upon and dismissed by their masters from day to day, and from week to week, in the same manner as day-labourers in other places.	ロンドンでは、ほとんどすべての職人労働者は、他の場所の日雇い労働者と同じように、毎日、毎週、主人に呼ばれたり、解雇されたりする可能性がある。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	almost all|ほとんどすべての|determiner|nearly all	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	artificer|労働者|noun|a skilled craftsman	be liable to|可能性がある|verb|be likely to	call upon|呼び出す|verb|summon	dismiss|解雇する|verb|discharge from employment	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	day to day|毎日|adverb|daily	week to week|毎週|adverb|weekly	day-labourer|日雇い労働者|noun|a person who is hired to work for a day	other place|他の場所|noun|a different place
The lowest order of artificers, journeymen tailors, accordingly, earn their half-a-crown a-day, though eighteen pence may be reckoned the wages of common labour.	職人の最下層である職人仕立て屋は、それに応じて、1日半クラウンを稼ぐが、18ペンスは一般労働者の賃金と見なされるかもしれない。	lowest|最下層|adjective|least high or least important	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labor or services	half-a-crown|半クラウン|noun|a former British coin worth two shillings and sixpence	a-day|1日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours	eighteen pence|18ペンス|noun|a sum of money	common|一般|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in a manual or industrial job
In small towns and country villages, the wages of journeymen tailors frequently scarce equal those of common labour;	小さな町や田舎の村では、職人仕立て屋の賃金は、一般労働者の賃金に等しいことはめったにない。	small town|小さな町|noun|a town with a small population	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in the countryside	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work
but in London they are often many weeks without employment, particularly during the summer.	しかし、ロンドンでは、特に夏の間、彼らはしばしば何週間も失業している。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	summer|夏|noun|the season of the year between spring and autumn

When the inconstancy of employment is combined with the hardship, disagreeableness, and dirtiness of the work, it sometimes raises the wages of the most common labour above those of the most skilful artificers.	雇用の不安定さが仕事の困難さ、不快さ、汚さと組み合わさると、最も一般的な労働者の賃金が最も熟練した職人の賃金よりも高くなることがある。	inconstancy|不安定さ|noun|the quality of being inconsistent	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	hardship|困難さ|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	disagreeableness|不快さ|noun|the quality of being disagreeable	dirtiness|汚さ|noun|the state of being dirty	raise|高くなる|verb|increase in amount, value, or level	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	skilful|熟練した|adjective|having or showing skill	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
A collier working by the piece is supposed, at Newcastle, to earn commonly about double, and, in many parts of Scotland, about three times, the wages of common labour.	ニューカッスルでは、出来高制で働く炭鉱夫は、一般労働者の賃金の約2倍、スコットランドの多くの地域では約3倍の賃金を稼ぐと考えられている。	collier|炭鉱夫|noun|a person who works in a coal mine	work by the piece|出来高制で働く|verb|be paid according to the amount of work done	Newcastle|ニューカッスル|noun|a city in England	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	double|2倍|adjective|twice as many or as much	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in the United Kingdom	about three times|約3倍|adverb|three times as many or as much	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work
His high wages arise altogether from the hardship, disagreeableness, and dirtiness of his work.	彼の高い賃金は、彼の仕事の困難さ、不快さ、汚さから生じている。	high wage|高い賃金|noun|a large amount of money paid to an employee	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	hardship|困難さ|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	disagreeableness|不快さ|noun|the quality of being unpleasant	dirtiness|汚さ|noun|the state of being dirty
His employment may, upon most occasions, be as constant as he pleases.	彼の雇用は、ほとんどの場合、彼が望む限り一定である。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	constant|一定|adjective|non-varying; unchanging
The coal-heavers in London exercise a trade which, in hardship, dirtiness, and disagreeableness, almost equals that of colliers;	ロンドンの石炭運搬人は、困難さ、汚さ、不快さにおいて、炭鉱夫にほぼ等しい仕事をしている。	coal-heaver|石炭運搬人|noun|a person who carries coal	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	hardship|困難さ|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	dirtiness|汚さ|noun|the state of being dirty	disagreeableness|不快さ|noun|the state of being unpleasant	collier|炭鉱夫|noun|a person who works in a coal mine
and, from the unavoidable irregularity in the arrivals of coal-ships, the employment of the greater part of them is necessarily very inconstant.	そして、石炭船の到着の避けられない不規則性から、彼らの大部分の雇用は必然的に非常に不安定である。	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented	irregularity|不規則性|noun|the quality or state of being irregular	arrival|到着|noun|the act of arriving	coal-ship|石炭船|noun|a ship that carries coal	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	inconstant|不安定な|adjective|not constant; not regular or consistent
If colliers, therefore, commonly earn double and triple the wages of common labour, it ought not to seem unreasonable that coal-heavers should sometimes earn four and five times those wages.	したがって、炭鉱夫が普通の労働者の賃金の2倍、3倍を稼ぐのであれば、石炭運搬人がその賃金の4倍、5倍を稼ぐことがあるのは不合理ではないように思われる。	collier|炭鉱夫|noun|a person who works in a coal mine	commonly|普通に|adverb|usually; normally	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	double|2倍|adjective|having two parts, units, or members	triple|3倍|adjective|having three parts, units, or members	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	unreasonable|不合理な|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	coal-heaver|石炭運搬人|noun|a person who carries coal	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	four|4倍|adjective|being one more than three	five|5倍|adjective|being one more than four
In the inquiry made into their condition a few years ago, it was found that, at the rate at which they were then paid, they could earn from six to ten shillings a-day.	数年前に彼らの状況について行われた調査では、当時支払われていた賃金で、彼らは1日6シリングから10シリングを稼ぐことができることがわかった。	inquiry|調査|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	condition|状況|noun|the state of something	a few years ago|数年前|noun|a small number of years in the past	rate|賃金|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labor or services	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
Six shillings are about four times the wages of common labour in London; and, in every particular trade, the lowest common earnings may always be considered as those of the far greater number.	6シリングはロンドンの普通労働者の賃金の約4倍であり、あらゆる特定の業種において、最低の普通収入は常にはるかに多数の収入と考えることができる。	six shillings|6シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	about four times|約4倍|adverb|approximately four times	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	common labour|普通労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	every particular trade|あらゆる特定の業種|noun|all the different types of businesses	lowest common earnings|最低の普通収入|noun|the smallest amount of money that most people earn	always|常|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	far greater number|はるかに多数|noun|a much larger number
How extravagant soever those earnings may appear, if they were more than sufficient to compensate all the disagreeable circumstances of the business, there would soon be so great a number of competitors, as, in a trade which has no exclusive privilege, would quickly reduce them to a lower rate.	これらの収入がどれほど法外なものに見えても、もしそれが事業のあらゆる不快な状況を補うのに十分すぎるほどであれば、すぐに非常に多くの競合他社が現れ、独占的特権のない業種では、すぐにそれらをより低い率に引き下げてしまうだろう。	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	disagreeable|不快な|adjective|unpleasant	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to or connected with a single person or group	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	quickly|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure

The constancy or inconstancy of employment cannot affect the ordinary profits of stock in any particular trade.	雇用の安定性や不安定性は、特定の業種の資本の通常の利潤に影響を与えることはできない。	constancy|安定性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	inconstancy|不安定性|noun|the quality of being inconsistent or changeable	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Whether the stock is or is not constantly employed, depends, not upon the trade, but the trader.	資本が常に使われるか使われないかは、業種ではなく、業者に依存する。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	trade|業種|noun|a business or work that a person does regularly	trader|業者|noun|a person who trades

Fourthly, the wages of labour vary according to the small or great trust which must be reposed in the workmen.	第四に、労働者の賃金は、労働者に寄せられる信頼の大小によって異なる。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work

The wages of goldsmiths and jewellers are everywhere superior to those of many other workmen, not only of equal, but of much superior ingenuity, on account of the precious materials with which they are entrusted.	金細工師や宝石商の賃金は、彼らが預かる貴重な材料のために、同等の職人だけでなく、はるかに優れた職人の賃金よりも、どこでも高くなっている。	goldsmith|金細工師|noun|a person who makes or repairs articles of gold	jeweller|宝石商|noun|a person who makes or sells jewellery	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	superior|高い|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	workman|職人|noun|a person who does manual or industrial work	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	ingenuity|優れた|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	entrust|預かる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone
We trust our health to the physician, our fortune, and sometimes our life and reputation, to the lawyer and attorney.	我々は医師に健康を、弁護士に財産、時には命や名誉を託す。	health|健康|noun|the state of being free from illness or injury	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	reputation|名誉|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is qualified to practice law	attorney|弁護士|noun|a person who is qualified to practice law
Such confidence could not safely be reposed in people of a very mean or low condition.	そのような信頼は、非常に卑劣な、あるいは低い地位の人々には安全に預けることはできない。	confidence|信頼|noun|the feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	repose|預ける|verb|place or lay	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or spiteful	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom or from surface to base or from top to ground
Their reward must be such, therefore, as may give them that rank in the society which so important a trust requires.	したがって、彼らの報酬は、そのような重要な信頼に必要な社会での地位を与えるものでなければならない。	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	rank|地位|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
The long time and the great expense which must be laid out in their education, when combined with this circumstance, necessarily enhance still further the price of their labour.	彼らの教育に費やさなければならない長い時間と多大な費用は、この状況と相まって、必然的に彼らの労働の価格をさらに高める。	long time|長い時間|noun|a period of time that is long	great expense|多大な費用|noun|a large amount of money that is spent	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	combine|相まって|verb|join or merge together	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	enhance|高める|verb|increase the value or quality of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

When a person employs only his own stock in trade, there is no trust;	人が自分の株だけを商売に用いる場合は、信頼はない。	employ|用いる|verb|use	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something
and the credit which he may get from other people, depends, not upon the nature of the trade, but upon their opinion of his fortune, probity and prudence.	そして、彼が他の人々から得るかもしれない信用は、商売の性質ではなく、彼の財産、誠実さ、慎重さに対する彼らの意見に依存する。	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	get|得る|verb|receive	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	probity|誠実さ|noun|the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible
The different rates of profit, therefore, in the different branches of trade, cannot arise from the different degrees of trust reposed in the traders.	したがって、貿易の異なる部門における異なる利潤率は、貿易業者に寄せられる信頼の程度の違いから生じることはできない。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades in a market

Fifthly, the wages of labour in different employments vary according to the probability or improbability of success in them.	第五に、異なる雇用における労働賃金は、その中で成功する確率または非確率によって異なる。	fifthly|第五に|adverb|in the fifth place	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	probability|確率|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	improbability|非確率|noun|the state or fact of being improbable; unlikelihood

The probability that any particular person shall ever be qualified for the employments to which he is educated, is very different in different occupations.	特定の人が、教育を受けた職業に就く資格を得られる確率は、職業によって大きく異なる。	probability|確率|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	shall|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	be qualified|資格を得る|verb|be officially recognized as having a particular skill or knowledge	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	educate|教育を受ける|verb|give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to (someone), typically at a school or university	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work
In the greatest part of mechanic trades success is almost certain;	機械工の大部分では、成功はほぼ確実である。	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	certain|確実|adjective|known or proved to be true
but very uncertain in the liberal professions.	しかし、自由業では非常に不確実である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not certain; not definitely known or decided
Put your son apprentice to a shoemaker, there is little doubt of his learning to make a pair of shoes;	息子を靴職人の見習いにすれば、靴を作ることを学ぶことにほとんど疑いはない。	put|する|verb|place, set, or arrange in a specified position	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	apprentice|見習い|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	shoemaker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about the truth or existence of something
but send him to study the law, it as at least twenty to one if he ever makes such proficiency as will enable him to live by the business.	しかし、彼を法律の勉強に行かせれば、彼がその仕事で生活できるほどの熟達度を身につけるかどうかは、少なくとも20対1である。	send|行かせる|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	study|勉強|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	make|身につける|verb|cause to be or become	proficiency|熟達度|noun|the quality or state of being proficient	live|生活する|verb|be alive; have life	business|仕事|noun|a usually commercial or professional activity engaged in as a means of livelihood
In a perfectly fair lottery, those who draw the prizes ought to gain all that is lost by those who draw the blanks.	完全に公正な宝くじでは、賞金を得た人は、はずれくじを引いた人が失ったすべてを得るべきである。	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets	prize|賞金|noun|a reward for winning a contest or competition	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	blank|はずれくじ|noun|a space left empty
In a profession, where twenty fail for one that succeeds, that one ought to gain all that should have been gained by the unsuccessful twenty.	ある職業で、20人が失敗して1人が成功するなら、その1人は失敗した20人が得たはずのすべてを得るべきである。	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	twenty|20人|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and two	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	one|1人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a desired aim or result	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or to say what is right or desirable	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	unsuccessful|失敗した|adjective|not achieving the desired end or not having the intended effect	twenty|20人|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and two
The counsellor at law, who, perhaps, at near forty years of age, begins to make something by his profession, ought to receive the retribution, not only of his own so tedious and expensive education, but of that of more than twenty others, who are never likely to make any thing by it.	おそらく40歳近くになって、自分の職業で何かを成し遂げ始める法律顧問は、自分自身の退屈で費用のかかる教育だけでなく、それによって何かを成し遂げる可能性が決してない20人以上の他の人々の教育に対する報いを受けるべきである。	counsellor at law|法律顧問|noun|a person who gives legal advice	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	forty years of age|40歳|noun|the age of forty	begin|始める|verb|start doing something	make something|何かを成し遂げる|verb|achieve something	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	ought to|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	retribution|報い|noun|punishment for a crime or wrongdoing	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	expensive|費用のかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	more than twenty|20人以上|noun|a number greater than twenty	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered	never|決して～ない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	make any thing|何かを成し遂げる|verb|achieve something
How extravagant soever the fees of counsellors at law may sometimes appear, their real retribution is never equal to this.	法律顧問の報酬がどれほど法外なものに見えても、彼らの本当の報酬は決してこれには及ばない。	how extravagant soever|どれほど法外なものに見えても|adverb|no matter how extravagant	counsellor at law|法律顧問|noun|a person who gives legal advice	fee|報酬|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	real|本当の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	retribution|報酬|noun|punishment for a crime	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	equal|及ぶ|verb|be the same as or equivalent to
Compute, in any particular place, what is likely to be annually gained, and what is likely to be annually spent, by all the different workmen in any common trade, such as that of shoemakers or weavers, and you will find that the former sum will generally exceed the latter.	靴職人や織工のような一般的な職業のすべての労働者が、特定の場所において、年間に得られる収入と支出を計算してみると、前者の合計額が後者の合計額を上回ることがわかるだろう。	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	spend|支出する|verb|pay out (money)	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	trade|職業|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	shoemaker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been in a particular state	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things mentioned
But make the same computation with regard to all the counsellors and students of law, in all the different Inns of Court, and you will find that their annual gains bear but a very small proportion to their annual expense, even though you rate the former as high, and the latter as low, as can well be done.	しかし、すべての法曹院のすべての法律顧問と学生について同じ計算をすると、彼らの年間収入は年間支出に比べて非常に小さな割合であることがわかるだろう。	make the same computation|同じ計算をする|verb|perform the same calculation	counsellor|法律顧問|noun|a person who gives advice, especially about legal matters	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	Inns of Court|法曹院|noun|the four associations of barristers in England and Wales	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	gain|収入|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	bear|占める|verb|be in a certain relation to	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	annual expense|年間支出|noun|the cost of doing business over a period of one year	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	former|前者|adjective|denoting the first or first mentioned of two people or things	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	low|低い|adjective|of little height or elevation
The lottery of the law, therefore, is very far from being a perfectly fair lottery;	したがって、法律の宝くじは、完全に公正な宝くじとは程遠い。	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial; in accordance with rules or standards	far|程遠い|adjective|a long way off; distant
and that as well as many other liberal and honourable professions, is, in point of pecuniary gain, evidently under-recompensed.	そして、他の多くの自由で名誉ある職業と同様に、金銭的利益という点では明らかに報酬が低い。	as well as|と同様に|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	liberal|自由な|adjective|not limited to or by established, traditional, orthodox, or authoritarian attitudes, views, or dogmas; free from bigotry	honourable|名誉ある|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived or understood	under-recompensed|報酬が低い|adjective|not given enough recompense

Those professions keep their level, however, with other occupations;	しかし、これらの職業は他の職業と同等のレベルを保っている。	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, hold, or maintain	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
and, notwithstanding these discouragements, all the most generous and liberal spirits are eager to crowd into them.	そして、これらの落胆にもかかわらず、最も寛大で自由な精神の持ち主は皆、それらの職業に群がりたがっている。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	discouragement|落胆|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	eager|たがっている|adjective|wanting to do or have something very much	crowd|群がる|verb|gather together in a large group
Two different causes contribute to recommend them.	二つの異なる原因が、それらを推薦する要因となっている。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	contribute|要因となっている|verb|give or supply in common with others	recommend|推薦する|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role
First, the desire of the reputation which attends upon superior excellence in any of them;	第一に、それらのいずれにおいても優れた卓越性に伴う名声への欲求である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	reputation|名声|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	excellence|卓越性|noun|the quality of being outstanding or extremely good
and, secondly, the natural confidence which every man has, more or less, not only in his own abilities, but in his own good fortune.	第二に、誰もが自分の能力だけでなく、自分の幸運にも多かれ少なかれ持っている自然な自信である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	confidence|自信|noun|a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	fortune|幸運|noun|chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs

To excel in any profession, in which but few arrive at mediocrity, is the most decisive mark of what is called genius, or superior talents.	ほとんどの人が平凡にしかならない職業で優秀になることは、天才、あるいは優れた才能と呼ばれるものの最も決定的な印である。	excel|優秀になる|verb|be exceptionally good at something	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	arrive at|達する|verb|reach a destination	mediocrity|平凡|noun|the state of being average in quality	decisive|決定的な|adjective|having or showing the ability to make decisions quickly and effectively	mark|印|noun|a sign or indication of something	genius|天才|noun|an exceptionally intelligent person	talent|才能|noun|a natural aptitude or skill
The public admiration which attends upon such distinguished abilities makes always a part of their reward;	そのような卓越した能力に伴う世間の賞賛は、常に報酬の一部となる。	public admiration|世間の賞賛|noun|the feeling of approval and respect	attend|伴う|verb|go regularly to an institution for education	distinguished|卓越した|adjective|marked by eminence, distinction, or excellence	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something	make|なる|verb|become	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement
a greater or smaller, in proportion as it is higher or lower in degree.	程度の大小に応じて、報酬の大小が決まる。	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount	smaller|より小さい|adjective|less in size or amount	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	lower|より低い|adjective|of lesser vertical extent	proportion|応じて|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is a constant multiple of another	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present
It makes a considerable part of that reward in the profession of physic;	医師という職業では、それが報酬のかなりの部分を占めている。	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification
a still greater, perhaps, in that of law;	法律家では、おそらくさらに大きな部分を占めている。	still greater|さらに大きな|adjective|even more	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
in poetry and philosophy it makes almost the whole.	詩や哲学では、それがほとんどすべてを占めている。	poetry|詩|noun|a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanzaic structure	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	whole|すべて|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something

There are some very agreeable and beautiful talents, of which the possession commands a certain sort of admiration, but of which the exercise, for the sake of gain, is considered, whether from reason or prejudice, as a sort of public prostitution.	非常に快い美しい才能がいくつかあり、それを所有しているとある種の賞賛を浴びるが、それを利益のために行使することは、理性からであれ偏見からであれ、一種の公娼と見なされる。	agreeable|快い|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	beautiful|美しい|adjective|pleasing to the senses or the mind	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or possessing something	admiration|賞賛|noun|a feeling of respect and approval	exercise|行使|noun|the use or application of something	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	public prostitution|公娼|noun|the act or practice of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment
The pecuniary recompence, therefore, of those who exercise them in this manner, must be sufficient, not only to pay for the time, labour, and expense of acquiring the talents, but for the discredit which attends the employment of them as the means of subsistence.	したがって、この方法で才能を行使する人々の金銭的報酬は、才能を獲得するための時間、労働、費用を支払うだけでなく、生計手段として才能を雇用することに伴う不名誉を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something
The exorbitant rewards of players, opera-singers, opera-dancers, etc.	俳優、オペラ歌手、オペラダンサーなどの法外な報酬は、	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	player|俳優|noun|a person who acts in a play or movie	opera-singer|オペラ歌手|noun|a person who sings in an opera	opera-dancer|オペラダンサー|noun|a person who dances in an opera
are founded upon those two principles;	これら二つの原理に基づいている。	be founded upon|に基づく|verb|be based on	those two principles|これら二つの原理|noun|the two principles mentioned
the rarity and beauty of the talents, and the discredit of employing them in this manner.	才能の希少性と美しさ、そしてこの方法で才能を雇用することの不名誉である。	rarity|希少性|noun|the state or quality of being rare	beauty|美しさ|noun|the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
It seems absurd at first sight, that we should despise their persons, and yet reward their talents with the most profuse liberality.	一見すると、私たちが彼らの人格を軽蔑し、しかも彼らの才能に最も豊かな寛大さで報いるのは、ばかげたことのように思われる。	at first sight|一見すると|adverb|when first seen	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable	despise|軽蔑する|verb|look down on with intense aversion	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	reward|報いる|verb|give something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous
While we do the one, however, we must of necessity do the other,	しかし、一方を行う一方で、必然的に他方を行う必要があり、	do|行う|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	the one|一方|noun|one of two or more things	the other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things
Should the public opinion or prejudice ever alter with regard to such occupations, their pecuniary recompence would quickly diminish.	そのような職業に関して世論や偏見が変われば、彼らの金銭的報酬はすぐに減少するだろう。	public opinion|世論|noun|the beliefs or views of the majority of the people	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	alter|変わる|verb|become different	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular work	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
More people would apply to them, and the competition would quickly reduce the price of their labour.	より多くの人がそれらに応募し、競争はすぐに彼らの労働の価格を下げるだろう。	apply|応募する|verb|make a formal request for something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Such talents, though far from being common, are by no means so rare as imagined.	そのような才能は、決して一般的ではないが、想像されるほど珍しいわけではない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or kind previously mentioned	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	far from|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; not nearly	common|一般的|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; not nearly	rare|珍しい|adjective|not common or usual; infrequent	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something not actually present to the senses
Many people possess them in great perfection, who disdain to make this use of them;	多くの人々は、それらを非常に完璧に所有しており、それらをこのように利用することを軽蔑している。	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	great perfection|非常に完璧|noun|the quality or state of being perfect	disdain|軽蔑する|verb|look down on with intense aversion
and many more are capable of acquiring them, if any thing could be made honourably by them.	そして、もし何かがそれらによって名誉に値するならば、さらに多くの人々がそれらを獲得することができる。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	more|もっと|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain something	thing|事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	honourably|名誉に値する|adverb|in a way that is worthy of honour

The over-weening conceit which the greater part of men have of their own abilities, is an ancient evil remarked by the philosophers and moralists of all ages.	人間の大部分が自分の能力について持っている過剰なうぬぼれは、あらゆる時代の哲学者や道徳家によって指摘されてきた古代からの悪である。	over-weening|過剰な|adjective|excessive	conceit|うぬぼれ|noun|an excessively high opinion of oneself	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something	ancient|古代からの|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	moralist|道徳家|noun|a person who is concerned with morality and moral principles
Their absurd presumption in their own good fortune has been less taken notice of.	彼ら自身の幸運に対する彼らのばかげた推定は、あまり注目されていない。	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	presumption|推定|noun|an idea that is taken to be true, and often used as the basis for other ideas, although it is not known for certain	fortune|幸運|noun|chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs	take notice of|注目する|verb|become aware of; notice
It is, however, if possible, still more universal.	しかし、それは可能であれば、さらに普遍的である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	possible|可能|adjective|able to be done or achieved	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general
There is no man living, who, when in tolerable health and spirits, has not some share of it.	健康と精神が許容範囲内にあるとき、その一部を共有していない人はいない。	There is no|いない|verb|not exist	living|生きている|adjective|alive	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	share|共有する|verb|have or use something in common with others
The chance of gain is by every man more or less over-valued, and the chance of loss is by most men under-valued, and by scarce any man, who is in tolerable health and spirits, valued more than it is worth.	利益を得る機会は、誰もが多かれ少なかれ過大評価しており、損失の機会は、ほとんどの人が過小評価しており、健康と精神が許容範囲内にある人は、ほとんど誰もが価値以上に評価していない。	chance|機会|noun|a possibility	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	over-value|過大評価する|verb|have too high an opinion of	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	under-value|過小評価する|verb|have too low an opinion of	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable

That the chance of gain is naturally overvalued, we may learn from the universal success of lotteries.	利益を得る機会が自然に過大評価されていることは、宝くじの普遍的な成功から学ぶことができる。	chance|機会|noun|a possibility of something happening	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	overvalue|過大評価する|verb|have too high an opinion of	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose
The world neither ever saw, nor ever will see, a perfectly fair lottery, or one in which the whole gain compensated the whole loss;	世界は、完全に公正な宝くじ、または全体の利益が全体の損失を補償する宝くじを見たことも、見ることもないだろう。	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	neither|～も～もない|conjunction|not either	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes; observe visually	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial; in accordance with rules or standards	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	whole|全体の|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for; make amends for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
because the undertaker could make nothing by it.	なぜなら、事業主はそれで何もできないからだ。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	make|できる|verb|produce or create	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing
In the state lotteries, the tickets are really not worth the price which is paid by the original subscribers, and yet commonly sell in the market for twenty, thirty, and sometimes forty per cent.	国営宝くじでは、チケットは実際には最初の加入者が支払った価格の価値はないが、それでも市場では通常20、30、時には40パーセントで販売されている。	state lottery|国営宝くじ|noun|a lottery run by the government	ticket|チケット|noun|a piece of paper or card that gives you the right to enter a place, travel on a vehicle, or see a show	really|実際には|adverb|in fact; actually	original subscriber|最初の加入者|noun|the first person to sign up for a service	pay|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for a good or service	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	sell|販売する|verb|exchange or give something in return for money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	twenty|20|noun|the number 20	thirty|30|noun|the number 30	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; on some occasions	forty|40|noun|the number 40	percent|パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
advance.	前進。	advance|前進|noun|a forward movement
The vain hopes of gaining some of the great prizes is the sole cause of this demand.	大きな賞のいくつかを獲得するという無駄な希望が、この需要の唯一の原因である。	vain|無駄な|adjective|having no real value or importance	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	gain|獲得|verb|obtain or win something	some|いくつか|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	prize|賞|noun|a reward for success or achievement	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
The soberest people scarce look upon it as a folly to pay a small sum for the chance of gaining ten or twenty thousand pounds, though they know that even that small sum is perhaps twenty or thirty per cent.	最も冷静な人々でさえ、一万ポンドや二万ポンドを獲得するチャンスのために小額を支払うことを愚かなこととは思っていないが、その小額でさえおそらく20パーセントや30パーセントであることを知っている。	soberest|最も冷静な|adjective|not drunk	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	look upon|思う|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	folly|愚かなこと|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	small sum|小額|noun|a small amount of money	chance|チャンス|noun|a possibility or probability	gain|獲得する|verb|obtain or win	ten or twenty thousand pounds|一万ポンドや二万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	small sum|小額|noun|a small amount of money	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	twenty or thirty per cent|20パーセントや30パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
more than the chance is worth.	チャンス以上の価値がある。	more than|以上の|adverb|to a greater extent than	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, useful, or worthy of esteem
In a lottery in which no prize exceeded twenty pounds, though in other respects it approached much nearer to a perfectly fair one than the common state lotteries, there would not be the same demand for tickets.	賞金が20ポンドを越えない宝くじでは、他の点では普通の宝くじよりも公正なものに近づいているが、同じだけの需要はないだろう。	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	prize|賞金|noun|a reward for success or achievement	exceed|越える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	twenty pounds|20ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	other respects|他の点|noun|other aspects or characteristics	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
In order to have a better chance for some of the great prizes, some people purchase several tickets;	大きな賞のいくつかを獲得するチャンスを増やすために、何枚も宝くじを購入する人もいる。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	have a better chance|チャンスを増やす|verb|be more likely to succeed	some of the great prizes|大きな賞のいくつか|noun|a large amount of money or other valuables that is given to someone who wins a competition, game, or lottery	some people|人々|noun|a group of humans	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	ticket|宝くじ|noun|a piece of paper or card that gives you the right to enter a place, travel on a vehicle, or see a show
and others, small shares in a still greater number.	他の人は、さらに多くの宝くじを少しずつ購入する。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	small|少しずつ|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	share|購入する|noun|a part or portion of a whole	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent	greater|多くの|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	number|宝くじ|noun|a unit of counting or measurement
There is not, however, a more certain proposition in mathematics, than that the more tickets you adventure upon, the more likely you are to be a loser.	しかし、数学において、より多くの宝くじに賭ければ賭けるほど、負ける可能性が高くなるという命題よりも確実なものはない。	there is not|ない|verb|not exist	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	certain|確実な|adjective|having or showing no doubt	proposition|命題|noun|a statement that is either true or false	mathematics|数学|noun|the study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and logic	ticket|宝くじ|noun|a piece of paper that gives you the right to enter a place, travel on a vehicle, or see a show	adventure|賭ける|verb|take a risk or chance	loser|負ける|noun|a person who is defeated in a game or contest
Adventure upon all the tickets in the lottery, and you lose for certain;	宝くじのすべての券に賭ければ、確実に負ける。	adventure|賭ける|verb|risk a sum of money	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets	ticket|券|noun|a piece of paper that gives you a right to enter a place or travel on a vehicle	lose|負ける|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
and the greater the number of your tickets, the nearer you approach to this certainty.	そして、宝くじの枚数が増えれば増えるほど、この確実性に近づく。	the greater|増えれば増えるほど|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	the nearer|近づく|adjective|closer in space or time	certainty|確実性|noun|the quality of being certain or inevitable

That the chance of loss is frequently undervalued, and scarce ever valued more than it is worth, we may learn from the very moderate profit of insurers.	損失の可能性がしばしば過小評価され、その価値以上に評価されることはほとんどないことは、保険業者の非常に控えめな利益から学ぶことができる。	chance|可能性|noun|a possibility or probability	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	undervalued|過小評価される|verb|estimate the value of something too low	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	valued|評価される|verb|estimate the monetary worth of something	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
In order to make insurance, either from fire or sea-risk, a trade at all, the common premium must be sufficient to compensate the common losses, to pay the expense of management, and to afford such a profit as might have been drawn from an equal capital employed in any common trade.	火災や海上リスクのいずれかから保険をかけるためには、一般的な保険料は、一般的な損失を補償し、管理費を支払い、一般的な取引に投入された同等の資本から得られる利益を得るのに十分でなければならない。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the intention of	make|かける|verb|cause to be or become	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss	either|いずれか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more things	fire|火災|noun|the burning of something that is not intended to be burned	sea-risk|海上リスク|noun|the risk of loss or damage to a ship or its cargo at sea	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	at all|まったく|adverb|in any way; to any extent	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	premium|保険料|noun|a sum of money paid to an insurance company	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	as|として|conjunction|used to indicate that something is the same as or similar to something else	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	have been|されている|auxiliary verb|used to describe a completed action in the past	drawn|得られる|verb|get or obtain something from a particular source	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employed|投入された|verb|use or engage the services of (someone)	any|いずれかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; a; an	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
The person who pays no more than this, evidently pays no more than the real value of the risk, or the lowest price at which he can reasonably expect to insure it.	これ以上支払わない人は、明らかにリスクの真の価値、または合理的に保険をかけることができる最低価格以上を支払っていない。	no more than|以上|adverb|not more than	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	real value|真の価値|noun|the intrinsic worth of something	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the least amount of money that something can be bought for	reasonably|合理的に|adverb|in a fair and sensible way	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen
But though many people have made a little money by insurance, very few have made a great fortune;	しかし、多くの人が保険で少しのお金を得たが、大金を手にした人はほとんどいない。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	little|少しの|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss or damage	very few|ほとんどいない|adjective|not many; a small number of	make|手にする|verb|earn or gain	great|大|adjective|large in size, amount, or degree	fortune|金|noun|a large amount of money
and, from this consideration alone, it seems evident enough that the ordinary balance of profit and loss is not more advantageous in this than in other common trades, by which so many people make fortunes.	そして、この考察だけから、利益と損失の通常のバランスは、多くの人が富を築く他の一般的な取引よりも有利ではないことが十分に明らかであるように思われる。	consideration|考察|noun|careful thought about something	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	evident|明らか|adjective|obvious; clear	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal; usual	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	loss|損失|noun|a financial loss	advantageous|有利|adjective|favorable; beneficial	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by or affecting the majority of people	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money
Moderate, however, as the premium of insurance commonly is, many people despise the risk too much to care to pay it.	しかし、保険料は一般的に中程度であるが、多くの人はリスクを軽視しすぎて支払うことを気にしない。	moderate|中程度の|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	premium|保険料|noun|a sum of money paid to an insurance company	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	despise|軽視する|verb|to look down on with intense aversion	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	care|気にする|verb|to be concerned about or interested in	pay|支払う|verb|to give (money) in exchange for a good or service
Taking the whole kingdom at an average, nineteen houses in twenty, or rather, perhaps, ninety-nine in a hundred, are not insured from fire.	王国全体を平均すると、20軒に19軒、あるいは100軒に99軒は火災保険に加入していない。	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	nineteen|19|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of eighteen and one	twenty|20|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	ninety-nine|99|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of ninety-eight and one	hundred|100|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and ten	insured|保険に加入している|adjective|covered by insurance	fire|火災|noun|the burning of something that is not intended to be burned
Sea-risk is more alarming to the greater part of people;	海のリスクは、大部分の人々にとってより憂慮すべきものである。	sea-risk|海のリスク|noun|the risk of something happening at sea	alarming|憂慮すべき|adjective|causing worry or fear	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
and the proportion of ships insured to those not insured is much greater.	そして、保険をかけた船と保険をかけない船の比率はずっと大きい。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	insure|保険をかける|verb|arrange for compensation in the event of damage to or loss of property	not insure|保険をかけない|verb|not arrange for compensation in the event of damage to or loss of property
Many sail, however, at all seasons, and even in time of war, without any insurance.	しかし、多くの船は、季節を問わず、戦時中でさえ、保険をかけずに出航する。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	sail|出航する|verb|travel by water	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium
This may sometimes, perhaps, be done without any imprudence.	これは、おそらく、無分別なしに行われる場合もある。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	imprudence|無分別|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness
When a great company, or even a great merchant, has twenty or thirty ships at sea, they may, as it were, insure one another.	大会社や大商人が海に20隻や30隻の船を所有している場合、彼らはいわば互いに保険をかけることができる。	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	twenty|20|noun|the number 20	thirty|30|noun|the number 30	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	insure|保険をかける|verb|provide insurance for	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
The premium saved up on them all may more than compensate such losses as they are likely to meet with in the common course of chances.	それらすべてで節約された保険料は、彼らが通常の偶然の過程で遭遇する可能性のある損失を補償する以上のものである。	premium|保険料|noun|a sum of money paid to an insurance company	save up|節約する|verb|to gradually collect or accumulate	compensate|補償する|verb|to make up for something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	meet with|遭遇する|verb|to come across or encounter	chance|偶然|noun|the occurrence of events in the absence of any obvious intention or cause
The neglect of insurance upon shipping, however, in the same manner as upon houses, is, in most cases, the effect of no such nice calculation, but of mere thoughtless rashness, and presumptuous contempt of the risk.	しかし、家屋の場合と同じように、船舶保険の怠慢は、ほとんどの場合、そのような巧妙な計算の結果ではなく、単に軽率な無謀さとリスクに対する傲慢な軽蔑の結果である。	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state of being uncared for	insurance|保険|noun|a contract or policy in which an insurance company agrees to pay a specified amount of money in the event of a specified loss	shipping|船舶|noun|the transportation of goods by sea	house|家屋|noun|a building that people live in	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	calculation|計算|noun|the action of calculating	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	thoughtless|軽率な|adjective|lacking care or consideration	rashness|無謀さ|noun|the quality of being rash	presumptuous|傲慢な|adjective|going beyond what is right or proper	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising

The contempt of risk, and the presumptuous hope of success, are in no period of life more active than at the age at which young people choose their professions.	リスクに対する軽蔑と成功への傲慢な希望は、人生のどの時期においても、若者が職業を選択する年齢ほど活発ではない。	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	presumptuous|傲慢な|adjective|going beyond what is right or proper	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	active|活発|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	age|年齢|noun|the number of years since a person was born	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives
How little the fear of misfortune is then capable of balancing the hope of good luck, appears still more evidently in the readiness of the common people to enlist as soldiers, or to go to sea, than in the eagerness of those of better fashion to enter into what are called the liberal professions.	不幸への恐怖が幸運への希望と釣り合う可能性がいかに小さいかは、いわゆる自由業に従事しようとする上流階級の人々の熱意よりも、一般の人々が兵士として入隊したり、海に出かけたりする準備が整っていることに、より明らかに現れている。	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm	balance|釣り合う|verb|be equal or equivalent to	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	good luck|幸運|noun|success or good fortune	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	readiness|準備|noun|the state of being ready	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	enlist|入隊する|verb|enroll oneself in the military	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	go to sea|海に出る|verb|start a voyage	eagerness|熱意|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to do something	better fashion|上流階級|noun|people of high social status	enter into|従事する|verb|take part in	liberal profession|自由業|noun|a profession that is not subject to government regulation

What a common soldier may lose is obvious enough.	一般の兵士が失うものは十分に明らかである。	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
Without regarding the danger, however, young volunteers never enlist so readily as at the beginning of a new war;	しかし、危険を顧みずに、若い志願兵は新しい戦争の開始時ほど容易に入隊することはない。	without regarding|顧みずに|verb|without taking into account	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	volunteer|志願兵|noun|a person who freely offers to take part in an enterprise or undertake a task	enlist|入隊する|verb|enroll oneself in the military	readily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	beginning|開始時|noun|the time at which something starts	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
and though they have scarce any chance of preferment, they figure to themselves, in their youthful fancies, a thousand occasions of acquiring honour and distinction which never occur.	そして、彼らは昇進の機会はほとんどないにもかかわらず、若々しい空想の中で、決して起こらない名誉と名声を得る千の機会を自分自身に思い描いている。	have scarce any chance|ほとんどない|verb|be very unlikely	preferment|昇進|noun|promotion to a higher position	figure to oneself|思い描く|verb|imagine or think of	youthful|若々しい|adjective|young or having the qualities of youth	fancy|空想|noun|a mental image or representation of something that is not real or has not yet happened	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or could happen	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	distinction|名声|noun|something that makes one person or thing different from another
These romantic hopes make the whole price of their blood.	これらのロマンチックな希望が彼らの血の代償のすべてである。	romantic|ロマンチックな|adjective|of, characterized by, or suggestive of an idealized view of reality	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	make|作る|verb|create, produce, or manufacture	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	price|代償|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Their pay is less than that of common labourers, and, in actual service, their fatigues are much greater.	彼らの給料は一般労働者のそれよりも少なく、実際の勤務では、彼らの疲労ははるかに大きい。	pay|給料|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	actual service|実際の勤務|noun|the work that someone does	fatigue|疲労|noun|extreme tiredness

The lottery of the sea is not altogether so disadvantageous as that of the army.	海の宝くじは、陸軍の宝くじほど不利ではない。	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	army|陸軍|noun|the military land forces of a nation
The son of a creditable labourer or artificer may frequently go to sea with his father’s consent;	信用できる労働者や職人の息子は、父親の同意を得て海に出ることがよくある。	creditable|信用できる|adjective|worthy of praise or approval	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	son|息子|noun|a male child	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	go to sea|海に出る|verb|become a sailor	father|父親|noun|a male parent	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
but if he enlists as a soldier, it is always without it.	しかし、彼が兵士として入隊する場合、それは常に父親の同意なしである。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	enlist|入隊する|verb|join the armed forces	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by
Other people see some chance of his making something by the one trade;	他の人々は、彼がその貿易で何かを成し遂げる可能性を多少なりとも見ている。	other people|他の人々|noun|people other than oneself	see|見ている|verb|perceive with the eyes	some chance|多少なりとも|noun|a possibility	his making something|彼が何かを成し遂げる|noun|the act of creating or producing something	one trade|その貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services
nobody but himself sees any of his making any thing by the other.	彼以外には誰も、彼が他の貿易で何かを成し遂げる可能性を全く見ていない。	nobody|誰も|noun|no person	but|以外には|preposition|except	himself|彼|pronoun|the male person being discussed	see|見ていない|verb|perceive with the eyes	any|全く|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	making|成し遂げる|verb|produce or create	any thing|何か|noun|something	by|で|preposition|near or next to	the other|他の|determiner|the remaining one of two or more people or things
The great admiral is less the object of public admiration than the great general;	偉大な提督は、偉大な将軍ほど世間の賞賛の対象にはならない。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	admiral|提督|noun|the commander in chief of a navy	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent	public|世間|noun|the people as a whole	admiration|賞賛|noun|a feeling of approval and respect
and the highest success in the sea service promises a less brilliant fortune and reputation than equal success in the land.	そして、海軍での最高の成功は、陸軍での同等の成功よりも輝かしい富と名声を約束するわけではない。	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest value or importance	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	service|軍|noun|the military forces of a country	promise|約束する|verb|assure someone that one will definitely do, give, or arrange something; undertake or declare that one will do something	less|それほど～ない|adjective|not as much or as many	brilliant|輝かしい|adjective|very bright or vivid	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	reputation|名声|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
The same difference runs through all the inferior degrees of preferment in both.	同じ違いは、両方の昇進のすべての下位の階級にも及ぶ。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	run through|及ぶ|verb|extend through	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	degree|階級|noun|a unit of measurement of angles	preferment|昇進|noun|promotion to a higher position or rank
By the rules of precedency, a captain in the navy ranks with a colonel in the army;	優先順位の規則によると、海軍の艦長は陸軍の大佐と同等の階級である。	rule|規則|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	precedency|優先順位|noun|the right to precede others in ceremonies or social situations	captain|艦長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	navy|海軍|noun|the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for naval and amphibious warfare	rank|階級|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	colonel|大佐|noun|a commissioned officer in the army, air force, or marine corps ranking above a lieutenant colonel and below a brigadier general	army|陸軍|noun|the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for land warfare
but he does not rank with him in the common estimation.	しかし、彼は一般的な評価では彼と同等の階級ではない。	rank|階級|noun|a position in a hierarchy	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	estimation|評価|noun|an opinion or judgment of the worth, quality, or importance of someone or something
As the great prizes in the lottery are less, the smaller ones must be more numerous.	宝くじの大きな賞金が少ないほど、小さな賞金はより多くなければならない。	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	prize|賞金|noun|a reward for success or achievement	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	smaller|小さな|adjective|of a more limited size or extent	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great many
Common sailors, therefore, more frequently get some fortune and preferment than common soldiers;	したがって、一般の船員は、一般の兵士よりも頻繁にいくらかの富と昇進を得る。	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	preferment|昇進|noun|a promotion or advancement in rank or position
and the hope of those prizes is what principally recommends the trade.	そして、それらの賞金への期待が、主にこの職業を推薦するものである。	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	prize|賞金|noun|a reward for success or achievement	recommend|推薦する|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role
Though their skill and dexterity are much superior to that of almost any artificers;	彼らの技能と器用さは、ほとんどすべての職人の技能と器用さをはるかに上回っているが、	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|the ability to move your hands or body quickly and easily	superior|はるかに上回っている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
and though their whole life is one continual scene of hardship and danger;	そして、彼らの全人生は、困難と危険の連続した場面であるが、	whole life|全人生|noun|the entire period of a person's life	one continual scene|連続した場面|noun|a series of events that happen one after the other	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	danger|危険|noun|a situation that is likely to cause harm
yet for all this dexterity and skill, for all those hardships and dangers, while they remain in the condition of common sailors, they receive scarce any other recompence but the pleasure of exercising the one and of surmounting the other.	それでも、このすべての器用さと技能、すべての困難と危険に対して、彼らが一般の船員の地位にとどまっている間は、技能を行使し、困難を乗り越える喜び以外にほとんど報酬を受け取らない。	for all|にもかかわらず|preposition|despite	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	hardship|困難|noun|a state of severe difficulty or misfortune	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	remain|とどまる|verb|stay in the same place or condition	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by all members of a group	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	surmount|乗り越える|verb|overcome (a difficulty or obstacle)
Their wages are not greater than those of common labourers at the port which regulates the rate of seamen’s wages.	彼らの賃金は、船員の賃金率を定めている港の一般労働者の賃金よりも高くない。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	greater|高くない|adjective|of a higher standard or quality	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbour where ships load or unload	regulate|定める|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	seaman|船員|noun|a sailor, especially one below the rank of officer
As they are continually going from port to port, the monthly pay of those who sail from all the different ports of Great Britain, is more nearly upon a level than that of any other workmen in those different places;	彼らは絶えず港から港へと移動しているので、イギリスのあらゆる港から出航する船員の月給は、それらの異なる場所にいる他のどの労働者の月給よりもほぼ同じ水準にある。	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	sail|出航する|verb|travel by water	monthly|月給|adjective|happening or produced once a month	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
and the rate of the port to and from which the greatest number sail, that is, the port of London, regulates that of all the rest.	そして、最も多くの船が出入りする港、つまりロンドン港の賃金率が、他のすべての港の賃金率を決定している。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	the rate of|賃金率|noun|the amount of money paid for a particular job	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	to and from|出入りする|preposition|in both directions between two places	which|つまり|relative pronoun|used to introduce a clause giving further information about a person or thing mentioned	the greatest number|最も多くの|noun|the largest amount or number	sail|船|noun|a vessel that travels on water	that is|つまり|conjunction|used to introduce a further explanation or clarification of something just said	the port of London|ロンドン港|noun|a port on the River Thames in London	regulates|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	that of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	all the rest|他のすべての|noun|the remaining part of something
At London, the wages of the greater part of the different classes of workmen are about double those of the same classes at Edinburgh.	ロンドンでは、労働者のさまざまな階級の大部分の賃金は、エジンバラの同じ階級の賃金の約2倍である。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland
But the sailors who sail from the port of London, seldom earn above three or four shillings a month more than those who sail from the port of Leith, and the difference is frequently not so great.	しかし、ロンドン港から出航する船員は、リース港から出航する船員よりも月に3、4シリング以上稼ぐことはめったになく、その差はそれほど大きくないことが多い。	sail|出航する|verb|travel by water	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	earn|稼ぐ|verb|receive money in return for work or through investments	above|以上|preposition|more than	month|月|noun|one of the twelve divisions of a year	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times
In time of peace, and in the merchant-service, the London price is from a guinea to about seven-and-twenty shillings the calendar month.	平時、商船では、ロンドンの賃金は1ギニーから1か月約27シリングである。	in time of|の時に|preposition|at the time of	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	merchant-service|商船|noun|the commercial shipping industry	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	price|賃金|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	about|約|preposition|approximately	seven-and-twenty|27|numeral|the number 27	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound	calendar month|1か月|noun|a period of time from one day in a month to the same day in the next month
A common labourer in London, at the rate of nine or ten shillings a week, may earn in the calendar month from forty to five-and-forty shillings.	ロンドンの一般労働者は、週9シリングまたは10シリングで、1か月で40シリングから45シリングを稼ぐことができる。	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	nine or ten shillings|9シリングまたは10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	forty to five-and-forty shillings|40シリングから45シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
The sailor, indeed, over and above his pay, is supplied with provisions.	確かに、船員は給料以外に食料も支給される。	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	over and above|給料以外に|adverb|in addition to; besides	pay|給料|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	supply|支給される|verb|provide or equip with something
Their value, however, may not perhaps always exceed the difference between his pay and that of the common labourer;	しかし、その価値は、おそらく常に彼の給料と一般労働者の給料の差を超えるわけではない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	pay|給料|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages
and though it sometimes should, the excess will not be clear gain to the sailor, because he cannot share it with his wife and family, whom he must maintain out of his wages at home.	そして、時にはそうであるとしても、その超過分は船員にとって明確な利益にはならない。なぜなら、彼はそれを妻や家族と分かち合うことができないからである。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	should|するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	excess|超過分|noun|an amount that is more than necessary	clear|明確な|adjective|easy to understand	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something in common with others	wife|妻|noun|a married woman	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee

The dangers and hair-breadth escapes of a life of adventures, instead of disheartening young people, seem frequently to recommend a trade to them.	冒険人生の危険や九死に一生を得る経験は、若者を落胆させるどころか、しばしば彼らにその職業を勧めるように思われる。	danger|危険|noun|exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss	hair-breadth escape|九死に一生を得る経験|noun|a very narrow escape from death or disaster	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	adventure|冒険|noun|an exciting or unusual experience	young people|若者|noun|people who are young	disheartening|落胆させる|verb|cause to lose courage or confidence	recommend|勧める|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession
A tender mother, among the inferior ranks of people, is often afraid to send her son to school at a sea-port town, lest the sight of the ships, and the conversation and adventures of the sailors, should entice him to go to sea.	下層階級の優しい母親は、船の光景や船員の会話や冒険が息子を海に誘い出さないように、息子を港町の学校に行かせるのを恐れることがよくある。	tender|優しい|adjective|expressing gentleness or warmth	mother|母親|noun|a woman in relation to her child or children	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	inferior|下層の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	often|よく|adverb|many times; frequently	afraid|恐れる|adjective|feeling fear or worry	send|行かせる|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	son|息子|noun|a male child or offspring	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	sea-port|港町|noun|a town with a harbour for seagoing ships	sight|光景|noun|something that is seen	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	conversation|会話|noun|informal talk between two or more people	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting experience or activity	entice|誘い出す|verb|attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage
The distant prospect of hazards, from which we can hope to extricate ourselves by courage and address, is not disagreeable to us, and does not raise the wages of labour in any employment.	勇気と手腕によって脱出できると期待できる遠い危険の見通しは、私たちにとって不快なものではなく、どんな仕事でも労働賃金を引き上げることはない。	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	prospect|見通し|noun|the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring	hazard|危険|noun|a danger or risk	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one	address|手腕|noun|a formal speech delivered to an audience	extricate|脱出する|verb|free oneself from a difficult or complicated situation	disagreeable|不快な|adjective|unpleasant	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It is otherwise with those in which courage and address can be of no avail.	勇気と手腕が役に立たない場合はそうではない。	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one	address|手腕|noun|a formal speech delivered to an audience	be of no avail|役に立たない|verb|to be useless or ineffective
In trades which are known to be very unwholesome, the wages of labour are always remarkably high.	非常に不健康であることが知られている職業では、労働賃金は常に著しく高い。	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work	unwholesome|不健康|adjective|not conducive to health	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	remarkably|著しく|adverb|to a noticeable degree
Unwholesomeness is a species of disagreeableness, and its effects upon the wages of labour are to be ranked under that general head.	不健康は不快感の一種であり、労働賃金への影響はその一般的な見出しの下にランク付けされるべきである。	unwholesomeness|不健康|noun|the quality of being unwholesome	disagreeableness|不快感|noun|the quality of being disagreeable	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	head|見出し|noun|a word or phrase that is used to introduce a section of a book, article, or document

In all the different employments of stock, the ordinary rate of profit varies more or less with the certainty or uncertainty of the returns.	資本のあらゆる異なる用途において、通常の利潤率は収益の確実性または不確実性によって多かれ少なかれ変動する。	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	vary|変動する|verb|be different from one another	certainty|確実性|noun|the quality of being certain or inevitable	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the quality of being uncertain	return|収益|noun|a profit from an investment
These are, in general, less uncertain in the inland than in the foreign trade, and in some branches of foreign trade than in others;	これらは、一般的に、内陸部では対外貿易よりも不確実性が少なく、対外貿易の一部では他の部分よりも不確実性が少ない。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not known or definite; questionable	inland|内陸|noun|the interior part of a country or region	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	some|一部|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	others|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
in the trade to North America, for example, than in that to Jamaica.	例えば、北米貿易ではジャマイカ貿易よりも不確実性が少ない。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	Jamaica|ジャマイカ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea
The ordinary rate of profit always rises more or less with the risk.	通常の利潤率は、常にリスクに応じて多かれ少なかれ上昇する。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger
It does not, however, seem to rise in proportion to it, or so as to compensate it completely.	しかし、それに比例して上昇したり、完全に補償するほど上昇したりするわけではないようだ。	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	completely|完全に|adverb|totally
Bankruptcies are most frequent in the most hazardous trades.	破産は最も危険な取引で最も頻繁に起こる。	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often or regularly	hazardous|危険な|adjective|involving or exposing one to risk or danger	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
The most hazardous of all trades, that of a smuggler, though, when the adventure succeeds, it is likewise the most profitable, is the infallible road to bankruptcy.	あらゆる取引の中で最も危険な密輸業者の取引は、冒険が成功すれば最も利益になるが、破産への確実な道でもある。	hazardous|危険な|adjective|involving or exposing one to risk	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who smuggles goods	adventure|冒険|noun|an exciting or very unusual experience	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a desired aim or result	profitable|利益になる|adjective|yielding a financial gain	infallible|確実な|adjective|never failing; always effective	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt
The presumptuous hope of success seems to act here as upon all other occasions, and to entice so many adventurers into those hazardous trades, that their competition reduces the profit below what is sufficient to compensate the risk.	成功するという傲慢な希望は、ここでも他のあらゆる場合と同じように作用し、多くの冒険者をこれらの危険な取引に誘い込み、彼らの競争によって利益がリスクを補償するのに十分な額を下回ってしまうようだ。	presumptuous|傲慢な|adjective|going beyond what is right or proper	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	act|作用する|verb|take effect	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	entice|誘い込む|verb|attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	hazardous|危険な|adjective|involving or exposing one to risk	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	reduce|下回る|verb|make or become smaller or less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger
To compensate it completely, the common returns ought, over and above the ordinary profits of stock, not only to make up for all occasional losses, but to afford a surplus profit to the adventurers, of the same nature with the profit of insurers.	それを完全に補償するためには、通常の収益は、株の通常の利益を超えて、すべての臨時の損失を補うだけでなく、冒険者に保険業者の利益と同じ性質の余剰利益をもたらす必要がある。	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; fully	common|通常の|adjective|happening often or regularly	return|収益|noun|the money that a company makes in a particular period of time	ought|必要がある|auxiliary verb|should	over and above|を超えて|adverb|in addition to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	make up for|補う|verb|compensate for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to pay for	surplus|余剰|adjective|more than is needed or used	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes	insurer|保険業者|noun|a company that provides insurance
But if the common returns were sufficient for all this, bankruptcies would not be more frequent in these than in other trades.	しかし、通常の収益がこれらすべてに十分であれば、破産は他の取引よりも頻繁に起こることはないだろう。	common|通常の|adjective|happening often or regularly	return|収益|noun|the money that a company makes in a particular period of time	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often or regularly

Of the five circumstances, therefore, which vary the wages of labour, two only affect the profits of stock;	したがって、労働賃金を変える五つの状況のうち、二つだけが資本の利潤に影響する。	five|五つ|noun|the number 5	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	vary|変える|verb|make or become different	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business, and the risk or security with which it is attended.	事業の快適性または不快性、およびそれに伴うリスクまたは安全性である。	agreeableness|快適性|noun|the quality of being pleasant or agreeable	disagreeableness|不快性|noun|the quality of being unpleasant or disagreeable	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	security|安全性|noun|the condition of being protected from or not exposed to danger or risk
In point of agreeableness or disagreeableness, there is little or no difference in the far greater part of the different employments of stock, but a great deal in those of labour;	快適性または不快性という点では、資本の異なる用途の大部分ではほとんどまたはまったく違いはないが、労働の用途では大きな違いがある。	agreeableness|快適性|noun|the quality of being pleasant or pleasing	disagreeableness|不快性|noun|the quality of being unpleasant or displeasing	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったく|determiner|not any	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and the ordinary profit of stock, though it rises with the risk, does not always seem to rise in proportion to it.	そして、資本の通常の利潤は、リスクとともに上昇するが、常にそれに比例して上昇するわけではないようである。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
It should follow from all this, that, in the same society or neighbourhood, the average and ordinary rates of profit in the different employments of stock should be more nearly upon a level than the pecuniary wages of the different sorts of labour.	これらすべてから、同じ社会や近隣では、資本の異なる用途における平均的かつ通常の利潤率は、異なる種類の労働の金銭的賃金よりもほぼ同じ水準にあるはずである。	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	all this|これらすべて|noun|everything that has been mentioned	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	average|平均的|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	employment|用途|noun|the condition of having paid work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker

They are so accordingly.	実際、そうである。	be so|そうである|verb|be the case	accordingly|実際|adverb|as a result; consequently
The difference between the earnings of a common labourer and those of a well employed lawyer or physician, is evidently much greater than that between the ordinary profits in any two different branches of trade.	普通の労働者の収入と、よく雇われる弁護士や医師の収入の差は、明らかに、どんな二つの異なる業種の通常の利潤の差よりもはるかに大きい。	common labourer|普通の労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	well employed|よく雇われる|adjective|having a good job	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is qualified to practice law	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	earnings|収入|noun|the money that a person earns	ordinary profits|通常の利潤|noun|the amount of money that a business makes after deducting all costs	trade|業種|noun|a business or industry
The apparent difference, besides, in the profits of different trades, is generally a deception arising from our not always distinguishing what ought to be considered as wages, from what ought to be considered as profit.	その上、異なる業種の利潤の見かけ上の差は、一般に、賃金と見なされるべきものと利潤と見なされるべきものを常に区別していないことから生じる錯覚である。	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|seeming real or true, but not necessarily so	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	deception|錯覚|noun|the act of deceiving; the state of being deceived	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker

Apothecaries’ profit is become a bye-word, denoting something uncommonly extravagant.	薬剤師の利潤は、異常に法外なものを示す代名詞となっている。	apothecary|薬剤師|noun|a person who prepares and sells medicines and drugs	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	become|なる|verb|come to be	bye-word|代名詞|noun|a person or thing that is a striking example of something	denote|示す|verb|be a sign of; indicate	uncommonly|異常に|adverb|unusually	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money
This great apparent profit, however, is frequently no more than the reasonable wages of labour.	しかし、この見かけ上の大きな利潤は、しばしば労働の合理的な賃金にすぎない。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|seeming real or true on the basis of evidence that may not be correct	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
The skill of an apothecary is a much nicer and more delicate matter than that of any artificer whatever;	薬剤師の技能は、どんな職人の技能よりもはるかに精密で繊細なものだ。	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	apothecary|薬剤師|noun|a person who prepares and sells medicines and drugs	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	nicer|精密な|adjective|very good or pleasant	more delicate|繊細な|adjective|very fine in texture or structure; easily damaged or broken
and the trust which is reposed in him is of much greater importance.	そして、彼に寄せられる信頼ははるかに重要である。	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	repose|寄せる|verb|place (something) in a position of trust or responsibility
He is the physician of the poor in all cases, and of the rich when the distress or danger is not very great.	彼はあらゆる場合に貧しい人々の医師であり、苦痛や危険がそれほど大きくない場合には金持ちの医師でもある。	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	distress|苦痛|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	danger|危険|noun|exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss
His reward, therefore, ought to be suitable to his skill and his trust;	したがって、彼の報酬は彼の技能と信頼にふさわしいものでなければならない。	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	ought to|～するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	be suitable to|～にふさわしい|verb|be right or appropriate for	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something
and it arises generally from the price at which he sells his drugs.	そして、それは一般的に彼が薬を売る価格から生じる。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But the whole drugs which the best employed apothecary in a large market-town, will sell in a year, may not perhaps cost him above thirty or forty pounds.	しかし、大きな市場町で最もよく雇われている薬剤師が1年間に販売する薬全体の価格は、おそらく30ポンドから40ポンドを超えることはない。	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	market-town|市場町|noun|a town where a market is held	best|最も|adjective|of the highest quality	employed|雇われている|verb|have a paid job	apothecary|薬剤師|noun|a person who prepares and sells medicines and drugs	a year|1年間|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	drug|薬|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	cost|価格|noun|the price paid for something	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
Though he should sell them, therefore, for three or four hundred, or at a thousand per cent.	したがって、彼がそれらを300ポンド、400ポンド、あるいは1000パーセントで売ったとしても、	three or four hundred|300ポンド、400ポンド|noun|three or four hundred	a thousand per cent|1000パーセント|noun|a thousand per cent
profit, this may frequently be no more than the reasonable wages of his labour, charged, in the only way in which he can charge them, upon the price of his drugs.	利益を得たとしても、これは彼の労働の合理的な賃金にすぎず、彼が請求できる唯一の方法で、彼の薬の価格に請求される。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no more than|すぎない|adverb|only; merely	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	charge|請求する|verb|ask for a specified price	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	drug|薬|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body
The greater part of the apparent profit is real wages disguised in the garb of profit.	見かけの利益の大部分は、利益の衣をまとった実質賃金である。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	apparent|見かけの|adjective|seeming real or true, but not necessarily so	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	real wages|実質賃金|noun|the amount of goods and services that can be bought with wages	disguise|まとった|verb|change the appearance or nature of so as to hide the identity	garb|衣|noun|clothing, especially of a distinctive or special kind

In a small sea-port town, a little grocer will make forty or fifty per cent.	小さな港町では、小さな食料品店が40パーセントから50パーセントの利益を上げる。	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	sea-port|港町|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	grocer|食料品店|noun|a retail shop that primarily sells food	make|上げる|verb|produce or create	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and ten	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon a stock of a single hundred pounds, while a considerable wholesale merchant in the same place will scarce make eight or ten per cent.	同じ場所にいるかなりの卸売商は、8パーセントから10パーセントしか利益を上げない。	upon|～の上に|preposition|on top of	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	single|単一の|adjective|one only	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	while|一方で|conjunction|at the same time that	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in size or amount	wholesale|卸売|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	make|作る|verb|create or produce	eight|八|noun|the number 8	ten|十|noun|the number 10	cent|セント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon a stock of ten thousand.	一万ポンドの株で。	upon|で|preposition|on	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	ten thousand|一万|numeral|10000
The trade of the grocer may be necessary for the conveniency of the inhabitants, and the narrowness of the market may not admit the employment of a larger capital in the business.	食料品店の商売は住民の便宜のために必要であり、市場の狭さはその事業にもっと大きな資本を投入することを許さないかもしれない。	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	grocer|食料品店|noun|a retail merchant who primarily sells food	conveniency|便宜|noun|the quality of being convenient	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	narrowness|狭さ|noun|the quality of being narrow	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	admit|許す|verb|to allow to enter	employment|投入|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The man, however, must not only live by his trade, but live by it suitably to the qualifications which it requires.	しかし、その人は自分の商売で生計を立てているだけでなく、それに必要な資格に適合した生活を送らなければならない。	live by|生計を立てる|verb|earn a living by	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	live by|生活を送る|verb|earn a living by	qualification|資格|noun|a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or position	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
Besides possessing a little capital, he must be able to read, write, and account and must be a tolerable judge, too, of perhaps fifty or sixty different sorts of goods, their prices, qualities, and the markets where they are to be had cheapest.	わずかな資本を所有する以外に、彼は読み書きができ、計算ができ、また、おそらく50種類か60種類の異なる種類の商品、その価格、品質、そしてそれらが最も安く手に入る市場について、許容できる判断を下せる人でなければならない。	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; as well as	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	account|計算する|verb|calculate or reckon	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	be|～である|auxiliary verb|exist or live	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	judge|判断を下せる人|noun|a public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law	of|～の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	fifty|50|numeral|the number equivalent to the product of five and ten	sixty|60|numeral|the number equivalent to the product of six and ten	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another thing	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	goods|商品|noun|merchandise or possessions	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	be to be had|手に入る|verb|be available	cheapest|最も安い|adjective|low in price or value
He must have all the knowledge, in short, that is necessary for a great merchant, which nothing hinders him from becoming but the want of a sufficient capital.	要するに、彼は十分な資本の不足以外には何も彼が偉大な商人になることを妨げるものがないような、偉大な商人にとって必要なすべての知識を持っていなければならない。	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	short|要するに|adverb|in a few words; briefly	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone or something to do or achieve something	become|なる|verb|start to be	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Thirty or forty pounds a year cannot be considered as too great a recompence for the labour of a person so accomplished.	年間30ポンドまたは40ポンドは、そのような有能な人の労働に対する報酬としては大きすぎるとは考えられない。	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	great|大きすぎる|adjective|of major significance or importance	recompence|報酬|noun|something given or received as a return for something done	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	accomplish|有能な|verb|successfully bring about or reach a desired objective or result
Deduct this from the seemingly great profits of his capital, and little more will remain, perhaps, than the ordinary profits of stock.	これを彼の資本の見かけ上大きな利益から差し引くと、おそらく株の通常の利益よりも少し多く残るだろう。	deduct|差し引く|verb|take away (an amount or part) from a total	seemingly|見かけ上|adverb|apparently but not really	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	remain|残る|verb|be left after others or other parts have been removed or used	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares
The greater part of the apparent profit is, in this case too, real wages.	この場合も、見かけ上の利益の大部分は実質賃金である。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|seeming real or true on the basis of evidence that may not be correct	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	real wages|実質賃金|noun|the amount of goods and services that can be bought with wages

The difference between the apparent profit of the retail and that of the wholesale trade, is much less in the capital than in small towns and country villages.	小売業と卸売業の見かけ上の利益の差は、小都市や田舎の村よりも首都ではずっと小さい。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|appearing to be true or real	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	retail|小売業|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	wholesale|卸売業|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	much less|ずっと小さい|adverb|to a much smaller extent	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	small town|小都市|noun|a town with a small population	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in a rural area
Where ten thousand pounds can be employed in the grocery trade, the wages of the grocer’s labour must be a very trifling addition to the real profits of so great a stock.	一万ポンドが食料品貿易に投入できる場合、食料品店の労働者の賃金は、そのような大きな株の実質利益に非常に些細な追加でなければならない。	ten thousand pounds|一万ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	be employed|投入できる|verb|be used for a particular purpose	grocery trade|食料品貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling food	grocer|食料品店|noun|a person who sells food	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	real profit|実質利益|noun|the actual profit made after deducting all costs	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment
The apparent profits of the wealthy retailer, therefore, are there more nearly upon a level with those of the wholesale merchant.	したがって、裕福な小売業者の見かけ上の利益は、卸売業者の利益とほぼ同じレベルにある。	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|seeming real or true on the basis of evidence that may not be correct	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale	wholesale merchant|卸売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods in large quantities to be resold by others
It is upon this account that goods sold by retail are generally as cheap, and frequently much cheaper, in the capital than in small towns and country villages.	小売りで販売される商品は、小都市や田舎の村よりも首都で一般的に安く、しばしばずっと安いのは、このためである。	account|ため|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	retail|小売り|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	small town|小都市|noun|a town with a small population	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in a rural area	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region
Grocery goods, for example, are generally much cheaper;	例えば、食料品は一般的にずっと安い。	grocery|食料品|noun|food and other items sold in a grocery store	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value
bread and butchers’ meat frequently as cheap.	パンや肉屋の肉はしばしば安い。	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value
It costs no more to bring grocery goods to the great town than to the country village;	食料品を大都市に運ぶのに、田舎の村に運ぶよりも費用はかからない。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	grocery|食料品|noun|a retail shop that primarily sells food	great town|大都市|noun|a large human settlement	country village|田舎の村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area
but it costs a great deal more to bring corn and cattle, as the greater part of them must be brought from a much greater distance.	しかし、穀物や家畜を運ぶには、その大部分がはるかに遠くから運ばれなければならないので、はるかに多くの費用がかかる。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	a great deal|はるかに|adverb|a lot; much	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	much greater distance|はるかに遠く|noun|a much longer distance
The prime cost of grocery goods, therefore, being the same in both places, they are cheapest where the least profit is charged upon them.	したがって、食料品の原価は両方の場所で同じであるため、最も利益が少ない場所で最も安い。	prime cost|原価|noun|the direct cost of producing the goods a company sells	grocery|食料品|noun|a retail store that primarily sells food	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	least|最も少ない|determiner|smallest in amount or extent	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	charge|請求する|verb|ask for a specified price
The prime cost of bread and butchers’ meat is greater in the great town than in the country village;	パンや肉屋の肉の原価は、大都市では田舎の村よりも高い。	prime cost|原価|noun|the direct cost of producing the goods a company sells	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	great town|大都市|noun|a large human settlement	country village|田舎の村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area
and though the profit is less, therefore they are not always cheaper there, but often equally cheap.	そして、利益は少ないが、それゆえに、そこでは常に安いわけではないが、しばしば同じくらい安い。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected	therefore|それゆえに|adverb|for that reason; consequently	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or cost	there|そこで|adverb|in, at, or to that place or position	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	equally|同じくらい|adverb|in the same manner or degree
In such articles as bread and butchers’ meat, the same cause which diminishes apparent profit, increases prime cost.	パンや肉屋の肉のような品物では、見かけ上の利益を減らす同じ原因が原価を増加させる。	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The extent of the market, by giving employment to greater stocks, diminishes apparent profit;	市場の規模は、より多くの在庫に雇用を与えることで、見かけ上の利益を減少させる。	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	give employment|雇用を与える|verb|provide work for	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	apparent|見かけ上の|adjective|seeming real or true, but not necessarily so	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
but by requiring supplies from a greater distance, it increases prime cost.	しかし、より遠くからの供給を必要とすることで、原価が上昇する。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	increase|上昇する|verb|become or make greater or bigger
This diminution of the one and increase of the other, seem, in most cases, nearly to counterbalance one another;	一方の減少と他方の増加は、ほとんどの場合、互いにほぼ相殺し合うように思われる。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	counterbalance|相殺し合う|verb|have an equal but opposite effect to
which is probably the reason that, though the prices of corn and cattle are commonly very different in different parts of the kingdom, those of bread and butchers’ meat are generally very nearly the same through the greater part of it.	これがおそらく、穀物や牛の価格は王国の各地で通常非常に異なるが、パンや肉屋の肉の価格は、その大部分で一般的にほぼ同じである理由である。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated bovine animal	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different; identical

Though the profits of stock, both in the wholesale and retail trade, are generally less in the capital than in small towns and country villages, yet great fortunes are frequently acquired from small beginnings in the former, and scarce ever in the latter.	卸売業と小売業の両方で、資本の利益は一般的に小さな町や田舎の村よりも少ないが、前者では小さな始まりから大金が得られることが多く、後者ではほとんどない。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	wholesale|卸売|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	small town|小さな町|noun|a town with a small population	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in a rural area	great fortune|大金|noun|a large amount of money	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	small beginning|小さな始まり|noun|a humble or modest start	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient
In small towns and country villages, on account of the narrowness of the market, trade cannot always be extended as stock extends.	小さな町や田舎の村では、市場が狭いため、在庫が増えても取引が拡大できないことがある。	small town|小さな町|noun|a town with a small population	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in the countryside	narrowness|狭さ|noun|the quality of being narrow	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
In such places, therefore, though the rate of a particular person’s profits may be very high, the sum or amount of them can never be very great, nor consequently that of his annual accumulation.	したがって、そのような場所では、特定の人の利益率は非常に高くても、その合計額や金額は決して大きくならず、その結果、年間の蓄積額も大きくなることはない。	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	sum|合計額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	amount|金額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent	annual|年間|adjective|of or relating to a year	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition or gradual gathering of something
In great towns, on the contrary, trade can be extended as stock increases, and the credit of a frugal and thriving man increases much faster than his stock.	逆に、大都市では、在庫が増えるにつれて取引が拡大し、質素で成功している人の信用は、在庫よりもはるかに速く増加する。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	great town|大都市|noun|a large town	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	frugal|質素な|adjective|sparing or economical with regard to money or food	thriving|成功している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	faster|速く|adverb|at a high speed; quickly
His trade is extended in proportion to the amount of both;	彼の取引は、両者の量に比例して拡大する。	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something
and the sum or amount of his profits is in proportion to the extent of his trade, and his annual accumulation in proportion to the amount of his profits.	そして、彼の利益の合計額または金額は、彼の取引の規模に比例し、彼の年間の蓄積額は、彼の利益の金額に比例する。	sum|合計額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items	amount|金額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating or being accumulated
It seldom happens, however, that great fortunes are made, even in great towns, by any one regular, established, and well-known branch of business, but in consequence of a long life of industry, frugality, and attention.	しかし、大都市でさえ、正規の、確立された、よく知られた業種で大金持ちになることはめったになく、長い人生を勤勉、質素、注意深く過ごした結果である。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	make|作る|verb|create, produce, or manufacture	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	well-known|よく知られた|adjective|known by many people	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	long|長い|adjective|having or covering a great distance	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	industry|勤勉|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	frugality|質素|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
Sudden fortunes, indeed, are sometimes made in such places, by what is called the trade of speculation.	確かに、そのような場所では、投機取引と呼ばれるものによって、突然大金持ちになることがある。	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	fortune|大金|noun|a large amount of money	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	speculation|投機|noun|the buying and selling of goods or assets with a view to making a profit from fluctuations in their price
The speculative merchant exercises no one regular, established, or well-known branch of business.	投機商人は、正規の、確立された、あるいはよく知られた業種を営んでいない。	speculative|投機的な|adjective|involving a high risk of loss	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	exercise|営む|verb|carry out or perform	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	well-known|よく知られた|adjective|known by many people
He is a corn merchant this year, and a wine merchant the next, and a sugar, tobacco, or tea merchant the year after.	彼は今年は穀物商人であり、来年はワイン商人であり、翌年は砂糖、タバコ、または茶の商人である。	this year|今年|noun|the year that is currently in progress	next|来年|adjective|the one immediately following the present one	the year after|翌年|noun|the year after the next one	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	tea|茶|noun|a hot drink made by infusing the dried, cured leaves of the tea plant in boiling water
He enters into every trade, when he foresees that it is likely to be more than commonly profitable, and he quits it when he foresees that its profits are likely to return to the level of other trades.	彼は、普通以上に利益が出ると予測したときにはどんな取引にも乗り出し、利益が他の取引のレベルに戻ると予測したときにはそれを辞める。	enter into|乗り出す|verb|to take part in	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	foresee|予測する|verb|to know or realize beforehand	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person
His profits and losses, therefore, can bear no regular proportion to those of any one established and well-known branch of business.	したがって、彼の利益と損失は、確立されたよく知られた業種のどれとも一定の比率を保つことができない。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	bear|保つ|verb|carry or hold	regular|一定の|adjective|done or happening frequently	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	well-known|よく知られた|adjective|known about by many people	branch|業種|noun|a particular kind of business or industry
A bold adventurer may sometimes acquire a considerable fortune by two or three successful speculations, but is just as likely to lose one by two or three unsuccessful ones.	大胆な冒険家は、二、三の投機に成功してかなりの富を獲得することもあるだろうが、二、三の投機に失敗して富を失う可能性も同じくらいある。	bold|大胆な|adjective|not afraid to do things that might be dangerous or shocking	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	two or three|二、三の|noun|a small number of	successful|成功する|adjective|having achieved the desired outcome	speculation|投機|noun|the act of buying or selling something in the hope of making a large profit	lose|失う|verb|to no longer have something	one by two or three|二、三の|noun|a small number of	unsuccessful|失敗する|adjective|not having achieved the desired outcome
This trade can be carried on nowhere but in great towns.	この取引は大都市でしか行うことができない。	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement
It is only in places of the most extensive commerce and correspondence that the intelligence requisite for it can be had.	最も広範な商業と通信の場所でのみ、それに必要な情報を持つことができる。	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling	correspondence|通信|noun|the exchange of letters	intelligence|情報|noun|the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills	requisite|必要な|adjective|made or done as a condition of something else	have|持つ|verb|to experience or feel

The five circumstances above mentioned, though they occasion considerable inequalities in the wages of labour and profits of stock, occasion none in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages, real or imaginary, of the different employments of either.	上記の五つの状況は、労働賃金と資本利潤にかなりの不平等をもたらすものの、いずれの異なる雇用においても、現実の、あるいは想像上の利点と不利点の全体には何の影響も及ぼさない。	five|五つ|noun|the number 5	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large or great	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	occasion|及ぼす|verb|cause or produce	none|何の影響も|pronoun|not any	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	disadvantage|不利点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	whole|全体|noun|all of something	real|現実の|adjective|actually existing as a thing or occurring in fact; not imagined or supposed	imaginary|想像上の|adjective|existing only in the imagination	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
The nature of those circumstances is such, that they make up for a small pecuniary gain in some, and counterbalance a great one in others.	これらの状況の性質は、ある場合には小さな金銭的利益を補い、他の場合には大きな金銭的利益を相殺するようなものである。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	make up for|補う|verb|compensate for	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	counterbalance|相殺する|verb|to act against with an equal force or effect

In order, however, that this equality may take place in the whole of their advantages or disadvantages, three things are requisite, even where there is the most perfect freedom.	しかし、この平等が利点や不利点の全体に生じるために、最も完全な自由があるところでさえ、三つのことが必要である。	take place|生じる|verb|happen	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	disadvantage|不利点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	requisite|必要|adjective|required; necessary	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
First the employments must be well known and long established in the neighbourhood;	第一に、その職業が近隣でよく知られ、長く確立されていなければならない。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	well known|よく知られる|adjective|known by many people	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of
secondly, they must be in their ordinary, or what may be called their natural state;	第二に、それらは通常の、あるいは自然な状態と呼ばれる状態にあるべきである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind
and, thirdly, they must be the sole or principal employments of those who occupy them.	そして第三に、それらは従事する者の唯一の、あるいは主要な職業でなければならない。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	occupy|従事する|verb|take up a certain area or amount of space

First, this equality can take place only in those employments which are well known, and have been long established in the neighbourhood.	第一に、この平等は、近隣でよく知られ、長く確立された職業でのみ生じうる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	take place|生じる|verb|happen; occur	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	well known|よく知られた|adjective|known by many people	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of

Where all other circumstances are equal, wages are generally higher in new than in old trades.	他のすべての状況が同じなら、賃金は一般的に古い業種よりも新しい業種で高い。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	trade|業種|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill
When a projector attempts to establish a new manufacture, he must at first entice his workmen from other employments, by higher wages than they can either earn in their own trades, or than the nature of his work would otherwise require;	起業家が新しい製造業を始めようとするとき、彼はまず、労働者を他の職業から引き抜くために、彼らが自分の業種で稼ぐことができる賃金よりも、あるいは彼の仕事の性質が要求する賃金よりも高い賃金を支払わなければならない。	projector|起業家|noun|a person who plans and sets up a business or other enterprise	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	establish|始める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	at first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	entice|引き抜く|verb|attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works in a skilled or unskilled manual occupation	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	trade|業種|noun|a skilled job, especially one requiring manual skills	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose
and a considerable time must pass away before he can venture to reduce them to the common level.	そして、彼がそれを一般的な水準にまで引き下げるには、かなりの時間が経過しなければならない。	pass away|経過する|verb|die	venture|引き下げる|verb|dare to do something new or dangerous	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people
Manufactures for which the demand arises altogether from fashion and fancy, are continually changing, and seldom last long enough to be considered as old established manufactures.	需要がもっぱら流行や趣味から生じる製造業は、絶えず変化しており、古くから確立された製造業と見なされるほど長く続くことはめったにない。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	altogether|もっぱら|adverb|entirely; completely	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	fancy|趣味|noun|a feeling of liking something or someone a lot	change|変化する|verb|become different	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	long|長く|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being; regard as	old|古く|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be widely known or accepted	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
Those, on the contrary, for which the demand arises chiefly from use or necessity, are less liable to change, and the same form or fabric may continue in demand for whole centuries together.	逆に、需要が主に用途や必要性から生じる製造業は、変化しにくく、同じ形状や生地が何世紀にもわたって需要が続くことがある。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent; not so much	liable|しやすい|adjective|responsible by law; legally answerable	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	form|形状|noun|the shape of a thing or person	fabric|生地|noun|a cloth made by weaving, knitting, or felting fibers together	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	whole|何世紀にもわたって|adjective|complete; entire	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
The wages of labour, therefore, are likely to be higher in manufactures of the former, than in those of the latter kind.	したがって、労働賃金は、前者の製造業では後者の製造業よりも高くなる傾向がある。	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for their work	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things mentioned
Birmingham deals chiefly in manufactures of the former kind;	バーミンガムは主に前者の製造業を取り扱っている。	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England	deal in|取り扱う|verb|trade in	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
Sheffield in those of the latter;	シェフィールドは後者の製造業を取り扱っている。	Sheffield|シェフィールド|noun|a city in South Yorkshire, England	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned
and the wages of labour in those two different places are said to be suitable to this difference in the nature of their manufactures.	そして、この二つの異なる場所での労働賃金は、製造業の性質におけるこの違いに適合していると言われている。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	be said to be|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	suitable|適合している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation

The establishment of any new manufacture, of any new branch of commerce, or of any new practice in agriculture, is always a speculation from which the projector promises himself extraordinary profits.	新しい製造業、新しい商業部門、あるいは農業における新しい慣行の確立は、常に投機であり、投機家はそこから異常な利益を約束する。	establishment|確立|noun|the act of establishing something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	speculation|投機|noun|the act of speculating	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes a projection	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
These profits sometimes are very great, and sometimes, more frequently, perhaps, they are quite otherwise;	これらの利益は、時には非常に大きく、時には、おそらくもっと頻繁に、全くそうではない。	these|これらの|determiner|the ones being mentioned or discussed	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	quite|全く|adverb|to the fullest extent	otherwise|そうではない|adverb|in a different way
but, in general, they bear no regular proportion to those of other old trades in the neighbourhood.	しかし、一般的に、それらは近隣の他の古い商売の利益と一定の比率を保っていない。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	bear|保つ|verb|carry or hold	regular|一定の|adjective|happening or done frequently	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place
If the project succeeds, they are commonly at first very high.	計画が成功すれば、通常、最初は非常に高くなる。	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a desired aim or result	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	at first|最初は|adverb|in the beginning; initially	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
When the trade or practice becomes thoroughly established and well known, the competition reduces them to the level of other trades.	商売や慣行が完全に確立され、よく知られるようになると、競争によって他の商売と同じレベルにまで低下する。	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	practice|慣行|noun|a habitual or customary action or way of doing something	thoroughly|完全に|adverb|completely	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	well known|よく知られる|adjective|known by many people	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	reduce|低下する|verb|to make or become smaller or less	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality

Secondly, this equality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, can take place only in the ordinary, or what may be called the natural state of those employments.	第二に、労働と資本の異なる用途の利点と不利点の全体におけるこの平等は、通常の、あるいはそれらの用途の自然な状態と呼ばれる状態でのみ起こりうる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	disadvantage|不利点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	take place|起こりうる|verb|happen	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind

The demand for almost every different species of labour is sometimes greater, and sometimes less than usual.	ほとんどすべての異なる種類の労働に対する需要は、通常よりも大きくなったり小さくなったりする。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	greater|大きくなる|adjective|larger or more important	less|小さくなる|adjective|smaller or less important	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done often or regularly
In the one case, the advantages of the employment rise above, in the other they fall below the common level.	一方では、雇用の利点が平均的な水準を上回り、他方では平均的な水準を下回る。	in the one case|一方では|adverb|in one situation	in the other|他方では|adverb|in the other situation	rise above|上回る|verb|be greater or better than	fall below|下回る|verb|be less or worse than
The demand for country labour is greater at hay-time and harvest than during the greater part of the year;	田舎の労働に対する需要は、干し草の時期や収穫期には一年の大部分よりも大きくなる。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	hay-time|干し草の時期|noun|the time of year when hay is harvested	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of ripe crops
and wages rise with the demand.	そして賃金は需要とともに上昇する。	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	demand|需要|noun|the desire to own something combined with the ability to pay for it
In time of war, when forty or fifty thousand sailors are forced from the merchant service into that of the king, the demand for sailors to merchant ships necessarily rises with their scarcity;	戦時中、四、五万人の船員が商船から国王の軍隊に強制徴用されると、商船の船員に対する需要は必然的にその不足とともに高まる。	time of war|戦時中|noun|a period of time during which a war is taking place	forty or fifty thousand|四、五万人|noun|a number equal to 40000 or 50000	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	merchant service|商船|noun|a ship that is used for commercial purposes	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply
and their wages, upon such occasions, commonly rise from a guinea and seven-and-twenty shillings to forty shillings and three pounds a-month.	そして、そういった場合には、彼らの賃金は通常、一ギニーと二十七シリングから四十シリングと三ポンドに上昇する。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
In a decaying manufacture, on the contrary, many workmen, rather than quit their own trade, are contented with smaller wages than would otherwise be suitable to the nature of their employment.	逆に、衰退している製造業では、多くの労働者は自分の仕事を辞めるよりも、その仕事の性質に適した賃金よりも低い賃金で満足している。	decaying|衰退している|adjective|rotting or decomposing	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	quit|辞める|verb|leave a job, post, or position voluntarily	trade|仕事|noun|a job or line of work	content|満足している|adjective|in a state of peaceful happiness	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work

The profits of stock vary with the price of the commodities in which it is employed.	資本の利潤は、それが投下されている商品の価格によって変動する。	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in size, amount, degree, or nature	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
As the price of any commodity rises above the ordinary or average rate, the profits of at least some part of the stock that is employed in bringing it to market, rise above their proper level, and as it falls they sink below it.	ある商品の価格が通常の、あるいは平均的な率を超えて上昇すると、それを市場に出すために投下されている資本の少なくとも一部の利潤は、適正な水準を超えて上昇し、価格が下落すると、その水準を下回る。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	fall|下落する|verb|go down	sink|下回る|verb|go below
All commodities are more or less liable to variations of price, but some are much more so than others.	すべての商品は多かれ少なかれ価格の変動を受けやすいが、あるものは他のものよりもはるかにそうである。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	liable|受けやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way that something happens or is done	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	some|あるもの|pronoun|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	other|他のもの|pronoun|a different person or thing
In all commodities which are produced by human industry, the quantity of industry annually employed is necessarily regulated by the annual demand, in such a manner that the average annual produce may, as nearly as possible, be equal to the average annual consumption.	人間の産業によって生産されるすべての商品において、年間に投入される産業の量は、必然的に年間の需要によって調整され、平均年間生産量が可能な限り平均年間消費量と等しくなるように調整される。	human industry|人間の産業|noun|the production of goods and services by human beings	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	regulate|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	annual demand|年間の需要|noun|the total amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price in a given year	average annual produce|平均年間生産量|noun|the total amount of a good or service that is produced in a year, divided by the number of years in the period	average annual consumption|平均年間消費量|noun|the total amount of a good or service that is consumed in a year, divided by the number of years in the period
In some employments, it has already been observed, the same quantity of industry will always produce the same, or very nearly the same quantity of commodities.	すでに観察されているように、ある種の雇用では、同じ量の産業が常に同じ、あるいはほぼ同じ量の商品を生産する。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
In the linen or woollen manufactures, for example, the same number of hands will annually work up very nearly the same quantity of linen and woollen cloth.	例えば、麻や毛織物製造業では、同じ数の労働者が毎年ほぼ同じ量の麻や毛織物を生産する。	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular industry	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	cloth|布|noun|a woven or knitted material used to make things such as clothes, curtains, or sheets
The variations in the market price of such commodities, therefore, can arise only from some accidental variation in the demand.	したがって、そのような商品の市場価格の変動は、需要の偶発的な変動からのみ生じ得る。	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is traded in the market	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	accidental|偶発的|adjective|happening by chance or accident	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular commodity or service
A public mourning raises the price of black cloth.	国民的追悼は黒い布の価格を上げる。	public|国民的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	mourning|追悼|noun|the expression of deep sorrow for someone who has died	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of
But as the demand for most sorts of plain linen and woollen cloth is pretty uniform, so is likewise the price.	しかし、ほとんどの種類の無地の麻や毛織物に対する需要はかなり均一なので、価格も同様に均一である。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	plain|無地の|adjective|without a pattern or design	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	pretty|かなり|adverb|very or extremely	uniform|均一|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
But there are other employments in which the same quantity of industry will not always produce the same quantity of commodities.	しかし、同じ量の労働が常に同じ量の商品を生産するわけではない他の職業もある。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|労働|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	employment|職業|noun|the state of having paid work
The same quantity of industry, for example, will, in different years, produce very different quantities of corn, wine, hops, sugar tobacco, etc.	例えば、同じ量の労働が、異なる年に、非常に異なる量のトウモロコシ、ワイン、ホップ、砂糖、タバコなどを生産する。	same quantity|同じ量|noun|the same amount	industry|労働|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	different years|異なる年|noun|years that are not the same	different quantities|異なる量|noun|amounts that are not the same	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	hops|ホップ|noun|a climbing plant that is used to give beer its bitter taste	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet substance that is used to sweeten food and drink	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant that is grown for its leaves, which are dried and smoked
The price of such commodities, therefore, varies not only with the variations of demand, but with the much greater and more frequent variations of quantity, and is consequently extremely fluctuating;	したがって、そのような商品の価格は、需要の変動だけでなく、数量のより大きくより頻繁な変動によっても変動し、その結果、非常に変動する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in size, amount, degree, or nature	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	quantity|数量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	fluctuate|変動する|verb|vary or cause to vary irregularly
but the profit of some of the dealers must necessarily fluctuate with the price of the commodities.	しかし、一部の業者の利益は必然的に商品の価格と共に変動する。	dealer|業者|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	fluctuate|変動する|verb|vary or change, especially in an irregular manner
The operations of the speculative merchant are principally employed about such commodities.	投機商人の活動は、主にそのような商品を対象としている。	operation|活動|noun|the state of being active	speculative|投機的な|adjective|involving a high risk of loss	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	employ|対象とする|verb|use or engage	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
He endeavours to buy them up when he foresees that their price is likely to rise, and to sell them when it is likely to fall.	彼は、価格が上昇する可能性があると予測したときに買い占め、下落する可能性があるときに売却しようとする。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	buy up|買い占める|verb|buy as much of something as possible	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	fall|下落する|verb|go down

Thirdly, this equality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, can take place only in such as are the sole or principal employments of those who occupy them.	第三に、労働と資本の異なる用途の利点と不利点の全体におけるこの平等は、それらを占有する人々の唯一の、または主要な用途である場合にのみ起こりうる。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	disadvantage|不利点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	take place|起こりうる|verb|happen	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	occupy|占有する|verb|take up (a place or amount of space)

When a person derives his subsistence from one employment, which does not occupy the greater part of his time, in the intervals of his leisure he is often willing to work at another for less wages than would otherwise suit the nature of the employment.	ある人が、自分の時間の大部分を占めない一つの仕事から生計を立てている場合、余暇の合間に、その仕事の性質に適した賃金よりも安い賃金で別の仕事を喜んで引き受けることがよくある。	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	one|一つ|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	employment|仕事|noun|the state of having paid work	occupy|占める|verb|take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	leisure|余暇|noun|time when one is not working or occupied	interval|合間|noun|a space of time between two events	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	employment|仕事|noun|the state of having paid work

There still subsists, in many parts of Scotland, a set of people called cottars or cottagers, though they were more frequent some years ago than they are now.	スコットランドの多くの地域には、コッターズまたはコッタジャーズと呼ばれる人々がまだ存在しているが、彼らは数年前には今よりももっと多くいた。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	subsist|存在する|verb|to exist or continue to exist	cottar|コッター|noun|a person who lives in a cottage	cottager|コッタジャー|noun|a person who lives in a cottage	some years ago|数年前|noun|a few years ago	now|今|adverb|at the present time
They are a sort of out-servants of the landlords and farmers.	彼らは地主や農民の一種の外部使用人である。	sort of|一種の|adverb|to some extent; to a certain degree	out-servant|外部使用人|noun|a servant who does not live in the house of his or her employer	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
The usual reward which they receive from their master is a house, a small garden for pot-herbs, as much grass as will feed a cow, and, perhaps, an acre or two of bad arable land.	彼らが主人から受け取る通常の報酬は、家、鍋用のハーブを植える小さな庭、牛を養うのに十分な草、そしておそらく1エーカーか2エーカーの悪い耕作地である。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	garden|庭|noun|a piece of land where plants, especially flowers, fruit, or vegetables, are grown	pot-herb|鍋用のハーブ|noun|a plant grown for use in cooking	grass|草|noun|vegetation consisting of typically short plants with long, narrow leaves, growing wild or cultivated on lawns and pasture, and as a fodder crop	cow|牛|noun|a fully grown female animal of a domesticated breed of ox, kept for milk or beef	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	two|2|numeral|one more than one	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	arable|耕作できる|adjective|suitable for growing crops
When their master has occasion for their labour, he gives them, besides, two pecks of oatmeal a-week, worth about sixteen pence sterling.	主人が彼らの労働を必要とするときには、そのほかに、週に2ペックのオートミールを与えるが、これは約16ペンスの価値がある。	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	besides|そのほかに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	two|2|numeral|one more than one	peck|ペック|noun|a unit of volume equal to two gallons	oatmeal|オートミール|noun|a food made from oats	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	worth|価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	sixteen|16|numeral|six more than ten	pence|ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom, equal to one hundredth of a pound	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
During a great part of the year, he has little or no occasion for their labour, and the cultivation of their own little possession is not sufficient to occupy the time which is left at their own disposal.	一年の大部分は、主人は彼らの労働を必要とすることがほとんどないか、まったくなく、彼ら自身の小さな所有地の耕作は、彼ら自身の自由になる時間を占めるのに十分ではない。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|ない|determiner|not any	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	little|小さな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	possession|所有地|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	occupy|占める|verb|take up (a place or amount of space)	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	disposal|自由になる|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something
When such occupiers were more numerous than they are at present, they are said to have been willing to give their spare time for a very small recompence to any body, and to have wrought for less wages than other labourers.	そのような占有者が現在よりももっと多かったときには、彼らは誰にでもごくわずかな報酬で余暇を喜んで提供し、他の労働者よりも低い賃金で働いていたと言われている。	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	at present|現在|noun|the time now existing	spare time|余暇|noun|time free from work or duties	very small|ごくわずかな|adjective|extremely small	recompence|報酬|noun|something given or received as a return for something done	other|他の|adjective|being the remaining one or ones of two or more	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
In ancient times, they seem to have been common all over Europe.	古代には、彼らはヨーロッパ全土に広く存在していたようである。	ancient time|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	common|広く存在する|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	all over|全土に|adverb|everywhere in or on	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
In countries ill cultivated, and worse inhabited, the greater part of landlords and farmers could not otherwise provide themselves with the extraordinary number of hands which country labour requires at certain seasons.	耕作が不十分で、居住環境がさらに悪い国では、地主や農民の大部分は、そうでなければ、農村労働が特定の季節に必要とする膨大な数の労働者を自ら確保することができなかった。	ill cultivated|耕作が不十分な|adjective|not properly cultivated	worse inhabited|居住環境がさらに悪い|adjective|having a worse living environment	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	provide|確保する|verb|make available for use; supply	extraordinary number|膨大な数|noun|a very large number	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or other place	country labour|農村労働|noun|work done in a rural area	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
The daily or weekly recompence which such labourers occasionally received from their masters, was evidently not the whole price of their labour.	そのような労働者が時折主人から受け取る日給や週給は、明らかに彼らの労働の全価格ではなかった。	daily|日給|adjective|happening or done every day	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Their small tenement made a considerable part of it.	彼らの小さな借地がそのかなりの部分を占めていた。	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	tenement|借地|noun|a house or building divided into several apartments	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece or portion of something
This daily or weekly recompence, however, seems to have been considered as the whole of it, by many writers who have collected the prices of labour and provisions in ancient times, and who have taken pleasure in representing both as wonderfully low.	しかし、この日給や週給は、古代の労働と食料の価格を収集し、その両方を驚くほど低く表現することに喜びを感じていた多くの作家によって、その全体として考えられていたようである。	daily|日給|adjective|happening or done every day	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	represent|表現する|verb|be a symbol or expression of	wonderfully|驚くほど|adverb|in a wonderful way	low|低い|adjective|not high or tall

The produce of such labour comes frequently cheaper to market than would otherwise be suitable to its nature.	そのような労働の生産物は、そうでなければその性質に適合するよりも、市場に安く出てくることが多い。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	come|出てくる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or cost	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	suitable|適合する|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
Stockings, in many parts of Scotland, are knit much cheaper than they can anywhere be wrought upon the loom.	スコットランドの多くの地域では、靴下はどこで織機で作られるよりもはるかに安く編まれている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	loom|織機|noun|a machine for weaving cloth	knit|編む|verb|make by knitting	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and lower part of the leg
They are the work of servants and labourers who derive the principal part of their subsistence from some other employment.	それらは、生計の主要部分を他の職業から得ている使用人や労働者の仕事である。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain from a specified source	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work
More than a thousand pair of Shetland stockings are annually imported into Leith, of which the price is from fivepence to seven-pence a pair.	シェットランドの靴下は、毎年1000足以上がリースに輸入されており、その価格は1足5ペンスから7ペンスである。	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	pair|足|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	Shetland|シェットランド|noun|an archipelago in the northern part of Scotland	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	Leith|リース|noun|a port in eastern Scotland	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	fivepence|5ペンス|noun|a British coin worth five pennies	seven-pence|7ペンス|noun|a British coin worth seven pennies
At Lerwick, the small capital of the Shetland islands, tenpence a-day, I have been assured, is a common price of common labour.	シェットランド諸島の小さな首都ラーウィックでは、日給10ペンスが一般労働者の一般的な賃金だと私は確信している。	Lerwick|ラーウィック|noun|the main town of the Shetland Islands	Shetland islands|シェットランド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the northern part of Scotland	tenpence|10ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	a-day|日給|noun|a day's pay	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	common price|一般的な賃金|noun|the usual price
In the same islands, they knit worsted stockings to the value of a guinea a pair and upwards.	同じ島々で、彼らは1足1ギニー以上の価値のある梳毛の靴下を編んでいる。	in the same islands|同じ島々で|adverb|in the same islands	knit|編む|verb|make by knitting	worsted|梳毛|noun|a smooth, strong yarn made from long-staple wool	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	to the value of|価値がある|preposition|worth	a guinea|1ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	a pair|1足|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	and upwards|以上|adverb|and more

The spinning of linen yarn is carried on in Scotland nearly in the same way as the knitting of stockings, by servants, who are chiefly hired for other purposes.	スコットランドでは、リネン糸の紡績は、主に他の目的で雇われている使用人によって、靴下編みとほぼ同じ方法で行われている。	spinning|紡績|noun|the action or process of making yarn or thread from fiber	linen yarn|リネン糸|noun|a yarn made from flax	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same way|同じ方法|noun|the same manner	knitting|編み|noun|the action or process of making something by knitting	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	chiefly|主に|adverb|mostly	other purpose|他の目的|noun|a different purpose
They earn but a very scanty subsistence, who endeavour to get their livelihood by either of those trades.	これらのどちらかの商売で生計を立てようと努力している人々は、ごくわずかな生計しか稼いでいない。	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	scanty|わずかな|adjective|small in amount or extent	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	livelihood|生計|noun|a means of securing the necessities of life
In most parts of Scotland, she is a good spinner who can earn twentypence a-week.	スコットランドのほとんどの地域では、週に20ペンス稼げる人は優秀な紡績工である。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	twentypence|20ペンス|noun|a British coin worth twenty pence	week|週|noun|a period of seven days

In opulent countries, the market is generally so extensive, that any one trade is sufficient to employ the whole labour and stock of those who occupy it.	豊かな国では、市場は一般に非常に広範囲にわたるので、どんな商売でも、それに従事する人の労働と資本のすべてを投入するのに十分である。	opulent|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	extensive|広範囲にわたる|adjective|covering a large area	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has
Instances of people living by one employment, and, at the same time, deriving some little advantage from another, occur chiefly in poor countries.	一つの仕事で生計を立てながら、同時に別の仕事からわずかな利益を得ている例は、主に貧しい国で起こっている。	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	live|生計を立てる|verb|be alive	employment|仕事|noun|the state of having paid work	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
The following instance, however, of something of the same kind, is to be found in the capital of a very rich one.	しかし、次のような同じ種類の例は、非常に豊かな国の首都で見られる。	the following|次のような|adjective|coming after the one already mentioned	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	something|例|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	is to be found|見られる|verb|can be found	in the capital|首都で|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	a very rich one|非常に豊かな国|noun|a country that is very rich
There is no city in Europe, I believe, in which house-rent is dearer than in London, and yet I know no capital in which a furnished apartment can be hired so cheap.	ヨーロッパには、家賃がロンドンより高い都市はないと私は信じているが、家具付きのアパートをそれほど安く借りられる首都は知らない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid to rent a house	dearer|高い|adjective|costing more	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	furnished apartment|家具付きアパート|noun|an apartment that is rented with furniture	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value
Lodging is not only much cheaper in London than in Paris; it is much cheaper than in Edinburgh, of the same degree of goodness;	宿泊費はロンドンではパリよりもはるかに安いだけでなく、同じ程度の良さのエジンバラよりもはるかに安い。	lodging|宿泊費|noun|a place to stay temporarily	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital city of France	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or cost	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	goodness|良さ|noun|the quality of being good
and, what may seem extraordinary, the dearness of house-rent is the cause of the cheapness of lodging.	そして、異常なことに思われるかもしれないが、家賃の高さが宿泊費の安さの原因となっている。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dearness|高さ|noun|the quality of being expensive	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid for renting a house	cause|原因|noun|the reason for which something happens	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being inexpensive
The dearness of house-rent in London arises, not only from those causes which render it dear in all great capitals, the dearness of labour, the dearness of all the materials of building, which must generally be brought from a great distance, and, above all, the dearness of ground-rent, every landlord acting the part of a monopolist, and frequently exacting a higher rent for a single acre of bad land in a town, than can be had for a hundred of the best in the country;	ロンドンの家賃の高さは、すべての大都市で家賃を高くしている原因、労働費の高さ、一般に遠くから運んでこなければならない建物のすべての材料の高さ、そして何よりも地代が高く、すべての地主が独占者の役割を果たしており、町の悪い土地1エーカーに対して、田舎の良い土地100エーカーよりも高い地代を要求していることから生じている。	dearness|高さ|noun|the quality of being expensive	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid to a landlord for the use of a house	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	above all|何よりも|adverb|most importantly	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid to a landlord for the use of land	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	act|果たす|verb|perform an action	part|役割|noun|a piece of something	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person or company that has exclusive control over the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	exact|要求する|verb|demand and obtain	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	single|1|adjective|only one	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
but it arises in part from the peculiar manners and customs of the people, which oblige every master of a family to hire a whole house from top to bottom.	しかし、それは一部には、家族の主人全員が上から下まで家全体を借りることを義務付けている、人々の独特の風習や習慣から生じている。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	manners|風習|noun|a person's behavior in a social situation	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	hire|借りる|verb|pay money to use something for a period of time	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	house|家|noun|a building that people live in	top|上|noun|the highest part of something	bottom|下|noun|the lowest part of something
A dwelling-house in England means every thing that is contained under the same roof.	イギリスの住居とは、同じ屋根の下にあるすべてのものを意味する。	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house where people live	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	every thing|すべてのもの|noun|all things	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	roof|屋根|noun|the structure forming the upper covering of a building or vehicle
In France, Scotland, and many other parts of Europe, it frequently means no more than a single storey.	フランス、スコットランド、ヨーロッパの他の多くの地域では、それはしばしば一階建てを意味する。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	mean|意味する|verb|have a particular meaning or significance	single|一|adjective|only one	storey|階建て|noun|a floor or level of a building
A tradesman in London is obliged to hire a whole house in that part of the town where his customers live.	ロンドンの商人は、顧客が住んでいる町のその部分で家全体を借りる義務がある。	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who is engaged in trade or commerce	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	hire|借りる|verb|pay money for the temporary use of something	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	house|家|noun|a place where people live	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business
His shop is upon the ground floor, and he and his family sleep in the garret;	彼の店は一階にあり、彼と彼の家族は屋根裏部屋で寝ている。	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	ground floor|一階|noun|the floor of a building that is level with the ground	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	sleep|寝る|verb|rest with the eyes closed
and he endeavours to pay a part of his house-rent by letting the two middle storeys to lodgers.	そして彼は、2つの中間の階を下宿人に貸すことで、家賃の一部を支払うように努めている。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	house-rent|家賃|noun|money paid for the use of a house	let|貸す|verb|allow someone to use something for a period of time	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	middle|中間の|adjective|at an equal distance from the ends, edges, or sides of something	storey|階|noun|a floor of a building	lodger|下宿人|noun|a person who lives in a rented room in someone else's house
He expects to maintain his family by his trade, and not by his lodgers.	彼は下宿人ではなく、商売で家族を養うことを期待している。	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	maintain|養う|verb|support financially	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	lodger|下宿人|noun|a person who lives in a rented room in someone else's house
Whereas at Paris and Edinburgh, people who let lodgings have commonly no other means of subsistence;	一方、パリやエジンバラでは、下宿を貸す人々は普通、他の生計手段を持たない。	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	let|貸す|verb|allow to have or use	lodging|下宿|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; normally	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
and the price of the lodging must pay, not only the rent of the house, but the whole expense of the family.	そして、下宿の代金は家の家賃だけでなく、家族の全支出を支払わなければならない。	price|代金|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	lodging|下宿|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage

PART II.—Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of Europe.	第二部ヨーロッパの政策によって生じた不平等	PART II|第二部|noun|the second part of something	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal

Such are the inequalities in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, which the defect of any of the three requisites above mentioned must occasion, even where there is the most perfect liberty.	以上が、労働と資本の異なる用途の利点と欠点の全体における不平等であり、最も完全な自由があるところでさえ、上記の三つの要件のいずれかの欠陥が必然的に生じさせるものである。	such|以上|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	occasion|生じさせる|verb|cause or produce	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
But the policy of Europe, by not leaving things at perfect liberty, occasions other inequalities of much greater importance.	しかし、ヨーロッパの政策は、物事を完全な自由に任せないことにより、はるかに重要な他の不平等を生じさせる。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	occasion|生じさせる|verb|cause or give rise to	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal

It does this chiefly in the three following ways.	それは主に次の三つの方法でこれを行っている。	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
First, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them;	第一に、一部の職業において、競争を、そうでなければその職業に従事するであろう人数よりも少ない人数に制限することにより、	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	dispose|従事する|verb|be inclined or willing to do something
secondly, by increasing it in others beyond what it naturally would be;	第二に、他の職業において、競争を自然に起こる以上に増大させることにより、	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	be|起こる|verb|exist or occur
and, thirdly, by obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock, both from employment to employment, and from place to place.	第三に、労働と資本の、職業から職業へ、場所から場所への自由な循環を妨害することにより、である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the unimpeded flow of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space

First, The policy of Europe occasions a very important inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into them.	第一に、ヨーロッパの政策は、一部の職業において、競争を、そうでなければその職業に従事するであろう人数よりも少ない人数に制限することにより、労働と資本の異なる用途の利点と不利点の全体に非常に重要な不平等をもたらしている。	First|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	disadvantage|不利点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	whole|全体|noun|all of something	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	number|人数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	dispose|従事する|verb|incline or give a tendency to	enter|従事する|verb|come or go into

The exclusive privileges of corporations are the principal means it makes use of for this purpose.	法人の独占的特権は、この目的のために利用される主要な手段である。	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned) and to no one else	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	make use of|利用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something

The exclusive privilege of an incorporated trade necessarily restrains the competition, in the town where it is established, to those who are free of the trade.	法人化された貿易の独占的特権は、必然的に、それが設立された町において、その貿易から自由な人々への競争を制限する。	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is only available to one person or group	incorporated trade|法人化された貿易|noun|a trade that is carried out by a corporation	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	establish|設立する|verb|set up or start	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
To have served an apprenticeship in the town, under a master properly qualified, is commonly the necessary requisite for obtaining this freedom.	適切な資格のある親方の下で、町で徒弟奉公をしたことがあること、これが通常、この自由を得るために必要な条件である。	serve an apprenticeship|徒弟奉公をする|verb|work for a skilled employer for a period of time in order to learn a trade	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has employees	qualified|資格のある|adjective|having the necessary qualifications or requirements	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
The bye-laws of the corporation regulate sometimes the number of apprentices which any master is allowed to have, and almost always the number of years which each apprentice is obliged to serve.	法人の細則は、親方が持つことを許される徒弟の数を規制することもあり、また、ほとんど常に、各徒弟が奉公しなければならない年数を規制する。	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	master|親方|noun|a skilled tradesman who employs one or more workers	allow|許す|verb|permit; let	serve|奉公する|verb|work for
The intention of both regulations is to restrain the competition to a much smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into the trade.	どちらの規制も、競争を、そうでなければその貿易に参入するかもしれない数よりもはるかに少ない数に制限することを意図している。	intention|意図|noun|an aim or plan	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The limitation of the number of apprentices restrains it directly.	徒弟の数の制限は、直接的にそれを制限する。	limitation|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something
A long term of apprenticeship restrains it more indirectly, but as effectually, by increasing the expense of education.	徒弟奉公の長期化は、教育費を増やすことで、より間接的に、しかし効果的にそれを制限する。	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice	long term|長期化|noun|a period of time that is long	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

In Sheffield, no master cutler can have more than one apprentice at a time, by a bye-law of the corporation.	シェフィールドでは、法人の細則により、親方刀工は一度に一人以上の徒弟を持つことはできない。	Sheffield|シェフィールド|noun|a city in South Yorkshire, England	master cutler|親方刀工|noun|a person who makes knives and other cutting tools	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	more than one|一人以上|noun|a quantity that is greater than one	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	at a time|一度に|adverb|all at once; simultaneously	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation
In Norfolk and Norwich, no master weaver can have more than two apprentices, under pain of forfeiting five pounds a-month to the king.	ノーフォークとノリッジでは、親方織工は、王に月額5ポンドを没収されるという罰則のもと、2人以上の徒弟を持つことはできない。	Norfolk|ノーフォーク|noun|a county in eastern England	Norwich|ノリッジ|noun|a city in Norfolk, England	master weaver|親方織工|noun|a person who is skilled in weaving and who supervises other weavers	have|持つ|verb|own or possess	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	two|2|numeral|one more than one	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	under pain of|という罰則のもと|noun phrase|under the threat of	forfeiting|没収される|verb|lose or have to give up something as a penalty	five pounds|5ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	a-month|月額|noun phrase|per month	to the king|王に|noun phrase|to the male ruler of a country
No master hatter can have more than two apprentices anywhere in England, or in the English plantations, under pain of forfeiting;	イギリスのどこでも、あるいはイギリスの植民地でも、親方帽子屋は没収の罰則のもと、2人以上の徒弟を持つことはできない。	master hatter|親方帽子屋|noun|a person who makes hats	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England	plantation|植民地|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown for sale	pain|罰則|noun|a penalty for a crime or offense	forfeiting|没収|verb|lose or be deprived of something as a penalty for a crime or offense
five pounds a-month, half to the king, and half to him who shall sue in any court of record.	月額5ポンドで、半分は王に、半分は記録裁判所に訴えた者に支払われる。	five pounds|5ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	month|月|noun|one of the twelve divisions of the year	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	sue|訴える|verb|institute legal proceedings against a person or organization	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge
Both these regulations, though they have been confirmed by a public law of the kingdom, are evidently dictated by the same corporation-spirit which enacted the bye-law of Sheffield.	これらの規制は両方とも、王国の公法によって確認されているが、明らかにシェフィールドの細則を制定したのと同じ法人精神によって指示されている。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	public law|公法|noun|the body of law that deals with the state and its relationship with the individual	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation
The silk-weavers in London had scarce been incorporated a year, when they enacted a bye-law, restraining any master from having more than two apprentices at a time.	ロンドンの絹織物業者は、法人化されてから1年も経たないうちに、親方が一度に2人以上の徒弟を持つことを制限する細則を制定した。	silk-weaver|絹織物業者|noun|a person who weaves silk	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	be incorporated|法人化される|verb|be legally established as a corporation	a year|1年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is fully qualified	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	at a time|一度に|adverb|on one occasion; at one time
It required a particular act of parliament to rescind this bye-law.	この細則を廃止するには、議会の特別な行為が必要だった。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	act|行為|noun|something that is done	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	rescind|廃止する|verb|repeal or cancel	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation

Seven years seem anciently to have been, all over Europe, the usual term established for the duration of apprenticeships in the greater part of incorporated trades.	古代には、ヨーロッパ全土で、法人化された貿易の大部分において、徒弟期間として7年が通常の期間として定められていたようである。	seven years|7年|noun|a period of seven years	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	all over|全土で|adverb|throughout	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	usual term|通常の期間|noun|the usual period of time	establish|定める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	duration|期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	apprenticeship|徒弟期間|noun|the period of being an apprentice	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	incorporated trade|法人化された貿易|noun|trade that is conducted by a corporation
All such incorporations were anciently called universities, which, indeed, is the proper Latin name for any incorporation whatever.	このような法人はすべて古代には大学と呼ばれていたが、これは実際、どんな法人にも当てはまるラテン語の正式名称である。	incorporation|法人|noun|a legal entity that is separate from its owners	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	proper|正式な|adjective|correct or appropriate in the circumstances	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	name|名称|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to
The university of smiths, the university of tailors, etc.	鍛冶屋の大学、仕立て屋の大学などである。	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes clothes
are expressions which we commonly meet with in the old charters of ancient towns.	古代都市の古い憲章によく見られる表現である。	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase that describes or represents something	commonly|よく|adverb|usually; generally	meet with|見られる|verb|to come across or encounter	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement
When those particular incorporations, which are now peculiarly called universities, were first established, the term of years which it was necessary to study, in order to obtain the degree of master of arts, appears evidently to have been copied from the term of apprenticeship in common trades, of which the incorporations were much more ancient.	現在、大学と特称されるこれらの特定の法人が最初に設立されたとき、芸術修士の学位を取得するために必要な修学年数は、法人化がはるかに古い一般的な貿易における徒弟期間からコピーされたものであることは明らかである。	incorporation|法人|noun|the act of incorporating or being incorporated	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the groundwork for	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	study|勉強する|verb|read and understand something	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	order|ために|noun|a state of peace, lawfulness, and obedience to authority	obtain|取得する|verb|get, acquire, or secure	degree|学位|noun|a title conferred by a college or university upon completion of a course of study	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible or noticeable	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is clearly seen or understood; obviously	copy|コピーする|verb|make an identical version of; reproduce	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	apprenticeship|徒弟|noun|the position of being an apprentice	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	incorporation|法人化|noun|the act of incorporating or being incorporated	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past
As to have wrought seven years under a master properly qualified, was necessary, in order to entitle any person to become a master, and to have himself apprentices in a common trade;	適切な資格のある親方の下で七年間働くことは、誰でも親方になる資格を得て、一般の貿易で徒弟を持つために必要だった。	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	seven years|七年間|noun|a period of seven years	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	properly|適切な|adverb|in a proper manner	qualified|資格のある|adjective|officially recognized as having the necessary skill or knowledge to do a particular job	entitle|資格を得る|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to something	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	become|なる|verb|come to be	have|持つ|verb|hold or possess
so to have studied seven years under a master properly qualified, was necessary to entitle him to become a master, teacher, or doctor (words anciently synonymous), in the liberal arts, and to have scholars or apprentices (words likewise originally synonymous) to study under him.	適切な資格のある親方の下で七年間勉強することは、教養学科の親方、教師、または博士(古代では同義語)になる資格を得て、学者や徒弟(同様に元々は同義語)を彼の下で勉強させるために必要だった。	seven years|七年間|noun|a period of seven years	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	properly qualified|適切な資格のある|adjective|having the necessary qualifications	liberal arts|教養学科|noun|academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences	scholar|学者|noun|a specialist in a particular branch of study	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	study|勉強する|verb|read and understand something

By the 5th of Elizabeth, commonly called the Statute of Apprenticeship, it was enacted, that no person should, for the future, exercise any trade, craft, or mystery, at that time exercised in England, unless he had previously served to it an apprenticeship of seven years at least;	一般に徒弟法と呼ばれるエリザベス5世の時代には、それまでイギリスで行われていた貿易、工芸、または神秘を、少なくとも7年間の徒弟奉公をしなければ、将来的に誰も行使してはならないと制定された。	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Elizabeth I, Queen of England from 1558 to 1603	Statute of Apprenticeship|徒弟法|noun|a law passed in 1563 that regulated apprenticeships in England	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	trade|貿易|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services	craft|工芸|noun|an activity involving skill in making things by hand	mystery|神秘|noun|something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	serve|奉公する|verb|work for	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|a period of being trained for a job or profession	seven years|7年間|noun|a period of seven years	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum
and what before had been the bye-law of many particular corporations, became in England the general and public law of all trades carried on in market towns.	そして、以前は多くの特定の法人の条例だったものが、イギリスでは市場町で営まれるすべての貿易の一般法および公法となった。	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	bye-law|条例|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	market town|市場町|noun|a town where a market is held	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
For though the words of the statute are very general, and seem plainly to include the whole kingdom, by interpretation its operation has been limited to market towns;	法令の文言は非常に一般的で、明らかに王国全体を含んでいるように見えるが、解釈によってその運用は市場町に限定されている。	word|文言|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	interpretation|解釈|noun|the action of explaining the meaning of something	operation|運用|noun|the action or process of operating something	market town|市場町|noun|a town with a market
it having been held that, in country villages, a person may exercise several different trades, though he has not served a seven years apprenticeship to each, they being necessary for the conveniency of the inhabitants, and the number of people frequently not being sufficient to supply each with a particular set of hands.	田舎の村では、住民の便宜のために必要であり、また、特定の職人を確保するのに十分な人数がいない場合が多いため、各職業に7年間の徒弟奉公をしていなくても、複数の異なる職業に従事することができるとされている。	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in the country	exercise|従事する|verb|perform or carry out	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	trade|職業|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	serve|奉公する|verb|work for	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that is convenient	supply|確保する|verb|provide or make available	hand|職人|noun|a person who does something with their hands
By a strict interpretation of the words, too, the operation of this statute has been limited to those trades which were established in England before the 5th of Elizabeth, and has never been extended to such as have been introduced since that time.	言葉の厳密な解釈によっても、この法令の運用はエリザベス5世以前にイギリスで確立された貿易に限定されており、それ以降に導入された貿易にまで拡大されたことは一度もない。	strict interpretation|厳密な解釈|noun|a literal interpretation	operation|運用|noun|the act of operating or functioning	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	limited|限定されている|verb|restrict in size, amount, or extent	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|a female given name	introduced|導入された|verb|bring in or establish	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
This limitation has given occasion to several distinctions, which, considered as rules of police, appear as foolish as can well be imagined.	この制限は、警察の規則として考えると、想像できる限り愚かなように見える、いくつかの区別を生み出した。	limitation|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	give occasion to|生み出す|verb|cause or produce	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	police|警察|noun|the civil force of a state responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order	rule|規則|noun|one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something not actually present to the senses
It has been adjudged, for example, that a coach-maker can neither himself make nor employ journeymen to make his coach-wheels, but must buy them of a master wheel-wright; this latter trade having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth.	例えば、馬車製造業者は、馬車の車輪を自分で作ったり、職人を雇って作らせたりすることはできず、車輪職人から買わなければならないという判決が下されている。後者の貿易はエリザベス5世以前にイギリスで行われていた。	adjudge|判決を下す|verb|to decide or declare after careful consideration	coach-maker|馬車製造業者|noun|a person who makes coaches	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is qualified to work in a craft	wheel-wright|車輪職人|noun|a person who makes wheels	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exercise|行う|verb|to perform or carry out	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|a female given name
But a wheel-wright, though he has never served an apprenticeship to a coachmaker, may either himself make or employ journeymen to make coaches;	しかし、車輪職人は、馬車製造業者に徒弟奉公をしたことがないにもかかわらず、自分で馬車を作ったり、職人を雇って馬車を作らせたりすることができる。	wheel-wright|車輪職人|noun|a person who makes wheels	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice	coachmaker|馬車製造業者|noun|a person who makes coaches	journeyman|職人|noun|a person who has completed an apprenticeship and is fully trained but not yet a master craftsman
the trade of a coachmaker not being within the statute, because not exercised in England at the time when it was made.	馬車製造業者の貿易は、制定当時イギリスで行われていなかったため、この法令の対象外となっている。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	coachmaker|馬車製造業者|noun|a person who makes coaches	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	at the time|当時|noun|at the point in time in question
The manufactures of Manchester, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton, are many of them, upon this account, not within the statute, not having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth.	マンチェスター、バーミンガム、ウルヴァーハンプトンの製造業は、その多くがこの法令の対象外であり、エリザベス5世以前にイギリスで行われていなかった。	Manchester|マンチェスター|noun|a city in England	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in England	Wolverhampton|ウルヴァーハンプトン|noun|a city in England	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	account|対象|noun|a statement of the financial situation of a business, person, or other entity	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|a female given name

In France, the duration of apprenticeships is different in different towns and in different trades.	フランスでは、徒弟奉公の期間は町や業種によって異なる。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	duration|期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	trade|業種|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill
In Paris, five years is the term required in a great number;	パリでは、5年が多くの業種で必要とされる期間である。	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	five years|5年|noun|a period of five years	term|期間|noun|a period of time	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	great number|多くの業種|noun|a large quantity or amount
but, before any person can be qualified to exercise the trade as a master, he must, in many of them, serve five years more as a journeyman.	しかし、親方として商売を営む資格を得るには、その多くで職人としてさらに5年間奉公しなければならない。	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	any person|誰か|noun|an unspecified person	can be qualified|資格を得る|verb|be eligible for	exercise|営む|verb|carry out or perform	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	many of them|その多くで|noun|a large number of them	serve|奉公する|verb|work for	five years|5年間|noun|a period of five years	more|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is employed by another
During this latter term, he is called the companion of his master, and the term itself is called his companionship.	この後者の期間中、彼は親方の仲間と呼ばれ、その期間自体は彼の交友と呼ばれる。	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	term|期間|noun|a period of time	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	term|期間|noun|a period of time	itself|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	companionship|交友|noun|the state of being with someone or something

In Scotland, there is no general law which regulates universally the duration of apprenticeships.	スコットランドでは、徒弟奉公の期間を普遍的に規制する一般法はない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	duration|期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of being an apprentice
The term is different in different corporations.	その期間は、組合によって異なる。	term|期間|noun|a period of time	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	corporation|組合|noun|a group of people authorized to act as a single entity
Where it is long, a part of it may generally be redeemed by paying a small fine.	長い場合には、その一部は通常、少額の罰金を支払うことで償還することができる。	where|場合には|conjunction|in the place that	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	redeem|償還する|verb|buy back	small|少額の|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense
In most towns, too, a very small fine is sufficient to purchase the freedom of any corporation.	ほとんどの町でも、ごくわずかな罰金で、どの組合の自由も買うことができる。	most|ほとんどの|adjective|the majority of	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	small|わずかな|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	corporation|組合|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law
The weavers of linen and hempen cloth, the principal manufactures of the country, as well as all other artificers subservient to them, wheel-makers, reel-makers, etc.	麻布や麻布の織工は、この国の主要な製造業者であり、また、彼らに従属する他のすべての職人、車輪職人、リール職人などである。	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	hempen cloth|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the hemp plant	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	manufacture|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods or articles by hand or machinery	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	subservient|従属する|adjective|subordinate in position or importance	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	wheel-maker|車輪職人|noun|a person who makes wheels	reel-maker|リール職人|noun|a person who makes reels
may exercise their trades in any town-corporate without paying any fine.	罰金を支払うことなく、どの町の組合でも商売をすることができる。	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	town-corporate|町の組合|noun|a town that is incorporated	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money that is imposed as a punishment
In all towns-corporate, all persons are free to sell butchers’ meat upon any lawful day of the week.	すべての町の組合では、すべての人が週のどの合法的な日でも肉屋の肉を自由に売ることができる。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	corporate|組合|adjective|of or relating to a corporation	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	week|週|noun|a period of seven days
Three years is, in Scotland, a common term of apprenticeship, even in some very nice trades;	スコットランドでは、三年が、非常に精密な職業でさえ、徒弟の一般的な期間である。	three years|三年|noun|a period of three years	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	common term|一般的な期間|noun|a period of time that is considered to be the norm	apprenticeship|徒弟|noun|the position of being an apprentice	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	very nice|非常に精密な|adjective|extremely good or pleasant
and, in general, I know of no country in Europe, in which corporation laws are so little oppressive.	そして、一般的に、私はヨーロッパで、組合法がそれほど抑圧的でない国を知らない。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	corporation law|組合法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe

The property which every man has in his own labour, as it is the original foundation of all other property, so it is the most sacred and inviolable.	すべての人が自分の労働に持つ財産は、他のすべての財産の元々の基礎であるため、最も神聖で不可侵である。	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	original|元々の|adjective|existing from the beginning; earliest	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or founded	sacred|神聖な|adjective|connected with God or a god or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving special respect	inviolable|不可侵な|adjective|too important or valuable to be changed or ignored
The patrimony of a poor man lies in the strength and dexterity of his hands;	貧しい人の遺産は、彼の手の強さと器用さにある。	patrimony|遺産|noun|property inherited from one's father or ancestor	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands
and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper, without injury to his neighbour, is a plain violation of this most sacred property.	そして、彼が隣人に損害を与えることなく、彼が適切と考える方法でこの強さと器用さを行使するのを妨げることは、この最も神聖な財産の明白な侵害である。	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	employ|行使する|verb|make use of	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	injury|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living next door or very close	plain|明白な|adjective|clear and easy to understand	violation|侵害|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, rule, or agreement	sacred|神聖な|adjective|connected with a god or gods	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone
It is a manifest encroachment upon the just liberty, both of the workman, and of those who might be disposed to employ him.	それは、労働者と、彼を雇用する気があるかもしれない人々の両方の正当な自由に対する明白な侵害である。	encroachment|侵害|noun|an intrusion or trespass on a person's rights or property	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it
As it hinders the one from working at what he thinks proper, so it hinders the others from employing whom they think proper.	それが、ある人が適切と考えることを行うのを妨げるのと同様に、他の人々が適切と考える人を雇用するのを妨げる。	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	one|ある人|noun|the number 1	work|行う|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	proper|適切|adjective|of the required type or standard	other|他の人々|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from one already mentioned or known about	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to someone in return for regular payment
To judge whether he is fit to be employed, may surely be trusted to the discretion of the employers, whose interest it so much concerns.	彼が雇用に適しているかどうかを判断することは、確かに雇用者の裁量に委ねられるべきであり、雇用者の利益に大きく関わる。	fit|適している|adjective|suitable or appropriate	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation	concern|関わる|verb|be about or connected with
The affected anxiety of the lawgiver, lest they should employ an improper person, is evidently as impertinent as it is oppressive.	不適切な人を雇用しないようにという立法者の不安は、明らかに横柄で抑圧的である。	anxiety|不安|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	lest|ないように|conjunction|with the intention of preventing; to avoid the risk of	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or suitable	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived	impertinent|横柄な|adjective|rude and disrespectful	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe

The institution of long apprenticeships can give no security that insufficient workmanship shall not frequently be exposed to public sale.	長い徒弟制度は、不十分な技量がしばしば公売にさらされないという保証を与えることはできない。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	long|長い|adjective|having a great extent or duration from end to end	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	insufficient|不十分な|adjective|not enough; inadequate	workmanship|技量|noun|the quality of work produced by a person or group	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	be exposed to|さらされる|verb|be subjected to an action or influence	public sale|公売|noun|a sale of property to the highest bidder
When this is done, it is generally the effect of fraud, and not of inability;	これがなされる場合、それは一般的に詐欺の結果であり、無能の結果ではない。	be done|なされる|verb|be finished or completed	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be someone else	inability|無能|noun|the quality or state of being unable to do something
and the longest apprenticeship can give no security against fraud.	そして、最も長い徒弟制度でさえ詐欺に対する保証を与えることはできない。	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	fraud|詐欺|noun|the crime of deceiving someone in order to gain something
Quite different regulations are necessary to prevent this abuse.	この悪用を防ぐには、まったく異なる規制が必要である。	quite|まったく|adverb|to the fullest extent	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
The sterling mark upon plate, and the stamps upon linen and woollen cloth, give the purchaser much greater security than any statute of apprenticeship.	銀食器の純銀マークや、リネンやウールの布のスタンプは、どんな徒弟制度よりもはるかに大きな安心感を買い手に与える。	sterling mark|純銀マーク|noun|a mark on silver or silver-plated articles that indicates the quality of the silver	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of silver or gold, from which food is eaten	stamp|スタンプ|noun|a small piece of paper with a sticky back that is put on an envelope to show that the required amount of postage has been paid	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen cloth|ウールの布|noun|a cloth made from the wool of sheep or goats	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	purchaser|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	security|安心感|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|a system in which a young person works for a skilled person for a period of time in order to learn a trade or skill
He generally looks at these, but never thinks it worth while to enquire whether the workman had served a seven years apprenticeship.	彼は通常これらを調べるが、職人が7年間の徒弟奉公を務めたかどうかを尋ねる価値があるとは決して考えない。	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	look at|調べる|verb|examine or inspect	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable	while|間に|noun|a period of time	enquire|尋ねる|verb|ask about something	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce a clause expressing a doubt, choice, wish, possibility, or condition	workman|職人|noun|a person who does skilled work with their hands	serve|務める|verb|work as a servant	seven years|7年間|noun|a period of seven years	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice

The institution of long apprenticeships has no tendency to form young people to industry.	長い徒弟制度は、若者を産業に従事させる傾向がない。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	long|長い|adjective|having a great extent or duration from end to end	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
A journeyman who works by the piece is likely to be industrious, because he derives a benefit from every exertion of his industry.	出来高払いで働く職人は、勤勉である可能性が高い。なぜなら、彼は勤勉に働くたびに利益を得るからである。	work by the piece|出来高払いで働く|verb|be paid according to the amount of work done	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain from a specified source	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
An apprentice is likely to be idle, and almost always is so, because he has no immediate interest to be otherwise.	徒弟は怠惰である可能性が高く、ほとんどいつもそうである。なぜなら、彼はそうしないことに直接的な関心がないからである。	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	be likely to|可能性が高い|verb|be probable or expected	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	almost always|ほとんどいつも|adverb|nearly always; most of the time	immediate|直接的な|adjective|happening or done without delay	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
In the inferior employments, the sweets of labour consist altogether in the recompence of labour.	下級の職業では、労働の楽しみは労働の報酬に尽きる。	inferior|下級の|adjective|of low quality or value	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	sweet|楽しみ|noun|a small piece of confectionery	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	consist|尽きる|verb|be composed or made up of	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally
They who are soonest in a condition to enjoy the sweets of it, are likely soonest to conceive a relish for it, and to acquire the early habit of industry.	労働の楽しみを享受できる状態に最も早く到達する人は、労働の楽しみを最も早く理解し、勤勉の習慣を早く身につける可能性が高い。	soonest|最も早く|adverb|in the shortest time	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	sweets|楽しみ|noun|something that is pleasant or attractive	conceive|理解する|verb|become pregnant with	relish|楽しみ|noun|a strong liking for something	acquire|身につける|verb|come to have or possess
A young man naturally conceives an aversion to labour, when for a long time he receives no benefit from it.	若者は、長い間労働から利益を得られないと、当然労働を嫌うようになる。	young man|若者|noun|a young male person	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	conceive|抱く|verb|to become pregnant with	aversion|嫌悪|noun|a feeling of intense dislike	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that seems to be longer than usual	receive|得る|verb|to be given, presented with, or paid something
The boys who are put out apprentices from public charities are generally bound for more than the usual number of years, and they generally turn out very idle and worthless.	公的慈善団体から徒弟に出される少年たちは、通常の年数よりも長く縛られ、一般的に非常に怠惰で無価値な人間になる。	put out|出す|verb|to extinguish or cause to go out	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	public charity|公的慈善団体|noun|a charity that is open to the public	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	bound|縛られる|verb|to be required to do something	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	turn out|なる|verb|to become or develop into	idle|怠惰な|adjective|not working or active	worthless|無価値な|adjective|having no value or use

Apprenticeships were altogether unknown to the ancients.	徒弟制度は古代人には全く知られていなかった。	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of an apprentice	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known or familiar	ancient|古代人|noun|a person who lived in ancient times
The reciprocal duties of master and apprentice make a considerable article in every modern code.	師匠と弟子の相互の義務は、あらゆる現代の法典において重要な条項となっている。	reciprocal|相互の|adjective|given or done in return	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	make|なる|verb|become	considerable|重要な|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	article|条項|noun|a separate clause or section of a legal document	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	code|法典|noun|a systematic collection of laws
The Roman law is perfectly silent with regard to them.	ローマ法は、それらに関して全く沈黙している。	Roman law|ローマ法|noun|the legal system of ancient Rome	perfectly|全く|adverb|completely; absolutely	silent|沈黙している|adjective|making no sound
I know no Greek or Latin word (I might venture, I believe, to assert that there is none) which expresses the idea we now annex to the word apprentice, a servant bound to work at a particular trade for the benefit of a master, during a term of years, upon condition that the master shall teach him that trade.	私が知る限り、ギリシャ語にもラテン語にも、現在私たちが徒弟という言葉に付随させている考え、つまり、主人がその仕事を教えてくれることを条件に、一定期間、主人のために特定の仕事に従事する召使、を表現する言葉はない(おそらく、そのような言葉は存在しないと断言できると思う)。	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	master|主人|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	trade|仕事|noun|a skilled job	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	condition|条件|noun|a statement of what must happen or be done before or in order for something else to happen or be done	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something

Long apprenticeships are altogether unnecessary.	長い徒弟期間は全く必要がない。	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	apprenticeship|徒弟期間|noun|the period of being an apprentice	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally
The arts, which are much superior to common trades, such as those of making clocks and watches, contain no such mystery as to require a long course of instruction.	時計製造のような、普通の職業よりもはるかに優れた技芸には、長い教育課程を必要とするような神秘性はない。	art|技芸|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	mystery|神秘性|noun|something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	instruction|教育課程|noun|a set of instructions that describe how to do something
The first invention of such beautiful machines, indeed, and even that of some of the instruments employed in making them, must no doubt have been the work of deep thought and long time, and may justly be considered as among the happiest efforts of human ingenuity.	確かに、このような美しい機械の最初の発明は、また、それを作るのに使われる道具のいくつかの発明も、間違いなく深い思考と長い時間の成果であり、人間の才知の最も幸福な努力の一つと見なされて然るべきである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	beautiful|美しい|adjective|pleasing to the senses or the mind	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	even|また|adverb|in addition; also; too	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	employ|使われる|verb|use or engage the services of	make|作る|verb|form, produce, or create	must|間違いなく|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	have been|成果である|auxiliary verb|have existed or taken place in the past	work|成果|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	deep|深い|adjective|extending far down from the top or surface	thought|思考|noun|the process of thinking	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great or more than average length	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	may|見なされて然るべきである|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	justly|当然|adverb|in a just manner; fairly	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about	among|一つ|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	happiest|最も幸福な|adjective|most happy	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	human|人間の|adjective|of, relating to, or characteristic of humankind or human beings	ingenuity|才知|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive
But when both have been fairly invented, and are well understood, to explain to any young man, in the completest manner, how to apply the instruments, and how to construct the machines, cannot well require more than the lessons of a few weeks;	しかし、両方ともかなり発明され、よく理解されている場合、道具の使い方や機械の組み立て方を、どんな若者にも最も完全な方法で説明するのに、数週間の授業以上は必要ないだろう。	both|両方とも|pronoun|the two people or things previously mentioned	fairly|かなり|adverb|to a moderately high degree	invented|発明された|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	well|よく|adverb|to a high standard; very	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	young man|若者|noun|a male human being who is young	completest|最も完全な|adjective|most complete	apply|適用する|verb|make use of	construct|組み立てる|verb|build or make	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	more than|以上|preposition|in excess of	few weeks|数週間|noun|a small number of weeks
perhaps those of a few days might be sufficient.	おそらく数日で十分だろう。	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	a few days|数日|noun|a small number of days	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough; be adequate
In the common mechanic trades, those of a few days might certainly be sufficient.	一般的な機械工の職業では、数日で十分だろう。	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work	a few days|数日|noun|a small number of days	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough; be adequate
The dexterity of hand, indeed, even in common trades, cannot be acquired without much practice and experience.	確かに、一般的な職業でさえ、手の器用さは多くの練習と経験なしには身につけられない。	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	trade|職業|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	practice|練習|noun|the action of practicing	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events
But a young man would practice with much more diligence and attention, if from the beginning he wrought as a journeyman, being paid in proportion to the little work which he could execute, and paying in his turn for the materials which he might sometimes spoil through awkwardness and inexperience.	しかし、若者が最初から職人として働き、自分ができるわずかな仕事に応じて支払いを受け、不器用さや経験不足で時々台無しにしてしまう材料の代金を支払うならば、もっと勤勉に注意深く練習するだろう。	from the beginning|最初から|adverb|from the very start	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship	in proportion to|に応じて|preposition|in a manner that is directly related to	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	turn|代金|noun|a change of direction, position, or course	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	spoil|台無しにする|verb|diminish or destroy the value or quality of	awkwardness|不器用さ|noun|lack of skill or coordination	inexperience|経験不足|noun|lack of experience
His education would generally in this way be more effectual, and always less tedious and expensive.	彼の教育は、一般的にこのやり方の方が効果的で、退屈で費用がかからない。	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	in this way|このやり方|noun|in this manner; like this	effectual|効果的|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	tedious|退屈|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	expensive|費用がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money
The master, indeed, would be a loser.	確かに、親方は損をするだろう。	master|親方|noun|a person who has control over something	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	loser|損をする人|noun|a person who is defeated in a game or other competition
He would lose all the wages of the apprentice, which he now saves, for seven years together.	彼は、現在節約している徒弟の賃金を7年間すべて失うことになる。	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	save|節約する|verb|spend less money	seven years|7年間|noun|a period of seven years	together|すべて|adverb|with or in proximity to another person or thing
In the end, perhaps, the apprentice himself would be a loser.	結局、おそらく徒弟自身が損をすることになるだろう。	in the end|結局|adverb|finally; ultimately	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	loser|損をする|noun|a person or thing that loses
In a trade so easily learnt he would have more competitors, and his wages, when he came to be a complete workman, would be much less than at present.	簡単に習得できる職業では、彼にはもっと多くの競争相手がいて、一人前の職人になったときの賃金は現在よりもずっと低くなるだろう。	trade|職業|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	learn|習得する|verb|gain knowledge or skills	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The same increase of competition would reduce the profits of the masters, as well as the wages of workmen.	同じく競争の増加は、職人の賃金と同様に親方の利益を減らすだろう。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
The trades, the crafts, the mysteries, would all be losers.	商売、工芸、秘儀はすべて損をするだろう。	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	craft|工芸|noun|an activity involving skill in making things by hand	mystery|秘儀|noun|something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain	loser|損をする|noun|a person or thing that loses
But the public would be a gainer, the work of all artificers coming in this way much cheaper to market.	しかし、一般大衆は得をするだろう。すべての職人の仕事が、この方法で市場にずっと安く出てくるからである。	public|一般大衆|noun|the people as a whole	gainer|得をする|noun|a person who gains something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	this way|この方法|noun|this manner	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold

It is to prevent his reduction of price, and consequently of wages and profit, by restraining that free competition which would most certainly occasion it, that all corporations, and the greater part of corporation laws have been established.	すべての同業組合と、同業組合法の大部分が制定されたのは、価格の低下、そしてその結果としての賃金と利潤の低下を、それを確実に引き起こす自由競争を制限することによって防ぐためである。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	reduction|低下|noun|the act of reducing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	free competition|自由競争|noun|a situation in which companies compete with each other without any government intervention	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	corporation|同業組合|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	corporation law|同業組合法|noun|the body of law that deals with the formation, operation, and dissolution of corporations	establish|制定する|verb|set up or start something
In order to erect a corporation, no other authority in ancient times was requisite, in many parts of Europe, but that of the town-corporate in which it was established.	同業組合を設立するためには、古代ヨーロッパの多くの地域では、それが設立される都市法人の権限以外に必要な権限はなかった。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the purpose of	erect|設立する|verb|construct or build	corporation|同業組合|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Middle East and Mediterranean until the fall of the Western Roman Empire	no other|他にない|determiner|not any other	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	requisite|必要な|adjective|required or necessary	many parts|多くの地域|noun|a large number of areas	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	town-corporate|都市法人|noun|a town that is incorporated	that of|それ以外に|determiner|the one or ones belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	it|それ|pronoun|the thing or animal previously mentioned	was established|設立される|verb|set up or start
In England, indeed, a charter from the king was likewise necessary.	確かに、イングランドでは国王からの特許状も必要だった。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges
But this prerogative of the crown seems to have been reserved rather for extorting money from the subject, than for the defence of the common liberty against such oppressive monopolies.	しかし、この王権の特権は、そうした抑圧的な独占に対して一般の自由を守るためというよりは、むしろ臣民から金を強要するために留保されていたように思われる。	crown|王権|noun|the power and authority of a king or queen	prerogative|特権|noun|a right or privilege exclusive to one person or group	extort|強要する|verb|obtain by force, threats, or other unfair means	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	common|一般の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
Upon paying a fine to the king, the charter seems generally to have been readily granted;	国王に罰金を支払えば、特許状は概してすぐに交付されたようである。	pay a fine|罰金を支払う|verb|pay a sum of money as a penalty	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	generally|概して|adverb|in most cases; usually	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	grant|交付する|verb|give or allow something to someone
and when any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation, without a charter, such adulterine guilds, as they were called, were not always disfranchised upon that account, but obliged to fine annually to the king, for permission to exercise their usurped privileges {See Madox Firma Burgi p. 26 etc.}.	そして、職人や商人の特定の階級が特許状なしに同業組合として行動するのが適切だと考えたとき、そうした偽りのギルドは、そう呼ばれていたが、その理由で常に権利を剥奪されたわけではなく、横領した特権を行使する許可を得るために、国王に毎年罰金を支払う義務があった。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	corporation|同業組合|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	adulterine|偽りの|adjective|spurious or counterfeit	guild|ギルド|noun|an association of people with similar interests or pursuits	disfranchise|権利を剥奪する|verb|deprive of a right or privilege	usurp|横領する|verb|take over or occupy by force or without right	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	permission|許可|noun|consent or authorization	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for breaking the law	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	Madox Firma Burgi|マドックス・フィルマ・ブルギ|noun|a book by Thomas Madox, published in 1726	p.|ページ|noun|a single sheet of paper in a book, magazine, or newspaper
The immediate inspection of all corporations, and of the bye-laws which they might think proper to enact for their own government, belonged to the town-corporate in which they were established;	すべての同業組合と、同業組合が自分たちの統治のために制定するのが適切と考えるかもしれない細則の直接的な検査は、同業組合が設立された自治都市に属していた。	corporation|同業組合|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination or investigation	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	town-corporate|自治都市|noun|a town having the right to govern itself
and whatever discipline was exercised over them, proceeded commonly, not from the king, but from that greater incorporation of which those subordinate ones were only parts or members.	そして、同業組合に対してどんな規律が行使されようとも、それは通常、国王からではなく、そうした下位の同業組合がその一部または構成員にすぎない、より大きな同業組合から出ていた。	discipline|規律|noun|a system of rules of conduct	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	proceed|出ていた|verb|follow a certain course	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	incorporation|同業組合|noun|a group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose	subordinate|下位の|adjective|lower in rank or position	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization

The government of towns-corporate was altogether in the hands of traders and artificers, and it was the manifest interest of every particular class of them, to prevent the market from being overstocked, as they commonly express it, with their own particular species of industry;	自治都市の統治は、すべて商人や職人の手中にあり、彼らの特定の階級のすべてにとって、市場が彼らがよく言うように、自分たちの特定の産業で過剰供給にならないようにすることは、明らかに利益になることだった。	government|統治|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	trader|商人|noun|a person who trades	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	manifest|明らかに|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	prevent|ならないようにする|verb|keep from happening or arising	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	overstock|過剰供給|verb|have too much of something	commonly|よく|adverb|usually; generally	express|言う|verb|say something clearly	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
which is in reality to keep it always understocked.	それは実際には、常に供給不足にしておくことである。	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	understocked|供給不足|adjective|having an insufficient supply of something
Each class was eager to establish regulations proper for this purpose, and, provided it was allowed to do so, was willing to consent that every other class should do the same.	各階級は、この目的に適した規制を制定することに熱心であり、そうすることが許されるならば、他のすべての階級が同じことをすることに喜んで同意した。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	eager|熱心|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an authority	proper|適した|adjective|suitable or appropriate	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	provided|許される|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones
In consequence of such regulations, indeed, each class was obliged to buy the goods they had occasion for from every other within the town, somewhat dearer than they otherwise might have done.	実際、そうした規制の結果、各階級は、必要とする品物を、町内の他の階級から、そうでなければ買えたであろう価格よりもやや高く買わざるを得なかった。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social, economic, or educational status	be obliged to|せざるを得ない|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	dearer|高く|adjective|costing more	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	might have done|買えたであろう|verb|could have done
But, in recompence, they were enabled to sell their own just as much dearer;	しかし、その代償として、彼らは自分たちのものをそれだけ高く売ることができた。	in recompence|その代償として|adverb|in return for something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	dearer|より高く|adjective|at a higher price
so that, so far it was as broad as long, as they say;	だから、これまでのところ、彼らが言うように、それは長さと同じくらい広かった。	so that|だから|conjunction|with the result or consequence that	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree that	as broad as long|長さと同じくらい広い|adjective|having the same width and length	as they say|彼らが言うように|conjunction|in the manner or way that people say
and in the dealings of the different classes within the town with one another, none of them were losers by these regulations.	そして、町内の異なる階級同士の取引において、これらの規制によって損をする者はいなかった。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social, economic, or educational status	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	loser|損をする者|noun|a person who is defeated or disadvantaged
But in their dealings with the country they were all great gainers;	しかし、彼らの田舎との取引においては、彼らは皆大いに利益を得ていた。	But|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in|において|preposition|within the limits or scope of	their|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	dealings|取引|noun|the way in which two or more people or groups behave toward each other	with|との|preposition|used to express a relationship between two things or people	the country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	were|であった|verb|used to say that someone or something had a particular quality or state	all|皆|adverb|without exception; in every case	great|大いに|adjective|of major significance or importance	gainers|利益を得ていた|noun|a person who makes a profit
and in these latter dealings consist the whole trade which supports and enriches every town.	そして、これらの後者の取引は、すべての町を支え、豊かにする貿易全体を構成している。	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	consist|構成する|verb|be composed or made up of	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of

Every town draws its whole subsistence, and all the materials of its industry, from the: country.	すべての町は、その生計のすべてと、その産業のすべての材料を、田舎から得ている。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made
It pays for these chiefly in two ways.	町は主に二つの方法でこれらの代金を支払う。	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one
First, by sending back to the country a part of those materials wrought up and manufactured;	第一に、それらの材料の一部を加工して製造したものを田舎に送り返すことである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	send back|送り返す|verb|return something to the place it came from	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	wrought|加工した|verb|past tense of work	manufacture|製造|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery
in which case, their price is augmented by the wages of the workmen, and the profits of their masters or immediate employers;	この場合、それらの価格は労働者の賃金と、その主人または直接の雇用者の利潤によって増加する。	in which case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
secondly, by sending to it a part both of the rude and manufactured produce, either of other countries, or of distant parts of the same country, imported into the town;	第二に、他の国々や同じ国の遠隔地から町に輸入された未加工品と加工品の両方の一部を田舎に送ることである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured|加工された|adjective|made by a manufacturing process	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	distant|遠隔の|adjective|far away in space or time	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
in which case, too, the original price of those goods is augmented by the wages of the carriers or sailors, and by the profits of the merchants who employ them.	この場合も、それらの商品の元の価格は運送業者や船員の賃金と、彼らを雇用する商人の利潤によって増加する。	in which case|この場合|noun phrase|in the situation that	too|も|adverb|also; as well	original price|元の価格|noun phrase|the price of something before any discounts or increases	be augmented by|増加する|verb phrase|be increased by	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
In what is gained upon the first of those branches of commerce, consists the advantage which the town makes by its manufactures;	商業のこれらの部門の最初のもので得られる利益は、町がその製造業によって得る利益である。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
in what is gained upon the second, the advantage of its inland and foreign trade.	二番目のものから得られる利益は、その内陸貿易と外国貿易の利益である。	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own
The wages of the workmen, and the profits of their different employers, make up the whole of what is gained upon both.	労働者の賃金と、彼らの様々な雇用者の利潤は、両方から得られる利益の全体を構成する。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	make up|構成する|verb|be the parts or ingredients of	whole|全体|noun|all of something	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned
Whatever regulations, therefore, tend to increase those wages and profits beyond what they otherwise: would be, tend to enable the town to purchase, with a smaller quantity of its labour, the produce of a greater quantity of the labour of the country.	したがって、どのような規制であれ、それらの賃金と利潤をそうでない場合よりも増加させる傾向があるものは、町がより少ない労働量で、より多くの農村の労働量の生産物を購入できるようにする傾向がある。	whatever|どのような|adjective|no matter what	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	beyond|以上に|preposition|on or to the farther side of	otherwise|そうでない場合|adverb|in a different way	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
They give the traders and artificers in the town an advantage over the landlords, farmers, and labourers, in the country, and break down that natural equality which would otherwise take place in the commerce which is carried on between them.	それらは町の商人や職人に、農村の地主、農民、労働者よりも有利に働き、そうでなければ彼らの間で営まれる商業に生じるであろう自然な平等を打ち砕く。	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	country|農村|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	break down|打ち砕く|verb|cause to fall apart or collapse	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities	take place|生じる|verb|happen or occur	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The whole annual produce of the labour of the society is annually divided between those two different sets of people.	社会の労働の年間生産物全体は、毎年これら二つの異なる人々の集団の間で分割される。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	set|集団|noun|a group of people with a shared interest
By means of those regulations, a greater share of it is given to the inhabitants of the town than would otherwise fall to them, and a less to those of the country.	これらの規制によって、そうでなければ彼らに与えられるよりも、町の住民にそのより大きな分け前が与えられ、農村の住民にはより少ない分け前が与えられる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory

The price which the town really pays for the provisions and materials annually imported into it, is the quantity of manufactures and other goods annually exported from it.	町が毎年輸入する食料や材料に対して実際に支払う価格は、毎年町から輸出される製品やその他の商品の量である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory or similar place	other|その他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public
The dearer the latter are sold, the cheaper the former are bought.	後者が高く売れれば売れるほど、前者は安く買える。	the dearer|高く|adjective|more expensive	the latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	the cheaper|安く|adjective|less expensive	the former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned
The industry of the town becomes more, and that of the country less advantageous.	町の産業はより有利になり、農村の産業は不利になる。	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit

That the industry which is carried on in towns is, everywhere in Europe, more advantageous than that which is carried on in the country, without entering into any very nice computations, we may satisfy ourselves by one very simple and obvious observation.	ヨーロッパのどこでも、町で営まれている産業は、農村で営まれている産業よりも有利であるということは、あまり細かい計算をせずとも、非常に単純で明白な観察によって納得できる。	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	computation|計算|noun|the action of mathematical calculation	satisfy|納得する|verb|meet the requirements of	observation|観察|noun|the action of watching and making a detailed examination of something
In every country of Europe, we find at least a hundred people who have acquired great fortunes, from small beginnings, by trade and manufactures, the industry which properly belongs to towns, for one who has done so by that which properly belongs to the country, the raising of rude produce by the improvement and cultivation of land.	ヨーロッパのどの国でも、農村に属する産業、つまり土地の改良や耕作による粗野な生産物の生産によって大富豪になった人が一人いるのに対して、町に属する産業である貿易や製造業によって、小さな出発から大富豪になった人が少なくとも百人いる。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	find|いる|verb|discover or notice	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	people|人|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	small|小|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	beginning|始まり|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	so|そう|adverb|in this or that manner; in this or that way	country|農村|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Industry, therefore, must be better rewarded, the wages of labour and the profits of stock must evidently be greater, in the one situation than in the other.	したがって、産業はより良い報酬を得なければならず、労働賃金と資本の利潤は、一方の状況では他方よりも明らかに大きくなければならない。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	be rewarded|報酬を得る|verb|receive a reward	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount
But stock and labour naturally seek the most advantageous employment.	しかし、資本と労働は当然、最も有利な雇用を求める。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
They naturally, therefore, resort as much as they can to the town, and desert the country.	したがって、彼らは当然、できるだけ町に頼り、農村を捨てる。	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	resort|頼る|verb|turn to for help or as a source of supply	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	desert|捨てる|verb|leave someone who needs or counts on you

The inhabitants of a town being collected into one place, can easily combine together.	町の住民は一か所に集まっているので、簡単に団結できる。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	one place|一か所|noun|a single location	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge together
The most insignificant trades carried on in towns have, accordingly, in some place or other, been incorporated;	したがって、町で営まれている最も取るに足りない商売も、どこかで法人化されている。	insignificant|取るに足りない|adjective|unimportant	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	some place or other|どこか|noun|some place or other	incorporate|法人化する|verb|form into a corporation
and even where they have never been incorporated, yet the corporation-spirit, the jealousy of strangers, the aversion to take apprentices, or to communicate the secret of their trade, generally prevail in them, and often teach them, by voluntary associations and agreements, to prevent that free competition which they cannot prohibit by bye-laws.	そして、法人化されたことがないところでさえ、法人精神、よそ者への嫉妬、徒弟をとることや商売の秘密を伝えることへの嫌悪が、一般的に彼らの間に広まっており、しばしば自発的な協会や協定によって、彼らが細則で禁止できない自由競争を防ぐことを教えている。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	where|ところで|adverb|in what place or position	never|ない|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	incorporated|法人化された|adjective|formed into a legal corporation	yet|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages	stranger|よそ者|noun|a person whom one does not know or with whom one is not familiar	aversion|嫌悪|noun|a feeling of intense dislike	take|とる|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	communicate|伝える|verb|to share or exchange information, news, or ideas	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	prevail|広まる|verb|to be or become more powerful or widespread	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	voluntary|自発的な|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	association|協会|noun|an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a club, society, or trade union	agreement|協定|noun|an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties	prevent|防ぐ|verb|to keep from happening or arising	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	cannot|できない|modal verb|be unable to	prohibit|禁止する|verb|to formally or legally forbid	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation
The trades which employ but a small number of hands, run most easily into such combinations.	少数の労働者しか雇用していない商売は、最も簡単にそのような組み合わせになる。	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job	run into|なる|verb|meet or encounter by chance	combination|組み合わせ|noun|a joining or merging of two or more things
Half-a-dozen wool-combers, perhaps, are necessary to keep a thousand spinners and weavers at work.	おそらく、千人の紡績工と織工を働かせ続けるには、半ダースの梳毛工が必要である。	half-a-dozen|半ダース|noun|six	wool-comber|梳毛工|noun|a person who combs wool	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	keep|働かせ続ける|verb|cause to remain in a specified state
By combining not to take apprentices, they can not only engross the employment, but reduce the whole manufacture into a sort of slavery to themselves, and raise the price of their labour much above what is due to the nature of their work.	徒弟をとらないことで、彼らは雇用を独占するだけでなく、製造業全体を自分たちの奴隷のようなものに変え、労働の価格を仕事の性質から考えて当然の価格よりもはるかに高くすることができる。	combine|結託する|verb|join or merge	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	engross|独占する|verb|occupy the whole of	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	reduce|変えてしまう|verb|make or become smaller or less	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave	raise|高くする|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	due|当然の|adjective|expected or required

The inhabitants of the country, dispersed in distant places, cannot easily combine together.	遠く離れた場所に散らばっている田舎の住民は、簡単には集まることができない。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a large area of land that is not a town or city	disperse|散らばる|verb|spread or distribute over a wide area	distant|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	combine|集まる|verb|come or bring together
They have not only never been incorporated, but the incorporation spirit never has prevailed among them.	彼らは法人化されたことがないだけでなく、法人化の精神が彼らの間に広まったこともない。	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; in addition	never|一度もない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	be incorporated|法人化される|verb|be legally established as a corporation	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	never|一度もない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current
No apprenticeship has ever been thought necessary to qualify for husbandry, the great trade of the country.	農業という国の大産業に従事するのに、徒弟修業が必要だと考えられたことは一度もない。	apprenticeship|徒弟修業|noun|the position of an apprentice	qualify|従事する|verb|be entitled to a benefit or privilege	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, comfort, and other purposes	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
After what are called the fine arts, and the liberal professions, however, there is perhaps no trade which requires so great a variety of knowledge and experience.	しかし、いわゆる美術や自由業以外に、これほど多種多様な知識と経験を必要とする業種はおそらくないだろう。	fine art|美術|noun|art developed primarily for beauty rather than utility	liberal profession|自由業|noun|a profession that is not a trade or handicraft	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events
The innumerable volumes which have been written upon it in all languages, may satisfy us, that among the wisest and most learned nations, it has never been regarded as a matter very easily understood.	あらゆる言語で書かれた無数の書物は、最も賢く、最も学識のある国々でさえ、それが決して簡単に理解できる事柄とは見なされてこなかったことを私たちに納得させてくれるだろう。	innumerable|無数の|adjective|too many to be counted	volume|書物|noun|a book	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	satisfy|納得させる|verb|meet the expectations, needs, or desires of	wise|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	learned|学識のある|adjective|having or showing great knowledge or learning	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	regard|見なす|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)
And from all those volumes we shall in vain attempt to collect that knowledge of its various and complicated operations which is commonly possessed even by the common farmer;	そして、それらのすべての書物から、普通の農民でさえも普通に持っている、その多様で複雑な作業に関する知識を集めようとしても無駄だろう。	all those volumes|それらのすべての書物|noun|all of the books	in vain|無駄に|adverb|to no purpose; without success	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to do something	collect|集める|verb|gather together	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	various|多様な|adjective|of different kinds or sorts	complicated|複雑な|adjective|consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts that produces a result	commonly|普通に|adverb|usually; in most cases	possess|持っている|verb|have as belonging to one; own	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
how contemptuously soever the very contemptible authors of some of them may sometimes affect to speak of him.	どんなに軽蔑すべき著者であれ、その著者の一部が時折彼について語ることがあるかもしれない。	contemptuously|軽蔑して|adverb|in a contemptuous manner	soever|であれ|adverb|to any extent or degree	contemptible|軽蔑すべき|adjective|deserving contempt	author|著者|noun|a person who writes books	some|一部|noun|an unspecified number or amount	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	speak|話す|verb|make a statement
There is scarce any common mechanic trade, on the contrary, of which all the operations may not be as completely and distinctly explained in a pamphlet of a very few pages, as it is possible for words illustrated by figures to explain them.	それどころか、図解で説明できる限り、ごくわずかなページのパンフレットですべての作業を完全に明確に説明できないような、ありふれた機械工の業種はほとんどない。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	common|ありふれた|adjective|ordinary; usual	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines	trade|業種|noun|a job or line of work	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite; rather	operation|作業|noun|a procedure carried out to achieve a particular end	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; fully	distinctly|明確に|adverb|clearly; in a way that is easy to understand	pamphlet|パンフレット|noun|a small booklet giving information about a particular subject	figure|図|noun|a drawing or diagram that shows the form of something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand
In the history of the arts, now publishing by the French Academy of Sciences, several of them are actually explained in this manner.	フランス科学アカデミーが現在出版している芸術史では、そのうちのいくつかは実際にこの方法で説明されている。	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	French Academy of Sciences|フランス科学アカデミー|noun|the French national academy for the sciences	several|いくつか|adjective|more than two but not many	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand
The direction of operations, besides, which must be varied with every change of the weather, as well as with many other accidents, requires much more judgment and discretion, than that of those which are always the same, or very nearly the same.	そのうえ、天候の変化やその他の多くの事故に応じて変更しなければならない作業の指示は、常に同じか、ほぼ同じ作業の指示よりも、はるかに多くの判断と裁量を必要とする。	direction|指示|noun|the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work	weather|天候|noun|the state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event resulting especially from carelessness or ignorance	require|必要とする|verb|need for some purpose	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	discretion|裁量|noun|the quality of being discreet; prudence

Not only the art of the farmer, the general direction of the operations of husbandry, but many inferior branches of country labour require much more skill and experience than the greater part of mechanic trades.	農業経営の一般的な指示である農業技術だけでなく、農村労働の多くの下位分野では、機械工の業種の大部分よりもはるかに多くの技能と経験が必要である。	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	farmer|農業従事者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	general direction|一般的な指示|noun|the overall guidance or supervision of an activity	husbandry|農業経営|noun|the science or practice of farming	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	country labour|農村労働|noun|work done in a rural area	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	much more|はるかに多くの|adjective|a great deal more	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	mechanic trade|機械工の業種|noun|a type of business that involves the repair or maintenance of machines
The man who works upon brass and iron, works with instruments, and upon materials of which the temper is always the same, or very nearly the same.	真鍮や鉄を加工する人は、道具を使って、性質が常に同じか、ほぼ同じ材料を加工する。	work upon|加工する|verb|to make, shape, or improve by working	brass|真鍮|noun|a yellow alloy of copper and zinc	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal	work with|使う|verb|to use or operate	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	temper|性質|noun|the state of a metal or other material resulting from a particular heat treatment	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different
But the man who ploughs the ground with a team of horses or oxen, works with instruments of which the health, strength, and temper, are very different upon different occasions.	しかし、馬や牛のチームで地面を耕す人は、健康、強さ、気質が状況によって大きく異なる道具を使って作業する。	plough|耕す|verb|turn up the soil with a plough	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	team|チーム|noun|a group of people who work together	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated ruminant mammal with horns and cloven hooves, kept for milk or meat	work|作業する|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	health|健康|noun|the state of being free from illness or injury	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	temper|気質|noun|a person's state of mind seen in terms of their being angry or calm	occasion|状況|noun|a particular time or event
The condition of the materials which he works upon, too, is as variable as that of the instruments which he works with, and both require to be managed with much judgment and discretion.	彼が加工する材料の状態も、彼が使う道具の状態と同じくらい変化しやすく、どちらも多くの判断と裁量をもって管理する必要がある。	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work upon|加工する|verb|to make, shape, or improve	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	variable|変化しやすい|adjective|able to be changed or altered	require|必要とする|verb|to need or want	manage|管理する|verb|to be in charge of or responsible for	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation
The common ploughman, though generally regarded as the pattern of stupidity and ignorance, is seldom defective in this judgment and discretion.	普通の農夫は、一般的に愚かさと無知の見本と見なされているが、この判断と裁量に欠陥があることはめったにない。	common|普通の|adjective|ordinary; usual	ploughman|農夫|noun|a person who works on a farm	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	stupidity|愚かさ|noun|the quality of being stupid	ignorance|無知|noun|the state of being unaware of something	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	defective|欠陥がある|adjective|having a defect; faulty
He is less accustomed, indeed, to social intercourse, than the mechanic who lives in a town.	彼は確かに、町に住む機械工よりも社交的な交際に慣れていない。	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to something	social intercourse|社交的な交際|noun|social interaction	mechanic|機械工|noun|a person who repairs and maintains machines
His voice and language are more uncouth, and more difficult to be understood by those who are not used to them.	彼の声と言葉はより野卑で、慣れていない人には理解しにくい。	voice|声|noun|the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song	language|言葉|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	uncouth|野卑な|adjective|lacking good manners, refinement, or taste	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand
His understanding, however, being accustomed to consider a greater variety of objects, is generally much superior to that of the other, whose whole attention, from morning till night, is commonly occupied in performing one or two very simple operations.	しかし、彼の理解力は、より多様な対象を考えることに慣れているため、一般的に、朝から晩まで、通常は1つか2つの非常に単純な作業を行うことに全神経を集中している他の人よりもはるかに優れている。	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	morning|朝|noun|the period of time from sunrise to noon	night|夜|noun|the period of time from sunset to sunrise	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	occupy|占める|verb|take up or fill	perform|行う|verb|carry out or accomplish	operation|作業|noun|a planned activity involving many people
How much the lower ranks of people in the country are really superior to those of the town, is well known to every man whom either business or curiosity has led to converse much with both.	田舎の下層階級の人々が町の人々よりもどれほど優れているかは、仕事や好奇心から両者と多くの会話をした人なら誰でもよく知っている。	lower rank|下層階級|noun|the lowest social class	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people	every man|誰でも|noun|any person	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	curiosity|好奇心|noun|a strong desire to know or learn something	lead|導く|verb|cause to go in a specified direction	converse|会話する|verb|talk with another person
In China and Indostan, accordingly, both the rank and the wages of country labourers are said to be superior to those of the greater part of artificers and manufacturers.	したがって、中国やインドでは、農村労働者の地位も賃金も、職人や製造業者の大部分よりも優れていると言われている。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	rank|地位|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	country labourer|農村労働者|noun|a person who works in the countryside	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
They would probably be so everywhere, if corporation laws and the corporation spirit did not prevent it.	法人法と法人精神がそれを妨げなければ、おそらくどこでもそうだろう。	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations	corporation spirit|法人精神|noun|the spirit of a corporation	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising

The superiority which the industry of the towns has everywhere in Europe over that of the country, is not altogether owing to corporations and corporation laws.	ヨーロッパのどこでも都市の産業が農村の産業よりも優れているのは、法人と法人法だけによるものではない。	superiority|優位|noun|the state of being better than something else	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	altogether|だけ|adverb|entirely; completely	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations
It is supported by many other regulations.	それは他の多くの規制によって支えられている。	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law
The high duties upon foreign manufactures, and upon all goods imported by alien merchants, all tend to the same purpose.	外国製品や外国商人によって輸入されるすべての商品に対する高関税は、すべて同じ目的に向かっている。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	alien|外国の|adjective|belonging to a foreign country or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	tend|向かう|verb|be inclined or disposed	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
Corporation laws enable the inhabitants of towns to raise their prices, without fearing to be undersold by the free competition of their own countrymen.	法人法は、都市の住民が自国の自由競争によって安値で売られることを恐れることなく、価格を上げることができるようにしている。	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	raise|上げる|verb|increase	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of	undersell|安値で売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	free competition|自由競争|noun|a situation in which companies compete with each other without any government intervention	countryman|同国人|noun|a person from the same country as oneself
Those other regulations secure them equally against that of foreigners.	他の規制は、外国人のそれに対しても同様に彼らを保護している。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	secure|保護する|verb|make safe; protect	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living
The enhancement of price occasioned by both is everywhere finally paid by the landlords, farmers, and labourers, of the country, who have seldom opposed the establishment of such monopolies.	両者によって引き起こされた価格の上昇は、どこでも最終的には、そのような独占の確立にほとんど反対しなかった、その国の地主、農民、労働者によって支払われる。	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled, manual work for wages	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	oppose|反対する|verb|be against something	establishment|確立|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
They have commonly neither inclination nor fitness to enter into combinations;	彼らは通常、組合に入る傾向も適性もない。	have neither inclination nor fitness|傾向も適性もない|verb|be not inclined or fit	enter into|入る|verb|become involved in	combination|組合|noun|a union of two or more things
and the clamour and sophistry of merchants and manufacturers easily persuade them, that the private interest of a part, and of a subordinate part, of the society, is the general interest of the whole.	そして、商人や製造業者の叫びや詭弁は、社会の一部、そして従属的な部分の私的利益が全体の一般的な利益であると、彼らを簡単に説得する。	clamour|叫び|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a large number of people shouting	sophistry|詭弁|noun|the use of clever but false arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	persuade|説得する|verb|cause (someone) to do something by reasoning with them or giving them advice	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	subordinate|従属的な|adjective|lower in rank or importance	private interest|私的利益|noun|the interest of a private person or group	general interest|一般的な利益|noun|the interest of the general public	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something

In Great Britain, the superiority of the industry of the towns over that of the country seems to have been greater formerly than in the present times.	イギリスでは、都市の産業が農村の産業に比べて優勢であったのは、現在よりも以前の方が大きかったようである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	superiority|優勢|noun|the state of being better than something else	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	formerly|以前|adverb|in the past
The wages of country labour approach nearer to those of manufacturing labour, and the profits of stock employed in agriculture to those of trading and manufacturing stock, than they are said to have done in the last century, or in the beginning of the present.	農村労働者の賃金は、前世紀や今世紀初頭に比べて、製造業労働者の賃金に近づき、農業に従事する資本の利潤は、貿易や製造業の資本の利潤に近づいている。	country labour|農村労働者|noun|a person who works in a rural area	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	manufacturing labour|製造業労働者|noun|a person who works in the manufacturing industry	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employed|従事する|verb|have a job	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	trading|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles from raw materials by hand or by machinery	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	beginning|初頭|noun|the first part of something
This change may be regarded as the necessary, though very late consequence of the extraordinary encouragement given to the industry of the towns.	この変化は、都市の産業に与えられた異常な奨励の非常に遅れた結果ではあるが、必要であると考えることができる。	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	late|遅れた|adjective|coming or occurring after the usual or proper time	consequence|結果|noun|something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging; the state of being encouraged	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
The stocks accumulated in them come in time to be so great, that it can no longer be employed with the ancient profit in that species of industry which is peculiar to them.	そこに蓄積された資本は、やがて非常に大きくなり、もはや都市特有の産業に従来のような利潤をもって投入することができなくなる。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	come in time|やがて|adverb|eventually	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	can no longer|もはや～できない|auxiliary verb|not any more	be employed|投入される|verb|be used	ancient|従来|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
That industry has its limits like every other;	その産業には、他の産業と同じように限界がある。	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	limit|限界|noun|the greatest amount, extent, or degree of something
and the increase of stock, by increasing the competition, necessarily reduces the profit.	そして、資本の増加は、競争を激化させることによって、必然的に利潤を減少させる。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	reduce|減少|verb|make or become smaller or less
The lowering of profit in the town forces out stock to the country, where, by creating a new demand for country labour, it necessarily raises its wages.	都市の利潤の低下は、資本を農村に追いやり、そこで農村労働に対する新たな需要を生み出すことによって、必然的に賃金が上昇する。	lowering|低下|noun|the action of reducing something	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	force out|追い出す|verb|to make someone or something leave a place	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; bring about	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	raise|上昇|verb|go up or cause to go up
It then spreads itself, if I my say so, over the face of the land, and, by being employed in agriculture, is in part restored to the country, at the expense of which, in a great measure, it had originally been accumulated in the town.	こうして、いわば資本は国土全体に広がり、農業に投入されることによって、一部は農村に還元されるが、その農村を犠牲にして、もともとは都市に蓄積されていたのである。	spread|広がる|verb|extend over a wide area	over the face of|全体に|preposition|all over	land|国土|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	by being employed in|に投入されることによって|preposition|by doing something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	is restored to|に還元される|verb|be returned to a former condition	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	at the expense of|を犠牲にして|preposition|with the loss or suffering of	in a great measure|大部分|adverb|to a large extent	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	accumulate|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
That everywhere in Europe the greatest improvements of the country have been owing to such over flowings of the stock originally accumulated in the towns, I shall endeavour to shew hereafter, and at the same time to demonstrate, that though some countries have, by this course, attained to a considerable degree of opulence, it is in itself necessarily slow, uncertain, liable to be disturbed and interrupted by innumerable accidents, and, in every respect, contrary to the order of nature and of reason.	ヨーロッパのどこにおいても、農村の最大の改善は、もともと都市に蓄積されていた資本のこのような過剰流出によるものであったことを、私は今後示そうと努力するとともに、いくつかの国はこの道筋によってかなりの富裕度を達成しているが、それ自体は必然的に遅く、不確実で、無数の事故によって混乱し、中断されやすく、あらゆる点で自然と理性の秩序に反していることを証明しようとする。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	everywhere|どこにおいても|adverb|in all places or situations	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	owing to|によるものであった|preposition|because of	such|このような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	over flowing|過剰流出|noun|a situation in which there is too much of something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning	accumulate|蓄積されていた|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	hereafter|今後|adverb|from now on	demonstrate|証明する|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of something	though|が|conjunction|despite the fact that	some|いくつか|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	have|達成している|verb|possess, own, or hold	by|によって|preposition|through the action of	this|この|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	course|道筋|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	degree|富裕度|noun|a unit of measurement of angles, one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of a full angle	opulence|富裕|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	slow|遅く|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	uncertain|不確実で|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	liable|混乱しやすく|adjective|responsible by law	disturbed|混乱し|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	interrupted|中断されやすく|verb|cause a break in the continuity of	every|あらゆる|determiner|each and all of a group	respect|点で|noun|a particular aspect or point	contrary|反している|adjective|opposite in nature or character
The interests, prejudices, laws, and customs, which have given occasion to it, I shall endeavour to explain as fully and distinctly as I can in the third and fourth books of this Inquiry.	それを生み出した利害、偏見、法律、慣習については、この研究の第三巻と第四巻でできるだけ十分かつ明確に説明するよう努力するつもりである。	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	prejudice|偏見|noun|an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules that is made and enforced by the government of a country	custom|慣習|noun|a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional among a group of people	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series

People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices.	同じ商売の人は、娯楽や気晴らしのためでさえ、めったに集まらないが、会話は公衆に対する陰謀や、価格を上げるための何らかの工夫で終わる。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	meet|集まる|verb|come together	merriment|娯楽|noun|fun and gaiety	diversion|気晴らし|noun|something that distracts the mind	conversation|会話|noun|informal talk between two or more people	end|終わる|verb|come or bring to a conclusion	conspiracy|陰謀|noun|a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position
It is impossible, indeed, to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice.	実際、執行可能であるか、自由と正義に適合する法律によって、そのような会合を防ぐことは不可能である。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	meeting|会合|noun|an assembly of people for formal discussions	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restriction or control	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness
But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies, much less to render them necessary.	しかし、法律は同じ商売の人々が時々集まるのを妨げることはできないが、そのような集会を容易にするために何もしてはならず、ましてやそれらを必要とするようであってはならない。	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	trade|商売|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose	render|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed

A regulation which obliges all those of the same trade in a particular town to enter their names and places of abode in a public register, facilitates such assemblies.	特定の町の同じ商売のすべての人に、氏名と住所を公の登記簿に記入することを義務付ける規制は、そのような集会を容易にする。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	same|同じ|adjective|not different	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	enter|記入する|verb|write or type something into a computer	name|氏名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	place|住所|noun|a particular position or point in space	abode|住所|noun|a place where someone lives	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	register|登記簿|noun|an official list or record	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult
It connects individuals who might never otherwise be known to one another, and gives every man of the trade a direction where to find every other man of it.	それは、そうでなければ互いに知り合うことのなかったかもしれない個人を結びつけ、その商売のすべての人に、他のすべての人を見つける方向を与える。	connect|結びつける|verb|join or fasten together	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	know|知り合う|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves or faces	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice

A regulation which enables those of the same trade to tax themselves, in order to provide for their poor, their sick, their widows and orphans, by giving them a common interest to manage, renders such assemblies necessary.	同じ商売の者たちが、貧しい人、病気の人、未亡人、孤児を養うために、自分たちで税金を課すことを可能にする規制は、彼らに管理する共通の利益を与えることで、そのような集会を必要とする。	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	same|同じ|adjective|not different	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	sick|病気の|adjective|affected by illness	widow|未亡人|noun|a woman whose husband has died	orphan|孤児|noun|a child whose parents are dead	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of and responsible for the running of	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed

An incorporation not only renders them necessary, but makes the act of the majority binding upon the whole.	法人化は、それらを必要とするだけでなく、過半数の行為を全体に拘束する。	incorporation|法人化|noun|the formation of a legal corporation	render|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number; more than half of the total	act|行為|noun|something that is done	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent
In a free trade, an effectual combination cannot be established but by the unanimous consent of every single trader, and it cannot last longer than every single trader continues of the same mind.	自由貿易では、効果的な組み合わせは、すべての貿易業者の全会一致の同意によってのみ確立することができ、すべての貿易業者が同じ考えを続ける限り、それは長続きしない。	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	unanimous|全会一致の|adjective|being of one mind; agreeing	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	last|続く|verb|to continue or endure	longer|長く|adverb|for a longer period of time	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades in a market	mind|考え|noun|one's intention; what one intends to do
The majority of a corporation can enact a bye-law, with proper penalties, which will limit the competition more effectually and more durably than any voluntary combination whatever.	法人の過半数は、適切な罰則を伴う細則を制定することができ、それはどんな自発的な組み合わせよりも効果的かつ永続的に競争を制限する。	majority|過半数|noun|the greater number	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	limit|制限する|verb|restrict the size or extent of	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	durably|永続的に|adverb|in a way that lasts a long time	voluntary|自発的な|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	combination|組み合わせ|noun|a joining or merging of two or more things

The pretence that corporations are necessary for the better government of the trade, is without any foundation.	貿易のより良い統治のために法人が必要であるという口実は、根拠がない。	pretence|口実|noun|a false appearance or action intended to deceive; a pretext	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	government|統治|noun|the body with the authority to govern a state or country	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
The real and effectual discipline which is exercised over a workman, is not that of his corporation, but that of his customers.	職人に対して行われる真の効果的な規律は、彼の法人の規律ではなく、彼の顧客の規律である。	real|真の|adjective|not fake or false	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	discipline|規律|noun|training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control	workman|職人|noun|a person who works with their hands	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business
It is the fear of losing their employment which restrains his frauds and corrects his negligence.	彼の詐欺を抑制し、彼の過失を正すのは、彼らの職を失うことへの恐怖である。	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	employment|職|noun|the state of being employed	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others	correct|正す|verb|free from error; accurate	negligence|過失|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something
An exclusive corporation necessarily weakens the force of this discipline.	排他的な法人は、必然的にこの規律の力を弱める。	exclusive|排他的な|adjective|not admitting of something else	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	weaken|弱める|verb|make or become weaker	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement
A particular set of workmen must then be employed, let them behave well or ill.	特定の職人集団を雇用しなければならないので、彼らが善い行いをしようと悪い行いをしようと関係ない。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	set|集団|noun|a group of people with a shared interest	workman|職人|noun|a person who does manual labor	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	then|なので|adverb|therefore; consequently	be employed|雇用される|verb|have a paid job	let|関係ない|verb|allow to	behave|行い|verb|act or conduct oneself in a specified way	well|善い|adjective|good; satisfactory	ill|悪い|adjective|bad; unsatisfactory
It is upon this account that, in many large incorporated towns, no tolerable workmen are to be found, even in some of the most necessary trades.	このような理由で、多くの大規模な法人都市では、最も必要な業種のいくつかでさえ、許容できる職人を見つけることができない。	upon this account|このような理由で|adverb|for this reason	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	large|大規模な|adjective|of great size or extent	incorporated|法人|adjective|legally established as a corporation	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	workman|職人|noun|a person who does manual or industrial work	be to be found|見つけることができない|verb|be able to be found
If you would have your work tolerably executed, it must be done in the suburbs, where the workmen, having no exclusive privilege, have nothing but their character to depend upon, and you must then smuggle it into the town as well as you can.	仕事を許容できる程度に仕上げてもらうには、郊外でやらなければならない。そこでは、職人は排他的な特権を持たず、自分の性格に頼るしかないので、できるだけ町に密輸しなければならない。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	tolerably|許容できる程度に|adverb|to a moderate degree	execute|仕上げる|verb|carry out or put into effect	suburb|郊外|noun|an outlying district of a city	workman|職人|noun|a person who does work	exclusive|排他的な|adjective|not shared with others	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	depend|頼る|verb|rely on	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally

It is in this manner that the policy of Europe, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them, occasions a very important inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock.	このように、ヨーロッパの政策は、一部の職業における競争を、そうでなければその職業に従事する傾向にあるよりも少ない人数に制限することによって、労働と資本の異なる職業の利点と欠点の全体に非常に重要な不平等をもたらしている。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	number|人数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	dispose|従事する|verb|incline or give a tendency to	occasion|もたらす|verb|be the cause of	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has

Secondly, the policy of Europe, by increasing the competition in some employments beyond what it naturally would be, occasions another inequality, of an opposite kind, in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of the different employments of labour and stock.	第二に、ヨーロッパの政策は、一部の職業における競争を自然な状態以上に増大させることによって、労働と資本の異なる職業の利点と欠点の全体に、反対の種類の別の不平等をもたらしている。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	naturally|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	occasion|もたらす|verb|be the cause of or reason for	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	opposite|反対の|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	whole|全体|noun|all of something	employment|職業|noun|the state of having paid work	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has

It has been considered as of so much importance that a proper number of young people should be educated for certain professions, that sometimes the public, and sometimes the piety of private founders, have established many pensions, scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, etc.	適切な数の若者が特定の職業のために教育を受けることが非常に重要であると考えられてきたため、時には公衆、時には私立の創設者の信心深さによって、多くの年金、奨学金、展示会、奨学金などが設立されてきた。	be considered as|考えられる|verb|to be regarded as	so much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	young people|若者|noun|a person who is young	be educated|教育を受ける|verb|to receive systematic instruction	certain|特定の|adjective|specific but not mentioned	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	piety|信心深さ|noun|the quality of being religious or reverent	private|私立|adjective|not owned or controlled by the government	founder|創設者|noun|a person who establishes an institution or settlement	establish|設立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	scholarship|奨学金|noun|a grant or payment made to support a student's education, awarded on the basis of academic or other achievement	exhibition|展示会|noun|a public display of works of art or other items of interest	bursary|奨学金|noun|a grant or payment made to support a student's education, awarded on the basis of financial need
for this purpose, which draw many more people into those trades than could otherwise pretend to follow them.	この目的のために、そうでなければそれらの職業に従事するふりをするよりもはるかに多くの人々をそれらの職業に引き寄せている。	for this purpose|この目的のために|adverb|with this aim or intention	draw|引き寄せる|verb|attract or move towards	many more|はるかに多くの|adjective|a lot more	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	into|に|preposition|to the inside of	those|それらの|determiner|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	pretend|ふりをする|verb|act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	follow|従事する|verb|go after someone or something
In all Christian countries, I believe, the education of the greater part of churchmen is paid for in this manner.	すべてのキリスト教国では、聖職者の大部分の教育はこのように支払われていると私は信じている。	Christian|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	churchman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for goods or services
Very few of them are educated altogether at their own expense.	彼らのうち、自費で教育を受けている人はほとんどいない。	very few|ほとんどいない|noun|a small number of	altogether|自費で|adverb|completely; totally	educated|教育を受けている|verb|give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The long, tedious, and expensive education, therefore, of those who are, will not always procure them a suitable reward, the church being crowded with people, who, in order to get employment, are willing to accept of a much smaller recompence than what such an education would otherwise have entitled them to;	したがって、長く退屈で費用のかかる教育は、彼らに適切な報酬を与えるとは限らない。教会は、職を得るために、そのような教育がなければ得られるよりもはるかに少ない報酬を喜んで受け入れる人々で混雑している。	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	expensive|費用のかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction	procure|与える|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	crowded|混雑している|adjective|full of people	employment|職|noun|the condition of having paid work	accept|受け入れる|verb|receive (something offered) willingly	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	smaller|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	recompence|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	otherwise|なければ|adverb|in a different way	entitled|得られる|verb|give (someone or something) a right to have or do something
and in this manner the competition of the poor takes away the reward of the rich.	そして、このようにして貧しい人々の競争は金持ちの報酬を奪う。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	take away|奪う|verb|remove or take from a place
It would be indecent, no doubt, to compare either a curate or a chaplain with a journeyman in any common trade.	間違いなく、教区副牧師や従軍牧師を、どんな一般的な職業の職人と比べるのも不適切だろう。	curate|教区副牧師|noun|a cleric in charge of a parish	chaplain|従軍牧師|noun|a cleric attached to a chapel	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	indecent|不適切|adjective|not conforming with generally or traditionally held standards of behavior or morality	compare|比べる|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
The pay of a curate or chaplain, however, may very properly be considered as of the same nature with the wages of a journeyman.	しかし、教区副牧師や従軍牧師の給与は、職人の賃金と同じ性質のものと考えるのが適切だろう。	curate|教区副牧師|noun|a cleric in charge of a parish	chaplain|従軍牧師|noun|a cleric attached to a military unit	pay|給与|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another person	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
They are all three paid for their work according to the contract which they may happen to make with their respective superiors.	彼らは三人とも、それぞれの上司と結んだ契約に従って仕事の報酬を受け取っている。	all three|三人とも|noun|all of the three people	pay|受け取る|verb|give money to someone in exchange for work	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	make|結ぶ|verb|create or produce	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person
Till after the middle of the fourteenth century, five merks, containing about as much silver as ten pounds of our present money, was in England the usual pay of a curate or a stipendiary parish priest, as we find it regulated by the decrees of several different national councils.	十四世紀の中頃まで、五マルク、これは現在の貨幣で十ポンドに相当する銀を含んでいるが、これがイギリスでは教区副牧師や有給教区牧師の通常の給与であり、いくつかの異なる国会議会の法令によって定められていた。	the middle of the fourteenth century|十四世紀の中頃|noun|the middle of the 14th century	five merks|五マルク|noun|five merks	about as much silver as ten pounds of our present money|現在の貨幣で十ポンドに相当する銀|noun|about as much silver as ten pounds of our present money	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	the usual pay of a curate or a stipendiary parish priest|教区副牧師や有給教区牧師の通常の給与|noun|the usual pay of a curate or a stipendiary parish priest	several different national councils|いくつかの異なる国会議会|noun|several different national councils
At the same period, fourpence a-day, containing the same quantity of silver as a shilling of our present money, was declared to be the pay of a master mason;	同じ時期に、一日四ペンス、これは現在の貨幣でシリングと同じ量の銀を含んでいるが、これが石工親方の給与であると宣言されていた。	same period|同じ時期|noun|the same time	fourpence|四ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth four pennies	a-day|一日|noun|a day	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	same quantity|同じ量|noun|the same amount	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|the money that is currently in use	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth twelve pennies	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	pay|給与|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	master mason|石工親方|noun|a skilled mason who supervises other workers
and threepence a-day, equal to ninepence of our present money, that of a journeyman mason. {See the Statute of Labourers, 25, Ed. III.}	そして一日三ペンス、これは現在の貨幣で九ペンスに相当するが、これが石工職人の給与であった。{労働者法令25、エドワード三世を参照。}	threepence|三ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth three pennies	a-day|一日|noun|a period of 24 hours	ninepence|九ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth nine pennies	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified worker who has completed an apprenticeship	mason|石工|noun|a skilled worker who builds things with stone	Statute of Labourers|労働者法令|noun|a law passed in England in 1351 to fix wages and prices	25|25|noun|the number 25	Ed. III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377
The wages of both these labourers, therefore, supposing them to have been constantly employed, were much superior to those of the curate.	したがって、この二人の労働者の賃金は、彼らが常に雇用されていたとすれば、教区副牧師の賃金をはるかに上回っていた。	both|両方の|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for someone in return for regular payment	curate|教区副牧師|noun|a member of the clergy in charge of a parish
The wages of the master mason, supposing him to have been without employment one-third of the year, would have fully equalled them.	石工親方の賃金は、彼が一年のうち三分の一は失業していたとすれば、彼らの賃金に十分に匹敵していただろう。	master mason|石工親方|noun|a skilled mason who is in charge of other workers	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	one-third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	equal|匹敵する|verb|be the same as or equivalent to
By the 12th of Queen Anne, c. 12. it is declared, “That whereas, for want of sufficient maintenance and encouragement to curates, the cures have, in several places, been meanly supplied, the bishop is, therefore, empowered to appoint, by writing under his hand and seal, a sufficient certain stipend or allowance, not exceeding fifty, and not less than twenty pounds a-year”.	アン女王の12年目、第12章で、「教区副牧師に対する十分な維持と奨励が欠如しているため、教区副牧師は、いくつかの場所では、卑劣な供給を受けてきたが、それゆえ、司教は、彼の手と印章の下に書くことによって、50ポンドを超えず、20ポンド以下の十分な一定の給与または手当を任命する権限を与えられる」と宣言されている。	Queen Anne|アン女王|noun|the last of the Stuart monarchs	12th|12年目|noun|the ordinal number of twelve	12|第12章|noun|the ordinal number of twelve	curate|教区副牧師|noun|a cleric in charge of a parish	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	meanly|卑劣な|adverb|in a mean or despicable manner	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	empower|権限を与える|verb|make someone stronger and more confident, especially in controlling their life and claiming their rights	appoint|任命する|verb|assign a job or role to	hand|手|noun|the end of a person's arm beyond the wrist	seal|印章|noun|a device or substance used to fasten something securely	stipend|給与|noun|a fixed regular sum paid as a salary or as expenses	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, especially a child or young person, for their living expenses	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	less|以下|adjective|a smaller amount than	year|年|noun|the time taken by the earth to make one revolution around the sun
Forty pounds a-year is reckoned at present very good pay for a curate;	年間40ポンドは、現在では教区副牧師にとって非常に良い給料だと見なされている。	forty pounds|40ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	a-year|年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	reckoned|見なされている|verb|be generally regarded as having a specified quality	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	very good|非常に良い|adjective|of a high standard	pay|給料|noun|money paid to someone for regular work
and, notwithstanding this act of parliament, there are many curacies under twenty pounds a-year.	そして、この議会法にもかかわらず、年間20ポンド以下の教区副牧師が多数いる。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	curacy|教区副牧師|noun|the office or position of a curate	twenty pounds|20ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
There are journeymen shoemakers in London who earn forty pounds a-year, and there is scarce an industrious workman of any kind in that metropolis who does not earn more than twenty.	ロンドンには年間40ポンドを稼ぐ靴職人の職人がいるし、その大都市には20ポンド以上稼がない勤勉な労働者はほとんどいない。	journeyman|職人|noun|a qualified skilled craftsman who works for another	shoemaker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	forty pounds|40ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit around the sun	scarce|ほとんどいない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	metropolis|大都市|noun|a large city
This last sum, indeed, does not exceed what is frequently earned by common labourers in many country parishes.	実際、この最後の金額は、多くの田舎の教区で一般労働者が頻繁に稼ぐ金額を超えていない。	this last|この最後の|adjective|the most recent	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England
Whenever the law has attempted to regulate the wages of workmen, it has always been rather to lower them than to raise them.	法律が労働者の賃金を規制しようとするときはいつでも、それは常に賃金を上げるというよりは下げるためだった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in a manual or industrial job	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position
But the law has, upon many occasions, attempted to raise the wages of curates, and, for the dignity of the church, to oblige the rectors of parishes to give them more than the wretched maintenance which they themselves might be willing to accept of.	しかし、法律は多くの場合、教区副牧師の賃金を引き上げようとし、教会の尊厳のために、教区の教区牧師に、彼ら自身が喜んで受け入れるかもしれない惨めな維持費以上のものを彼らに与えるように義務付けようとした。	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	many occasions|多くの場合|noun|a large number of times	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	curate|教区副牧師|noun|a member of the clergy in charge of a parish	dignity|尊厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make (someone) do something by force or moral pressure	rector|教区牧師|noun|a member of the clergy in charge of a parish	parish|教区|noun|an area having its own church and clergyman	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause	be willing to|喜んで〜する|verb|be happy to do something	accept|受け入れる|verb|receive (something offered) willingly	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something
And, in both cases, the law seems to have been equally ineffectual, and has never either been able to raise the wages of curates, or to sink those of labourers to the degree that was intended;	そして、どちらの場合も、法律は同じように効果がなかったようで、教区副牧師の賃金を引き上げることも、労働者の賃金を意図した程度まで下げることもできなかった。	both|どちらも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way	ineffectual|効果がない|adjective|not producing the intended or expected result	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount or level of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	sink|下げる|verb|go down	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present
because it has never been able to hinder either the one from being willing to accept of less than the legal allowance, on account of the indigence of their situation and the multitude of their competitors, or the other from receiving more, on account of the contrary competition of those who expected to derive either profit or pleasure from employing them.	なぜなら、一方は、その状況の貧困と競合者の多さのために、法定手当よりも少ない額を喜んで受け入れることを妨げることができず、他方は、彼らを雇用することで利益や喜びを得ることを期待する人々の反対の競争のために、より多くを受け取ることを妨げることができなかったからである。	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to indicate that two or more alternatives are equally possible	one|一方|noun|the number 1	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	accept|受け入れる|verb|take or receive something offered	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of something	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, especially a child or young person, or for a particular purpose	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	indigence|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time or place	multitude|多さ|noun|a large number of people or things	competitor|競合者|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	more|より多い|adjective|a greater or additional amount of something	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	contrary|反対の|adjective|opposite in nature, direction, or meaning	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to someone and pay them for it

The great benefices and other ecclesiastical dignities support the honour of the church, notwithstanding the mean circumstances of some of its inferior members.	偉大な聖職禄やその他の教会の尊厳は、その下位の成員の一部が卑劣な状況にあるにもかかわらず、教会の栄誉を支えている。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church	dignity|尊厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favour of	honour|栄誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of; despite	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or unfair	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	member|成員|noun|a person belonging to a group or an organization
The respect paid to the profession, too, makes some compensation even to them for the meanness of their pecuniary recompence.	その職業に払われる敬意もまた、彼らの金銭的報酬の卑劣さに対して、彼らにさえいくらかの代償を与える。	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	respect|敬意|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	make|与える|verb|cause to happen or exist	compensation|代償|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	meanness|卑劣さ|noun|unkind, spiteful, or unfair behavior	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment
In England, and in all Roman catholic countries, the lottery of the church is in reality much more advantageous than is necessary.	イギリスやすべてのローマ・カトリック国では、教会の宝くじは実際には必要以上に有利である。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Roman catholic|ローマ・カトリック|adjective|of or relating to the Roman Catholic Church	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit
The example of the churches of Scotland, of Geneva, and of several other protestant churches, may satisfy us, that in so creditable a profession, in which education is so easily procured, the hopes of much more moderate benefices will draw a sufficient number of learned, decent, and respectable men into holy orders.	スコットランド、ジュネーブ、その他いくつかのプロテスタント教会の例は、教育が非常に簡単に受けられる、これほど信頼できる職業において、はるかに穏健な聖職禄への期待が、十分な数の学識があり、品行方正で、尊敬に値する人々を聖職に引き寄せることを、私たちに納得させてくれるかもしれない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Geneva|ジュネーブ|noun|a city in Switzerland	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of one of the churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	example|例|noun|a particular fact, event, or thing that illustrates something	satisfy|納得させる|verb|make happy or pleased	creditable|信頼できる|adjective|worthy of praise or approval	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty	procure|受けられる|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	moderate|穏健な|adjective|not extreme	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which a certain income is attached	draw|引き寄せる|verb|attract or move towards	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	learned|学識がある|adjective|having acquired much knowledge through study	decent|品行方正な|adjective|conforming to standards of propriety or morality	respectable|尊敬に値する|adjective|worthy of respect	holy order|聖職|noun|the status of a priest or minister of religion

In professions in which there are no benefices, such as law and physic, if an equal proportion of people were educated at the public expense, the competition would soon be so great as to sink very much their pecuniary reward.	法律や物理学など、聖職禄のない職業では、もし同等の割合の人々が公費で教育を受けたら、すぐに競争が激しくなり、金銭的報酬が大幅に下がってしまうだろう。	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which a certain income is attached	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	physic|物理学|noun|the science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	public expense|公費|noun|money that is spent by the government	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	great|激しい|adjective|of major significance or importance	sink|下がる|verb|go down below the surface of something	pecuniary reward|金銭的報酬|noun|money that is given or received for work or a service
It might then not be worth any man’s while to educate his son to either of those professions at his own expense.	そうすると、自分の息子を自費でこれらの職業に就かせるために教育することは、誰にとっても価値のないことになってしまうかもしれない。	worth one's while|価値がある|adjective|worth the time or effort spent	educate|教育する|verb|teach or train someone	son|息子|noun|a male child	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
They would be entirely abandoned to such as had been educated by those public charities, whose numbers and necessities would oblige them in general to content themselves with a very miserable recompence, to the entire degradation of the now respectable professions of law and physic.	これらの職業は、公的な慈善団体によって教育された人々に完全に委ねられることになり、その数と必要性から、彼らは一般的に非常に惨めな報酬で満足せざるを得なくなり、現在は尊敬されている法律や物理学の職業が完全に衰退してしまうだろう。	be abandoned to|委ねられる|verb|be left to the control or influence of	public charity|公的な慈善団体|noun|a charity that is open to the public	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	oblige|せざるを得なくなる|verb|make someone do something	content oneself with|満足する|verb|be happy with	miserable|惨めな|adjective|very unhappy or uncomfortable	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	degradation|衰退|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	respectable|尊敬されている|adjective|worthy of respect	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires a high level of education, training, or skill

That unprosperous race of men, commonly called men of letters, are pretty much in the situation which lawyers and physicians probably would be in, upon the foregoing supposition.	一般に文人と呼ばれる、この不幸な人種は、前述の仮定に基づけば、弁護士や医師がおそらく置かれるであろう状況にかなり近い。	unprosperous|不幸な|adjective|not successful or not having good fortune	race|人種|noun|a group of people who share similar and distinctive physical characteristics	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	letter|文人|noun|a symbol representing one or more of the sounds used in speech; any of the symbols of an alphabet	pretty much|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; very much	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person whose profession is to represent clients in a court of law or to advise or act for clients in legal matters	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely; almost certainly	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time; preceding	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis that is taken for granted
In every part of Europe, the greater part of them have been educated for the church, but have been hindered by different reasons from entering into holy orders.	ヨーロッパのどの地域でも、彼らの大部分は教会のために教育を受けてきたが、さまざまな理由で聖職に就くことを妨げられた。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	every part|どの地域でも|noun|each and all of the parts of something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	educated|教育を受けてきた|verb|give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to	holy orders|聖職|noun|the status of a priest, bishop, or deacon in the Christian church
They have generally, therefore, been educated at the public expense;	そのため、彼らは一般的に公費で教育を受けてきた。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	public expense|公費|noun|money that is spent by the government or a public organization
and their numbers are everywhere so great, as commonly to reduce the price of their labour to a very paltry recompence.	そして、彼らの数はどこでも非常に多く、一般に彼らの労働の価格を非常にわずかな報酬にまで引き下げている。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	great|非常に多い|adjective|of major significance or importance	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	paltry|わずかな|adjective|very small in amount	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment

Before the invention of the art of printing, the only employment by which a man of letters could make any thing by his talents, was that of a public or private teacher, or by communicating to other people the curious and useful knowledge which he had acquired himself;	印刷術が発明されるまでは、文人がその才能によって何かを成し遂げることができる唯一の仕事は、公立または私立の教師になること、あるいは自分で得た興味深く有益な知識を他の人々に伝えることだった。	Before the invention of|発明されるまでは|preposition|prior to the creation of	art|術|noun|a skill that is attained by study, practice, or observation	printing|印刷|noun|the process of reproducing words, images, or designs using ink	the only employment|唯一の仕事|noun|the sole job	by which|によって|preposition|by means of which	a man of letters|文人|noun|a learned person	could make|成し遂げることができる|verb|be able to do or accomplish	anything|何か|noun|something	by his talents|その才能によって|preposition|by means of his talents	was that of|は|verb|be	a public or private teacher|公立または私立の教師|noun|a person who teaches in a public or private school	or by communicating|あるいは伝えること|conjunction|or by telling	to other people|他の人々に|preposition|to other people	the curious and useful knowledge|興味深く有益な知識|noun|knowledge that is interesting and helpful	which he had acquired himself|自分で得た|relative pronoun|that he had obtained on his own
and this is still surely a more honourable, a more useful, and, in general, even a more profitable employment than that other of writing for a bookseller, to which the art of printing has given occasion.	そして、これは印刷術が機会を与えた書店のために書くという他の職業よりも、確かにより名誉で、より有用で、一般的にはより利益のある職業である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is being mentioned or talked about	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	more|より|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	honourable|名誉な|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	general|一般的に|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	profitable|利益のある|adjective|yielding a financial gain	employment|職業|noun|the state of having paid work	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from one already mentioned or known about	writing|書く|noun|the activity or skill of writing	bookseller|書店|noun|a person who sells books	art|術|noun|a skill at doing something that you learn by training	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something
The time and study, the genius, knowledge, and application requisite to qualify an eminent teacher of the sciences, are at least equal to what is necessary for the greatest practitioners in law and physic.	科学の優れた教師になるために必要な時間と勉強、才能、知識、応用は、少なくとも法律や物理の最も優れた実践者に必要なものと同等である。	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	study|勉強|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	genius|才能|noun|exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, or skill that you get from experience or education	application|応用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	requisite|必要|adjective|required as a condition or necessary for success	qualify|資格を得る|verb|to be entitled to or worthy of	eminent|優れた|adjective|standing out so as to be readily seen or noticed	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	equal|同等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	practitioner|実践者|noun|a person actively engaged in an occupation or practice
But the usual reward of the eminent teacher bears no proportion to that of the lawyer or physician, because the trade of the one is crowded with indigent people, who have been brought up to it at the public expense;	しかし、優れた教師の通常の報酬は、弁護士や医師の報酬とは比べ物にならない。なぜなら、教師という職業は、公費で育てられた貧しい人々で溢れているからである。	eminent|優れた|adjective|of high rank, status, or quality	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	bear|比べ物にならない|verb|be able to carry or support	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is qualified to practice law	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	indigent|貧しい|adjective|lacking the necessities of life	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	public expense|公費|noun|money that is spent by the government
whereas those of the other two are encumbered with very few who have not been educated at their own.	一方、他の二つの職業は、自費で教育を受けていない人がほとんどいない。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	those|それら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	encumbered|いない|verb|be burdened with	very few|ほとんどいない|determiner|a small number of	who|人|pronoun|the person that	have not been educated|教育を受けていない|verb|have not received systematic instruction	at their own|自費で|adverb|using one's own money
The usual recompence, however, of public and private teachers, small as it may appear, would undoubtedly be less than it is, if the competition of those yet more indigent men of letters, who write for bread, was not taken out of the market.	しかし、公立私立の教師の通常の報酬は、見かけは小さいかもしれないが、もし、パンのために書く、さらに貧しい文人の競争が市場から取り除かれなかったら、間違いなくそれよりも少なかっただろう。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	public|公立|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	private|私立|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	yet|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	indigent|貧しい|adjective|lacking the necessities of life	letter|文人|noun|a person who is involved with literature or writing	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold
Before the invention of the art of printing, a scholar and a beggar seem to have been terms very nearly synonymous.	印刷術が発明される前は、学者と乞食はほとんど同義語だったようだ。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	invention|発明|noun|the creation of something that has never existed before	art|術|noun|a skill that is attained by study, practice, or observation	printing|印刷|noun|the process of reproducing words, images, or designs using ink	scholar|学者|noun|a person who has studied a subject for a long time and knows a lot about it	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking people for money or food
The different governors of the universities, before that time, appear to have often granted licences to their scholars to beg.	その頃までは、大学のさまざまな管理者は、学者に物乞いの許可を与えることが多かったようだ。	governor|管理者|noun|a person who is in charge of a state or a country	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	scholar|学者|noun|a person who has studied a subject for a long time and knows a lot about it	licence|許可|noun|a document that gives you official permission to do something	beg|物乞いをする|verb|ask for money or food from people in the street

In ancient times, before any charities of this kind had been established for the education of indigent people to the learned professions, the rewards of eminent teachers appear to have been much more considerable.	古代には、貧しい人々を学問の道に進ませるための慈善事業が確立されるまでは、優れた教師の報酬ははるかに高かったようだ。	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	before|以前|conjunction|earlier than the time that	charity|慈善事業|noun|an organization set up to provide help and raise money for those in need	indigent|貧しい|adjective|lacking the necessities of life	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	learned profession|学問の道|noun|a profession that requires a high level of education	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	eminent|優れた|adjective|of high rank or status	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
Isocrates, in what is called his discourse against the sophists, reproaches the teachers of his own times with inconsistency.	イソクラテスは、ソフィストに対する彼の談話と呼ばれる中で、彼自身の時代の教師たちを矛盾していると非難している。	Isocrates|イソクラテス|noun|an ancient Greek rhetorician	discourse|談話|noun|a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing	sophist|ソフィスト|noun|a person who reasons with clever but fallacious arguments	reproach|非難する|verb|express disapproval of or disappointment with	inconsistency|矛盾|noun|the quality of being inconsistent; lack of consistency
“They make the most magnificent promises to their scholars,” says he, “and undertake to teach them to be wise, to be happy, and to be just;	「彼らは生徒たちに最も壮大な約束をし、賢く、幸せに、そして公正になるように教えることを約束する」と彼は言う。	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	promise|約束|noun|a declaration or assurance that one will do a particular thing or that a particular thing will happen	scholar|生徒|noun|a person who studies at a university or other place of higher education	undertake|約束する|verb|to make oneself responsible for	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	wise|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	happy|幸せ|adjective|feeling or showing pleasure or contentment	just|公正|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair
and, in return for so important a service, they stipulate the paltry reward of four or five minae.”	そして、そのような重要な奉仕の見返りとして、彼らは4、5ミナというわずかな報酬を要求する。」	in return for|の見返りとして|preposition|in exchange for	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	stipulate|要求する|verb|demand or specify as a condition or requirement	paltry|わずかな|adjective|very small in amount or value	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement
“They who teach wisdom,” continues he, “ought certainly to be wise themselves;	「知恵を教える者は、確かに自分自身が賢くなければならない」と彼は続ける。	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	ought|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|should	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	themselves|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause
but if any man were to sell such a bargain for such a price, he would be convicted of the most evident folly.”	しかし、もし誰かがそのような取引をそのような価格で売るとしたら、彼は最も明白な愚行で有罪判決を受けるだろう。」	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	any|誰か|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	such|そのような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	be convicted of|有罪判決を受ける|verb|be found guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice
He certainly does not mean here to exaggerate the reward, and we may be assured that it was not less than he represents it.	彼は確かにここで報酬を誇張するつもりはない、そして我々はそれが彼がそれを表すよりも少なくなかったと確信できる。	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	mean|つもりはない|verb|intend	exaggerate|誇張する|verb|represent (something) as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	assure|確信できる|verb|make (someone) feel confident about something	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol or expression of
Four minae were equal to thirteen pounds six shillings and eightpence;	4ミナは13ポンド6シリング8ペンスに等しかった。	four|4|numeral|the number 4	minae|ミナ|noun|an ancient unit of weight and money	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	thirteen|13|numeral|the number 13	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	six|6|numeral|the number 6	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit	eightpence|8ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit
five minae to sixteen pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence.	5ミナは16ポンド13シリング4ペンスに等しかった。	five|5|numeral|the number 5	sixteen|16|numeral|the number 16	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	thirteen|13|numeral|the number 13	shilling|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	fourpence|4ペンス|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom
Something not less than the largest of those two sums, therefore, must at that time have been usually paid to the most eminent teachers at Athens.	したがって、この2つの金額のうち大きい方の金額以上のものが、当時アテネで最も著名な教師に支払われていたに違いない。	not less than|以上|adverb|as much or more than	large|大きい|adjective|of great size or extent	two|2|numeral|one more than one	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent or degree	eminent|著名な|adjective|famous and respected within a particular sphere	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
Isocrates himself demanded ten minae, or £ 33:6:8 from each scholar.	イソクラテス自身は、各生徒から10ミナ、つまり33ポンド6シリング8ペンスを要求した。	Isocrates|イソクラテス|noun|an ancient Greek rhetorician	ten|10|numeral|the number 10	minae|ミナ|noun|an ancient Greek unit of weight	33:6:8|33ポンド6シリング8ペンス|noun|a sum of money in British pounds, shillings, and pence	scholar|生徒|noun|a person who attends a school
When he taught at Athens, he is said to have had a hundred scholars.	彼がアテネで教えていたとき、彼には100人の生徒がいたと言われる。	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital and largest city of Greece	have|いた|verb|possess, own, or hold	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	scholar|生徒|noun|a specialist in a particular branch of study
I understand this to be the number whom he taught at one time, or who attended what we would call one course of lectures;	これは彼が一度に教えた人数、あるいは私たちが言うところの1コースの講義に出席した人数だと理解している。	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	number|人数|noun|a quantity of people	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	at one time|一度に|adverb|simultaneously	attend|出席する|verb|be present at (an event, meeting, or function)	lecture|講義|noun|an educational talk to an audience
a number which will not appear extraordinary from so great a city to so famous a teacher, who taught, too, what was at that time the most fashionable of all sciences, rhetoric.	当時あらゆる学問の中で最も流行していた修辞学を教えていた、それほど偉大な都市のそれほど有名な教師にとって、この数は異常なものではないだろう。	appear|思われる|verb|seem	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	time|当時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	fashionable|流行している|adjective|in or influenced by the latest style or trend	science|学問|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	rhetoric|修辞学|noun|the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing
He must have made, therefore, by each course of lectures, a thousand minae, or £ 3335:6:8.	したがって、彼は各講義コースで1000ミナ、つまり3335ポンド6シリング8ペンスを稼いだに違いない。	make|稼ぐ|verb|earn	course|コース|noun|a series of lectures or lessons	thousand|1000|noun|the number 1000	minae|ミナ|noun|an ancient unit of weight and money	3335:6:8|3335ポンド6シリング8ペンス|noun|a sum of money
A thousand minae, accordingly, is said by Plutarch, in another place, to have been his didactron, or usual price of teaching.	それに応じて、プルタルコスは別の場所で、1000ミナが彼のディダクトン、つまり通常の授業料だったと述べている。	a thousand|1000|noun|the number 1000	minae|ミナ|noun|an ancient unit of weight and money	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	Plutarch|プルタルコス|noun|a Greek historian and biographer	another place|別の場所|noun|a different location	didactron|ディダクトン|noun|a teaching aid	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or regularly	teaching|授業|noun|the occupation, profession, or work of a teacher
Many other eminent teachers in those times appear to have acquired great fortunes.	当時の他の多くの著名な教師も大きな富を獲得したようだ。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	eminent|著名な|adjective|well-known and respected	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	appear|ようだ|verb|seem to be	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property
Georgias made a present to the temple of Delphi of his own statue in solid gold.	ゴルギアスはデルポイの神殿に純金製の自分の像を贈った。	Georgias|ゴルギアス|noun|a Greek sophist and rhetorician	make a present|贈る|verb|give something as a gift	temple|神殿|noun|a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially in the Buddhist and Hindu religions, and in ancient Greek and Roman times	Delphi|デルポイ|noun|a town in ancient Greece	solid gold|純金|noun|gold with a high purity
We must not, I presume, suppose that it was as large as the life.	実物大だったとは思わない方がいいだろう。	as large as life|実物大|adjective|of the same size as the original	suppose|思う|verb|assume that something is true without having evidence to confirm it
His way of living, as well as that of Hippias and Protagoras, two other eminent teachers of those times, is represented by Plato as splendid, even to ostentation.	プラトンは、彼の生き方や、当時の他の2人の著名な教師であるヒッピアスとプロタゴラスの生き方を、華やかで、見栄を張っているとまで表現している。	way of living|生き方|noun|the way in which one lives	Hippias|ヒッピアス|noun|a Greek sophist and polymath	Protagoras|プロタゴラス|noun|a Greek philosopher and sophist	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician	splendid|華やか|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	ostentation|見栄|noun|the act of showing off
Plato himself is said to have lived with a good deal of magnificence.	プラトン自身もかなり豪華な生活をしていたと言われている。	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician	himself|自身|pronoun|the male person being discussed	live|生活する|verb|be alive	a good deal of|かなりの|noun|a large amount or extent of	magnificence|豪華|noun|the quality of being impressive or very good
Aristotle, after having been tutor to Alexander, and most munificently rewarded, as it is universally agreed, both by him and his father, Philip, thought it worth while, notwithstanding, to return to Athens, in order to resume the teaching of his school.	アリストテレスは、アレクサンダーの家庭教師を務め、彼とその父フィリップから最も気前よく報酬を与えられた後、それにもかかわらず、自分の学校の教育を再開するためにアテネに戻ることは価値があると考えた。	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece	Alexander|アレクサンダー|noun|a king of Macedon who conquered the Persian Empire and established a vast empire that stretched from the Mediterranean to India	tutor|家庭教師|noun|a private teacher	munificently|気前よく|adverb|in a very generous manner	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	universally|広く|adverb|by everyone; in every case	agree|認める|verb|have the same opinion about something	father|父|noun|a man who has a child	Philip|フィリップ|noun|a king of Macedon and father of Alexander the Great	worth|価値がある|adjective|meriting attention or effort	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital and largest city of Greece	resume|再開する|verb|begin again or continue after a pause or interruption	teaching|教育|noun|the action of teaching; education
Teachers of the sciences were probably in those times less common than they came to be in an age or two afterwards, when the competition had probably somewhat reduced both the price of their labour and the admiration for their persons.	科学の教師は、おそらく当時は、競争によって労働の価格と人に対する賞賛の両方が多少低下した後、1、2世代後ほど一般的ではなかった。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	those times|当時|noun|the period of time in the past	less common|一般的ではなかった|adjective|not occurring very often	come to be|～になる|verb|start to exist or happen	age|世代|noun|the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed	afterwards|後|adverb|later; subsequently	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	reduce|低下する|verb|make or become smaller or less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	admiration|賞賛|noun|respect and warm approval
The most eminent of them, however, appear always to have enjoyed a degree of consideration much superior to any of the like profession in the present times.	しかし、その中でも最も著名な人は、常に現代の同種の職業よりもはるかに優れた配慮を受けてきたように思われる。	eminent|著名な|adjective|well-known and respected	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	enjoy|受ける|verb|take delight or pleasure in	consideration|配慮|noun|thinking about the needs or feelings of someone else	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification
The Athenians sent Carneades the academic, and Diogenes the stoic, upon a solemn embassy to Rome;	アテネ人はアカデメイア派のカルネアデスとストア派のディオゲネスをローマへの厳粛な大使として派遣した。	Athenian|アテネ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Athens	Carneades|カルネアデス|noun|a Greek philosopher	Diogenes|ディオゲネス|noun|a Greek philosopher	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy
and though their city had then declined from its former grandeur, it was still an independent and considerable republic.	そして、彼らの都市は当時、かつての壮大さから衰退していたが、それでも独立したかなりの共和国だった。	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	decline|衰退する|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|splendor and impressiveness in appearance, style, or manner	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them

Carneades, too, was a Babylonian by birth;	カルネアデスもまた、生まれはバビロニア人だった。	Carneades|カルネアデス|noun|a Greek philosopher	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	Babylonian|バビロニア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Babylonia	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life
and as there never was a people more jealous of admitting foreigners to public offices than the Athenians, their consideration for him must have been very great.	そして、アテネ人ほど外国人を公職に就かせることに嫉妬深い国民はいなかったから、彼に対する彼らの配慮は非常に大きかったに違いない。	admit|就かせる|verb|allow to enter	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	public office|公職|noun|a position in government	jealous|嫉妬深い|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages	consideration|配慮|noun|thinking about the needs or feelings of someone else	great|大きかった|adjective|of major significance or importance

This inequality is, upon the whole, perhaps rather advantageous than hurtful to the public.	この不平等は、全体として、おそらく公衆にとって有害というよりはむしろ有利である。	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	upon the whole|全体として|adverb|in general; generally speaking	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
It may somewhat degrade the profession of a public teacher;	それは、公立学校教師の職業を多少低下させるかもしれない。	degrade|低下させる|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality of	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	public teacher|公立学校教師|noun|a teacher in a public school
but the cheapness of literary education is surely an advantage which greatly overbalances this trifling inconveniency.	しかし、文学教育の安さは、この些細な不便を大きく上回る利点であることは間違いない。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	literary education|文学教育|noun|education in literature	overbalance|上回る|verb|be greater in weight, value, or importance than	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient
The public, too, might derive still greater benefit from it, if the constitution of those schools and colleges, in which education is carried on, was more reasonable than it is at present through the greater part of Europe.	教育が行われている学校や大学の制度が、ヨーロッパの大部分で現在よりも合理的であれば、国民もまた、それからさらに大きな利益を得ることができるだろう。	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	constitution|制度|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

Thirdly, the policy of Europe, by obstructing the free circulation of labour and stock, both from employment to employment, and from place to place, occasions, in some cases, a very inconvenient inequality in the whole of the advantages and disadvantages of their different employments.	第三に、ヨーロッパの政策は、労働と資本の自由な循環を、職業から職業へ、場所から場所へと妨害することによって、場合によっては、異なる職業の利点と欠点の全体に非常に不便な不平等をもたらす。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the movement of people, goods, or money without restriction	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavourable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work

The statute of apprenticeship obstructs the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, even in the same place.	徒弟制度は、同じ場所であっても、ある職業から別の職業への労働の自由な循環を妨げる。	statute|制度|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the movement of something without restriction	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
The exclusive privileges of corporations obstruct it from one place to another, even in the same employment.	法人の独占的特権は、同じ職業であっても、ある場所から別の場所への労働の自由な循環を妨げる。	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is only available to one person or group	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	one place to another|ある場所から別の場所へ|noun phrase|from one location to another	same employment|同じ職業|noun phrase|the same job or profession

It frequently happens, that while high wages are given to the workmen in one manufacture, those in another are obliged to content themselves with bare subsistence.	ある製造業では労働者に高い賃金が支払われているのに、別の製造業では労働者が最低限の生活に満足せざるを得ないということはよくあることだ。	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as payment	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	bare|最低限の|adjective|with nothing added; basic	subsistence|生活|noun|the state or fact of existing or living
The one is in an advancing state, and has therefore a continual demand for new hands;	一方は発展途上にあり、そのため常に新しい労働者を必要としている。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	be in|にある|verb|be in a state or condition	advancing|発展途上|adjective|moving forward	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	continual|常に|adjective|never stopping or ending	demand|必要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, grown, or harvested	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular industry
the other is in a declining state, and the superabundance of hands is continually increasing.	他方は衰退途上にあり、労働者の過剰が絶えず増加している。	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	decline|衰退|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	superabundance|過剰|noun|an amount that is more than enough	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works with their hands	continually|絶えず|adverb|without stopping	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree
Those two manufactures may sometimes be in the same town, and sometimes in the same neighbourhood, without being able to lend the least assistance to one another.	これら二つの製造業は、時には同じ町に、時には同じ近隣に存在するが、互いに助け合うことはできない。	those two|これら二つの|determiner|the two that are being discussed	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to do something	lend|貸す|verb|give someone or something temporarily	least|わずかな|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
The statute of apprenticeship may oppose it in the one case, and both that and an exclusive corporation in the other.	徒弟制度の法令が一方ではそれを妨害し、他方では徒弟制度の法令と独占企業の両方がそれを妨害する。	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the state of being an apprentice	oppose|妨害する|verb|be against	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|not shared with others	corporation|企業|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law
In many different manufactures, however, the operations are so much alike, that the workmen could easily change trades with one another, if those absurd laws did not hinder them.	しかし、多くの異なる製造業では、作業が非常に似ているので、もしこれらの馬鹿げた法律が妨害しなければ、労働者は互いに簡単に職を変えることができる。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical nature	alike|似ている|adjective|having a likeness to each other	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	change|変える|verb|make or become different	trade|職|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	hinder|妨害する|verb|create difficulties for; be a hindrance to
The arts of weaving plain linen and plain silk, for example, are almost entirely the same.	例えば、無地のリネンと無地のシルクを織る技術は、ほとんど全く同じである。	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	weaving|織る|verb|make (fabric or a fabric item) by interlacing yarn or thread	plain|無地の|adjective|not decorated or elaborate	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	silk|シルク|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make cloth	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	entirely|全く|adverb|completely; wholly
That of weaving plain woollen is somewhat different;	無地のウールを織る技術は、多少異なる。	plain|無地の|adjective|not decorated or marked	woollen|ウール|noun|a fabric made from the hair of sheep	weaving|織る|verb|make (fabric or a fabric item) by interlacing yarn or thread	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other
but the difference is so insignificant, that either a linen or a silk weaver might become a tolerable workman in a very few days.	しかし、その違いは非常に小さいので、リネン織り職人でも絹織り職人でも、数日でかなりの職人になれる。	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	insignificant|小さい|adjective|unimportant	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms	weaver|織り職人|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	tolerable|かなりの|adjective|able to be endured	workman|職人|noun|a person who does skilled work with their hands
If any of those three capital manufactures, therefore, were decaying, the workmen might find a resource in one of the other two which was in a more prosperous condition;	したがって、これらの三つの主要な製造業のうちいずれかが衰退している場合、労働者はより繁栄している他の二つのいずれかに活路を見出すことができる。	any of|いずれか|determiner|one or some indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or more	those three|三つの|determiner|the three previously mentioned	capital|主要な|adjective|of the highest importance or significance	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	decaying|衰退している|verb|rot or decompose	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	resource|活路|noun|a source of supply or support	one|いずれか|determiner|the number 1	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one of two or more people or things	two|二つの|determiner|the number 2	prosperous|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing; thriving
and their wages would neither rise too high in the thriving, nor sink too low in the decaying manufacture.	そして、彼らの賃金は、繁栄している製造業では高くなりすぎず、衰退している製造業では低くなりすぎない。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	rise|上がる|verb|go up	high|高く|adverb|at or to a great height	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	sink|下がる|verb|go down	low|低く|adverb|at or to a small height	decaying|衰退している|adjective|rotting or decomposing
The linen manufacture, indeed, is in England, by a particular statute, open to every body;	実際、リネン製造業は、特別法によってイギリスでは誰にでも開放されている。	linen manufacture|リネン製造業|noun|the industry of making linen	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	particular statute|特別法|noun|a law that applies to a specific situation	open to|開放されている|verb|be accessible to
but as it is not much cultivated through the greater part of the country, it can afford no general resource to the work men of other decaying manufactures, who, wherever the statute of apprenticeship takes place, have no other choice, but either to come upon the parish, or to work as common labourers;	しかし、それは国の大部分であまり栽培されていないので、他の衰退している製造業の労働者に一般的な資源を提供することはできない。彼らは、徒弟制度が実施されている場所では、教区に頼るか、一般労働者として働く以外に選択肢がない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cultivate|栽培する|verb|grow plants	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	decay|衰退する|verb|rot or decompose	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	statute|制度|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	take place|実施される|verb|happen	choice|選択肢|noun|an option	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works
for which, by their habits, they are much worse qualified than for any sort of manufacture that bears any resemblance to their own.	彼らの習慣から、彼らは自分の業種に似たどんな製造業よりも、一般労働者として働くにはるかに適していない。	for which|そのため|conjunction|for the reason that	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	much worse|はるかに適していない|adjective|to a much greater extent or degree	qualified|適している|adjective|officially recognized as having the necessary skill or knowledge to do a particular job	sort|業種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	general labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work
They generally, therefore, chuse to come upon the parish.	そのため、彼らは一般的に教区に頼ることを選択する。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	come upon|頼る|verb|to rely on	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county

Whatever obstructs the free circulation of labour from one employment to another, obstructs that of stock likewise;	労働の自由な循環を妨げるものは、それがどのようなものであれ、資本の自由な循環も妨げる。	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the unimpeded flow of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition
the quantity of stock which can be employed in any branch of business depending very much upon that of the labour which can be employed in it.	どんな業種に投入できる資本の量も、その業種に投入できる労働の量に大きく依存している。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Corporation laws, however, give less obstruction to the free circulation of stock from one place to another, than to that of labour.	しかし、法人法は、労働の自由な循環よりも、資本の自由な循環を妨げる度合いが小さい。	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	obstruction|妨害|noun|something that blocks or stops something else	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the movement of something without restriction	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	one place to another|ある場所から別の場所へ|noun phrase|from one location to another	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It is everywhere much easier for a wealthy merchant to obtain the privilege of trading in a town-corporate, than for a poor artificer to obtain that of working in it.	どこでも、裕福な商人が都市法人で取引する特権を得るのは、貧しい職人がそこで働く特権を得るよりもはるかに簡単である。	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	town-corporate|都市法人|noun|a town that is incorporated	poor|貧しい|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman who makes things by hand	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result

The obstruction which corporation laws give to the free circulation of labour is common, I believe, to every part of Europe.	法人法が労働の自由な循環を妨げているのは、ヨーロッパのどこでも共通していることだと私は思う。	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	obstruction|妨害|noun|something that blocks or stops something	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the ability to move around freely	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
That which is given to it by the poor laws is, so far as I know, peculiar to England.	私の知る限り、救貧法が労働の自由な循環を妨げているのは、イギリス特有のことだ。	poor law|救貧法|noun|a law that provides for the relief of the poor	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing
It consists in the difficulty which a poor man finds in obtaining a settlement, or even in being allowed to exercise his industry in any parish but that to which he belongs.	それは、貧しい人が定住を得ること、あるいは自分が属する教区以外の教区で働くことを許されることの困難さにある。	consist in|にある|verb|be composed of	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	even|あるいは|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	be allowed to|許される|verb|be given permission to do something	exercise|働く|verb|use or apply	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
It is the labour of artificers and manufacturers only of which the free circulation is obstructed by corporation laws.	法人法によって自由な循環が妨げられている労働は、職人や製造業者の労働だけである。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the ability to move around freely	obstruct|妨げる|verb|to block or get in the way of	corporation law|法人法|noun|the body of law that deals with corporations
The difficulty of obtaining settlements obstructs even that of common labour.	定住を得ることの困難さは、一般労働者の労働の自由な循環さえも妨げている。	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by two or more people	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It may be worth while to give some account of the rise, progress, and present state of this disorder, the greatest, perhaps, of any in the police of England.	おそらくイギリスの警察制度における最大の混乱であるこの混乱の発生、進行、現状について、少し説明する価値があるかもしれない。	rise|発生|noun|the action of moving upwards	progress|進行|noun|the process of improving or developing	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe

When, by the destruction of monasteries, the poor had been deprived of the charity of those religious houses, after some other ineffectual attempts for their relief, it was enacted, by the 43d of Elizabeth, c. 2. that every parish should be bound to provide for its own poor, and that overseers of the poor should be annually appointed, who, with the church-wardens, should raise, by a parish rate, competent sums for this purpose.	修道院の破壊によって、貧しい人々がこれらの宗教施設の慈善を奪われたとき、彼らの救済のための他のいくつかの無駄な試みの後、エリザベス43年、第2章によって、すべての教区が自らの貧しい人々を養う義務を負うこと、貧しい人々の監督官が毎年任命され、教区の税率で、教会の管理者と共に、この目的のために十分な金額を集めることが制定された。	monastery|修道院|noun|a building where monks live	destruction|破壊|noun|the action of destroying something	poor|貧しい人々|noun|people who have little money	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	religious house|宗教施設|noun|a building used for religious purposes	relief|救済|noun|the alleviation of poverty, suffering, or distress through material or financial assistance	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Elizabeth I, Queen of England from 1558 to 1603	parish|教区|noun|an area having its own church and clergy	provide for|養う|verb|support financially	overseer|監督官|noun|a person who supervises others, especially workers	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	appoint|任命する|verb|assign a job or role to (someone)	church-warden|教会の管理者|noun|a lay official who helps the parish priest in the administration of a parish	raise|集める|verb|collect or receive (money)	parish rate|教区の税率|noun|the amount of tax paid by residents of a parish	competent sum|十分な金額|noun|an amount of money that is enough for a particular purpose	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something

By this statute, the necessity of providing for their own poor was indispensably imposed upon every parish.	この法律によって、すべての教区に自らの貧しい人々を養う必要性が不可欠に課せられた。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	provide|養う|verb|supply or make available	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or wealth	indispensably|不可欠に|adverb|in a way that is absolutely necessary	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
Who were to be considered as the poor of each parish became, therefore, a question of some importance.	そのため、誰が各教区の貧しい人々と考えられるかが、ある程度重要な問題となった。	be considered|考えられる|verb|to be regarded as or deemed to be	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	become|なる|verb|to come to be	question|問題|noun|a matter requiring resolution or discussion	some|ある程度|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important
This question, after some variation, was at last determined by the 13th and 14th of Charles II.	この問題は、いくつかの変遷を経て、ついにチャールズ二世の13年と14年によって決定された。	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	variation|変遷|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	13th|13年|noun|the ordinal number of thirteen	14th|14年|noun|the ordinal number of fourteen
when it was enacted, that forty days undisturbed residence should gain any person a settlement in any parish;	それが制定されたとき、40日間の妨害されない居住は、どんな教区でも居住権を得ることができる。	when|制定されたとき|conjunction|at or during the time that	enact|制定される|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	forty days|40日間|noun|a period of time lasting for forty days	undisturbed|妨害されない|adjective|not interrupted or interfered with	residence|居住|noun|the place where one lives	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	any person|どんな人でも|noun|a person of any type	settlement|居住権|noun|the action of settling	any parish|どんな教区でも|noun|a division of a diocese
but that within that time it should be lawful for two justices of the peace, upon complaint made by the church-wardens or overseers of the poor, to remove any new inhabitant to the parish where he was last legally settled;	しかし、その期間内に、教会の教区委員や貧困者の監督官からの苦情により、治安判事2名が、新住民を最後に合法的に定住した教区に移送することが合法となる。	within that time|その期間内に|adverb|before the end of that time	two justices of the peace|治安判事2名|noun|a magistrate appointed to keep the peace	upon complaint|苦情により|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	church-wardens|教会の教区委員|noun|a lay official who helps the parish priest	overseers of the poor|貧困者の監督官|noun|a person who supervises a group of workers	remove|移送する|verb|take away from a place	new inhabitant|新住民|noun|a person who has recently moved to a place	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	legally settled|合法的に定住した|verb|to establish oneself in a place
unless he either rented a tenement of ten pounds a-year, or could give such security for the discharge of the parish where he was then living, as those justices should judge sufficient.	ただし、彼が年間10ポンドの賃貸住宅を借りるか、またはその治安判事が十分であると判断する程度に、彼が当時住んでいた教区の解雇に対してそのような保証を与えることができた場合を除く。	unless|ただし|conjunction|except if; but if	rent|借りる|verb|pay money for the temporary use of something	tenement|賃貸住宅|noun|a building divided into several apartments	ten pounds|10ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	a-year|年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	security|保証|noun|something that gives or assures safety	discharge|解雇|noun|the act of firing someone from a job	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required

Some frauds, it is said, were committed in consequence of this statute;	この法律の結果、いくつかの詐欺が行われたとされている。	some|いくつかの|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	fraud|詐欺|noun|a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body
parish officers sometimes bribing their own poor to go clandestinely to another parish, and, by keeping themselves concealed for forty days, to gain a settlement there, to the discharge of that to which they properly belonged.	教区の役人が、自分の教区の貧しい人々に賄賂を渡して、密かに別の教区に行き、40日間身を隠して、そこに定住して、本来所属していた教区から追い出そうとすることもあった。	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	bribe|賄賂|noun|a sum of money or other valuables given or promised to a person in a position of trust to influence that person's behavior	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or income	go|行く|verb|move or travel from one place to another	clandestinely|密かに|adverb|done secretly or without the knowledge of others	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have or do something	concealed|隠す|verb|not allow or intended to be seen	forty|40|adjective|the number 40	day|日|noun|a period of time from one sunrise to the next	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	discharge|追い出す|verb|release or dismiss someone from a position or office	properly|本来|adverb|in a correct or appropriate manner
It was enacted, therefore, by the 1st of James II. that the forty days undisturbed residence of any person necessary to gain a settlement, should be accounted only from the time of his delivering notice, in writing, of the place of his abode and the number of his family, to one of the church-wardens or overseers of the parish where he came to dwell.	そのため、ジェームズ2世の1年目に、定住を得るために必要な40日間の滞在は、住居の場所と家族の人数を、住むことになった教区の教区委員または監督官の1人に書面で通知した時からのみ計算されるべきであると制定された。	It was enacted|制定された|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	James II|ジェームズ2世|noun|King of England and Ireland and Scotland from 1685 to 1688	forty days|40日間|noun|a period of time	undisturbed|滞在|adjective|not interrupted or interfered with	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	should be accounted|計算されるべきである|verb|be regarded or reckoned	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	delivering|通知|verb|give or send out formally	notice|通知|noun|information or warning that something is going to happen or has happened	writing|書面|noun|the activity or skill of writing	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	abode|住居|noun|a place where one lives	number|人数|noun|a quantity representing the count of objects	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	one|1人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	church-wardens|教区委員|noun|a lay official who helps the parish priest in the administration of a parish	overseers|監督官|noun|a person who supervises others, especially workers	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	dwell|住む|verb|live in or at a place

But parish officers, it seems, were not always more honest with regard to their own than they had been with regard to other parishes, and sometimes connived at such intrusions, receiving the notice, and taking no proper steps in consequence of it.	しかし、教区の役人は、他の教区に関してよりも自分たちの教区に関して常に正直であったわけではなく、時にはそのような侵入を黙認し、通知を受け取っていても、その結果として適切な措置をとらなかった。	parish|教区|noun|a small administrative division of a county	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	honest|正直|adjective|truthful and sincere	regard|に関して|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	connive|黙認する|verb|to secretly allow or encourage something that is illegal or immoral	intrusion|侵入|noun|the act of entering a place or situation without being invited or wanted	notice|通知|noun|a formal statement that gives information or instructions	take|とる|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	step|措置|noun|an action or measure taken to achieve a particular end
As every person in a parish, therefore, was supposed to have an interest to prevent as much as possible their being burdened by such intruders, it was further enacted by the 3rd of William III. that the forty days residence should be accounted only from the publication of such notice in writing on Sunday in the church, immediately after divine service.	そのため、教区のすべての人が、そのような侵入者によってできるだけ負担をかけられないようにすることに関心があると考えられたため、ウィリアム3世の3年目に、40日間の滞在は、日曜日の礼拝の直後に教会で書面による通知を公開したときからのみ計算されるべきであるとさらに制定された。	parish|教区|noun|a small administrative district typically having its own church and a priest or pastor	every person|すべての人|noun|each person	have an interest|関心がある|verb|be interested in	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	as much as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	be burdened by|負担をかける|verb|be a heavy load for	intruder|侵入者|noun|someone who enters a place or situation without permission or welcome	be enacted|制定される|verb|be made into law	William III|ウィリアム3世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	forty days|40日間|noun|a period of time lasting forty days	residence|滞在|noun|the place where one lives	be accounted|計算される|verb|be counted	only from|のみから|adverb|from no other source than	the publication of|の公開|noun|the act of making something public	such notice|そのような通知|noun|a notification of something	in writing|書面による|adjective|in written form	on Sunday|日曜日に|noun|the first day of the week	in the church|教会で|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	immediately after|の直後に|adverb|right after	divine service|礼拝|noun|a religious ceremony typically including hymns, prayers, and a sermon

“After all,” says Doctor Burn, “this kind of settlement, by continuing forty days after publication of notice in writing, is very seldom obtained;	「結局のところ、」バーン博士は言う、「書面による通知の公開後40日間継続することによって、この種の定住はめったに得られない。	after all|結局のところ|adverb|in spite of everything	says|言う|verb|express (something) in words	Doctor Burn|バーン博士|noun|a doctor named Burn	this kind of|この種の|determiner|of this type	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	by continuing|継続することによって|verb|keep doing something	forty days|40日間|noun|a period of forty days	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	publication|公開|noun|the action of making something public	notice|通知|noun|a formal statement that something is going to happen or has happened	in writing|書面で|adverb|in written form	is very seldom obtained|めったに得られない|verb|be not often obtained
and the design of the acts is not so much for gaining of settlements, as for the avoiding of them by persons coming into a parish clandestinely, for the giving of notice is only putting a force upon the parish to remove.	そして、この法律の目的は、定住を得ることではなく、密かに教区に入ってくる人々が定住を避けることにある。なぜなら、通知を与えることは、教区に強制的に退去させるだけだからである。	design|目的|noun|a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	clandestinely|密かに|adverb|done secretly or without the knowledge of others	notice|通知|noun|information or warning that something is going to happen or has happened	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	force|強制|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	remove|退去|verb|take away or off
But if a person’s situation is such, that it is doubtful whether he is actually removable or not, he shall, by giving of notice, compel the parish either to allow him a settlement uncontested, by suffering him to continue forty days, or by removing him to try the right.”	しかし、ある人の状況が、実際に退去させられるかどうか疑わしい場合、その人は通知を与えることで、教区に40日間滞在させることで争うことなく定住を許可するか、権利を試すために退去させることを強制する。」	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|not certain or definite	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	removable|退去させられる|adjective|able to be removed	notice|通知|noun|information or warning that something is going to happen or has happened	compel|強制する|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	uncontested|争うことなく|adjective|not contested or disputed	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	forty days|40日間|noun|a period of time	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

This statute, therefore, rendered it almost impracticable for a poor man to gain a new settlement in the old way, by forty days inhabitancy.	したがって、この法律は、貧しい人が40日間の居住によって、古い方法で新しい定住を得ることをほとんど不可能にした。	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	impracticable|不可能|adjective|not feasible	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	forty days|40日間|noun|a period of time lasting for forty days	inhabitancy|居住|noun|the state of living in a place
But that it might not appear to preclude altogether the common people of one parish from ever establishing themselves with security in another, it appointed four other ways by which a settlement might be gained without any notice delivered or published.	しかし、ある教区の一般の人々が別の教区で安心して定住することを完全に排除しているようにみえないように、通知を送達したり公開したりすることなく定住を得ることができる4つの方法を定めた。	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	security|安心|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	establish|定住する|verb|to settle in a place	appear|みえる|verb|to seem or look like	preclude|排除する|verb|to prevent from happening	notice|通知|noun|a formal statement that something is going to happen or has happened	deliver|送達する|verb|to take or send something to a person or place	publish|公開する|verb|to make something known to the public	appoint|定める|verb|to decide on or fix officially	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	gain|得る|verb|to obtain or receive something
The first was, by being taxed to parish rates and paying them;	1つ目は、教区税を課せられてそれを支払うことである。	first|1つ目|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	be taxed|課せられる|verb|be required to pay a tax	parish rate|教区税|noun|a tax levied on the inhabitants of a parish	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due
the second, by being elected into an annual parish office, and serving in it a year;	2つ目は、年次教区役員に選出されて、1年間勤めることである。	second|2つ目|adjective|coming after the first in position	annual|年次|adjective|happening or done once a year	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	office|役員|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	serve|勤める|verb|work for	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
the third, by serving an apprenticeship in the parish;	3つ目は、教区で徒弟奉公をすることである。	third|3つ目|noun|the ordinal number of three	serve|奉公する|verb|work as a servant	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese
the fourth, by being hired into service there for a year, and continuing in the same service during the whole of it.	4つ目は、そこで1年間雇用されて、その期間ずっと同じ仕事に従事することである。	fourth|4つ目|noun|the number 4 in a series	be hired|雇用される|verb|be given a job	service|仕事|noun|a job in which you perform work for others	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	continue|従事する|verb|persist in an activity or process
Nobody can gain a settlement by either of the two first ways, but by the public deed of the whole parish, who are too well aware of the consequences to adopt any new-comer, who has nothing but his labour to support him, either by taxing him to parish rates, or by electing him into a parish office.	最初の二つの方法のいずれかによって定住権を得ることはできないが、教区全体の公的な行為によってのみ可能である。教区全体は、教区税を課したり、教区役員に選出したりすることで、労働力以外に何も持たない新参者を受け入れることの結果をよく理解している。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	deed|行為|noun|something that is done	newcomer|新参者|noun|a person who has recently arrived	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	office|役員|noun|a position of authority or responsibility

No married man can well gain any settlement in either of the two last ways.	既婚者は、最後の二つの方法のいずれによっても定住権を得ることはできない。	married|既婚者|adjective|being in a state of marriage	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	either|いずれ|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final
An apprentice is scarce ever married;	徒弟はほとんど結婚していない。	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	scarce|ほとんど|adverb|not enough; barely
and it is expressly enacted, that no married servant shall gain any settlement by being hired for a year.	そして、既婚の使用人は1年間雇用されても定住権を得ることはできないと明確に定められている。	married|既婚の|adjective|in a state of marriage	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
The principal effect of introducing settlement by service, has been to put out in a great measure the old fashion of hiring for a year;	奉公による定住権の導入の主な効果は、1年間の雇用という古い慣習を大いに廃止したことである。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	service|奉公|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	put out|廃止する|verb|extinguish or cause to stop burning	measure|大いに|noun|a step taken for a particular purpose	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	fashion|慣習|noun|a popular trend	hiring|雇用|noun|the action of employing someone	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
which before had been so customary in England, that even at this day, if no particular term is agreed upon, the law intends that every servant is hired for a year.	以前はイギリスではそれがとても慣習的だったので、今日でさえ、特別な期間が合意されていない場合、法律はすべての使用人が1年間雇用されることを意図している。	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	customary|慣習的|adjective|based on or established by custom	this day|今日|noun|the present day	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	term|期間|noun|a period of time	agree|合意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	hire|雇用する|verb|employ for wages	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
But masters are not always willing to give their servants a settlement by hiring them in this manner;	しかし、主人はいつも使用人をこの方法で雇用して定住権を与えようとはしない。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	hire|雇用|verb|employ for wages	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
and servants are not always willing to be so hired, because, as every last settlement discharges all the foregoing, they might thereby lose their original settlement in the places of their nativity, the habitation of their parents and relations.	そして使用人もいつもそう雇用されることを望んではいない。なぜなら、すべての最後の定住権がすべての前述のものを無効にするので、それによって彼らは出生地、両親や親戚の住居での元の定住権を失うかもしれないからである。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	willing|望む|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	hire|雇用|verb|employ for wages	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	discharge|無効にする|verb|release, dismiss, or relieve from a duty, obligation, or responsibility	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning; earliest	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	nativity|出生地|noun|the place where someone is born	habitation|住居|noun|the place where one lives	parent|両親|noun|a father or mother	relation|親戚|noun|a relative

No independent workman, it is evident, whether labourer or artificer, is likely to gain any new settlement, either by apprenticeship or by service.	労働者であれ職人であれ、独立した労働者は徒弟奉公や奉公によって新たな定住権を得る可能性は低い。	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of an apprentice	service|奉公|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
When such a person, therefore, carried his industry to a new parish, he was liable to be removed, how healthy and industrious soever, at the caprice of any churchwarden or overseer, unless he either rented a tenement of ten pounds a-year, a thing impossible for one who has nothing but his labour to live by, or could give such security for the discharge of the parish as two justices of the peace should judge sufficient.	したがって、そのような人が新しい教区に移住したとき、彼がどれほど健康で勤勉であっても、教区委員や監督の気まぐれで追い出される可能性があった。彼が年間10ポンドの賃貸住宅を借りるか、労働以外に何も持たない人には不可能なことだが、教区の解雇に対して治安判事2人が十分と判断するだけの保証を与えることができれば別だが。	carry|移住する|verb|take or bring from one place to another	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	liable|可能性がある|adjective|likely to do or have something	remove|追い出す|verb|take away or move from a place	healthy|健康|adjective|in a good physical or mental condition	industrious|勤勉|adjective|hard-working	caprice|気まぐれ|noun|a sudden and unaccountable change of mood or behavior	churchwarden|教区委員|noun|an elected lay representative of a parish	overseer|監督|noun|a person who supervises others, especially workers	rent|借りる|verb|pay someone for the use of something	tenement|賃貸住宅|noun|a room or set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	live|生きる|verb|be alive	discharge|解雇|noun|the action of firing someone from a job	justice|判事|noun|a judge or magistrate	peace|治安|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about something

What security they shall require, indeed, is left altogether to their discretion;	実際、彼らがどのような保証を要求するかは、彼らの裁量に任されている。	security|保証|noun|something that gives or assures safety	require|要求する|verb|ask for something to be given or done	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation
but they cannot well require less than thirty pounds, it having been enacted, that the purchase even of a freehold estate of less than thirty pounds value, shall not gain any person a settlement, as not being sufficient for the discharge of the parish.	しかし、30ポンド未満の要求はできない。30ポンド未満の価値の自由保有地の購入でさえ、教区の解雇には十分でないため、誰も定住権を得ることができないと制定されているからである。	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	thirty pounds|30ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	enacted|制定されている|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	freehold estate|自由保有地|noun|an estate in land held in fee simple	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	thirty pounds|30ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure (something)	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England
But this is a security which scarce any man who lives by labour can give;	しかし、これは労働で生計を立てている人にはほとんどできない保証である。	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	live|生計を立てる|verb|be alive; have life	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and much greater security is frequently demanded.	そして、もっと大きな保証がしばしば要求される。	much greater|もっと大きな|adjective|a lot more	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times

In order to restore, in some measure, that free circulation of labour which those different statutes had almost entirely taken away, the invention of certificates was fallen upon.	これらのさまざまな法令によってほとんど完全に奪われた労働の自由な流通を、ある程度回復させるために、証明書の発明が行われた。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	restore|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former condition	in some measure|ある程度|adverb|to some extent	free circulation|自由な流通|noun|the movement of goods or people without restriction	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	almost entirely|ほとんど完全に|adverb|nearly completely	take away|奪う|verb|remove or steal something from a person or place	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process	fall upon|行う|verb|happen to or attack someone or something
By the 8th and 9th of William III. it was enacted that if any person should bring a certificate from the parish where he was last legally settled, subscribed by the church-wardens and overseers of the poor, and allowed by two justices of the peace, that every other parish should be obliged to receive him;	ウィリアム三世の八年目と九年目に、もし誰かが最後に合法的に定住した教区から、教会の教区委員と貧民監督官が署名し、治安判事二人が認めた証明書を持ってくれば、他のどの教区もその者を受け入れる義務があると制定された。	By the 8th and 9th of William III|ウィリアム三世の八年目と九年目に|noun phrase|in the eighth and ninth years of the reign of William III	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	if any person should bring a certificate|もし誰かが証明書を持ってくれば|noun phrase|if a person brings a certificate	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	where he was last legally settled|最後に合法的に定住した|noun phrase|where he last legally settled	subscribed by the church-wardens and overseers of the poor|教会の教区委員と貧民監督官が署名し|noun phrase|signed by the church-wardens and overseers of the poor	allowed by two justices of the peace|治安判事二人が認めた|noun phrase|allowed by two justices of the peace	that every other parish should be obliged to receive him|他のどの教区もその者を受け入れる義務があると|noun phrase|that every other parish is obliged to receive him
that he should not be removable merely upon account of his being likely to become chargeable, but only upon his becoming actually chargeable;	その者は、単に扶養される可能性があるという理由で追い出されるのではなく、実際に扶養されるようになった場合にのみ追い出される。	be removable|追い出される|verb|be able to be taken away	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	upon|理由で|preposition|on; on top of	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	being likely to|可能性がある|verb|be probable or possible	become|なる|verb|start to be	chargeable|扶養される|adjective|able to be charged	only|のみ|adverb|merely; simply	upon|場合に|preposition|on; on top of	becoming|なる|verb|start to be	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really
and that then the parish which granted the certificate should be obliged to pay the expense both of his maintenance and of his removal.	そして、その場合には、証明書を発行した教区は、その者の維持費と移転費の両方を支払う義務を負う。	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that attests to the truth of certain facts	grant|発行する|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something	removal|移転費|noun|the act of moving something from one place to another
And in order to give the most perfect security to the parish where such certificated man should come to reside, it was further enacted by the same statute, that he should gain no settlement there by any means whatever, except either by renting a tenement of ten pounds a-year, or by serving upon his own account in an annual parish office for one whole year;	そして、そのような証明書を所持した者が住むことになる教区に最も完全な保障を与えるために、同じ法令によって、その者は、年間十ポンドの賃貸住宅を借りるか、または一年間の教区役場で自費で奉仕するかを除いて、いかなる手段によってもそこに定住してはならないとさらに制定された。	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	whatever|いかなる|adjective|no matter what	rent|借りる|verb|pay someone for the use of something	tenement|賃貸住宅|noun|a rented apartment in a large building	serve|奉仕する|verb|work as a servant	annual|一年間の|adjective|happening once a year	office|役場|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks
and consequently neither by notice nor by service, nor by apprenticeship, nor by paying parish rates.	したがって、通知によっても、奉仕によっても、徒弟奉公によっても、教区税を支払うことによっても定住してはならない。	notice|通知|noun|a formal statement that something is going to happen or has happened	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of being an apprentice	parish rate|教区税|noun|a tax levied on the inhabitants of a parish
By the 12th of Queen Anne, too, stat.	アン女王の十二年法によっても、	Queen Anne|アン女王|noun|the last of the Stuart monarchs	12th|十二年|noun|the twelfth year of a monarch's reign	stat|法|noun|a law passed by a legislative body
1, c.18, it was further enacted, that neither the servants nor apprentices of such certificated man should gain any settlement in the parish where he resided under such certificate.	第一条第十八章によって、そのような証明書を所持した者の召使も徒弟も、その者がそのような証明書のもとで住んでいる教区に定住してはならないとさらに制定された。	1|第一条|noun|the first article	c.18|第十八章|noun|the eighteenth chapter	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	certificate|証明書|noun|a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts	reside|住む|verb|dwell permanently or for a considerable time	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling

How far this invention has restored that free circulation of labour, which the preceding statutes had almost entirely taken away, we may learn from the following very judicious observation of Doctor Burn.	この発明が、先行する法令がほとんど完全に奪い去った労働の自由な循環をどれほど回復させたかは、バーン博士の以下の非常に賢明な観察から学ぶことができる。	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	restore|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former or original state	free circulation|自由な循環|noun|the ability to move around freely	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	preceding|先行する|adjective|coming before in time or order	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	almost entirely|ほとんど完全に|adverb|to a great extent; very nearly	take away|奪い去る|verb|remove or carry away	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	following|以下の|adjective|coming after in time or order	very|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very nearly	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	Doctor Burn|バーン博士|noun|a doctor named Burn
“It is obvious,” says he, “that there are divers good reasons for requiring certificates with persons coming to settle in any place;	「明らかに、」と彼は言う、「どこかに定住しようとする人々に証明書を要求する正当な理由はいろいろある。	it is obvious|明らかに|phrase|it is clear	says|言う|verb|express (something) in words	there are|ある|verb|exist	divers|いろいろな|adjective|several; many	good|正当な|adjective|having the qualities required for a particular role	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	requiring|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	certificate|証明書|noun|a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts	person|人々|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	coming|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a permanent place	anywhere|どこか|adverb|in or to any place
namely, that persons residing under them can gain no settlement, neither by apprenticeship, nor by service, nor by giving notice, nor by paying parish rates;	すなわち、そのもとに住む人々は、徒弟奉公によっても、奉公によっても、通知によっても、教区税を支払うことによっても、定住権を得ることができない。	namely|すなわち|adverb|that is to say; in other words	person|人々|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	under|もとに|preposition|below or beneath	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	settlement|定住権|noun|the action of settling	apprenticeship|徒弟奉公|noun|the position of being an apprentice	service|奉公|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	notice|通知|noun|information or warning that something is going to happen or has happened	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England
that they can settle neither apprentices nor servants;	彼らは徒弟も召使も定住させることができない。	settle|定住させる|verb|establish in a permanent or fixed place	apprentice|徒弟|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties
that if they become chargeable, it is certainly known whither to remove them, and the parish shall be paid for the removal, and for their maintenance in the mean time;	彼らが扶養の対象となった場合、どこに移送すればよいか確実にわかるし、教区は移送費用とその間の扶養費を支払われる。	become chargeable|扶養の対象となる|verb|become a financial burden	certainly|確実に|adverb|without doubt	know|わかる|verb|be aware of	remove|移送する|verb|take away	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money	removal|移送|noun|the action of taking away	maintenance|扶養|noun|the action of providing financial support
and that, if they fall sick, and cannot be removed, the parish which gave the certificate must maintain them;	そして、彼らが病気になって移送できない場合、証明書を発行した教区が彼らを扶養しなければならない。	fall sick|病気になる|verb|become ill	be removed|移送される|verb|be taken away	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that gives proof of something	maintain|扶養する|verb|provide with the necessities of life
none of all which can be without a certificate.	これらはすべて証明書なしにはできない。	none of|どれも～ない|determiner|not one of	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that gives proof of something
Which reasons will hold proportionably for parishes not granting certificates in ordinary cases;	これらの理由は、通常の場合には証明書を発行しない教区にも相応に当てはまる。	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	hold|当てはまる|verb|be true or valid	proportionably|相応に|adverb|in a way that is appropriate or suitable	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	grant|発行する|verb|officially give or allow something
for it is far more than an equal chance, but that they will have the certificated persons again, and in a worse condition.”	なぜなら、彼らが証明書を発行した人々を再び、しかもより悪い状態で受け入れる可能性は、五分五分どころではないからである。」	far more than|五分五分どころではない|adverb|much more than	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	chance|可能性|noun|the possibility of something happening	certificated|証明書を発行した|adjective|having a certificate	person|人々|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	worse|より悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard
The moral of this observation seems to be, that certificates ought always to be required by the parish where any poor man comes to reside, and that they ought very seldom to be granted by that which he purposes to leave.	この観察から得られる教訓は、貧民が移住してくる教区は常に証明書を要求すべきであり、貧民が去ろうとする教区はめったに証明書を発行すべきではないということである。	moral|教訓|noun|a lesson that can be derived from a story or event	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that formally states a fact	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	grant|発行する|verb|give or allow something to someone
Though a certificate carries along with it no testimonial of good behaviour, and certifies nothing but that the person belongs to the parish to which he really does belong, it is altogether discretionary in the parish officers either to grant or to refuse it.	証明書には善行の証明書は添付されておらず、その人が実際に所属している教区に所属していることを証明するだけだが、教区役人がそれを発行するか拒否するかは全く自由裁量である。	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that officially confirms a fact	carry along|添付する|verb|to take or bring something with you	testimonial|証明書|noun|a formal statement testifying to someone's character, conduct, or qualifications	good behaviour|善行|noun|behaviour that is considered morally right or acceptable	belong|所属する|verb|to be a member of a group or organization	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	grant|発行する|verb|to give or allow something	refuse|拒否する|verb|to say or show that you will not do or accept something
A mandamus was once moved for, says Doctor Burn, to compel the church-wardens and overseers to sign a certificate;	バーン博士によれば、教区委員と監督官に証明書に署名するよう強制するために、かつてマンダマスが動かされたことがある。	mandamus|マンダマス|noun|a judicial writ issued as a command to an inferior court or ordering a person to perform a public or statutory duty	once|かつて|adverb|at some earlier time	move|動かす|verb|change the location of	Doctor Burn|バーン博士|noun|a doctor named Burn	church-warden|教区委員|noun|a lay official who helps the parish priest in the administration of a parish	overseer|監督官|noun|a person who supervises others	sign|署名する|verb|write one's name on	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that attests to the truth of something
but the Court of King’s Bench rejected the motion as a very strange attempt.	しかし、王座裁判所は、この申し立てを非常に奇妙な試みとして却下した。	Court of King's Bench|王座裁判所|noun|the supreme court of common law in England and Wales	reject|却下する|verb|refuse to accept, consider, or use	motion|申し立て|noun|a formal proposal for a discussion or vote on a particular issue	strange|奇妙な|adjective|unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to do something

The very unequal price of labour which we frequently find in England, in places at no great distance from one another, is probably owing to the obstruction which the law of settlements gives to a poor man who would carry his industry from one parish to another without a certificate.	イギリスでは、互いにそれほど離れていない場所で労働価格が非常に不平等になっているのは、おそらく、定住法が証明書なしに労働力を一つの教区から別の教区に移そうとする貧しい人々に与える障害のためであろう。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	unequal|不平等な|adjective|not equal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	owing to|～のため|preposition|because of	obstruction|障害|noun|something that blocks or stops something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country	settlement|定住|noun|the act of settling	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	carry|移す|verb|take or bring from one place to another	industry|労働力|noun|all the businesses that produce goods or services in a particular country	parish|教区|noun|an area with its own church and priest	another|別の|adjective|different	certificate|証明書|noun|an official document that states that something is true or that someone has a particular qualification
A single man, indeed who is healthy and industrious, may sometimes reside by sufferance without one;	確かに、健康で勤勉な独身男性は、時には許可証なしに居住することもある。	single|独身|adjective|not married	healthy|健康|adjective|in a good physical or mental condition	industrious|勤勉|adjective|working hard and steadily	reside|居住する|verb|live in a particular place	sufferance|許可証|noun|permission to do something
but a man with a wife and family who should attempt to do so, would, in most parishes, be sure of being removed;	しかし、妻と家族を持つ男性がそうしようとすれば、ほとんどの教区で確実に追い出されるだろう。	wife|妻|noun|a married woman	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	attempt|しようとする|verb|make an effort to achieve something	most|ほとんどの|determiner|the majority of	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	be sure of|確実である|verb|be certain of	remove|追い出す|verb|move something from where it is
and, if the single man should afterwards marry, he would generally be removed likewise.	そして、独身男性がその後結婚すれば、彼も同様に追い出されるだろう。	single|独身|adjective|not married	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	marry|結婚する|verb|take as one's spouse	generally|同様に|adverb|in most cases; usually	remove|追い出す|verb|move something from where it is
The scarcity of hands in one parish, therefore, cannot always be relieved by their superabundance in another, as it is constantly in Scotland, and I believe, in all other countries where there is no difficulty of settlement.	したがって、ある教区の労働力不足は、スコットランドや、定住に困難のない他のすべての国で常にそうであるように、別の教区の労働力過剰によって常に解消されるわけではない。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	hand|労働力|noun|a person who does work	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or to understand	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling
In such countries, though wages may sometimes rise a little in the neighbourhood of a great town, or wherever else there is an extraordinary demand for labour, and sink gradually as the distance from such places increases, till they fall back to the common rate of the country;	そのような国では、大都市の近隣や労働力の需要が異常に高い場所では賃金が少し上昇することがあるものの、そのような場所から離れるにつれて徐々に低下し、その国の一般的な賃金率に戻るまで低下する。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	wherever|どこであれ|adverb|in or to whatever place	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sink|低下する|verb|go down	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater or more numerous	fall back|戻る|verb|go back to a previous place or state	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
yet we never meet with those sudden and unaccountable differences in the wages of neighbouring places which we sometimes find in England, where it is often more difficult for a poor man to pass the artificial boundary of a parish, than an arm of the sea, or a ridge of high mountains, natural boundaries which sometimes separate very distinctly different rates of wages in other countries.	しかし、イギリスでは時折見かけるような、近隣の賃金の突然の不可解な差異に遭遇することはなく、イギリスでは貧しい人々にとって、海の腕や高い山の尾根など、他の国では賃金率が大きく異なる自然の境界よりも、教区の人工的な境界を越えることが難しいことが多い。	meet with|遭遇する|verb|to come across or encounter	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	unaccountable|不可解な|adjective|unable to be explained	difference|差異|noun|the state or fact of being different	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|next to or very near	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	pass|越える|verb|to go beyond or past	artificial|人工的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	boundary|境界|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	arm|腕|noun|an upper limb	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	mountain|山|noun|a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level or a large steep hill	ridge|尾根|noun|a long narrow hilltop	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	boundary|境界|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area	separate|分ける|verb|to keep or be kept apart	distinctly|はっきりと|adverb|in a clear and definite way	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker

To remove a man who has committed no misdemeanour, from the parish where he chooses to reside, is an evident violation of natural liberty and justice.	軽犯罪を犯していない人間を、住居を構えた教区から追い出すことは、明らかに自然の自由と正義に反する。	remove|追い出す|verb|take away or move from a place	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	misdemeanour|軽犯罪|noun|a crime that is not very serious	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick from a number of alternatives	reside|住居を構える|verb|live in a particular place	evident|明らかな|adjective|easy to see or understand	violation|違反|noun|the action of breaking a law, rule, or agreement	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness
The common people of England, however, so jealous of their liberty, but like the common people of most other countries, never rightly understanding wherein it consists, have now, for more than a century together, suffered themselves to be exposed to this oppression without a remedy.	しかし、イギリスの一般の人々は、自由を非常に嫉妬しているが、他のほとんどの国の一般の人々と同じように、自由が何であるかを正しく理解していないため、今では1世紀以上もの間、救済策もなくこの抑圧にさらされている。	common people|一般の人々|noun|the ordinary people of a country	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	jealous|嫉妬している|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	rightly|正しく|adverb|in a just, good, or proper manner	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	together|合わせると|adverb|with or near each other in time, space, or position	suffer|さらされている|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	expose|さらされている|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	oppression|抑圧|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury
Though men of reflection, too, have sometimes complained of the law of settlements as a public grievance;	思慮深い人も、居住法が国民の不満であると不平を言うことがあるが、	reflection|思慮深い|noun|the ability to think carefully about something	complain|不平を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	settlement|居住法|noun|an official agreement or decision that ends a dispute or legal case	public|国民の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	grievance|不満|noun|a feeling of annoyance or resentment
yet it has never been the object of any general popular clamour, such as that against general warrants, an abusive practice undoubtedly, but such a one as was not likely to occasion any general oppression.	しかし、それは一般的な令状に対するもののような一般的な大衆の騒ぎの対象となったことはなく、間違いなく虐待的な慣行ではあるが、一般的な抑圧を引き起こす可能性は低い。	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	popular|大衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	clamour|騒ぎ|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd	general warrant|一般的な令状|noun|a warrant that does not specify the person or place to be searched or the person or thing to be seized	abusive|虐待的な|adjective|characterized by improper or excessive use or treatment	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
There is scarce a poor man in England, of forty years of age, I will venture to say, who has not, in some part of his life, felt himself most cruelly oppressed by this ill-contrived law of settlements.	イギリスには、40歳の貧しい人はほとんどいないが、あえて言うが、人生のどこかで、この不当な居住法によって最も残酷に抑圧されていると感じたことのない人はいない。	scarce|ほとんどいない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	forty years of age|40歳|noun|the age of forty	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	venture to say|あえて言う|verb|to say something that may be risky or controversial	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	some part|どこか|noun|an unspecified portion	feel|感じる|verb|to be aware of (something) through touch	most cruelly|最も残酷に|adverb|in a very cruel manner	oppressed|抑圧されている|verb|to be subjected to harsh and authoritarian treatment	ill-contrived|不当な|adjective|poorly planned or executed	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made and enforced by the government	settlement|居住法|noun|an agreement reached by two or more parties in a dispute

I shall conclude this long chapter with observing, that though anciently it was usual to rate wages, first by general laws extending over the whole kingdom, and afterwards by particular orders of the justices of peace in every particular county, both these practices have now gone entirely into disuse.	この長い章を終えるにあたり、古代では、最初に王国全体に及ぶ一般法によって、その後、各郡の治安判事の特別命令によって賃金を評価するのが一般的だったが、これらの慣行はどちらも現在では完全に使われなくなっていると述べておく。	conclude|終える|verb|bring to an end	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	anciently|古代では|adverb|in ancient times	usual|一般的だった|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	first|最初に|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	general law|一般法|noun|a law that applies to all people or things	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	particular|各|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	county|郡|noun|a division of a country	justice of the peace|治安判事|noun|a local magistrate with limited judicial powers	particular order|特別命令|noun|a command or instruction that is specific to a particular situation	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method	both|どちらも|determiner|the two	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	disuse|使われなくなる|noun|the state of not being used
“By the experience of above four hundred years,” says Doctor Burn, “it seems time to lay aside all endeavours to bring under strict regulations, what in its own nature seems incapable of minute limitation;	「400年以上の経験から、本質的に細かい制限ができないと思われるものを厳しい規制の下に置くためのあらゆる努力を脇に置く時が来たように思われる」とバーン博士は言う。	above four hundred years|400年以上|noun|a period of time	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	Doctor Burn|バーン博士|noun|a person who has obtained a doctorate	lay aside|脇に置く|verb|to put to one side	endeavour|努力|noun|a serious attempt	bring under|置く|verb|to cause to be in a particular state or condition	strict regulation|厳しい規制|noun|a rule or law that is strictly enforced	minute limitation|細かい制限|noun|a small or unimportant restriction	seem|思われる|verb|to appear to be; to give the impression of being
for if all persons in the same kind of work were to receive equal wages, there would be no emulation, and no room left for industry or ingenuity.”	なぜなら、同じ種類の仕事をしているすべての人が同じ賃金を受け取るとしたら、競争は起こらず、勤勉さや創意工夫の余地がなくなるからだ。」	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	were to|するとしたら|auxiliary verb|used to express a possible or hypothetical situation	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	there would be|起こらない|verb|would happen	no|ない|determiner|not any	emulation|競争|noun|the action of trying to equal or surpass someone or something	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	no|ない|determiner|not any	room|余地|noun|space that can be occupied	left|残る|verb|remain after the departure, removal, or disappearance of all others	for|にとって|preposition|used to indicate the person or thing affected by an action or feeling	industry|勤勉さ|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	ingenuity|創意工夫|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive

Particular acts of parliament, however, still attempt sometimes to regulate wages in particular trades, and in particular places.	しかし、議会の特定の行為は、特定の業種や特定の場所での賃金を規制しようとすることがある。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	act|行為|noun|something that is done	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
Thus the 8th of George III. prohibits, under heavy penalties, all master tailors in London, and five miles round it, from giving, and their workmen from accepting, more than two shillings and sevenpence halfpenny a-day, except in the case of a general mourning.	こうして、ジョージ三世の八年目には、重い罰則を課して、ロンドンとその周辺五マイルにいるすべての仕立屋の親方が、一般的な喪に服している場合を除いて、一日二シリング七ペンス半ペンス以上を支払うこと、また、その職人が受け取ることを禁止した。	8th|8年目|noun|the eighth in a series	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	five miles|五マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 5280 feet	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is qualified to teach others	tailor|仕立屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift	workman|職人|noun|a person who has a job, especially one who works with their hands	accept|受け取る|verb|take or receive something offered	two shillings|二シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	sevenpence|七ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a shilling	halfpenny|半ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one half of a penny	day|一日|noun|a period of time from one midnight to the next	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	mourning|喪|noun|the expression of deep sorrow for someone who has died
Whenever the legislature attempts to regulate the differences between masters and their workmen, its counsellors are always the masters.	立法府が親方と職人の間の相違を規制しようとするときはいつでも、その相談役は常に親方である。	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	difference|相違|noun|the state or fact of being different	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	workman|職人|noun|a person who does skilled work with their hands	counsellor|相談役|noun|a person who provides advice and guidance	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions
When the regulation, therefore, is in favour of the workmen, it is always just and equitable;	したがって、規制が労働者に有利な場合、それは常に公正で公平である。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	in favour of|に有利な|preposition|supporting or approving of	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work	just|公正な|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	equitable|公平な|adjective|just or fair; impartial
but it is sometimes otherwise when in favour of the masters.	しかし、親方に有利な場合はそうではないことがある。	in favour of|に有利な|preposition|to the advantage of	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity
Thus the law which obliges the masters in several different trades to pay their workmen in money, and not in goods, is quite just and equitable.	こうして、いくつかの異なる業種の親方に、労働者に品物ではなく金銭で支払うことを義務付ける法律は、まったく公正で公平である。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	trade|業種|noun|a skilled job	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	good|品物|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	just|公正|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	equitable|公平|adjective|just or fair; impartial
It imposes no real hardship upon the masters.	それは親方に実際の困難を課すものではない。	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune
It only obliges them to pay that value in money, which they pretended to pay, but did not always really pay, in goods.	それは、彼らが支払ったふりをしていたが、実際にはいつも支払っていたわけではない、その価値を金銭で支払うことを義務付けているだけである。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or goods	pretend|ふりをする|verb|act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or goods
This law is in favour of the workmen;	この法律は労働者に有利である。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a person who performs manual or industrial labor
but the 8th of George III. is in favour of the masters.	しかし、ジョージ三世の第八条は親方に有利である。	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	8th|第八条|noun|the eighth in a series	in favour of|に有利である|preposition|to the advantage of
When masters combine together, in order to reduce the wages of their workmen, they commonly enter into a private bond or agreement, not to give more than a certain wage, under a certain penalty.	親方たちが労働者の賃金を減らすために結託する時、彼らは通常、一定の罰則のもとで、一定の賃金以上を与えないという私的な契約を結ぶ。	combine together|結託する|verb|act together	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is qualified to teach others	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	enter into|結ぶ|verb|make or become a participant in	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	bond|契約|noun|a written contract by which a person undertakes to pay a sum of money to another	agreement|契約|noun|an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt about something	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract
Were the workmen to enter into a contrary combination of the same kind, not to accept of a certain wage, under a certain penalty, the law would punish them very severely;	労働者が、一定の罰則のもとで、一定の賃金を受けとらないという、同じ種類の反対の結託を結んだとしたら、法律は彼らを非常に厳しく罰するだろう。	enter into|結ぶ|verb|to make or enter into an agreement	contrary|反対の|adjective|opposite in nature or direction	combination|結託|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	accept|受けとる|verb|to take or receive something offered	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	punish|罰する|verb|to inflict a penalty or sanction on	severely|厳しく|adverb|to a great degree; intensely
and, if it dealt impartially, it would treat the masters in the same manner.	そして、公平に扱われるなら、親方たちも同じように扱われるだろう。	deal|扱う|verb|take action with or in regard to	impartially|公平に|adverb|in an impartial manner	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain manner
But the 8th of George III. enforces by law that very regulation which masters sometimes attempt to establish by such combinations.	しかし、ジョージ三世の第八条は、親方たちが時々そのような結託によって確立しようとするまさにその規制を法律で強制している。	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	8th|第八条|noun|the ordinal number of eight	enforce|強制する|verb|compel observance of or compliance with	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	master|親方|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	combination|結託|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined
The complaint of the workmen, that it puts the ablest and most industrious upon the same footing with an ordinary workman, seems perfectly well founded.	最も有能で勤勉な労働者を普通の労働者と同じ立場に置くという労働者の不満は、全く正当なものと思われる。	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	ablest|最も有能な|adjective|having great ability or skill	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual	footing|立場|noun|the position or status of someone or something in relation to others	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be the case	perfectly|全く|adverb|completely or absolutely	well founded|正当な|adjective|having a sound basis or reason

In ancient times, too, it was usual to attempt to regulate the profits of merchants and other dealers, by regulating the price of provisions and ether goods.	古代においても、食料やその他の商品の価格を規制することによって、商人やその他の業者の利益を規制しようとすることは普通のことだった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	usual|普通|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	ether|その他の|adjective|other	good|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
The assize of bread is, so far as I know, the only remnant of this ancient usage.	私の知る限り、パンの重量規制はこの古代慣習の唯一の名残である。	assize of bread|パンの重量規制|noun|a regulation fixing the weight and price of bread	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	remnant|名残|noun|a small remaining part of something
Where there is an exclusive corporation, it may, perhaps, be proper to regulate the price of the first necessary of life;	独占企業がある場合には、生活必需品の価格を規制することが適切かもしれない。	exclusive corporation|独占企業|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to produce or sell a particular product or service	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	first necessary of life|生活必需品|noun|something that is essential for living
but, where there is none, the competition will regulate it much better than any assize.	しかし、独占企業がない場合、競争はどんな規制よりもはるかにうまく価格を調整するだろう。	none|ない場合|noun|not any	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	much better|はるかにうまく|adverb|to a much greater extent or degree	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; an unspecified amount or number of
The method of fixing the assize of bread, established by the 31st of George II. could not be put in practice in Scotland, on account of a defect in the law, its execution depending upon the office of clerk of the market, which does not exist there.	ジョージ二世の三十一年に制定されたパンの重量規制を定める方法は、法律の欠陥のためにスコットランドでは実施することができず、その執行はそこには存在しない市場の事務員の事務所に依存していた。	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	fix|定める|verb|to make or become firm, stable, or secure	assize|重量規制|noun|a fixed quantity of a commodity	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	establish|制定する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	George II|ジョージ二世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 11 June 1727	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	defect|欠陥|noun|a lack of something or a quality that is not good	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and is used to order the way in which people behave	execution|執行|noun|the act of carrying out a plan or order	depend|依存する|verb|to be controlled or determined by	office|事務所|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks	clerk|事務員|noun|a person who works in an office, especially one who does general or routine work	market|市場|noun|a place where people buy and sell goods
This defect was not remedied till the third of George III.	この欠陥はジョージ三世の三年まで是正されなかった。	defect|欠陥|noun|a fault or flaw	remedy|是正する|verb|to put right; to correct	third|三|noun|the number 3	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760
The want of an assize occasioned no sensible inconveniency;	規制の欠如は、目に見える不都合を引き起こさなかった。	want|欠如|noun|the state of being without something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	sensible|目に見える|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble or difficulty
and the establishment of one in the few places where it has yet taken place has produced no sensible advantage.	そして、それがまだ行われた数少ない場所に規制を設立しても、目に見える利点は生じなかった。	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	one|1つ|noun|the number 1	few|数少ない|adjective|a small number of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	take place|行われる|verb|happen	produce|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	sensible|目に見える|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
In the greater part of the towns in Scotland, however, there is an incorporation of bakers, who claim exclusive privileges, though they are not very strictly guarded.	しかし、スコットランドの町の大部分には、あまり厳密に守られてはいないが、独占的特権を主張するパン屋の組合がある。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	incorporation|組合|noun|a group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is only available to one person or group	strictly|厳密に|adverb|in a way that is exact or accurate	guarded|守られる|verb|protect or defend
The proportion between the different rates, both of wages and profit, in the different employments of labour and stock, seems not to be much affected, as has already been observed, by the riches or poverty, the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society.	労働と資本の異なる雇用における賃金と利潤の両方の異なる率の間の比率は、すでに観察されたように、富や貧困、進歩、停滞、または社会の衰退状態によってあまり影響を受けていないようだ。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	advance|進歩|verb|move forward	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|衰退|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease
Such revolutions in the public welfare, though they affect the general rates both of wages and profit, must, in the end, affect them equally in all different employments.	公共福祉におけるこのような革命は、賃金と利潤の両方の一般的な率に影響を与えるが、最終的にはすべての異なる雇用においてそれらに等しく影響を与えるに違いない。	public welfare|公共福祉|noun|the well-being of the general public	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	general rate|一般的な率|noun|the usual or average rate	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	end|最終的に|noun|the final part of something	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	equally|等しく|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
The proportion between them, therefore, must remain the same, and cannot well be altered, at least for any considerable time, by any such revolutions.	したがって、それらの間の比率は同じままでなければならず、少なくともかなりの期間、そのような革命によって変更することはできない。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system


## CHAPTER XI. OF THE RENT OF LAND	第十一章地代について	CHAPTER XI|第十一章|noun|the eleventh chapter	RENT|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	LAND|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth

Rent, considered as the price paid for the use of land, is naturally the highest which the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land.	地代は、土地の使用に対して支払われる価格と考えると、当然のことながら、その土地の実際の状況において借り手が支払える最高額である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tenant|借り手|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality
In adjusting the terms of the lease, the landlord endeavours to leave him no greater share of the produce than what is sufficient to keep up the stock from which he furnishes the seed, pays the labour, and purchases and maintains the cattle and other instruments of husbandry, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighbourhood.	賃貸借契約の条件を調整する際に、地主は、種子を供給し、労働者に支払い、牛やその他の農具を購入して維持するための資金を維持するのに十分な額を超える生産物の分け前を借り手に残さないように努力する。	adjust|調整する|verb|to make small changes in order to correct, improve, or modify something	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase that has a particular meaning in a particular field	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	endeavour|努力する|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	leave|残す|verb|to go away from a place or person	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by farming	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	keep up|維持する|verb|to maintain or continue at a certain level	stock|資金|noun|a supply of money or goods	furnish|供給する|verb|to supply or provide something	seed|種子|noun|a plant's unit of reproduction	pay|支払う|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in a manual or industrial job	purchase|購入する|verb|to buy something	maintain|維持する|verb|to keep something in good condition	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	husbandry|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place
This is evidently the smallest share with which the tenant can content himself, without being a loser, and the landlord seldom means to leave him any more.	これは明らかに、借り手が損をせずに満足できる最小の分け前であり、地主がそれ以上残そうとすることはめったにない。	tenant|借り手|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	loser|損をする|noun|a person or thing that loses	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
Whatever part of the produce, or, what is the same thing, whatever part of its price, is over and above this share, he naturally endeavours to reserve to himself as the rent of his land, which is evidently the highest the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land.	生産物のどの部分であれ、あるいは同じことだが、その価格のどの部分であれ、この分け前を超えるものは、当然のことながら、地主は自分の土地の地代として確保しようと努力する。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	over and above|を超える|adverb|in addition to	share|分け前|noun|a part of something that is divided among or contributed by a number of people	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	reserve|確保する|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord
Sometimes, indeed, the liberality, more frequently the ignorance, of the landlord, makes him accept of somewhat less than this portion;	時には、確かに、地主の寛大さ、より頻繁には無知が、彼にこの部分より少し少ないものを受け入れさせる。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	indeed|確かに|adverb|really, truly, certainly	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often, many times	ignorance|無知|noun|the state of being unaware or uninformed	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become	accept|受け入れる|verb|to receive (something offered) willingly	somewhat|少し|adverb|to some extent or degree	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected
and sometimes, too, though more rarely, the ignorance of the tenant makes him undertake to pay somewhat more, or to content himself with somewhat less, than the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighbourhood.	そして、時には、もっとまれではあるが、借り手の無知が、近隣の農業用資金の通常の利益よりも、少し多く支払ったり、少し少ないことで満足したりすることになる。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	rarely|まれに|adverb|not often; seldom	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	undertake|引き受ける|verb|take on a task or job	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
This portion, however, may still be considered as the natural rent of land, or the rent at which it is naturally meant that land should, for the most part, be let.	しかし、この部分は、依然として土地の自然地代、あるいは土地の大部分が貸し出されるべき自然な地代と考えることができる。	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	most|大部分|noun|the majority of	let|貸し出す|verb|allow to be used or occupied by another for a fee

The rent of land, it may be thought, is frequently no more than a reasonable profit or interest for the stock laid out by the landlord upon its improvement.	土地の地代は、地主がその改良に費やした資本に対する合理的な利潤または利子にすぎないと考えられるかもしれない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	be thought|考えられる|verb|be of the opinion that	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no more than|すぎない|adverb|only; merely	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	laid out|費やした|verb|spend	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
This, no doubt, may be partly the case upon some occasions;	これは、疑いなく、ある場合には部分的に当てはまるかもしれない。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	partly|部分的に|adverb|to some extent; in part	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event
for it can scarce ever be more than partly the case.	なぜなら、それが部分的に当てはまる以上になることはほとんどありえないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	scarce|ほとんど|adverb|not enough; barely	ever|ありえない|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	partly|部分的に|adverb|in part; to some extent	case|当てはまる|noun|a particular situation or event
The landlord demands a rent even for unimproved land, and the supposed interest or profit upon the expense of improvement is generally an addition to this original rent.	地主は未改良の土地に対しても地代を要求し、改良費用に対する想定利子または利潤は、通常、この元の地代に追加される。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	unimproved land|未改良の土地|noun|land that has not been improved by the addition of buildings, roads, etc.	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making something better	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	addition|追加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else
Those improvements, besides, are not always made by the stock of the landlord, but sometimes by that of the tenant.	そのうえ、これらの改良は、常に地主の資本によって行われるわけではなく、時には借地人の資本によって行われる。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord
When the lease comes to be renewed, however, the landlord commonly demands the same augmentation of rent as if they had been all made by his own.	しかし、賃借契約が更新される時、地主は通常、それらがすべて自分自身のものであるかのように、同じ地代の増額を要求する。	lease|賃借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	come to be|～になる|verb|reach a certain state or condition	renewed|更新される|verb|extend the period of validity of	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other real estate that is rented or leased to another person	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	augmentation|増額|noun|an increase in the size, amount, or extent of something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

He sometimes demands rent for what is altogether incapable of human improvements.	彼は時々、人間の改良がまったくできないものに対して地代を要求する。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
Kelp is a species of sea-weed, which, when burnt, yields an alkaline salt, useful for making glass, soap, and for several other purposes.	ケルプは海藻の一種で、燃やすとアルカリ塩を生成し、ガラスや石鹸の製造、その他さまざまな用途に役立つ。	kelp|ケルプ|noun|a large brown seaweed	species|一種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	sea-weed|海藻|noun|a plant that grows in the sea	burn|燃やす|verb|be on fire	yield|生成する|verb|produce or provide	alkaline|アルカリ性|adjective|having the properties of an alkali	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	useful|役立つ|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose	glass|ガラス|noun|a hard and brittle substance typically transparent or translucent in sheet form and made by fusing sand with soda and lime and cooling rapidly	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having an acid pH	purpose|用途|noun|the intention to do something
It grows in several parts of Great Britain, particularly in Scotland, upon such rocks only as lie within the high-water mark, which are twice every day covered with the sea, and of which the produce, therefore, was never augmented by human industry.	それはイギリスのいくつかの地域、特にスコットランドで、満潮線内にある岩の上にのみ生育し、毎日二回海に覆われるため、その生産量は人間の産業によって増加することはなかった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	high-water mark|満潮線|noun|the highest point reached by the sea on a shore	twice|二回|adverb|two times	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	human|人間|noun|a human being	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
The landlord, however, whose estate is bounded by a kelp shore of this kind, demands a rent for it as much as for his corn-fields.	しかし、この種のケルプ海岸に囲まれた地主は、トウモロコシ畑と同じくらい地代を要求する。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	bound|囲まれた|verb|be the boundary of	kelp|ケルプ|noun|a large brown seaweed	shore|海岸|noun|the land along the edge of a large area of water	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	corn-field|トウモロコシ畑|noun|a field where corn is grown

The sea in the neighbourhood of the islands of Shetland is more than commonly abundant in fish, which makes a great part of the subsistence of their inhabitants.	シェトランド諸島の近海は、魚が普通以上に豊富で、住民の生計の大部分を占めている。	Shetland|シェトランド|noun|a council area of Scotland	neighbourhood|近海|noun|the area around a place	commonly|普通以上に|adverb|more than usually	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
But, in order to profit by the produce of the water, they must have a habitation upon the neighbouring land.	しかし、水産物で利益を得るためには、近隣の土地に住居を構えなければならない。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|living or situated near or next to each other	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
The rent of the landlord is in proportion, not to what the farmer can make by the land, but to what he can make both by the land and the water.	地主の地代は、農民が土地で稼ぐことができる額ではなく、土地と水の両方で稼ぐことができる額に比例している。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that if one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
It is partly paid in sea-fish; and one of the very few instances in which rent makes a part of the price of that commodity, is to be found in that country.	一部は海産魚で支払われる。そして、地代がその商品の価格の一部を占めるという非常にまれな例の1つが、その国で見られる。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	sea-fish|海産魚|noun|fish that live in the sea	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	very few|非常にまれな|adjective|not many; hardly any	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The rent of land, therefore, considered as the price paid for the use of the land, is naturally a monopoly price.	したがって、土地の使用料として支払われる価格と考えられる土地の地代は、当然独占価格である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	use|使用|noun|the act of using something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service by a particular company
It is not at all proportioned to what the landlord may have laid out upon the improvement of the land, or to what he can afford to take, but to what the farmer can afford to give.	それは、地主が土地の改良に費やした額や、地主が受け取れる額とはまったく比例せず、農民が支払える額に比例する。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living

Such parts only of the produce of land can commonly be brought to market, of which the ordinary price is sufficient to replace the stock which must be employed in bringing them thither, together with its ordinary profits.	土地の生産物のそのような部分だけが通常市場に出せるが、その通常価格は、通常の利潤とともに、市場に運ぶために投入しなければならない資本を補填するのに十分である。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain
If the ordinary price is more than this, the surplus part of it will naturally go to the rent of the land.	通常価格がこれより高ければ、その余剰部分は当然土地の地代になる。	ordinary price|通常価格|noun|the price that is usually charged for a good or service	more than|より高い|adjective|higher than	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	go to|になる|verb|become
If it is not more, though the commodity may be brought to market, it can afford no rent to the landlord.	通常価格がこれより高くなければ、商品は市場に出せるかもしれないが、地主に地代を支払うことはできない。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	be not|～でない|verb|be not	more|それ以上|adjective|to a greater extent	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	be brought|出せる|verb|be taken or carried to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	can afford|支払う|verb|be able to pay for	no|ない|determiner|not any	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
Whether the price is, or is not more, depends upon the demand.	価格がこれより高いか高くないかは、需要次第である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	depend|次第である|verb|be controlled or determined by	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service

There are some parts of the produce of land, for which the demand must always be such as to afford a greater price than what is sufficient to bring them to market;	土地の生産物の一部には、市場に運ぶのに十分な価格よりも高い価格を支払うだけの需要が常に存在するものがある。	There are|存在する|verb|be present	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be such as to|～するだけの|verb|be of a kind that	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	greater|より高い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold
and there are others for which it either may or may not be such as to afford this greater price.	また、このより高い価格を支払うだけの需要が存在するかもしれないし、存在しないかもしれないものもある。	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
The former must always afford a rent to the landlord.	前者は常に地主に地代を支払うことができる。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	must|できる|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	afford|支払う|verb|be able to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, land, or other property
The latter sometimes may and sometimes may not, according to different circumstances.	後者は、状況によって地代を支払うことができる場合とできない場合がある。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	may not|できないかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	according to|による|preposition|as stated or reported by	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

Rent, it is to be observed, therefore, enters into the composition of the price of commodities in a different way from wages and profit.	したがって、地代は賃金や利潤とは異なる方法で商品価格の構成要素となることに注意しなければならない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	enter into|なる|verb|become a part of	composition|構成要素|noun|the way in which something is composed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
High or low wages and profit are the causes of high or low price;	賃金や利潤の高低は価格の高低の原因である。	high or low|高低|adjective|of varying levels	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
high or low rent is the effect of it.	地代が高いか低いかはその結果である。	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	low|低い|adjective|of little vertical extent	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result
It is because high or low wages and profit must be paid, in order to bring a particular commodity to market, that its price is high or low.	ある特定の商品を市場に出すためには、高いか低いかの賃金と利潤を支払わなければならないので、その価格は高いか低いのである。	high or low|高いか低いか|adjective|of great vertical extent	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But it is because its price is high or low, a great deal more, or very little more, or no more, than what is sufficient to pay those wages and profit, that it affords a high rent, or a low rent, or no rent at all.	しかし、その価格が高いか低いか、賃金と利潤を支払うのに十分な額よりもかなり高いか、ほとんど高くないか、あるいはまったく高くないかによって、高い地代、低い地代、あるいはまったく地代を支払わないことになるのである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	low|低い|adjective|of small vertical extent	great deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	very little|ほとんどない|noun|a very small amount	no more|まったくない|noun|not any more	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	high rent|高い地代|noun|a large amount of money paid for the use of land, a building, or other property	low rent|低い地代|noun|a small amount of money paid for the use of land, a building, or other property	no rent|まったく地代を支払わない|noun|no money paid for the use of land, a building, or other property

The particular consideration, first, of those parts of the produce of land which always afford some rent;	第一に、常に何らかの地代を生み出す土地の生産物の部分について特別に考慮すること。	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	consideration|考慮|noun|careful thought, especially about the possible effects of an action	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something without causing problems	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
secondly, of those which sometimes may and sometimes may not afford rent;	第二に、時には地代を生み出し、時には生み出さない部分について特別に考慮すること。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	sometimes|時には|adverb|at times; occasionally	afford|生み出す|verb|be able to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
and, thirdly, of the variations which, in the different periods of improvement, naturally take place in the relative value of those two different sorts of rude produce, when compared both with one another and with manufactured commodities, will divide this chapter into three parts.	第三に、改良の異なる時期に、この二つの異なる種類の粗生産物の相対価値に、互いに比較した場合と、製造品と比較した場合に、自然に生じる変化について特別に考慮することにより、この章は三つの部分に分けられる。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	take place|生じる|verb|happen	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	relative|相対|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	manufactured|製造|adjective|made by a manufacturing process	commodity|品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	divide|分ける|verb|separate into parts	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	part|部分|noun|a piece of something

PART I.—Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent.	第一部常に地代を生み出す土地の生産物について	PART I.|第一部|noun|the first part of something	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something without causing problems	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property

As men, like all other animals, naturally multiply in proportion to the means of their subsistence, food is always more or less in demand.	人間は、他のすべての動物と同じように、生存手段に比例して自然に増殖するので、食料は常に多かれ少なかれ需要がある。	as|なので|conjunction|because; since	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	like|ように|preposition|similar to	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	other|他の|determiner|different from the one already mentioned	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	multiply|増殖する|verb|increase in number	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to	means|手段|noun|a method of doing something	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately
It can always purchase or command a greater or smaller quantity of labour, and somebody can always be found who is willing to do something in order to obtain it.	金は常に多かれ少なかれ労働を購入したり、命令したりすることができ、それを得るために何かを喜んでする人を常に見つけることができる。	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure
The quantity of labour, indeed, which it can purchase, is not always equal to what it could maintain, if managed in the most economical manner, on account of the high wages which are sometimes given to labour;	確かに、金で購入できる労働量は、労働者に支払われる賃金が高いために、最も経済的な方法で管理された場合に維持できる量と常に同じではない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	maintain|維持|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	economical|経済的|adjective|involving little expense or waste	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
but it can always purchase such a quantity of labour as it can maintain, according to the rate at which that sort of labour is commonly maintained in the neighbourhood.	しかし、金は常に、その種の労働が近隣で一般的に維持されている率に従って、維持できるだけの労働量を購入することができる。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	such|そのような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place

But land, in almost any situation, produces a greater quantity of food than what is sufficient to maintain all the labour necessary for bringing it to market, in the most liberal way in which that labour is ever maintained.	しかし、土地は、ほとんどどんな状況でも、その労働が維持される最も自由な方法で、市場に出すために必要なすべての労働を維持するのに十分な量よりも多くの食料を生産する。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
The surplus, too, is always more than sufficient to replace the stock which employed that labour, together with its profits.	余剰分もまた、その労働を雇用した資本を利益と共に補填するのに十分すぎるほどである。	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	sufficient|十分すぎる|adjective|as much or as good as required	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
Something, therefore, always remains for a rent to the landlord.	したがって、地主に支払う地代が常に残る。	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented or leased to others

The most desert moors in Norway and Scotland produce some sort of pasture for cattle, of which the milk and the increase are always more than sufficient, not only to maintain all the labour necessary for tending them, and to pay the ordinary profit to the farmer or the owner of the herd or flock, but to afford some small rent to the landlord.	ノルウェーとスコットランドの最も荒涼とした湿原は、牛のためのある種の牧草地を生み出し、その牛乳と増加分は、それらを世話するために必要なすべての労働を維持し、農場主や群れの所有者に通常の利益を支払うだけでなく、地主にわずかな地代を支払うのに十分すぎるほどである。	Norway|ノルウェー|noun|a country in northern Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in northern Europe	desert moor|荒涼とした湿原|noun|a large area of open land with few trees	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals	cattle|牛|noun|a large animal that is often kept for its milk or meat	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by cows and other mammals	increase|増加分|noun|the amount by which something increases	sufficient|十分|adjective|enough for the purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要な|adjective|required	tend|世話する|verb|regularly or frequently behave in a particular manner	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	flock|群れ|noun|a group of birds, sheep, or goats	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to other people
The rent increases in proportion to the goodness of the pasture.	地代は牧草地の良さに比例して増加する。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	goodness|良さ|noun|the quality of being good	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals
The same extent of ground not only maintains a greater number of cattle, but as they are brought within a smaller compass, less labour becomes requisite to tend them, and to collect their produce.	同じ面積の土地でより多くの牛を飼育できるだけでなく、より狭い範囲に集められるので、牛の世話や生産物の収集に必要な労働力が減る。	extent|面積|noun|the area covered by something	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	maintain|飼育する|verb|keep or cause to continue in a certain state	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	compass|範囲|noun|an area or range	tend|世話をする|verb|regularly or frequently behave in a particular manner	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products
The landlord gains both ways;	地主は両方の方法で利益を得る。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	gain|利益を得る|verb|obtain or win something
by the increase of the produce, and by the diminution of the labour which must be maintained out of it.	生産物の増加と、それによって維持されなければならない労働の減少によってである。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	diminution|減少|noun|the action of making or becoming less	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

The rent of land not only varies with its fertility, whatever be its produce, but with its situation, whatever be its fertility.	土地の地代は、その生産物が何であれ、その肥沃度によって変化するだけでなく、その肥沃度が何であれ、その立地によっても変化する。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located
Land in the neighbourhood of a town gives a greater rent than land equally fertile in a distant part of the country.	町の近隣の土地は、国の遠隔地にある同じく肥沃な土地よりも高い地代をもたらす。	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	give|もたらす|verb|cause to have or receive	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Though it may cost no more labour to cultivate the one than the other, it must always cost more to bring the produce of the distant land to market.	一方を耕すのに他方よりも労働がかからないとしても、遠方の土地の生産物を市場に出すには常にコストがかかる。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
A greater quantity of labour, therefore, must be maintained out of it;	したがって、より多くの労働がそれによって維持されなければならない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	out of|によって|preposition|from inside to outside of
and the surplus, from which are drawn both the profit of the farmer and the rent of the landlord, must be diminished.	そして、農場主の利潤と地主の地代が両方とも引き出される余剰は、減少しなければならない。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
But in remote parts of the country, the rate of profit, as has already been shewn, is generally higher than in the neighbourhood of a large town.	しかし、すでに示したように、国の遠隔地では、利潤率は一般に大都市の近隣よりも高い。	remote|遠隔|adjective|far away in space or time	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	shewn|示した|verb|past participle of show	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	higher|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around or near a place
A smaller proportion of this diminished surplus, therefore, must belong to the landlord.	したがって、この減少した余剰のより小さな割合は、地主に属さなければならない。	smaller|より小さな|adjective|of less size or extent	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	diminished|減少した|adjective|made or become smaller or less	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with

Good roads, canals, and navigable rivers, by diminishing the expense of carriage, put the remote parts of the country more nearly upon a level with those in the neighbourhood of the town.	良い道路、運河、航行可能な河川は、輸送費を減らすことで、国の遠隔地を町の近隣地域とほぼ同じレベルにする。	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel through	river|河川|noun|a large natural stream of water	expense|費用|noun|cost	carriage|輸送|noun|the action of transporting people or goods	put|置く|verb|move something or someone into a specified place or position	remote|遠隔|adjective|far away in space or time	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	more nearly|より近く|adverb|more closely	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
They are upon that account the greatest of all improvements.	そのため、それらはすべての改良の中で最も偉大なものである。	be upon|～にある|verb|be on	account|ため|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
They encourage the cultivation of the remote, which must always be the most extensive circle of the country.	それらは、常に国の最も広範な輪でなければならない遠隔地の耕作を奨励する。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	remote|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	circle|輪|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center)
They are advantageous to the town by breaking down the monopoly of the country in its neighbourhood.	それらは、近隣の国の独占を打破することで、町に有利である。	break down|打破する|verb|cause to fall apart or collapse	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city
They are advantageous even to that part of the country.	それらは、国のその部分にさえ有利である。	be advantageous to|有利である|verb|to be of benefit to	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that has been divided	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Though they introduce some rival commodities into the old market, they open many new markets to its produce.	それらは、古い市場にいくつかのライバル商品を導入するが、その生産物に多くの新しい市場を開く。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or object	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	many|多くの|determiner|a large number of	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products
Monopoly, besides, is a great enemy to good management, which can never be universally established, but in consequence of that free and universal competition which forces every body to have recourse to it for the sake of self defence.	その上、独占は、普遍的に確立されることは決してできないが、自己防衛のために誰もがそれに頼らざるを得ない自由で普遍的な競争の結果として、良い経営の大きな敵である。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	good management|良い経営|noun|the process of managing a business or organization effectively	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or things	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; applicable to all cases	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	force|頼らざるを得ない|verb|make (someone) do something by using force or threats	self defence|自己防衛|noun|the defence of one's person or interests, especially through the use of physical force, which is permitted in certain cases as an answer to a proportionate and actual or threatened attack
It is not more than fifty years ago, that some of the counties in the neighbourhood of London petitioned the parliament against the extension of the turnpike roads into the remoter counties.	ロンドン近郊のいくつかの郡が、有料道路を遠隔地の郡に延長することに反対する請願を議会に行ったのは、50年ほど前のことである。	not more than|50年ほど前|adverb|at most	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	county|郡|noun|an administrative division of a country	petition|請願|verb|make or present a formal request to	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	extension|延長|noun|the action of extending something	turnpike road|有料道路|noun|a road on which a toll is charged	remoter|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time
Those remoter counties, they pretended, from the cheapness of labour, would be able to sell their grass and corn cheaper in the London market than themselves, and would thereby reduce their rents, and ruin their cultivation.	彼らは、労働力の安さから、遠隔地の郡はロンドン市場で自分たちよりも安く草や穀物を売ることができ、それによって賃料が下がり、耕作が台無しになると主張した。	remoter|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in space or time	county|郡|noun|the largest administrative division of a country	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	grass|草|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops
Their rents, however, have risen, and their cultivation has been improved since that time.	しかし、彼らの地代は上昇し、耕作はその時以来改善された。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better

A corn field of moderate fertility produces a much greater quantity of food for man, than the best pasture of equal extent.	中程度の肥沃度のとうもろこし畑は、同程度の広さの最高の牧草地よりも、人間にとってより多くの食料を生産する。	corn field|とうもろこし畑|noun|a field where corn is grown	moderate fertility|中程度の肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce offspring	much greater quantity|より多くの量|noun|a larger amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	equal extent|同程度の広さ|noun|the same size or area	best pasture|最高の牧草地|noun|a field where grass or other plants are grown for feeding animals
Though its cultivation requires much more labour, yet the surplus which remains after replacing the seed and maintaining all that labour, is likewise much greater.	その耕作にははるかに多くの労働力を必要とするが、種を補充し、その労働力をすべて維持した後に残る余剰も同様にずっと大きい。	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	seed|種|noun|a small object produced by a plant that can develop into a new plant	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way
If a pound of butcher’s meat, therefore, was never supposed to be worth more than a pound of bread, this greater surplus would everywhere be of greater value and constitute a greater fund, both for the profit of the farmer and the rent of the landlord.	したがって、肉屋の肉一ポンドがパン一ポンド以上の価値があるとは考えられなかったとしたら、このより大きな余剰はどこでもより大きな価値を持ち、農民の利益と地主の地代のためにより大きな資金を構成するだろう。	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	value|価値|noun|the importance or worth of something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
It seems to have done so universally in the rude beginnings of agriculture.	農業の未熟な始まりにおいては、普遍的にそうだったようだ。	do so|そうする|verb|do something in the way mentioned	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all members of a set or category	rude|未熟な|adjective|lacking in good manners or taste	beginning|始まり|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts

But the relative values of those two different species of food, bread and butcher’s meat, are very different in the different periods of agriculture.	しかし、パンと肉屋の肉という二つの異なる種類の食料の相対的価値は、農業の異なる時期において非常に異なる。	relative value|相対的価値|noun|the value of something compared to something else	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	butcher's meat|肉屋の肉|noun|the flesh of an animal that is slaughtered for food	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
In its rude beginnings, the unimproved wilds, which then occupy the far greater part of the country, are all abandoned to cattle.	その未熟な始まりにおいては、当時国のはるかに大部分を占めていた未開の荒野は、すべて牛に委ねられていた。	rude|未熟な|adjective|lacking in good manners or taste	beginning|始まり|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	unimproved|未開の|adjective|not improved	wild|荒野|noun|an uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region	occupy|占める|verb|take up all or a lot of space	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	abandon|委ねる|verb|give up completely	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate mammal that is kept for milk or meat
There is more butcher’s meat than bread;	パンよりも肉屋の肉が多い。	butcher's meat|肉屋の肉|noun|meat sold by a butcher	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked
and bread, therefore, is the food for which there is the greatest competition, and which consequently brings the greatest price.	したがって、パンは最も競争が激しく、結果として最も高い値段がつく食料である。	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	price|値段|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
At Buenos Ayres, we are told by Ulloa, four reals, one-and-twenty pence halfpenny sterling, was, forty or fifty years ago, the ordinary price of an ox, chosen from a herd of two or three hundred.	ウジョアによれば、ブエノスアイレスでは、四十五十年前には、四レアル、二十一ペンス半ペニーが、二、三百頭の群れから選んだ牛の普通の値段だったという。	Buenos Ayres|ブエノスアイレス|noun|the capital and largest city of Argentina	Ulloa|ウジョア|noun|a Spanish general and colonial administrator	four|四|numeral|the number 4	real|レアル|noun|the basic monetary unit of Brazil	one|一|numeral|the number 1	twenty|二十|numeral|the number 20	pence|ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to one hundredth of a pound	halfpenny|半ペニー|noun|a former British coin worth half a penny	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	forty|四十|numeral|the number 40	fifty|五十|numeral|the number 50	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	ago|前|adverb|earlier; previously	ordinary|普通の|adjective|of the usual or common type	price|値段|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal with horns, kept for milk or meat	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	two|二|numeral|the number 2	three|三|numeral|the number 3	hundred|百|numeral|the number 100
He says nothing of the price of bread, probably because he found nothing remarkable about it.	彼はパンの値段については何も言っていないが、おそらくそれについて特筆すべきことが何もなかったからだろう。	price|値段|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with water, usually with yeast or other leavening agent, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	remarkable|特筆すべき|adjective|worthy of attention; striking
An ox there, he says, costs little more than the labour of catching him.	彼によれば、そこでは牛は捕まえるのにかかる労働力より少し高い程度の値段だという。	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal with long horns	there|そこで|adverb|in that place	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	little|少し|adverb|to a small extent	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	catch|捕まえる|verb|to take or keep hold of, especially after a chase
But corn can nowhere be raised without a great deal of labour;	しかし、穀物はどこでも大量の労働なしには育てられない。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	nowhere|どこでも|adverb|not anywhere	be raised|育てられる|verb|be brought up	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	a great deal of|大量の|noun|a lot of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and in a country which lies upon the river Plate, at that time the direct road from Europe to the silver mines of Potosi, the money-price of labour could be very cheap.	そして、当時ヨーロッパからポトシの銀山への直通路だったラプラタ川沿いの国では、労働の貨幣価格は非常に安かった。	lie|横たわる|verb|be in or assume a horizontal or resting position	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	Plate|ラプラタ川|noun|a river in South America	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	silver mine|銀山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	Potosi|ポトシ|noun|a city in Bolivia	money-price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It is otherwise when cultivation is extended over the greater part of the country.	耕作が国の大部分に広がると、そうはいかない。	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
There is then more bread than butcher’s meat.	そうなると、肉屋の肉よりもパンの方が多くなる。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food
The competition changes its direction, and the price of butcher’s meat becomes greater than the price of bread.	競争は方向を変え、肉屋の肉の価格はパンの価格よりも高くなる。	change|変える|verb|make or become different	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and often yeast or another leavening agent, and then baked

By the extension, besides, of cultivation, the unimproved wilds become insufficient to supply the demand for butcher’s meat.	そのうえ、耕作の拡大によって、未開の荒野は肉屋の肉の需要を満たすには不十分になる。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	unimproved|未開の|adjective|not improved	wilds|荒野|noun|a wild or uncultivated area	become|なる|verb|come to be	insufficient|不十分|adjective|not enough	supply|満たす|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
A great part of the cultivated lands must be employed in rearing and fattening cattle;	耕作地の大部分は、牛の飼育や肥育に使われなければならない。	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	cultivated land|耕作地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	be employed in|使われなければならない|verb|be used for	rearing|飼育|noun|the process of bringing up a child	fattening|肥育|noun|the process of making an animal fat
of which the price, therefore, must be sufficient to pay, not only the labour necessary for tending them, but the rent which the landlord, and the profit which the farmer, could have drawn from such land employed in tillage.	そのため、その価格は、牛の世話に必要な労働だけでなく、地主が得る地代や農民が耕作に用いた土地から得られる利益を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	tending|世話|noun|the action of looking after someone or something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops
The cattle bred upon the most uncultivated moors, when brought to the same market, are, in proportion to their weight or goodness, sold at the same price as those which are reared upon the most improved land.	最も未開の沼地で飼育された牛は、同じ市場に持ち込まれると、その重量や品質に応じて、最も改良された土地で飼育された牛と同じ価格で売られる。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	breed|飼育する|verb|keep and raise animals	moor|沼地|noun|an area of open land, often high and poorly drained, with patches of heath and peat	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	goodness|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth that is not covered by water
The proprietors of those moors profit by it, and raise the rent of their land in proportion to the price of their cattle.	沼地の所有者はそれで利益を得て、牛の価格に応じて土地の地代を上げる。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	proportion|応じて|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
It is not more than a century ago, that in many parts of the Highlands of Scotland, butcher’s meat was as cheap or cheaper than even bread made of oatmeal.	スコットランドの高原地方の多くの地域で、肉屋の肉がオートミールで作ったパンよりも安かったり、それよりも安かったりしたのは、1世紀ほど前のことである。
The Union opened the market of England to the Highland cattle.	連合はイングランドの市場をハイランド牛に開放した。	Union|連合|noun|the state of being joined or connected	open|開放する|verb|make (something) available to be used or visited by the public	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Highland cattle|ハイランド牛|noun|a Scottish breed of cattle with long shaggy hair and long horns
Their ordinary price, at present, is about three times greater than at the beginning of the century, and the rents of many Highland estates have been tripled and quadrupled in the same time.	現在、その通常価格は世紀初頭の約3倍になっており、多くのハイランド地方の土地の地代も同じ時期に3倍、4倍になっている。	ordinary price|通常価格|noun|the usual price	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	about three times|約3倍|adverb|three times as much	beginning of the century|世紀初頭|noun|the first ten years of a century	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	Highland estates|ハイランド地方の土地|noun|a large area of land in the Scottish Highlands	tripled|3倍|verb|make or become three times as great	quadrupled|4倍|verb|make or become four times as great	same time|同じ時期|noun|the same period of time
In almost every part of Great Britain, a pound of the best butcher’s meat is, in the present times, generally worth more than two pounds of the best white bread;	イギリスのほとんどすべての地域で、現在、最高の肉屋の肉1ポンドは、一般的に最高の白パン2ポンド以上の価値がある。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	almost every part|ほとんどすべての地域|noun phrase|the majority of the parts	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value	two pounds|2ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	white bread|白パン|noun|bread made from flour that has had the bran and germ removed
and in plentiful years it is sometimes worth three or four pounds.	そして豊作の年には、3ポンドや4ポンドの価値があることもある。	plentiful|豊作の|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	three|3|numeral|the number 3	four|4|numeral|the number 4	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom

It is thus that, in the progress of improvement, the rent and profit of unimproved pasture come to be regulated in some measure by the rent and profit of what is improved, and these again by the rent and profit of corn.	こうして、改良が進むにつれて、未改良の牧草地の地代と利潤は、改良された牧草地の地代と利潤によって、また、改良された牧草地の地代と利潤は、穀物の地代と利潤によって、ある程度調整されるようになる。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	unimproved|未改良の|adjective|not improved	pasture|牧草地|noun|land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	come to be|～になる|verb|become	regulated|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	some measure|ある程度|noun|to some extent	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
Corn is an annual crop; butcher’s meat, a crop which requires four or five years to grow.	穀物は一年生作物であり、肉屋の肉は成長するのに4、5年かかる作物である。	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces kernels on a cob	annual|一年生|adjective|happening or recurring once a year	crop|作物|noun|a plant that is grown in large quantities for food	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	grow|成長する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time
As an acre of land, therefore, will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food than of the other, the inferiority of the quantity must be compensated by the superiority of the price.	したがって、1エーカーの土地は、一方の食料よりも他方の食料の方がはるかに少ない量しか生産しないので、量の劣等性は価格の優等性によって補償されなければならない。	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	inferiority|劣等性|noun|the state or quality of being inferior	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
If it was more than compensated, more corn-land would be turned into pasture;	もしそれが補償以上のものであれば、より多くの穀物地が牧草地に転換されるだろう。	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	compensated|補償される|verb|make up for	corn-land|穀物地|noun|land where corn is grown	turned into|転換される|verb|change from one thing to another	pasture|牧草地|noun|land where grass and other plants are grown for feeding animals
and if it was not compensated, part of what was in pasture would be brought back into corn.	そして、それが補償されなければ、牧草地の一部が穀物に戻されるだろう。	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where cattle or other animals graze	bring back|戻す|verb|return something to a previous place or condition

This equality, however, between the rent and profit of grass and those of corn;	しかし、牧草地の地代と利潤と穀物の地代と利潤の間のこの平等は、	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	grass|牧草|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
of the land of which the immediate produce is food for cattle, and of that of which the immediate produce is food for men, must be understood to take place only through the greater part of the improved lands of a great country.	直接の生産物が牛の食料である土地と、直接の生産物が人間の食料である土地の、牧草地の地代と利潤と穀物の地代と利潤の間のこの平等は、大国の改良された土地の大部分を通してのみ起こると理解されなければならない。	of the land of which the immediate produce is food for cattle|直接の生産物が牛の食料である土地の|noun phrase|land of which the immediate produce is food for cattle	of that of which the immediate produce is food for men|直接の生産物が人間の食料である土地の|noun phrase|land of which the immediate produce is food for men	must be understood to take place only through the greater part of the improved lands of a great country|大国の改良された土地の大部分を通してのみ起こると理解されなければならない|verb phrase|must be understood to take place only through the greater part of the improved lands of a great country
In some particular local situations it is quite otherwise, and the rent and profit of grass are much superior to what can be made by corn.	ある特定の地域では、それは全く異なり、牧草地の地代と利潤は穀物によって得られるものに比べてはるかに優れている。	in some particular local situations|ある特定の地域では|noun phrase|in some particular local situations	quite otherwise|全く異なり|adverb|in a very different way	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	grass|牧草地|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food

Thus, in the neighbourhood of a great town, the demand for milk, and for forage to horses, frequently contribute, together with the high price of butcher’s meat, to raise the value of grass above what may be called its natural proportion to that of corn.	このように、大都市の近隣では、牛乳や馬の飼料の需要は、肉屋の肉の高価格と相まって、牧草の価値を穀物に対する自然な比率と呼ばれるもの以上に高めることにしばしば貢献する。	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals	forage|飼料|noun|food, especially dried hay or feed, for livestock	horse|馬|noun|a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	grass|牧草|noun|vegetation consisting of typically short plants with long, narrow leaves, growing wild or cultivated on lawns and pasture, and as a fodder crop	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize, grown for its seed
This local advantage, it is evident, cannot be communicated to the lands at a distance.	この地域的な利点は、明らかに遠く離れた土地に伝えることはできない。	local|地域的な|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear to the mind or the senses or judgment	communicate|伝える|verb|share or exchange information, news, or ideas	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water

Particular circumstances have sometimes rendered some countries so populous, that the whole territory, like the lands in the neighbourhood of a great town, has not been sufficient to produce both the grass and the corn necessary for the subsistence of their inhabitants.	特別な事情によって、ある国々は非常に人口が多くなり、大都市の近隣の土地のように、全領土が住民の生活に必要な牧草と穀物の両方を生産するのに十分でなくなることがある。	particular circumstance|特別な事情|noun|a specific situation or event	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	render|なる|verb|cause to be or become	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	whole territory|全領土|noun|the entire area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	great town|大都市|noun|a large human settlement	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	grass|牧草|noun|vegetation consisting of typically short plants with long narrow leaves	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
Their lands, therefore, have been principally employed in the production of grass, the more bulky commodity, and which cannot be so easily brought from a great distance;	そのため、彼らの土地は主に牧草の生産に使われ、よりかさばる商品であり、遠くから簡単に運んでくることはできない。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	employ|使う|verb|use	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	grass|牧草|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and heavy or awkward to carry or use	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	bring|運んでくる|verb|cause to come or go to a place with oneself	great distance|遠く|noun|a long way
and corn, the food of the great body of the people, has been chiefly imported from foreign countries.	そして、国民の大部分の食料である穀物は、主に外国から輸入されている。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	great body of the people|国民の大部分|noun|the majority of the people	chiefly|主に|adverb|most importantly	foreign country|外国|noun|a country that is not your own
Holland is at present in this situation;	オランダは現在この状況にある。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	in this situation|この状況にある|noun|in this state of affairs
and a considerable part of ancient Italy seems to have been so during the prosperity of the Romans.	そして、古代イタリアのかなり大きな部分は、ローマ人の繁栄期にはそうだったようだ。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	considerable|かなり大きな|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome
To feed well, old Cato said, as we are told by Cicero, was the first and most profitable thing in the management of a private estate;	キケロが語っているように、老カトーは、よく食べることは私有地の管理において最初で最も利益になることだと言った。	feed|食べる|verb|take food into the body	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner	old|老|adjective|having lived for a long time	Cato|カトー|noun|a Roman statesman and orator	Cicero|キケロ|noun|a Roman statesman and orator	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	private estate|私有地|noun|land owned by a private individual or organization
to feed tolerably well, the second;	そこそこ食べることは二番目で、	feed|食べること|verb|take food into the body by eating	tolerably|そこそこ|adverb|moderately well	second|二番目|noun|the number 2 in a series
and to feed ill, the third.	ひどく食べることは三番目だと。	feed|食べる|verb|take food into the body by eating	ill|ひどく|adverb|in a bad or inadequate manner	third|三番目|noun|the ordinal number of three
To plough, he ranked only in the fourth place of profit and advantage.	彼は耕作を利益と利点の四番目にしか位置づけなかった。	plough|耕作|noun|the activity of using a plough to turn over the soil	rank|位置づける|verb|place in a particular position or order	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
Tillage, indeed, in that part of ancient Italy which lay in the neighbour hood of Rome, must have been very much discouraged by the distributions of corn which were frequently made to the people, either gratuitously, or at a very low price.	実際、古代イタリアのローマ近郊の地域では、無償または非常に安い価格で頻繁に人々に配布されていた穀物によって、耕作は非常に妨げられたに違いない。	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	lie|横たわる|verb|be in or assume a horizontal or resting position	neighbour hood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	discourage|妨げる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	distribution|配布|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	gratuitously|無償で|adverb|without charge or payment	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	low|安い|adjective|of less than average height	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
This corn was brought from the conquered provinces, of which several, instead of taxes, were obliged to furnish a tenth part of their produce at a stated price, about sixpence a-peck, to the republic.	この穀物は征服された属州から運ばれてきたもので、そのうちのいくつかは税金の代わりに、生産物の10分の1を定価で共和国に納入する義務があった。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	several|いくつか|adjective|more than two but not many	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	tenth|10分の1|adjective|one of ten equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	furnish|納入する|verb|supply or provide something	stated|定価|adjective|fixed or agreed in advance	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
The low price at which this corn was distributed to the people, must necessarily have sunk the price of what could be brought to the Roman market from Latium, or the ancient territory of Rome, and must have discouraged its cultivation in that country.	この穀物が人々に配布された低価格は、必然的にラティウム、つまりローマの古代領土からローマ市場に運び込まれる穀物の価格を下落させ、その国での栽培を妨げたに違いない。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	distribute|配布する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	low price|低価格|noun|a price that is lower than normal	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	sink|下落させる|verb|go down or cause to go down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bring|運び込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	Latium|ラティウム|noun|an ancient region of central Italy	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	discourage|妨げる|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

In an open country, too, of which the principal produce is corn, a well-inclosed piece of grass will frequently rent higher than any corn field in its neighbourhood.	主要な産物が穀物である開けた国でも、よく囲まれた草地は、近隣のどの穀物畑よりも高い賃料になることが多い。	open country|開けた国|noun|a country with few or no trees	principal produce|主要な産物|noun|the main product of a country	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	well-inclosed|よく囲まれた|adjective|surrounded by a fence or wall	piece of grass|草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	rent|賃料|noun|the amount of money paid to use something for a period of time	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place
It is convenient for the maintenance of the cattle employed in the cultivation of the corn;	穀物の栽培に従事する牛の維持に便利である。	convenient|便利である|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage the services of	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
and its high rent is, in this case, not so properly paid from the value of its own produce, as from that of the corn lands which are cultivated by means of it.	そして、この場合、その高い地代は、それによって耕作される穀物地の価値から支払われるのと同じように、それ自身の生産物の価値から支払われるわけではない。	high rent|高い地代|noun|a large amount of money paid to use a property	this case|この場合|noun|the situation being considered	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	corn land|穀物地|noun|land used for growing corn	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
It is likely to fall, if ever the neighbouring lands are completely inclosed.	近隣の土地が完全に囲い込まれれば、地代は下がるだろう。	fall|下がる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|next to or very near	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	inclose|囲い込む|verb|shut in on all sides; surround
The present high rent of inclosed land in Scotland seems owing to the scarcity of inclosure, and will probably last no longer than that scarcity.	スコットランドの囲い地の現在の高額な地代は、囲い地の不足によるものと思われ、おそらくその不足が続く限り続くだろう。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	high|高額な|adjective|of great vertical extent	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	inclosed land|囲い地|noun|land that is enclosed by a fence or other barrier	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	last|続く|verb|continue or persist for a specified period of time	no longer than|続く限り|adverb|only for the period of time specified	that|その|determiner|the person or thing mentioned or indicated before
The advantage of inclosure is greater for pasture than for corn.	囲い地の利点は、穀物よりも牧草地の方が大きい。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	inclosure|囲い地|noun|an area of land surrounded by a fence or wall	pasture|牧草地|noun|land covered with grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
It saves the labour of guarding the cattle, which feed better, too, when they are not liable to be disturbed by their keeper or his dog.	囲い地は、牛を守る労働を節約し、牛は飼育員や犬に邪魔されなければ、よりよく餌を食べることができる。	save|節約する|verb|keep from being used or spent	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	guard|守る|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate used for milk and meat	feed|食べる|verb|take food into the body	better|よりよく|adverb|to a greater degree	liable|邪魔される|adjective|likely to do or have something	disturb|邪魔する|verb|interfere with the peace or quiet of	keeper|飼育員|noun|a person who looks after animals in a zoo or other place	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice

But where there is no local advantage of this kind, the rent and profit of corn, or whatever else is the common vegetable food of the people, must naturally regulate upon the land which is fit for producing it, the rent and profit of pasture.	しかし、この種の地域的優位性がないところでは、穀物や人々の一般的な野菜食料の賃借料や利益は、それを生産するのに適した土地、牧草地の賃借料や利益を自然に調整しなければならない。	local advantage|地域的優位性|noun|a benefit that is enjoyed by a particular area or group of people	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant that is grown for food	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|to make or create something	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals

The use of the artificial grasses, of turnips, carrots, cabbages, and the other expedients which have been fallen upon to make an equal quantity of land feed a greater number of cattle than when in natural grass, should somewhat reduce, it might be expected, the superiority which, in an improved country, the price of butcher’s meat naturally has over that of bread.	人工芝、カブ、ニンジン、キャベツ、および同量の土地で天然芝よりも多くの牛を養うために考案された他の手段の使用は、先進国において肉屋の肉の価格がパンの価格よりも当然もっている優位性を、多少低下させると期待できる。	artificial grass|人工芝|noun|a synthetic surface made to look like natural grass	turnip|カブ|noun|a round root vegetable with a white or yellow flesh and a purple, red, or white skin	carrot|ニンジン|noun|a long orange-colored root vegetable	cabbage|キャベツ|noun|a round vegetable with green or purple leaves that are eaten raw or cooked	expedient|手段|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	feed|養う|verb|give food to	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who cuts up and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water, mixed together and baked
It seems accordingly to have done so;	それに応じてそうしたように思われる。	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate to the situation	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being
and there is some reason for believing that, at least in the London market, the price of butcher’s meat, in proportion to the price of bread, is a good deal lower in the present times than it was in the beginning of the last century.	そして、少なくともロンドン市場では、パンの価格に比べて肉屋の肉の価格は、前世紀の初めに比べて現在はかなり低いと信じるに足る理由がある。	there is some reason for believing that|信じるに足る理由がある|phrase|there is a reason to believe that	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	the beginning of the last century|前世紀の初め|noun|the beginning of the century before the present one

In the Appendix to the life of Prince Henry, Doctor Birch has given us an account of the prices of butcher’s meat as commonly paid by that prince.	ヘンリー王子の伝記の付録で、バーチ博士は、その王子が通常支払った肉屋の肉の価格について説明している。	Prince Henry|ヘンリー王子|noun|the son of King James I of England	Appendix|付録|noun|a section at the end of a book containing additional information	Doctor Birch|バーチ博士|noun|a British historian	give an account of|説明する|verb|to explain or describe something	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
It is there said, that the four quarters of an ox, weighing six hundred pounds, usually cost him nine pounds ten shillings, or thereabouts;	そこには、六百ポンドの重さの牛の四分の一は、通常九ポンド十シリング、またはその程度の値段だったと書かれている。	six hundred pounds|六百ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	nine pounds ten shillings|九ポンド十シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	thereabouts|その程度|adverb|near that place; in that neighborhood
that is thirty-one shillings and eight-pence per hundred pounds weight.	つまり、百ポンドの重さあたり三十一シリング八ペンスである。	thirty-one|三十一|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirty and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	eight|八|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one	pence|ペンス|noun|a British monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a pound	hundred|百|numeral|the cardinal number that is equal to ten times ten	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs
Prince Henry died on the 6th of November 1612, in the nineteenth year of his age.	ヘンリー王子は、一六一二年十一月六日、十九歳で亡くなった。	Prince Henry|ヘンリー王子|noun|the eldest son of James I of England	die|亡くなる|verb|stop living	the 6th of November 1612|一六一二年十一月六日|noun|a date	the nineteenth year of his age|十九歳|noun|an age

In March 1764, there was a parliamentary inquiry into the causes of the high price of provisions at that time.	一七六四年三月、当時の食料品高騰の原因について議会で調査が行われた。	March 1764|一七六四年三月|noun|the third month of the year 1764	parliamentary inquiry|議会で調査|noun|an investigation by a parliament	cause|原因|noun|the reason for which something happens	high price|高騰|noun|a price that is higher than usual	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
It was then, among other proof to the same purpose, given in evidence by a Virginia merchant, that in March 1763, he had victualled his ships for twentyfour or twenty-five shillings the hundred weight of beef, which he considered as the ordinary price;	その時、同じ目的の他の証拠の中で、バージニアの商人が証言したところによると、一七六三年三月、彼は自分の船に牛肉百ポンドあたり二十四、五シリングで食料を供給したが、これは彼が普通の価格と考えていたものだった。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	other|他の|adjective|not the same	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	evidence|証拠|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	March 1763|一七六三年三月|noun|the third month of the year 1763	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	twentyfour|二十四|noun|the number 24	twenty-five|二十五|noun|the number 25	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	beef|牛肉|noun|the flesh of a cow, bull, or ox	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
whereas, in that dear year, he had paid twenty-seven shillings for the same weight and sort.	ところが、その高騰した年には、同じ重量と種類の牛肉に二十七シリングを支払ったという。	whereas|ところが|conjunction|on the other hand; in contrast	dear|高騰した|adjective|high in price	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	twenty-seven|二十七|numeral|the number 27	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	weight|重量|noun|the heaviness of a person or thing	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics
This high price in 1764 is, however, four shillings and eight-pence cheaper than the ordinary price paid by Prince Henry; and it is the best beef only, it must be observed, which is fit to be salted for those distant voyages.	しかし、この一七六四年の高値は、ヘンリー王子が支払った通常価格よりも四シリング八ペンス安い。そして、この遠洋航海に適した塩漬け牛肉は、最上級の牛肉だけであることに注意しなければならない。	1764|1764年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than average	four shillings and eight-pence|四シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	ordinary price|通常価格|noun|the usual price	Prince Henry|ヘンリー王子|noun|a prince of England	best beef|最上級の牛肉|noun|the highest quality beef	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	be observed|注意しなければならない|verb|be noticed or perceived	distant voyage|遠洋航海|noun|a voyage to a distant place

The price paid by Prince Henry amounts to 3d. 4/5ths per pound weight of the whole carcase, coarse and choice pieces taken together;	ヘンリー王子が支払った価格は、粗悪な部分と上等な部分を合わせた全体の重量一ポンドあたり三ペンス四分の五に相当する。	Prince Henry|ヘンリー王子|noun|the son of King Henry VII of England	amount to|相当する|verb|be equal to	3d.|三ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth three pennies	4/5ths|四分の五|noun|four fifths	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|of low quality	choice|上等な|adjective|of high quality	piece|部分|noun|a part of something
and at that rate the choice pieces could not have been sold by retail for less than 41⁄2d. or 5d. the pound.	そして、そのレートでは、上等な部分は小売りでは四ペンス半か五ペンスより安く売ることはできなかった。	at that rate|そのレートでは|adverb|at that speed or pace	choice|上等な|adjective|of the best quality	piece|部分|noun|a portion of something	retail|小売り|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	less than|より安く|adverb|not as much as	four and a half pence|四ペンス半|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	five pence|五ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom

In the parliamentary inquiry in 1764, the witnesses stated the price of the choice pieces of the best beef to be to the consumer 4d. and 41⁄2d. the pound; and the coarse pieces in general to be from seven farthings to 21⁄2d. and 23⁄4d.; and this, they said, was in general one halfpenny dearer than the same sort of pieces had usually been sold in the month of March.	一七六四年の議会調査では、証人は最上級牛肉の上等部位の価格は消費者にとって一ポンド四ペンスから四ペンス半であり、粗悪部位は一般に七ファージングから二ペンス半から二ペンス三ファージングであると述べた。そして、これは三月に通常売られている同じ部位よりも一般に半ペンス高かったと彼らは言った。	1764|一七六四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	parliamentary inquiry|議会調査|noun|an investigation by a parliament	witness|証人|noun|a person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place	choice|上等|adjective|of very high quality	best|最上級|adjective|of the highest quality	beef|牛肉|noun|the flesh of a cow, bull, or ox	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	4d.|四ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom, equal to one twentieth of a pound	41⁄2d.|四ペンス半|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom, equal to one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight in the United Kingdom, equal to sixteen ounces	coarse|粗悪|adjective|of low quality	seven|七|noun|a number, one more than six	farthing|ファージング|noun|a former British coin worth one quarter of a penny	21⁄2d.|二ペンス半|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom, equal to one twentieth of a pound	23⁄4d.|二ペンス三ファージング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom, equal to one twentieth of a pound	halfpenny|半ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth half a penny	March|三月|noun|the third month of the year in the Gregorian calendar
But even this high price is still a good deal cheaper than what we can well suppose the ordinary retail price to have been in the time of Prince Henry.	しかし、この高値でさえ、ヘンリー王子の時代に通常の小売価格があったと推測できるものよりもかなり安い。	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than average	Prince Henry|ヘンリー王子|noun|the son of King Henry VII of England	retail price|小売価格|noun|the price at which a product is sold to the consumer

During the first twelve years of the last century, the average price of the best wheat at the Windsor market was £ 1:18:31⁄2d. the quarter of nine Winchester bushels.	前世紀の最初の十二年間、ウィンザー市場で最高の小麦の平均価格は、九ウィンチェスターブッシェルの四分の一あたり一ポンド十八シリング三ペンス半だった。	first twelve years|最初の十二年間|noun|the first twelve years of a century	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the current one	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is typically paid by consumers	best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the best quality of wheat	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor, England	nine Winchester bushels|九ウィンチェスターブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume used in the United Kingdom and the United States	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	one pound eighteen shillings threepence halfpenny|一ポンド十八シリング三ペンス半|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom

But in the twelve years preceding 1764 including that year, the average price of the same measure of the best wheat at the same market was £ 2:1:91⁄2d.	しかし、一七六四年を含むその前の十二年間、同じ市場で同じ量の最高の小麦の平均価格は二ポンド一シリング九ペンス半だった。	twelve years|十二年間|noun|a period of twelve years	preceding|前の|adjective|coming before in time	1764|一七六四年|noun|the year 1764	including|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	that year|その年|noun|the year being discussed	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	same measure|同じ量|noun|the same amount	same market|同じ市場|noun|the same place where goods and services are bought and sold	best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the highest quality wheat	£ 2:1:91⁄2d|二ポンド一シリング九ペンス半|noun|two pounds, one shilling, and nine and a half pence

In the first twelve years of the last century, therefore, wheat appears to have been a good deal cheaper, and butcher’s meat a good deal dearer, than in the twelve years preceding 1764, including that year.	したがって、前世紀の最初の十二年間は、一七六四年を含むその前の十二年間よりも、小麦はかなり安く、肉はかなり高かったように思われる。	first twelve years|最初の十二年間|noun|the first twelve years of a century	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the current one	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	butcher's meat|肉|noun|meat that is sold by a butcher	dearer|高い|adjective|high in price or value	twelve years|十二年間|noun|a period of twelve years	preceding|前の|adjective|coming before in time	twelve years|十二年間|noun|a period of twelve years	including|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	that year|その年|noun|the year being discussed

In all great countries, the greater part of the cultivated lands are employed in producing either food for men or food for cattle.	すべての大国では、耕地の大部分は人間の食料か家畜の食料の生産に使用されている。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	employed|使用されている|verb|use or engage	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen
The rent and profit of these regulate the rent and profit of all other cultivated land.	これらの地代の収益は、他のすべての耕地の地代と収益を調整する。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|収益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
If any particular produce afforded less, the land would soon be turned into corn or pasture;	もし、ある特定の生産物がそれより少ない収益しか生み出さなければ、その土地はすぐに穀物や牧草地に転用されるだろう。	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	turn into|転用される|verb|to change from one thing into another	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where animals graze
and if any afforded more, some part of the lands in corn or pasture would soon be turned to that produce.	そして、もしそれより多くの収益を生み出すものがあれば、穀物や牧草地の一部はすぐにその生産物に転用されるだろう。	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	more|それより多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where animals graze	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	turn|転用される|verb|to change from one thing to another

Those productions, indeed, which require either a greater original expense of improvement, or a greater annual expense of cultivation in order to fit the land for them, appear commonly to afford, the one a greater rent, the other a greater profit, than corn or pasture.	実際、土地を適合させるために、より大きな初期改良費用、またはより大きな年間耕作費用を必要とする生産物は、一般的に、前者はより大きな地代を、後者は穀物や牧草地よりも大きな利益をもたらすように思われる。	production|生産物|noun|the act of producing something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	fit|適合させる|verb|be of the right shape and size	appear|思われる|verb|seem	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
This superiority, however, will seldom be found to amount to more than a reasonable interest or compensation for this superior expense.	しかし、この優位性は、この優れた費用に対する合理的な利子または補償を超えることはめったにない。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	compensation|補償|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering

In a hop garden, a fruit garden, a kitchen garden, both the rent of the landlord, and the profit of the farmer, are generally greater than in acorn or grass field.	ホップ園、果樹園、菜園では、地主の地代と農夫の利益は、一般的にドングリ畑や牧草地よりも大きい。	hop garden|ホップ園|noun|a garden where hops are grown	fruit garden|果樹園|noun|a garden where fruit is grown	kitchen garden|菜園|noun|a garden where vegetables, fruits, and herbs are grown	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented or leased to others	farmer|農夫|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	acorn|ドングリ|noun|the fruit of an oak tree	grass field|牧草地|noun|a field where grass is grown
But to bring the ground into this condition requires more expense.	しかし、土地をこの状態にするためには、より多くの費用が必要である。	bring|する|verb|cause to come or go to a place	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
Hence a greater rent becomes due to the landlord.	そのため、地主にはより多くの地代が支払われることになる。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	become due|支払われることになる|verb|become payable	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
It requires, too, a more attentive and skilful management.	また、より注意深く、巧みな管理が必要である。	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	attentive|注意深い|adjective|paying close attention	skilful|巧みな|adjective|having or showing skill	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
Hence a greater profit becomes due to the farmer.	そのため、農夫にはより多くの利益が支払われることになる。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	become due to|支払われることになる|verb|be owed to someone
The crop, too, at least in the hop and fruit garden, is more precarious.	収穫も、少なくともホップや果樹園では、より不安定である。	crop|収穫|noun|the agricultural produce of a particular place or season	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	hop|ホップ|noun|a climbing plant with lobed leaves and conelike catkins	fruit|果物|noun|the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten	garden|果樹園|noun|a piece of land where fruit trees are grown	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position; unstable
Its price, therefore, besides compensating all occasional losses, must afford something like the profit of insurance.	そのため、その価格は、あらゆる偶発的な損失を補償する以外に、保険の利益のようなものをもたらす必要がある。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something or to have something	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium
The circumstances of gardeners, generally mean, and always moderate, may satisfy us that their great ingenuity is not commonly over-recompensed.	庭師の境遇は、一般的に卑しく、常に控えめであり、彼らの偉大な創意工夫が通常過剰に報われていないことを私たちに納得させてくれる。	circumstance|境遇|noun|a condition or fact that affects a situation or event	gardener|庭師|noun|a person who works in a garden	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	mean|卑しい|adjective|of low standard or quality	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	moderate|控えめ|adjective|not extreme or excessive	satisfy|納得させる|verb|make happy or pleased	ingenuity|創意工夫|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	over-recompense|過剰に報われる|verb|to give too much of something in return for something else
Their delightful art is practised by so many rich people for amusement, that little advantage is to be made by those who practise it for profit;	彼らの楽しい技は、多くの金持ちが娯楽のために実践しているので、利益のために実践する人にはほとんど利益がない。	delightful|楽しい|adjective|giving great pleasure	art|技|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	practise|実践する|verb|perform or work at repeatedly so as to become proficient	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that amuses; entertainment	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
because the persons who should naturally be their best customers, supply themselves with all their most precious productions.	なぜなら、当然彼らの最高の顧客であるはずの人々は、自分たちの最も貴重な作品をすべて自分たちで供給しているからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	best|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	most|最も|determiner|to the greatest extent	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	production|作品|noun|the act of producing something

The advantage which the landlord derives from such improvements, seems at no time to have been greater than what was sufficient to compensate the original expense of making them.	地主がそのような改良から得る利益は、それらを行うための元々の費用を補償するのに十分なものよりも大きくなったことがないようだ。	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	at no time|決して〜ない|adverb|never	greater than|より大きい|adjective|larger than	what was sufficient|十分なもの|noun|something that is enough	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	original expense|元々の費用|noun|the cost of something when it was first bought	making|行う|verb|produce or create
In the ancient husbandry, after the vineyard, a well-watered kitchen garden seems to have been the part of the farm which was supposed to yield the most valuable produce.	古代の農業では、ブドウ園の次に、水を十分に与えた家庭菜園が農園の中で最も価値のある農産物を生み出すと考えられていたようだ。	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown	well-watered|水を十分に与えた|adjective|receiving enough water	kitchen garden|家庭菜園|noun|a garden where vegetables, fruit, and herbs are grown for domestic use	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	farm|農園|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	produce|農産物|noun|agricultural and horticultural products
But Democritus, who wrote upon husbandry about two thousand years ago, and who was regarded by the ancients as one of the fathers of the art, thought they did not act wisely who inclosed a kitchen garden.	しかし、約二千年前に農業について書き、古代人からその技術の父の一人と考えられたデモクリトゥスは、家庭菜園を囲い込むのは賢い行動ではないと考えていた。	about two thousand years ago|約二千年前|noun phrase|a period of time	Democritus|デモクリトゥス|noun|a Greek philosopher	write upon|書き記す|verb|write about	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals	ancient|古代人|noun|a person who lived in ancient times	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	one of the fathers|父の一人|noun phrase|a person who is a father	art|技術|noun|the application of skill and knowledge to create something	kitchen garden|家庭菜園|noun|a garden where vegetables, fruit, and herbs are grown for domestic use	inclose|囲い込む|verb|shut in or enclose	wisely|賢く|adverb|in a wise manner	act|行動|noun|something that is done
The profit, he said, would not compensate the expense of a stone-wall: and bricks (he meant, I suppose, bricks baked in the sun) mouldered with the rain and the winter-storm, and required continual repairs.	彼は、利益は石垣の費用を補償しないだろう、そしてレンガ(彼は、私が思うに、天日で焼いたレンガを意味した)は雨と冬の嵐で崩れ、継続的な修理が必要だと言った。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	stone-wall|石垣|noun|a wall made of stones	brick|レンガ|noun|a small rectangular block of fired or sun-dried clay, used in building	moulder|崩れる|verb|decay or cause to decay	rain|雨|noun|water falling in drops from a cloud	winter-storm|冬の嵐|noun|a storm occurring in winter	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
Columella, who reports this judgment of Democritus, does not controvert it, but proposes a very frugal method of inclosing with a hedge of brambles and briars, which he says he had found by experience to be both a lasting and an impenetrable fence;	デモクリトゥスのこの判断を報告するコルメラは、それに反論せず、イバラや茨の生垣で囲むという非常に質素な方法を提案しているが、彼は経験からそれが長持ちし、侵入できない塀であることを発見したと言っている。	Columella|コルメラ|noun|Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella	report|報告する|verb|give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or investigated	Democritus|デモクリトゥス|noun|Greek philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	controvert|反論する|verb|deny the truth of	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion, especially for discussion or consideration by others	frugal|質素な|adjective|sparing or economical with regard to money or food	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	inclose|囲む|verb|shut in on all sides; surround	hedge|生垣|noun|a fence or boundary formed by closely growing bushes or shrubs	bramble|イバラ|noun|a wild blackberry bush	briar|茨|noun|a prickly scrambling shrub	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	lasting|長持ちする|adjective|continuing for a long time	impenetrable|侵入できない|adjective|impossible to pass through or enter
but which, it seems, was not commonly known in the time of Democritus.	しかし、それはデモクリトゥスの時代には一般的に知られていなかったようだ。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
Palladius adopts the opinion of Columella, which had before been recommended by Varro.	パラディウスは、以前にヴァロによって推薦されていたコルメラの意見を採用している。	Palladius|パラディウス|noun|a Roman writer on agriculture	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	Columella|コルメラ|noun|a Roman writer on agriculture	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	recommend|推薦する|verb|put forward or suggest as suitable for a purpose or role	Varro|ヴァロ|noun|a Roman writer on agriculture
In the judgment of those ancient improvers, the produce of a kitchen garden had, it seems, been little more than sufficient to pay the extraordinary culture and the expense of watering;	これらの古代の改良者の判断では、家庭菜園の産物は、特別な栽培と水やりの費用を支払うのに十分な程度に過ぎなかったようである。	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	improver|改良者|noun|a person who makes something better	kitchen garden|家庭菜園|noun|a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown for domestic use	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
for in countries so near the sun, it was thought proper, in those times as in the present, to have the command of a stream of water, which could be conducted to every bed in the garden.	なぜなら、太陽に近い国々では、現在と同じように、当時は庭のすべての畝に水を供給できる水流を制御することが適切だと考えられていたからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	in|で|preposition|inside	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	near|近い|adjective|close; not far	sun|太陽|noun|the star that is the sole source of light and heat for the Earth's solar system	it|それは|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	be thought|考えられる|verb|be of the opinion that	proper|適切|adjective|suitable; right	in|に|preposition|at	those|当時|adjective|the	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	as|ように|conjunction|in the way that	in|に|preposition|at	the|現在|adjective|the	present|現在|noun|the period of time that is happening now	to|こと|preposition|for	have|持つ|verb|possess	the|その|adjective|the	command|制御|noun|the ability to control	of|の|preposition|of	a|一つの|article|one	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water	of|の|preposition|of	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	which|できる|pronoun|that	could|できる|modal verb|be able to	be|できる|verb|be able to	conducted|供給できる|verb|direct the course of; manage or control	to|に|preposition|to	every|すべての|adjective|each	bed|畝|noun|a raised strip of soil in a garden	in|の|preposition|of	the|その|adjective|the	garden|庭|noun|a piece of land where plants (such as flowers or vegetables) are grown
Through the greater part of Europe, a kitchen garden is not at present supposed to deserve a better inclosure than that recommended by Columella.	ヨーロッパの大部分では、家庭菜園は現在、コルメラが推奨しているものよりも良い囲いに値するとは思われていない。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	kitchen garden|家庭菜園|noun|a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown for domestic use	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	suppose|思う|verb|think or believe something to be the case	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	inclosure|囲い|noun|something that encloses	recommend|推奨する|verb|put forward as being suitable for a purpose or role
In Great Britain, and some other northern countries, the finer fruits cannot be brought to perfection but by the assistance of a wall.	イギリスや他の北国では、上等な果物は壁の助けを借りなければ完熟させることができない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	some other|他の|determiner|some additional	northern|北の|adjective|of or relating to the north	finer|上等な|adjective|of high quality	fruit|果物|noun|the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten	perfection|完熟|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	wall|壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land
Their price, therefore, in such countries, must be sufficient to pay the expense of building and maintaining what they cannot be had without.	したがって、そのような国々では、それらの果物の価格は、それらがなければ得られないものを建設し維持する費用を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	building|建設|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	maintaining|維持|verb|cause or enable to continue in existence	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by
The fruit-wall frequently surrounds the kitchen garden, which thus enjoys the benefit of an inclosure which its own produce could seldom pay for.	果樹園の壁はしばしば家庭菜園を囲んでおり、家庭菜園は囲いの恩恵を受けているが、その囲いの費用を自らの生産物で賄うことはめったにできない。	fruit-wall|果樹園の壁|noun|a wall that surrounds a fruit garden	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	surround|囲む|verb|be around something on all sides	kitchen garden|家庭菜園|noun|a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown for domestic use	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	benefit|恩恵|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	inclosure|囲い|noun|something that encloses; a fence or wall	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	pay for|賄う|verb|give money in exchange for goods or services

That the vineyard, when properly planted and brought to perfection, was the most valuable part of the farm, seems to have been an undoubted maxim in the ancient agriculture, as it is in the modern, through all the wine countries.	ブドウ園は、適切に植え付けられ、完璧に育てられれば、農場の最も価値ある部分であるということは、現代のすべてのワイン生産国においてそうであるように、古代農業においても疑いのない格言であったように思われる。	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	plant|植え付ける|verb|put (a plant) in the ground and cover with earth for growth	perfection|完璧|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	valuable|価値ある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
But whether it was advantageous to plant a new vineyard, was a matter of dispute among the ancient Italian husbandmen, as we learn from Columella.	しかし、新しいブドウ園を植えることが有利かどうかは、コルメラから学ぶように、古代イタリアの農民の間で論争の的となっていた。	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	plant|植える|verb|put (a seed, bulb, or plant) in the ground and cover with earth for growth	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	husbandman|農民|noun|a farmer	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	Columella|コルメラ|noun|Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, a Roman writer on agriculture
He decides, like a true lover of all curious cultivation, in favour of the vineyard;	彼は、あらゆる珍しい栽培の真の愛好家のように、ブドウ園に賛成する。	decide|決める|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	like|ように|preposition|similar to	true|真の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	lover|愛好家|noun|a person who likes or enjoys something	all|あらゆる|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	curious|珍しい|adjective|strange or unusual	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	favour|賛成する|verb|approve of or be in favour of
and endeavours to shew, by a comparison of the profit and expense, that it was a most advantageous improvement.	そして、利益と費用を比較して、それが最も有利な改良であることを示そうとしている。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|示す|verb|to show or demonstrate something	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
Such comparisons, however, between the profit and expense of new projects are commonly very fallacious;	しかし、新しいプロジェクトの利益と費用の間のこのような比較は、通常、非常に誤りが多い。	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	fallacious|誤りが多い|adjective|containing a fallacy; logically unsound
and in nothing more so than in agriculture.	そして、農業においては特にそうである。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
Had the gain actually made by such plantations been commonly as great as he imagined it might have been, there could have been no dispute about it.	もし、そのような農園で実際に得られた利益が、彼が想像したほど大きかったなら、それについて議論の余地はなかっただろう。	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	make|得る|verb|obtain, acquire, or earn	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, or sugar are grown	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	dispute|議論|noun|a disagreement between people or groups
The same point is frequently at this day a matter of controversy in the wine countries.	同じ点は、今日でもワイン生産国ではしばしば論争の的となっている。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	this day|今日|noun|the present day	matter|事|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	controversy|論争|noun|a prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion
Their writers on agriculture, indeed, the lovers and promoters of high cultivation, seem generally disposed to decide with Columella in favour of the vineyard.	農業に関する彼らの著述家は、実際、高度な耕作を愛し、推進する人々であり、一般的にコルメラと共にブドウ園に賛成する傾向があるように思われる。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	writer|著述家|noun|a person who writes	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	lover|愛好家|noun|a person who loves something	promoter|推進者|noun|a person who promotes something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	dispose|傾向がある|verb|to be inclined or willing	with|共に|preposition|in the company of	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown
In France, the anxiety of the proprietors of the old vineyards to prevent the planting of any new ones, seems to favour their opinion, and to indicate a consciousness in those who must have the experience, that this species of cultivation is at present in that country more profitable than any other.	フランスでは、古いブドウ園の所有者が新しいブドウ園の植え付けを阻止しようとする不安は、彼らの意見を支持し、経験を積んだ人々の意識を示しているように見える。この種の栽培は、現在、その国では他のどの栽培よりも収益性が高い。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	anxiety|不安|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|an area of land where grapes are grown for winemaking	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep or stop from happening or arising	planting|植え付け|noun|the action of planting something	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	indicate|示す|verb|point out or show	consciousness|意識|noun|the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	cultivation|栽培|noun|the action of growing plants	profitable|収益性が高い|adjective|yielding a financial profit
It seems, at the same time, however, to indicate another opinion, that this superior profit can last no longer than the laws which at present restrain the free cultivation of the vine.	しかし、同時に、この優れた利益は、現在ブドウの自由な栽培を制限している法律よりも長く続くことはできない、という別の意見を示しているように見える。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	indicate|示す|verb|be a sign of	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	last|続く|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	restrain|制限する|verb|prevent from doing something	vine|ブドウ|noun|a climbing plant that produces grapes
In 1731, they obtained an order of council, prohibiting both the planting of new vineyards, and the renewal of these old ones, of which the cultivation had been interrupted for two years, without a particular permission from the king, to be granted only in consequence of an information from the intendant of the province, certifying that he had examined the land, and that it was incapable of any other culture.	1731年、彼らは議会の命令を得て、新しいブドウ園の植え付けと、2年間栽培が中断されていた古いブドウ園の更新を禁止し、国王からの特別な許可なしに、その土地を調査し、他の栽培ができないことを証明する地方長官からの情報を得た場合にのみ許可を与えた。	1731|1731年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	order|命令|noun|a command, instruction, or direction	council|議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	planting|植え付け|noun|the action of putting a plant in the ground	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	renewal|更新|noun|the action of extending the period of validity of a contract, subscription, or license	cultivation|栽培|noun|the action of growing plants	interrupt|中断する|verb|break the continuity of	two years|2年間|noun|a period of time lasting for 24 months	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	grant|与える|verb|give or allow someone to have something	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	information|情報|noun|facts or knowledge provided or learned	intendant|地方長官|noun|a person appointed to supervise an administrative department	examine|調査する|verb|inspect or scrutinize closely and thoroughly	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	incapable|できない|adjective|unable to do something	culture|栽培|noun|the action of growing plants
The pretence of this order was the scarcity of corn and pasture, and the superabundance of wine.	この命令の口実は、穀物と牧草地の不足とワインの過剰だった。	pretence|口実|noun|a false appearance or action intended to deceive; a pretext	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	pasture|牧草地|noun|land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing livestock	superabundance|過剰|noun|an excessive amount; a superfluity
But had this superabundance been real, it would, without any order of council, have effectually prevented the plantation of new vineyards, by reducing the profits of this species of cultivation below their natural proportion to those of corn and pasture.	しかし、この過剰が現実のものであったなら、議会の命令がなくても、この種の栽培の利益を穀物や牧草地の利益に対する自然な比率よりも低くすることによって、新しいブドウ園の植え付けを効果的に阻止したであろう。	superabundance|過剰|noun|an amount that is more than enough	real|現実のもの|adjective|not imaginary; existing in fact	council|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to govern a city, town, or other political subdivision	plantation|植え付け|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, or sugar are grown	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals
With regard to the supposed scarcity of corn occasioned by the multiplication of vineyards, corn is nowhere in France more carefully cultivated than in the wine provinces, where the land is fit for producing it: as in Burgundy, Guienne, and the Upper Languedoc.	ブドウ園の増加によって引き起こされる穀物の不足については、フランスではブルゴーニュ、ギエンヌ、ラングドック上部のように、土地が穀物の生産に適しているワイン産地ほど注意深く栽培されている場所はない。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	supposed|想定される|adjective|assumed to be true or real without proof	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	occasioned|引き起こされる|verb|cause or produce	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number or amount	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	carefully|注意深く|adverb|taking care to avoid damage or risk	cultivated|栽培される|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	fit|適している|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	producing|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	Burgundy|ブルゴーニュ|noun|a historical region and former duchy in east-central France	Guienne|ギエンヌ|noun|a historical region of southwest France	Upper Languedoc|ラングドック上部|noun|a historical region of southern France
The numerous hands employed in the one species of cultivation necessarily encourage the other, by affording a ready market for its produce.	一方の栽培に従事する多数の労働者は、その生産物に即座に市場を提供することで、必然的に他方の栽培を促進する。	numerous|多数の|adjective|very many	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage	one|一方の|adjective|the number 1	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	encourage|促進する|verb|give support to	other|他方の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things
To diminish the number of those who are capable of paying it, is surely a most unpromising expedient for encouraging the cultivation of corn.	それを支払うことができる人々の数を減らすことは、確かに穀物の栽培を奨励するための最も見込みのない方策である。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	unpromising|見込みのない|adjective|not likely to be successful	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
It is like the policy which would promote agriculture, by discouraging manufactures.	それは、製造業を阻害することで農業を促進する政策に似ている。	like|似ている|verb|be similar to	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale

The rent and profit of those productions, therefore, which require either a greater original expense of improvement in order to fit the land for them, or a greater annual expense of cultivation, though often much superior to those of corn and pasture, yet when they do no more than compensate such extraordinary expense, are in reality regulated by the rent and profit of those common crops.	したがって、土地を適合させるためにより大きな初期改良費用、またはより大きな年間栽培費用を必要とするこれらの生産物の地代と利潤は、しばしば穀物や牧草地のものよりもはるかに優れているが、そのような特別な費用を補償するだけであれば、実際にはこれらの一般的な作物の地代と利潤によって調整される。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	production|生産物|noun|the act of creating or manufacturing something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	fit|適合させる|verb|be of the right shape and size	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	cultivation|栽培|noun|the action of growing plants	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for something	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, involving, or affecting the whole of a community or population

It sometimes happens, indeed, that the quantity of land which can be fitted for some particular produce, is too small to supply the effectual demand.	確かに、ある特定の生産物に適合できる土地の量が、有効需要を満たすには小さすぎることが時々起こる。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	fit|適合する|verb|be of the right shape and size	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	supply|満たす|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something coupled with the ability to pay for it
The whole produce can be disposed of to those who are willing to give somewhat more than what is sufficient to pay the whole rent, wages, and profit, necessary for raising and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, or according to the rates at which they are paid in the greater part of other cultivated land.	生産物全体は、その自然な率に従って、または他の耕作地の大部分で支払われる率に従って、それを市場に持ち込むために必要な地代、賃金、利潤の全額を支払うのに十分な額よりも多少多く支払ってもかまわないという人に処分することができる。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	those|人|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	willing|かまわない|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	more|多く|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or extent	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	raise|持ち込む|verb|lift or move to a higher position	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	according to|従って|preposition|as stated by or in	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	according to|従って|preposition|as stated by or in	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	pay|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	greater|大部分|adjective|larger or more important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole; a portion
The surplus part of the price which remains after defraying the whole expense of improvement and cultivation, may commonly, in this case, and in this case only, bear no regular proportion to the like surplus in corn or pasture, but may exceed it in almost any degree;	改良と耕作の全費用を支払った後に残る価格の余剰部分は、通常、この場合、そしてこの場合にのみ、穀物や牧草地の同様の余剰と一定の比率を持たないかもしれないが、ほとんどどんな程度でもそれを上回る可能性がある。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	defray|支払う|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	bear|持つ|verb|carry or hold	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present
and the greater part of this excess naturally goes to the rent of the landlord.	そして、この超過分の大部分は当然地主の地代になる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	go to|になる|verb|be given to	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others

The usual and natural proportion, for example, between the rent and profit of wine, and those of corn and pasture, must be understood to take place only with regard to those vineyards which produce nothing but good common wine, such as can be raised almost anywhere, upon any light, gravelly, or sandy soil, and which has nothing to recommend it but its strength and wholesomeness.	例えば、ワインの地代と利潤、穀物と牧草地の地代と利潤の間の通常の自然な比率は、軽い、砂利の多い、または砂の多い土壌のほとんどどこでも栽培できるような、強さと健全さ以外に推薦できるものがないような、良い普通のワインしか生産しないブドウ園に関してのみ起こると理解されなければならない。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing animals	take place|起こる|verb|happen	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|an area of land where grapes are grown	produce|生産する|verb|make or create	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	common|普通の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	raise|栽培する|verb|grow or breed	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place	light|軽い|adjective|having little weight	gravelly|砂利の多い|adjective|containing a lot of gravel	sandy|砂の多い|adjective|containing a lot of sand	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	wholesomeness|健全さ|noun|the quality or state of being good for your health
It is with such vineyards only, that the common land of the country can be brought into competition;	そのようなブドウ園だけが、国の共通の土地が競争に持ち込まれる可能性がある。	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
for with those of a peculiar quality it is evident that it cannot.	独特の品質のものでは、それができないことは明らかである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	with|に関して|preposition|in relation to	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	it is evident that|それは明らかである|phrase|it is obvious that	it cannot|できない|phrase|it is not possible

The vine is more affected by the difference of soils than any other fruit-tree.	ブドウは他のどの果樹よりも土壌の違いの影響を受けやすい。	vine|ブドウ|noun|a climbing plant that bears grapes	be affected by|影響を受ける|verb|be influenced or changed by	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	fruit-tree|果樹|noun|a tree that bears fruit
From some it derives a flavour which no culture or management can equal, it is supposed, upon any other.	ある土壌からは、他のどんな土壌でも、どんな栽培や管理でも同等の風味は得られないと考えられている。	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	some|ある|adjective|an unspecified number or amount	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	flavour|風味|noun|the distinctive taste of a food or drink	no|どんな～も|determiner|not any	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	upon|～でも|preposition|on top of; on
This flavour, real or imaginary, is sometimes peculiar to the produce of a few vineyards;	この風味は、本物であれ想像であれ、時には数少ないブドウ園の産物に特有のものである。	flavour|風味|noun|the distinctive quality of a food or drink	real|本物|adjective|not fake or artificial	imaginary|想像|adjective|existing only in the imagination	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	peculiar|特有|adjective|strange or odd	produce|産物|noun|the result of an action or process
sometimes it extends through the greater part of a small district, and sometimes through a considerable part of a large province.	時には小さな地区の大部分に広がり、時には大きな地区のかなり広い部分に広がる。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	small district|小さな地区|noun|a small area of a country	considerable part|かなり広い部分|noun|a large part of something	large province|大きな地区|noun|a large area of a country
The whole quantity of such wines that is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, or the demand of those who would be willing to pay the whole rent, profit, and wages, necessary for preparing and bringing them thither, according to the ordinary rate, or according to the rate at which they are paid in common vineyards.	市場に出されるそのようなワインの総量は、有効需要、つまり通常のレート、または一般的なブドウ園で支払われるレートに従って、それらを準備して市場に出すために必要な地代、利益、賃金のすべてを支払う意思のある人々の需要を下回る。	whole|総|adjective|complete; entire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	fall short of|下回る|verb|be less than or not as good as	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing the desired effect	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|レート|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown
The whole quantity, therefore, can be disposed of to those who are willing to pay more, which necessarily raises their price above that of common wine.	したがって、その全量は、より多くを支払う意思のある人々に処分することができ、必然的にその価格は普通のワインよりも高くなる。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	those|人々|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	willing|意思のある|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	more|より多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	raise|高くなる|verb|go up	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people
The difference is greater or less, according as the fashionableness and scarcity of the wine render the competition of the buyers more or less eager.	その差は、ワインの流行と希少性が買い手の競争をより熱心にするかどうかによって、大きくも小さくもなる。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount	less|より小さい|adjective|smaller in size or amount	according as|によって|conjunction|to the extent that	fashionableness|流行|noun|the quality of being in fashion	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	eager|熱心|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something
Whatever it be, the greater part of it goes to the rent of the landlord.	それが何であれ、その大部分は地主の地代になる。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	go to|になる|verb|be used for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others
For though such vineyards are in general more carefully cultivated than most others, the high price of the wine seems to be, not so much the effect, as the cause of this careful cultivation.	そのようなブドウ園は、一般的に他のほとんどのブドウ園よりも注意深く栽培されているが、ワインの高価格は、この注意深い栽培の効果というよりは原因であるように思われる。	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; on the whole	carefully|注意深く|adverb|taking care to avoid damage or risk	cultivate|栽培する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
In so valuable a produce, the loss occasioned by negligence is so great, as to force even the most careless to attention.	非常に価値のある農産物では、過失による損失は非常に大きく、最も不注意な人でさえ注意を払わざるを得ない。	valuable|価値のある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	produce|農産物|noun|agricultural products	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	negligence|過失|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	force|払わざるを得ない|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	careless|不注意な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
A small part of this high price, therefore, is sufficient to pay the wages of the extraordinary labour bestowed upon their cultivation, and the profits of the extraordinary stock which puts that labour into motion.	したがって、この高価格のごく一部で、栽培に費やされた特別な労働の賃金と、その労働を動かす特別な資本の利潤を支払うのに十分である。	small part|ごく一部|noun|a small portion of something	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	extraordinary labour|特別な労働|noun|labour that is not ordinary	bestow|費やす|verb|give or confer	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	extraordinary stock|特別な資本|noun|stock that is not ordinary	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move

The sugar colonies possessed by the European nations in the West Indies may be compared to those precious vineyards.	西インド諸島のヨーロッパ諸国が所有する砂糖植民地は、これらの貴重なブドウ園に例えることができる。	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	European nation|ヨーロッパ諸国|noun|a nation in Europe	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	compare|例える|verb|represent as similar or having a likeness to	precious|貴重な|adjective|of high worth or value	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown
Their whole produce falls short of the effectual demand of Europe, and can be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the whole rent, profit, and wages, necessary for preparing and bringing it to market, according to the rate at which they are commonly paid by any other produce.	その生産量はヨーロッパの有効需要に満たず、他の生産物で通常支払われる率に従って、それを準備して市場に出すために必要な地代、利潤、賃金の全額を支払うのに十分な額以上を支払ってもよいという人に販売することができる。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	fall short of|満たない|verb|be insufficient or inadequate	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	dispose of|販売する|verb|get rid of	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as a payment	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (money) in exchange for a good or service	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払う|verb|give (money) in exchange for a good or service	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by manufacturing or agriculture
In Cochin China, the finest white sugar generally sells for three piastres the quintal, about thirteen shillings and sixpence of our money, as we are told by Mr Poivre {Voyages d’un Philosophe.}, a very careful observer of the agriculture of that country.	コーチシナでは、その国の農業を非常に注意深く観察しているポワヴル氏(哲学者の旅)によれば、最高級の白砂糖は通常、一キンタルあたり三ピアストルで売られている。	Cochin China|コーチシナ|noun|a region in southern Vietnam	finest|最高級の|adjective|of the highest quality	white sugar|白砂糖|noun|sugar that has been refined and is free of molasses	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	three|三|numeral|the number 3	piastres|ピアストル|noun|a former monetary unit of Spain, Turkey, and some other countries	quintal|キンタル|noun|a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms	about|約|preposition|approximately	thirteen|十三|numeral|the number 13	shillings|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sixpence|六ペンス|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	Mr Poivre|ポワヴル氏|noun|a French writer and politician	Voyages d’un Philosophe|哲学者の旅|noun|a book by Mr Poivre	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
What is there called the quintal, weighs from a hundred and fifty to two hundred Paris pounds, or a hundred and seventy-five Paris pounds at a medium, which reduces the price of the hundred weight English to about eight shillings sterling;	キンタルと呼ばれるものは、百五十から二百パリポンド、または百七十五パリポンドの重さがあり、百ウェイトイングリッシュの価格を約八シリングに引き下げる。	quintal|キンタル|noun|a unit of weight equal to a hundredweight	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	fifty|五十|noun|the number 50	two hundred|二百|noun|the number 200	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	hundred weight|百ウェイト|noun|a unit of weight equal to 100 pounds	English|イングリッシュ|noun|the language of England	about|約|adverb|approximately	eight|八|noun|the number 8	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	sterling|スターリング|noun|British money
not a fourth part of what is commonly paid for the brown or muscovada sugars imported from our colonies, and not a sixth part of what is paid for the finest white sugar.	我々の植民地から輸入される黒砂糖やモスカバド糖に通常支払われる額の四分の一にも満たず、最高級の白砂糖に支払われる額の六分の一にも満たない。	not a fourth part|四分の一にも満たない|noun|one of four equal parts	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	brown|黒砂糖|adjective|of the color intermediate between black and white	muscovada|モスカバド|noun|a type of sugar	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	finest|最高級|adjective|of the highest quality	white|白|adjective|of the color intermediate between black and gray
The greater part of the cultivated lands in Cochin China are employed in producing corn and rice, the food of the great body of the people.	コーチシナの耕地の大部分は、国民の大部分の食料であるトウモロコシと米の生産に使用されている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	Cochin China|コーチシナ|noun|a region in southern Vietnam	employed|使用されている|verb|use for a particular purpose	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	rice|米|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	great body of the people|国民の大部分|noun|the majority of the people
The respective prices of corn, rice, and sugar, are there probably in the natural proportion, or in that which naturally takes place in the different crops of the greater part of cultivated land, and which recompenses the landlord and farmer, as nearly as can be computed, according to what is usually the original expense of improvement, and the annual expense of cultivation.	トウモロコシ、米、砂糖のそれぞれの価格は、おそらく自然な比率、つまり耕地の大部分の異なる作物で自然に生じ、地主と農民に報いるものであり、通常の改良の元の費用と年間の耕作費用に従って、計算できる限り近い。	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces kernels on a cob	rice|米|noun|a grass that is cultivated for its edible grain	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	take place|生じる|verb|happen	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another thing	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food, especially on a large scale	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	recompense|報いる|verb|make a return for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	according to|従って|preposition|as stated by or in	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; normally	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning; earliest	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	annual|年間の|adjective|occurring once every year	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
But in our sugar colonies, the price of sugar bears no such proportion to that of the produce of a rice or corn field either in Europe or America.	しかし、我々の砂糖植民地では、砂糖の価格はヨーロッパでもアメリカでも米やトウモロコシ畑の生産物とそのような比率にはならない。	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	bear|ならない|verb|be unable to tolerate or endure	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	produce|生産物|noun|the agricultural products of a farm	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America
It is commonly said that a sugar planter expects that the rum and the molasses should defray the whole expense of his cultivation, and that his sugar should be all clear profit.	砂糖農園主はラム酒と糖蜜で耕作の全費用を賄い、砂糖はすべて純益になると期待しているというのが一般的な言い方である。	sugar planter|砂糖農園主|noun|a person who grows sugar	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented molasses or juice of sugar cane	molasses|糖蜜|noun|a thick, dark, sticky liquid obtained as a byproduct of the refining of sugar	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	clear profit|純益|noun|the amount of money that a business makes after deducting all costs
If this be true, for I pretend not to affirm it, it is as if a corn farmer expected to defray the expense of his cultivation with the chaff and the straw, and that the grain should be all clear profit.	もしこれが本当なら、私はそれを肯定するふりをするわけではないが、それはまるでトウモロコシ農家がもみ殻とわらで耕作の費用を賄い、穀物はすべて純益になると期待しているようなものである。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	true|本当|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	expect|期待する|verb|to regard something as likely to happen	defray|賄う|verb|to provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	chaff|もみ殻|noun|the husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing	straw|わら|noun|dried stalks of grain used as fodder or bedding	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	clear|純粋な|adjective|free from doubt or confusion	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
We see frequently societies of merchants in London, and other trading towns, purchase waste lands in our sugar colonies, which they expect to improve and cultivate with profit, by means of factors and agents, notwithstanding the great distance and the uncertain returns, from the defective administration of justice in those countries.	ロンドンや他の貿易都市の商人団体が、砂糖植民地の荒れ地を購入するのをよく目にするが、彼らは、遠く離れていて、それらの国々の不完全な司法制度から不確実な収益があるにもかかわらず、代理人や代理人によって、利益を上げて改良し、耕作することを期待している。	society|団体|noun|a group of people who share a common interest or purpose	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	trading town|貿易都市|noun|a town that is a center of trade	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	waste land|荒れ地|noun|land that is not used for any purpose	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	factor|代理人|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	great distance|遠く離れている|noun|a long way	uncertain return|不確実な収益|noun|a profit that is not guaranteed	defective|不完全な|adjective|having a defect; faulty	administration of justice|司法制度|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in a country
Nobody will attempt to improve and cultivate in the same manner the most fertile lands of Scotland, Ireland, or the corn provinces of North America, though, from the more exact administration of justice in these countries, more regular returns might be expected.	スコットランド、アイルランド、北アメリカのトウモロコシ地方の最も肥沃な土地を、同じように改良して耕作しようとする人はいないであろうが、これらの国々では、より正確な司法制度によって、より定期的な収益が期待できるかもしれない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the coast of western Europe	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact	administration|制度|noun|the management of a business or organization	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen

In Virginia and Maryland, the cultivation of tobacco is preferred, as most profitable, to that of corn.	バージニアとメリーランドでは、トウモロコシよりもタバコの栽培が最も収益性が高いとして好まれている。	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large yellow seeds, which are eaten as food	profitable|収益性が高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain
Tobacco might be cultivated with advantage through the greater part of Europe; but, in almost every part of Europe, it has become a principal subject of taxation;	タバコはヨーロッパの大部分で有利に栽培できるかもしれないが、ヨーロッパのほとんどすべての地域で、タバコは課税の主要な対象となっている。	Tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	be cultivated|栽培される|verb|grow (plants)	with advantage|有利に|adverb|in a way that is beneficial	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side of (something) to the other	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in almost every part of|ほとんどすべての地域で|noun|in nearly all parts of	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	has become|となっている|verb|come to be	a principal subject of|主要な対象|noun|the main topic of	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes
and to collect a tax from every different farm in the country where this plant might happen to be cultivated, would be more difficult, it has been supposed, than to levy one upon its importation at the custom-house.	そして、この植物が栽培されるかもしれない国のすべての農場から税金を集めることは、税関で輸入時に課税するよりも難しいだろうと考えられている。	collect|集める|verb|gather together	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	cultivate|栽培する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where customs are collected	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale
The cultivation of tobacco has, upon this account, been most absurdly prohibited through the greater part of Europe, which necessarily gives a sort of monopoly to the countries where it is allowed;	このため、タバコの栽培はヨーロッパの大部分で最もばかげたことに禁止されており、必然的にそれが許されている国に一種の独占を与えている。	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	account|ため|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	absurdly|ばかげたことに|adverb|in a way that is ridiculous or unreasonable	prohibited|禁止されている|verb|formally or legally forbid	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and as Virginia and Maryland produce the greatest quantity of it, they share largely, though with some competitors, in the advantage of this monopoly.	そして、バージニアとメリーランドはそれを最も多く生産しているので、この独占の利点を、競合他社もあるものの、大きく分け合っている。	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the eastern US	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a state in the eastern US	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	largely|大きく|adverb|to a great extent	share|分け合う|verb|have a portion of (something) with another or others	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
The cultivation of tobacco, however, seems not to be so advantageous as that of sugar.	しかし、タバコの栽培は砂糖の栽培ほど有利ではないようである。	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose
I have never even heard of any tobacco plantation that was improved and cultivated by the capital of merchants who resided in Great Britain;	イギリスに住む商人の資本によって改良され、栽培されたタバコ農園の話は聞いたことがない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|栽培する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops or plants
and our tobacco colonies send us home no such wealthy planters as we see frequently arrive from our sugar islands.	そして、我々のタバコ植民地は、我々の砂糖島から頻繁に到着するのを見るような裕福な農園主を本国に送り込んでいない。	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	send|送り込む|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	home|本国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	planter|農園主|noun|the owner or manager of a plantation	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	arrive|到着する|verb|reach a destination	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water
Though, from the preference given in those colonies to the cultivation of tobacco above that of corn, it would appear that the effectual demand of Europe for tobacco is not completely supplied, it probably is more nearly so than that for sugar;	これらの植民地でトウモロコシよりもタバコの栽培が優先されていることから、ヨーロッパのタバコに対する有効需要は完全には満たされていないように思われるが、砂糖に対する需要よりもほぼ満たされていると考えられる。	preference|優先|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose
and though the present price of tobacco is probably more than sufficient to pay the whole rent, wages, and profit, necessary for preparing and bringing it to market, according to the rate at which they are commonly paid in corn land, it must not be so much more as the present price of sugar.	そして、タバコの現在の価格は、トウモロコシの土地で一般的に支払われる率に従って、それを準備して市場に出すために必要な全地代、賃金、利益を支払うのに十分すぎるほどであるが、砂糖の現在の価格ほど高くはないはずである。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	more than|以上|adjective|to a greater extent than	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	preparing|準備|verb|make (something) ready for use or consideration	bringing|持ち込む|verb|take or carry (someone or something) to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	according to|従って|preposition|as stated by or in	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	paid|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large seeds, or the seeds themselves, which are used as food	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	must|はずである|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	so|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	more|以上|adjective|to a greater extent than	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose
Our tobacco planters, accordingly, have shewn the same fear of the superabundance of tobacco, which the proprietors of the old vineyards in France have of the superabundance of wine.	したがって、我々のタバコ農園主は、フランスの古いブドウ園の所有者がワインの過剰供給に対して抱いているのと同じ恐怖を、タバコの過剰供給に対して示している。	tobacco planter|タバコ農園主|noun|a person who grows tobacco	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	superabundance|過剰供給|noun|an excessive supply	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
By act of assembly, they have restrained its cultivation to six thousand plants, supposed to yield a thousand weight of tobacco, for every negro between sixteen and sixty years of age.	議会の議決により、彼らは栽培を、16歳から60歳までのすべての黒人に対して、1000ポンドのタバコを生産するとされる6000株に制限した。	act of assembly|議会の議決|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	six thousand|6000|numeral|the number 6000	plant|株|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	thousand|1000|numeral|the number 1000	weight|ポンド|noun|a measure of the heaviness of an object	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	sixteen|16|numeral|the number 16	sixty|60|numeral|the number 60	year|歳|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara
Such a negro, over and above this quantity of tobacco, can manage, they reckon, four acres of Indian corn.	彼らの計算では、そのような黒人は、この量のタバコに加えて、4エーカーのトウモロコシを管理できる。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for	reckon|計算する|verb|calculate or estimate	four acres|4エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	Indian corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large yellow or white seeds that are eaten as food
To prevent the market from being overstocked, too, they have sometimes, in plentiful years, we are told by Dr Douglas {Douglas’s Summary, vol.	市場が過剰供給にならないように、豊作の年には、ダグラス博士によると、彼らは時々、タバコの一部を焼却したという。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	overstock|過剰供給|noun|a situation in which there is too much of a product available	plentiful|豊作|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	Douglas|ダグラス|noun|a Scottish clan	Summary|要約|noun|a brief statement or account of the main points of something	vol|巻|noun|a book forming part of a work or series	burn|焼却|verb|be on fire; be consumed by fire	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed
ii. p. 379, 373.} (I suspect he has been ill informed), burnt a certain quantity of tobacco for every negro, in the same manner as the Dutch are said to do of spices.	ii. p. 379, 373.}(私は彼が誤った情報を得ていると思うが)、オランダ人が香辛料に対して行ったと言われる同じ方法で、すべての黒人に対して一定量のタバコを焼却したという。	burn|焼却する|verb|be on fire; be consumed by fire	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	spice|香辛料|noun|an aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavor food
If such violent methods are necessary to keep up the present price of tobacco, the superior advantage of its culture over that of corn, if it still has any, will not probably be of long continuance.	タバコの現在の価格を維持するために、このような暴力的な方法が必要であるならば、トウモロコシの栽培に対するタバコの栽培の優位性は、もしまだあるとしても、おそらく長く続かないだろう。	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	violent|暴力的な|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large seed heads, which produce kernels of corn	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	long|長く|adjective|having or being of great physical length	continuance|継続|noun|the state of remaining in existence or in a certain state

It is in this manner that the rent of the cultivated land, of which the produce is human food, regulates the rent of the greater part of other cultivated land.	このように、生産物が人間の食料である耕地の地代は、他の耕地の大部分の地代を調整する。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	human food|人間の食料|noun|food that is eaten by humans	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
No particular produce can long afford less, because the land would immediately be turned to another use;	土地はすぐに別の用途に転用されるので、特定の生産物が長くそれより少ない地代を支払うことはできない。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	turn to|転用される|verb|change from one thing to another
and if any particular produce commonly affords more, it is because the quantity of land which can be fitted for it is too small to supply the effectual demand.	そして、もし特定の生産物が通常それ以上の地代を支払うならば、それはその生産物に適した土地の量が、有効需要を満たすには小さすぎるからである。	afford|支払う|verb|be able to pay for	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	more|それ以上|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	supply|満たす|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service

In Europe, corn is the principal produce of land, which serves immediately for human food.	ヨーロッパでは、トウモロコシは土地の主な生産物であり、人間の食料として直接役立っている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	principal|主な|adjective|most important	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	human|人間|noun|a human being	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms
Except in particular situations, therefore, the rent of corn land regulates in Europe that of all other cultivated land.	したがって、ヨーロッパでは、特別な状況を除いて、トウモロコシ畑の地代が他のすべての耕地の地代を調整している。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time or place	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food for humans and animals	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops
Britain need envy neither the vineyards of France, nor the olive plantations of Italy.	イギリスはフランスのブドウ園もイタリアのオリーブ園も羨む必要はない。	Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	need|必要はない|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important	envy|羨む|verb|feel resentful or jealous of	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	olive|オリーブ|noun|a small oval fruit with a hard stone and bitter flesh, green when unripe and bluish black when ripe, used as food and as a source of oil	plantation|園|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown
Except in particular situations, the value of these is regulated by that of corn, in which the fertility of Britain is not much inferior to that of either of those two countries.	特別な状況を除いて、これらの価値はトウモロコシの価値によって調整されており、イギリスの肥沃度はこれら二つの国のどちらの肥沃度よりも劣っていない。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time or place	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food and in the production of various products	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	inferior|劣っていない|adjective|of lower standard or quality

If, in any country, the common and favourite vegetable food of the people should be drawn from a plant of which the most common land, with the same, or nearly the same culture, produced a much greater quantity than the most fertile does of corn;	もし、ある国で、人々の一般的で好まれる野菜食が、同じ、またはほぼ同じ栽培方法で、最も肥沃なトウモロコシよりもはるかに多くの量を生産する植物から得られるとしたら、	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	favourite|好まれる|adjective|preferred before all others	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant used as food	food|食|noun|any substance that provides essential nutrients	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large seed heads that yield corn kernels
the rent of the landlord, or the surplus quantity of food which would remain to him, after paying the labour, and replacing the stock of the farmer, together with its ordinary profits, would necessarily be much greater.	地主の地代、つまり労働者に支払い、農民の株を通常の利益と一緒に置き換えた後に残る余剰食料の量は、必然的にはるかに多くなるだろう。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in a manual or industrial job	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree
Whatever was the rate at which labour was commonly maintained in that country, this greater surplus could always maintain a greater quantity of it, and, consequently, enable the landlord to purchase or command a greater quantity of it.	その国で労働力が一般的に維持されている率が何であれ、このより大きな余剰は常にそれのより大きな量を維持することができ、その結果、地主がそれのより大きな量を購入したり、命令したりすることができるようになる。	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger or more important	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order
The real value of his rent, his real power and authority, his command of the necessaries and conveniencies of life with which the labour of other people could supply him, would necessarily be much greater.	彼の地代の本当の価値、彼の本当の権力と権威、他の人々の労働が彼に供給できる生活必需品と便利さに対する彼の命令は、必然的にはるかに大きくなるだろう。	real value|本当の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	real power|本当の権力|noun|the actual ability to do something	real authority|本当の権威|noun|the actual right to do something	command|命令|noun|an order given by someone in authority	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	conveniencies|便利さ|noun|something that is useful or helpful	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	much greater|はるかに大きい|adjective|much larger or more important

A rice field produces a much greater quantity of food than the most fertile corn field.	水田は最も肥沃なトウモロコシ畑よりもはるかに多くの食料を生産する。	rice field|水田|noun|a field where rice is grown	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	much greater quantity|はるかに多くの|noun phrase|a much larger amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit	corn field|トウモロコシ畑|noun|a field where corn is grown
Two crops in the year, from thirty to sixty bushels each, are said to be the ordinary produce of an acre.	年間2回、それぞれ30から60ブッシェルの収穫が1エーカーの通常の生産量であると言われている。	two|2回|numeral|one more than one	year|年間|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	thirty|30|numeral|three times ten	sixty|60|numeral|six times ten	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet
Though its cultivation, therefore, requires more labour, a much greater surplus remains after maintaining all that labour.	したがって、その栽培にはより多くの労働が必要であるが、そのすべての労働を維持した後にはるかに大きな余剰が残る。	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed
In those rice countries, therefore, where rice is the common and favourite vegetable food of the people, and where the cultivators are chiefly maintained with it, a greater share of this greater surplus should belong to the landlord than in corn countries.	したがって、米が人々の一般的で好まれる野菜食であり、耕作者が主にそれで維持されている米の国では、このより大きな余剰のより大きな部分は、トウモロコシの国よりも地主に属するはずである。	rice|米|noun|a type of grass that is grown in warm climates and is the source of the staple food of many people	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	favourite|好まれる|adjective|preferred before all others	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	food|食|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all others; mainly	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food and in the production of various products
In Carolina, where the planters, as in other British colonies, are generally both farmers and landlords, and where rent, consequently, is confounded with profit, the cultivation of rice is found to be more profitable than that of corn, though their fields produce only one crop in the year, and though, from the prevalence of the customs of Europe, rice is not there the common and favourite vegetable food of the people.	カロライナでは、他のイギリス植民地と同様に、農園主は一般に農民と地主を兼ねており、その結果、地代が利益と混同されているが、水田は年間1回しか収穫できないし、ヨーロッパの習慣が普及しているため、米は人々の一般的で好まれる野菜食ではないが、米の栽培はトウモロコシの栽培よりも収益性が高いことがわかった。	Carolina|カロライナ|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	rice|米|noun|a type of grass that is grown in warm climates and is a staple food in many parts of the world	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food and in the production of biofuels and other products	field|水田|noun|an area of land where crops are grown	crop|収穫|noun|the produce of a plant that is grown for food	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is used as food	food|食事|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth

A good rice field is a bog at all seasons, and at one season a bog covered with water.	良い水田は、どの季節でも沼地であり、ある季節には水で覆われた沼地である。	rice field|水田|noun|a field where rice is grown	bog|沼地|noun|a wet spongy area of land that is usually covered with decayed plant matter	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	cover|覆う|verb|to be or spread over the surface of something
It is unfit either for corn, or pasture, or vineyard, or, indeed, for any other vegetable produce that is very useful to men;	トウモロコシ、牧草地、ブドウ園、あるいは人間にとって非常に有用な他の野菜生産には適していない。	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large seeds, or the seeds themselves	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants that is used for grazing	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for wine	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	produce|生産|noun|the amount of something that is produced	unfit|適していない|adjective|not suitable or appropriate
and the lands which are fit for those purposes are not fit for rice.	そして、それらの目的に適した土地は米には適していない。	fit|適している|adjective|suitable or appropriate	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rice|米|noun|a type of grass that is grown for its edible grain
Even in the rice countries, therefore, the rent of rice lands cannot regulate the rent of the other cultivated land which can never be turned to that produce.	したがって、米の国でさえ、水田の地代は、その生産物に転換することができない他の耕作地の地代を調整することはできない。	rice country|米の国|noun|a country where rice is the staple food	rice land|水田|noun|a field where rice is grown	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	cultivated land|耕作地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	turn to|転換する|verb|change from one thing to another	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a manufacturing process

The food produced by a field of potatoes is not inferior in quantity to that produced by a field of rice, and much superior to what is produced by a field of wheat.	ジャガイモ畑で生産される食料は、米畑で生産される食料に量で劣らず、小麦畑で生産される食料よりもはるかに優れている。	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be consumed by living organisms, especially by eating, in order to sustain life	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	inferior|劣る|adjective|of low standard or quality	rice|米|noun|a grass producing the edible grain used as staple food in many cultures	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate climates
Twelve thousand weight of potatoes from an acre of land is not a greater produce than two thousand weight of wheat.	1エーカーの土地から1万2000ポンドのジャガイモが収穫されても、2000ポンドの小麦よりも収穫量が多いわけではない。	twelve thousand|1万2000|numeral|12000	weight|重さ|noun|the force of gravity on a body	potatoes|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	two thousand|2000|numeral|2000	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate climates
The food or solid nourishment, indeed, which can be drawn from each of those two plants, is not altogether in proportion to their weight, on account of the watery nature of potatoes.	確かに、この2つの植物のそれぞれから得られる食料や固形栄養素は、ジャガイモの水分が多い性質のため、重量に比例しているわけではない。	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	solid|固形|adjective|firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid	nourishment|栄養素|noun|the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum, native to the Andes and cultivated for its edible tubers
Allowing, however, half the weight of this root to go to water, a very large allowance, such an acre of potatoes will still produce six thousand weight of solid nourishment, three times the quantity produced by the acre of wheat.	しかし、この根菜の重量の半分が水分になると仮定すると、1エーカーのジャガイモは6000ポンドの固形栄養素を生産することになり、1エーカーの小麦の3倍の量になる。	allow|仮定する|verb|to accept that something is true or possible	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	weight|重量|noun|the force of gravity on a body	go to|になる|verb|become	water|水分|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	large|大きい|adjective|of great size or extent	allowance|許容範囲|noun|a sum of money given to someone regularly	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	six thousand|6000|numeral|the number that is one more than 5999	weight|重量|noun|the force of gravity on a body	solid|固形|adjective|firm or strong in structure	nourishment|栄養素|noun|the food that nourishes; nutriment	three|3|numeral|the number that is one more than two	times|倍|noun|an instance of something happening	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in most parts of the world and is the most important food crop in the temperate zones
An acre of potatoes is cultivated with less expense than an acre of wheat;	1エーカーのジャガイモは、1エーカーの小麦よりも少ない費用で栽培できる。	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate climates	cultivate|栽培する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
the fallow, which generally precedes the sowing of wheat, more than compensating the hoeing and other extraordinary culture which is always given to potatoes.	通常、小麦の種まきの前に行う休耕は、ジャガイモに常に施される鍬入れやその他の特別な栽培を補って余りある。	fallow|休耕|noun|land that is plowed but left unseeded for a period of time	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	precede|先立つ|verb|come before in time	sowing|種まき|noun|the act of planting seeds	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in temperate climates	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	hoeing|鍬入れ|noun|the act of using a hoe	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum
Should this root ever become in any part of Europe, like rice in some rice countries, the common and favourite vegetable food of the people, so as to occupy the same proportion of the lands in tillage, which wheat and other sorts of grain for human food do at present, the same quantity of cultivated land would maintain a much greater number of people;	この根菜が、ヨーロッパのどこかで、米食の国々の米のように、人々の一般的で好まれる野菜食となり、現在、小麦やその他の食用穀物が占めている耕地の割合を占めるようになると、同じ面積の耕地でより多くの人々を養うことができるようになる。	root|根菜|noun|a plant with an edible root	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	rice|米|noun|a grass that is cultivated in warm climates and is the source of the staple food of many people	rice country|米食の国|noun|a country where rice is the staple food	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	favourite|好まれる|adjective|preferred before all others	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	food|食|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	tillage|耕地|noun|the cultivation of land	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass	human|人間|noun|a human being	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	maintain|養う|verb|to keep in existence or continuance
and the labourers being generally fed with potatoes, a greater surplus would remain after replacing all the stock, and maintaining all the labour employed in cultivation.	労働者は一般的にジャガイモを食べているので、すべての株を交換し、栽培に従事するすべての労働力を維持した後でも、より多くの余剰が残ることになる。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	feed|食べる|verb|take food into the body by eating	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	remain|残る|verb|be left after others or other parts have been removed or used	replace|交換する|verb|take the place of	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work
A greater share of this surplus, too, would belong to the landlord.	この余剰の大部分も地主のものとなるだろう。	greater|大部分|adjective|larger in size or amount	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned or produced	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with
Population would increase, and rents would rise much beyond what they are at present.	人口は増加し、地代は現在よりもはるかに高くなるだろう。	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	rise|上がる|verb|go up	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

The land which is fit for potatoes, is fit for almost every other useful vegetable.	ジャガイモに適した土地は、他のほとんどすべての有用な野菜にも適している。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	fit|適している|adjective|suitable or appropriate	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant used as food
If they occupied the same proportion of cultivated land which corn does at present, they would regulate, in the same manner, the rent of the greater part of other cultivated land.	もしジャガイモが現在トウモロコシが占めているのと同じ割合の耕地を占めれば、ジャガイモは他の耕地の大部分の地代を同じように調整するだろう。	occupy|占める|verb|take up a certain amount of space, time, or resources	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	at present|現在|adverb|at the moment; now	regulate|調整する|verb|control or maintain the rate or speed of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	cultivated land|耕地|noun|land that is used for growing crops

In some parts of Lancashire, it is pretended, I have been told, that bread of oatmeal is a heartier food for labouring people than wheaten bread, and I have frequently heard the same doctrine held in Scotland.	ランカシャーの一部では、オートミールのパンは小麦のパンよりも労働者にとってより栄養価の高い食べ物であると主張されていると聞いたことがあるし、スコットランドでも同じ考えが広まっているとよく耳にする。	Lancashire|ランカシャー|noun|a county in northwest England	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	oatmeal|オートミール|noun|a food made from oats	wheaten bread|小麦のパン|noun|bread made from wheat	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in the United Kingdom	doctrine|考え|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group
I am, however, somewhat doubtful of the truth of it.	しかし、私はその真実性については多少疑問を持っている。	truth|真実性|noun|the quality or state of being true	doubtful|疑問を持っている|adjective|feeling uncertain about something
The common people in Scotland, who are fed with oatmeal, are in general neither so strong nor so handsome as the same rank of people in England, who are fed with wheaten bread.	オートミールを食べるスコットランドの一般庶民は、一般的に小麦のパンを食べているイギリスの同階級の人々ほど強くもハンサムでもない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	common people|一般庶民|noun|people who are not of the nobility	oatmeal|オートミール|noun|a food made from oats	England|イギリス|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	wheaten bread|小麦のパン|noun|bread made from wheat
They neither work so well, nor look so well;	彼らは仕事も見た目もあまりよくない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either; not the one and not the other	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	look|見た目|noun|the way that someone or something appears
and as there is not the same difference between the people of fashion in the two countries, experience would seem to shew, that the food of the common people in Scotland is not so suitable to the human constitution as that of their neighbours of the same rank in England.	そして、両国の上流階級の人々の間には同じ違いがないので、経験からすると、スコットランドの一般庶民の食べ物は、イギリスの同階級の隣人の食べ物ほど人間の体質に適していないように思われる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	there is|ある|verb|exist	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	fashion|上流階級|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	two|2つの|adjective|being one more than one	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	shew|示す|verb|be or make evident	food|食べ物|noun|any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth	common people|一般庶民|noun|the ordinary people of a country as distinguished from the upper classes	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	human|人間|noun|a human being	constitution|体質|noun|the composition or structure of something	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living next door or very close	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces	England|イギリス|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
But it seems to be otherwise with potatoes.	しかし、ジャガイモはそうではないようだ。	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum, native to the Andes and cultivated for its edible tubers	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
The chairmen, porters, and coal-heavers in London, and those unfortunate women who live by prostitution, the strongest men and the most beautiful women perhaps in the British dominions, are said to be, the greater part of them, from the lowest rank of people in Ireland, who are generally fed with this root.	ロンドンの会長、ポーター、石炭運搬人、売春で生きている不幸な女性たち、おそらくイギリス領で最も強く、最も美しい女性たちは、その大部分がアイルランドの最も低い階級の出身で、一般的にこの根菜を食べていると言われている。	chairman|会長|noun|the person in charge of a meeting or organization	porter|ポーター|noun|a person employed to carry luggage and other loads	coal-heaver|石炭運搬人|noun|a person who carries coal	prostitution|売春|noun|the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	strongest|最も強い|adjective|having the greatest physical power	most beautiful|最も美しい|adjective|having beauty to a high degree	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of one ruler or government	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least height	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces or police force	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	root|根菜|noun|the part of a plant that grows down into the soil
No food can afford a more decisive proof of its nourishing quality, or of its being peculiarly suitable to the health of the human constitution.	どんな食べ物も、その栄養価や人間の体質の健康に特に適していることをこれ以上決定的に証明することはできない。	food|食べ物|noun|any substance that can be eaten	afford|できる|verb|be able to do something	decisive|決定的な|adjective|having the power or quality of deciding	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	nourishing|栄養価|adjective|providing nourishment	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	suitable|適している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	health|健康|noun|the state of being free from illness or injury	constitution|体質|noun|the physical or mental state of a person

It is difficult to preserve potatoes through the year, and impossible to store them like corn, for two or three years together.	ジャガイモを年間通して保存するのは難しく、トウモロコシのように2、3年まとめて保存することはできない。	preserve|保存する|verb|keep in its original state	year|年間|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds that are eaten as food	two or three years|2、3年|noun|a period of time that is equal to 24 months or 36 months	together|まとめて|adverb|in a group or collection
The fear of not being able to sell them before they rot, discourages their cultivation, and is, perhaps, the chief obstacle to their ever becoming in any great country, like bread, the principal vegetable food of all the different ranks of the people.	腐る前に売れないという恐れは、栽培意欲をそぎ、おそらく、パンのように、あらゆる階級の人々の主要な野菜食材として、どの大国でも普及する上での最大の障害となっている。	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	rot|腐る|verb|(of organic matter) decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi	discourage|意欲をそぐ|verb|cause (someone) to lose confidence or enthusiasm	cultivation|栽培|noun|the action of growing plants	chief|最大の|adjective|most important	obstacle|障害|noun|a thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that has been mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant used as food	food|食材|noun|any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth

PART II.—Of the Produce of Land, which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent.	第二部地代の生じる場合と生じない場合のある土地の生産物について	PART II|第二部|noun|the second part of something	Produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	Land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	sometimes|場合|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	does|生じる|verb|happen or take place	sometimes|場合|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	does not|生じない|verb|not happen or take place	afford|生じる|verb|be able to do or have something without causing problems

Human food seems to be the only produce of land, which always and necessarily affords some rent to the landlord.	人間の食料は、常に必然的に地主に地代をもたらす唯一の土地の生産物であるように思われる。	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out to a tenant
Other sorts of produce sometimes may, and sometimes may not, according to different circumstances.	他の種類の生産物は、状況によって地代を生じる場合と生じない場合がある。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	may not|ないかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	according to|によると|preposition|as stated by	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

After food, clothing and lodging are the two great wants of mankind.	食料の次に、衣服と住居は人類の二大欲求である。	after|次に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by a living organism	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively

Land, in its original rude state, can afford the materials of clothing and lodging to a much greater number of people than it can feed.	土地は、その原始的な未開の状態では、食料を供給できるよりもはるかに多くの人々に衣服や住居の材料を提供できる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	original|原始的な|adjective|existing from the beginning	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	feed|供給する|verb|give food to
In its improved state, it can sometimes feed a greater number of people than it can supply with those materials;	改良された状態では、時にはそれらの材料を供給できるよりも多くの人々を養うことができる。	in its improved state|改良された状態では|noun phrase|in a state that has been made better	feed|養う|verb|give food to	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made
at least in the way in which they require them, and are willing to pay for them.	少なくとも、彼らがそれらを必要とし、それらに対して支払う意思がある方法においては。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	in the way in which|方法において|noun|the manner in which something is done or happens	require|必要とする|verb|need for some purpose	be willing to|意思がある|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something
In the one state, therefore, there is always a superabundance of these materials, which are frequently, upon that account, of little or no value.	したがって、一方の状態では、これらの材料は常に過剰に存在し、そのため、しばしばほとんど価値がないか、まったく価値がない。	in the one state|一方の状態で|noun phrase|in one of the two states	there is|存在する|verb|be present	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	superabundance|過剰|noun|an excessive amount	these materials|これらの材料|noun phrase|the materials mentioned	which are|である|relative pronoun|that	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	upon that account|そのため|adverb phrase|for that reason	of little or no value|ほとんど価値がないか、まったく価値がない|noun phrase|having little or no value
In the other, there is often a scarcity, which necessarily augments their value.	他方では、しばしば不足があり、必然的にその価値が増大する。	in the other|他方では|adverb|on the other hand	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	augment|増大する|verb|make or become greater
In the one state, a great part of them is thrown away as useless and the price of what is used is considered as equal only to the labour and expense of fitting it for use, and can, therefore, afford no rent to the landlord.	一方の状態では、それらの大部分は役に立たないものとして捨てられ、使用されるものの価格は、それを使用に適合させるための労働と費用に等しいと考えられ、したがって、地主に地代を支払うことができない。	one|一方|adjective|the number 1	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	throw away|捨てる|verb|discard	useless|役に立たない|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
In the other, they are all made use of, and there is frequently a demand for more than can be had.	他方では、それらはすべて利用されており、しばしば入手できる以上の需要がある。	in the other|他方では|adverb|on the other hand	make use of|利用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	there is|ある|verb|to exist	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
Somebody is always willing to give more for every part of them, than what is sufficient to pay the expense of bringing them to market.	誰かがそれらを市場に出す費用を支払うのに十分なものよりも、それらのすべての部分に対して常にもっと支払おうとしている。	somebody|誰か|noun|some person	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Their price, therefore, can always afford some rent to the landlord.	したがって、それらの価格は常に地主にいくらかの地代を支払うことができる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant

The skins of the larger animals were the original materials of clothing.	大型動物の皮は衣服の元の材料だった。	skin|皮|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear
Among nations of hunters and shepherds, therefore, whose food consists chiefly in the flesh of those animals, everyman, by providing himself with food, provides himself with the materials of more clothing than he can wear.	したがって、主にそれらの動物の肉を食料とする狩猟民族や羊飼いの民族の間では、誰もが食料を調達することで、着ることができる以上の衣服の材料を調達する。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	hunter|狩猟民族|noun|a person who hunts animals	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, etc., and who live together in a particular country or area	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	flesh|肉|noun|the soft substance of the body of a person or an animal that covers the bones and is enclosed by the skin	everyman|誰もが|noun|an ordinary or typical human being	provide|調達する|verb|make available for use; supply	clothing|衣服|noun|items worn to cover the body	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made
If there was no foreign commerce, the greater part of them would be thrown away as things of no value.	外国貿易がなければ、それらの大部分は価値のないものとして捨てられるだろう。	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	throw away|捨てる|verb|get rid of something by putting it in a place where it will not be used again	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
This was probably the case among the hunting nations of North America, before their country was discovered by the Europeans, with whom they now exchange their surplus peltry, for blankets, fire-arms, and brandy, which gives it some value.	北米の狩猟民族の間では、彼らの国がヨーロッパ人に発見されるまではおそらくそうだったのだろうが、今では余った毛皮を毛布、銃器、ブランデーと交換して、ある程度の価値を与えている。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia	surplus|余った|adjective|more than is needed	peltry|毛皮|noun|undressed skins with the fur	blanket|毛布|noun|a large piece of woolen cloth used as a bed covering	fire-arm|銃器|noun|a weapon from which a shot is discharged by gunpowder	brandy|ブランデー|noun|a strong alcoholic drink distilled from wine	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
In the present commercial state of the known world, the most barbarous nations, I believe, among whom land property is established, have some foreign commerce of this kind, and find among their wealthier neighbours such a demand for all the materials of clothing, which their land produces, and which can neither be wrought up nor consumed at home, as raises their price above what it costs to send them to those wealthier neighbours.	既知世界の現在の商業国家では、土地所有権が確立されている最も野蛮な国々は、この種の外国貿易をしており、より裕福な隣国の間では、自国の土地で生産され、自国では加工も消費もできない衣料品の材料に対する需要が、それらの裕福な隣国に送るのにかかる費用よりも高くなっている。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	known|既知の|adjective|that is known	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	nation|国々|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	property|所有権|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	find|見つける|verb|to discover or notice	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	wealthier|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	clothing|衣料品|noun|the things that people wear	produce|生産する|verb|to make or create	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	wrought|加工する|verb|to work (metal) into a desired shape, usually by hammering or beating	up|～まで|preposition|to a higher place or position	consume|消費する|verb|to eat, drink, or ingest	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	raise|高くする|verb|to move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	above|上|preposition|at a higher level than	cost|費用|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something	send|送る|verb|to cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified
It affords, therefore, some rent to the landlord.	したがって、それは地主にいくらかの地代をもたらす。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others
When the greater part of the Highland cattle were consumed on their own hills, the exportation of their hides made the most considerable article of the commerce of that country, and what they were exchanged for afforded some addition to the rent of the Highland estates.	ハイランド地方の牛の大部分が自国の丘で消費されていた頃は、その牛の皮の輸出がその国の商業で最も重要な品目となり、その牛の皮と交換されたものがハイランド地方の土地の地代にいくらか上乗せされた。	Highland cattle|ハイランド地方の牛|noun|a Scottish breed of cattle with long shaggy hair and long horns	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	own|自国の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	hill|丘|noun|a small mountain	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	hide|牛の皮|noun|the skin of an animal	make|なる|verb|become	most considerable|最も重要な|adjective|of greatest importance or significance	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	what|交換されたもの|pronoun|that which	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	afford|上乗せされる|verb|have enough money to pay for	some|いくらか|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	addition|上乗せ|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house on it
The wool of England, which in old times, could neither be consumed nor wrought up at home, found a market in the then wealthier and more industrious country of Flanders, and its price afforded something to the rent of the land which produced it.	昔は国内で消費も加工もできなかったイギリスの羊毛は、当時はより裕福で勤勉な国だったフランドルで市場を見つけ、その価格はそれを産出した土地の地代にいくらか貢献した。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	old times|昔|noun|a time in the past	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	wrought|加工する|verb|make or shape (something) with care, effort, or skill	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard or diligently	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	afford|貢献する|verb|have enough money to pay for	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
In countries not better cultivated than England was then, or than the Highlands of Scotland are now, and which had no foreign commerce, the materials of clothing would evidently be so superabundant, that a great part of them would be thrown away as useless, and no part could afford any rent to the landlord.	当時のイギリスや現在のスコットランドのハイランド地方よりも耕作が進んでおらず、外国貿易も行われていない国では、衣料品の材料が明らかに過剰に供給されているため、その大部分は役に立たないものとして捨てられ、地主に地代を支払うことはできない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in Europe	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between countries	clothing|衣料品|noun|things that people wear	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	superabundant|過剰に供給されている|adjective|more than enough	great part|大部分|noun|a large part	useless|役に立たない|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others

The materials of lodging cannot always be transported to so great a distance as those of clothing, and do not so readily become an object of foreign commerce.	住居の材料は、衣料の材料ほど遠くまで運ぶことができず、また、外国貿易の対象にもなりにくい。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	clothing|衣料|noun|the things that people wear	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
When they are superabundant in the country which produces them, it frequently happens, even in the present commercial state of the world, that they are of no value to the landlord.	住居の材料がそれを生産する国で過剰に供給されている場合、世界の現在の商業状態でさえ、地主にとって価値がないという状況が頻繁に起こる。	superabundant|過剰に供給されている|adjective|more than enough	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
A good stone quarry in the neighbourhood of London would afford a considerable rent.	ロンドン近郊の良い石切り場はかなりの地代を払うだろう。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	afford|払う|verb|be able to pay for	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
In many parts of Scotland and Wales it affords none.	スコットランドやウェールズの多くの地域では、地代を払う余裕はない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Wales|ウェールズ|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	none|ない|pronoun|not one; not any
Barren timber for building is of great value in a populous and well-cultivated country, and the land which produces it affords a considerable rent.	建材用の不毛の木材は、人口が多く、よく耕された国では非常に価値があり、それを生産する土地はかなりの地代を払う。	barren|不毛の|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	building|建材|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	well-cultivated|よく耕された|adjective|(of land) prepared for crops by plowing, harrowing, and fertilizing	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	afford|払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
But in many parts of North America, the landlord would be much obliged to any body who would carry away the greater part of his large trees.	しかし、北米の多くの地域では、地主は自分の大きな木の大部分を運び去ってくれる人には非常に感謝するだろう。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented or leased to others	be obliged to|感謝する|verb|be grateful to	carry away|運び去る|verb|take away	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
In some parts of the Highlands of Scotland, the bark is the only part of the wood which, for want of roads and water-carriage, can be sent to market;	スコットランドの高原の一部では、道路や水運がないため、木の皮だけが市場に出荷できる唯一の部分である。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Highlands|高原|noun|the mountainous region of northern and western Scotland	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of something	bark|樹皮|noun|the tough outer layer of a tree	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk and branches of a tree	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	water-carriage|水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by water	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
the timber is left to rot upon the ground.	木材は地面に放置されて腐る。	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	leave|放置される|verb|go away from a place	rot|腐る|verb|decompose or cause to decompose
When the materials of lodging are so superabundant, the part made use of is worth only the labour and expense of fitting it for that use.	宿泊施設の材料が非常に豊富な場合、使用される部分はその用途に適合させるための労力と費用だけに値する。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	lodging|宿泊施設|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	superabundant|非常に豊富な|adjective|more than enough	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	make use of|使用する|verb|to use something	worth|値する|verb|to be the same as in value	labour|労力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
It affords no rent to the landlord, who generally grants the use of it to whoever takes the trouble of asking it.	それは地主に家賃をもたらさず、地主は通常、それを尋ねる手間をかける人には誰でもその使用を許可する。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to pay for	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	grant|許可する|verb|to give or allow something	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	whoever|誰でも|pronoun|no matter who	take the trouble of|手間をかける|verb|to make an effort to do something
The demand of wealthier nations, however, sometimes enables him to get a rent for it.	しかし、より裕福な国の需要によって、彼は時々それに対して家賃を得ることができる。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to own a good or service	wealthier|より裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property
The paving of the streets of London has enabled the owners of some barren rocks on the coast of Scotland to draw a rent from what never afforded any before.	ロンドンの街路の舗装は、スコットランドの海岸にある不毛の岩の所有者が、これまでに何も得られなかったものから家賃を得ることを可能にした。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	street|街路|noun|a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	paving|舗装|noun|the hard surface of a road or path	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	barren|不毛の|adjective|unable to produce crops or fruit	rock|岩|noun|the hard solid substance that forms the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land, a building, or other property
The woods of Norway, and of the coasts of the Baltic, find a market in many parts of Great Britain, which they could not find at home, and thereby afford some rent to their proprietors.	ノルウェーやバルト海沿岸の森林は、国内では見つけることができなかったイギリスの多くの地域で市場を見つけ、それによって所有者にいくらかの家賃をもたらしている。	Norway|ノルウェー|noun|a country in northern Europe	Baltic|バルト海|noun|a sea in northern Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	afford|もたらす|verb|be able to pay for	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business

Countries are populous, not in proportion to the number of people whom their produce can clothe and lodge, but in proportion to that of those whom it can feed.	国々は、その生産物が衣食住を賄える人数に比例してではなく、食料を賄える人数に比例して人口が多い。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	clothe|衣|verb|provide with clothes	lodge|住|verb|provide with accommodation	feed|食|verb|provide with food
When food is provided, it is easy to find the necessary clothing and lodging.	食料が提供されれば、必要な衣食住を見つけるのは簡単だ。	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort; presenting few difficulties	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	clothing|衣|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily
But though these are at hand, it may often be difficult to find food.	しかし、これらが手近にあるとしても、食料を見つけるのはしばしば難しいかもしれない。	at hand|手近にある|adjective|near in time or place	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms, especially by human beings, to sustain life
In some parts of the British dominions, what is called a house may be built by one day’s labour of one man.	イギリス領の一部では、家と呼ばれるものは一人の男の一日労働で建てられる。	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of a ruler or government	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	house|家|noun|a place where people live	be called|と呼ばれる|verb|be named or referred to as	one day|一日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	be built|建てられる|verb|be constructed or erected
The simplest species of clothing, the skins of animals, require somewhat more labour to dress and prepare them for use.	衣服の最も単純な種類である動物の皮は、それを着て使用の準備をするために、もう少し労働を必要とする。	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	skin|皮|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	dress|着る|verb|put on clothes	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration
They do not, however, require a great deal.	しかし、それらは大した労働を必要としない。	do not require|必要としない|verb|not need	a great deal|大した労働|noun|a large amount or extent
Among savage or barbarous nations, a hundredth, or little more than a hundredth part of the labour of the whole year, will be sufficient to provide them with such clothing and lodging as satisfy the greater part of the people.	未開人や野蛮人の国では、一年間の労働の百分の一、あるいは百分の一強で、国民の大部分を満足させる衣食住を提供するのに十分だろう。	among|～の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	savage|未開人|noun|a member of a people who live in a primitive or uncivilized way	barbarous|野蛮人|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hundredth|百分の一|noun|one of a hundred equal parts of something	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater degree or extent than	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as good as required	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	clothing|衣|noun|items worn to cover the body	lodging|住|noun|a place to live in temporarily	satisfy|満足させる|verb|meet the expectations, needs, or desires of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area
All the other ninety-nine parts are frequently no more than enough to provide them with food.	残りの九十九パーセントは、彼らに食料を提供するのに十分なだけであることが多い。	all the other|残りの|noun|the remaining part	ninety-nine|九十九|noun|the number 99	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no more than|ただ|adverb|only; simply	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms

But when, by the improvement and cultivation of land, the labour of one family can provide food for two, the labour of half the society becomes sufficient to provide food for the whole.	しかし、土地の改良と耕作によって、一家族の労働で二家族分の食料を供給できるようになると、社会の半分の労働で全体の食料を供給するのに十分になる。	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	provide|供給する|verb|make available for use; supply	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something
The other half, therefore, or at least the greater part of them, can be employed in providing other things, or in satisfying the other wants and fancies of mankind.	したがって、残りの半分、あるいは少なくともその大部分は、他のものを供給したり、人類の他の欲求や空想を満たすために使われることができる。	other half|残りの半分|noun|the remaining half	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	be employed in|使われることができる|verb|be used for	providing|供給する|verb|make available for use; supply	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	want|欲求|noun|a need or wish for something	fancy|空想|noun|a fanciful idea
Clothing and lodging, household furniture, and what is called equipage, are the principal objects of the greater part of those wants and fancies.	衣食住、家具、いわゆる装備品は、そうした欲求や空想の大部分の主な対象である。	clothing|衣|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|食住|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	household furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc.	equipage|装備品|noun|the equipment of a ship, army, expedition, etc.	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	object|対象|noun|a thing that is seen or touched	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	want|欲求|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	fancy|空想|noun|a mental image or representation of something that is not real or has not yet happened
The rich man consumes no more food than his poor neighbour.	金持ちは貧しい隣人よりも多くの食料を消費するわけではない。	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	poor|貧しい|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you
In quality it may be very different, and to select and prepare it may require more labour and art;	質的には大きく異なるかもしれないし、それを選び、準備するにはより多くの労働と技術が必要かもしれない。	quality|質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	select|選ぶ|verb|choose from a number of alternatives	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power
but in quantity it is very nearly the same.	しかし、量的にはほとんど同じである。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in quantity|量的には|adverb|in terms of amount	very nearly|ほとんど|adverb|very close to; almost	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
But compare the spacious palace and great wardrobe of the one, with the hovel and the few rags of the other, and you will be sensible that the difference between their clothing, lodging, and household furniture, is almost as great in quantity as it is in quality.	しかし、一方の広々とした宮殿と大きな衣装箪笥を、もう一方の掘っ立て小屋とわずかなぼろきれと比べてみると、彼らの衣服、住居、家具の違いは、質の違いとほぼ同じくらい量の違いが大きいことに気づくだろう。	spacious|広々とした|adjective|having a lot of space	palace|宮殿|noun|a large, impressive building, usually made of stone, which was historically built for a king or queen	wardrobe|衣装箪笥|noun|a tall cupboard in which clothes are hung	hovel|掘っ立て小屋|noun|a small, unpleasant, or poorly built house	rag|ぼろきれ|noun|a piece of old cloth	sensible|気づく|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives or stays temporarily	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	quality|質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
The desire of food is limited in every man by the narrow capacity of the human stomach;	食欲は、人間の胃の容量が小さいために、誰でも限界がある。	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	limit|限界|noun|the greatest amount that is allowed	stomach|胃|noun|the organ in the body that receives food from the esophagus and begins digestion
but the desire of the conveniencies and ornaments of building, dress, equipage, and household furniture, seems to have no limit or certain boundary.	しかし、建物、衣服、馬車、家具の便利さや装飾に対する欲求には、限界や一定の境界がないように思われる。	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	dress|衣服|noun|a garment or garments	equipage|馬車|noun|a carriage and its horses, attendants, and harness	household furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	have no limit|限界がない|verb|be unlimited	certain boundary|一定の境界|noun|a definite limit
Those, therefore, who have the command of more food than they themselves can consume, are always willing to exchange the surplus, or, what is the same thing, the price of it, for gratifications of this other kind.	したがって、自分たちが消費できる以上の食料を支配している人々は、常に余剰分、あるいは同じことだが、その価格を、この他の種類の満足感と交換しようとする。	command|支配|noun|the power or authority to command, direct, or control	more|以上の|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides essential nutrients	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	gratification|満足感|noun|a feeling of satisfaction
What is over and above satisfying the limited desire, is given for the amusement of those desires which cannot be satisfied, but seem to be altogether endless.	限られた欲求を満たす以上のものは、満たすことのできない、しかし全く終わりがないように思われる欲求の楽しみのために与えられる。	over and above|以上に|adverb|in addition to	satisfy|満たす|verb|meet the requirements of	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	amusement|楽しみ|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment	cannot be satisfied|満たすことのできない|verb|be unable to meet the requirements of	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	endless|終わりがない|adjective|having or seeming to have no end or limit
The poor, in order to obtain food, exert themselves to gratify those fancies of the rich;	貧しい人々は、食料を得るために、富裕層の空想を満足させるために努力する。	poor|貧しい人々|noun|people who lack money or material possessions	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	exert|努力する|verb|to make a physical or mental effort	gratify|満足させる|verb|to give pleasure to	fancy|空想|noun|a mental image or representation of something that is not real or has not yet happened
and to obtain it more certainly, they vie with one another in the cheapness and perfection of their work.	そして、それをより確実に得るために、彼らは仕事の安さと完成度を競い合う。	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	vie|競い合う|verb|compete eagerly with someone in order to achieve or win something
The number of workmen increases with the increasing quantity of food, or with the growing improvement and cultivation of the lands;	労働者の数は、食料の量の増加、あるいは土地の改良や耕作の増加に伴って増加する。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
and as the nature of their business admits of the utmost subdivisions of labour, the quantity of materials which they can work up, increases in a much greater proportion than their numbers.	そして、彼らの仕事の性質上、労働の細分化が最大限に認められているため、彼らが加工できる材料の量は、彼らの数よりもはるかに大きな割合で増加する。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true	utmost|最大限|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	subdivision|細分化|noun|the division of something into smaller parts	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work up|加工する|verb|to make something from raw materials	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular value
Hence arises a demand for every sort of material which human invention can employ, either usefully or ornamentally, in building, dress, equipage, or household furniture;	そのため、建物、衣服、装備、家庭用家具など、人間の発明が有用にまたは装飾的に使用できるあらゆる種類の材料に対する需要が生じる。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	every sort of|あらゆる種類の|noun|all kinds of	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage	usefully|有用に|adverb|in a way that is helpful or beneficial	ornamentally|装飾的に|adverb|in a way that is decorative or ornamental	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	dress|衣服|noun|an item of clothing	equipage|装備|noun|the equipment or outfit of a ship, army, or expedition	household|家庭用|adjective|of or relating to a house or home	furniture|家具|noun|the movable articles that are used to make a room or building suitable for living or working in
for the fossils and minerals contained in the bowels of the earth, the precious metals, and the precious stones.	地球の内部に含まれる化石や鉱物、貴金属、宝石などである。	fossil|化石|noun|the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form	mineral|鉱物|noun|a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence	bowel|内部|noun|the part of the alimentary canal below the stomach; the intestine	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	precious stone|宝石|noun|a piece of mineral, either cut and polished or in its natural state, that is valued for its beauty and rarity

Food is, in this manner, not only the original source of rent, but every other part of the produce of land which afterwards affords rent, derives that part of its value from the improvement of the powers of labour in producing food, by means of the improvement and cultivation of land.	このように、食料は地代の元々の源泉であるだけでなく、その後地代を生み出す土地の生産物の他のすべての部分は、土地の改良と耕作によって食料を生産する労働力の改善からその価値の一部を得ている。	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work

Those other parts of the produce of land, however, which afterwards afford rent, do not afford it always.	しかし、その後地代を生み出す土地の生産物の他の部分は、常に地代を生み出すわけではない。	those other parts|他の部分|noun|the other parts	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something without causing problems	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions
Even in improved and cultivated countries, the demand for them is not always such as to afford a greater price than what is sufficient to pay the labour, and replace, together with its ordinary profits, the stock which must be employed in bringing them to market.	改良され耕作された国々でさえ、それらの需要は、労働に支払うのに十分な価格よりも高い価格を支払い、通常の利潤とともに、それらを市場に出すために投入しなければならない資本を回収できるほどではない。	even in|でさえ|adverb|also; as well; in addition	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold
Whether it is or is not such, depends upon different circumstances.	そうなるかならないかは、さまざまな状況に依存する。	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce a clause expressing a doubt, choice, or alternative	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

Whether a coal mine, for example, can afford any rent, depends partly upon its fertility, and partly upon its situation.	例えば、炭鉱が地代を生み出せるかどうかは、一部はその豊穣度に、一部はその立地に依存する。	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	afford|生み出せる|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	fertility|豊穣度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located

A mine of any kind may be said to be either fertile or barren, according as the quantity of mineral which can be brought from it by a certain quantity of labour, is greater or less than what can be brought by an equal quantity from the greater part of other mines of the same kind.	どんな種類の鉱山も、一定量の労働によって採掘できる鉱物の量が、同じ種類の他の鉱山の大部分から同量の労働によって採掘できる量よりも多いか少ないかによって、豊穣か不毛かと言うことができる。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	fertile|豊穣|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring or fruit or vegetation	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	greater|より多い|adjective|larger or more important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned or known about	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	bring|採掘する|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	mineral|鉱物|noun|a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence

Some coal mines, advantageously situated, cannot be wrought on account of their barrenness.	有利な立地にある炭鉱の中には、不毛なために採掘できないものもある。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	advantageously|有利に|adverb|in a way that is favorable or beneficial	situated|位置する|verb|be located in a particular place	barrenness|不毛|noun|the state of being unable to produce offspring or fruit
The produce does not pay the expense.	生産物は費用を賄えない。	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an act or process	pay|賄う|verb|give money that is owed or due	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
They can afford neither profit nor rent.	利益も地代も生み出せない。	afford|生み出せない|verb|have enough money to pay for	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either; not one and not the other	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

There are some, of which the produce is barely sufficient to pay the labour, and replace, together with its ordinary profits, the stock employed in working them.	生産物が労働に支払い、通常の利潤と共に、採掘に投入した資本を回収するのにぎりぎり十分な鉱山もある。	There are some|いくつかある|noun|a small number of	of which|そのうち|relative pronoun|of which	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	barely|ぎりぎり|adverb|only just; almost not	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	together with|共に|adverb|in addition to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|投入する|verb|use	work|採掘|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living
They afford some profit to the undertaker of the work, but no rent to the landlord.	採掘業者には多少の利益をもたらすが、地主には地代をもたらさない。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	some|多少の|adjective|a small amount of	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	undertaker|採掘業者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
They can be wrought advantageously by nobody but the landlord, who, being himself the undertaker of the work, gets the ordinary profit of the capital which he employs in it.	地主以外には誰も採掘しても利益を得ることはできない。地主は採掘業者でもあるので、採掘に投入した資本の通常の利潤を得る。	be wrought advantageously|利益を得る|verb|to be done in a way that is beneficial or profitable	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not anyone	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	work|採掘|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	undertaker|採掘業者|noun|a person who agrees to do something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Many coal mines in Scotland are wrought in this manner, and can be wrought in no other.	スコットランドの多くの炭鉱は、この方法で採掘されており、他の方法では採掘できない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	no other|他の方法はない|noun|no other thing or person
The landlord will allow nobody else to work them without paying some rent, and nobody can afford to pay any.	地主は、地代を払わない限り、誰にも採掘を許さないし、誰も地代を払う余裕はない。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	allow|許す|verb|permit or let	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; no one	work|採掘|verb|extract coal or other minerals	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for

Other coal mines in the same country, sufficiently fertile, cannot be wrought on account of their situation.	同じ国にある他の炭鉱は、十分に豊かだが、その立地条件のために採掘できない。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	fertile|豊か|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	be wrought|採掘される|verb|be worked or shaped by beating with a hammer or other tool	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	situation|立地条件|noun|the place or type of place where something is located
A quantity of mineral, sufficient to defray the expense of working, could be brought from the mine by the ordinary, or even less than the ordinary quantity of labour:	採掘費用を賄うのに十分な量の鉱物は、通常の労働量、あるいは通常よりも少ない労働量で鉱山から運び出せる。	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	mineral|鉱物|noun|a solid, naturally occurring, inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	working|採掘|noun|the activity of extracting coal or other minerals from a mine	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
but in an inland country, thinly inhabited, and without either good roads or water-carriage, this quantity could not be sold.	しかし、人口が少なく、良い道路や水運もない内陸部では、この量を売ることはできない。	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	thinly|少なく|adverb|in a small amount	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	water-carriage|水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by boat	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something

Coals are a less agreeable fuel than wood: they are said too to be less wholesome.	石炭は木材よりも好ましい燃料ではないし、健康にもよくないと言われる。	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	fuel|燃料|noun|a substance that is burned to provide heat or power	wholesome|健康によい|adjective|promoting health or well-being
The expense of coals, therefore, at the place where they are consumed, must generally be somewhat less than that of wood.	したがって、石炭の消費地での石炭の費用は、一般的に木材の費用よりも多少安くなければならない。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown combustible mineral	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree

The price of wood, again, varies with the state of agriculture, nearly in the same manner, and exactly for the same reason, as the price of cattle.	木材の価格もまた、家畜の価格とほぼ同じ方法で、まったく同じ理由で、農業の状態によって変動する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in quality, amount, or level	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen
In its rude beginnings, the greater part of every country is covered with wood, which is then a mere incumbrance, of no value to the landlord, who would gladly give it to any body for the cutting.	未開の初期には、どの国もその大部分が森林に覆われており、それは単なる邪魔物で、地主にとって何の価値もないものであり、地主は喜んでそれを誰かに伐採させようとする。	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	beginning|初期|noun|the time when something starts	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cover|覆われる|verb|be spread over the surface of	wood|森林|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	incumbrance|邪魔物|noun|something that is a burden or hindrance	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	gladly|喜んで|adverb|willingly; with pleasure	give|させる|verb|cause to have or receive	body|誰か|noun|a person	cutting|伐採|noun|the action of cutting something
As agriculture advances, the woods are partly cleared by the progress of tillage, and partly go to decay in consequence of the increased number of cattle.	農業が発展するにつれて、森林は耕作の進歩によって一部が伐採され、一部は家畜の増加によって衰退する。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	advance|発展する|verb|move forward	wood|森林|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent	clear|伐採される|verb|remove all trees and plants from	tillage|耕作|noun|the cultivation of land	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent	go to decay|衰退する|verb|become worse or weaker	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen
These, though they do not increase in the same proportion as corn, which is altogether the acquisition of human industry, yet multiply under the care and protection of men, who store up in the season of plenty what may maintain them in that of scarcity;	家畜は、人間の勤勉さによってのみ得られる穀物と同じ割合では増加しないが、人間の世話と保護のもとで増殖し、人間は豊作の季節に家畜を養うためのものを蓄え、	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	care|世話|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	season|季節|noun|each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	scarcity|不作|noun|a state or condition of having little or none of something
who, through the whole year, furnish them with a greater quantity of food than uncultivated nature provides for them;	一年を通して、未開の自然が提供するよりも多くの食料を家畜に与える。	through the whole year|一年を通して|adverb|for the entire year	furnish|与える|verb|supply or provide	greater quantity|より多くの|noun|a larger amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	uncultivated nature|未開の自然|noun|nature that has not been cultivated or developed
and who, by destroying and extirpating their enemies, secure them in the free enjoyment of all that she provides.	そして、家畜の敵を破壊し、根絶することで、家畜が自然が提供するすべてのものを自由に享受できるようにする。	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist	extirpate|根絶する|verb|to destroy or remove completely	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe or certain	provide|提供する|verb|to give or make available
Numerous herds of cattle, when allowed to wander through the woods, though they do not destroy the old trees, hinder any young ones from coming up;	多数の家畜の群れは、森の中をさまようことを許されると、古い木を破壊することはないが、若い木が育つのを妨げる。	numerous|多数の|adjective|consisting of a great many	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	wander|さまよう|verb|move about or travel aimlessly	woods|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	tree|木|noun|a woody perennial plant typically having a main stem or trunk and generally a distinct elevated crown	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time
so that, in the course of a century or two, the whole forest goes to ruin.	そのため、一世紀か二世紀の間に、森全体が荒廃してしまう。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	in the course of|の間に|preposition|during	a century or two|一世紀か二世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	the whole|全体|adjective|all of something	go to ruin|荒廃する|verb|become dilapidated or decayed
The scarcity of wood then raises its price.	木材の不足は、その価格を上げる。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of
It affords a good rent; and the landlord sometimes finds that he can scarce employ his best lands more advantageously than in growing barren timber, of which the greatness of the profit often compensates the lateness of the returns.	それは良い地代をもたらす。そして、地主は時々、自分の最良の土地を、不毛の木材を育てるよりも有利に利用することはできないと気づく。その利益の大きさは、しばしば収益の遅れを補う。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	find|気づく|verb|to discover or notice something	scarce|できない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	employ|利用する|verb|to use something or someone for a particular purpose	best|最良の|adjective|of the highest quality	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	advantageously|有利に|adverb|in a way that is favorable or beneficial	grow|育てる|verb|to cause to grow or increase	barren|不毛の|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	greatness|大きさ|noun|the quality of being great	compensate|補う|verb|to make up for something that is lacking or deficient	lateness|遅れ|noun|the state of being late	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization makes after deducting all costs
This seems, in the present times, to be nearly the state of things in several parts of Great Britain, where the profit of planting is found to be equal to that of either corn or pasture.	これは、現在、植林の利益がトウモロコシや牧草地の利益に等しいとされているイギリスのいくつかの地域の状況に近いと思われる。	present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	state of things|状況|noun|the way things are	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	planting|植林|noun|the action of planting	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where animals graze
The advantage which the landlord derives from planting can nowhere exceed, at least for any considerable time, the rent which these could afford him;	地主が植林から得る利益は、少なくともかなりの期間、これらが彼に与えることのできる地代を超えることはできない。	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	planting|植林|noun|the action of planting	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	afford|与える|verb|be able to do something or have something
and in an inland country, which is highly cultivated, it will frequently not fall much short of this rent.	そして、高度に耕作されている内陸部では、この地代を大きく下回ることはあまりない。	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	highly|高度に|adverb|to a high degree or level	cultivated|耕作されている|adjective|grown by human labor	fall short of|下回る|verb|fail to reach or achieve	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
Upon the sea-coast of a well-improved country, indeed, if coals can conveniently be had for fuel, it may sometimes be cheaper to bring barren timber for building from less cultivated foreign countries than to raise it at home.	確かに、よく開拓された国の海岸では、石炭を燃料として手に入れることができれば、建設用の不毛の木材を自国で育てるよりも、あまり開拓されていない外国から持ってくる方が安い場合もある。	sea-coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	well-improved|よく開拓された|adjective|made better or more complete	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	fuel|燃料|noun|a substance that is burned to provide heat or power	conveniently|手に入れることができれば|adverb|in a way that is easy or convenient	barren|不毛の|adjective|too poor to produce much or any vegetation	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	building|建設|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	less cultivated|あまり開拓されていない|adjective|not as advanced in culture or civilization	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase
In the new town of Edinburgh, built within these few years, there is not, perhaps, a single stick of Scotch timber.	この数年の間に建設されたエジンバラの新市街には、おそらくスコットランドの木材は一本もない。	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	new town|新市街|noun|a planned urban development	these few years|この数年|noun|the last few years	build|建設する|verb|construct	there is not|ない|verb|does not exist	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	single|一本|adjective|only one	stick|木材|noun|a piece of wood	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people

Whatever may be the price of wood, if that of coals is such that the expense of a coal fire is nearly equal to that of a wood one we may be assured, that at that place, and in these circumstances, the price of coals is as high as it can be.	木材の価格がどうであれ、石炭の価格が石炭の火の費用が木材の火の費用とほぼ等しいようなものであれば、その場所で、そしてこれらの状況では、石炭の価格は可能な限り高いものであると確信できる。	Whatever|どうであれ|pronoun|no matter what	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	fire|火|noun|the state or fact of burning	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	can be|ありうる|auxiliary verb|be possible
It seems to be so in some of the inland parts of England, particularly in Oxfordshire, where it is usual, even in the fires of the common people, to mix coals and wood together, and where the difference in the expense of those two sorts of fuel cannot, therefore, be very great.	イギリスの内陸部の一部、特にオックスフォードシャーでは、一般の人々の火事でも石炭と木材を混ぜるのが普通であり、この二種類の燃料の費用の差があまり大きくないと思われる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	Oxfordshire|オックスフォードシャー|noun|a county in England	usual|普通|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	fire|火事|noun|a large uncontrolled fire	mix|混ぜる|verb|combine or blend together	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	fuel|燃料|noun|a substance that is burned to provide heat or power
Coals, in the coal countries, are everywhere much below this highest price.	石炭産出国では、石炭はどこでもこの最高価格をはるかに下回っている。	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or in all parts	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than
If they were not, they could not bear the expense of a distant carriage, either by land or by water.	もしそうでなければ、陸路であれ水路であれ、遠隔地への運搬費を負担することはできない。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	not|そうでなければ|adverb|in no way; to no extent	bear|負担する|verb|carry or support	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	carriage|運搬|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	water|水路|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
A small quantity only could be sold;	少量しか売れない。	small|少量|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	be sold|売れる|verb|be purchased by a customer
and the coal masters and the coal proprietors find it more for their interest to sell a great quantity at a price somewhat above the lowest, than a small quantity at the highest.	石炭の親方や石炭の所有者は、少量を最高値で売るよりも、大量を最低値より少し高い値段で売る方が利益になると考えている。	coal master|石炭の親方|noun|a person who owns or manages a coal mine	coal proprietor|石炭の所有者|noun|a person who owns a coal mine	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	price|値段|noun|the amount of money for which something is sold	somewhat|少し|adverb|to some extent; slightly	above|より高い|preposition|higher than	lowest|最低値|adjective|the least high	small|少量|adjective|not large in size or amount	highest|最高値|adjective|the most high
The most fertile coal mine, too, regulates the price of coals at all the other mines in its neighbourhood.	最も豊かな炭鉱も、その近隣の他のすべての炭鉱の石炭価格を調整する。	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Both the proprietor and the undertaker of the work find, the one that he can get a greater rent, the other that he can get a greater profit, by somewhat underselling all their neighbours.	所有者と作業請負人の両者は、近隣の炭鉱よりも少し安く売ることで、前者はより多くの地代を得ることができ、後者はより多くの利益を得ることができると考えている。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	undertaker|請負人|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell something at a lower price than someone else	neighbour|近隣|noun|a person who lives near another person
Their neighbours are soon obliged to sell at the same price, though they cannot so well afford it, and though it always diminishes, and sometimes takes away altogether, both their rent and their profit.	近隣の炭鉱は、すぐに同じ価格で売らざるを得なくなるが、そうする余裕があまりなく、また、そうすると地代と利益の両方が常に減少し、時には完全になくなってしまう。	neighbour|近隣の炭鉱|noun|a person who lives near another	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	obliged|せざるを得なくなる|adjective|required to do something	same|同じ|adjective|not different	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	afford|余裕がない|verb|have enough money to pay for	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	take away|なくなってしまう|verb|remove or carry something from a place
Some works are abandoned altogether;	一部の炭鉱は完全に放棄される。	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	work|炭鉱|noun|a place where coal is mined	abandon|放棄される|verb|give up completely
others can afford no rent, and can be wrought only by the proprietor.	他の炭鉱は地代を払う余裕がなく、所有者だけが採掘できる。	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset

The lowest price at which coals can be sold for any considerable time, is, like that of all other commodities, the price which is barely sufficient to replace, together with its ordinary profits, the stock which must be employed in bringing them to market.	石炭がかなりの期間にわたって販売できる最低価格は、他のすべての商品の価格と同様に、通常の利益とともに、市場に出すために投入しなければならない資本を補填するのに十分な価格である。	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the least amount of money that can be charged for a good or service	any considerable time|かなりの期間|noun|a long period of time	like that of|と同様に|preposition|in a similar way to	all other commodities|他のすべての商品|noun|all goods other than the one being discussed	barely sufficient|十分な|adjective|just enough	replace|補填する|verb|provide a new thing for something that is old, lost, or no longer working properly	together with|とともに|preposition|in addition to	ordinary profits|通常の利益|noun|the amount of money that a business makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	bring to market|市場に出す|verb|make available for purchase
At a coal mine for which the landlord can get no rent, but, which he must either work himself or let it alone altogether, the price of coals must generally be nearly about this price.	地主が地代を得ることができず、自分で採掘するか、あるいは放置するしかない炭鉱では、石炭の価格は一般的にこの価格に近いはずである。	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented or leased to others	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	work|採掘する|verb|to do work	let alone|放置する|verb|to not do something to or with someone or something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	about|約|preposition|on the subject of	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to or being touched or pointed to by the speaker

Rent, even where coals afford one, has generally a smaller share in their price than in that of most other parts of the rude produce of land.	石炭が地代を支払える場合でさえ、地代は一般的に、土地の未加工生産物の他のほとんどの部分の価格よりも、石炭の価格に占める割合が小さい。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter	afford|支払える|verb|be able to pay for	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	share|割合|noun|a part or portion of a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
The rent of an estate above ground, commonly amounts to what is supposed to be a third of the gross produce;	地上の土地の地代は、通常、総生産物の3分の1とされる額に達する。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	above ground|地上の|adjective|on or above the surface of the earth	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	what is supposed to be|とされる|noun|what is generally believed to be	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	gross produce|総生産物|noun|the total amount of something produced
and it is generally a rent certain and independent of the occasional variations in the crop.	そしてそれは一般的に一定の地代であり、作物の時折の変動とは無関係である。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	certain|一定の|adjective|having or showing no doubt	independent|無関係の|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	crop|作物|noun|a plant that is grown in large quantities for food
In coal mines, a fifth of the gross produce is a very great rent, a tenth the common rent;	炭鉱では、総生産物の5分の1が非常に高額な地代であり、10分の1が普通の地代である。	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	gross produce|総生産物|noun|the total amount of something produced	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	common rent|普通の地代|noun|the rent that is typically paid for a particular type of property
and it is seldom a rent certain, but depends upon the occasional variations in the produce.	そしてそれはめったに一定の地代ではなく、生産物の時折の変動に依存する。	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level
These are so great, that in a country where thirty years purchase is considered as a moderate price for the property of a landed estate, ten years purchase is regarded as a good price for that of a coal mine.	これらは非常に大きいので、30年分の購入が土地の財産の適正価格と考えられている国では、10年分の購入が炭鉱の適正価格と考えられている。	so great|非常に大きい|adjective|very big	thirty years|30年|noun|a period of 30 years	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	moderate price|適正価格|noun|a price that is not too high or too low	landed estate|土地の財産|noun|an estate consisting of land	ten years|10年|noun|a period of 10 years	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted

The value of a coal mine to the proprietor, frequently depends as much upon its situation as upon its fertility.	炭鉱の所有者にとっての価値は、その豊穣度と同じくらいその立地に依存することが多い。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	fertility|豊穣度|noun|the quality of being fertile; productiveness
That of a metallic mine depends more upon its fertility, and less upon its situation.	金属鉱山の価値は、その豊穣度に依存し、立地にはあまり依存しない。	metallic mine|金属鉱山|noun|a mine where metal is extracted	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	fertility|豊穣度|noun|the ability to produce an abundance of offspring or crops	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located
The coarse, and still more the precious metals, when separated from the ore, are so valuable, that they can generally bear the expense of a very long land, and of the most distant sea carriage.	粗金属、さらには貴金属は、鉱石から分離されると非常に価値が高いので、通常、非常に長い陸路や最も遠い海路の費用を負担することができる。	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	precious|貴重な|adjective|of high worth or value	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	ore|鉱石|noun|a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	bear|負担する|verb|carry or support	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	sea|海路|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses
Their market is not confined to the countries in the neighbourhood of the mine, but extends to the whole world.	その市場は鉱山の近隣諸国に限定されず、全世界に及んでいる。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within certain limits	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	whole world|全世界|noun|the entire world
The copper of Japan makes an article of commerce in Europe; the iron of Spain in that of Chili and Peru.	日本の銅はヨーロッパで商売の品物となり、スペインの鉄はチリやペルーで商売の品物となる。	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	Japan|日本|noun|an island country located in East Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, silvery-gray metal	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on Europe’s Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America
The silver of Peru finds its way, not only to Europe, but from Europe to China.	ペルーの銀はヨーロッパだけでなく、ヨーロッパから中国へと運ばれる。	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	find one's way|運ばれる|verb|to be transported	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia

The price of coals in Westmoreland or Shropshire can have little effect on their price at Newcastle; and their price in the Lionnois can have none at all.	ウェストモアランドやシュロップシャーの石炭価格は、ニューカッスルの石炭価格にほとんど影響を与えることはなく、リヨンの石炭価格は全く影響を与えない。	Westmoreland|ウェストモアランド|noun|a county in northwest England	Shropshire|シュロップシャー|noun|a county in west England	Newcastle|ニューカッスル|noun|a city in northeast England	Lionnois|リヨン|noun|a city in east-central France	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	have little effect|ほとんど影響を与えない|verb|not have much of an effect	have none at all|全く影響を与えない|verb|not have any effect at all
The productions of such distant coal mines can never be brought into competition with one another.	そのような遠く離れた炭鉱の産物は、決して互いに競争関係にはなり得ない。	production|産物|noun|the act of producing something	distant|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	coal mine|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	be brought into|なり得る|verb|be made to be in a certain state or condition	competition|競争関係|noun|the activity or condition of competing
But the productions of the most distant metallic mines frequently may, and in fact commonly are.	しかし、最も遠く離れた金属鉱山の産物は、しばしば競争関係になる可能性があり、実際には普通に競争関係にある。	distant|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	metallic|金属の|adjective|of or relating to metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a pit or excavation in the earth from which mineral ores are extracted	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	may|可能性がある|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	commonly|普通に|adverb|usually; in most cases

The price, therefore, of the coarse, and still more that of the precious metals, at the most fertile mines in the world, must necessarily more or less affect their price at every other in it.	したがって、世界で最も豊かな鉱山での卑金属の価格、さらには貴金属の価格は、必然的に世界の他のすべての鉱山での価格に多かれ少なかれ影響を与える。	coarse|卑金属|adjective|of low quality	precious|貴金属|adjective|of high value	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The price of copper in Japan must have some influence upon its price at the copper mines in Europe.	日本の銅の価格は、ヨーロッパの銅鉱山での価格に何らかの影響を与えているに違いない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	Japan|日本|noun|an island country located in East Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The price of silver in Peru, or the quantity either of labour or of other goods which it will purchase there, must have some influence on its price, not only at the silver mines of Europe, but at those of China.	ペルーの銀の価格、あるいはそこで購入できる労働やその他の財の量は、ヨーロッパの銀鉱山だけでなく中国の銀鉱山でも、その価格に何らかの影響を与えているに違いない。	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	good|財|noun|a thing that is produced and can be bought and sold	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia
After the discovery of the mines of Peru, the silver mines of Europe were, the greater part of them, abandoned.	ペルーの鉱山が発見された後、ヨーロッパの銀鉱山は、その大部分が放棄された。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	abandon|放棄する|verb|give up completely
The value of silver was so much reduced, that their produce could no longer pay the expense of working them, or replace, with a profit, the food, clothes, lodging, and other necessaries which were consumed in that operation.	銀の価値があまりに下落したため、その産出量ではもはや採掘にかかる費用を賄うことも、その作業で消費される食料、衣服、住居、その他の必需品を利益をつけて補充することもできなくなった。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	reduce|下落する|verb|make or become smaller or less	produce|産出量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	pay|賄う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	work|採掘|verb|extract coal or other minerals	replace|補充する|verb|provide a new thing for (something that is broken, old, lost, or no longer working properly)	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	food|食料|noun|any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	other|その他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important
This was the case, too, with the mines of Cuba and St. Domingo, and even with the ancient mines of Peru, after the discovery of those of Potosi.	ポトシの鉱山が発見された後、キューバとサントドミンゴの鉱山、さらにはペルーの古代鉱山でも同じことが起こった。	Cuba|キューバ|noun|a country in the Caribbean	St. Domingo|サントドミンゴ|noun|the capital of the Dominican Republic	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	Potosi|ポトシ|noun|a city in Bolivia
The price of every metal, at every mine, therefore, being regulated in some measure by its price at the most fertile mine in the world that is actually wrought, it can, at the greater part of mines, do very little more than pay the expense of working, and can seldom afford a very high rent to the landlord.	したがって、あらゆる鉱山のあらゆる金属の価格は、実際に採掘されている世界で最も豊かな鉱山での価格によってある程度調整されているため、ほとんどの鉱山では、採掘費用を支払う以外にほとんど何もできないし、地主に非常に高い地代を支払うことはめったにできない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	mine|鉱山|noun|a large excavation in the earth from which coal, ores, or other minerals are extracted	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	measure|ある程度|noun|a degree, extent, or amount	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	wrought|採掘されている|verb|work (metal) by hammering or beating	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	working|採掘|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
Rent accordingly, seems at the greater part of mines to have but a small share in the price of the coarse, and a still smaller in that of the precious metals.	したがって、地代は、ほとんどの鉱山では、粗金属の価格に占める割合は小さく、貴金属の価格に占める割合はさらに小さいように思われる。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture or quality	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth
Labour and profit make up the greater part of both.	労働と利潤がその大部分を占めている。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	make up|占める|verb|constitute or comprise	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something

A sixth part of the gross produce may be reckoned the average rent of the tin mines of Cornwall, the most fertile that are known in the world, as we are told by the Rev. Mr. Borlace, vice-warden of the stannaries.	スズ鉱山の副管理人であるボルレース師によると、世界で最も豊かなコーンウォールのスズ鉱山の平均地代は、総生産量の六分の一と見積もられる。	sixth|六分の一|noun|one of six equal parts	gross|総|adjective|without deduction of tax or other expenses	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something produced	may be reckoned|見積もられる|verb|be regarded or considered	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	tin|スズ|noun|a silvery white metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, ores, or other minerals are extracted from the ground	Cornwall|コーンウォール|noun|a county in southwest England	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	Rev.|師|noun|a member of the clergy	Mr.|氏|noun|a title used before a man's surname	Borlace|ボルレース|noun|a surname	vice-warden|副管理人|noun|a person who is second in command to a warden	stannary|スズ鉱山|noun|a tin mine
Some, he says, afford more, and some do not afford so much.	彼によれば、もっと払える鉱山もあれば、それほど払えない鉱山もある。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	afford|払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	do not afford|払えない|verb|not have enough money to pay for	so much|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent
A sixth part of the gross produce is the rent, too, of several very fertile lead mines in Scotland.	スコットランドの非常に豊かな鉛鉱山のいくつかの地代も、総生産量の六分の一である。	sixth|六分の一|noun|one of six equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	gross|総|adjective|without tax or other deductions	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom

In the silver mines of Peru, we are told by Frezier and Ulloa, the proprietor frequently exacts no other acknowledgment from the undertaker of the mine, but that he will grind the ore at his mill, paying him the ordinary multure or price of grinding.	フレジエとウロアによれば、ペルーの銀山では、所有者は鉱山の請負人から、鉱石を自分の工場で粉砕し、通常の粉砕料金を支払うこと以外に何も要求しないことが多いという。	silver mine|銀山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	Frezier|フレジエ|noun|a French engineer and explorer	Ulloa|ウロア|noun|a Spanish general, governor, and astronomer	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	undertaker|請負人|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, ores, or other minerals are extracted from the ground	grind|粉砕する|verb|crush or break into small pieces	ore|鉱石|noun|a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted	mill|工場|noun|a building with machinery for processing materials	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	price|料金|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
Till 1736, indeed, the tax of the king of Spain amounted to one fifth of the standard silver, which till then might be considered as the real rent of the greater part of the silver mines of Peru, the richest which have been known in the world.	実際、1736年までスペイン国王の税は標準銀の五分の一に達し、それまでは世界で最も豊かなペルーの銀山の大部分の真の地代と見なされていた。	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)	1736|1736年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	king|国王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	amount to|達する|verb|be equivalent to	one fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	standard silver|標準銀|noun|silver of a known purity or fineness	till then|それまで|adverb|up to that time	might be considered|見なされていた|verb|be regarded as or thought of as	real rent|真の地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land or other property	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	richest|最も豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people and countries on it
If there had been no tax, this fifth would naturally have belonged to the landlord, and many mines might have been wrought which could not then be wrought, because they could not afford this tax.	税金がなかったら、この五分の一は当然地主のものになっただろうし、この税金を払えなかったので、当時は採掘できなかった多くの鉱山が採掘できたかもしれない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	wrought|採掘された|verb|past participle of work	afford|払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The tax of the duke of Cornwall upon tin is supposed to amount to more than five per cent.	コーンウォール公爵の錫に対する税は、5パーセント以上になるとされている。	duke|公爵|noun|a member of the highest rank of the British peerage	Cornwall|コーンウォール|noun|a county in southwest England	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	tin|錫|noun|a silvery white metal, atomic number 50, atomic weight 118.71, that is malleable and ductile and has a high luster	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to or equivalent to	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
or one twentieth part of the value;	つまり価値の二十分の一である。	one twentieth|二十分の一|noun|one of twenty equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that has been divided	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and whatever may be his proportion, it would naturally, too, belong to the proprietor of the mine, if tin was duty free.	そして、彼の取り分はどれほどであれ、錫が無税ならば、当然、鉱山の所有者のものになるだろう。	whatever|どれほどであれ|pronoun|no matter what	proportion|取り分|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	belong|ものになる|verb|be owned by	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
But if you add one twentieth to one sixth, you will find that the whole average rent of the tin mines of Cornwall, was to the whole average rent of the silver mines of Peru, as thirteen to twelve.	しかし、二十分の一を六分の一に加えると、コーンウォールの錫鉱山の平均地代全体は、ペルーの銀鉱山の平均地代全体の十三対十二であることがわかる。	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	one twentieth|二十分の一|noun|one of twenty equal parts	one sixth|六分の一|noun|one of six equal parts	Cornwall|コーンウォール|noun|a county in southwest England	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	thirteen|十三|noun|the number 13	twelve|十二|noun|the number 12
But the silver mines of Peru are not now able to pay even this low rent;	しかし、ペルーの銀鉱山は、現在ではこの低い地代すら支払うことができない。	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	even|すら|adverb|to an extreme degree	low|低い|adjective|not high or tall	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
and the tax upon silver was, in 1736, reduced from one fifth to one tenth.	そして、銀に対する税は、一七三六年に五分の一から十分の一に減額された。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	reduce|減額する|verb|make or become smaller or less	one fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	one tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts
Even this tax upon silver, too, gives more temptation to smuggling than the tax of one twentieth upon tin;	銀に対するこの税でさえ、錫に対する二十分の一の税よりも密輸の誘惑が大きい。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border or other boundary
and smuggling must be much easier in the precious than in the bulky commodity.	そして、密輸はかさばる商品よりも貴重品の方がずっと簡単であるに違いない。	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be certain or inevitable	easier|簡単|adjective|not difficult; requiring little effort	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and heavy or awkward to carry or use	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold
The tax of the king of Spain, accordingly, is said to be very ill paid, and that of the duke of Cornwall very well.	したがって、スペイン王の税は非常に支払いが悪く、コーンウォール公の税は非常に支払いが良いと言われている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	ill|悪く|adjective|not well; sick	paid|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	duke|公|noun|a male member of the highest rank of the British peerage	Cornwall|コーンウォール|noun|a county in southwestern England	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	well|良く|adverb|in a good manner
Rent, therefore, it is probable, makes a greater part of the price of tin at the most fertile tin mines than it does of silver at the most fertile silver mines in the world.	したがって、地代は、世界で最も豊かな銀鉱山の銀よりも、最も豊かな錫鉱山の錫の価格の大部分を占めている可能性が高い。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tin|錫|noun|a silvery white metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, ores, or other mineral resources are extracted from the ground	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
After replacing the stock employed in working those different mines, together with its ordinary profits, the residue which remains to the proprietor is greater, it seems, in the coarse, than in the precious metal.	これらの異なる鉱山の採掘に使用された資本を通常の利潤とともに補填した後、所有者に残る残余は、貴金属よりも粗金属の方が大きいように思われる。	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|使用する|verb|use	work|採掘|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	residue|残余|noun|a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken away	coarse|粗金属|adjective|rough or harsh in texture, grain, or fiber	precious|貴金属|adjective|of great value or worth

Neither are the profits of the undertakers of silver mines commonly very great in Peru.	ペルーでは、銀鉱山の請負業者の利益も一般的にあまり大きくない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	great|あまり大きくない|adjective|of major significance or importance
The same most respectable and well-informed authors acquaint us, that when any person undertakes to work a new mine in Peru, he is universally looked upon as a man destined to bankruptcy and ruin, and is upon that account shunned and avoided by every body.	同じく最も尊敬され、博識な著者たちは、ペルーで誰かが新しい鉱山の採掘に乗り出すとき、彼は普遍的に破産と破滅の運命にある人間と見なされ、そのために誰もが彼を避け、遠ざけることを私たちに知らせている。	the same|同じく|adjective|not different or changed	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent	respectable|尊敬される|adjective|worthy of respect	well-informed|博識な|adjective|having a lot of knowledge	author|著者|noun|a person who writes books	acquaint|知らせている|verb|make someone aware of or familiar with	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	undertake|乗り出す|verb|take on a task or job	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in every case or on every occasion	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	account|ため|noun|a reason or explanation	shun|避ける|verb|persistently avoid, ignore, or reject someone or something	avoid|遠ざける|verb|keep away from or stop oneself from doing
Mining, it seems, is considered there in the same light as here, as a lottery, in which the prizes do not compensate the blanks, though the greatness of some tempts many adventurers to throw away their fortunes in such unprosperous projects.	鉱業は、ここでも同じ見方をされているようで、宝くじのように、賞金が空白を埋め合わせることはできないが、一部の偉大さは、多くの冒険者をそのような不幸なプロジェクトに自分の財産を投げ捨てるように誘惑する。	mining|鉱業|noun|the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	prize|賞金|noun|a reward for success or achievement	blank|空白|noun|a space left empty	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	throw away|投げ捨てる|verb|to get rid of something	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking

As the sovereign, however, derives a considerable part of his revenue from the produce of silver mines, the law in Peru gives every possible encouragement to the discovery and working of new ones.	しかし、主権者は収入のかなりの部分を銀鉱山の産出物から得ているため、ペルーの法律は新しい鉱山の発見と採掘をあらゆる面で奨励している。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	produce|産出物|noun|something that is produced	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	working|採掘|noun|the action of working	new one|新しい鉱山|noun|a new mine
Whoever discovers a new mine, is entitled to measure off two hundred and forty-six feet in length, according to what he supposes to be the direction of the vein, and half as much in breadth.	新しい鉱山を発見した者は、鉱脈の方向と想定される方向に従って、長さ二百四十六フィート、幅はその半分を測定する権利を有する。	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	entitled|権利を有する|adjective|having a right to do or have something	measure|測定する|verb|find out the size, amount, or degree of something by using a particular instrument	length|長さ|noun|the measurement of something from end to end	two hundred and forty-six feet|二百四十六フィート|noun|a unit of length equal to 12 inches or 0.3048 meter	vein|鉱脈|noun|a layer of ore in a rock	direction|方向|noun|the course along which someone or something moves	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	breadth|幅|noun|the distance from one side of something to the other
He becomes proprietor of this portion of the mine, and can work it without paving any acknowledgment to the landlord.	彼は鉱山のこの部分の所有者となり、地主に何の承認も得ることなく採掘することができる。	become|なる|verb|come to be	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	work|採掘する|verb|to extract coal, ore, or other minerals from a mine	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others
The interest of the duke of Cornwall has given occasion to a regulation nearly of the same kind in that ancient dutchy.	コーンウォール公爵の利害は、その古代公爵領において、ほぼ同じ種類の規制を制定する機会を与えた。	duke|公爵|noun|a member of the highest rank of the British peerage	Cornwall|コーンウォール|noun|a county in southwest England	interest|利害|noun|a right or title to property	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow something to happen	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	kind|種類|noun|a class or category of things having some property in common	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	dutchy|公爵領|noun|the territory ruled by a duke or duchess
In waste and uninclosed lands, any person who discovers a tin mine may mark out its limits to a certain extent, which is called bounding a mine.	荒地や囲いのない土地では、錫鉱山を発見した者は、ある程度までその境界を定めることができ、これを鉱山の境界設定という。	waste|荒地|noun|a large area of land that is not used for farming or building	uninclosed|囲いのない|adjective|not enclosed	tin|錫|noun|a silvery white metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	mark out|定める|verb|to indicate the limits of	limit|境界|noun|the point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	to a certain extent|ある程度まで|adverb|to some extent; to a limited degree	bounding|境界設定|noun|the action of setting a limit to something
The bounder becomes the real proprietor of the mine, and may either work it himself, or give it in lease to another, without the consent of the owner of the land, to whom, however, a very small acknowledgment must be paid upon working it.	境界設定者は鉱山の真の所有者となり、土地の所有者の同意を得ることなく、自分で採掘することも、他人に貸し出すこともできるが、採掘の際にはごくわずかな謝礼を支払わなければならない。	bounder|境界設定者|noun|a person who sets boundaries	become|なる|verb|come to be	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more options	work|採掘する|verb|to extract coal, ore, or other minerals from a mine	himself|自分で|pronoun|used to refer to a male person or animal that has already been mentioned	give|貸し出す|verb|to allow someone to have or use something for a period of time	lease|賃貸借|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	another|他人|pronoun|used to refer to an additional person or thing	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	whom|誰に|pronoun|used to refer to a person who has already been mentioned	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	small|わずかな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	acknowledgment|謝礼|noun|a statement that something is true or that you have received something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	be paid|支払われる|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for work or goods
In both regulations, the sacred rights of private property are sacrificed to the supposed interests of public revenue.	どちらの規制でも、私有財産の神聖な権利は、公的収入の想定される利益のために犠牲にされている。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private individual or group	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some solemn use	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|offer or kill as a religious sacrifice	supposed|想定される|adjective|generally assumed or believed to be the case, but not necessarily so	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

The same encouragement is given in Peru to the discovery and working of new gold mines;	ペルーでも、新しい金鉱の発見と採掘に同様の奨励策がとられている。	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	working|採掘|noun|the action of working	gold mine|金鉱|noun|a mine where gold is extracted
and in gold the king’s tax amounts only to a twentieth part of the standard rental.	金については、国王の税金は標準地代の20分の1にすぎない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	amount|すぎない|verb|be equivalent to	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	rental|地代|noun|a sum paid or received as rent
It was once a fifth, and afterwards a tenth, as in silver;	かつては銀と同じく5分の1、その後10分の1だった。	once|かつて|adverb|at some point in the past	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal
but it was found that the work could not bear even the lowest of these two taxes.	しかし、この事業はこれら二つの税金の低い方でさえも負担できないことがわかった。	work|事業|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken	bear|負担する|verb|carry or support	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
If it is rare, however, say the same authors, Frezier and Ulloa, to find a person who has made his fortune by a silver, it is still much rarer to find one who has done so by a gold mine.	しかし、同じ著者であるフレジエとウジョアによれば、銀で財を成した人を見つけるのは稀だが、金鉱で財を成した人を見つけるのはさらに稀である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	author|著者|noun|the writer of a book, article, or report	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	fortune|財|noun|a large amount of money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
This twentieth part seems to be the whole rent which is paid by the greater part of the gold mines of Chili and Peru.	この20分の1は、チリとペルーの金鉱の大部分が支払う地代全体のようだ。	twentieth|20分の1|adjective|one of twenty equal parts	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	gold mine|金鉱|noun|a mine where gold is extracted	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America
Gold, too, is much more liable to be smuggled than even silver;	金もまた、銀よりも密輸されやすい。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	liable|されやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	smuggled|密輸される|verb|import or export goods illegally
not only on account of the superior value of the metal in proportion to its bulk, but on account of the peculiar way in which nature produces it.	金属の価値がその容積に比べて優れているためだけでなく、自然がそれを生み出す独特の方法のためである。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	bulk|容積|noun|the main or greater part of something	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it, as opposed to humans or human creations	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
Silver is very seldom found virgin, but, like most other metals, is generally mineralized with some other body, from which it is impossible to separate it in such quantities as will pay for the expense, but by a very laborious and tedious operation, which cannot well be carried on but in work-houses erected for the purpose, and, therefore, exposed to the inspection of the king’s officers.	銀は純粋な状態で発見されることはめったになく、他のほとんどの金属と同様に、通常は他の物体と鉱化しており、費用を賄うだけの量を分離することは不可能だが、非常に面倒で退屈な作業によって分離することができ、その作業は目的のために建てられた作業場でしかうまく行うことができず、そのため国王の役人の検査にさらされる。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	virgin|純粋な|adjective|not having had sexual intercourse	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	mineralize|鉱化する|verb|convert into a mineral	body|物体|noun|a physical object	separate|分離する|verb|make or keep separate	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	laborious|面倒な|adjective|requiring a lot of effort	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	operation|作業|noun|a planned activity involving many people	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	expose|さらされる|verb|make visible	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination of the condition or quality of something
Gold, on the contrary, is almost always found virgin.	対照的に、金はほとんど常に純粋な状態で発見される。	on the contrary|対照的に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases	find|発見される|verb|discover or notice	virgin|純粋な|adjective|not yet used, touched, or spoiled
It is sometimes found in pieces of some bulk;	金は時々、ある程度の塊で発見される。	be found|発見される|verb|be discovered or noticed	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times; now and then	piece|塊|noun|a portion of something	bulk|ある程度|noun|the main or greater part of something
and, even when mixed, in small and almost insensible particles, with sand, earth, and other extraneous bodies, it can be separated from them by a very short and simple operation, which can be carried on in any private house by any body who is possessed of a small quantity of mercury.	そして、砂、土、その他の異物と小さくほとんど感知できない粒子で混合されていても、少量の水銀を持っている人なら誰でも、どんな民家でも行うことができる、非常に短く簡単な操作でそれらから分離することができる。	even when|～であっても|conjunction|although	mixed|混合される|verb|combine or blend together	small|小さい|adjective|little in size	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	insensible|知覚できない|adjective|unable to be perceived by the senses	particle|粒子|noun|a minute portion of matter	sand|砂|noun|a loose granular material blanketing the beaches, deserts, and other parts of the world's surface	earth|土|noun|the third planet from the sun	extraneous|余計な|adjective|coming from outside; not belonging to	body|物体|noun|a physical object	separate|分離する|verb|make or keep separate	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	simple|簡単な|adjective|easy to understand or do	operation|操作|noun|the action or process of operating something	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	private|民間の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of an individual or group rather than the public	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	mercury|水銀|noun|a silvery-white metal that is liquid at room temperature
If the king’s tax, therefore, is but ill paid upon silver, it is likely to be much worse paid upon gold;	したがって、国王の税金が銀に対してあまり支払われていないのであれば、金に対してはもっと支払われていない可能性が高い。	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	gold|金|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 79
and rent must make a much smaller part of the price of gold than that of silver.	そして、地代は銀の価格よりも金の価格のずっと小さな部分を占めるに違いない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The lowest price at which the precious metals can be sold, or the smallest quantity of other goods for which they can be exchanged, during any considerable time, is regulated by the same principles which fix the lowest ordinary price of all other goods.	貴金属が売れる最低価格、または貴金属と交換できる他の品物の最小量は、かなりの期間にわたって、他のすべての品物の最低通常価格を決定する同じ原理によって調整される。	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the least amount of money that something can be sold for	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum	be sold|売れる|verb|be bought by someone	smallest quantity|最小量|noun|the least amount of something	other goods|他の品物|noun|something that is produced or manufactured and then sold	be exchanged|交換できる|verb|be traded for something else	any considerable time|かなりの期間|noun|a period of time that is long enough to be significant	be regulated|調整される|verb|be controlled or governed by rules or laws	same principle|同じ原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	fix|決定する|verb|determine or decide on something	lowest ordinary price|最低通常価格|noun|the lowest price that something is normally sold for	all other goods|他のすべての品物|noun|all of the other things that are produced or manufactured and then sold
The stock which must commonly be employed, the food, clothes, and lodging, which must commonly be consumed in bringing them from the mine to the market, determine it.	通常使用しなければならない資本、鉱山から市場に運ぶのに通常消費しなければならない食料、衣服、宿泊がそれを決定する。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	employ|使用する|verb|use	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	lodging|宿泊|noun|a place to stay temporarily	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in
It must at least be sufficient to replace that stock, with the ordinary profits.	少なくとも、通常の利潤を伴ってその資本を補充するのに十分でなければならない。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

Their highest price, however, seems not to be necessarily determined by any thing but the actual scarcity or plenty of these metals themselves.	しかし、その最高価格は、これらの金属自体の実際の希少性または豊富さ以外には、必ずしも何によっても決定されないようである。	highest price|最高価格|noun|the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for a good or service	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	plenty|豊富さ|noun|a state or condition of abundance
It is not determined by that of any other commodity, in the same manner as the price of coals is by that of wood, beyond which no scarcity can ever raise it.	石炭の価格が木材の価格によって決まるのと同じように、他のどの商品の価格によっても決まらず、どんなに不足してもそれを超えることはない。	determine|決まる|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock that is a fossil fuel	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	raise|上がる|verb|go up
Increase the scarcity of gold to a certain degree, and the smallest bit of it may become more precious than a diamond, and exchange for a greater quantity of other goods.	金の希少性をある程度まで高めれば、そのごくわずかな量がダイヤモンドよりも貴重になり、より多くの他の品物と交換できるかもしれない。	increase|高める|verb|make or become greater or more intense	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	certain degree|ある程度|noun|a certain extent	smallest|ごくわずかな|adjective|of the least size or extent	bit|量|noun|a small piece, part, or quantity of something	precious|貴重|adjective|of great value or worth	diamond|ダイヤモンド|noun|a hard, brilliant, precious stone	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	greater quantity|より多くの|noun|a larger amount	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	goods|品物|noun|a thing that is produced or manufactured

The demand for those metals arises partly from their utility, and partly from their beauty.	これらの金属の需要は、一部はその有用性から、一部はその美しさから生じる。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	beauty|美しさ|noun|the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit
If you except iron, they are more useful than, perhaps, any other metal.	鉄を除けば、おそらく他のどの金属よりも有用である。	except|除く|verb|not include; leave out	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used advantageously	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured
As they are less liable to rust and impurity, they can more easily be kept clean;	錆びや不純物がつきにくいので、より簡単に清潔に保つことができる。	liable|つきやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	rust|錆び|noun|a reddish-brown substance formed on metals and other materials as a result of exposure to moisture	impurity|不純物|noun|a substance that is not pure	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	clean|清潔|adjective|free from dirt, marks, or stains
and the utensils, either of the table or the kitchen, are often, upon that account, more agreeable when made of them.	そのため、食卓や台所の道具は、それらで作られた方が好ましいことが多い。	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	kitchen|台所|noun|a room or area where food is prepared and cooked	utensil|道具|noun|a tool, especially for domestic use	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|able to be accepted; satisfactory
A silver boiler is more cleanly than a lead, copper, or tin one;	銀のボイラーは、鉛、銅、錫のボイラーよりも清潔である。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	boiler|ボイラー|noun|a vessel in which water is heated	lead|鉛|noun|a soft, heavy, toxic, malleable, ductile, grayish metal	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown, ductile, malleable, metallic element	tin|錫|noun|a soft, white, lustrous, malleable, ductile metal
and the same quality would render a gold boiler still better than a silver one.	同じ品質であれば、金のボイラーは銀のボイラーよりもさらに優れている。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	boiler|ボイラー|noun|a closed vessel in which water is heated under pressure	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Their principal merit, however, arises from their beauty, which renders them peculiarly fit for the ornaments of dress and furniture.	しかし、その主な長所は美しさにあり、衣服や家具の装飾に特に適している。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	merit|長所|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	beauty|美しさ|noun|a combination of qualities that pleases the aesthetic senses	render|適している|verb|cause to be or become	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	fit|適している|adjective|in good health	ornament|装飾|noun|an object or quality that makes something more attractive	dress|衣服|noun|a garment for a woman or girl	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc
No paint or dye can give so splendid a colour as gilding.	どんな塗料や染料も金メッキのような素晴らしい色は出せない。	paint|塗料|noun|a liquid that is put on the surface of objects	dye|染料|noun|a substance used to color materials	give|出せる|verb|cause to be received	splendid|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good or impressive	colour|色|noun|the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light
The merit of their beauty is greatly enhanced by their scarcity.	その美しさの価値は、希少性によって大いに高められている。	merit|価値|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	beauty|美しさ|noun|the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit	greatly|大いに|adverb|very much; to a great extent	enhance|高める|verb|to make greater, as in value, beauty, or reputation
With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment of riches consists in the parade of riches;	富裕層の大部分にとって、富の主要な楽しみは富の誇示にある。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	rich people|富裕層|noun|people who have a great deal of money	chief enjoyment|主要な楽しみ|noun|the main thing that someone enjoys	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	parade|誇示|noun|a public procession
which, in their eye, is never so complete as when they appear to possess those decisive marks of opulence which nobody can possess but themselves.	彼らの目には、自分たち以外には誰も所有できないような、富の決定的な印を所有しているように見える時ほど、完全なものはない。	eye|目|noun|the organ of vision	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	mark|印|noun|a sign or indication of something	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	decisive|決定的な|adjective|having the power or quality of deciding	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; no one	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others
In their eyes, the merit of an object, which is in any degree either useful or beautiful, is greatly enhanced by its scarcity, or by the great labour which it requires to collect any considerable quantity of it;	彼らの目には、ある程度有用であれ美しくあれ、ある物の価値は、その希少性や、それをかなりの量集めるのに必要な労働によって大いに高められる。	in their eyes|彼らの目には|adverb|in their opinion	merit|価値|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	object|物|noun|a thing that you can see or touch but that is not alive	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	useful|有用|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	beautiful|美しい|adjective|pleasing to the senses or the mind	greatly|大いに|adverb|very much	enhance|高める|verb|improve the quality, value, or status of	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
a labour which nobody can afford to pay but themselves.	自分たち以外には誰も支払うことのできない労働である。	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; no one	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Such objects they are willing to purchase at a higher price than things much more beautiful and useful, but more common.	彼らはそのような物を、もっと美しく有用だがもっとありふれた物よりも高い値段で喜んで買う。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	object|物|noun|a thing that can be seen and touched	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying for	higher price|高い値段|noun|a price that is higher than another	much more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	beautiful|美しい|adjective|pleasing to the senses or the mind	useful|有用な|adjective|capable of being used advantageously	common|ありふれた|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent
These qualities of utility, beauty, and scarcity, are the original foundation of the high price of those metals, or of the great quantity of other goods for which they can everywhere be exchanged.	有用性、美しさ、希少性というこれらの性質は、これらの金属の高価格、あるいはどこでも交換できる他の多くの商品の元々の基礎である。	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	beauty|美しさ|noun|a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is founded or built	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average or expected	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	great quantity|多くの|noun|a large amount or number	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or in every place	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
This value was antecedent to, and independent of their being employed as coin, and was the quality which fitted them for that employment.	この価値は、貨幣として使われることよりも先行し、独立しており、貨幣として使われるのに適した性質だった。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	antecedent|先行する|adjective|preceding in time; prior	independent|独立した|adjective|not depending on another for livelihood or existence	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	employment|使われること|noun|the state of being employed	quality|性質|noun|a distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by someone or something
That employment, however, by occasioning a new demand, and by diminishing the quantity which could be employed in any other way, may have afterwards contributed to keep up or increase their value.	しかし、その用途は、新たな需要を生み、他の方法で使用できる量を減らすことで、その後、その価値を維持したり、高めたりするのに役立ったかもしれない。	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	occasion|生み出す|verb|cause or produce	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	employ|使用できる|verb|use or engage	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	contribute|役立った|verb|give or supply in common with others	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain or continue	increase|高める|verb|make or become greater or more

The demand for the precious stones arises altogether from their beauty.	宝石の需要は、その美しさから生じる。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to own a good or service	precious stone|宝石|noun|a rare and valuable stone	arise|生じる|verb|come into being; come about
They are of no use but as ornaments;	宝石は装飾品としてしか役に立たない。	be of no use|役に立たない|verb|be useless	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something
and the merit of their beauty is greatly enhanced by their scarcity, or by the difficulty and expense of getting them from the mine.	そして、その美しさの価値は、希少性や、鉱山から採掘する困難さや費用によって、大いに高められている。	merit|価値|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	beauty|美しさ|noun|the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit	greatly|大いに|adverb|very much; to a great extent	enhance|高める|verb|to increase the value or quality of	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
Wages and profit accordingly make up, upon most occasions, almost the whole of the high price.	したがって、ほとんどの場合、賃金と利潤がその高価格のほとんどすべてを占めている。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	make up|占める|verb|constitute or comprise	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average
Rent comes in but for a very small share, frequently for no share;	地代はごくわずかな部分を占めるにすぎず、しばしばゼロである。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	come in|占める|verb|to be received	very small|ごくわずかな|adjective|extremely small	share|部分|noun|a portion of something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no|ゼロ|noun|the numerical digit 0
and the most fertile mines only afford any considerable rent.	そして、最も豊かな鉱山だけが、かなりの地代を生み出す。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	most|最も|adjective|the greatest or highest degree	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many young or much fruit or seed	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to pay for	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
When Tavernier, a jeweller, visited the diamond mines of Golconda and Visiapour, he was informed that the sovereign of the country, for whose benefit they were wrought, had ordered all of them to be shut up except those which yielded the largest and finest stones.	宝石商タヴェルニエがゴルコンダとヴィジアプールのダイヤモンド鉱山を訪れたとき、彼は、その国の君主が、その利益のために鉱山が運営されているのだが、最大で最高の石を産出する鉱山を除いて、すべて閉鎖するよう命じたと告げられた。	Tavernier|タヴェルニエ|noun|a French jeweller and traveller	Golconda|ゴルコンダ|noun|a ruined city and fortress in south-central India	Visiapour|ヴィジアプール|noun|a city in India	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	wrought|運営されている|verb|past participle of work	shut up|閉鎖する|verb|close or block an opening	yield|産出する|verb|produce or provide
The other, it seems, were to the proprietor not worth the working.	他の鉱山は、所有者にとって採掘する価値がなかったようだ。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, useful, or valuable

As the prices, both of the precious metals and of the precious stones, is regulated all over the world by their price at the most fertile mine in it, the rent which a mine of either can afford to its proprietor is in proportion, not to its absolute, but to what may be called its relative fertility, or to its superiority over other mines of the same kind.	貴金属と宝石の両方の価格は、世界中で最も豊かな鉱山での価格によって決まるので、どちらかの鉱山が所有者に支払うことができる地代は、その絶対的なものではなく、相対的な豊穣度、あるいは同種の他の鉱山に対する優位性と呼ばれるものに比例する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	precious stone|宝石|noun|a piece of mineral, either cut and polished or in its natural state, that is valued for its beauty and rarity	all over the world|世界中で|adverb|in all parts of the world	regulate|決まる|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many young or much fruit or seed	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, precious metals, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	afford|支払うことができる|verb|have enough money to pay for	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	proportion|比例する|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	absolute|絶対的なもの|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	relative|相対的な|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	fertility|豊穣度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, precious metals, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
If new mines were discovered, as much superior to those of Potosi, as they were superior to those of Europe, the value of silver might be so much degraded as to render even the mines of Potosi not worth the working.	ポトシの鉱山がヨーロッパの鉱山よりも優れているのと同じくらい、ポトシの鉱山よりも優れた新しい鉱山が発見されたら、銀の価値は非常に低下し、ポトシの鉱山でさえ採掘する価値がなくなるかもしれない。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	degrade|低下する|verb|become worse or of a lower quality	render|なくなる|verb|cause to be or become	worth|価値がある|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, worthy, or valuable
Before the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, the most fertile mines in Europe may have afforded as great a rent to their proprietors as the richest mines in Peru do at present.	スペイン領西インド諸島が発見される前は、ヨーロッパで最も豊かな鉱山は、現在ペルーで最も豊かな鉱山が所有者に支払っているのと同じくらい大きな地代を所有者に支払っていたかもしれない。	Spanish West Indies|スペイン領西インド諸島|noun|the Spanish colonial territories in the Caribbean	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	mine|鉱山|noun|a piece of land where coal or other minerals are removed from the ground in large quantities	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
Though the quantity of silver was much less, it might have exchanged for an equal quantity of other goods, and the proprietor’s share might have enabled him to purchase or command an equal quantity either of labour or of commodities.	銀の量はずっと少なかったが、他の品物と等量で交換できたかもしれないし、所有者の取り分は、労働や商品のいずれかを等量で購入したり、命令したりすることができたかもしれない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	share|取り分|noun|a part or portion belonging to, due to, or contributed by a person	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee

The value, both of the produce and of the rent, the real revenue which they afforded, both to the public and to the proprietor, might have been the same.	生産物と地代の両方の価値、つまり、公衆と所有者の両方に対してそれらが生み出す実質収入は、同じだったかもしれない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization

The most abundant mines, either of the precious metals, or of the precious stones, could add little to the wealth of the world.	貴金属や宝石の最も豊富な鉱山は、世界の富にほとんど貢献しなかった。	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	mine|鉱山|noun|a piece of land where coal or other minerals are removed from the ground in large quantities	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	stone|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
A produce, of which the value is principally derived from its scarcity, is necessarily degraded by its abundance.	価値が主に希少性から生じる生産物は、必然的に豊富さによって価値が下がる。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	degrade|価値が下がる|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality of
A service of plate, and the other frivolous ornaments of dress and furniture, could be purchased for a smaller quantity of commodities;	銀食器や、衣服や家具の他の軽薄な装飾品は、より少ない量の商品で購入できる。	service|食器|noun|a set of dishes	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish with raised edges that you eat or serve food from	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	dress|衣服|noun|a piece of clothing	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
and in this would consist the sole advantage which the world could derive from that abundance.	そして、このことが、世界がその豊富さから得られる唯一の利益となるだろう。	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source

It is otherwise in estates above ground.	地上の財産ではそうではない。	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or group	above ground|地上|adjective|on or above the surface of the earth
The value, both of their produce and of their rent, is in proportion to their absolute, and not to their relative fertility.	その生産物と地代の価値は、相対的な肥沃度ではなく、絶対的な肥沃度に比例する。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	relative|相対的な|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce an abundance of offspring or crops
The land which produces a certain quantity of food, clothes, and lodging, can always feed, clothe, and lodge, a certain number of people;	一定量の食料、衣服、住居を生産する土地は、常に一定数の人々を養い、衣服を与え、住居を与えることができる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives	feed|養う|verb|give food to	clothe|衣服を与える|verb|provide with clothes	lodge|住居を与える|verb|provide with a place to live
and whatever may be the proportion of the landlord, it will always give him a proportionable command of the labour of those people, and of the commodities with which that labour can supply him.	そして、地主の取り分はどれほどであれ、それは常に地主に、そうした人々の労働と、その労働が地主に供給できる商品に対する相応の支配権を与える。	proportion|取り分|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	whatever|どれほどであれ|pronoun|no matter what	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	command|支配権|noun|the power or authority to command	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
The value of the most barren land is not diminished by the neighbourhood of the most fertile.	最も不毛な土地の価値は、最も肥沃な土地の近くにあるからといって減少するわけではない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	barren|不毛な|adjective|unable to produce offspring	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation
On the contrary, it is generally increased by it.	それどころか、一般的にそれによって増加する。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The great number of people maintained by the fertile lands afford a market to many parts of the produce of the barren, which they could never have found among those whom their own produce could maintain.	肥沃な土地によって養われている多数の人々は、不毛の土地の生産物の多くの部分に市場を提供しており、彼ら自身の生産物によって養われる人々の間では決して見つけることができなかった。	great number|多数|noun|a large number	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or provide	barren|不毛の|adjective|not producing offspring or fruit or vegetation	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever

Whatever increases the fertility of land in producing food, increases not only the value of the lands upon which the improvement is bestowed, but contributes likewise to increase that of many other lands, by creating a new demand for their produce.	食料を生産する土地の肥沃度を高めるものは何であれ、改良が施された土地の価値を高めるだけでなく、その生産物に対する新たな需要を生み出すことで、他の多くの土地の価値を高めることにも貢献する。	increase|高める|verb|make or become greater or more	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
That abundance of food, of which, in consequence of the improvement of land, many people have the disposal beyond what they themselves can consume, is the great cause of the demand, both for the precious metals and the precious stones, as well as for every other conveniency and ornament of dress, lodging, household furniture, and equipage.	土地の改良の結果として、多くの人々が自分たちの消費量を超えて処分できる食料の豊富さは、貴金属や宝石だけでなく、衣服、宿泊施設、家庭用家具、装備品などのあらゆる便利なものや装飾品に対する需要の大きな原因となっている。	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	have|持つ|verb|own or possess	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	beyond|超えて|preposition|at or to the further side of	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to the speaker and one or more other people as the object of a verb or preposition	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	is|である|verb|be	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	both|両方|conjunction|used to indicate that two things are included in the same statement	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	stone|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	as well as|だけでなく|conjunction|in addition to; also	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	conveniency|便利なもの|noun|something that is useful or helpful	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object or design used to make something more attractive	dress|衣服|noun|a garment or garments worn on the body	lodging|宿泊施設|noun|a place where someone lives or stays temporarily	household|家庭用|adjective|of or relating to a house and the people who live there	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house, or other area	equipage|装備品|noun|a set of articles or equipment for a particular purpose
Food not only constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, but it is the abundance of food which gives the principal part of their value to many other sorts of riches.	食料は世界の富の主要部分を構成するだけでなく、他の多くの種類の富にその価値の主要部分を与えるのは食料の豊富さである。	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of; make up	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics
The poor inhabitants of Cuba and St. Domingo, when they were first discovered by the Spaniards, used to wear little bits of gold as ornaments in their hair and other parts of their dress.	キューバとサントドミンゴの貧しい住民は、スペイン人によって最初に発見されたとき、髪の毛や衣服の他の部分に装飾品として金の小片を身に着けていた。	Cuba|キューバ|noun|a country in the Caribbean	St. Domingo|サントドミンゴ|noun|the capital of the Dominican Republic	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a person from Spain	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	wear|身に着ける|verb|have on one's person	little|小さい|adjective|small in size	bit|小片|noun|a small piece of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	hair|髪の毛|noun|a threadlike structure that grows from the skin of humans and other mammals	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole	dress|衣服|noun|a garment that is worn on the body
They seemed to value them as we would do any little pebbles of somewhat more than ordinary beauty, and to consider them as just worth the picking up, but not worth the refusing to any body who asked them,	彼らは、私たちが普通の美しさよりもやや優れた小石を扱うように、それらを評価し、拾うだけの価値があると考えていたが、それを求める人に拒否する価値はないと考えていたようである。	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	pebble|小石|noun|a small stone	beauty|美しさ|noun|the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit	pick up|拾う|verb|take hold of and lift up	refuse|拒否する|verb|express unwillingness to accept or consider	ask|求める|verb|make a request for something
They gave them to their new guests at the first request, without seeming to think that they had made them any very valuable present.	彼らは、最初の要求で新しい客にそれらを渡したが、彼らが非常に価値のある贈り物をしたとは思っていなかったようである。	give|渡す|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	request|要求|noun|an act of asking for something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be the case	think|思う|verb|have a particular opinion about something	valuable|価値のある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	present|贈り物|noun|a gift
They were astonished to observe the rage of the Spaniards to obtain them;	彼らは、スペイン人がそれらを欲しがる狂乱ぶりを見て驚いた。	be astonished|驚く|verb|feel or show great surprise	observe|見る|verb|notice or perceive	rage|狂乱|noun|violent and uncontrolled anger	obtain|欲しがる|verb|get, acquire, or secure
and had no notion that there could anywhere be a country in which many people had the disposal of so great a superfluity of food;	そして、多くの人々がそれほど多くの余分な食料を処分できる国がどこかにあるとは考えもしなかった。	have no notion|考えもしない|verb|have no idea	anywhere|どこか|adverb|in or to any place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	superfluity|余分|noun|something that is more than is needed or wanted	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms, especially by human beings, to sustain life
so scanty always among themselves, that, for a very small quantity of those glittering baubles, they would willingly give as much as might maintain a whole family for many years.	彼らの間ではいつも不足していたので、それらのきらびやかな安物の宝石のごくわずかな量のために、彼らは家族全員を長年養うことができるだけの量を喜んで与えた。	scanty|不足している|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	glittering|きらびやかな|adjective|shining or sparkling brightly	bauble|安物の宝石|noun|a small, showy ornament of little value	willingly|喜んで|adverb|with a glad or happy heart	maintain|養う|verb|to keep in existence or continuance
Could they have been made to understand this, the passion of the Spaniards would not have surprised them.	もし彼らがこれを理解させられたら、スペイン人の情熱は彼らを驚かせなかっただろう。	be made to|させられる|verb|be forced to do something	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	surprise|驚かせる|verb|cause to feel or show surprise

PART III.—Of the variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent.	第三部常に地代を生み出す生産物と、時々地代を生み出す生産物と、地代を生み出さない生産物のそれぞれの価値の比率の変動について。	PART III|第三部|noun|the third part of something	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something without causing problems	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual or normal condition, amount, or level

The increasing abundance of food, in consequence of the increasing improvement and cultivation, must necessarily increase the demand for every part of the produce of land which is not food, and which can be applied either to use or to ornament.	改良と耕作の増加の結果として食料が豊富になることは、必然的に食料ではなく、使用または装飾に適用できる土地の生産物のあらゆる部分に対する需要を増加させる。	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms	increasing|増加|adjective|becoming greater or bigger	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	ornament|装飾|noun|an object that is used to decorate something
In the whole progress of improvement, it might, therefore, be expected there should be only one variation in the comparative values of those two different sorts of produce.	したがって、改良の全過程において、これら二つの異なる種類の生産物の相対的価値にはただ一つの変動しかないと予想されるかもしれない。	progress|過程|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	comparative|相対的|adjective|involving or measured by comparison with something else	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level
The value of that sort which sometimes does, and sometimes does not afford rent, should constantly rise in proportion to that which always affords some rent.	時々地代を生み出し、時々地代を生み出さない生産物の価値は、常に地代を生み出す生産物の価値に比例して上昇するはずである。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	does|生み出す|verb|produce, make, or create	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	does not|生み出さない|verb|not produce, make, or create	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something without causing problems	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	should|はずである|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously; always	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between two numbers or quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	always|常に|adverb|continuously; all the time
As art and industry advance, the materials of clothing and lodging, the useful fossils and materials of the earth, the precious metals and the precious stones, should gradually come to be more and more in demand, should gradually exchange for a greater and a greater quantity of food;	技術と産業が進歩するにつれて、衣服や住居の材料、有用な化石や地球の材料、貴金属や宝石は、徐々に需要が高まり、徐々に大量の食料と交換されるようになるはずである。	art|技術|noun|the application of skill and knowledge to create something	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives	useful|有用な|adjective|having a practical purpose or use	fossil|化石|noun|the remains or impression of a prehistoric plant or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	precious stone|宝石|noun|a stone that is considered to be valuable	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	come to be|なる|verb|become	more and more|ますます|adverb|to a greater and greater extent	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	greater and greater|ますます|adverb|to a greater and greater extent	quantity|量|noun|the amount of something
or, in other words, should gradually become dearer and dearer.	言い換えれば、徐々に高価になるはずである。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	become|なる|verb|come to be	dear|高価|adjective|high in price or value
This, accordingly, has been the case with most of these things upon most occasions, and would have been the case with all of them upon all occasions, if particular accidents had not, upon some occasions, increased the supply of some of them in a still greater proportion than the demand.	したがって、これがほとんどの場合にこれらのもののほとんどに当てはまっており、もし特定の事故がいくつかの機会にそれらのいくつかの供給を需要よりもさらに大きな割合で増加させなかったならば、すべての機会にそれらのすべてに当てはまっていただろう。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	some|いくつかの|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it

The value of a free-stone quarry, for example, will necessarily increase with the increasing improvement and population of the country round about it, especially if it should be the only one in the neighbourhood.	例えば、石切り場の価値は、特にそれが近隣で唯一のものである場合、その周辺の国の改善と人口の増加に伴って必然的に増加する。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	free-stone quarry|石切り場|noun|a type of quarry that produces stone that can be easily cut or shaped	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	round|周辺|preposition|on every side of	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place
But the value of a silver mine, even though there should not be another within a thousand miles of it, will not necessarily increase with the improvement of the country in which it is situated.	しかし、銀鉱山の価値は、たとえ千マイル以内に他の銀鉱山がなくても、その鉱山がある国の改善に伴って必ずしも増加するわけではない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	thousand miles|千マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The market for the produce of a free-stone quarry can seldom extend more than a few miles round about it, and the demand must generally be in proportion to the improvement and population of that small district;	石切り場の産物の市場は、その周辺数マイル以上に広がることはめったになく、需要は一般的にその狭い地区の改善と人口に比例するはずである。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	free-stone quarry|石切り場|noun|a place where stone is cut from the ground	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	more than|～以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	a few miles|数マイル|noun|a small number of miles	round about|周辺|adverb|in the area surrounding a place	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	in proportion to|～に比例する|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country
but the market for the produce of a silver mine may extend over the whole known world.	しかし、銀鉱山の産物の市場は、既知の世界全体に広がる可能性がある。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy or sell goods	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
Unless the world in general, therefore, be advancing in improvement and population, the demand for silver might not be at all increased by the improvement even of a large country in the neighbourhood of the mine.	したがって、世界全体が改善と人口の増加に向かわない限り、銀の需要は、鉱山の近隣にある大国でさえも改善によって増加することはないかもしれない。	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; in most cases	be advancing|向かう|verb|move forward	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	might not|ないかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	at all|まったく|adverb|to any extent; in any way	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
Even though the world in general were improving, yet if, in the course of its improvements, new mines should be discovered, much more fertile than any which had been known before, though the demand for silver would necessarily increase, yet the supply might increase in so much a greater proportion, that the real price of that metal might gradually fall;	世界全体が改善していたとしても、その改善の過程で、これまでに知られていたどの鉱山よりもはるかに豊かな新しい鉱山が発見されれば、銀の需要は必然的に増加するだろうが、供給ははるかに大きな割合で増加するかもしれないので、その金属の実際の価格は徐々に下落するかもしれない。	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	course|過程|noun|the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for a particular good or service	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level
that is, any given quantity, a pound weight of it, for example, might gradually purchase or command a smaller and a smaller quantity of labour, or exchange for a smaller and a smaller quantity of corn, the principal part of the subsistence of the labourer.	つまり、任意の数量、例えば一ポンドの重さは、徐々に少量の労働を購入したり、命令したり、労働者の生計の主要部分であるトウモロコシと交換したりするかもしれない。	that is|つまり|conjunction|in other words; to put it differently	any given quantity|任意の数量|noun|any amount	a pound weight of it|一ポンドの重さ|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 ounces or 453.59237 grams	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	smaller and a smaller quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	principal part|主要部分|noun|the most important part	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive

The great market for silver is the commercial and civilized part of the world.	銀の大きな市場は、世界の商業的で文明的な部分である。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	commercial|商業的な|adjective|of or relating to commerce	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development

If, by the general progress of improvement, the demand of this market should increase, while, at the same time, the supply did not increase in the same proportion, the value of silver would gradually rise in proportion to that of corn.	改善の一般的な進歩によって、この市場の需要が増加し、同時に供給が同じ割合で増加しない場合、銀の価値はトウモロコシの価値に比例して徐々に上昇するだろう。	general progress|一般的な進歩|noun|the overall improvement of something	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain
Any given quantity of silver would exchange for a greater and a greater quantity of corn;	任意の量の銀は、より多くのトウモロコシと交換されるだろう。	any given quantity|任意の量|noun|any amount	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exchange|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	greater and a greater quantity|より多くの|noun|a larger amount	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds that are eaten as food
or, in other words, the average money price of corn would gradually become cheaper and cheaper.	言い換えれば、トウモロコシの平均貨幣価格は徐々に安くなるだろう。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value

If, on the contrary, the supply, by some accident, should increase, for many years together, in a greater proportion than the demand, that metal would gradually become cheaper and cheaper;	逆に、何らかの事故によって供給が長年連続して需要よりも大きな割合で増加すれば、その金属は徐々に安価になるだろう。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	together|連続して|adverb|in or into one place, group, or mass	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	cheaper|安価|adjective|low in price or value
or, in other words, the average money price of corn would, in spite of all improvements, gradually become dearer and dearer.	言い換えれば、トウモロコシの平均貨幣価格は、あらゆる改善にもかかわらず、徐々に高くなるだろう。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money

But if, on the other hand, the supply of that metal should increase nearly in the same proportion as the demand, it would continue to purchase or exchange for nearly the same quantity of corn;	しかし、一方で、その金属の供給が需要とほぼ同じ割合で増加すれば、それはほぼ同じ量のトウモロコシを購入または交換し続けるだろう。	on the other hand|一方で|adverb|from another point of view	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food and in the production of biofuels and other products
and the average money price of corn would, in spite of all improvements.	そして、トウモロコシの平均貨幣価格は、あらゆる改善にもかかわらず、	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food for people and animals	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
continue very nearly the same.	ほぼ同じままだろう。	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different; identical

These three seem to exhaust all the possible combinations of events which can happen in the progress of improvement;	これら三つは、改善の過程で起こりうるあらゆる事象の組み合わせを網羅しているように見える。	these three|これら三つ|noun|the three things just mentioned	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	exhaust|網羅する|verb|use up completely	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things	event|事象|noun|something that happens or takes place	progress|過程|noun|the process of improving or getting better	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
and during the course of the four centuries preceding the present, if we may judge by what has happened both in France and Great Britain, each of those three different combinations seems to have taken place in the European market, and nearly in the same order, too, in which I have here set them down.	そして、現在に至るまでの四世紀の間に、フランスとイギリスの両国で起こったことから判断すれば、これら三つの異なる組み合わせのそれぞれがヨーロッパ市場で起こったように思われるし、私がここに記したのとほぼ同じ順序で起こったように思われる。	during the course of|間に|preposition|in or throughout the duration of	the four centuries|四世紀|noun|a period of 400 years	preceding|先行する|verb|come before in time	the present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	if we may judge by|から判断すれば|conjunction|if it is possible to form an opinion about something or someone based on the information available	what has happened|起こったこと|noun|an event or action that has already taken place	both in France and Great Britain|フランスとイギリスの両国で|noun|a country in western Europe	each of those three different combinations|三つの異なる組み合わせのそれぞれ|noun|a mixture of two or more things	seems to have taken place|起こったように思われる|verb|appear to be true or real	in the European market|ヨーロッパ市場で|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	nearly in the same order|ほぼ同じ順序で|noun|the arrangement of things or events in a particular sequence	too|も|adverb|also; as well	in which I have here set them down|私がここに記したのと|noun|the action of writing something down

Digression concerning the Variations in the value of Silver during the Course of the Four last Centuries.	過去四世紀間の銀の価値の変動に関する余談。	digression|余談|noun|a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing	concerning|に関する|preposition|about	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	course|間|noun|a period of time during which something happens	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years

First Period.—In 1350, and for some time before, the average price of the quarter of wheat in England seems not to have been estimated lower than four ounces of silver, Tower weight, equal to about twenty shillings of our present money.	第一期一三五〇年およびその少し前には、イングランドの小麦一クォーターの平均価格は、タワー重量で銀四オンス以下と見積もられたことはなかったようであり、これは現在の貨幣で約二〇シリングに相当する。	First Period|第一期|noun|the first period of time	1350|一三五〇年|noun|the year 1350	some time before|少し前|noun|a time in the past	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of something that is typical or usual	quarter|一クォーター|noun|one fourth of a whole	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in many parts of the world	England|イングランド|noun|a country in Europe	four ounces|四オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal that is white and shiny	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in England	twenty shillings|二〇シリング|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|the money that is used in a country at a particular time
From this price it seems to have fallen gradually to two ounces of silver, equal to about ten shillings of our present money, the price at which we find it estimated in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and at which it seems to have continued to be estimated till about 1570.	この価格から、それは徐々に銀二オンスまで下落したようであり、これは現在の貨幣で約一〇シリングに相当し、一六世紀初頭に推定された価格であり、一五七〇年頃まで推定され続けたようである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	two ounces|二オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	about ten shillings|約一〇シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|money that is currently in use	sixteenth century|一六世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	beginning|初頭|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	estimated|推定された|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	continued|続いた|verb|persist in an activity or process	about 1570|一五七〇年頃|noun|the year 1570

In 1350, being the 25th of Edward III. was enacted what is called the Statute of Labourers.	一三五〇年、エドワード三世の二五年目に、労働者法と呼ばれるものが制定された。	1350|一三五〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	25th|二五年目|noun|the ordinal number of twenty-five	Statute of Labourers|労働者法|noun|a law enacted in England in 1351 to fix wages and prices
In the preamble, it complains much of the insolence of servants, who endeavoured to raise their wages upon their masters.	その前文では、主人に対して賃上げを要求する使用人の横柄さを強く非難している。	preamble|前文|noun|an introductory statement	complain|非難する|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	insolence|横柄さ|noun|rude and disrespectful behavior	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	endeavour|要求する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker, for work done
It therefore ordains, that all servants and labourers should, for the future, be contented with the same wages and liveries (liveries in those times signified not only clothes, but provisions) which they had been accustomed to receive in the 20th year of the king, and the four preceding years;	そのため、すべての使用人と労働者は、今後、国王の二〇年目とその前の四年間に受け取っていたのと同じ賃金と衣服(当時の衣服は衣服だけでなく食料も意味していた)に満足すべきであると定めている。	ordain|定める|verb|order or command	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	future|今後|noun|the time yet to come	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	livery|衣服|noun|a distinctive uniform worn by a person in the service of a nobleman or a king	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth	year|年|noun|the time taken by the earth to make one revolution around the sun
that, upon this account, their livery-wheat should nowhere be estimated higher than tenpence a-bushel, and that it should always be in the option of the master to deliver them either the wheat or the money.	このため、彼らの衣服の小麦はどこでも一ブッシェル十ペンス以上と見積もられるべきではなく、小麦か貨幣のどちらを渡すかは常に主人の選択に任されるべきである。	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	livery-wheat|衣服の小麦|noun|wheat given to servants as part of their wages	nowhere|どこでも|adverb|not anywhere	tenpence|十ペンス|noun|ten pennies	a-bushel|一ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	in the option of|の選択に任される|noun|the power or right to choose	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves
Tenpence: a-bushel, therefore, had, in the 25th of Edward III. been reckoned a very moderate price of wheat, since it required a particular statute to oblige servants to accept of it in exchange for their usual livery of provisions;	したがって、一ブッシェル十ペンスは、エドワード三世の二五年目には、小麦の非常に適正な価格と見なされていた。なぜなら、使用人に通常の食料の代わりにそれを受け取らせるためには、特別な法律が必要だったからである。	tenpence|十ペンス|noun|ten pence	a-bushel|一ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	reckoned|見なされていた|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	moderate|適正な|adjective|not extreme or excessive	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	require|必要だった|verb|need for a particular purpose	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or situation	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	oblige|受け取らせる|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	livery|食料|noun|a distinctive uniform worn by a person in the service of a particular organization or family	provision|代わりに|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
and it had been reckoned a reasonable price ten years before that, or in the 16th year of the king, the term to which the statute refers.	そして、その十年前、つまり国王の十六年目には、この法律が言及している期間には、それは適正価格と見なされていた。	ten years|十年|noun|a period of ten years	before|前|preposition|earlier than	reasonable|適正な|adjective|fair and just	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	ten years before that|その十年前|noun phrase|ten years before the time being referred to	the 16th year of the king|国王の十六年目|noun phrase|the sixteenth year of the reign of the king	the term to which the statute refers|この法律が言及している期間|noun phrase|the period of time that the statute is referring to
But in the 16th year of Edward III. tenpence contained about half an ounce of silver, Tower weight, and was nearly equal to half-a-crown of our present money.	しかし、エドワード三世の十六年目には、十ペンスはタワー重量で約半オンスの銀を含み、現在の貨幣の半クラウンにほぼ等しかった。	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	16th year|十六年目|noun|the sixteenth year	tenpence|十ペンス|noun|a sum of ten pence	about half an ounce|約半オンス|noun|approximately half an ounce	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London	nearly equal to|ほぼ等しい|adjective|almost equal to	half-a-crown|半クラウン|noun|a sum of half a crown	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|the currency that is currently in use
Four ounces of silver, Tower weight, therefore, equal to six shillings and eightpence of the money of those times, and to near twenty shillings of that of the present, must have been reckoned a moderate price for the quarter of eight bushels.	したがって、タワー重量で四オンスの銀は、当時の貨幣で六シリング八ペンスに等しく、現在の貨幣で二〇シリング近くに等しいので、八ブッシェルの四分の一の適正価格と見なされていたに違いない。	four ounces|四オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one two hundred and fortieth of a pound	twenty shillings|二〇シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	eight bushels|八ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume equal to eight gallons	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	moderate price|適正価格|noun|a price that is not too high or too low	must have been reckoned|見なされていたに違いない|verb|to be regarded as being or having a specified quality

This statute is surely a better evidence of what was reckoned, in those times, a moderate price of grain, than the prices of some particular years, which have generally been recorded by historians and other writers, on account of their extraordinary dearness or cheapness, and from which, therefore, it is difficult to form any judgment concerning what may have been the ordinary price.	この法律は、当時、穀物の適正価格と見なされていたものの、歴史家や他の作家によって一般的に記録されている、異常に高価または安価であるために、通常の価格が何であったかについて判断を下すのが難しい、特定の年の価格よりも、確かに良い証拠である。	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	reckon|見なす|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	moderate|適正|adjective|not extreme or excessive	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	particular|特定|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	historian|歴史家|noun|a person who studies or writes about history	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes books, stories, or articles as a job or regular occupation	extraordinary|異常|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dearness|高価|noun|the quality of being expensive	cheapness|安価|noun|the quality of being inexpensive	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
There are, besides, other reasons for believing that, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, and for some time before, the common price of wheat was not less than four ounces of silver the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion.	そのほかにも、十四世紀の初めとその少し前には、小麦の一般価格は四分の一あたり四オンス以上の銀であり、他の穀物もそれに比例していたと考える理由がある。	besides|そのほかにも|adverb|in addition to; as well as	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	believe|考える|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	fourteenth century|十四世紀|noun|the period from 1301 to 1400	some time|少し前|noun|a period of time	common price|一般価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	not less than|以上|adverb|as much or more than	four ounces|四オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	other grain|他の穀物|noun|any plant of the grass family that produces an edible seed	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that if one changes, the other changes in a similar manner

In 1309, Ralph de Born, prior of St Augustine’s, Canterbury, gave a feast upon his installation-day, of which William Thorn has preserved, not only the bill of fare, but the prices of many particulars.	一三〇九年、カンタベリーの聖アウグスティヌス修道院長ラルフ・ド・ボーンは、就任日に宴会を開き、ウィリアム・ソーンはその宴会の献立表だけでなく、多くの品目の価格を保存している。	1309|一三〇九年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Ralph de Born|ラルフ・ド・ボーン|noun|a person's name	St Augustine's|聖アウグスティヌス|noun|a person's name	Canterbury|カンタベリー|noun|a city in England	give a feast|宴会を開く|verb|have a party with a lot of food	installation-day|就任日|noun|the day on which someone is formally installed in an office	William Thorn|ウィリアム・ソーン|noun|a person's name	preserve|保存する|verb|keep something in its original state	bill of fare|献立表|noun|a list of dishes served at a meal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	particular|品目|noun|an individual fact or item
In that feast were consumed, 1st, fifty-three quarters of wheat, which cost nineteen pounds, or seven shillings, and twopence a-quarter, equal to about one-and-twenty shillings and sixpence of our present money;	その宴会では、第一に、小麦五十三クォーターが消費され、その価格は一クォーターあたり十九ポンド、つまり七シリング二ペンスで、現在の貨幣で約二一シリング六ペンスに相当する。	feast|宴会|noun|a large meal, typically a formal one, for many people	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	nineteen pounds|十九ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	seven shillings|七シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	twopence|二ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to two pennies	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
2dly, fifty-eight quarters of malt, which cost seventeen pounds ten shillings, or six shillings a-quarter, equal to about eighteen shillings of our present money;	第二に、麦芽五十八クォーターが消費され、その価格は一クォーターあたり十七ポンド十シリング、つまり六シリングで、現在の貨幣で約十八シリングに相当する。	2dly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	fifty-eight|五十八|numeral|the number 58	quarter|クォーター|noun|a unit of volume for grain equal to eight bushels	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	cost|価格|noun|the price paid for something	seventeen pounds ten shillings|十七ポンド十シリング|noun|a sum of money	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a sum of money	eighteen shillings|十八シリング|noun|a sum of money	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
3dly, twenty quarters of oats, which cost four pounds, or four shillings a-quarter, equal to about twelve shillings of our present money.	第三に、オーツ麦二十クォーターが消費され、その価格は一クォーターあたり四ポンド、つまり四シリングで、現在の貨幣で約十二シリングに相当する。	3dly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	twenty|二十|adjective|the number 20	quarters|クォーター|noun|a unit of volume for grain equal to eight bushels	oats|オーツ麦|noun|a cereal plant grown for its edible seed	four pounds|四ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	four shillings|四シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-quarter|一クォーターあたり|noun|a unit of volume for grain equal to eight bushels	twelve shillings|十二シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
The prices of malt and oats seem here to lie higher than their ordinary proportion to the price of wheat.	ここでは麦芽とオーツ麦の価格は、小麦の価格に対する通常の比率よりも高いように思われる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as "malting"	oats|オーツ麦|noun|a cereal plant grown for its seed	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate climates

These prices are not recorded, on account of their extraordinary dearness or cheapness, but are mentioned accidentally, as the prices actually paid for large quantities of grain consumed at a feast, which was famous for its magnificence.	これらの価格は、その異常な高さや安さのために記録されたのではなく、その壮麗さで有名な宴会で消費された大量の穀物に対して実際に支払われた価格として、偶然に言及されているにすぎない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	record|記録する|verb|set down in writing or some other permanent form	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dearness|高さ|noun|the quality of being expensive	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being inexpensive	accidentally|偶然に|adverb|by chance	mention|言及する|verb|refer to briefly	feast|宴会|noun|a large meal, typically a formal one, for many people	magnificence|壮麗さ|noun|the quality of being impressive or very good

In 1262, being the 51st of Henry III. was revived an ancient statute, called the assize of bread and ale, which, the king says in the preamble, had been made in the times of his progenitors, some time kings of England.	一二六二年、ヘンリー三世の五十一年目に、パンとエールの定価法と呼ばれる古い法令が復活したが、その前文で国王は、この法令はかつてイングランド国王であった先祖の時代に制定されたものだと述べている。	1262|一二六二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Henry III|ヘンリー三世|noun|King of England from 1216 to 1272	51st|五十一年目|noun|the ordinal number of fifty-one	revive|復活する|verb|come back to life	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour or meal that has been mixed with a liquid and usually yeast and kneaded and allowed to rise and that is baked	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	preamble|前文|noun|an introductory statement	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	progenitor|先祖|noun|a person from whom one is descended	England|イングランド|noun|a country in Europe
It is probably, therefore, as old at least as the time of his grandfather, Henry II. and may have been as old as the Conquest.	したがって、この法令は少なくとも祖父のヘンリー二世の時代まで遡り、もしかすると征服王ウィリアムの時代まで遡るかもしれない。	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	grandfather|祖父|noun|the father of one's father or mother	Henry II|ヘンリー二世|noun|King of England from 1154 to 1189	Conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation of a country or territory by military force
It regulates the price of bread according as the prices of wheat may happen to be, from one shilling to twenty shillings the quarter of the money of those times.	この法令は、小麦の価格が当時の貨幣で四半期に一シリングから二〇シリングまで変動することに応じて、パンの価格を調整するものである。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	happen|変動する|verb|take place or occur	one|一|numeral|the lowest cardinal number	twenty|二〇|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	time|当時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
But statutes of this kind are generally presumed to provide with equal care for all deviations from the middle price, for those below it, as well as for those above it.	しかし、この種の法令は、一般的に、中間価格からのあらゆる逸脱、つまり中間価格を下回る場合も上回る場合も、等しく配慮するものと推定される。	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	presume|推定する|verb|suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability	provide|配慮する|verb|take care of	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	care|配慮|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	deviation|逸脱|noun|the action of departing from an established or usual course	middle|中間|adjective|at an equal distance from the extremes of something; central	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Ten shillings, therefore, containing six ounces of silver, Tower weight, and equal to about thirty shillings of our present money, must, upon this supposition, have been reckoned the middle price of the quarter of wheat when this statute was first enacted, and must have continued to be so in the 51st of Henry III.	したがって、この仮定によれば、十シリングは、タワー重量で銀六オンスを含み、現在の貨幣で約三十シリングに相当するが、この法令が最初に制定された当時、小麦四半期の中間価格と見なされていたに違いないし、ヘンリー三世の五十一年目にもそうだったに違いない。	ten shillings|十シリング|noun|a former British coin worth ten shillings	six ounces|六オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London	about thirty shillings|約三十シリング|noun|a former British coin worth thirty shillings	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|money that is currently in use	this supposition|この仮定|noun|the act of supposing something	this statute|この法令|noun|a law enacted by a legislative body	first enacted|最初に制定された|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	the 51st of Henry III|ヘンリー三世の五十一年目|noun|the fifty-first year of the reign of Henry III
We cannot, therefore, be very wrong in supposing that the middle price was not less than one-third of the highest price at which this statute regulates the price of bread, or than six shillings and eightpence of the money of those times, containing four ounces of silver, Tower weight.	したがって、中間価格は、この法令がパンの価格を調整する最高価格の三分の一以上、つまりタワー重量で銀四オンスを含む当時の貨幣で六シリング八ペンス以上だったと仮定しても、それほど間違ってはいないだろう。	middle price|中間価格|noun|the price between the highest and lowest price	not less than|以上|adverb|at least	one-third|三分の一|noun|a third of something	highest price|最高価格|noun|the highest price	this statute|この法令|noun|this law	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise	price of bread|パンの価格|noun|the price of bread	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one two hundred and fortieth of a pound	those times|当時|noun|that time	four ounces|四オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London

From these different facts, therefore, we seem to have some reason to conclude that, about the middle of the fourteenth century, and for a considerable time before, the average or ordinary price of the quarter of wheat was not supposed to be less than four ounces of silver, Tower weight.	したがって、これらの異なる事実から、十四世紀の中頃とそのかなり前の時期には、小麦四半期の平均価格または通常価格は、タワー重量で銀四オンス未満とは考えられていなかったと結論づける理由があるように思われる。	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	these|これらの|determiner|used to refer to a group of people or things that are near or connected to the speaker	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression of being	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	about|頃|preposition|used to indicate an approximate time, amount, or position	the middle of|中頃|noun|the point at which something is equally divided	the fourteenth century|十四世紀|noun|the period from 1301 to 1400	for|の間|preposition|during	a considerable time|かなり前の時期|noun|a long period of time	before|前|preposition|earlier than	the average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	or|または|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a relationship between a part and a whole	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in many parts of the world	was not supposed to be|とは考えられていなかった|verb|not expected or intended	less than|未満|preposition|smaller in amount or value than	four|四|numeral|the number 4	ounces|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a relationship between a part and a whole	silver|銀|noun|a soft white precious metal	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London

From about the middle of the fourteenth to the beginning of the sixteenth century, what was reckoned the reasonable and moderate, that is, the ordinary or average price of wheat, seems to have sunk gradually to about one half of this price;	十四世紀の中頃から十六世紀の初めにかけて、合理的かつ適度と見なされていたもの、つまり小麦の通常価格または平均価格は、この価格の約半分まで徐々に下落したようである。	from about the middle of the fourteenth to the beginning of the sixteenth century|十四世紀の中頃から十六世紀の初めにかけて|noun phrase|the period of time from the middle of the 14th century to the beginning of the 16th century	what was reckoned the reasonable and moderate|合理的かつ適度と見なされていたもの|noun phrase|something that was considered to be reasonable and moderate	that is|つまり|conjunction|in other words; that is to say	the ordinary or average price of wheat|小麦の通常価格または平均価格|noun phrase|the usual or typical price of wheat	seems to have sunk gradually to about one half of this price|この価格の約半分まで徐々に下落したようである|verb phrase|appears to have decreased slowly to about half of this price
so as at last to have fallen to about two ounces of silver, Tower weight, equal to about ten shillings of our present money.	ついにはタワー重量で銀約二オンスまで下落し、現在の貨幣で約十シリングに相当するようになった。	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	about|約|adverb|approximately	two|二|numeral|one more than one	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	about|約|adverb|approximately	ten|十|numeral|one more than nine	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now
It continued to be estimated at this price till about 1570.	一五七〇年頃までこの価格で評価され続けた。	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	be estimated|評価される|verb|form an approximate judgment or opinion regarding the worth, amount, size, weight, etc., of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

In the household book of Henry, the fifth earl of Northumberland, drawn up in 1512 there are two different estimations of wheat.	一五一二年に作成されたノーサンバーランド伯爵五世ヘンリーの家計簿には、小麦の二つの異なる見積もりがある。	Henry|ヘンリー|noun|the name of a person	Northumberland|ノーサンバーランド|noun|a county in England	1512|一五一二年|noun|a year	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important food crop in the world
In one of them it is computed at six shilling and eightpence the quarter, in the other at five shillings and eightpence only.	そのうちの一つでは、一クォーター六シリング八ペンスと計算され、もう一つでは五シリング八ペンスのみと計算されている。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	six|六|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a unit of money equal to eight pennies	five|五|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else
In 1512, six shillings and eightpence contained only two ounces of silver, Tower weight, and were equal to about ten shillings of our present money.	一五一二年には、六シリング八ペンスはタワー重量で銀二オンスしか含んでおらず、現在の貨幣で約十シリングに相当した。	1512|一五一二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	six shillings and eightpence|六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	only|しか|adverb|merely; just	two ounces|二オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Tower weight|タワー重量|noun|a unit of weight used in the Tower of London	about|約|adverb|approximately	ten shillings|十シリング|noun|a sum of money	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|money that is currently in use

From the 25th of Edward III. to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, during the space of more than two hundred years, six shillings and eightpence, it appears from several different statutes, had continued to be considered as what is called the moderate and reasonable, that is, the ordinary or average price of wheat.	エドワード三世の二五年からエリザベス女王の治世の初めまでの二百年以上の期間、六シリング八ペンスは、いくつかの異なる法令から、いわゆる適度で合理的なもの、つまり小麦の通常または平均価格と見なされ続けてきたことがわかる。	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Queen of England from 1558 to 1603	two hundred years|二百年|noun|a period of two hundred years	six shillings and eightpence|六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	several different statutes|いくつかの異なる法令|noun|a number of different laws	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme or excessive	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the mean or average	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
The quantity of silver, however, contained in that nominal sum was, during the course of this period, continually diminishing in consequence of some alterations which were made in the coin.	しかし、この名目金額に含まれる銀の量は、この期間中に、硬貨に行われたいくつかの変更の結果として、継続的に減少していた。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a precious metal and the best conductor of heat and electricity	contain|含まれる|verb|have or hold within	nominal|名目|adjective|being so-called but not in reality	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	course|期間|noun|the period of time during which something happens	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	consequence|結果|noun|something that happens as a result of something else	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering or being altered	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
But the increase of the value of silver had, it seems, so far compensated the diminution of the quantity of it contained in the same nominal sum, that the legislature did not think it worth while to attend to this circumstance.	しかし、銀の価値の上昇は、同じ名目金額に含まれる銀の量の減少を補償していたようで、立法府はこの状況に注目する価値があるとは思っていなかった。	increase|上昇|noun|the action of increasing something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	contain|含まれる|verb|have or hold within itself	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	attend|注目する|verb|be present at	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

Thus, in 1436, it was enacted, that wheat might be exported without a licence when the price was so low as six shillings and eightpence:	こうして、一四三六年には、小麦の価格が六シリング八ペンスと低い場合には、許可証なしに輸出できるという法律が制定された。	Thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; like this	1436|一四三六年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension	six shillings and eightpence|六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
and in 1463, it was enacted, that no wheat should be imported if the price was not above six shillings and eightpence the quarter:	そして一四六三年には、価格が一クォーター六シリング八ペンスを超えない場合は、小麦を輸入してはならないという法律が制定された。	1463|一四六三年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	six shillings and eightpence|六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	quarter|一クォーター|noun|a period of three months
The legislature had imagined, that when the price was so low, there could be no inconveniency in exportation, but that when it rose higher, it became prudent to allow of importation.	立法府は、価格がそれほど低いときには輸出に不都合はないが、価格が上昇したときには輸入を認めることが賢明だと考えていた。	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; cautious	allow|認める|verb|give (someone) permission to do something
Six shillings and eightpence, therefore, containing about the same quantity of silver as thirteen shillings and fourpence of our present money (one-third part less than the same nominal sum contained in the time of Edward III), had, in those times, been considered as what is called the moderate and reasonable price of wheat.	したがって、六シリング八ペンスは、現在の貨幣の十三シリング四ペンスとほぼ同じ量の銀を含んでおり(エドワード三世の時代に含まれていた同じ名目金額の三分の一少ない)、当時は小麦の適正で合理的な価格と考えられていた。	six shillings and eightpence|六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	thirteen shillings and fourpence|十三シリング四ペンス|noun|a sum of money	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	moderate|適正な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic

In 1554, by the 1st and 2nd of Philip and Mary, and in 1558, by the 1st of Elizabeth, the exportation of wheat was in the same manner prohibited, whenever the price of the quarter should exceed six shillings and eightpence, which did not then contain two penny worth more silver than the same nominal sum does at present.	一五五四年にはフィリップとメアリーの第一法と第二法によって、一五五八年にはエリザベスの第一法によって、小麦の価格が一クォーター六シリング八ペンスを超える場合には、小麦の輸出が同様に禁止されたが、当時は現在と同じ名目金額よりも二ペニー分の銀を多く含んではいなかった。	1554|1554年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1st|第一|adjective|coming or occurring first in a series	2nd|第二|adjective|coming or occurring second in a series	Philip|フィリップ|noun|a male given name	Mary|メアリー|noun|a female given name	1558|1558年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1st|第一|adjective|coming or occurring first in a series	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|a female given name	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	prohibited|禁止された|verb|formally or legally forbid	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	quarter|クォーター|noun|one of four equal or equivalent parts into which something is or can be divided	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	six|六|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	shillings|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to eight pennies	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	two|二|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin and monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a pound	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
But it had soon been found, that to restrain the exportation of wheat till the price was so very low, was, in reality, to prohibit it altogether.	しかし、小麦の価格が非常に低くなるまで輸出を制限することは、実際には輸出を全面的に禁止することであることがすぐにわかった。	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back; keep under control	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	low|低い|adjective|not high	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	altogether|全面的に|adverb|completely; totally
In 1562, therefore, by the 5th of Elizabeth, the exportation of wheat was allowed from certain ports, whenever the price of the quarter should not exceed ten shillings, containing nearly the same quantity of silver as the like nominal sum does at present.	そのため、一五六二年にはエリザベスの第五法によって、小麦の価格が一クォーター十シリングを超えない限り、特定の港からの輸出が認められたが、これは現在と同じ名目金額とほぼ同じ量の銀を含んでいた。	1562|一五六二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	5th|第五|noun|the ordinal number of five	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|a female given name	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	quarter|一クォーター|noun|a period of three months	ten|十|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close or similar to	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a chemical element with atomic number 47 and that occurs in nature as a free element and in ores and that is used especially in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
This price had at this time, therefore, been considered as what is called the moderate and reasonable price of wheat.	したがって、この価格は当時、小麦の適正で合理的な価格と考えられていた。	this price|この価格|noun|the price of wheat	at this time|当時|adverb|at that time	be considered as|考えられる|verb|be regarded as	moderate|適正な|adjective|not extreme	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment
It agrees nearly with the estimation of the Northumberland book in 1512.	これは一五一二年のノーサンバーランドの書の見積もりとほぼ一致している。	agree|一致する|verb|have the same opinion about something	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	estimation|見積もり|noun|an approximate calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something	Northumberland|ノーサンバーランド|noun|a county in northern England	book|書|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

That in France the average price of grain was, in the same manner, much lower in the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, than in the two centuries preceding, has been observed both by Mr Dupré de St Maur, and by the elegant author of the Essay on the Policy of Grain.	フランスでも同様に、穀物の平均価格は、一五世紀末から一六世紀初頭にかけて、それ以前の二世紀に比べてかなり低かったことは、デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏と『穀物政策論』の優雅な著者の両者によって観察されている。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century|一五世紀末から一六世紀初頭にかけて|noun|the period of time from the end of the fifteenth century to the beginning of the sixteenth century	the two centuries preceding|それ以前の二世紀|noun|the two centuries before the fifteenth century	Mr Dupré de St Maur|デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏|noun|a French historian	the Essay on the Policy of Grain|『穀物政策論』|noun|a book about the policy of grain	elegant|優雅な|adjective|graceful and stylish in appearance or manner
Its price, during the same period, had probably sunk in the same manner through the greater part of Europe.	同じ時期に、その価格はおそらくヨーロッパの大部分で同じように下落していた。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

This rise in the value of silver, in proportion to that of corn, may either have been owing altogether to the increase of the demand for that metal, in consequence of increasing improvement and cultivation, the supply, in the mean time, continuing the same as before;	穀物に対する銀の価値の上昇は、改良と耕作の増加によって銀の需要が増加し、その一方で供給量は以前と同じままだったためか、あるいは、	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for and consume a good or service	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	supply|供給|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	mean time|その間に|noun|the time between two events	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process
or, the demand continuing the same as before, it may have been owing altogether to the gradual diminution of the supply: the greater part of the mines which were then known in the world being much exhausted, and, consequently, the expense of working them much increased;	あるいは、需要は以前と同じままで、供給量が徐々に減少したためかもしれない。当時世界で知られていた鉱山の大部分は、かなり枯渇しており、その結果、採掘にかかる費用が大幅に増加した。	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a good or service that is available	gradual|徐々に|adjective|happening slowly over a long period of time	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming smaller or less	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	be known|知られる|verb|be familiar with	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	much|かなり|adverb|to a great extent	exhausted|枯渇する|verb|use up completely	expense|費用|noun|the cost of doing or making something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree
or it may have been owing partly to the one, and partly to the other of those two circumstances.	あるいは、この二つの状況の一方と他方の両方によるものだったかもしれない。	owing to|による|preposition|because of	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
In the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, the greater part of Europe was approaching towards a more settled form of government than it had enjoyed for several ages before.	15世紀の終わりから16世紀の初めにかけて、ヨーロッパの大部分は、それまでの数世紀にわたって享受していたよりも、より安定した統治形態に近づいていた。	the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries|15世紀の終わりから16世紀の初めにかけて|noun|the period of time from 1499 to 1500	the greater part of Europe|ヨーロッパの大部分|noun|most of Europe	was approaching towards|近づいていた|verb|was getting near to	a more settled form of government|より安定した統治形態|noun|a more stable form of government	than it had enjoyed for several ages before|それまでの数世紀にわたって享受していたよりも|conjunction|than it had enjoyed for several centuries before
The increase of security would naturally increase industry and improvement;	安全性の向上は、当然、産業と改良を促進する。	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
and the demand for the precious metals, as well as for every other luxury and ornament, would naturally increase with the increase of riches.	そして、貴金属に対する需要は、他のあらゆる贅沢品や装飾品に対する需要と同様に、富の増加とともに自然に増加する。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an item that is not essential but is desirable for its comfort or appearance	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions
A greater annual produce would require a greater quantity of coin to circulate it;	年間生産量が増えれば、それを流通させるために必要な貨幣量も増える。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
and a greater number of rich people would require a greater quantity of plate and other ornaments of silver.	そして、富裕層が増えれば、銀食器やその他の銀製装飾品もより多く必要になる。	greater number|より多くの|noun|a larger amount or quantity	rich people|富裕層|noun|people who have a great deal of money	require|必要になる|verb|need for a particular purpose	greater quantity|より多く|noun|a larger amount or quantity	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	other|その他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something
It is natural to suppose, too, that the greater part of the mines which then supplied the European market with silver might be a good deal exhausted, and have become more expensive in the working.	また、当時ヨーロッパ市場に銀を供給していた鉱山の大部分がかなり枯渇し、採掘にかかる費用も高くなったと考えるのが自然である。	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	natural|自然である|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	exhausted|枯渇する|verb|use up completely	expensive|高くなる|adjective|costing a lot of money
They had been wrought, many of them, from the time of the Romans.	それらの多くはローマ時代から採掘されていた。	many of them|それらの多く|noun phrase|a large number of them	the time of the Romans|ローマ時代|noun phrase|the period of time during which the Roman Empire existed

It has been the opinion, however, of the greater part of those who have written upon the prices of commodities in ancient times, that, from the Conquest, perhaps from the invasion of Julius Caesar, till the discovery of the mines of America, the value of silver was continually diminishing.	しかし、古代の物価について書いた人の大部分は、征服から、おそらくユリウス・カエサルの侵略から、アメリカの鉱山が発見されるまで、銀の価値は絶えず減少していたという意見だった。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	conquest|征服|noun|the act of conquering	Julius Caesar|ユリウス・カエサル|noun|a Roman general and statesman who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire	invasion|侵略|noun|the act of invading	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a soft white precious metal	continually|絶えず|adverb|without stopping	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
This opinion they seem to have been led into, partly by the observations which they had occasion to make upon the prices both of corn and of some other parts of the rude produce of land, and partly by the popular notion, that as the quantity of silver naturally increases in every country with the increase of wealth, so its value diminishes as it quantity increases.	彼らがこの意見に至ったのは、一部には穀物や土地の未加工生産物の他の部分の価格について観察したこと、また一部には、どの国でも富の増加に伴って銀の量が自然に増加するので、その量が増加するにつれて価値が減少するという一般的な考えによるものと思われる。	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	lead into|至る|verb|cause to come to a place or situation	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or is done	make|行う|verb|cause to be or become	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	popular|一般的な|adjective|liked or enjoyed by many people	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less

In their observations upon the prices of corn, three different circumstances seem frequently to have misled them.	穀物の価格に関する彼らの観察では、三つの異なる状況がしばしば彼らを誤解させたように思われる。	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	observation|観察|noun|the action of watching and noticing something	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	mislead|誤解させる|verb|cause (someone) to have a wrong idea or impression about something

First, in ancient times, almost all rents were paid in kind;	第一に、古代では、ほとんどすべての地代が現物で支払われていた。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	kind|現物|noun|the equivalent in money
in a certain quantity of corn, cattle, poultry, etc.	一定量の穀物、牛、家禽などで支払われていた。	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	a certain quantity|一定量|noun|a specific amount	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird that is kept for its eggs or meat	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera
It sometimes happened, however, that the landlord would stipulate, that he should be at liberty to demand of the tenant, either the annual payment in kind or a certain sum of money instead of it.	しかし、地主が、年額の現物支払いか、その代わりに一定額の金銭のいずれかを、自由に借主に要求できると規定することがある。	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented or leased to others	stipulate|規定する|verb|require or specify as a condition or requirement	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority; claim as due or just	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	annual|年額|adjective|happening or payable once a year	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	kind|現物|noun|a category of things distinguished by shared characteristics	instead|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative or substitute for	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
The price at which the payment in kind was in this manner exchanged for a certain sum of money, is in Scotland called the conversion price.	現物支払いがこの方法で一定額の金銭と交換される価格は、スコットランドでは換算価格と呼ばれている。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	kind|現物|noun|the essential nature of a person or thing	this manner|この方法|noun|this way	exchanged|交換される|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt about something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	called|呼ばれている|verb|give a name to	conversion|換算|noun|the action of changing or converting something
As the option is always in the landlord to take either the substance or the price, it is necessary, for the safety of the tenant, that the conversion price should rather be below than above the average market price.	現物か価格のどちらかを選択するのは常に地主であるため、借主の安全のためには、換算価格は平均市場価格よりも低い方がよい。	option|選択|noun|the right or ability to choose	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	substance|現物|noun|the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists and which has a tangible, solid presence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	conversion price|換算価格|noun|the price at which a security is exchanged for another security	average market price|平均市場価格|noun|the average price at which a security is traded on the market
In many places, accordingly, it is not much above one half of this price.	したがって、多くの場所では、この価格の半分よりあまり高くない。	in many places|多くの場所で|adverb|in a lot of places	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	not much above|あまり高くない|adverb|not much higher than	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
Through the greater part of Scotland this custom still continues with regard to poultry, and in some places with regard to cattle.	スコットランドの大部分では、この習慣は家禽に関して、また一部の場所では牛に関して、今も続いている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	still|今も|adverb|even now or even then	poultry|家禽|noun|birds kept for their eggs or meat	some places|一部の場所|noun|a small number of places	cattle|牛|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen
It might probably have continued to take place, too, with regard to corn, had not the institution of the public fiars put an end to it.	穀物に関しても、公定価格の制度がなければ、おそらくこの習慣が続いていただろう。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	public fiars|公定価格|noun|the official price of grain	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop
These are annual valuations, according to the judgment of an assize, of the average price of all the different sorts of grain, and of all the different qualities of each, according to the actual market price in every different county.	これらは、裁判所の判断による、すべての異なる種類の穀物、およびそれぞれの異なる品質の平均価格の、すべての異なる郡の実際の市場価格に基づく年次評価である。	annual|年次|adjective|happening or done once a year	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	assize|裁判所|noun|a court of justice	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	actual market price|実際の市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is currently bought and sold in the market	county|郡|noun|a division of a country
This institution rendered it sufficiently safe for the tenant, and much more convenient for the landlord, to convert, as they call it, the corn rent, rather at what should happen to be the price of the fiars of each year, than at any certain fixed price.	この制度は、彼らが言うように、穀物地代を、ある一定の固定価格よりも、むしろ毎年の公定価格で換算することを、借地人にとって十分に安全なものとし、地主にとってもはるかに便利なものとした。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	convert|換算する|verb|change from one form or use to another	corn rent|穀物地代|noun|a rent paid in corn	fiars|公定価格|noun|the price of grain that is set by the government	fixed price|固定価格|noun|a price that is set and does not change
But the writers who have collected the prices of corn in ancient times seem frequently to have mistaken what is called in Scotland the conversion price for the actual market price.	しかし、古代の穀物価格を収集した著者たちは、スコットランドで換算価格と呼ばれているものを実際の市場価格と間違えていることが多いようだ。	collect|収集する|verb|gather together	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often	mistake|間違える|verb|be wrong about	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	conversion price|換算価格|noun|the price of a good or service in one currency expressed in another currency	actual market price|実際の市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is currently being bought and sold in the market
Fleetwood acknowledges, upon one occasion, that he had made this mistake.	フリートウッドは、ある時、この間違いを犯したことを認めている。	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a town in Lancashire, England	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	one occasion|ある時|noun|a particular time or instance	make|犯す|verb|perform or carry out	mistake|間違い|noun|an action or judgment that is misguided or wrong
As he wrote his book, however, for a particular purpose, he does not think proper to make this acknowledgment till after transcribing this conversion price fifteen times.	しかし、彼は特定の目的のために本を書いたため、この換算価格を15回書き写すまでは、このことを認めるのは適切ではないと考えている。	as|なので|conjunction|because	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	acknowledgment|認める|noun|the action of acknowledging something	till|まで|conjunction|up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)	transcribe|書き写す|verb|write out or type out (something) from an original source	conversion|換算|noun|the changing of one thing into another	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The price is eight shillings the quarter of wheat.	価格は小麦の四分の一につき八シリングである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	eight|八|numeral|the number 8	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries
This sum in 1423, the year at which he begins with it, contained the same quantity of silver as sixteen shillings of our present money.	彼がこの金額を使い始めた1423年には、この金額は現在の16シリングと同じ量の銀を含んでいた。	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	1423|1423年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	begin|使い始める|verb|perform or undergo the first part of (an action or activity)	sixteen shillings|16シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
But in 1562, the year at which he ends with it, it contained no more than the same nominal sum does at present.	しかし、彼がこの金額を使い終えた1562年には、現在と同じ名目金額しか含まれていなかった。	1562|1562年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	end with|使い終える|verb|finish with	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

Secondly, they have been misled by the slovenly manner in which some ancient statutes of assize had been sometimes transcribed by lazy copiers, and sometimes, perhaps, actually composed by the legislature.	第二に、彼らは、古代の巡回裁判所の法令が、怠惰な写字生によって書き写されたり、あるいは実際に立法府によって作成されたりした、ずさんな方法に惑わされてきた。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	mislead|惑わす|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression	slovenly|ずさんな|adjective|untidy or careless	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	assize|巡回裁判所|noun|a court which sits periodically in each county of England and Wales to try civil and criminal cases	lazy|怠惰な|adjective|unwilling to work or use energy	copier|写字生|noun|a person who makes copies	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of government

The ancient statutes of assize seem to have begun always with determining what ought to be the price of bread and ale when the price of wheat and barley were at the lowest;	古代の巡回裁判所の法令は、小麦と大麦の価格が最低の時にパンとエールの価格がどうあるべきかを決定することから始まったようである。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	assize|巡回裁判所|noun|a court which sits at various places within its jurisdiction	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in temperate climates	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer that is brewed using a warm fermentation process
and to have proceeded gradually to determine what it ought to be, according as the prices of those two sorts of grain should gradually rise above this lowest price.	そして、この二種類の穀物の価格がこの最低価格を徐々に上回るにつれて、それがどうあるべきかを決定するために徐々に進んでいったようである。	proceed|進む|verb|follow a certain course	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner	ought to be|であるべき|verb|should be	according as|につれて|conjunction|in proportion as	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上回る|verb|go up	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	above|上|preposition|in a higher position than	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height
But the transcribers of those statutes seem frequently to have thought it sufficient to copy the regulation as far as the three or four first and lowest prices;	しかし、これらの法令の写字生は、三つか四つの最初で最低の価格まで規制を書き写せば十分だと考えていたようである。	transcriber|写字生|noun|a person who transcribes something	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as good as required	copy|書き写す|verb|make an identical version of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	as far as|まで|preposition|to the extent or degree that	three or four|三つか四つ|noun|the number three or four	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height or amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
saving in this manner their own labour, and judging, I suppose, that this was enough to show what proportion ought to be observed in all higher prices.	こうして自分たちの労働を節約し、これだけでもすべての高価格でどのような比率を守るべきかを示すのには十分だと判断したのだろう。	save|節約する|verb|use less of something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	suppose|思う|verb|think that something is true or likely	show|示す|verb|make something evident or clear	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	observe|守る|verb|comply with	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something

Thus, in the assize of bread and ale, of the 51st of Henry III. the price of bread was regulated according to the different prices of wheat, from one shilling to twenty shillings the quarter of the money of those times.	このように、ヘンリー三世の五十一年目のパンとエールの巡回裁判所では、パンの価格は小麦の価格に応じて、当時の四分の一シリングから二十シリングまで規制されていた。	Thus|このように|adverb|in this way	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	assize|巡回裁判所|noun|a court which sits at various places within its jurisdiction	Henry III|ヘンリー三世|noun|King of England from 1216 to 1272	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its seed	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
But in the manuscripts from which all the different editions of the statutes, preceding that of Mr Ruffhead, were printed, the copiers had never transcribed this regulation beyond the price of twelve shillings.	しかし、ラファッド氏の法令に先立つすべての異なる版の法令が印刷された写本では、写字生はこの規制を十二シリング以上の価格で書き写したことはなかった。	But|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	manuscript|写本|noun|a book or other text written by hand rather than printed	edition|版|noun|a particular form or version of a published work	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	print|印刷する|verb|produce a book, newspaper, or other document by a mechanical process involving the transfer of ink to paper	copier|写字生|noun|a person who makes copies	transcribe|書き写す|verb|write out a copy of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an authority	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Several writers, therefore, being misled by this faulty transcription, very naturally conclude that the middle price, or six shillings the quarter, equal to about eighteen shillings of our present money, was the ordinary or average price of wheat at that time.	そのため、この誤った写本に惑わされた何人かの著者は、中間価格、つまり四分の一六シリング、現在の貨幣で約十八シリングが、当時の小麦の通常価格または平均価格だったと結論づけるのはごく自然なことである。	several|何人かの|adjective|more than two but not very many	writer|著者|noun|a person who writes	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	faulty|誤った|adjective|having a defect or weakness	transcription|写本|noun|a written, printed, or typed copy of something	mislead|惑わす|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression	very naturally|ごく自然なことである|adverb|in a very natural way	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	middle price|中間価格|noun|the price between the highest and lowest prices	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	eighteen shillings|十八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|money that is in use now	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question

In the statute of Tumbrel and Pillory, enacted nearly about the same time, the price of ale is regulated according to every sixpence rise in the price of barley, from two shillings, to four shillings the quarter.	ほぼ同じ時期に制定されたタンブレルとピロリーの法令では、エールの価格は大麦の価格が六ペンス上がるごとに、四分の一二シリングから四シリングまで規制されている。	Tumbrel and Pillory|タンブレルとピロリー|noun|a type of punishment in which the offender is locked in a wooden frame and exposed to public ridicule	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	nearly about the same time|ほぼ同じ時期|noun|a period of time that is close to another period of time	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its grain	sixpence|六ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies	two shillings|二シリング|noun|a former British coin worth two shillings	four shillings|四シリング|noun|a former British coin worth four shillings	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts of something
That four shillings, however, was not considered as the highest price to which barley might frequently rise in those times, and that these prices were only given as an example of the proportion which ought to be observed in all other prices, whether higher or lower, we may infer from the last words of the statute: “Et sic deinceps crescetur vel diminuetur per sex denarios.”	しかし、この四シリングは当時大麦が頻繁に上昇する最高価格とは考えられておらず、これらの価格は高いか低いかにかかわらず、他のすべての価格で守られるべき比率の例としてのみ示されていたと、法令の最後の言葉から推測できる。」	four shillings|四シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	highest price|最高価格|noun|the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for a good or service	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its seed	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	these prices|これらの価格|noun|the prices that are being discussed	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	example|例|noun|something that is typical of its kind or that illustrates a general rule	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship between two numbers or amounts such that they are equal to each other or to a third number or amount	ought to be|守られるべき|verb|should be	observed|守られる|verb|notice or perceive	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	infer|推測できる|verb|deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from direct statements	last words|最後の言葉|noun|the final words that someone says before they die	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body
The expression is very slovenly, but the meaning is plain enough, “that the price of ale is in this manner to be increased or diminished according to every sixpence rise or fall in the price of barley.”	表現は非常にだらしないが、意味は十分に明確で、「エールの価格は大麦の価格が六ペンス上昇または下落するごとに、この方法で増減される」ということである。	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase that describes something	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	slovenly|だらしない|adjective|untidy or careless in appearance or habits	meaning|意味|noun|what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action	plain|明確な|adjective|clear and simple	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	barley|大麦|noun|a hardy cereal plant that has been cultivated since prehistoric times
In the composition of this statute, the legislature itself seems to have been as negligent as the copiers were in the transcription of the other.	この法令の構成において、立法府自体が、写本家が他の法令の写本においてそうであったのと同じくらい怠慢であったように思われる。	composition|構成|noun|the way in which something is made up	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	negligent|怠慢な|adjective|failing to take proper care in doing something	copier|写本家|noun|a person who makes copies	transcription|写本|noun|a written, printed, or typed copy of something

In an ancient manuscript of the Regiam Majestatem, an old Scotch law book, there is a statute of assize, in which the price of bread is regulated according to all the different prices of wheat, from tenpence to three shillings the Scotch boll, equal to about half an English quarter.	古いスコットランドの法律書であるレギアム・マジェスタテムの古代写本には、パンの価格が小麦の価格に応じて、スコットランドのボル一杯十ペンスから三シリングまで、イギリスの四分の一の約半分に相当する価格で規制されている法令がある。	Regiam Majestatem|レギアム・マジェスタテム|noun|an ancient Scottish law book	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	manuscript|写本|noun|a book or other text written by hand rather than printed	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	law book|法律書|noun|a book containing or discussing laws	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	assize|巡回裁判|noun|a court which sits at various times and places within a particular district	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that has been mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	tenpence|十ペンス|noun|a sum of ten pence	three shillings|三シリング|noun|a sum of three shillings	Scotch boll|スコットランドのボル|noun|a Scottish unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	English quarter|イギリスの四分の一|noun|a quarter of an English unit of volume
Three shillings Scotch, at the time when this assize is supposed to have been enacted, were equal to about nine shillings sterling of our present money.	この法令が制定されたと思われる当時のスコットランドの三シリングは、現在の貨幣で約九シリングに相当する。	three shillings|三シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	at the time|当時|noun|the time in the past when something happened	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	assize|法令|noun|a court which sits at regular intervals in each county of England and Wales to try civil and criminal cases	is supposed to|思われる|verb|be generally assumed or believed to be	have been enacted|制定された|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	about|約|adverb|approximately	nine|九|numeral|the number 9	shillings|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	sterling|スターリング|noun|the official currency of the United Kingdom	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	our|私たちの|determiner|belonging to or connected with the speaker and one or more other people	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Mr Ruddiman seems {See his Preface to Anderson’s Diplomata Scotiae.} to conclude from this, that three shillings was the highest price to which wheat ever rose in those times, and that tenpence, a shilling, or at most two shillings, were the ordinary prices.	ラディマン氏は、このことから、当時の小麦の最高価格は三シリングであり、通常価格は十ペンス、一シリング、またはせいぜい二シリングであったと結論づけているようである。	Mr Ruddiman|ラディマン氏|noun|a Scottish philologist and historian	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	three shillings|三シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	highest price|最高価格|noun|the highest amount of money that someone is willing to pay for something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	those times|当時|noun|the period of time in the past when something happened	tenpence|十ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth ten pennies	a shilling|一シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	at most|せいぜい|adverb|not more than; at the most	two shillings|二シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	ordinary price|通常価格|noun|the usual price of something
Upon consulting the manuscript, however, it appears evidently, that all these prices are only set down as examples of the proportion which ought to be observed between the respective prices of wheat and bread.	しかし、写本を調べてみると、これらの価格はすべて、小麦とパンのそれぞれの価格の間に守られるべき比率の例として示されているにすぎないことが明らかになる。	consult|調べる|verb|seek information from	manuscript|写本|noun|a book or other text written by hand rather than printed	appear|明らかになる|verb|become visible or noticeable	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	set down|示されている|verb|put in writing	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	ought to|守られるべき|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or correctness	observe|守る|verb|notice or perceive	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that has been mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked
The last words of the statute are “reliqua judicabis secundum praescripta, habendo respectum ad pretium bladi.”—“You shall judge of the remaining cases, according to what is above written, having respect to the price of corn.”	この法令の最後の言葉は「reliqua judicabis secundum praescripta, habendo respectum ad pretium bladi.」である。「残りの事件については、上記の規定に従って、穀物の価格に配慮して裁判を行うものとする。」	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	reliqua judicabis secundum praescripta, habendo respectum ad pretium bladi|reliqua judicabis secundum praescripta, habendo respectum ad pretium bladi|noun|the last words of the statute	You shall judge|裁判を行うものとする|verb|to form an opinion about through careful thought	remaining|残りの|adjective|still existing	case|事件|noun|an occurrence of something	according to|従って|preposition|as stated by or in	above|上記|adjective|mentioned earlier in a text	written|規定|adjective|set down in writing	having respect to|配慮して|verb|to show consideration for	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

Thirdly, they seem to have been misled too, by the very low price at which wheat was sometimes sold in very ancient times;	第三に、彼らはまた、非常に古代において小麦が時折売られていた非常に低い価格によっても誤解させられたようである。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	mislead|誤解させる|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression	very low price|非常に低い価格|noun phrase|a price that is much lower than average	very ancient times|非常に古代|noun phrase|a time that is very long ago	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally; now and then
and to have imagined, that as its lowest price was then much lower than in later times its ordinary price must likewise have been much lower.	そして、その最低価格が後世よりもずっと低かったことから、その通常価格も同様にずっと低かったに違いないと想像したようである。	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image or concept of	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height or amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	later|後世|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	ordinary|通常|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner
They might have found, however, that in those ancient times its highest price was fully as much above, as its lowest price was below any thing that had ever been known in later times.	しかし、彼らは、その古代においては、その最高価格は、その最低価格が後世に知られたどんなものよりも低かったように、十分に高かったことを発見したかもしれない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest value, amount, or importance	fully|十分に|adverb|completely; totally	above|上|preposition|in or to a higher place or position	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least value, amount, or importance	below|下|preposition|in or to a lower place or position	later|後世|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time
Thus, in 1270, Fleetwood gives us two prices of the quarter of wheat.	こうして、1270年にフリートウッドは小麦の四半期の二つの価格を我々に与えている。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; like this	in 1270|1270年に|adverb|during the year 1270	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a town in Lancashire, England	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	two|二つの|adjective|the number 2	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its seed
The one is four pounds sixteen shillings of the money of those times, equal to fourteen pounds eight shillings of that of the present;	一つは当時の貨幣で四ポンド十六シリングで、現在の貨幣で十四ポンド八シリングに等しい。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	four pounds sixteen shillings|四ポンド十六シリング|noun|a sum of money	those times|当時|noun|the past	equal to|等しい|adjective|the same in value, amount, or importance	fourteen pounds eight shillings|十四ポンド八シリング|noun|a sum of money	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
the other is six pounds eight shillings, equal to nineteen pounds four shillings of our present money.	もう一つは六ポンド八シリングで、現在の貨幣で十九ポンド四シリングに等しい。	six pounds|六ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	eight shillings|八シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	nineteen pounds|十九ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	four shillings|四シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
No price can be found in the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century, which approaches to the extravagance of these.	十五世紀の終わりや十六世紀の初めには、これらの法外な価格に近づく価格は見当たらない。	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	extravagance|法外な|noun|the quality of being too much or too expensive
The price of corn, though at all times liable to variation varies most in those turbulent and disorderly societies, in which the interruption of all commerce and communication hinders the plenty of one part of the country from relieving the scarcity of another.	穀物の価格は、いつの時代でも変動しやすいが、あらゆる商業と交通が中断され、国の一部の豊富な部分が他の部分の不足を補うことができない、混乱した無秩序な社会で最も変動する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	at all times|いつの時代でも|adverb|always	liable to|しやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	vary|変動する|verb|change in amount, level, or value	turbulent|混乱した|adjective|characterized by unrest or disturbance	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity or process	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	communication|交通|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	relieve|補う|verb|alleviate or reduce	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or condition of having too little of something
In the disorderly state of England under the Plantagenets, who governed it from about the middle of the twelfth till towards the end of the fifteenth century, one district might be in plenty, while another, at no great distance, by having its crop destroyed, either by some accident of the seasons, or by the incursion of some neighbouring baron, might be suffering all the horrors of a famine;	十二世紀の中頃から十五世紀の終わり頃までイングランドを支配したプランタジネット朝の無秩序な時代には、ある地方は豊かであったが、それほど遠くない別の地方では、季節の異変や近隣の男爵の侵略によって作物が破壊され、飢饉の恐怖に苦しんでいた。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	the Plantagenets|プランタジネット朝|noun|a dynasty of English kings	the middle of the twelfth|十二世紀の中頃|noun|the middle of the twelfth century	the end of the fifteenth century|十五世紀の終わり頃|noun|the end of the fifteenth century	one district|ある地方|noun|a region or area	plenty|豊か|adjective|more than enough	another|別の|adjective|different	no great distance|それほど遠くない|noun|not very far	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food	destroyed|破壊された|adjective|ruined or wrecked	seasons|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year	accident|異変|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|living or located near or next to each other	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food
and yet if the lands of some hostile lord were interposed between them, the one might not be able to give the least assistance to the other.	それでも、敵対する領主の土地がその間に挟まっていれば、一方が他方に少しの援助も与えられなかったかもしれない。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	interpose|挟まる|verb|place or insert between two or more things	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority, control, or power over others	hostile|敵対する|adjective|unfriendly; opposed	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
Under the vigorous administration of the Tudors, who governed England during the latter part of the fifteenth, and through the whole of the sixteenth century, no baron was powerful enough to dare to disturb the public security.	十五世紀後半から十六世紀にかけてイングランドを支配したチューダー朝の強力な統治下では、公衆の安全を乱すほど強力な男爵はいなかった。	Tudors|チューダー朝|noun|the English royal dynasty that ruled from 1485 to 1603	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	fifteenth|十五世紀|noun|the number 15	sixteenth|十六世紀|noun|the number 16	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	public security|公衆の安全|noun|the safety of the general public

The reader will find at the end of this chapter all the prices of wheat which have been collected by Fleetwood, from 1202 to 1597, both inclusive, reduced to the money of the present times, and digested, according to the order of time, into seven divisions of twelve years each.	読者は、この章の終わりに、フリートウッドが収集した一二〇二年から一五九七年までの小麦の価格をすべて、現在の貨幣に換算し、時間の順序に従って、それぞれ十二年ずつの七つの区分に分けて整理したものを見ることができる。	reader|読者|noun|a person who reads	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a town in Lancashire, England	1202|一二〇二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1597|一五九七年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	inclusive|含む|adjective|including the stated limits	reduce|換算する|verb|make or become smaller or less	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	order|順序|noun|a state in which everything is in its correct or appropriate place	digest|整理する|verb|arrange and present in a systematic way	seven|七つ|noun|a number or quantity that is one more than six	division|区分|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	twelve|十二|noun|a number or quantity that is one more than eleven	year|年|noun|the time taken by the earth to make one revolution around the sun
At the end of each division, too, he will find the average price of the twelve years of which it consists.	また、各区分の終わりには、その区分を構成する十二年間の平均価格も示されている。	at the end of|終わりに|noun|the final part of something	division|区分|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	twelve years|十二年間|noun|a period of twelve years	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices
In that long period of time, Fleetwood has been able to collect the prices of no more than eighty years;	この長い期間にわたって、フリートウッドは八十年分の価格しか収集できなかった。	long period of time|長い期間|noun|a long time	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a surname	collect|収集する|verb|gather together	no more than|～しか～ない|adverb|only	eighty years|八十年|noun|a period of eighty years
so that four years are wanting to make out the last twelve years.	そのため、最後の十二年間を構成するのに四年分足りない。	four years|四年|noun|a period of four years	want|足りない|verb|be lacking or deficient	make out|構成する|verb|form or constitute	last twelve years|最後の十二年間|noun|the period of time from twelve years ago to the present
I have added, therefore, from the accounts of Eton college, the prices of 1598, 1599, 1600, and 1601.	そのため、私はイートン校の記録から一五九八年、一五九九年、一六〇〇年、一六〇一年の価格を追加した。	add|追加する|verb|join or combine two or more things together	Eton college|イートン校|noun|a public school for boys in England	1598|一五九八年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1599|一五九九年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1600|一六〇〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1601|一六〇一年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar
It is the only addition which I have made.	それが私が行った唯一の追加である。	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	addition|追加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out
The reader will see, that from the beginning of the thirteenth till after the middle of the sixteenth century, the average price of each twelve years grows gradually lower and lower;	読者は、十三世紀の初めから十六世紀の中頃まで、十二年間の平均価格が次第に低下していることに気づくだろう。	reader|読者|noun|a person who reads	see|わかる|verb|perceive with the eyes	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	thirteenth|十三番目|adjective|the ordinal number of thirteen	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	middle|中頃|noun|the part of something that is equally distant from all its sides, ends, or surfaces	sixteenth|十六番目|adjective|the ordinal number of sixteen	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	grows|低下する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height
and that towards the end of the sixteenth century it begins to rise again.	そして十六世紀の終わり頃に再び上昇し始める。	towards|頃|preposition|in the direction of	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	sixteenth century|十六世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	begin|始める|verb|start to do something
The prices, indeed, which Fleetwood has been able to collect, seem to have been those chiefly which were remarkable for extraordinary dearness or cheapness;	実際、フリートウッドが収集できた価格は、主に異常な高値や安値で注目されたものだったようだ。	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a town in Lancashire, England	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dearness|高値|noun|the state of being expensive	cheapness|安値|noun|the state of being inexpensive
and I do not pretend that any very certain conclusion can be drawn from them.	そして、私はそれらから非常に確かな結論を引き出せるとは主張しない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	do not pretend|主張しない|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	any|非常に|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; a	certain|確かな|adjective|known or proved to be true	conclusion|結論|noun|the end or finish of an event or process	can be drawn|引き出せる|verb|be able to be pulled or moved
So far, however, as they prove any thing at all, they confirm the account which I have been endeavouring to give.	しかし、それらが何かを証明する限り、私が説明しようとしてきたことを裏付けている。	so far|これまで|adverb|to the extent mentioned	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true	anything|何か|noun|something	confirm|裏付ける|verb|to make more certain or definite	endeavour|努める|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something
Fleetwood himself, however, seems, with most other writers, to have believed, that, during all this period, the value of silver, in consequence of its increasing abundance, was continually diminishing.	しかし、フリートウッド自身は、他のほとんどの著者と同様に、この期間中、銀の価値は、その豊富さが増加した結果、絶えず減少していたと信じていたようだ。	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a surname	himself|自身|pronoun|the male person being discussed	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	writer|著者|noun|a person who writes	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	all|全て|adjective|the whole amount of	this|この|adjective|the one being discussed	period|期間|noun|a length of time	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	result|結果|noun|a consequence of some action or event	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
The prices of corn, which he himself has collected, certainly do not agree with this opinion.	彼自身が収集した穀物の価格は、確かにこの意見に同意していない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
They agree perfectly with that of Mr Dupré de St Maur, and with that which I have been endeavouring to explain.	それらは、デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏の意見と、私が説明しようとしてきた意見と完全に一致している。	agree|一致する|verb|have the same opinion about something	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	Mr Dupré de St Maur|デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏|noun|a French politician	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
Bishop Fleetwood and Mr Dupré de St Maur are the two authors who seem to have collected, with the greatest diligence and fidelity, the prices of things in ancient times.	フリートウッド司教とデュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏は、古代の物価を最も勤勉かつ忠実に収集したと思われる二人の著者である。	Bishop Fleetwood|フリートウッド司教|noun|William Fleetwood, Bishop of Ely	Mr Dupré de St Maur|デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏|noun|Nicolas Dupré de Saint-Maur	two|二人|noun|the number 2	author|著者|noun|a person who writes books	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	collect|収集する|verb|gather together	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	fidelity|忠実|noun|faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history in the Mediterranean world before the fall of the Western Roman Empire
It is somewhat curious that, though their opinions are so very different, their facts, so far as they relate to the price of corn at least, should coincide so very exactly.	彼らの意見は非常に異なるが、少なくとも穀物の価格に関する限り、彼らの事実が非常に正確に一致しているのは、いささか奇妙なことである。	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	relate to|関係する|verb|be connected with	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	coincide|一致する|verb|occur at the same time	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise and accurate manner

It is not, however, so much from the low price of corn, as from that of some other parts of the rude produce of land, that the most judicious writers have inferred the great value of silver in those very ancient times.	しかし、最も賢明な著述家たちが、非常に古代における銀の大きな価値を推論したのは、穀物の低価格からではなく、土地の未加工生産物の他の部分の価格からである。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	low price|低価格|noun|a price that is lower than average	rude produce|未加工生産物|noun|a product that has not been processed	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	most judicious|最も賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	writer|著述家|noun|a person who writes	infer|推論する|verb|to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	great value|大きな価値|noun|a high degree of importance or worth	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Old World until the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Corn, it has been said, being a sort of manufacture, was, in those rude ages, much dearer in proportion than the greater part of other commodities;	穀物は、一種の製造品であり、そうした未開の時代には、他のほとんどの商品に比べて相対的にずっと高価だったと言われている。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and things change	dearer|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	proportion|相対的に|noun|a part of a whole in relation to the whole	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
it is meant, I suppose, than the greater part of unmanufactured commodities, such as cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc.	牛、家禽、あらゆる種類の狩猟肉など、未加工の商品の大部分よりも高価だったということだろう。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	poultry|家禽|noun|domesticated birds kept for eggs or meat	game|狩猟肉|noun|wild animals hunted for food	etc|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
That in those times of poverty and barbarism these were proportionably much cheaper than corn, is undoubtedly true.	貧困と野蛮の時代には、これらが穀物よりも相対的にずっと安かったのは、疑いようのない事実である。	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|野蛮|noun|the state of being uncivilized	those times|その時代|noun|the period of time in the past	proportionably|相対的に|adverb|in a way that is in proportion	much cheaper|ずっと安い|adjective|much less expensive	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	undoubtedly|疑いようもなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	true|事実|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality
But this cheapness was not the effect of the high value of silver, but of the low value of those commodities.	しかし、この安さは銀の価値が高いためではなく、これらの商品の価値が低いためだった。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	high value|高い価値|noun|the quality of being worth a lot of money	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	low value|低い価値|noun|the quality of being worth little money	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold
It was not because silver would in such times purchase or represent a greater quantity of labour, but because such commodities would purchase or represent a much smaller quantity than in times of more opulence and improvement.	それは、そうした時代に銀がより多くの労働を購入したり、表したりするからではなく、そうした商品が、より豊かで進歩した時代よりも、はるかに少ない量の労働を購入したり、表したりするからである。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	labour|労働|noun|work	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	opulence|豊かさ|noun|wealth	improvement|進歩|noun|the action of improving something
Silver must certainly be cheaper in Spanish America than in Europe; in the country where it is produced, than in the country to which it is brought, at the expense of a long carriage both by land and by sea, of a freight, and an insurance.	銀は、ヨーロッパよりもスペイン領アメリカで、陸海の長い輸送費、運賃、保険をかけて運び込まれる国よりも、生産される国で、確かに安いに違いない。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	Spanish America|スペイン領アメリカ|noun|the parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish Empire	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a destination	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	carriage|輸送|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	land|陸|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods by land, sea, or air	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss, damage, illness, or death
One-and-twenty pence halfpenny sterling, however, we are told by Ulloa, was, not many years ago, at Buenos Ayres, the price of an ox chosen from a herd of three or four hundred.	しかし、ウジョアによれば、21ペンス半のスターリングは、数年前、ブエノスアイレスで、300頭から400頭の群れから選ばれた牛の価格だったという。	one-and-twenty|21|numeral|the number 21	pence|ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK	halfpenny|半ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the UK	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	Ulloa|ウジョア|noun|a Spanish general and colonial administrator	not many years ago|数年前|noun|a few years ago	Buenos Ayres|ブエノスアイレス|noun|the capital and largest city of Argentina	three or four hundred|300から400|numeral|the numbers 300 to 400	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is often used for pulling heavy loads	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
Sixteen shillings sterling, we are told by Mr Byron, was the price of a good horse in the capital of Chili.	バイロン氏によれば、16シリングはチリの首都で良い馬の価格だったという。	sixteen|16|numeral|the number 16	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	sterling|スターリング|noun|the money used in the United Kingdom	Mr Byron|バイロン氏|noun|a British poet and peer	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America
In a country naturally fertile, but of which the far greater part is altogether uncultivated, cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc.	自然に肥沃だが、その大部分がまったく耕作されていない国では、牛、家禽、あらゆる種類の狩猟肉などが、耕作された土地のごく一部で生産される穀物よりもはるかに安い。	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|capable of producing many offspring or much fruit	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	uncultivated|耕作されていない|adjective|not cultivated	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, that are kept for their eggs or meat	game|狩猟肉|noun|wild animals that are hunted for food	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on	far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; much	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass	small|ごく一部|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops
as they can be acquired with a very small quantity of labour, so they will purchase or command but a very small quantity.	非常に少ない労働量で獲得できるので、非常に少ない量しか購入したり、命令したりできない。	as|なので|conjunction|because; since	can be acquired|獲得できる|verb|be able to get or obtain	very small quantity|非常に少ない量|noun|a very small amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	so|なので|conjunction|therefore; consequently	will purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	very small quantity|非常に少ない量|noun|a very small amount
The low money price for which they may be sold, is no proof that the real value of silver is there very high, but that the real value of those commodities is very low.	これらが売られる貨幣価格が低いことは、銀の真価がそこで非常に高いことの証拠ではなく、これらの商品の真価が非常に低いことの証拠である。	low|低い|adjective|not high	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement	real value|真価|noun|the true worth of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely

Labour, it must always be remembered, and not any particular commodity, or set of commodities, is the real measure of the value both of silver and of all other commodities.	銀と他のすべての商品の価値の真の尺度は、労働であり、特定の商品や商品群ではないことを常に思い出さなければならない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	remember|思い出す|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	set|群|noun|a collection of things that belong together or are thought of as a group	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee

But in countries almost waste, or but thinly inhabited, cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc.	しかし、ほとんど荒れ地や過疎地では、牛、家禽、あらゆる種類の狩猟肉などが、耕作された土地のごく一部で生産される穀物よりもはるかに安い。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	waste|荒れ地|noun|an area of land that has not been used or developed	thinly|過疎地|adverb|in a way that is not dense or crowded	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|birds such as chickens, ducks, and turkeys that are kept for their eggs or meat	game|狩猟肉|noun|wild animals that are hunted for food	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or cost	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	a small part|ごく一部|noun|a small portion or amount	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops
as they are the spontaneous productions of Nature, so she frequently produces them in much greater quantities than the consumption of the inhabitants requires.	これらは自然の自然発生的な産物なので、自然は住民の消費量よりもはるかに多くの量を生産することが多い。	spontaneous|自然発生的な|adjective|happening or done without any planning or without being forced	production|産物|noun|something that is produced	Nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
In such a state of things, the supply commonly exceeds the demand.	このような状況では、供給は通常需要を上回る。	state|状況|noun|the way things are	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
In different states of society, in different states of improvement, therefore, such commodities will represent, or be equivalent, to very different quantities of labour.	したがって、社会の異なる状態、改善の異なる状態では、そのような商品は非常に異なる量の労働を表す、またはそれに相当する。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol or expression of	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement

In every state of society, in every stage of improvement, corn is the production of human industry.	社会のあらゆる状態、改善のあらゆる段階において、穀物は人間の産業によって生産される。	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	stage|段階|noun|a period or phase in a process of change or development	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	human|人間|noun|a human being	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
But the average produce of every sort of industry is always suited, more or less exactly, to the average consumption;	しかし、あらゆる種類の産業の平均生産量は、常に多かれ少なかれ正確に平均消費量に適合している。	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	suited|適合している|verb|be appropriate or suitable for	consumption|消費量|noun|the amount of something that is used or consumed
the average supply to the average demand.	平均供給量は平均需要量に適合している。	average|平均|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available	demand|需要|noun|the desire to own something combined with the ability to pay for it
In every different stage of improvement, besides, the raising of equal quantities of corn in the same soil and climate, will, at an average, require nearly equal quantities of labour;	そのうえ、改善のあらゆる段階において、同じ土壌と気候で同量の穀物を生産するには、平均してほぼ同量の労働が必要になる。	in every different stage of|あらゆる段階において|preposition|at each different stage of	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	the raising of|生産|noun|the action of raising something	equal quantities of|同量の|adjective|the same in amount, value, or size	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	in the same soil and climate|同じ土壌と気候で|preposition|in the same soil and climate	will|必要になる|auxiliary verb|be going to; intend to	at an average|平均して|adverb|on average	nearly equal quantities of|ほぼ同量の|adjective|the same in amount, value, or size	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
or, what comes to the same thing, the price of nearly equal quantities;	あるいは、同じことだが、ほぼ同量の労働の価格が必要になる。	come to|必要になる|verb|be required or needed	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something, especially that can be measured
the continual increase of the productive powers of labour, in an improved state of cultivation, being more or less counterbalanced by the continual increasing price of cattle, the principal instruments of agriculture.	耕作の改善された状態での労働の生産力の継続的な増加は、農業の主要な道具である牛の価格の継続的な上昇によって多かれ少なかれ相殺される。	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improved|改善された|adjective|made or become better	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	counterbalance|相殺する|verb|have an equal but opposite effect to	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	increase|上昇|noun|the action of increasing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work
Upon all these accounts, therefore, we may rest assured, that equal quantities of corn will, in every state of society, in every stage of improvement, more nearly represent, or be equivalent to, equal quantities of labour, than equal quantities of any other part of the rude produce of land.	したがって、これらすべての説明から、社会のあらゆる段階、改善のあらゆる段階において、同量の穀物は、土地の未加工生産物の他の部分の同量よりも、同量の労働をより正確に表す、または同等であると確信できる。	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	rest assured|確信できる|verb|be certain or confident about something	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	every state|あらゆる段階|noun|all the stages	every stage|あらゆる段階|noun|all the stages	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	more nearly|より正確に|adverb|more accurately	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol or expression of	equivalent|同等|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	any other part|他の部分|noun|the remaining part	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
Corn, accordingly, it has already been observed, is, in all the different stages of wealth and improvement, a more accurate measure of value than any other commodity or set of commodities.	したがって、すでに述べたように、穀物は富と改善のあらゆる段階において、他のどの商品や商品群よりも正確な価値の尺度である。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	stage|段階|noun|a period or phase in a process	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	set|群|noun|a collection of things that belong together or are thought of as a group
In all those different stages, therefore, we can judge better of the real value of silver, by comparing it with corn, than by comparing it with any other commodity or set of commodities.	したがって、これらのさまざまな段階において、銀の実際の価値は、他のどの商品や商品群と比較するよりも、穀物と比較することでよりよく判断できる。	stage|段階|noun|a period or phase in a process	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

Corn, besides, or whatever else is the common and favourite vegetable food of the people, constitutes, in every civilized country, the principal part of the subsistence of the labourer.	そのうえ、穀物、あるいは人々の一般的で好まれる植物性食品が何であれ、あらゆる文明国において、労働者の生計の主要部分を構成している。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	favourite|好まれる|adjective|preferred before all others	vegetable|植物性|adjective|of or relating to plants	food|食品|noun|any substance that can be eaten	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	principal|主要|adjective|most important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
In consequence of the extension of agriculture, the land of every country produces a much greater quantity of vegetable than of animal food, and the labourer everywhere lives chiefly upon the wholesome food that is cheapest and most abundant.	農業の拡大の結果、どの国の土地も動物性食品よりもはるかに多くの植物性食品を生産しており、どこでも労働者は主に最も安価で豊富な健康食品で生活している。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant used as food	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	food|食品|noun|any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or in every part	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all; mainly	wholesome|健康的な|adjective|promoting or conducive to health or well-being	cheap|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
Butcher’s meat, except in the most thriving countries, or where labour is most highly rewarded, makes but an insignificant part of his subsistence;	最も繁栄している国、あるいは労働が最も高く評価されている国を除いて、肉屋の肉は彼の生計の取るに足らない部分を占めるにすぎない。	butcher's meat|肉屋の肉|noun|meat sold by a butcher	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	most thriving countries|最も繁栄している国|noun|the countries that are doing the best	where labour is most highly rewarded|労働が最も高く評価されている国|noun|the countries where workers are paid the most	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	insignificant part|取るに足らない部分|noun|a part that is not important	his subsistence|彼の生計|noun|the means by which he lives
poultry makes a still smaller part of it, and game no part of it.	家禽はさらに小さな部分を占め、狩猟肉はまったく占めていない。	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, raised for meat or eggs	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater degree or extent	smaller|小さな|adjective|of less than average size	part|部分|noun|a piece or portion of something	game|狩猟肉|noun|wild animals hunted for food	no|まったく|adverb|not at all; to no extent
In France, and even in Scotland, where labour is somewhat better rewarded than in France, the labouring poor seldom eat butcher’s meat, except upon holidays, and other extraordinary occasions.	フランスでは、またフランスよりも労働が多少高く評価されているスコットランドでさえ、労働する貧しい人々は休日やその他の特別な機会を除いて、肉屋の肉を食べることはめったにない。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in the United Kingdom	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	holiday|休日|noun|a day on which people do not work	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or is done
The money price of labour, therefore, depends much more upon the average money price of corn, the subsistence of the labourer, than upon that of butcher’s meat, or of any other part of the rude produce of land.	したがって、労働の貨幣価格は、肉屋の肉や土地の粗生産物の他の部分の価格よりも、労働者の生計である穀物の平均貨幣価格に大きく依存している。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	land|土地|noun|the surface of the earth that is not covered by water
The real value of gold and silver, therefore, the real quantity of labour which they can purchase or command, depends much more upon the quantity of corn which they can purchase or command, than upon that of butcher’s meat, or any other part of the rude produce of land.	したがって、金銀の真の価値、つまり金銀が購入または命令できる労働の真の量は、肉屋の肉や土地の粗生産物の他の部分よりも、金銀が購入または命令できる穀物の量に大きく依存している。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	labour|労働|noun|work	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water

Such slight observations, however, upon the prices either of corn or of other commodities, would not probably have misled so many intelligent authors, had they not been influenced at the same time by the popular notion, that as the quantity of silver naturally increases in every country with the increase of wealth, so its value diminishes as its quantity increases.	しかし、穀物や他の商品の価格に関するこのような軽率な観察は、もし彼らが同時に、富の増加に伴ってどの国でも銀の量が自然に増加し、その量が増加するにつれてその価値が減少するという一般的な考えに影響されていなければ、おそらくそれほど多くの賢い著者を誤解させることはなかっただろう。	slight|軽率な|adjective|small in degree; inconsiderable	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	mislead|誤解させる|verb|cause (someone) to have a wrong idea or impression about something	intelligent|賢い|adjective|having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	popular|一般的な|adjective|liked or enjoyed by many people	notion|考え|noun|a conception of or belief about something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
This notion, however, seems to be altogether groundless.	しかし、この考えは全く根拠がないように思われる。	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	groundless|根拠がない|adjective|without foundation or basis

The quantity of the precious metals may increase in any country from two different causes;	貴金属の量は、どの国でも二つの異なる原因で増加する可能性がある。	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
either, first, from the increased abundance of the mines which supply it;	第一に、それを供給する鉱山の豊富さが増加したことによるものである。	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with something
or, secondly, from the increased wealth of the people, from the increased produce of their annual labour.	第二に、人々の富の増加、つまり年間労働の生産物の増加によるものである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The first of these causes is no doubt necessarily connected with the diminution of the value of the precious metals;	これらの原因の第一は、間違いなく貴金属の価値の減少と必然的に結びついている。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	connect|結びつく|verb|to join or fasten together	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals that are resistant to corrosion and oxidation and are used chiefly as monetary standards, as ornaments, or in the manufacture of scientific instruments
but the second is not.	しかし、第二はそうではない。	second|第二|noun|the number 2 in a series

When more abundant mines are discovered, a greater quantity of the precious metals is brought to market;	より豊富な鉱山が発見されると、より多くの貴金属が市場に出回る。	abundant|豊富な|adjective|more than enough; plentiful	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum	bring to market|市場に出す|verb|make available for purchase
and the quantity of the necessaries and conveniencies of life for which they must be exchanged being the same as before, equal quantities of the metals must be exchanged for smaller quantities of commodities.	そして、それらと交換されるべき生活必需品や便利品の量は以前と同じなので、同量の金属はより少ない量の商品と交換されることになる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	equal|同量|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
So far, therefore, as the increase of the quantity of the precious metals in any country arises from the increased abundance of the mines, it is necessarily connected with some diminution of their value.	したがって、どの国においても貴金属の量の増加が鉱山の豊富さの増加から生じる限り、それは必然的にその価値の減少と結びついている。	so far|したがって|adverb|to the extent mentioned	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum-group metals	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

When, on the contrary, the wealth of any country increases, when the annual produce of its labour becomes gradually greater and greater, a greater quantity of coin becomes necessary in order to circulate a greater quantity of commodities: and the people, as they can afford it, as they have more commodities to give for it, will naturally purchase a greater and a greater quantity of plate.	逆に、ある国の富が増加し、その労働の年間生産量が次第に大きくなると、より多くの商品を流通させるために、より多くの貨幣が必要になる。そして人々は、それを買う余裕があり、それに対して与える商品をより多く持っているため、当然のことながら、より多くの銀器を購入するようになる。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly and steadily	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	afford|買う余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	plate|銀器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten
The quantity of their coin will increase from necessity;	彼らの貨幣の量は必然的に増加する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	necessity|必然的に|noun|the quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or inevitable
the quantity of their plate from vanity and ostentation, or from the same reason that the quantity of fine statues, pictures, and of every other luxury and curiosity, is likely to increase among them.	彼らの銀器の量は、虚栄心や虚飾から、あるいは、立派な彫像、絵画、その他あらゆる贅沢品や珍品の量が増加する可能性が高いのと同じ理由から増加する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	plate|銀器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of silver, on which food is served	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	ostentation|虚飾|noun|pretentious and vulgar display	fine|立派な|adjective|of high quality	statue|彫像|noun|a three-dimensional work of art representing a human, deity, or animal	picture|絵画|noun|a painting, drawing, or photograph	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain	curiosity|珍品|noun|a strange or unusual object or fact
But as statuaries and painters are not likely to be worse rewarded in times of wealth and prosperity, than in times of poverty and depression, so gold and silver are not likely to be worse paid for.	しかし、彫刻家や画家が富と繁栄の時代に貧困と不況の時代よりも報酬が悪くなることは考えにくいので、金や銀の支払いが悪くなることも考えにくい。	statuary|彫刻家|noun|a person who makes statues	painter|画家|noun|a person who paints	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	depression|不況|noun|a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal

The price of gold and silver, when the accidental discovery of more abundant mines does not keep it down, as it naturally rises with the wealth of every country, so, whatever be the state of the mines, it is at all times naturally higher in a rich than in a poor country.	金や銀の価格は、より豊富な鉱山が偶然発見されても下がらない限り、どの国の富も自然に上昇するので、鉱山の状態がどうであれ、貧しい国よりも豊かな国の方が常に自然に高くなる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	accidental|偶然の|adjective|happening by chance	discovery|発見|noun|the finding of something new	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	keep down|下げる|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	at all times|常に|adverb|on all occasions; always	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
Gold and silver, like all other commodities, naturally seek the market where the best price is given for them, and the best price is commonly given for every thing in the country which can best afford it.	金や銀は、他のすべての商品と同様に、当然のことながら、最も良い価格が提示される市場を求め、最も良い価格は、通常、最もそれを買う余裕のある国ですべてのものに提示される。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	like|同様に|preposition|similar to	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	best|最も良い|adjective|of the most excellent or desirable type or quality	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	given|提示される|verb|present or award	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	afford|買う余裕のある|verb|have enough money to pay for
Labour, it must be remembered, is the ultimate price which is paid for every thing;	労働は、すべてのものに支払われる最終的な価格であることを忘れてはならない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be remembered|忘れてはならない|verb|be kept in the memory	ultimate|最終的な|adjective|last; final	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
and in countries where labour is equally well rewarded, the money price of labour will be in proportion to that of the subsistence of the labourer.	そして、労働が平等に報われる国では、労働の貨幣価格は労働者の生存に必要な価格に比例する。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	reward|報われる|verb|give a prize or other mark of recognition to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner
But gold and silver will naturally exchange for a greater quantity of subsistence in a rich than in a poor country;	しかし、金や銀は、貧しい国よりも豊かな国で、より多くの生存手段と交換される。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	subsistence|生存手段|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to keep a person alive	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets
in a country which abounds with subsistence, than in one which is but indifferently supplied with it.	生存手段が豊富な国では、生存手段があまり供給されていない国よりも、金や銀はより多くの生存手段と交換される。	abound|豊富である|verb|be plentiful	subsistence|生存手段|noun|the means of supporting life	indifferently|あまり|adverb|to a moderate degree	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with something
If the two countries are at a great distance, the difference may be very great;	二つの国が遠く離れている場合、その差は非常に大きくなる可能性がある。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	great distance|遠く離れている|noun|a long way	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	very great|非常に大きくなる|adjective|extremely large or important
because, though the metals naturally fly from the worse to the better market, yet it may be difficult to transport them in such quantities as to bring their price nearly to a level in both.	なぜなら、金属は当然、悪い市場から良い市場へと移動するが、両方の市場で価格がほぼ同じになるほどの量を輸送するのは難しいかもしれないからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	fly|移動する|verb|move or travel through the air with wings	worse|悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or lower standard	better|良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	yet|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; still; but	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	level|同じ|adjective|having a flat and even surface without slopes or bumps
If the countries are near, the difference will be smaller, and may sometimes be scarce perceptible;	国が近ければ、その差は小さくなり、時にはほとんど知覚できないほどになるかもしれない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	near|近い|adjective|not far away	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	perceptible|知覚できる|adjective|able to be perceived or noticed
because in this case the transportation will be easy.	なぜなら、この場合、輸送が容易になるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	in this case|この場合|noun|in the situation that is being discussed	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	be easy|容易になる|verb|not difficult; requiring little effort
China is a much richer country than any part of Europe, and the difference between the price of subsistence in China and in Europe is very great.	中国はヨーロッパのどの地域よりもはるかに豊かな国であり、中国とヨーロッパの生活必需品の価格差は非常に大きい。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	richer|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to sustain life	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average
Rice in China is much cheaper than wheat is any where in Europe.	中国の米はヨーロッパの小麦よりもはるかに安い。	rice|米|noun|a type of grass (Oryza sativa) that is widely cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible grain	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or cost	wheat|小麦|noun|a type of grass (Triticum aestivum) that is widely cultivated for its seed, which is a staple food	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
England is a much richer country than Scotland, but the difference between the money price of corn in those two countries is much smaller, and is but just perceptible.	イングランドはスコットランドよりもはるかに豊かな国だが、この二つの国における穀物の貨幣価格の差ははるかに小さく、ほとんど知覚できないほどである。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	richer|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	smaller|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	just|ほとんど|adverb|very recently; in the immediate past	perceptible|知覚できる|adjective|capable of being perceived
In proportion to the quantity or measure, Scotch corn generally appears to be a good deal cheaper than English; but, in proportion to its quality, it is certainly somewhat dearer.	量や尺度に比例して、スコットランドの穀物は一般にイギリスの穀物よりもかなり安いように見えるが、品質に比例して、確かにやや高価である。	in proportion to|比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or system of measurement	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people	in proportion to|比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent; slightly	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money
Scotland receives almost every year very large supplies from England, and every commodity must commonly be somewhat dearer in the country to which it is brought than in that from which it comes.	スコットランドはほぼ毎年、イングランドから非常に大量の供給を受けており、あらゆる商品は、それが運び込まれた国では、それが生産された国よりも通常は多少高価になる。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	almost every year|ほぼ毎年|adverb|for the most part	very large|非常に大量の|adjective|of great size or extent	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	every commodity|あらゆる商品|noun|all goods	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
English corn, therefore, must be dearer in Scotland than in England; and yet in proportion to its quality, or to the quantity and goodness of the flour or meal which can be made from it, it cannot commonly be sold higher there than the Scotch corn which comes to market in competition with it.	したがって、イギリスの穀物はスコットランドではイングランドよりも高価になるはずだが、それでもその品質、あるいはそこから作られる小麦粉や食事の量や品質に比例して、市場で競合するスコットランドの穀物よりも高く売ることはできない。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	goodness|品質|noun|the state or quality of being good	flour|小麦粉|noun|a powder obtained by grinding grain, especially wheat, and used to make bread, cakes, and pastry	meal|食事|noun|an occasion when food is eaten, especially the main one of the day	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; generally	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people or language	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold

The difference between the money price of labour in China and in Europe, is still greater than that between the money price of subsistence;	中国とヨーロッパの労働の貨幣価格の差は、生存の貨幣価格の差よりもさらに大きい。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence
because the real recompence of labour is higher in Europe than in China, the greater part of Europe being in an improving state, while China seems to be standing still.	なぜなら、労働の真の報酬は中国よりもヨーロッパの方が高く、ヨーロッパの大部分は改善している状態であるのに対し、中国は停滞しているように見える。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	improving|改善している|adjective|getting better	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	while|一方で|conjunction|during the time that	seem|見える|verb|give the impression of being	stand still|停滞している|verb|not move or change
The money price of labour is lower in Scotland than in England, because the real recompence of labour is much lower: Scotland, though advancing to greater wealth, advances much more slowly than England.	労働の貨幣価格はスコットランドではイングランドよりも低いが、それは労働の真の報酬がはるかに低いからである。スコットランドはより大きな富に向かって前進しているが、イングランドよりもはるかにゆっくりと前進している。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	lower|低い|adjective|not as high as something else	real recompence|真の報酬|noun|the actual reward or benefit received for something	much lower|はるかに低い|adjective|much less than something else	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	greater wealth|より大きな富|noun|a larger amount of money or assets	advance|前進する|verb|move forward	much more slowly|はるかにゆっくりと|adverb|at a much slower speed	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
The frequency of emigration from Scotland, and the rarity of it from England, sufficiently prove that the demand for labour is very different in the two countries.	スコットランドからの移民の多さとイングランドからの移民の少なさは、両国で労働需要が大きく異なることを十分に証明している。	frequency|多さ|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	emigration|移民|noun|the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	rarity|少なさ|noun|the state or quality of being uncommon or unusual	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	prove|証明する|verb|to demonstrate the truth or existence of by evidence or argument	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The proportion between the real recompence of labour in different countries, it must be remembered, is naturally regulated, not by their actual wealth or poverty, but by their advancing, stationary, or declining condition.	覚えておかなければならないのは、異なる国々の労働の真の報酬の比率は、実際の富や貧困によってではなく、進歩、停滞、衰退の状況によって自然に調整されるということである。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	different countries|異なる国々|noun|countries that are not the same	real recompence|真の報酬|noun|the actual reward or punishment that someone gets for something	remember|覚えておく|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of something that has been learned and retained	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	actual wealth|実際の富|noun|the amount of money or other valuable assets that a person or organization has	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	advancing|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	declining|衰退|adjective|becoming smaller, fewer, or less

Gold and silver, as they are naturally of the greatest value among the richest, so they are naturally of the least value among the poorest nations.	金と銀は、最も豊かな国では当然最も価値が高いのと同じように、最も貧しい国では当然最も価値が低い。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected; of course	greatest|最も高い|adjective|of the highest quality	richest|最も豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	least|最も低い|adjective|smallest in amount or extent	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or assets
Among savages, the poorest of all nations, they are scarce of any value.	すべての国の中で最も貧しい野蛮人の間では、金と銀はほとんど価値がない。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

In great towns, corn is always dearer than in remote parts of the country.	大都市では、穀物は常に国の辺境部よりも高価である。	great town|大都市|noun|a large town	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	dearer|より高価な|adjective|more expensive	remote part|辺境部|noun|a part that is far away
This, however, is the effect, not of the real cheapness of silver, but of the real dearness of corn.	しかし、これは銀が本当に安くなったのではなく、穀物が本当に高くなった結果である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	real|本当の|adjective|true; genuine	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	real|本当の|adjective|true; genuine	dearness|高さ|noun|the quality of being high in price	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
It does not cost less labour to bring silver to the great town than to the remote parts of the country;	銀を大都市に運ぶのにかかる労働量は、国の辺境部に運ぶのにかかる労働量よりも少ないわけではない。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	labour|労働量|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	great town|大都市|noun|a large human settlement	remote part|辺境部|noun|a part that is far away from the main part
but it costs a great deal more to bring corn.	しかし、穀物を運ぶのにかかる労働量ははるかに多い。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	a great deal|はるかに|adverb|a lot; much	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place

In some very rich and commercial countries, such as Holland and the territory of Genoa, corn is dear for the same reason that it is dear in great towns.	オランダやジェノヴァの領土など、非常に豊かで商業的な国々では、大都市で穀物が高価なのと同じ理由で穀物が高価である。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a city in northern Italy	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement
They do not produce enough to maintain their inhabitants.	彼らは住民を維持するのに十分な生産をしていない。	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
They are rich in the industry and skill of their artificers and manufacturers, in every sort of machinery which can facilitate and abridge labour;	彼らは、労働を容易にし、短縮できるあらゆる種類の機械において、職人や製造業者の勤勉さと技能に富んでいる。	be rich in|富んでいる|verb|have a lot of	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
in shipping, and in all the other instruments and means of carriage and commerce:	海運業や、その他あらゆる運送や商業の道具や手段においても豊かである。	shipping|海運業|noun|the commercial transport of goods by sea	carriage|運送|noun|the action of transporting people or goods	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
but they are poor in corn, which, as it must be brought to them from distant countries, must, by an addition to its price, pay for the carriage from those countries.	しかし、彼らは穀物に乏しく、遠い国から運んでこなければならないので、その価格に上乗せして、それらの国からの運賃を支払わなければならない。	poor|乏しい|adjective|lacking in something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	carriage|運賃|noun|the cost of transporting something
It does not cost less labour to bring silver to Amsterdam than to Dantzic; but it costs a great deal more to bring corn.	銀をダンツィヒに運ぶよりもアムステルダムに運ぶ方が労働力が少ないわけではないが、穀物を運ぶにははるかに多くの労働力が必要である。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	Dantzic|ダンツィヒ|noun|a city in northern Poland	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	a great deal|はるかに|adverb|a lot; much
The real cost of silver must be nearly the same in both places;	銀の実際の費用は、どちらの場所でもほぼ同じでなければならない。	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	cost|費用|noun|the price paid for something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	must|～でなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost; not quite	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
but that of corn must be very different.	しかし、穀物の実際の費用は大きく異なるはずである。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	be different|異なる|verb|be unlike or dissimilar
Diminish the real opulence either of Holland or of the territory of Genoa, while the number of their inhabitants remains the same;	オランダやジェノヴァの領土の実際の豊かさを減らす一方で、住民の数は同じままである。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a city in northern Italy	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone
diminish their power of supplying themselves from distant countries;	遠い国から自国に供給する力を減らす。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and the price of corn, instead of sinking with that diminution in the quantity of their silver, which must necessarily accompany this declension, either as its cause or as its effect, will rise to the price of a famine.	そして、穀物の価格は、その原因または結果として必然的にこの衰退に伴う銀の量の減少に伴って下落するのではなく、飢饉の価格まで上昇するだろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	accompany|伴う|verb|go with or be associated with	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or power	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	famine|飢饉|noun|extreme scarcity of food
When we are in want of necessaries, we must part with all superfluities, of which the value, as it rises in times of opulence and prosperity, so it sinks in times of poverty and distress.	必需品が不足しているときには、すべての余計なものを手放さなければならないが、その価値は豊かで繁栄しているときには上昇し、貧困で困窮しているときには下落する。	be in want of|不足している|verb|to lack or be short of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	part with|手放す|verb|to give up or let go of something	superfluity|余計なもの|noun|something that is more than is needed or wanted	value|価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods	rise|上昇する|verb|to go up	opulence|豊か|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being successful or thriving	sink|下落する|verb|to go down	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being poor	distress|困窮|noun|a state of extreme difficulty or trouble
It is otherwise with necessaries.	必需品はそうではない。	be otherwise|そうではない|verb|be different	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential
Their real price, the quantity of labour which they can purchase or command, rises in times of poverty and distress, and sinks in times of opulence and prosperity, which are always times of great abundance;	その実質価格、つまりそれらが購入または命令できる労働量は、貧困と困窮の時代には上昇し、豊かで繁栄している時代には低下するが、豊かで繁栄している時代は常に物資が豊富な時代である。	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of the amount of another good or service that it can buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	distress|困窮|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	rise|上昇|verb|go up	opulence|豊か|noun|the state of being extremely rich	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	sink|低下|verb|go down	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something
for they could not otherwise be times of opulence and prosperity.	そうでなければ豊かで繁栄している時代とは言えない。	for|そうでなければ|conjunction|because	time|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and things change	opulence|豊か|noun|the state of being extremely rich	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous
Corn is a necessary, silver is only a superfluity.	穀物は必需品であり、銀は余計なものにすぎない。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	superfluity|余計なもの|noun|something that is more than is needed or wanted

Whatever, therefore, may have been the increase in the quantity of the precious metals, which, during the period between the middle of the fourteenth and that of the sixteenth century, arose from the increase of wealth and improvement, it could have no tendency to diminish their value, either in Great Britain, or in my other part of Europe.	したがって、14世紀半ばから16世紀半ばまでの期間に富と改良の増加によって生じた貴金属の量の増加がどのようなものであれ、イギリスでもヨーロッパの他の地域でも、その価値を低下させる傾向はあり得なかった。	Whatever|どのようなものであれ|pronoun|no matter what	may have been|あったかもしれない|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	during|の間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	between|の間|preposition|in the interval separating	middle|中頃|noun|the part of something that is equally distant from all of its sides, ends, or surfaces	fourteenth|14番目|adjective|coming after thirteen and before fifteen	sixteenth|16番目|adjective|coming after fifteen and before seventeen	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	could have|あり得た|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	diminish|低下させる|verb|make or become less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	or|または|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	my other part|他の地域|noun|the remaining part of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
If those who have collected the prices of things in ancient times, therefore, had, during this period, no reason to infer the diminution of the value of silver from any observations which they had made upon the prices either of corn, or of other commodities, they had still less reason to infer it from any supposed increase of wealth and improvement.	したがって、古代の物価を集めた人々が、この時期に穀物やその他の商品の価格について行った観察から銀の価値の減少を推測する理由がなかったとすれば、富や改良の増加からそれを推測する理由はさらに少なかった。	collect|集める|verb|gather together	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	infer|推測する|verb|deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved

Second Period.—But how various soever may have been the opinions of the learned concerning the progress of the value of silver during the first period, they are unanimous concerning it during the second.	第二期第一期の銀の価値の推移については学者の意見がどれほど多様であれ、第二期については全員一致している。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	period|期|noun|a length or portion of time	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	progress|推移|noun|the process of improving or developing	learned|学者|noun|a person who has a lot of knowledge	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	various|多様|adjective|different from one another; of different kinds or sorts	unanimous|全員一致|adjective|fully in agreement	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position

From about 1570 to about 1640, during a period of about seventy years, the variation in the proportion between the value of silver and that of corn held a quite opposite course.	1570年頃から1640年頃までの約70年間、銀と穀物の価値の比率の変動は全く逆の道をたどった。	from about 1570 to about 1640|1570年頃から1640年頃まで|noun phrase|a period of time	during a period of about seventy years|約70年間|noun phrase|a period of time	the variation in the proportion between the value of silver and that of corn|銀と穀物の価値の比率の変動|noun phrase|the change in the ratio of the value of silver to that of corn	held a quite opposite course|全く逆の道をたどった|verb phrase|went in the opposite direction
Silver sunk in its real value, or would exchange for a smaller quantity of labour than before;	銀は実質価値が下落し、以前よりも少ない労働量と交換されるようになった。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	sink|下落する|verb|go down	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	exchange|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	smaller quantity|少ない量|noun|a smaller amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and corn rose in its nominal price, and, instead of being commonly sold for about two ounces of silver the quarter, or about ten shillings of our present money, came to be sold for six and eight ounces of silver the quarter, or about thirty and forty shillings of our present money.	穀物は名目価格が上昇し、通常は四半期に約2オンスの銀、つまり現在の貨幣で約10シリングで売られる代わりに、四半期に6オンスから8オンスの銀、つまり現在の貨幣で約30シリングから40シリングで売られるようになった。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	about|約|preposition|approximately	two ounces|2オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	about ten shillings|約10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|money that is in use now	six and eight ounces|6オンスから8オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	about thirty and forty shillings|約30シリングから40シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound

The discovery of the abundant mines of America seems to have been the sole cause of this diminution in the value of silver, in proportion to that of corn.	アメリカの豊富な鉱山の発見が、穀物に対する銀の価値の低下の唯一の原因であったように思われる。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	abundant|豊富な|adjective|more than enough	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	diminution|低下|noun|a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
It is accounted for, accordingly, in the same manner by every body;	したがって、それは誰もが同じように説明している。	account for|説明する|verb|give an explanation for	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	every body|誰もが|noun|every person
and there never has been any dispute, either about the fact, or about the cause of it.	そして、その事実についても、その原因についても、これまで論争になったことは一度もない。	there never has been|これまで一度もない|verb|has never happened	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect
The greater part of Europe was, during this period, advancing in industry and improvement, and the demand for silver must consequently have been increasing;	この時期、ヨーロッパの大部分は産業と改良が進んでおり、その結果、銀の需要は増加していたに違いない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	during this period|この時期|noun|at this time	advance|進む|verb|move forward	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
but the increase of the supply had, it seems, so far exceeded that of the demand, that the value of that metal sunk considerably.	しかし、供給の増加は、需要の増加をはるかに上回っていたようで、その金属の価値はかなり下落した。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a good or service that is available	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a good or service	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of something
The discovery of the mines of America, it is to be observed, does not seem to have had any very sensible effect upon the prices of things in England till after 1570; though even the mines of Potosi had been discovered more than twenty years before.	注目すべきは、アメリカの鉱山の発見は、ポトシの鉱山でさえ20年以上前に発見されていたにもかかわらず、1570年以降までイギリスの物価にあまり影響を与えなかったように思われることだ。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	observe|注目する|verb|notice or perceive	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	have any very sensible effect|あまり影響を与えなかった|verb phrase|have a significant effect	price|物価|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space mentioned)	after|以降|preposition|later or following (the time or event mentioned)	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	even|でさえ|adverb|also; as well	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	have been discovered|発見されていた|verb phrase|be found	more than|以上|preposition|over; above; in excess of	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days

From 1595 to 1620, both inclusive, the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, from the accounts of Eton college, to have been £ 2:1:6 9/13.	1595年から1620年まで、両方を含めて、ウィンザー市場で最高の小麦9ブッシェルの4分の1の平均価格は、イートン校の計算によると、2ポンド1シリング6ペンス9/13だったようだ。	1595|1595年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1620|1620年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	inclusive|含めて|adjective|including everything or everyone	the quarter of nine bushels|9ブッシェルの4分の1|noun|a unit of volume equal to eight dry gallons	the best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the most excellent wheat	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor	Eton college|イートン校|noun|a public school in Eton, Berkshire, England	2:1:6 9/13|2ポンド1シリング6ペンス9/13|noun|a sum of money
From which sum, neglecting the fraction, and deducting a ninth, or 4s. 7 1/3d., the price of the quarter of eight bushels comes out to have been £ 1:16:10 2/3.	この合計から、端数を無視して9分の1、つまり4シリング7 1/3ペンスを差し引くと、8ブッシェルの4分の1の価格は1ポンド16シリング10 2/3ペンスになる。	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	fraction|端数|noun|a number that is not a whole number	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	ninth|9分の1|noun|one of nine equal parts	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	eight|8|noun|the number 8	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	come out|なる|verb|become known or apparent	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	penny|ペンス|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom
And from this sum, neglecting likewise the fraction, and deducting a ninth, or 4s. 1 1/9d., for the difference between the price of the best wheat and that of the middle wheat, the price of the middle wheat comes out to have been about £ 1:12:8 8/9, or about six ounces and one-third of an ounce of silver.	そして、この合計から、同様に端数を無視して9分の1、つまり4シリング1 1/9ペンスを差し引くと、最高の小麦の価格と中間の小麦の価格の差は、中間の小麦の価格は約1ポンド12シリング8 8/9ペンス、つまり約6オンスと3分の1オンスの銀だったことになる。	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	fraction|端数|noun|a number that is not a whole number	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	ninth|9分の1|noun|one of nine equal parts	best|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality	middle|中間の|adjective|in the middle	come out|なる|verb|become known	about|約|preposition|approximately	six|6|noun|the number 6	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	one-third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts

From 1621 to 1636, both inclusive, the average price of the same measure of the best wheat, at the same market, appears, from the same accounts, to have been £ 2:10s.;	1621年から1636年まで、両方を含めて、同じ市場で最高の小麦の同じ量の平均価格は、同じ計算によると、2ポンド10シリングだったようだ。	1621|1621年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1636|1636年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	inclusive|含む|adjective|including everything	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	same measure|同じ量|noun|the same amount	best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the best quality wheat	same market|同じ市場|noun|the same place where goods and services are bought and sold	same accounts|同じ計算|noun|the same calculations	£ 2:10s.|2ポンド10シリング|noun|two pounds and ten shillings
from which, making the like deductions as in the foregoing case, the average price of the quarter of eight bushels of middle wheat comes out to have been £ 1:19:6, or about seven ounces and two-thirds of an ounce of silver.	そこから、前述の場合と同様の控除を行うと、中間の小麦8ブッシェルの4分の1の平均価格は1ポンド19シリング6ペンス、つまり約7オンスと3分の2オンスの銀だったことになる。	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	deduction|控除|noun|a reduction in the amount of money that you have to pay	foregoing|前述の|adjective|previously mentioned	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	middle|中間の|adjective|being at the center of something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its seed	come out|なる|verb|become known or apparent	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペンス|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	about|約|preposition|approximately	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	two-thirds|3分の2|noun|two parts out of three	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal

Third Period.—Between 1630 and 1640, or about 1636, the effect of the discovery of the mines of America, in reducing the value of silver, appears to have been completed, and the value of that metal seems never to have sunk lower in proportion to that of corn than it was about that time.	第三期1630年から1640年の間、つまり1636年頃、銀の価値を下げるというアメリカの鉱山発見の効果は完了したように見え、その金属の価値は、穀物の価値に比べて、その頃よりも低下したことは一度もなかったようだ。	Third Period|第三期|noun|the third period of time	1630|1630年|noun|the year 1630	1640|1640年|noun|the year 1640	1636|1636年|noun|the year 1636	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant that produces large seeds, or the seeds themselves	time|頃|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes
It seems to have risen somewhat in the course of the present century, and it had probably begun to do so, even some time before the end of the last.	今世紀の間に多少上昇したように思われ、おそらく前世紀の終わりより前に上昇し始めていたのだろう。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	last|前|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final

From 1637 to 1700, both inclusive, being the sixty-four last years of the last century the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, from the same accounts, to have been £ 2:11:0 1/3, which is only 1s. 0 1/3d. dearer than it had been during the sixteen years before.	1637年から1700年まで、両方を含めて、前世紀の最後の64年間、ウィンザー市場で最高の小麦9ブッシェルの4分の1の平均価格は、同じ計算によると、2ポンド11シリング0ペンス1/3だったようだが、これは16年前の価格よりもわずか1シリング0ペンス1/3高いだけである。	1637|1637年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1700|1700年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	inclusive|含めて|adjective|including everything or everyone	sixty-four|64|noun|the natural number following sixty-three and preceding sixty-five	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	average price|平均価格|noun|the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	nine bushels|9ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume equal to eight gallons	best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the wheat of the highest quality	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor, England	appears|ようだ|verb|seem	same accounts|同じ計算|noun|the same calculations	£ 2:11:0 1/3|2ポンド11シリング0ペンス1/3|noun|two pounds, eleven shillings, and one third of a penny	only 1s. 0 1/3d.|わずか1シリング0ペンス1/3|noun|only one shilling and one third of a penny	dearer|高い|adjective|more expensive	sixteen years|16年前|noun|a period of sixteen years
But, in the course of these sixty-four years, there happened two events, which must have produced a much greater scarcity of corn than what the course of the seasons would otherwise have occasioned, and which, therefore, without supposing any further reduction in the value of silver, will much more than account for this very small enhancement of price.	しかし、この64年間に2つの出来事が起こり、季節の移り変わりがなければ起こらなかったであろうよりもはるかに大きな穀物不足を引き起こしたに違いなく、したがって、銀の価値がこれ以上下がることはないと仮定すれば、このごくわずかな価格上昇を説明する以上のものになる。	sixty-four years|64年間|noun|a period of time	two events|2つの出来事|noun|two things that happened	much greater scarcity|はるかに大きな不足|noun|a much larger lack of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	seasons|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	further reduction|これ以上の下落|noun|a decrease in amount or value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	much more than|以上のもの|noun|a larger amount than	account for|説明する|verb|give a reason for	very small enhancement|ごくわずかな上昇|noun|a very small increase

The first of these events was the civil war, which, by discouraging tillage and interrupting commerce, must have raised the price of corn much above what the course of the seasons would otherwise have occasioned.	これらの出来事の最初のものは内戦であり、耕作を妨げ、商業を妨害することで、季節の移り変わりがなければ起こらなかったであろうよりもはるかに高い穀物価格を引き上げたことに違いない。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between citizens of the same country	discourage|妨げる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	interrupt|妨害する|verb|to stop or hinder by breaking in upon	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	occasion|起こる|verb|cause or produce
It must have had this effect, more or less, at all the different markets in the kingdom, but particularly at those in the neighbourhood of London, which require to be supplied from the greatest distance.	王国のあらゆる市場で多かれ少なかれこの効果があったに違いないが、特にロンドン近郊の市場では、最も遠くから供給される必要がある。	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available
In 1648, accordingly, the price of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, from the same accounts, to have been £ 4:5s., and, in 1649, to have been £ 4, the quarter of nine bushels.	1648年には、それに応じて、ウィンザー市場で最高の小麦の価格は、同じ計算によると、4ポンド5シリングだったようであり、1649年には、9ブッシェルの4分の1が4ポンドだったようである。	1648|1648年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	best|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor, England	appear|思われる|verb|seem	same|同じ|adjective|not different	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	1649|1649年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	nine|9|noun|a number, nine	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume used in the United States and Canada	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts
The excess of those two years above £ 2:10s. (the average price of the sixteen years preceding 1637) is £ 3:5s., which, divided among the sixty four last years of the last century, will alone very nearly account for that small enhancement of price which seems to have taken place in them.	この2年間の2ポンド10シリング(1637年までの16年間の平均価格)を超える超過分は3ポンド5シリングであり、これを前世紀の最後の64年間で割ると、それだけで、その間に起こったと思われるわずかな価格上昇をほぼ説明できる。	two years|2年間|noun|a period of time equal to 24 months	above|超える|preposition|higher than	sixteen years|16年間|noun|a period of time equal to 192 months	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	sixty four years|64年間|noun|a period of time equal to 768 months	take place|起こる|verb|happen
These, however, though the highest, are by no means the only high prices which seem to have been occasioned by the civil wars.	しかし、これらは最高値ではあるが、内戦によって引き起こされたと思われる唯一の高値では決してない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	highest|最高値|adjective|of the greatest value or importance	by no means|決してない|adverb|not at all; in no way	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than normal	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between citizens of the same country

The second event was the bounty upon the exportation of corn, granted in 1688.	第二の出来事は、1688年に認められた穀物の輸出に対する報奨金である。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something to someone
The bounty, it has been thought by many people, by encouraging tillage, may, in a long course of years, have occasioned a greater abundance, and, consequently, a greater cheapness of corn in the home market, than what would otherwise have taken place there.	報奨金は、多くの人が考えているように、耕作を奨励することで、長い年月をかけて、国内市場で穀物がより豊富になり、その結果、そうでなければ起こったであろうよりも、より安価になったかもしれない。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	many people|多くの人|noun|a large number of people	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	long course of years|長い年月|noun|a long period of time	greater abundance|より豊富|noun|a larger amount of something	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	greater cheapness|より安価|noun|a lower price	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have taken place|起こったであろう|verb|have happened
How far the bounty could produce this effect at any time I shall examine hereafter: I shall only observe at present, that between 1688 and 1700, it had not time to produce any such effect.	報奨金がいつでもこの効果を生み出せるかどうかは、後で調べることにするが、ここでは1688年から1700年の間には、そのような効果を生み出す時間がなかったことだけを述べておく。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	hereafter|後で|adverb|in the future	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	at present|ここでは|adverb|now; at this time	between|間に|preposition|in the interval separating two points in time or space	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
During this short period, its only effect must have been, by encouraging the exportation of the surplus produce of every year, and thereby hindering the abundance of one year from compensating the scarcity of another, to raise the price in the home market.	この短い期間に、その唯一の効果は、毎年の余剰生産物の輸出を奨励し、それによってある年の豊作が別の年の不作を補うことを妨げ、国内市場の価格を上昇させることだったに違いない。	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be|である|auxiliary verb|be	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	abundance|豊作|noun|a very large quantity of something	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something	raise|上昇させる|verb|move something to a higher position
The scarcity which prevailed in England, from 1693 to 1699, both inclusive, though no doubt principally owing to the badness of the seasons, and, therefore, extending through a considerable part of Europe, must have been somewhat enhanced by the bounty.	1693年から1699年までイングランドで蔓延した飢饉は、主に季節の悪さによるものであり、そのためヨーロッパのかなりの部分に広がっていたが、報奨金によって多少は悪化したに違いない。	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a lack of something	prevail|蔓延する|verb|be widespread or current	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	1693|1693年|noun|a year	1699|1699年|noun|a year	inclusive|含む|adjective|including the stated limits	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part	owing to|による|preposition|because of	badness|悪さ|noun|the quality of being bad	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent	enhance|悪化する|verb|intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of
In 1699, accordingly, the further exportation of corn was prohibited for nine months.	それに応じて、1699年には穀物の輸出が9ヶ月間禁止された。	1699|1699年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate or suitable	further|それ以上の|adjective|more or additional	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food	nine months|9ヶ月|noun|a period of time lasting nine months

There was a third event which occurred in the course of the same period, and which, though it could not occasion any scarcity of corn, nor, perhaps, any augmentation in the real quantity of silver which was usually paid for it, must necessarily have occasioned some augmentation in the nominal sum.	同じ時期に起こった第三の出来事があり、それは穀物の不足を招くことも、おそらく通常支払われる銀の実際の量を増加させることもなかったが、必然的に名目上の金額を増加させたに違いない。	third|第三の|adjective|coming after second	occur|起こる|verb|happen	same|同じ|adjective|being the same	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	augmentation|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing	real|実際の|adjective|existing or occurring as fact or reality	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; normally	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|増加させる|verb|cause or produce	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
This event was the great debasement of the silver coin, by clipping and wearing.	この出来事は、銀貨の切り取りや摩耗による大きな品位低下だった。	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	debasement|品位低下|noun|a reduction in quality or value	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	clipping|切り取り|noun|the action of cutting something off	wearing|摩耗|noun|the action of wearing something
This evil had begun in the reign of Charles II. and had gone on continually increasing till 1695; at which time, as we may learn from Mr Lowndes, the current silver coin was, at an average, near five-and-twenty per cent.	この悪弊はチャールズ二世の治世に始まり、1695年まで絶えず増加し続けていた。その頃、ローンデス氏からわかるように、流通している銀貨は平均して25パーセント近くも軽かった。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	go on|続く|verb|continue	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space mentioned)	1695|1695年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	at which time|その頃|adverb|at that time	learn|わかる|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	Mr Lowndes|ローンデス氏|noun|a person	current|流通している|adjective|belonging to the present time	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	near|近く|preposition|close to; not far from	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of one hundredth of a dollar
below its standard value.	標準価値を下回っていた。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|標準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
But the nominal sum which constitutes the market price of every commodity is necessarily regulated, not so much by the quantity of silver, which, according to the standard, ought to be contained in it, as by that which, it is found by experience, actually is contained in it.	しかし、あらゆる商品の市場価格を構成する名目上の金額は、標準に従って含むべき銀の量によってではなく、経験上実際に含む量によって必然的に調整される。	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so in name only	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	standard|標準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	ought to|含むべき|auxiliary verb|should	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really
This nominal sum, therefore, is necessarily higher when the coin is much debased by clipping and wearing, than when near to its standard value.	したがって、この名目上の金額は、貨幣が切り取りや摩耗によって大きく品位低下しているときには、標準価値に近いときよりも必然的に高くなる。	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so in name only	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round, piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	much|大きく|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	debase|品位低下させる|verb|reduce the quality or value of	clipping|切り取り|noun|the action of cutting something off	wearing|摩耗|noun|the action of wearing something	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations

In the course of the present century, the silver coin has not at any time been more below its standard weight than it is at present.	今世紀の流れの中で、銀貨は現在よりも標準重量を下回ったことは一度もない。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	at any time|一度も|adverb|ever; on any occasion	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard weight|標準重量|noun|the weight that is considered normal or average	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
But though very much defaced, its value has been kept up by that of the gold coin, for which it is exchanged.	しかし、非常に損傷しているにもかかわらず、その価値は交換される金貨の価値によって維持されている。	deface|損傷する|verb|spoil the surface or appearance of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
For though, before the late recoinage, the gold coin was a good deal defaced too, it was less so than the silver.	というのも、最近の改鋳の前には金貨もかなり損傷していたが、銀貨ほどではなかったからである。	for though|というのも|conjunction|used to introduce a statement that explains or justifies a previous statement	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the re-minting of coins	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	defaced|損傷していた|verb|spoil the surface or appearance of	silver|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver
In 1695, on the contrary, the value of the silver coin was not kept up by the gold coin;	1695年には、逆に銀貨の価値は金貨によって維持されていなかった。	1695|1695年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold
a guinea then commonly exchanging for thirty shillings of the worn and clipt silver.	当時、ギニーは通常、摩耗して欠けた銀貨の30シリングと交換されていた。	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	thirty|30|numeral|the number 30	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	clipt|欠けた|adjective|cut or trimmed
Before the late recoinage of the gold, the price of silver bullion was seldom higher than five shillings and sevenpence an ounce, which is but fivepence above the mint price.	金の最近の改鋳の前には、銀地金の価格はめったに1オンス5シリング7ペンスを超えることはなく、これは造幣局価格をわずか5ペンス上回るにすぎない。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the re-minting of coins	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	five|5|numeral|the number 5	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	sevenpence|7ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to seven pennies	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But in 1695, the common price of silver bullion was six shillings and fivepence an ounce, {Lowndes’s Essay on the Silver Coin, 68.} which is fifteen pence above the mint price.	しかし1695年には、銀地金の一般価格は1オンス6シリング5ペンスであり、これは造幣局価格を15ペンス上回る。	1695|1695年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	common price|一般価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form	six shillings and fivepence|6シリング5ペンス|noun|a sum of money	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fifteen pence|15ペンス|noun|a sum of money	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale by the mint
Even before the late recoinage of the gold, therefore, the coin, gold and silver together, when compared with silver bullion, was not supposed to be more than eight per cent.	したがって、金の最近の改鋳の前でさえ、金貨と銀貨を合わせた硬貨は、銀地金と比較すると、8パーセントを超えることはないと考えられていた。	even before|前でさえ|adverb|prior to	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the re-minting of coins	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	gold and silver|金貨と銀貨|noun|two precious metals	together|合わせた|adverb|with each other	silver bullion|銀地金|noun|silver in bulk form	more than|超える|adverb|to a greater extent than	eight percent|8パーセント|noun|a proportion of one part in a hundred
below its standard value,	その標準価値を下回り、	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|標準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
In 1695, on the contrary, it had been supposed to be near five-and-twenty per cent.	1695年には、それどころか、25パーセント近くになると考えられていた。	1695|1695年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite; rather	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	per cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of measurement equal to one hundredth of a whole
below that value.	その価値を下回る。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
But in the beginning of the present century, that is, immediately after the great recoinage in King William’s time, the greater part of the current silver coin must have been still nearer to its standard weight than it is at present.	しかし、今世紀の初め、つまりウィリアム王時代の大改鋳の直後には、流通している銀貨の大部分は、現在よりも標準重量に近かったに違いない。	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	immediately|直後|adverb|at once; without delay	great recoinage|大改鋳|noun|the process of replacing old coins with new ones	King William|ウィリアム王|noun|the name of several kings of England	current|流通している|adjective|in general use or circulation	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	nearer|近かった|adjective|closer	standard weight|標準重量|noun|the weight that is considered normal or average	at present|現在|adverb|at the moment; now
In the course of the present century, too, there has been no great public calamity, such as a civil war, which could either discourage tillage, or interrupt the interior commerce of the country.	今世紀のなかにも、耕作を妨げたり、国内の商業を妨害したりするような内戦のような大きな公衆災害は起こっていない。	in the course of|なかに|preposition|during	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	too|も|adverb|also; as well	there has been|起こっていない|verb|happen; occur	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	public|公衆|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster	such as|ような|preposition|for example	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between citizens of the same country	discourage|妨げる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	interrupt|妨害する|verb|to stop the continuous progress of	interior|国内|adjective|situated within or inside; inner	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale
And though the bounty which has taken place through the greater part of this century, must always raise the price of corn somewhat higher than it otherwise would be in the actual state of tillage;	そして、今世紀の大部分にわたって行われてきた奨励金は、常に穀物の価格を、耕作の実際の状態ではそうではないよりも、多少高くしなければならないが、	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	take place|行われる|verb|happen	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	raise|高くする|verb|increase	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	otherwise|そうではない|adverb|in a different way	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops
yet, as in the course of this century, the bounty has had full time to produce all the good effects commonly imputed to it to encourage tillage, and thereby to increase the quantity of corn in the home market, it may, upon the principles of a system which I shall explain and examine hereafter, be supposed to have done something to lower the price of that commodity the one way, as well as to raise it the other.	しかし、今世紀のなかでは、奨励金は耕作を奨励し、それによって国内市場の穀物の量を増やすために、一般的にそれに帰せられるすべての良い効果を生み出す十分な時間があったため、私がこれから説明して検討するシステムの原則に基づいて、その商品の価格を一方では下げ、他方では上げるために何かをしたと考えられる。	in the course of|なかで|preposition|during	this century|今世紀|noun|the period of time from 1901 to 2000	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	have had|あった|verb|have	full time|十分な時間|noun|the time that a person works each week	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	impute|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services produced in a particular country	it may|と考えられる|verb|it is possible that	upon|に基づいて|preposition|on	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	examine|検討する|verb|inspect or study closely and thoroughly	hereafter|これから|adverb|in the future	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	do something|何かをした|verb|perform an action	lower|下げる|verb|move to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	one way|一方では|adverb|in one respect	as well as|だけでなく|conjunction|in addition to	raise|上げる|verb|move to a higher position
It is by many people supposed to have done more.	多くの人がそれ以上のことをしたと思っている。	many people|多くの人|noun|a large number of people	suppose|思う|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable
In the sixty-four years of the present century, accordingly, the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, appears, by the accounts of Eton college, to have been £ 2:0:6 10/32, which is about ten shillings and sixpence, or more than five-and-twenty percent.	それに応じて、今世紀の64年間に、ウィンザー市場で最高の小麦9ブッシェルの4分の1の平均価格は、イートン校の計算によると、2ポンド0シリング6ペンス10/32で、これは約10シリング6ペンス、つまり25パーセント以上である。	sixty-four years|64年間|noun|the period of time that is 64 years long	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	nine bushels|9ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume equal to eight gallons	best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the wheat of the highest quality	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor	Eton college|イートン校|noun|a college in Eton	about ten shillings and sixpence|約10シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money that is approximately equal to ten shillings and sixpence	more than five-and-twenty percent|25パーセント以上|noun|a percentage that is greater than twenty-five percent
cheaper than it had been during the sixty-four last years of the last century;	前世紀の最後の64年間よりも安い。	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	had been|だった|auxiliary verb|used to describe a state or situation that existed in the past	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	the sixty-four last years|最後の64年間|noun phrase|the last 64 years	of the last century|前世紀の|noun phrase|of the previous century
and about nine shillings and sixpence cheaper than it had been during the sixteen years preceding 1636, when the discovery of the abundant mines of America may be supposed to have produced its full effect;	そして、アメリカの豊富な鉱山の発見がその完全な効果を生み出したと考えられる1636年までの16年間よりも約9シリング6ペンス安い。	about|約|adverb|approximately	nine|9|numeral|a number, nine	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to six pennies	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	sixteen|16|numeral|a number, sixteen	year|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	preceding|までの|adjective|coming before something in time	1636|1636年|numeral|a number, sixteen thirty six	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	full|完全な|adjective|complete in every way; entire	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
and about one shilling cheaper than it had been in the twenty-six years preceding 1620, before that discovery can well be supposed to have produced its full effect.	そして、その発見がその完全な効果を生み出したと考えられる1620年までの26年間よりも約1シリング安い。	about|約|adverb|approximately	one|1|numeral|the number 1	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	twenty-six|26|numeral|the number 26	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	preceding|までの|adjective|coming before something in time	1620|1620年|noun|the year 1620	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	full|完全な|adjective|complete in every way	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
According to this account, the average price of middle wheat, during these sixty-four first years of the present century, comes out to have been about thirty-two shillings the quarter of eight bushels.	この計算によると、今世紀の最初の64年間の中級小麦の平均価格は、8ブッシェルの4分の1で約32シリングだったことになる。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	this|この|determiner|the person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	middle|中級|adjective|being at the center of something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	these|これらの|determiner|the person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	sixty-four|64|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of eight and eight	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	present|今|adjective|existing or occurring now	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	comes out|なる|verb|become known or apparent	about|約|preposition|used to indicate an amount that is not exact or is not known exactly	thirty-two|32|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of sixteen and two	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal or nearly equal parts into which something is or can be divided	eight|8|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of two and four	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of dry volume equal to eight gallons

The value of silver, therefore, seems to have risen somewhat in proportion to that of corn during the course of the present century, and it had probably begun to do so even some time before the end of the last.	したがって、銀の価値は今世紀の間に穀物の価値に比例して多少上昇したようであり、おそらく前世紀の終わりより前にそうし始めていた。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	course|経過|noun|the development of events over a period of time	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	begin|始める|verb|start doing something	some time|以前|noun|a period of time in the past	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something

In 1687, the price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, was £ 1:5:2, the lowest price at which it had ever been from 1595.	1687年、ウィンザー市場で最高級小麦9ブッシェルの4分の1の価格は1ポンド5シリング2ペンスで、1595年以来最も低い価格だった。	1687|1687年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	nine bushels|9ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	the best wheat|最高級小麦|noun|the highest quality wheat	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor, England	£ 1:5:2|1ポンド5シリング2ペンス|noun|a price in British pounds, shillings, and pence	the lowest price|最も低い価格|noun|the smallest amount of money that something can be bought for	1595|1595年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar

In 1688, Mr Gregory King, a man famous for his knowledge in matters of this kind, estimated the average price of wheat, in years of moderate plenty, to be to the grower 3s. 6d. the bushel, or eight-and-twenty shillings the quarter.	1688年、この種の問題に関する知識で有名なグレゴリー・キング氏は、小麦の平均価格を、適度に豊富な年には、生産者にとって1ブッシェル3シリング6ペンス、または4分の1で28シリングと見積もった。	1688|1688年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Gregory King|グレゴリー・キング|noun|an English statistician and engraver	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate the value, number, quantity, or extent of	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	year|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	plenty|豊富な|adjective|more than enough	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	3s. 6d.|3シリング6ペンス|noun|three shillings and sixpence	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit
The grower’s price I understand to be the same with what is sometimes called the contract price, or the price at which a farmer contracts for a certain number of years to deliver a certain quantity of corn to a dealer.	生産者の価格は、契約価格と呼ばれるもの、つまり農家が一定量の穀物を一定期間ディーラーに配達する契約を結ぶ価格と同じだと理解している。	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	contract price|契約価格|noun|the price at which a farmer contracts for a certain number of years to deliver a certain quantity of corn to a dealer	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	certain number of years|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed or definite	deliver|配達する|verb|take or send something to a destination; convey	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods
As a contract of this kind saves the farmer the expense and trouble of marketing, the contract price is generally lower than what is supposed to be the average market price.	この種の契約は農家にとって販売の費用と手間を省くので、契約価格は一般的に平均市場価格と想定される価格よりも低い。	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	save|省く|verb|keep from being used or spent	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money, time, or energy	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	marketing|販売|noun|the action or business of promoting and selling products or services	contract price|契約価格|noun|the price agreed upon in a contract	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height	average market price|平均市場価格|noun|the average price of a good or service in a given market
Mr King had judged eight-and-twenty shillings the quarter to be at that time the ordinary contract price in years of moderate plenty.	キング氏は、4分の1で28シリングが当時の適度に豊富な年の通常の契約価格であると判断した。	Mr King|キング氏|noun|a person's name	eight-and-twenty|28|numeral|the number 28	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Before the scarcity occasioned by the late extraordinary course of bad seasons, it was, I have been assured, the ordinary contract price in all common years.	近年の異常な悪天候による不作が起こる前は、それがすべての平年における通常の契約価格だったと私は確信している。	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something	occasion|起こる|verb|cause or produce	late|近年|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	course|経過|noun|the development of events	bad season|悪天候|noun|a period of bad weather	before|前|preposition|earlier than	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	contract price|契約価格|noun|the price agreed upon in a contract	common year|平年|noun|a year that is not a leap year	assure|確信する|verb|make (someone) feel certain about something

In 1688 was granted the parliamentary bounty upon the exportation of corn.	1688年には、穀物の輸出に対して議会から報奨金が与えられた。	1688|1688年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	parliamentary|議会|adjective|of or relating to a parliament	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize
The country gentlemen, who then composed a still greater proportion of the legislature than they do at present, had felt that the money price of corn was falling.	当時は現在よりもさらに多くの割合で立法府を構成していた地方紳士たちは、穀物の貨幣価格が下落していることを感じていた。	country gentleman|地方紳士|noun|a man who owns a country estate and is a member of the gentry	compose|構成する|verb|make up	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	fall|下落する|verb|move from a higher to a lower position
The bounty was an expedient to raise it artificially to the high price at which it had frequently been sold in the times of Charles I. and II.	この報奨金は、チャールズ一世と二世の時代に頻繁に売られていた高値に人為的に引き上げるための方便だった。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	artificially|人為的に|adverb|in a way that is not natural or spontaneous	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than average	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	Charles I. and II.|チャールズ一世と二世|noun|kings of England
It was to take place, therefore, till wheat was so high as fortyeight shillings the quarter;	そのため、小麦が四半期に四十八シリングになるまで実施されることになっていた。	take place|実施される|verb|happen or occur	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	fortyeight shillings|四十八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
that is, twenty shillings, or 5-7ths dearer than Mr King had, in that very year, estimated the grower’s price to be in times of moderate plenty.	つまり、その年にキング氏が推定した、適度に豊作の時期の生産者価格よりも20シリング、つまり5分の7も高かった。	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a sum of money	5-7ths|5分の7|noun|a fraction	dearer|高い|adjective|costing more	Mr King|キング氏|noun|a person's name	that very year|その年に|noun|the year being discussed	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	moderate plenty|適度に豊作|noun|a state of having enough of something
If his calculations deserve any part of the reputation which they have obtained very universally, eight-and-forty shillings the quarter was a price which, without some such expedient as the bounty, could not at that time be expected, except in years of extraordinary scarcity.	もし彼の計算が、非常に広く得ている評判に値するならば、四半期に八十四シリングという価格は、報奨金のような方便がなければ、当時は異常な希少年を除いて期待できなかった価格だった。	calculation|計算|noun|the action or process of calculating	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	universally|広く|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	eight-and-forty|八十四|adjective|the number 48	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency worth one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	expedient|方便|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	scarcity|希少|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient
But the government of King William was not then fully settled.	しかし、ウィリアム王の政府は当時まだ完全には定着していなかった。	King William|ウィリアム王|noun|the king of England from 1689 to 1702	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	settle|定着する|verb|become established or fixed
It was in no condition to refuse anything to the country gentlemen, from whom it was, at that very time, soliciting the first establishment of the annual land-tax.	当時、政府は地方紳士に何かを拒否できるような状況にはなく、むしろ彼らに年額地租の最初の制定を懇願していた。	refuse|拒否する|verb|express unwillingness to accept or consider	country gentleman|地方紳士|noun|a man of good family who lives in the country	at that very time|当時|adverb|at that time	solicit|懇願する|verb|ask for or try to obtain something from someone	annual|年額|adjective|happening or done once every year	land-tax|地租|noun|a tax on land

The value of silver, therefore, in proportion to that of corn, had probably risen somewhat before the end of the last century;	したがって、銀の価値は、穀物の価値に比べて、前世紀の終わりまでには多少上昇していたと考えられる。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; a little	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
and it seems to have continued to do so during the course of the greater part of the present, though the necessary operation of the bounty must have hindered that rise from being so sensible as it otherwise would have been in the actual state of tillage.	そして、それは現世紀の大部分の期間にわたって上昇し続けたように思われるが、報奨金の必要性から、その上昇が、耕作の実際の状態でそうであったであろうほど顕著になることを妨げたに違いない。	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	the present|現世紀|noun|the current time	the necessary operation of|必要性|noun|the need for	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	hindered|妨げた|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	sensible|顕著|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses	the actual state of|実際の状態|noun|the current situation of	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops

In plentiful years, the bounty, by occasioning an extraordinary exportation, necessarily raises the price of corn above what it otherwise would be in those years.	豊作の年には、報奨金は、異常な輸出を引き起こすことで、必然的に穀物の価格を、そうでなければその年にそうであったであろう価格よりも高くする。	plentiful|豊作の|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	raise|高くする|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize, grown for its seed
To encourage tillage, by keeping up the price of corn, even in the most plentiful years, was the avowed end of the institution.	最も豊作の年でさえも穀物の価格を維持することで耕作を奨励することが、この制度の公然の目的だった。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of or in the event that	plentiful|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	avowed|公然の|adjective|openly acknowledged or declared	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice

In years of great scarcity, indeed, the bounty has generally been suspended.	確かに、大飢饉の年には、報奨金は通常停止された。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a lack of something	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	suspend|停止する|verb|stop temporarily
It must, however, have had some effect upon the prices of many of those years.	しかし、それは、そうした年の多くで価格に何らかの影響を与えたに違いない。	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	have|与える|verb|cause to have or to be	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
By the extraordinary exportation which it occasions in years of plenty, it must frequently hinder the plenty of one year from compensating the scarcity of another.	豊作の年にそれが引き起こす異常な輸出によって、それはしばしば、ある年の豊作が別の年の飢饉を補うことを妨げるに違いない。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	compensate|補う|verb|make up for something that is lacking or deficient

Both in years of plenty and in years of scarcity, therefore, the bounty raises the price of corn above what it naturally would be in the actual state of tillage.	したがって、豊作の年にも飢饉の年にも、報奨金は穀物の価格を、実際の耕作状態で自然に成立する価格よりも高くする。	year|年|noun|a period of time	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a state or condition of having little or no food	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	raise|高くする|verb|cause to rise	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	tillage|耕作|noun|the cultivation of land
If during the sixty-four first years of the present century, therefore, the average price has been lower than during the sixty-four last years of the last century, it must, in the same state of tillage, have been much more so, had it not been for this operation of the bounty.	したがって、今世紀の最初の六十四年間に平均価格が前世紀の最後の六十四年間よりも低かったとすれば、同じ耕作状態で、この報奨金の運用がなかったら、それはもっと低かったに違いない。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	sixty-four|六十四|numeral|the number 64	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	present|今|adjective|existing or occurring now	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	sixty-four|六十四|numeral|the number 64	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	have been|だった|auxiliary verb|be in the past	operation|運用|noun|the action or process of operating something	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy

But, without the bounty, it may be said the state of tillage would not have been the same.	しかし、報奨金がなければ、耕作の状態は同じではなかっただろうと言える。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops
What may have been the effects of this institution upon the agriculture of the country, I shall endeavour to explain hereafter, when I come to treat particularly of bounties.	この制度が国の農業にどのような影響を及ぼしたのかについては、報奨金について特に論じるときに説明することにする。	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	hereafter|後に|adverb|in the future	come to|論じる|verb|reach a certain point in a process	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
I shall only observe at present, that this rise in the value of silver, in proportion to that of corn, has not been peculiar to England.	ここでは、穀物に対する銀の価値の上昇が、イギリス特有のものではないということだけを述べておく。	observe|述べる|verb|say or state	at present|ここでは|adverb|at the present time; now	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	value|価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing
It has been observed to have taken place in France during the same period, and nearly in the same proportion, too, by three very faithful, diligent, and laborious collectors of the prices of corn, Mr Dupré de St Maur, Mr Messance, and the author of the Essay on the Police of Grain.	同じ時期にフランスでもほぼ同じ比率で起こったことが、穀物価格の非常に忠実で勤勉で労を惜しまない三人の収集家、デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏、メサンス氏、穀物政策論の著者によって観察されている。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	same period|同じ時期|noun|the same time	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same proportion|同じ比率|noun|the same ratio	three|三人|noun|the number 3	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal	diligent|勤勉な|adjective|hard-working	laborious|労を惜しまない|adjective|requiring a lot of effort	collector|収集家|noun|a person who collects things	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	Dupré de St Maur|デュプレ・ド・サン・モール|noun|a French economist	Messance|メサンス|noun|a French economist	Essay on the Police of Grain|穀物政策論|noun|a book by a French economist	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book
But in France, till 1764, the exportation of grain was by law prohibited;	しかし、フランスでは、1764年まで穀物の輸出は法律で禁止されていた。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	1764|1764年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	grain|穀物|noun|the harvested seed of a cereal	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid
and it is somewhat difficult to suppose, that nearly the same diminution of price which took place in one country, notwithstanding this prohibition, should, in another, be owing to the extraordinary encouragement given to exportation.	そして、この禁止にもかかわらず、一国で起こった価格の低下とほぼ同じことが、別の国では輸出に与えられた異常な奨励によるものであると考えるのは、いささか難しい。	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	diminution|低下|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	take place|起こる|verb|happen	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something

It would be more proper, perhaps, to consider this variation in the average money price of corn as the effect rather of some gradual rise in the real value of silver in the European market, than of any fall in the real average value of corn.	穀物の平均貨幣価格のこの変動は、穀物の平均実質価値の低下というよりは、ヨーロッパ市場における銀の実質価値の緩やかな上昇の結果と考えるのが、おそらくより適切であろう。	average money price|平均貨幣価格|noun|the average price of a good or service in terms of money	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power	gradual rise|緩やかな上昇|noun|a slow and steady increase	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	fall|低下|noun|a decrease in the value, amount, or rate of something	real average value|平均実質価値|noun|the average value of something in terms of its purchasing power
Corn, it has already been observed, is, at distant periods of time, a more accurate measure of value than either silver or, perhaps, any other commodity.	すでに述べたように、穀物は、遠い時代には、銀やおそらく他のどの商品よりも正確な価値の尺度である。	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
When, after the discovery of the abundant mines of America, corn rose to three and four times its former money price, this change was universally ascribed, not to any rise in the real value of corn, but to a fall in the real value of silver.	アメリカの豊富な鉱山が発見された後、穀物が以前の貨幣価格の3倍、4倍に上昇したとき、この変化は穀物の実質価値の上昇ではなく、銀の実質価値の下落に起因すると広く考えられていた。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	abundant|豊富な|adjective|more than enough	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	rise|上昇|verb|go up	three|3倍|numeral|one more than two	four|4倍|numeral|one more than three	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	universally|広く|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	ascribe|起因する|verb|regard something as being caused by	rise|上昇|verb|go up	fall|下落|verb|go down
If, during the sixty-four first years of the present century, therefore, the average money price of corn has fallen somewhat below what it had been during the greater part of the last century, we should, in the same manner, impute this change, not to any fall in the real value of corn, but to some rise in the real value of silver in the European market.	したがって、今世紀の最初の64年間に、穀物の平均貨幣価格が前世紀の大部分の期間に比べて多少下落したとしても、同様に、この変化は穀物の実質価値の低下ではなく、ヨーロッパ市場における銀の実質価値の上昇に起因すると考える必要がある。	sixty-four|64|noun|the number 64	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of a good or service expressed in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	what|何|pronoun|the thing or things that	had been|だった|verb|be in the past	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	last century|前世紀|noun|the century that came before the present one	should|考える必要がある|modal verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions	same manner|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	impute|起因する|verb|regard something as being caused by	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	not|ない|adverb|used to express negation	fall|低下|noun|a decrease in the amount, value, or quality of something	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	but|むしろ|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	some rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the amount, value, or quality of something	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47 and atomic weight 107.87, used in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe

The high price of corn during these ten or twelve years past, indeed, has occasioned a suspicion that the real value of silver still continues to fall in the European market.	実際、この10年か12年の間に穀物価格が高騰したことで、ヨーロッパ市場では銀の実質価値が下がり続けているのではないかと疑われるようになった。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	ten or twelve years|10年か12年|noun|a period of time	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly	suspicion|疑い|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power	continue|下がり続ける|verb|keep doing something	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe
This high price of corn, however, seems evidently to have been the effect of the extraordinary unfavourableness of the seasons, and ought, therefore, to be regarded, not as a permanent, but as a transitory and occasional event.	しかし、この穀物の高価格は、明らかに季節の異常な不順の影響によるものと思われ、したがって、永続的なものではなく、一時的かつ偶発的な出来事と見なすべきである。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	effect|影響|noun|a change that is caused by an action or other cause	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	unfavourableness|不順|noun|the state of being unfavourable	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	ought|すべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	transitory|一時的|adjective|lasting only for a short time	occasional|偶発的|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly
The seasons, for these ten or twelve years past, have been unfavourable through the greater part of Europe; and the disorders of Poland have very much increased the scarcity in all those countries, which, in dear years, used to be supplied from that market.	この10年か12年の間、季節はヨーロッパの大部分で不順であり、ポーランドの混乱は、高値の年にその市場から供給されていたすべての国々で、不足を非常に増大させた。	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	these ten or twelve years|この10年か12年|noun|the period of time from 10 to 12 years ago	past|過去|noun|the time that has already happened	unfavourable|不順|adjective|not favourable; adverse	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	very much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	increase|増大|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	all those countries|すべての国々|noun|the countries that are being discussed	dear year|高値の年|noun|a year in which prices are high	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
So long a course of bad seasons, though not a very common event, is by no means a singular one;	長い間続く悪天候は、あまり一般的ではないが、決して珍しいことではない。	so long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	bad season|悪天候|noun|a period of time when the weather is bad	not a very common event|あまり一般的ではない|noun phrase|something that does not happen often	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	singular|珍しい|adjective|very unusual or remarkable
and whoever has inquired much into the history of the prices of corn in former times, will be at no loss to recollect several other examples of the same kind.	過去の穀物価格の歴史をよく調べた人なら、同じ種類の例をいくつか思い出すのに困ることはないだろう。	inquire|調べる|verb|ask about something	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	former|過去の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	recollect|思い出す|verb|recall to the mind	example|例|noun|something that is typical of its kind or that illustrates a general rule
Ten years of extraordinary scarcity, besides, are not more wonderful than ten years of extraordinary plenty.	その上、10年間の異常な不足は、10年間の異常な豊富さよりも不思議ではない。	ten years|10年間|noun|a period of ten years	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	ten years|10年間|noun|a period of ten years	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	plenty|豊富さ|noun|a state or condition of abundance
The low price of corn, from 1741 to 1750, both inclusive, may very well be set in opposition to its high price during these last eight or ten years.	1741年から1750年までの穀物の低価格は、この8年から10年間の高価格と対比して設定できる。	low price|低価格|noun|a price that is lower than the usual or expected price	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	1741|1741年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1750|1750年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	inclusive|含む|adjective|including the stated limits	set in opposition|対比して設定する|verb|to be in contrast to something	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than the usual or expected price	these last eight or ten years|この8年から10年間|noun|the period of time from eight to ten years ago
From 1741 to 1750, the average price of the quarter of nine bushels of the best wheat, at Windsor market, it appears from the accounts of Eton college, was only £ 1:13:9 4/5, which is nearly 6s.3d. below the average price of the sixty-four first years of the present century.	1741年から1750年まで、ウィンザー市場で最高の小麦9ブッシェルの4分の1の平均価格は、イートン校の計算によると、わずか1ポンド13シリング9ペンス4/5で、これは6シリング3ペンス近くになる。今世紀の最初の64年間の平均価格を下回っている。	1741|1741年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1750|1750年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	the average price|平均価格|noun|the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers	the quarter of nine bushels|9ブッシェルの4分の1|noun|a unit of volume equal to eight dry gallons	the best wheat|最高の小麦|noun|the most excellent wheat	Windsor market|ウィンザー市場|noun|a market in Windsor, England	Eton college|イートン校|noun|a public school in Eton, England	only £ 1:13:9 4/5|わずか1ポンド13シリング9ペンス4/5|noun|a small amount of money	nearly 6s.3d.|6シリング3ペンス近く|noun|a small amount of money	below the average price|平均価格を下回っている|noun|less than the average price
The average price of the quarter of eight bushels of middle wheat comes out, according to this account, to have been, during these ten years, only £ 1:6:8.	この計算によると、中級小麦8ブッシェルの4分の1の平均価格は、この10年間でわずか1ポンド6シリング8ペンスだった。	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	eight bushels|8ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	middle wheat|中級小麦|noun|a type of wheat	come out|判明する|verb|become known	this account|この計算|noun|this calculation	these ten years|この10年間|noun|the last ten years	only|わずか|adverb|no more than; just	£ 1:6:8|1ポンド6シリング8ペンス|noun|a sum of money

Between 1741 and 1750, however, the bounty must have hindered the price of corn from falling so low in the home market as it naturally would have done.	しかし、1741年から1750年の間には、この報奨金によって、穀物の価格が国内市場で自然に下がっていたほど低下するのを妨げたに違いない。	between|間に|preposition|in the interval separating two points in time	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fall|下がる|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom or from head to foot	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	do|行う|verb|perform an action
During these ten years, the quantity of all sorts of grain exported, it appears from the custom-house books, amounted to no less than 8,029,156 quarters, one bushel.	この10年間に輸出されたあらゆる種類の穀物の量は、税関の帳簿によると、802万9156クォーター、1ブッシェルに達した。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	these ten years|この10年間|noun phrase|the period of time from 10 years ago to the present	quantity|量|noun|a specified or indefinite number or amount	all sorts of|あらゆる種類の|noun phrase|of many different types	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	exported|輸出された|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where duties are collected on imported goods	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper bound together between two covers	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	no less than|に達した|adverb|as much as; at least	quarter|クォーター|noun|a unit of volume or capacity equal to a quarter of a gallon	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume or capacity equal to eight gallons
The bounty paid for this amounted to £ 1,514,962:17:4 1/2.	これに支払われた報奨金は151万4962ポンド17シリング4ペンス1/2に達した。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	1,514,962:17:4 1/2|151万4962ポンド17シリング4ペンス1/2|noun|a sum of money
In 1749, accordingly, Mr Pelham, at that time prime minister, observed to the house of commons, that, for the three years preceding, a very extraordinary sum had been paid as bounty for the exportation of corn.	それに応じて、1749年、当時の首相だったペラム氏は下院で、過去3年間に穀物輸出の報奨金として非常に異常な金額が支払われたと述べた。	1749|1749年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Mr Pelham|ペラム氏|noun|a British politician	prime minister|首相|noun|the head of a government	house of commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	three years|3年間|noun|a period of three years	preceding|過去の|adjective|coming before something in time	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
He had good reason to make this observation, and in the following year he might have had still better.	彼にはこの発言をする十分な理由があったし、翌年にはさらに良い理由があったかもしれない。	have good reason|十分な理由がある|verb|have a valid justification	make this observation|この発言をする|verb|make this statement	following year|翌年|noun|the year after the present year	have still better|さらに良い理由がある|verb|have an even better reason
In that single year, the bounty paid amounted to no less than £ 324,176:10:6. {See Tracts on the Corn Trade, Tract 3,}	その1年だけで、支払われた報奨金は32万4176ポンド10シリング6ペンスに達した。{穀物貿易に関する小論文、小論文3を参照}	single year|1年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	no less than|に達した|adverb|as much as; no fewer than	Tracts on the Corn Trade|穀物貿易に関する小論文|noun|a series of pamphlets on the corn trade	Tract 3|小論文3|noun|the third tract in the series
It is unnecessary to observe how much this forced exportation must have raised the price of corn above what it otherwise would have been in the home market.	この強制輸出が、国内市場でなければ穀物価格がどれほど上昇していたかを観察する必要はない。	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	forced|強制的な|adjective|done or produced with effort	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country

At the end of the accounts annexed to this chapter the reader will find the particular account of those ten years separated from the rest.	この章に付属する説明の最後に、読者は残りの部分から分離された10年間の詳細な説明を見つけるだろう。	at the end of|の最後に|preposition|at the final point of	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	annex|付属する|verb|to attach or add something to something else	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	reader|読者|noun|a person who reads	find|見つける|verb|to discover or notice something	particular|詳細な|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	ten years|10年間|noun|a period of ten years	separate|分離する|verb|to keep or be kept apart	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something
He will find there, too, the particular account of the preceding ten years, of which the average is likewise below, though not so much below, the general average of the sixty-four first years of the century.	読者はそこに、前10年間の詳細な説明も見つけるであろうが、その平均も同様に、世紀の最初の64年間の平均を下回っているが、それほど下回っているわけではない。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	there|そこに|adverb|in that place	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	particular|詳細な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts about something	preceding|前の|adjective|coming before in time	ten years|10年間|noun|a period of ten years	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	sixty-four|64|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of eight and eight	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years
The year 1740, however, was a year of extraordinary scarcity.	しかし、1740年は異常な飢饉の年だった。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a lack of something
These twenty years preceding 1750 may very well be set in opposition to the twenty preceding 1770.	1750年までの20年間は、1770年までの20年間と対比してよい。	twenty|20年間|noun|the number 20	preceding|までの|adjective|coming before in time	opposition|対比|noun|the action of opposing something	twenty|20年間|noun|the number 20
As the former were a good deal below the general average of the century, notwithstanding the intervention of one or two dear years;	前者は、1、2年の高値の年があったにもかかわらず、世紀の平均をかなり下回っていた。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	intervention|介入|noun|the action or process of intervening	one or two|1、2年|noun|a small number of	dear|高値|adjective|high in price
so the latter have been a good deal above it, notwithstanding the intervention of one or two cheap ones, of 1759, for example.	後者は、1759年など1、2年の安値の年があったにもかかわらず、平均をかなり上回っていた。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	one or two|1、2年|noun|a small number of	cheap|安値|adjective|low in price or value	intervention|年|noun|the action or process of intervening	1759|1759年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	for example|など|adverb|as an example
If the former have not been as much below the general average as the latter have been above it, we ought probably to impute it to the bounty.	もし前者が後者ほど平均を下回っていないとしたら、それはおそらく奨励金のおかげだろう。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	have not been|下回っていない|verb|have not been	as much|それほど|adverb|to the same extent	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	general average|平均|noun|the apportionment of financial liability for a loss incurred by a ship and its cargo	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	have been|上回っている|verb|have been	above|上回る|preposition|higher in position, rank, or value than	ought|だろう|auxiliary verb|should	impute|おかげ|verb|attribute something to someone or something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal
The change has evidently been too sudden to be ascribed to any change in the value of silver, which is always slow and gradual.	この変化は明らかに急激すぎて、常にゆっくりと段階的に起こる銀の価値の変化に起因するとは考えられない。	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	sudden|急激な|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	ascribe|起因する|verb|regard something as being caused by	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	slow|ゆっくり|adjective|moving or operating or done without speed or in a leisurely manner	gradual|段階的|adjective|taking place or changing slowly by degrees
The suddenness of the effect can be accounted for only by a cause which can operate suddenly, the accidental variations of the seasons.	効果の突然性は、突然作用する原因、季節の偶然の変動によってのみ説明できる。	suddenness|突然性|noun|the quality of being sudden	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	account for|説明する|verb|to give a satisfactory reason for	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	operate|作用する|verb|to perform a function	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)

The money price of labour in Great Britain has, indeed, risen during the course of the present century.	イギリスの労働の貨幣価格は、確かに今世紀の間に上昇した。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress
This, however, seems to be the effect, not so much of any diminution in the value of silver in the European market, as of an increase in the demand for labour in Great Britain, arising from the great, and almost universal prosperity of the country.	しかし、これはヨーロッパ市場における銀の価値の低下によるものではなく、イギリスの労働需要の増加によるものと思われる。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	diminution|低下|noun|a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size, amount, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success or good fortune
In France, a country not altogether so prosperous, the money price of labour has, since the middle of the last century, been observed to sink gradually with the average money price of corn.	フランスでは、それほど繁栄していない国だが、労働の貨幣価格は、前世紀の中頃から、穀物の平均貨幣価格とともに徐々に低下していることが観察されている。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	altogether|それほど|adverb|to the full or entire extent	prosperous|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing; thriving	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	sink|低下する|verb|go down below the surface	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; little by little	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
Both in the last century and in the present, the day wages of common labour are there said to have been pretty uniformly about the twentieth part of the average price of the septier of wheat;	前世紀と今世紀の両方で、一般労働者の日給は、小麦の平均価格の約20分の1とほぼ一定していたと言われている。	Both in the last century and in the present|前世紀と今世紀の両方で|noun phrase|in both the last century and the present century	day wages|日給|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for a day's work	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a worker who does not have any special skills	pretty uniformly|ほぼ一定していた|adverb phrase|in a fairly consistent manner	about the twentieth part|約20分の1|noun phrase|one of twenty equal parts	average price|平均価格|noun phrase|the price of something that is calculated by adding together all the prices and dividing the total by the number of prices	septier of wheat|小麦|noun phrase|a unit of volume used for measuring grain, equal to about 8 gallons
a measure which contains a little more than four Winchester bushels.	ウィンチェスターブッシェル4つより少し多い量である。	a little more than|少し多い|adverb|a small amount more than	four|4つ|numeral|the number 4	Winchester bushels|ウィンチェスターブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume used in the United States and Canada, equivalent to 8 dry gallons or 32 dry quarts
In Great Britain, the real recompence of labour, it has already been shewn, the real quantities of the necessaries and conveniencies of life which are given to the labourer, has increased considerably during the course of the present century.	イギリスでは、労働の真の報酬、つまり労働者に与えられる生活必需品や便利品の実際の量は、今世紀の間にかなり増加していることがすでに示されている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	shewn|示されている|verb|to show or demonstrate something	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	present|今|adjective|existing or happening now	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
The rise in its money price seems to have been the effect, not of any diminution of the value of silver in the general market of Europe, but of a rise in the real price of labour, in the particular market of Great Britain, owing to the peculiarly happy circumstances of the country.	その貨幣価格の上昇は、ヨーロッパの一般市場における銀の価値の低下ではなく、イギリスの特定の市場における労働の真の価格の上昇によるものであるように思われる。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	effect|結果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	diminution|低下|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	general market|一般市場|noun|a market that is open to all buyers and sellers	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	real price|真の価格|noun|the price of something in terms of goods or services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	particular market|特定の市場|noun|a market that is limited to a specific group of buyers and sellers	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	owing to|による|preposition|because of	peculiarly|独特の|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	happy|恵まれた|adjective|fortunate or lucky	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

For some time after the first discovery of America, silver would continue to sell at its former, or not much below its former price.	アメリカが最初に発見されてからしばらくの間、銀は以前の価格で、あるいはそれほど下回らない価格で売れ続けた。	for some time|しばらくの間|noun|a period of time	first discovery|最初の発見|noun|the first time something is found or noticed	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	sell|売れる|verb|exchange or deliver for money	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	not much|それほど～ない|adverb|to a small extent	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than
The profits of mining would for some time be very great, and much above their natural rate.	鉱業の利益はしばらくの間非常に大きく、自然な率をはるかに上回っていた。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	mining|鉱業|noun|the process or industry of extracting coal or other minerals from a mine	some time|しばらくの間|noun|a period of time	great|非常に大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	natural rate|自然な率|noun|the rate of unemployment that is consistent with aggregate production being at the long-run level
Those who imported that metal into Europe, however, would soon find that the whole annual importation could not be disposed of at this high price.	しかし、この金属をヨーロッパに輸入した人々は、すぐに年間輸入量のすべてをこの高価格で処分できないことに気づくだろう。	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	importation|輸入量|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from a foreign country	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is above average
Silver would gradually exchange for a smaller and a smaller quantity of goods.	銀は次第に少量の品物と交換されるようになる。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	smaller|少量の|adjective|of a size that is less than average	quantity|品物|noun|a particular amount of something
Its price would sink gradually lower and lower, till it fell to its natural price;	その価格は次第に下がり、自然価格に落ち着く。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sink|下がる|verb|go down	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	lower|より低い|adjective|less high	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service in a free market
or to what was just sufficient to pay, according to their natural rates, the wages of the labour, the profits of the stock, and the rent of the land, which must be paid in order to bring it from the mine to the market.	あるいは、鉱山から市場に運ぶために支払わなければならない労働賃金、資本の利潤、土地の地代を、自然な率に従って支払うのにちょうど十分な額になる。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	just|ちょうど|adverb|exactly	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold
In the greater part of the silver mines of Peru, the tax of the king of Spain, amounting to a tenth of the gross produce, eats up, it has already been observed, the whole rent of the land.	ペルーの銀山の大部分では、スペイン国王の税金は総生産量の10分の1に相当し、すでに述べたように、土地の地代をすべて食いつぶしている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	silver mine|銀山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts into which something is or can be divided	gross produce|総生産量|noun|the total amount of something produced	eat up|食いつぶす|verb|consume all of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
This tax was originally a half;	この税金はもともと半分だった。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided
it soon afterwards fell to a third, then to a fifth, and at last to a tenth, at which late it still continues.	その後すぐに3分の1に、次に5分の1に、そしてついに10分の1に下がり、現在も続いている。	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; after that	fall|下がる|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts of something	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts of something	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts of something	late|現在|adverb|at or until a time in the recent past or near future	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process
In the greater part of the silver mines of Peru, this, it seems, is all that remains, after replacing the stock of the undertaker of the work, together with its ordinary profits;	ペルーの銀山の大部分では、これが、作業請負人の資本を通常の利潤とともに補填した後に残るすべてであるように思われる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	silver mine|銀山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	all that remains|残るすべて|noun|the only thing that is left	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	replacing|補填|verb|provide a new thing for (something that is old, lost, or no longer working properly)	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	undertaker|請負人|noun|a person who runs a funeral home	work|作業|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	together with|とともに|preposition|in addition to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and it seems to be universally acknowledged that these profits, which were once very high, are now as low as they can well be, consistently with carrying on the works.	そして、かつては非常に高かったこれらの利潤が、現在では事業を継続するうえで可能な限り低くなっていることは、広く認められているようである。	universally|広く|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something	work|事業|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken

The tax of the king of Spain was reduced to a fifth of the registered silver in 1504 {Solorzano, vol, ii.}, one-and-forty years before 1545, the date of the discovery of the mines of Potosi.	スペイン国王の税金は、ポトシ鉱山が発見された1545年の41年前の1504年に登録銀の5分の1に減額された(ソロルザノ、第2巻)。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	reduce|減額する|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts of something	registered|登録された|adjective|officially recorded or enrolled	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	1504|1504年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Solorzano|ソロルザノ|noun|a Spanish jurist and historian	vol|巻|noun|a book	ii|第2|noun|the second	one-and-forty|41|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of forty and one	1545|1545年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	the date of the discovery of the mines of Potosi|ポトシ鉱山が発見された|noun|the date on which the mines of Potosi were discovered
In the course of ninety years, or before 1636, these mines, the most fertile in all America, had time sufficient to produce their full effect, or to reduce the value of silver in the European market as low as it could well fall, while it continued to pay this tax to the king of Spain.	90年の間に、つまり1636年までに、全アメリカで最も豊かなこれらの鉱山は、スペイン国王にこの税金を支払い続けている間に、十分な効果を発揮したり、ヨーロッパ市場での銀の価値を可能な限り低下させるのに十分な時間があった。	ninety years|90年|noun|a period of time equal to 90 years	1636|1636年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	these mines|これらの鉱山|noun|the mines being discussed	the most fertile|最も豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	all America|全アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to be	full effect|十分な効果|noun|the complete effect	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a precious metal and the best conductor of heat and electricity	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension or upward reach	fall|下がる|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth
Ninety years is time sufficient to reduce any commodity, of which there is no monopoly, to its natural price, or to the lowest price at which, while it pays a particular tax, it can continue to be sold for any considerable time together.	90年という歳月は、独占されていないあらゆる商品を、その自然価格、あるいは特定の税金を支払っている間に、かなりの期間にわたって販売を続けられる最低価格にまで引き下げるのに十分な時間である。	ninety years|90年|noun|a period of 90 years	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service in a free market	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the lowest price at which a good or service can be purchased	particular tax|特定の税金|noun|a tax that is levied on a specific good or service	considerable time|かなりの期間|noun|a long period of time	together|共に|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people

The price of silver in the European market might, perhaps, have fallen still lower, and it might have become necessary either to reduce the tax upon it, not only to one-tenth, as in 1736, but to one twentieth, in the same manner as that upon gold, or to give up working the greater part of the American mines which are now wrought.	ヨーロッパ市場の銀の価格は、おそらくさらに下落し、1736年のように10分の1だけでなく、金と同じように20分の1に減税するか、現在採掘されているアメリカの鉱山の大部分の採掘を放棄する必要が生じたかもしれない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	lower|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	one-tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	one twentieth|20分の1|noun|one of twenty equal parts	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	work|採掘|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
The gradual increase of the demand for silver, or the gradual enlargement of the market for the produce of the silver mines of America, is probably the cause which has prevented this from happening, and which has not only kept up the value of silver in the European market, but has perhaps even raised it somewhat higher than it was about the middle of the last century.	銀の需要が徐々に増加したこと、あるいはアメリカの銀鉱山の産物の市場が徐々に拡大したことが、おそらくこれが起こらなかった原因であり、ヨーロッパ市場における銀の価値を維持しただけでなく、おそらく前世紀の中頃よりもやや高く上昇させた原因である。	gradual increase|徐々に増加|noun|a rise in amount or rate over a period of time	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	gradual enlargement|徐々に拡大|noun|a rise in size or extent over a period of time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|産物|noun|the result of an action or process	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	cause|原因|noun|the reason for which something happens	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|maybe; possibly	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a small extent	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	about|頃|preposition|near or around (the time mentioned)	middle|中頃|noun|the point or part equidistant from the sides, ends, or extremes of something

Since the first discovery of America, the market for the produce of its silver mines has been growing gradually more and more extensive.	アメリカが最初に発見されて以来、その銀鉱山の産物の市場は徐々に拡大してきている。	first discovery|最初の発見|noun|the first time something is found or noticed	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy or sell goods	grow|拡大する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by small degrees	extensive|広範囲の|adjective|covering a large area

First, the market of Europe has become gradually more and more extensive.	第一に、ヨーロッパの市場は徐々に拡大してきている。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner; slowly	extensive|拡大する|adjective|covering a large area
Since the discovery of America, the greater part of Europe has been much improved.	アメリカの発見以来、ヨーロッパの大部分は大きく改善された。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better
England, Holland, France, and Germany; even Sweden, Denmark, and Russia, have all advanced considerably, both in agriculture and in manufactures.	イギリス、オランダ、フランス、ドイツ、さらにはスウェーデン、デンマーク、ロシアも、農業と工業の両面でかなり進歩した。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in Europe	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in Europe	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in Europe	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|工業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
Italy seems not to have gone backwards.	イタリアは後退していないようだ。	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
The fall of Italy preceded the conquest of Peru.	イタリアの衰退はペルー征服に先行した。	fall|衰退|noun|a sudden loss of power, prosperity, or status	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	precede|先行する|verb|come before in time	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force
Since that time it seems rather to have recovered a little.	それ以来、むしろ少し回復したように思われる。	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	recover|回復する|verb|return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength
Spain and Portugal, indeed, are supposed to have gone backwards.	スペインとポルトガルは、確かに後退したと考えられている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	go backwards|後退する|verb|move in the opposite direction of normal movement
Portugal, however, is but a very small part of Europe, and the declension of Spain is not, perhaps, so great as is commonly imagined.	しかし、ポルトガルはヨーロッパのごく一部にすぎず、スペインの衰退は、おそらく一般に想像されるほど大きくはない。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the 6th largest continent on Earth	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case
In the beginning of the sixteenth century, Spain was a very poor country, even in comparison with France, which has been so much improved since that time.	16世紀初頭、スペインは、当時から非常に改善されたフランスと比較しても、非常に貧しい国だった。	beginning|初頭|noun|the first part of something	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	so much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better
It was the well known remark of the emperor Charles V. who had travelled so frequently through both countries, that every thing abounded in France, but that every thing was wanting in Spain.	両国を頻繁に旅行したカール五世皇帝の有名な言葉に、フランスにはあらゆるものが豊富にあるが、スペインにはあらゆるものが不足しているというものがある。	Charles V|カール五世|noun|Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain	remark|言葉|noun|a comment or statement	travel|旅行する|verb|go from one place to another	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	abound|豊富にある|verb|be plentiful	want|不足している|verb|be lacking or deficient
The increasing produce of the agriculture and manufactures of Europe must necessarily have required a gradual increase in the quantity of silver coin to circulate it;	ヨーロッパの農業と製造業の生産量の増加は、必然的にそれを流通させるための銀貨の量の漸増を必要としたに違いない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	gradual|漸増|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
and the increasing number of wealthy individuals must have required the like increase in the quantity of their plate and other ornaments of silver.	そして、富裕層の増加は、彼らの食器やその他の銀製装飾品の量の同様の増加を必要としたに違いない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	wealthy|富裕|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47 and atomic weight 107.87, used in jewelry, tableware, and photography

Secondly, America is itself a new market, for the produce of its own silver mines;	第二に、アメリカは、自国の銀山の産物にとって、それ自体が新しい市場である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
and as its advances in agriculture, industry, and population, are much more rapid than those of the most thriving countries in Europe, its demand must increase much more rapidly.	そして、農業、工業、人口の増加は、ヨーロッパで最も繁栄している国々よりもはるかに急速であるため、その需要ははるかに急速に増加するに違いない。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	industry|工業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	advance|増加|noun|a sum of money given ahead of a delivered project	rapid|急速|adjective|done or occurring with great speed	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The English colonies are altogether a new market, which, partly for coin, and partly for plate, requires a continual augmenting supply of silver through a great continent where there never was any demand before.	イギリスの植民地は、まったく新しい市場であり、一部は硬貨、一部は食器用に、これまで需要がなかった大大陸を通して、銀の供給を継続的に増やす必要がある。	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish on which food is served	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	continual|継続的|adjective|never stopping or ending	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	continent|大陸|noun|any of the world's main continuous expanses of land	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
The greater part, too, of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, are altogether new markets.	スペインとポルトガルの植民地の大部分も、まったく新しい市場である。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Spanish|スペイン|noun|the language of Spain	Portuguese|ポルトガル|noun|the language of Portugal	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
New Granada, the Yucatan, Paraguay, and the Brazils, were, before discovered by the Europeans, inhabited by savage nations, who had neither arts nor agriculture.	ニューグラナダ、ユカタン、パラグアイ、ブラジルは、ヨーロッパ人に発見されるまでは、芸術も農業も持たない野蛮な民族が住んでいた。	New Granada|ニューグラナダ|noun|a former Spanish viceroyalty in northwestern South America	the Yucatan|ユカタン|noun|a peninsula in southeastern Mexico	Paraguay|パラグアイ|noun|a landlocked country in South America	the Brazils|ブラジル|noun|the largest country in both South America and Latin America	before|まで|preposition|earlier than; prior to	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Europe	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	savage|野蛮な|adjective|fierce, violent, and uncontrolled	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
A considerable degree of both has now been introduced into all of them.	両方ともかなりの程度まで、今やそれらのすべてに導入されている。	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	both|両方とも|pronoun|the two people or things just mentioned	now|今や|adverb|at the present time	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	them|それら|pronoun|the people or things just mentioned
Even Mexico and Peru, though they cannot be considered as altogether new markets, are certainly much more extensive ones than they ever were before.	メキシコやペルーでさえ、まったく新しい市場とは言えないものの、以前よりもはるかに広大な市場であることは確かである。	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in the southern portion of North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area; having a great range
After all the wonderful tales which have been published concerning the splendid state of those countries in ancient times, whoever reads, with any degree of sober judgment, the history of their first discovery and conquest, will evidently discern that, in arts, agriculture, and commerce, their inhabitants were much more ignorant than the Tartars of the Ukraine are at present.	古代におけるこれらの国の壮麗な状態に関して出版されたすべての素晴らしい物語の後で、誰であれ、ある程度の冷静な判断力を持って、それらの最初の発見と征服の歴史を読む人は、芸術、農業、商業において、その住民が現在のウクライナのタタール人よりもはるかに無知であったことを明らかに見抜くだろう。	after all|結局|adverb|in spite of everything	wonderful|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good or impressive	tale|物語|noun|a story about imaginary or magical beings and lands	publish|出版する|verb|prepare and issue for public distribution	splendid|壮麗な|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	ancient time|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Middle East and Mediterranean until the fall of the Western Roman Empire	whoever|誰であれ|pronoun|no matter who	sober|冷静な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived	discern|見抜く|verb|perceive or recognize	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	ignorant|無知な|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	Ukraine|ウクライナ|noun|a country in Eastern Europe	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of any of the Turkic peoples inhabiting parts of Russia and central Asia	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
Even the Peruvians, the more civilized nation of the two, though they made use of gold and silver as ornaments, had no coined money of any kind.	二つの国のうち、より文明的な国であるペルー人でさえ、金や銀を装飾品として利用していたが、どんな種類の貨幣も持っていなかった。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	Peruvian|ペルー人|noun|a person from Peru	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	kind|種類|noun|a category of things
Their whole commerce was carried on by barter, and there was accordingly scarce any division of labour among them.	彼らの商業はすべて物々交換によって行われ、したがって彼らの間にはほとんど分業がなかった。	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force
Those who cultivated the ground, were obliged to build their own houses, to make their own household furniture, their own clothes, shoes, and instruments of agriculture.	土地を耕す者は、自分の家を建て、家具や衣服、靴、農具などを自分で作らなければならなかった。	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	build|建てる|verb|construct	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	shoe|靴|noun|an item of footwear	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work
The few artificers among them are said to have been all maintained by the sovereign, the nobles, and the priests, and were probably their servants or slaves.	彼らの中にいたわずかな職人は、すべて君主、貴族、僧侶によって養われていたと言われ、おそらく彼らの召使や奴隷だったのだろう。	few|わずかな|adjective|a small number of	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	among|中に|preposition|in the middle of	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	noble|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	priest|僧侶|noun|a person who performs religious ceremonies	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
All the ancient arts of Mexico and Peru have never furnished one single manufacture to Europe.	メキシコとペルーのすべての古代芸術は、ヨーロッパにただ一つの製品も提供したことがない。	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in the southern portion of North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	single|ただ一つの|adjective|only one	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory
The Spanish armies, though they scarce ever exceeded five hundred men, and frequently did not amount to half that number, found almost everywhere great difficulty in procuring subsistence.	スペイン軍は、ほとんど五百人を超えることはなく、しばしばその半分にも満たなかったが、ほとんどどこでも生計を立てるのに非常に苦労した。	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	army|軍|noun|the military forces of a country	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	five hundred|五百|numeral|the number 500	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem; a situation that is hard to deal with	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
The famines which they are said to have occasioned almost wherever they went, in countries, too, which at the same time are represented as very populous and well cultivated, sufficiently demonstrate that the story of this populousness and high cultivation is in a great measure fabulous.	彼らが行った先々で飢饉を起こしたと言われているが、同時に非常に人口が多く、よく耕作されているとされている国々でも、この人口の多さと高度な耕作の話がかなり作り話であることを十分に示している。	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	occasion|起こす|verb|cause or produce	wherever|どこへ行っても|adverb|in or to whatever place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	well cultivated|よく耕作されている|adjective|grown or produced with care	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	demonstrate|示す|verb|show or make clear how something works or is done	story|話|noun|a tale or account of a series of events, true or fictional	measure|かなり|noun|a step taken in order to achieve a particular end	fabulous|作り話|adjective|extremely good or enjoyable
The Spanish colonies are under a government in many respects less favourable to agriculture, improvement, and population, than that of the English colonies.	スペイン領植民地は、多くの点でイギリス領植民地よりも農業、改良、人口に不利な政府の下にある。	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	favourable|有利|adjective|to the advantage of	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
They seem, however, to be advancing in all those much more rapidly than any country in Europe.	しかし、それらはすべてにおいてヨーロッパのどの国よりもはるかに急速に進歩しているように見える。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	rapidly|急速に|adverb|very quickly	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
In a fertile soil and happy climate, the great abundance and cheapness of land, a circumstance common to all new colonies, is, it seems, so great an advantage, as to compensate many defects in civil government.	肥沃な土壌と恵まれた気候のもとで、土地が豊富で安価であることは、すべての新しい植民地に共通する状況であり、市民政府の多くの欠陥を補うほど大きな利点であるように思われる。	fertile soil|肥沃な土壌|noun|soil that is rich in nutrients and can support a wide variety of plant life	happy climate|恵まれた気候|noun|a climate that is favorable for plant and animal life	great abundance|豊富|noun|a large quantity of something	cheapness|安価|noun|the quality of being low in price	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	new colony|新しい植民地|noun|a colony that has been recently established	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government that is elected by and accountable to the people it governs
Frezier, who visited Peru in 1713, represents Lima as containing between twenty-five and twenty-eight thousand inhabitants.	1713年にペルーを訪れたフレジエは、リマの人口を2万5千人から2万8千人と表現している。	Frezier|フレジエ|noun|a French engineer and explorer	visit|訪れる|verb|go to see a person or place	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	represent|表現する|verb|describe or portray in a particular way	Lima|リマ|noun|the capital and largest city of Peru	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	twenty-five|2万5千|noun|the number 25	twenty-eight|2万8千|noun|the number 28	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
Ulloa, who resided in the same country between 1740 and 1746, represents it as containing more than fifty thousand.	1740年から1746年まで同じ国に住んでいたウロアは、5万人以上を収容していると表現している。	Ulloa|ウロア|noun|a Spanish general, governor of Louisiana from 1766 to 1768	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	between|～の間|preposition|in the interval separating two points in time	represent|表現する|verb|describe or portray in a particular way	contain|収容する|verb|have or hold within itself	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	thousand|千|noun|a unit of counting equal to ten hundred
The difference in their accounts of the populousness of several other principal towns of Chili and Peru is nearly the same;	チリとペルーの他のいくつかの主要都市の人口に関する彼らの説明の違いはほぼ同じである。	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	populousness|人口|noun|the number of people living in a particular area	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different; identical
and as there seems to be no reason to doubt of the good information of either, it marks an increase which is scarce inferior to that of the English colonies.	そして、どちらの情報も疑う理由がないように思われるので、イギリスの植民地の増加に劣らない増加を示している。	there seems to be|～のようだ|verb|it appears that there is	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	doubt|疑う|verb|feel uncertain about	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	mark|示す|verb|be a sign of	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing or the state of being increased	scarce|劣らない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	inferior|劣る|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of the United Kingdom, the United States, and most Commonwealth countries	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
America, therefore, is a new market for the produce of its own silver mines, of which the demand must increase much more rapidly than that of the most thriving country in Europe.	したがって、アメリカは、自国の銀山の産物の新しい市場であり、その需要はヨーロッパで最も繁栄している国の需要よりもはるかに急速に増加するはずである。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	silver mine|銀山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	rapidly|急速に|adverb|very quickly	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

Thirdly, the East Indies is another market for the produce of the silver mines of America, and a market which, from the time of the first discovery of those mines, has been continually taking off a greater and a greater quantity of silver.	第三に、東インドはアメリカの銀山の産物のもう一つの市場であり、これらの鉱山が最初に発見された時から、ますます多くの銀を消費し続けている市場である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the region of South and Southeast Asia	another|もう一つの|adjective|one more; an additional	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|産物|noun|the result of an action or process	silver mine|銀山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are extracted from underground	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	take off|消費する|verb|to remove or get rid of	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
Since that time, the direct trade between America and the East Indies, which is carried on by means of the Acapulco ships, has been continually augmenting, and the indirect intercourse by the way of Europe has been augmenting in a still greater proportion.	その時以来、アカプルコ船によって行われるアメリカと東インドの間の直接貿易は絶えず増加しており、ヨーロッパ経由の間接貿易はさらに大きな割合で増加している。	since that time|その時以来|adverb|from that time until now	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	Acapulco|アカプルコ|noun|a city and port in Mexico	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese were the only European nation who carried on any regular trade to the East Indies.	16世紀には、ポルトガル人は東インドとの定期貿易を行った唯一のヨーロッパの国だった。	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia
In the last years of that century, the Dutch began to encroach upon this monopoly, and in a few years expelled them from their principal settlements in India.	その世紀の最後の数年間に、オランダ人はこの独占を侵害し始め、数年のうちにインドの主要な居住地から彼らを追い出した。	last years|最後の数年間|noun|the final years of a period of time	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years	expel|追い出す|verb|force to leave	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia
During the greater part of the last century, those two nations divided the most considerable part of the East India trade between them;	前世紀の大部分において、この二つの国は東インド貿易の最も重要な部分を分割していた。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	those two nations|二つの国|noun|two countries	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	most considerable part|最も重要な部分|noun|the most important part	East India trade|東インド貿易|noun|trade between the East Indies and other countries
the trade of the Dutch continually augmenting in a still greater proportion than that of the Portuguese declined.	オランダの貿易は、ポルトガルの貿易が衰退したよりもさらに大きな割合で増加し続けた。	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Portuguese|ポルトガル|noun|the official language of Portugal	decline|衰退|verb|become smaller or weaker
The English and French carried on some trade with India in the last century, but it has been greatly augmented in the course of the present.	イギリスとフランスは前世紀にインドと多少の貿易を行ったが、それは今世紀の間に大いに増加した。	English|イギリス|noun|the people of England	French|フランス|noun|the people of France	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	some|多少の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	greatly|大いに|adverb|very much; to a great extent	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
The East India trade of the Swedes and Danes began in the course of the present century.	スウェーデン人とデンマーク人の東インド貿易は今世紀の間に始まった。	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Swedes|スウェーデン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Sweden	Danes|デンマーク人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Denmark	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress
Even the Muscovites now trade regularly with China, by a sort of caravans which go over land through Siberia and Tartary to Pekin.	モスクワ人さえも、今ではシベリアとタタリアを通って北京まで陸路を行く一種の隊商によって、中国と定期的に貿易を行っている。	Muscovite|モスクワ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Moscow	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of including or involving	now|今では|adverb|at the present time	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	caravan|隊商|noun|a group of people traveling together	go over|行く|verb|move or travel across	land|陸路|noun|the solid surface of the earth	Siberia|シベリア|noun|a region in northern Asia	Tartary|タタリア|noun|a historical region of Europe and Asia	Pekin|北京|noun|the capital of China
The East India trade of all these nations, if we except that of the French, which the last war had well nigh annihilated, has been almost continually augmenting.	これらの国々の東インド貿易は、前回の戦争でほぼ全滅したフランスの貿易を除いて、ほぼ継続的に増加している。	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	annihilate|全滅させる|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree
The increasing consumptions of East India goods in Europe is, it seems, so great, as to afford a gradual increase of employment to them all.	ヨーロッパにおける東インド産品の消費の増加は、それらすべてに雇用の漸増をもたらすほど大きいように思われる。	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	gradual|漸増|adjective|taking place or changing slowly over a long period of time
Tea, for example, was a drug very little used in Europe, before the middle of the last century.	例えば、茶は前世紀の中頃まではヨーロッパでほとんど使われていなかった薬品だった。	tea|茶|noun|a hot drink made by infusing the dried, cured leaves of the tea plant in boiling water	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	drug|薬品|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	very little|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not very much; only a small amount	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	before|～まで|preposition|earlier than	the middle of the last century|前世紀の中頃|noun|the middle of the century before the present one
At present, the value of the tea annually imported by the English East India company, for the use of their own countrymen, amounts to more than a million and a half a year;	現在、イギリス東インド会社が自国民の使用のために毎年輸入する茶の価値は、年間150万ポンド以上にのぼる。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equivalent to	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	a million|100万|noun|the number 1,000,000	a half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	a year|1年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun
and even this is not enough;	そして、これでも十分ではない。	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required
a great deal more being constantly smuggled into the country from the ports of Holland, from Gottenburgh in Sweden, and from the coast of France, too, as long as the French East India company was in prosperity.	フランス東インド会社が繁栄していた間は、オランダの港、スウェーデンのヨーテボリ、そしてフランスの海岸からも、さらに多くのものが絶えず密輸されていた。	a great deal more|さらに多くの|noun|a lot more	constantly|絶えず|adverb|continuously; always	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	French East India company|フランス東インド会社|noun|a French company formed in 1664 to trade with India	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success
The consumption of the porcelain of China, of the spiceries of the Moluccas, of the piece goods of Bengal, and of innumerable other articles, has increased very nearly in a like proportion.	中国の磁器、モルッカ諸島の香辛料、ベンガルの布製品、その他無数の品物の消費量も、ほぼ同様の割合で増加している。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	porcelain|磁器|noun|a hard, fine-grained, white, translucent ceramic	Moluccas|モルッカ諸島|noun|an archipelago in Indonesia	spicery|香辛料|noun|a spice or spices	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in South Asia	piece goods|布製品|noun|a fabric or textile	innumerable|無数の|adjective|too many to be counted	article|品物|noun|a particular item	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
The tonnage, accordingly, of all the European shipping employed in the East India trade, at any one time during the last century, was not, perhaps, much greater than that of the English East India company before the late reduction of their shipping.	したがって、前世紀のどの時点でも、東インド貿易に従事していたヨーロッパのすべての船舶のトン数は、おそらく、最近の船舶の削減前のイギリス東インド会社のトン数よりもそれほど大きくはなかった。	tonnage|トン数|noun|the weight of a ship's cargo	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	shipping|船舶|noun|the transport of people or goods by ship	East India trade|東インド貿易|noun|trade between the East Indies and other parts of the world	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	at any one time|どの時点でも|adverb|at any particular time	English East India company|イギリス東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	late reduction|最近の削減|noun|a recent decrease	shipping|船舶|noun|the transport of people or goods by ship

But in the East Indies, particularly in China and Indostan, the value of the precious metals, when the Europeans first began to trade to those countries, was much higher than in Europe; and it still continues to be so.	しかし、東インド、特に中国とインドでは、ヨーロッパ人が最初にこれらの国々と貿易を始めた頃、貴金属の価値はヨーロッパよりもはるかに高かった。そして、それは今も続いている。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a person from Europe	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	much higher|はるかに高い|adjective|a lot more	still|今も|adverb|even now; even then	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something
In rice countries, which generally yield two, sometimes three crops in the year, each of them more plentiful than any common crop of corn, the abundance of food must be much greater than in any corn country of equal extent.	米の国では、通常は年に二回、時には三回収穫があり、そのどれもが普通の穀物収穫よりも豊富なので、食料の豊富さは、同程度の広さの穀物国よりもはるかに大きいはずである。	rice country|米の国|noun|a country where rice is the staple food	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	yield|収穫|noun|the amount of something produced	two|二回|numeral|one more than one	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	three|三回|numeral|one more than two	crop|収穫|noun|the produce of a plant	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something
Such countries are accordingly much more populous.	したがって、そのような国々ははるかに人口が多い。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or kind previously mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population
In them, too, the rich, having a greater superabundance of food to dispose of beyond what they themselves can consume, have the means of purchasing a much greater quantity of the labour of other people.	これらの国でも、富裕層は、自分たちが消費できる量を超えて処分できる食料が豊富にあるため、他の人々の労働をより多く購入する手段を持っている。	in them|これらの国でも|adverb|in those countries	rich|富裕層|noun|a person with a great deal of money or property	having|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	superabundance|豊富|noun|an excessive amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be consumed by living organisms	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the further side of	what|量|noun|the thing that	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	much|より多く|adverb|to a great extent or degree	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The retinue of a grandee in China or Indostan accordingly is, by all accounts, much more numerous and splendid than that of the richest subjects in Europe.	したがって、中国やインドの貴族の従者は、あらゆる点で、ヨーロッパの最も裕福な臣民の従者よりもはるかに多く、豪華である。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	retinue|従者|noun|a group of people who attend or follow an important person	grandee|貴族|noun|a person of high rank or social position	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The same superabundance of food, of which they have the disposal, enables them to give a greater quantity of it for all those singular and rare productions which nature furnishes but in very small quantities;	彼らが処分できる食料の過剰供給は、自然が提供するが非常に少量しか提供しないすべての特異な希少生産物に対して、より多くの食料を与えることを可能にする。	superabundance|過剰供給|noun|an excessive supply	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
such as the precious metals and the precious stones, the great objects of the competition of the rich.	貴金属や宝石など、富裕層の競争の大きな対象となるものである。	such as|など|conjunction|for example	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be of high value	precious stone|宝石|noun|a piece of mineral, either cut and polished or in its natural state, that is valued for its beauty and rarity	great object|大きな対象|noun|something that is very important or valuable	competition|競争|noun|a situation in which people or businesses compete with each other	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a lot of money
Though the mines, therefore, which supplied the Indian market, had been as abundant as those which supplied the European, such commodities would naturally exchange for a greater quantity of food in India than in Europe.	したがって、インド市場に供給する鉱山は、ヨーロッパ市場に供給する鉱山と同じくらい豊富であったが、そのような商品は、当然のことながら、ヨーロッパよりもインドでより多くの食料と交換されることになる。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth
But the mines which supplied the Indian market with the precious metals seem to have been a good deal less abundant, and those which supplied it with the precious stones a good deal more so, than the mines which supplied the European.	しかし、インド市場に貴金属を供給する鉱山は、ヨーロッパ市場に供給する鉱山よりもかなり少なく、宝石を供給する鉱山は、ヨーロッパ市場に供給する鉱山よりもかなり豊富だったようである。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	Indian|インド|noun|a person from India	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	those|それら|pronoun|the ones	precious stone|宝石|noun|a valuable gem	European|ヨーロッパ|noun|a person from Europe
The precious metals, therefore, would naturally exchange in India for a somewhat greater quantity of the precious stones, and for a much greater quantity of food than in Europe.	したがって、貴金属は、当然のことながら、インドではヨーロッパよりも、宝石の量がやや多く、食料の量がはるかに多いものと交換されることになる。	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The money price of diamonds, the greatest of all superfluities, would be somewhat lower, and that of food, the first of all necessaries, a great deal lower in the one country than in the other.	すべての贅沢品の中で最も高価なダイヤモンドの貨幣価格は、インドではヨーロッパよりもやや低く、すべての必需品の中で最も重要な食料の価格は、インドではヨーロッパよりもかなり低い。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	diamond|ダイヤモンド|noun|a hard, transparent, precious stone	superfluity|贅沢品|noun|something that is not necessary but is desirable	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	lower|低い|adjective|not as high as something else	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
But the real price of labour, the real quantity of the necessaries of life which is given to the labourer, it has already been observed, is lower both in China and Indostan, the two great markets of India, than it is through the greater part of Europe.	しかし、労働の真の価格、労働者に与えられる生活必需品の真の量は、すでに述べたように、インドの二大市場である中国とインドスタンでは、ヨーロッパの大部分よりも低い。	real price|真の価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially one who does unskilled manual work	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The wages of the labourer will there purchase a smaller quantity of food: and as the money price of food is much lower in India than in Europe, the money price of labour is there lower upon a double account;	労働者の賃金は、そこではより少ない量の食料しか買えない。そして、インドでは食料の貨幣価格がヨーロッパよりもはるかに低いので、労働の貨幣価格は二重の理由で低い。	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying for	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects
upon account both of the small quantity of food which it will purchase, and of the low price of that food.	購入できる食料の量が少なく、その食料の価格が低いためである。	small quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	low price|低価格|noun|a price that is lower than the usual or expected price
But in countries of equal art and industry, the money price of the greater part of manufactures will be in proportion to the money price of labour;	しかし、技術や産業が同等の国では、ほとんどの製品の貨幣価格は労働の貨幣価格に比例する。	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and in manufacturing art and industry, China and Indostan, though inferior, seem not to be much inferior to any part of Europe.	そして、製造技術や産業において、中国とインドスタンは劣っているとはいえ、ヨーロッパのどの地域よりも劣っているわけではないように思われる。	manufacturing|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	inferior|劣っている|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The money price of the greater part of manufactures, therefore, will naturally be much lower in those great empires than it is anywhere in Europe.	したがって、これらの大帝国では、ほとんどの製品の貨幣価格はヨーロッパのどこよりも当然低くなる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	much lower|ずっと低い|adjective|a lot less	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large and powerful empire	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
Through the greater part of Europe, too, the expense of land-carriage increases very much both the real and nominal price of most manufactures.	ヨーロッパの大部分でも、陸上輸送の費用はほとんどの製品の実質価格と名目価格の両方を非常に上昇させる。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	land-carriage|陸上輸送|noun|the transport of goods by land	increase|上昇させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目|adjective|being so-called but not in fact	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
It costs more labour, and therefore more money, to bring first the materials, and afterwards the complete manufacture to market.	最初に材料を市場に運び、その後完成品を市場に運ぶには、より多くの労働力、つまりより多くのお金がかかる。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a destination	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	complete|完成品|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities
In China and Indostan, the extent and variety of inland navigations save the greater part of this labour, and consequently of this money, and thereby reduce still lower both the real and the nominal price of the greater part of their manufactures.	中国とインドスタンでは、内陸水運の範囲と多様性によってこの労働の大部分が節約され、その結果この資金が節約され、それによって製品の大部分の実質価格と名目価格の両方がさらに低下する。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	inland navigation|内陸水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by boat on rivers, canals, or lakes	save|節約する|verb|keep and store up	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory
Upon all these accounts, the precious metals are a commodity which it always has been, and still continues to be, extremely advantageous to carry from Europe to India.	これらすべての理由から、貴金属はヨーロッパからインドに運ぶのに非常に有利な商品であり、今もなおそうである。	upon all these accounts|これらすべての理由から|adverb|for all these reasons	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	still|今もなお|adverb|even now; even so	continue|続く|verb|to go on without stopping	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	carry|運ぶ|verb|to take or bring from one place to another	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia
There is scarce any commodity which brings a better price there;	インドでより良い価格をもたらす商品はほとんどない。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
or which, in proportion to the quantity of labour and commodities which it costs in Europe, will purchase or command a greater quantity of labour and commodities in India.	あるいは、ヨーロッパでかかる労働と商品の量に比例して、インドでより多くの労働と商品を購入したり、命令したりする商品はほとんどない。	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size or amount of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia
It is more advantageous, too, to carry silver thither than gold;	インドに金よりも銀を運ぶ方が有利である。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal of great value
because in China, and the greater part of the other markets of India, the proportion between fine silver and fine gold is but as ten, or at most as twelve to one;	なぜなら、中国やインドの他の市場の大部分では、純銀と純金の比率は10対1、せいぜい12対1にすぎないからである。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver with a purity of 99.9% or higher	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.9% or higher	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is compared to another	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	at most|せいぜい|adverb|not more than; at the maximum	twelve|12|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	one|1|noun|the cardinal number that is the base of the natural number system
whereas in Europe it is as fourteen or fifteen to one.	一方、ヨーロッパでは14対1または15対1である。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand; in contrast	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	fourteen|14|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one	fifteen|15|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one	one|1|noun|the cardinal number that is the base of the natural number system
In China, and the greater part of the other markets of India, ten, or at most twelve ounces of silver, will purchase an ounce of gold;	中国やインドの他の市場の大部分では、10オンス、せいぜい12オンスの銀で1オンスの金が買える。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	ten|10|numeral|the number 10	twelve|12|numeral|the number 12	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal
in Europe, it requires from fourteen to fifteen ounces.	ヨーロッパでは、14オンスから15オンスが必要である。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose
In the cargoes, therefore, of the greater part of European ships which sail to India, silver has generally been one of the most valuable articles.	したがって、インドに向かうヨーロッパ船の大部分の貨物では、銀は一般的に最も価値のある品物の1つである。	cargo|貨物|noun|the goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	article|品物|noun|a particular item
It is the most valuable article in the Acapulco ships which sail to Manilla.	それはマニラに向かうアカプルコ船の最も価値のある品物である。	valuable|価値のある|adjective|having a high price or worth	article|品物|noun|a particular item or object	sail|向かう|verb|travel by water	Manilla|マニラ|noun|the capital of the Philippines
The silver of the new continent seems, in this manner, to be one of the principal commodities by which the commerce between the two extremities of the old one is carried on;	このように、新大陸の銀は、旧大陸の両端の間の商業が営まれる主要な商品の1つであるように思われる。	new continent|新大陸|noun|the Americas	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	principal commodity|主要な商品|noun|the main product or service that a company sells	old one|旧大陸|noun|Europe, Asia, and Africa	carry on|営まれる|verb|continue doing something
and it is by means of it, in a great measure, that those distant parts of the world are connected with one another.	そして、世界のそれらの遠く離れた部分が互いに結びついているのは、大いにそのおかげである。	by means of|おかげで|preposition|with the help of	in a great measure|大いに|adverb|to a great extent	connect|結びつく|verb|to join or fasten together	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other

In order to supply so very widely extended a market, the quantity of silver annually brought from the mines must not only be sufficient to support that continued increase, both of coin and of plate, which is required in all thriving countries;	このように非常に広く拡大した市場に供給するためには、鉱山から毎年運び出される銀の量は、すべての繁栄している国で必要とされる貨幣と銀器の両方の継続的な増加を支えるのに十分であるだけでなく、	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	so very|非常に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	widely|広く|adverb|to a great extent or degree	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	bring|運び出す|verb|take or carry with oneself	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	plate|銀器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper
but to repair that continual waste and consumption of silver which takes place in all countries where that metal is used.	銀が使用されているすべての国で起こる銀の継続的な浪費と消費を修復するのに十分でなければならない。	repair|修復する|verb|restore to good condition	waste|浪費|noun|the act of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	take place|起こる|verb|happen	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory

The continual consumption of the precious metals in coin by wearing, and in plate both by wearing and cleaning, is very sensible;	貨幣の摩耗による貴金属の継続的な消費と、摩耗と洗浄による銀器の継続的な消費は、非常に賢明である。	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	wearing|摩耗|noun|the process of wearing away	plate|銀器|noun|a flat dish made of metal	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason
and in commodities of which the use is so very widely extended, would alone require a very great annual supply.	そして、使用が非常に広く拡大している商品では、それだけでも非常に大きな年間供給量が必要となる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in|で|preposition|used to indicate the place, time, or circumstances in which something happens	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	so|非常に|adverb|to a very great extent	widely|広く|adverb|to a great extent	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a wish, request, or desire	alone|だけでも|adverb|without any other people or things	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	very|非常に|adverb|to a great extent	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	supply|供給量|noun|the amount of something that is available
The consumption of those metals in some particular manufactures, though it may not perhaps be greater upon the whole than this gradual consumption, is, however, much more sensible, as it is much more rapid.	いくつかの特定の製造業におけるこれらの金属の消費は、全体としてはこの段階的な消費よりも大きくはないかもしれないが、はるかに急速であるため、はるかに賢明である。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	gradual|段階的|adjective|taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees	rapid|急速|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	sensible|賢明|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason
In the manufactures of Birmingham alone, the quantity of gold and silver annually employed in gilding and plating, and thereby disqualified from ever afterwards appearing in the shape of those metals, is said to amount to more than fifty thousand pounds sterling.	バーミンガムの製造業だけでも、金メッキや銀メッキに年間に使用される金や銀の量は、その後金属の形で現れることが不可能になるため、5万ポンド以上になるといわれている。	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in England	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	employ|使用される|verb|use	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	gilding|金メッキ|noun|the art or process of applying gold leaf or gold paint	plating|銀メッキ|noun|the art or process of applying a thin layer of metal to a surface	thereby|そのため|adverb|as a result of that	disqualified|不可能になる|verb|make ineligible	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	amount to|になる|verb|be equivalent to	more than|以上|adverb|in excess of	fifty thousand|5万|numeral|50,000	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sterling|スターリング|noun|of, relating to, or payable in British money
We may from thence form some notion how great must be the annual consumption in all the different parts of the world, either in manufactures of the same kind with those of Birmingham, or in laces, embroideries, gold and silver stuffs, the gilding of books, furniture, etc.	そこから、バーミンガムと同じ種類の製造業、あるいはレース、刺繍、金銀製品、書籍の金メッキ、家具など、世界のあらゆる地域で年間消費量がどれほど大きくなければならないか、ある程度の考えを形成することができる。	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	great|どれほど大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	consumption|消費量|noun|the amount of something that is used	all the different parts|あらゆる地域|noun phrase|all the different parts	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	either|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone	kind|種類|noun|a category of things	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England	lace|レース|noun|a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open pattern	embroidery|刺繍|noun|the art or process of embroidering	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	stuff|製品|noun|a material, substance, or mixture of substances	gilding|金メッキ|noun|a thin layer of gold or a gold-colored substance applied to the surface of an object	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house, or other area
A considerable quantity, too, must be annually lost in transporting those metals from one place to another both by sea and by land.	かなりの量も、海と陸の両方で、ある場所から別の場所にこれらの金属を輸送する際に毎年失われているに違いない。	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	land|陸|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
In the greater part of the governments of Asia, besides, the almost universal custom of concealing treasures in the bowels of the earth, of which the knowledge frequently dies with the person who makes the concealment, must occasion the loss of a still greater quantity.	そのうえ、アジアの政府の大部分では、宝物を地中に隠すというほぼ普遍的な習慣があり、その知識は隠した人とともに消えてしまうことが多いため、さらに多くの量が失われるに違いない。	In the greater part of|大部分の|noun phrase|the majority of	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	almost universal|ほぼ普遍的な|adjective|existing or available everywhere	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	bowels|地中|noun|the interior of the earth	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	die|消える|verb|stop existing or living	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	make|する|verb|cause to happen or exist	concealment|隠すこと|noun|the state of being hidden or kept secret	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	loss|失われる|noun|the fact or process of losing something	still greater|さらに多くの|adjective|even more	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something

The quantity of gold and silver imported at both Cadiz and Lisbon (including not only what comes under register, but what may be supposed to be smuggled) amounts, according to the best accounts, to about six millions sterling a-year.	カディスとリスボンの両方に輸入される金と銀の量は(登録されているものだけでなく、密輸されていると思われるものも含む)、最も信頼できる計算によると、年間約600万ポンドにのぼる。	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	register|登録する|verb|enter or record on an official list or directory	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	amount|のぼる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom

According to Mr Meggens {Postscript to the Universal Merchant p. 15 and 16. This postscript was not printed till 1756, three years after the publication of the book, which has never had a second edition.	メッゲンス氏によると(『万国商人』の追記15、16ページ。この追記は、この本の出版から3年後の1756年まで印刷されず、第二版は出版されていない。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	Mr Meggens|メッゲンス氏|noun|a person	Universal Merchant|万国商人|noun|a person	15 and 16|15、16ページ|noun|a number	This postscript|この追記|noun|a piece of writing added at the end of a letter, book, or other text	1756|1756年|noun|a year	three years|3年|noun|a period of time	the publication of the book|この本の出版|noun|the act of publishing a book	second edition|第二版|noun|a new version of a book that has been revised or updated
The postscript is, therefore, to be found in few copies;	したがって、追記はほとんどの写本には見られない。	postscript|追記|noun|an additional piece of writing added at the end of a letter, book, or other text	be found|見られる|verb|be present or available	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of
it corrects several errors in the book.}, the annual importation of the precious metals into Spain, at an average of six years, viz.	本書のいくつかの誤りを訂正している)、スペインへの貴金属の年間輸入量は、6年間の平均で、すなわち、	correct|訂正する|verb|make or set right	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	error|誤り|noun|something that is not correct	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once every year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be very valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, quality, standard, etc.	six years|6年間|noun|a period of time lasting for six years	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
from 1748 to 1753, both inclusive, and into Portugal, at an average of seven years, viz.	1748年から1753年まで、両方含めて、そしてポルトガルへの年間輸入量は、7年間の平均で、すなわち、	from 1748 to 1753|1748年から1753年まで|noun phrase|a period of time	both inclusive|両方含めて|adjective|including both the beginning and the end of a period of time	into Portugal|ポルトガルへ|noun phrase|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, southwestern Europe	at an average of seven years|7年間の平均で|noun phrase|the average of a set of numbers	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
from 1747 to 1753, both inclusive, amounted in silver to 1,101,107 pounds weight, and in gold to 49,940 pounds weight.	1747年から1753年まで、両方含めて、銀は110万1107ポンド、金は4万9940ポンドに達した。	from 1747 to 1753|1747年から1753年まで|noun phrase|a period of time	both inclusive|両方含めて|adjective|including both the beginning and the end of a period of time	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	1,101,107 pounds|110万1107ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of weight	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	49,940 pounds|4万9940ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of weight
The silver, at sixty two shillings the pound troy, amounts to £ 3,413,431:10s. sterling.	銀は、トロイポンド62シリングで、341万3431ポンド10シリングに達する。	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	sixty two|62|numeral|the number that is one more than sixty one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	troy|トロイ|noun|a system of weights used for precious metals and gems	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	sterling|スターリング|noun|of or relating to the currency of the United Kingdom
The gold, at forty-four guineas and a half the pound troy, amounts to £ 2,333,446:14s. sterling.	金は、トロイポンド44ギニー半で、233万3446ポンド14シリングに達する。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	forty-four|44|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of forty-three and one	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together constitute a whole	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	troy|トロイ|noun|a system of weights used for precious metals and gems	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	sterling|スターリング|noun|the money used in the United Kingdom
Both together amount to £ 5,746,878:4s. sterling.	両方合わせると574万6878ポンド4シリングになる。	both|両方|pronoun|the two people or things just mentioned	together|合わせる|adverb|with or near each other	amount to|なる|verb|be equal to	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
The account of what was imported under register, he assures us, is exact.	彼は、登録のもとで輸入されたものの勘定は正確だと保証している。	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	register|登録|noun|an official list or record	assure|保証する|verb|make sure or certain
He gives us the detail of the particular places from which the gold and silver were brought, and of the particular quantity of each metal, which, according to the register, each of them afforded.	彼は、金と銀がもたらされた特定の場所の詳細と、登録によると、それぞれが提供した各金属の特定の量の詳細を私たちに提供している。	give|提供する|verb|transfer possession of something to someone	detail|詳細|noun|an individual fact or item	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	register|登録|noun|an official list or record	afford|提供する|verb|have enough money to pay for
He makes an allowance, too, for the quantity of each metal which, he supposes, may have been smuggled.	彼はまた、密輸されたかもしれないと彼が考える各金属の量を考慮に入れている。	make an allowance|考慮に入れる|verb|take something into account	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally
The great experience of this judicious merchant renders his opinion of considerable weight.	この賢明な商人の豊富な経験は、彼の意見にかなりの重みを与えている。	great experience|豊富な経験|noun|a lot of experience	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	render|与える|verb|cause to be or become	considerable weight|かなりの重み|noun|a lot of importance

According to the eloquent, and sometimes well-informed, author of the Philosophical and Political History of the Establishment of the Europeans in the two Indies, the annual importation of registered gold and silver into Spain, at an average of eleven years, viz.	雄弁で、ときには博識な、二つのインドにおけるヨーロッパ人の定住の哲学的・政治的歴史の著者によると、スペインへの登録された金と銀の年間輸入量は、11年間の平均で、すなわち、	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	eloquent|雄弁な|adjective|fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing	sometimes|ときには|adverb|occasionally, at times	well-informed|博識な|adjective|having a lot of knowledge about many different subjects	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	the Philosophical and Political History of the Establishment of the Europeans in the two Indies|二つのインドにおけるヨーロッパ人の定住の哲学的・政治的歴史|noun|a book by Guillaume-Thomas Raynal	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once every year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad for sale	registered|登録された|adjective|officially recorded or recognized	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	eleven years|11年間|noun|a period of time lasting for eleven years	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
from 1754 to 1764, both inclusive, amounted to 13,984,185 3/5 piastres of ten reals.	1754年から1764年まで、両方を含めて、10レアルの13,984,185 3/5ピアストルに達した。	from 1754 to 1764|1754年から1764年まで|noun phrase|a period of time	both inclusive|両方を含めて|noun phrase|including both the beginning and the end of a period of time	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	13,984,185 3/5|13,984,185 3/5|noun phrase|a number	piastres|ピアストル|noun|a unit of currency	ten reals|10レアル|noun phrase|a unit of currency
On account of what may have been smuggled, however, the whole annual importation, he supposes, may have amounted to seventeen millions of piastres, which, at 4s. 6d. the piastre, is equal to £ 3,825,000 sterling.	しかし、密輸されたかもしれないものを考慮すると、年間の輸入総額は1700万ピアストルに達したのではないかと彼は推測している。これは4シリング6ペンスで、382万5000ポンドの価値に相当する。	on account of|考慮すると|preposition|because of	what|もの|noun|the thing that	may have been|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	smuggled|密輸された|verb|import or export secretly and illegally	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country	suppose|推測する|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	may have amounted to|達したかもしれない|verb|have a total of	seventeen millions|1700万|numeral|17,000,000	piastres|ピアストル|noun|a former monetary unit of various Middle Eastern countries	at|で|preposition|in the rate of	4s. 6d.|4シリング6ペンス|numeral|four shillings and sixpence	the piastre|ピアストル|noun|a former monetary unit of various Middle Eastern countries	is equal to|相当する|verb|be the same as	£ 3,825,000|382万5000ポンド|numeral|3,825,000 pounds	sterling|価値|noun|the money used in the United Kingdom
He gives the detail, too, of the particular places from which the gold and silver were brought, and of the particular quantities of each metal, which according to the register, each of them afforded.	彼はまた、金と銀が運び込まれた特定の場所と、登録簿によるとそれぞれが提供した各金属の特定の量の詳細も示している。	give|示す|verb|to present as a gift	detail|詳細|noun|an individual fact or item	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bring|運び込む|verb|to cause to come to a place	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, group, or instance	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	register|登録簿|noun|an official list or record	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something
He informs us, too, that if we were to judge of the quantity of gold annually imported from the Brazils to Lisbon, by the amount of the tax paid to the king of Portugal, which it seems, is one-fifth of the standard metal, we might value it at eighteen millions of cruzadoes, or forty-five millions of French livres, equal to about twenty millions sterling.	彼はまた、ブラジルからリスボンに毎年輸入される金の量を、ポルトガル王に支払われる税金の額で判断すると、それは標準金属の5分の1に相当すると思われ、1800万クルザド、または4500万フランスリーブル、約2000万スターリングに相当すると評価できると教えてくれる。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	Brazils|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	eighteen millions|1800万|noun|a number equal to 18 followed by six zeros	cruzadoes|クルザド|noun|a former Portuguese coin	forty-five millions|4500万|noun|a number equal to 45 followed by six zeros	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	livres|リーブル|noun|a former French coin	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	about|約|adverb|approximately	twenty millions|2000万|noun|a number equal to 20 followed by six zeros	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
On account of what may have been smuggled, however, we may safely, he says, add to this sum an eighth more, or £ 250,000 sterling, so that the whole will amount to £ 2,250,000 sterling.	しかし、密輸されたかもしれないものを考慮すると、この金額に8分の1を加えても安全だろう、つまり25万ポンドを加えれば、全体で225万ポンドになるだろうと彼は言う。	on account of|考慮して|preposition|because of	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	eighth|8分の1|noun|one of eight equal parts	more|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	250,000|25万|numeral|two hundred fifty thousand	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	amount to|になる|verb|be equal to	2,250,000|225万|numeral|two million two hundred fifty thousand
According to this account, therefore, the whole annual importation of the precious metals into both Spain and Portugal, mounts to about £ 6,075,000 sterling.	したがって、この説明によると、スペインとポルトガルの両国への貴金属の年間輸入総額は約607万5000ポンドに上る。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	mount|上る|verb|increase in amount or value	about|約|preposition|approximately	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom

Several other very well authenticated, though manuscript accounts, I have been assured, agree in making this whole annual importation amount, at an average, to about six millions sterling;	他のいくつかの非常に信頼できる、しかし手書きの報告書は、この年間輸入総額を平均して約600万スターリングにすることに同意していると私は確信している。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	authenticated|信頼できる|adjective|of undisputed origin; genuine	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	manuscript|手書き|noun|a book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed	account|報告書|noun|a statement of the financial situation of a business, person, or other entity	I|私|pronoun|the speaker or writer	have been assured|確信している|verb|to be certain of something	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	amount|約|noun|a quantity of something	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	six|600万|numeral|the number 6	million|スターリング|numeral|a thousand thousands; 1,000,000	sterling|スターリング|noun|British money
sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less.	時には少し多かったり、時には少し少なかったりする。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	a little|少し|adverb|to a small extent	more|多い|adjective|greater in size, amount, degree, or value	less|少ない|adjective|smaller in size, amount, degree, or value

The annual importation of the precious metals into Cadiz and Lisbon, indeed, is not equal to the whole annual produce of the mines of America.	実際、カディスとリスボンへの貴金属の年間輸入量は、アメリカの鉱山の年間生産量全体には及ばない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly	equal|及ばない|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
Some part is sent annually by the Acapulco ships to Manilla; some part is employed in a contraband trade, which the Spanish colonies carry on with those of other European nations;	一部はアカプルコの船で毎年マニラに送られ、一部はスペインの植民地が他のヨーロッパ諸国の植民地と行っている密貿易に使われ、	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	Acapulco|アカプルコ|noun|a city and major seaport in southwestern Mexico	Manilla|マニラ|noun|the capital of the Philippines	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	employ|使う|verb|use	contraband trade|密貿易|noun|illegal trade	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	carry on|行う|verb|continue	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people or languages
and some part, no doubt, remains in the country.	そして一部は間違いなく国内に残っている。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone
The mines of America, besides, are by no means the only gold and silver mines in the world.	その上、アメリカの鉱山は決して世界で唯一の金銀鉱山ではない。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
They, are, however, by far the most abundant.	しかし、それらは群を抜いて最も豊富である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	by far|群を抜いて|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
The produce of all the other mines which are known is insignificant, it is acknowledged, in comparison with theirs;	知られている他のすべての鉱山の産出量は、それらと比べれば取るに足らないものであることは認められている。	produce|産出量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of
and the far greater part of their produce, it is likewise acknowledged, is annually imported into Cadiz and Lisbon.	そして、それらの産出物の大部分が毎年カディスとリスボンに輸入されていることも同様に認められている。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	the far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	their|それらの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	produce|産出物|noun|something that is produced	it is likewise acknowledged|同様に認められている|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	imported|輸入されている|verb|to bring or cause to be brought into a country from abroad	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal
But the consumption of Birmingham alone, at the rate of fifty thousand pounds a-year, is equal to the hundred-and-twentieth part of this annual importation, at the rate of six millions a-year.	しかし、バーミンガムだけでも年間五万ポンドの消費量は、年間六百万ポンドのこの年間輸入量の百二十分の一に相当する。	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England	alone|だけでも|adverb|without any other people or things	fifty thousand pounds|五万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or importance	hundred-and-twentieth|百二十分の一|noun|one hundred and twenty	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入量|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	six millions|六百万|noun|six million	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
The whole annual consumption of gold and silver, therefore, in all the different countries of the world where those metals are used, may, perhaps, be nearly equal to the whole annual produce.	したがって、金と銀が使用されている世界のすべての国々における金と銀の年間消費量は、おそらく年間生産量全体とほぼ同じであろう。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
The remainder may be no more than sufficient to supply the increasing demand of all thriving countries.	残りは、すべての繁栄している国々の増加する需要を満たすのに十分な量にすぎないかもしれない。	remainder|残り|noun|the part that is left over	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed	increasing|増加する|adjective|becoming greater or more	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing; prospering
It may even have fallen so far short of this demand, as somewhat to raise the price of those metals in the European market.	ヨーロッパ市場でこれらの金属の価格を多少上昇させるほど、この需要をはるかに下回った可能性さえある。	fall short of|下回る|verb|fail to reach or achieve	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe

The quantity of brass and iron annually brought from the mine to the market, is out of all proportion greater than that of gold and silver.	毎年鉱山から市場に運ばれる真鍮と鉄の量は、金と銀の量よりもはるかに多い。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	out of all proportion|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent than is usual or expected	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal of great value
We do not, however, upon this account, imagine that those coarse metals are likely to multiply beyond the demand, or to become gradually cheaper and cheaper.	しかし、この説明では、これらの粗金属が需要を超えて増加したり、徐々に安価になったりするとは考えていない。	do not|ない|auxiliary verb|negation	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	upon this account|この説明では|noun phrase|for this reason	imagine|考えていない|verb|form a mental image of something	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	multiply|増加する|verb|increase in number	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the further side of	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	cheaper|安価になる|adjective|low in price or value
Why should we imagine that the precious metals are likely to do so?	なぜ貴金属がそうする可能性があると考えるのか?	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	be likely to|する可能性がある|auxiliary verb|be probable or expected
The coarse metals, indeed, though harder, are put to much harder uses, and, as they are of less value, less care is employed in their preservation.	粗金属は、確かに硬いが、はるかに硬い用途に使われ、価値が低いため、保存にはあまり注意を払わない。	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	hard|硬い|adjective|not easily broken, bent, or pierced	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	preservation|保存|noun|the action of preserving something
The precious metals, however, are not necessarily immortal any more than they, but are liable, too, to be lost, wasted, and consumed, in a great variety of ways.	しかし、貴金属は必ずしも不滅ではなく、さまざまな方法で失われたり、無駄になったり、消費されたりする可能性がある。	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	immortal|不滅|adjective|living forever; never dying or decaying	liable|可能性がある|adjective|likely to do or have something	lost|失われる|verb|become unable to find	wasted|無駄になる|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	consumed|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest

The price of all metals, though liable to slow and gradual variations, varies less from year to year than that of almost any other part of the rude produce of land: and the price of the precious metals is even less liable to sudden variations than that of the coarse ones.	すべての金属の価格は、ゆっくりと徐々に変化する傾向があるが、土地の粗野な生産物の他のほとんどの部分の価格よりも年ごとに変化が少なく、貴金属の価格は粗金属の価格よりも突然の変動の影響を受けにくい。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	liable|傾向がある|adjective|likely to do or have something	slow|ゆっくり|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	gradual|徐々に|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	variation|変化|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect for others	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture, grain, or fiber
The durableness of metals is the foundation of this extraordinary steadiness of price.	金属の耐久性は、この並外れた価格の安定性の基礎である。	durableness|耐久性|noun|the ability to last for a long time	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or founded	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	steadiness|安定性|noun|the quality of being steady	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
The corn which was brought to market last year will be all, or almost all, consumed, long before the end of this year.	昨年市場に出された穀物は、今年が終わるずっと前にすべて、あるいはほとんどすべてが消費されるだろう。	bring to market|市場に出す|verb|make available for purchase	last year|昨年|noun|the year before the present year	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	almost all|ほとんどすべて|pronoun|nearly all	long before|ずっと前に|adverb|a long time before	this year|今年|noun|the present year
But some part of the iron which was brought from the mine two or three hundred years ago, may be still in use, and, perhaps, some part of the gold which was brought from it two or three thousand years ago.	しかし、二、三百年前に鉱山から運び出された鉄の一部は、今でも使用されているかもしれないし、二、三千年前に運び出された金の一部も、今でも使用されているかもしれない。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, silvery-gray metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	two or three hundred years ago|二、三百年前|noun|a period of time from 200 to 300 years in the past	still|今でも|adverb|even now or even then	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	two or three thousand years ago|二、三千年前|noun|a period of time from 2,000 to 3,000 years in the past
The different masses of corn, which, in different years, must supply the consumption of the world, will always be nearly in proportion to the respective produce of those different years.	異なる年に世界の消費を供給しなければならない異なる量の穀物は、常にそれらの異なる年のそれぞれの生産量にほぼ比例するだろう。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit around the sun	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with	mass|量|noun|a large amount of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced
But the proportion between the different masses of iron which may be in use in two different years, will be very little affected by any accidental difference in the produce of the iron mines of those two years;	しかし、二つの異なる年に使用されるかもしれない鉄の異なる量の間の比率は、その二年間の鉄鉱山の生産量の偶然の差によってほとんど影響を受けないだろう。	two different years|二つの異なる年|noun|two years that are not the same	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, silvery-gray metal	different masses|異なる量|noun|different amounts	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	two years|二年間|noun|a period of time lasting two years	iron mine|鉄鉱山|noun|a mine where iron is extracted	accidental difference|偶然の差|noun|a difference that is not planned or expected	little|ほとんど|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	affected|影響を受ける|verb|to be influenced or changed by something
and the proportion between the masses of gold will be still less affected by any such difference in the produce of the gold mines.	そして、金の量の間の比率は、金鉱山の生産量のそのような差によってさらに影響を受けないだろう。	mass|量|noun|a large amount of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gold mine|金鉱山|noun|a mine where gold is extracted	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced
Though the produce of the greater part of metallic mines, therefore, varies, perhaps, still more from year to year than that of the greater part of corn fields, those variations have not the same effect upon the price of the one species of commodities as upon that of the other.	したがって、金属鉱山の大部分の生産量は、おそらく穀物畑の大部分の生産量よりも年ごとに変動が大きいが、これらの変動は、一方の商品の価格と他方の商品の価格に同じ影響を及ぼすわけではない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	metallic mine|金属鉱山|noun|a mine where metal is extracted	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change	year to year|年ごとに|adverb|from one year to the next	corn field|穀物畑|noun|a field where corn is grown	variation|変動|noun|a change in the value, amount, or rate of something	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	other|他方|adjective|being the remaining one of two or more people or things

Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver.	金と銀のそれぞれの価値の間の比率の変動。	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal

Before the discovery of the mines of America, the value of fine gold to fine silver was regulated in the different mines of Europe, between the proportions of one to ten and one to twelve;	アメリカの鉱山が発見される前は、純金に対する純銀の価値は、ヨーロッパのさまざまな鉱山で、一対十から一対十二の比率の間で調整されていた。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.9% or higher	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver with a purity of 99.9% or higher	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	one to ten|一対十|noun|a ratio of one to ten	one to twelve|一対十二|noun|a ratio of one to twelve
that is, an ounce of fine gold was supposed to be worth from ten to twelve ounces of fine silver.	つまり、純金一オンスは純銀十オンスから十二オンスの価値があるとされていた。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.9% or higher	be supposed to|される|verb|be required or expected to	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	ten|十|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	twelve|十二|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver with a purity of 99.9% or higher
About the middle of the last century, it came to be regulated, between the proportions of one to fourteen and one to fifteen;	前世紀の中頃には、一対十四から一対十五の比率の間で調整されるようになった。	about|頃|preposition|approximately	the middle of|中頃|noun|the middle part of	the last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	come to be|されるようになる|verb|come to be	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	between|間で|preposition|in the interval separating two points in space, time, or sequence	the proportion of|比率|noun|the relationship of one number to another	one|一|noun|the lowest cardinal number	fourteen|十四|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one	fifteen|十五|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one
that is, an ounce of fine gold came to be supposed worth between fourteen and fifteen ounces of fine silver.	つまり、純金一オンスは純銀十四オンスから十五オンスの価値があるとされるようになった。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.9% or higher	come to be supposed|されるようになった|verb|come to be regarded as	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	between fourteen and fifteen|十四オンスから十五オンス|noun|a number between fourteen and fifteen	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver with a purity of 99.9% or higher
Gold rose in its nominal value, or in the quantity of silver which was given for it.	金は名目価値、つまり金と交換される銀の量が上昇した。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	nominal value|名目価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Both metals sunk in their real value, or in the quantity of labour which they could purchase;	両方の金属は実質価値、つまり購入できる労働量が下落した。	both|両方の|adjective|the two	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	sink|下落する|verb|go down or cause to go down	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
but silver sunk more than gold.	しかし、銀は金よりも下落した。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal
Though both the gold and silver mines of America exceeded in fertility all those which had ever been known before, the fertility of the silver mines had, it seems, been proportionally still greater than that of the gold ones.	アメリカの金鉱山と銀鉱山はどちらも、これまでに知られていたすべての鉱山よりも豊富だったが、銀鉱山の豊富さは金鉱山の豊富さよりも相対的に大きかったようである。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fertility|豊富さ|noun|the state or quality of producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	known|知られている|verb|be aware of the existence, facts, or truth of	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	gold mine|金鉱山|noun|a mine where gold is extracted	proportionally|相対的に|adverb|in a manner that is in proportion	still|なお|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	greater|より大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual

The great quantities of silver carried annually from Europe to India, have, in some of the English settlements, gradually reduced the value of that metal in proportion to gold.	毎年ヨーロッパからインドに運ばれる大量の銀は、イギリスの入植地の一部で、金に対する銀の価値を徐々に低下させた。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of the United Kingdom	settlement|入植地|noun|a place where people have come to live	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal
In the mint of Calcutta, an ounce of fine gold is supposed to be worth fifteen ounces of fine silver, in the same manner as in Europe.	カルカッタの造幣局では、ヨーロッパと同じように、1オンスの純金は15オンスの純銀に相当すると考えられている。	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	Calcutta|カルカッタ|noun|the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.9%	worth|相当する|verb|merit or deserve	fifteen ounces|15オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver with a purity of 99.9%	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
It is in the mint, perhaps, rated too high for the value which it bears in the market of Bengal.	おそらく、造幣局ではベンガル市場で持つ価値に対して高く評価されている。	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	too high|高すぎる|adjective|more than is usual, expected, or necessary	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	bear|持つ|verb|carry or hold	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent
In China, the proportion of gold to silver still continues as one to ten, or one to twelve.	中国では、金と銀の比率は依然として1対10、または1対12のままである。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or operation; last	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	twelve|12|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one
In Japan, it is said to be as one to eight.	日本では、1対8だと言われている。	Japan|日本|noun|a country in East Asia	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number	eight|8|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one

The proportion between the quantities of gold and silver annually imported into Europe, according to Mr Meggens’ account, is as one to twenty-two nearly;	メッゲンス氏の説明によると、ヨーロッパに毎年輸入される金と銀の量の比率は、ほぼ1対22である。	proportion|比率|noun|the relationship of one number to another	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Mr Meggens|メッゲンス氏|noun|a person	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts about an event or situation	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost
that is, for one ounce of gold there are imported a little more than twenty-two ounces of silver.	つまり、金1オンスに対して銀22オンス強が輸入されている。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	one ounce|1オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	twenty-two ounces|22オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
The great quantity of silver sent annually to the East Indies reduces, he supposes, the quantities of those metals which remain in Europe to the proportion of one to fourteen or fifteen, the proportion of their values.	彼は、東インドに毎年送られる大量の銀によって、ヨーロッパに残るこれらの金属の量が、その価値の比率である1対14または15に減少すると考えている。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the region of South and Southeast Asia	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	reduce|減少する|verb|make or become smaller or less	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The proportion between their values, he seems to think, must necessarily be the same as that between their quantities, and would therefore be as one to twenty-two, were it not for this greater exportation of silver.	彼は、その価値の比率は、その量の比率と必然的に同じでなければならないと考えており、したがって、銀の輸出量がこれほど多くなければ、1対22になるだろうと考えているようである。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	be as|である|verb|be the same as	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	twenty-two|22|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty and two	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something

But the ordinary proportion between the respective values of two commodities is not necessarily the same as that between the quantities of them which are commonly in the market.	しかし、二つの商品のそれぞれの価値の間の通常の比率は、市場に通常あるそれらの量の間の比率と必ずしも同じではない。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
The price of an ox, reckoned at ten guineas, is about three score times the price of a lamb, reckoned at 3s. 6d.	10ギニーと見積もられる牛の価格は、3シリング6ペンスと見積もられる子羊の価格の約60倍である。	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	ten guineas|10ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of 21 shillings	about|約|adverb|approximately	three score|60|noun|three times twenty	lamb|子羊|noun|a young sheep	3s. 6d.|3シリング6ペンス|noun|three shillings and sixpence
It would be absurd, however, to infer from thence, that there are commonly in the market three score lambs for one ox;	しかし、そこから、市場には通常、牛一頭に対して子羊が60頭いると考えるのは馬鹿げている。	absurd|馬鹿げている|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	infer|考える|verb|deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place or time	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	three score|60|noun|three times twenty	lamb|子羊|noun|a young sheep	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal with horns
and it would be just as absurd to infer, because an ounce of gold will commonly purchase from fourteen or fifteen ounces of silver, that there are commonly in the market only fourteen or fifteen ounces of silver for one ounce of gold.	そして、金一オンスが通常十四オンスから十五オンスの銀を購入するからといって、市場には通常金一オンスに対して十四オンスから十五オンスの銀しかないと推論するのも同様に馬鹿げている。	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	only|しかない|adverb|merely; just	fourteen|十四|noun|the number 14	fifteen|十五|noun|the number 15

The quantity of silver commonly in the market, it is probable, is much greater in proportion to that of gold, than the value of a certain quantity of gold is to that of an equal quantity of silver.	市場にある銀の量は、金の量に比べて、ある量の金の価値が同量の銀の価値に比べてずっと大きいと考えられる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
The whole quantity of a cheap commodity brought to market is commonly not only greater, but of greater value, than the whole quantity of a dear one.	市場に持ち込まれる安価な商品の総量は、通常、高価な商品の総量よりも大きいだけでなく、価値も大きい。	whole quantity|総量|noun|the total amount of something	cheap commodity|安価な商品|noun|a good that is low in price	bring to market|市場に持ち込む|verb|to introduce a product to the market	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	greater value|価値が大きい|noun|worth more	dear one|高価な商品|noun|a product that is high in price
The whole quantity of bread annually brought to market, is not only greater, but of greater value, than the whole quantity of butcher’s meat;	毎年市場に持ち込まれるパンの総量は、肉屋の肉の総量よりも大きいだけでなく、価値も大きい。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food
the whole quantity of butcher’s meat, than the whole quantity of poultry;	肉屋の肉の総量は、家禽の総量よりも大きいだけでなく、価値も大きい。	whole|総|adjective|complete; entire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, raised for their meat or eggs
and the whole quantity of poultry, than the whole quantity of wild fowl.	家禽の総量は、野鳥の総量よりも大きいだけでなく、価値も大きい。	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird that is kept for its eggs or meat	wild fowl|野鳥|noun|a bird that lives in the wild	quantity|総量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
There are so many more purchasers for the cheap than for the dear commodity, that, not only a greater quantity of it, but a greater value can commonly be disposed of.	安価な商品の購入者は高価な商品の購入者よりもはるかに多いため、通常、安価な商品はより多くの量が売れるだけでなく、より大きな価値が売れる。	cheap|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price or value	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	dispose of|売れる|verb|get rid of something by selling it
The whole quantity, therefore, of the cheap commodity, must commonly be greater in proportion to the whole quantity of the dear one, than the value of a certain quantity of the dear one, is to the value of an equal quantity of the cheap one.	したがって、安価な商品の総量は、高価な商品の総量に比べて、高価な商品の一定量の価値が安価な商品の同量の価値に比べて、通常はより大きくなければならない。	whole quantity|総量|noun|the total amount of something	cheap commodity|安価な商品|noun|a good that is low in price	dear one|高価な商品|noun|a good that is high in price	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	equal quantity|同量|noun|the same amount of something
When we compare the precious metals with one another, silver is a cheap, and gold a dear commodity.	貴金属を互いに比較すると、銀は安価で、金は高価な商品である。	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	cheap|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price or value	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold
We ought naturally to expect, therefore, that there should always be in the market, not only a greater quantity, but a greater value of silver than of gold.	したがって、市場には常に金よりも銀の量が多いだけでなく、価値も大きいと当然期待すべきである。	ought to|当然～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Let any man, who has a little of both, compare his own silver with his gold plate, and he will probably find, that not only the quantity, but the value of the former, greatly exceeds that of the latter.	両方を少し持っている人は、自分の銀と金の皿を比べてみれば、おそらく前者の量だけでなく価値も後者のそれを大きく上回っていることに気づくだろう。	a little|少し|noun|a small amount	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	compare|比べる|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish with raised edges that you eat or serve food from	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	greatly|大きく|adverb|to a high degree; very much	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater or better than
Many people, besides, have a good deal of silver who have no gold plate, which, even with those who have it, is generally confined to watch-cases, snuff-boxes, and such like trinkets, of which the whole amount is seldom of great value.	その上、多くの人は金の皿を持たずに銀をたくさん持っているが、金の皿を持っている人でも、それは一般的に時計ケース、嗅ぎタバコ入れ、その他そのような装身具に限られており、その総額が大きな価値を持つことはめったにない。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	have a good deal of|たくさん持っている|verb|have a lot of	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	have no|持っていない|verb|not have	gold|金|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 79	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish on which food is served	even with|でさえ|adverb|including	have|持っている|verb|possess	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	confine|限られる|verb|be limited to	watch-case|時計ケース|noun|a case for a watch	snuff-box|嗅ぎタバコ入れ|noun|a box for snuff	trinket|装身具|noun|a small ornament or piece of jewelry	whole|総額|noun|the entire amount	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	value|価値|noun|the worth of something
In the British coin, indeed, the value of the gold preponderates greatly, but it is not so in that of all countries.	確かにイギリスの硬貨では、金の価値が非常に優勢だが、すべての国でそうではない。	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	preponderate|優勢である|verb|be greater in weight, value, or importance	greatly|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
In the coin of some countries, the value of the two metals is nearly equal.	一部の国の硬貨では、二つの金属の価値はほぼ等しい。	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
In the Scotch coin, before the union with England, the gold preponderated very little, though it did somewhat {See Ruddiman’s Preface to Anderson’s Diplomata, etc.	スコットランドの硬貨では、イングランドとの合同前は、金は多少優勢だったが、ほとんど優勢ではなかった。	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	union|合同|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	preponderate|優勢である|verb|to be greater in weight, value, importance, or influence	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent or degree	Ruddiman|ラディマン|noun|Thomas Ruddiman, a Scottish classical scholar and librarian	Preface|序文|noun|an introduction to a book	Anderson|アンダーソン|noun|James Anderson, a Scottish historian and antiquary	Diplomata|外交文書|noun|a historical document
Scotiae.}, as it appears by the accounts of the mint.	スコットランドの硬貨では、イングランドとの合同前は、金は多少優勢だったが、ほとんど優勢ではなかった。	Scotiae|スコットランド|noun|Scotland	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined
In the coin of many countries the silver preponderates.	多くの国の硬貨では、銀が優勢である。	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	preponderate|優勢である|verb|be greater in weight, value, or importance
In France, the largest sums are commonly paid in that metal, and it is there difficult to get more gold than what is necessary to carry about in your pocket.	フランスでは、大金は通常この金属で支払われ、ポケットに入れて持ち運ぶのに必要な量以上の金を手に入れるのは難しい。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	large|大|adjective|of great size or extent	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles
The superior value, however, of the silver plate above that of the gold, which takes place in all countries, will much more than compensate the preponderancy of the gold coin above the silver, which takes place only in some countries.	しかし、すべての国で起こっている銀食器の金食器に対する優越価値は、一部の国でしか起こっていない金貨の銀貨に対する優越性を補って余りある。	superior value|優越価値|noun|the value of something that is better than something else	take place|起こる|verb|happen	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	preponderancy|優越性|noun|the state of being greater in weight, value, or importance	take place|起こる|verb|happen

Though, in one sense of the word, silver always has been, and probably always will be, much cheaper than gold;	言葉の意味からすれば、銀は常に金よりもずっと安価であり、おそらくこれからもそうだろう。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	one sense|ある意味|noun|a particular way of understanding or interpreting something	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal
yet, in another sense, gold may perhaps, in the present state of the Spanish market, be said to be somewhat cheaper than silver.	しかし、別の意味では、金はおそらく、スペイン市場の現状では、銀よりもやや安いと言えるかもしれない。	yet|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; but	in another sense|別の意味では|adverb|in a different way	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	in the present state of|の現状では|noun|the current situation of	the Spanish market|スペイン市場|noun|the market in Spain	be said to be|と言えるかもしれない|verb|be described as	somewhat|やや|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison
A commodity may be said to be dear or cheap not only according to the absolute greatness or smallness of its usual price, but according as that price is more or less above the lowest for which it is possible to bring it to market for any considerable time together.	ある商品は、その通常価格の絶対的な高低によってだけでなく、その価格が、かなりの期間にわたって市場に供給できる最低価格よりもどれだけ高いかによって、高いか安いかを判断できる。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	dear|高い|adjective|costing a lot of money	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	greatness|高さ|noun|the quality of being great	smallness|低さ|noun|the quality of being small	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least importance or value	bring|供給する|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
This lowest price is that which barely replaces, with a moderate profit, the stock which must be employed in bringing the commodity thither.	この最低価格とは、商品を市場に供給するために必要な資本を、適度な利潤をつけてかろうじて回収できる価格である。	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the lowest price at which a good or service is offered for sale	barely|かろうじて|adverb|only just; almost not	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	moderate profit|適度な利潤|noun|a profit that is not too high or too low	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	bring|供給する|verb|cause to come or go to a place	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold in a market	thither|市場|adverb|to that place
It is the price which affords nothing to the landlord, of which rent makes not any component part, but which resolves itself altogether into wages and profit.	それは地主に何ももたらさない価格であり、地代は構成要素の一部をなしておらず、すべて賃金と利潤に分解される。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to pay for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of land or property	component|構成要素|noun|a part of something	resolve|分解される|verb|to find a solution to a problem or difficulty	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction
But, in the present state of the Spanish market, gold is certainly somewhat nearer to this lowest price than silver.	しかし、スペイン市場の現状では、金は確かに銀よりもこの最低価格に近い。	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	present|現状|noun|the current situation	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	somewhat|幾分|adverb|to some extent; slightly	nearer|近い|adjective|not far away in space or time	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height or amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
The tax of the king of Spain upon gold is only one-twentieth part of the standard metal, or five per cent.; whereas his tax upon silver amounts to one-tenth part of it, or to ten per cent.	スペイン国王の金に対する税は、標準金属のわずか20分の1、つまり5パーセントである。一方、銀に対する税は10分の1、つまり10パーセントに達する。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	one-twentieth|20分の1|noun|one of twenty equal parts	standard|標準|adjective|of a level of quality or attainment that is usual, average, or expected	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	five|5|noun|the number 5	per cent|パーセント|noun|in or for every hundred	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand; in contrast	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, tableware, and photography	one-tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	ten|10|noun|the number 10
In these taxes, too, it has already been observed, consists the whole rent of the greater part of the gold and silver mines of Spanish America; and that upon gold is still worse paid than that upon silver.	これらの税金も、すでに述べたように、スペイン領アメリカの金銀鉱山の大部分の全地代を構成しており、金に対する税金は銀に対する税金よりもさらに支払いが悪い。	these taxes|これらの税金|noun|the taxes that are being discussed	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time; previously	been observed|述べた|verb|to notice or perceive something	consists|構成する|verb|to be made up of	whole rent|全地代|noun|the total amount of rent that is paid	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	gold and silver mines|金銀鉱山|noun|a mine where gold and silver are extracted	Spanish America|スペイン領アメリカ|noun|the parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish Empire	that upon gold|金に対する税金|noun|the tax that is paid on gold	still worse|さらに悪い|adverb|to an even greater degree	paid|支払われる|verb|to give money in exchange for a good or service
The profits of the undertakers of gold mines, too, as they more rarely make a fortune, must, in general, be still more moderate than those of the undertakers of silver mines.	金鉱山の請負業者の利益も、彼らが富を築くことはめったにないので、一般的に銀鉱山の請負業者の利益よりもさらに控えめであるに違いない。	gold mine|金鉱山|noun|a mine where gold is extracted	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	rarely|めったに|adverb|not often; seldom	make a fortune|富を築く|verb|become very rich	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted
The price of Spanish gold, therefore, as it affords both less rent and less profit, must, in the Spanish market, be somewhat nearer to the lowest price for which it is possible to bring it thither, than the price of Spanish silver.	したがって、スペインの金の価格は、地代も利益も少ないので、スペイン市場では、スペインの銀の価格よりも、それを市場に持ち込むことができる最低価格にいくらか近いはずである。	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do or have something	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	Spanish market|スペイン市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Spain	bring|持ち込む|verb|to cause to come to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place	Spanish silver|スペインの銀|noun|silver from Spain
When all expenses are computed, the whole quantity of the one metal, it would seem, cannot, in the Spanish market, be disposed of so advantageously as the whole quantity of the other.	すべての経費を計算すると、スペイン市場では、一方の金属の全量を他方の金属の全量ほど有利に処分することはできないように思われる。	all expenses|すべての経費|noun|all the money that is spent on something	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	one metal|一方の金属|noun|a metal	the Spanish market|スペイン市場|noun|the market in Spain	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	advantageously|有利に|adverb|in a way that is favorable or beneficial	the other|他方|noun|the other one
The tax, indeed, of the king of Portugal upon the gold of the Brazils, is the same with the ancient tax of the king of Spain upon the silver of Mexico and Peru; or one-fifth part of the standard metal.	実際、ポルトガル王のブラジルの金に対する税は、スペイン王のメキシコとペルーの銀に対する古代の税と同じであり、標準金属の5分の1である。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|the largest country in both South America and Latin America	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	Spain|スペイン|noun|a kingdom in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Madrid	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a republic in southern North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a republic in western South America	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal of great value	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	standard|標準|adjective|used or accepted as normal or average
It may therefore be uncertain, whether, to the general market of Europe, the whole mass of American gold comes at a price nearer to the lowest for which it is possible to bring it thither, than the whole mass of American silver.	したがって、ヨーロッパの一般市場では、アメリカの金の全量が、アメリカの銀の全量よりも、市場に持ち込むことができる最低価格に近い価格で販売されているかどうかは不明である。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	general market|一般市場|noun|a market in which goods and services are traded	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	whole mass|全量|noun|the total amount of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least importance or value	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something

The price of diamonds and other precious stones may, perhaps, be still nearer to the lowest price at which it is possible to bring them to market, than even the price of gold.	ダイヤモンドやその他の宝石の価格は、おそらく金の価格よりも、市場に持ち込むことができる最低価格に近いかもしれない。	diamond|ダイヤモンド|noun|a hard, transparent, extremely valuable stone	precious stone|宝石|noun|a rare and valuable stone	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	gold|金|noun|a soft, yellow, valuable metal	market|市場|noun|a place where goods are bought and sold	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry something to a place	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the least amount of money that can be paid for something

Though it is not very probable that any part of a tax, which is not only imposed upon one of the most proper subjects of taxation, a mere luxury and superfluity, but which affords so very important a revenue as the tax upon silver, will ever be given up as long as it is possible to pay it;	課税に最も適した対象の一つである単なる贅沢品や余計なものに課せられるだけでなく、銀に対する税金のように非常に重要な収入をもたらす税金の一部が、支払い可能な限り放棄されることはまずあり得ないが、	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of a tax or taxes	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	superfluity|余計なもの|noun|something more than is needed, desired, or required	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	revenue|収入|noun|income	give up|放棄する|verb|to stop doing something	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	possible|可能|adjective|able to be done or achieved
yet the same impossibility of paying it, which, in 1736. made it necessary to reduce it from one-fifth to one-tenth, may in time make it necessary to reduce it still further;	それでも、1736年にそれを5分の1から10分の1に減らすことを必要とした、それを支払うことの同じ不可能性は、やがてそれをさらに減らすことを必要とするかもしれない。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	impossibility|不可能性|noun|the quality of being impossible	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	1736|1736年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	one-tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	time|やがて|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree
in the same manner as it made it necessary to reduce the tax upon gold to one-twentieth.	金に対する税金を20分の1に減らす必要があったのと同じように。	in the same manner as|と同じように|adverb|in the same way that	make it necessary|必要とする|verb|require	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	one-twentieth|20分の1|noun|one of twenty equal parts
That the silver mines of Spanish America, like all other mines, become gradually more expensive in the working, on account of the greater depths at which it is necessary to carry on the works, and of the greater expense of drawing out the water, and of supplying them with fresh air at those depths, is acknowledged by everybody who has inquired into the state of those mines.	スペイン領アメリカの銀鉱山は、他のすべての鉱山と同様に、作業を続けるために必要な深度が深くなり、水を汲み上げたり、その深度で新鮮な空気を供給したりするのに費用がかかるため、作業にかかる費用が徐々に高くなっていることは、これらの鉱山の状態を調べた人なら誰でも認めている。	Spanish America|スペイン領アメリカ|noun|the Spanish colonies in the Americas	silver mine|銀鉱山|noun|a mine where silver is extracted	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, ores, or other minerals are extracted from the ground	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	working|作業|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living	depth|深度|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	work|作業|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	draw out|汲み上げる|verb|to extract or remove something	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	supply|供給する|verb|to provide or furnish something	fresh air|新鮮な空気|noun|air that is clean and unpolluted	depth|深度|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	acknowledge|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of something	everybody|誰でも|pronoun|every person	inquire|調べる|verb|to ask about something	state|状態|noun|the condition of something

These causes, which are equivalent to a growing scarcity of silver (for a commodity may be said to grow scarcer when it becomes more difficult and expensive to collect a certain quantity of it), must, in time, produce one or other of the three following events:	これらの原因は、銀の希少性が高まっていることと同じであり(ある商品を一定量集めるのがより困難で高価になると、その商品はより希少になると言えるため)、やがて次の3つの出来事のいずれかを引き起こすに違いない。	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	equivalent|同じ|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	grow|高まる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	time|やがて|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	produce|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen or exist	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place
The increase of the expense must either, first, be compensated altogether by a proportionable increase in the price of the metal;	費用の増加は、第一に、金属の価格の比例的な増加によって完全に補償されなければならない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	proportionable|比例的な|adjective|being in proportion	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)
or, secondly, it must be compensated altogether by a proportionable diminution of the tax upon silver;	あるいは、第二に、銀に対する税の比例的な減少によって完全に補償されなければならない。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	be compensated|補償される|verb|be paid or made up for	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	proportionable|比例的な|adjective|in proportion	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47 and atomic weight 107.87, used in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography
or, thirdly, it must be compensated partly by the one and partly by the other of those two expedients.	あるいは、第三に、この二つの方策の一方と他方によって部分的に補償されなければならない。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	partly|部分的に|adverb|to some extent	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	two|二つの|noun|the number 2	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end
This third event is very possible.	この第三の出来事は非常にあり得る。	third|第三の|adjective|coming after two others in a series	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	possible|あり得る|adjective|that may happen or be done
As gold rose in its price in proportion to silver, notwithstanding a great diminution of the tax upon gold, so silver might rise in its price in proportion to labour and commodities, notwithstanding an equal diminution of the tax upon silver.	金に対する税が大幅に減少したにもかかわらず、金の価格が銀に比例して上昇したように、銀に対する税が同等に減少したにもかかわらず、銀の価格は労働と商品に比例して上昇するかもしれない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee

Such successive reductions of the tax, however, though they may not prevent altogether, must certainly retard, more or less, the rise of the value of silver in the European market.	しかし、このような税の連続的な引き下げは、完全には防げないかもしれないが、ヨーロッパ市場における銀の価値の上昇を、多かれ少なかれ、確実に遅らせるに違いない。	successive|連続的な|adjective|following one after another	reduction|引き下げ|noun|the act of reducing something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe
In consequence of such reductions, many mines may be wrought which could not be wrought before, because they could not afford to pay the old tax;	このような減税の結果、以前は古い税金を支払う余裕がなくて採掘できなかった多くの鉱山が採掘されるようになるかもしれない。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	reduction|減税|noun|the act of reducing something	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	be wrought|採掘される|verb|be worked	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
and the quantity of silver annually brought to market, must always be somewhat greater, and, therefore, the value of any given quantity somewhat less, than it otherwise would have been.	そして、毎年市場に出される銀の量は、常に多少なりとも多くなるはずであり、したがって、任意の量の価値は、そうでない場合よりも多少なりとも低くなるはずである。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	bring to market|市場に出す|verb|make available for purchase	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	have been|だっただろう|auxiliary verb|used to describe a past state or condition
In consequence of the reduction in 1736, the value of silver in the European market, though it may not at this day be lower than before that reduction, is, probably, at least ten per cent.	1736年の減税の結果、ヨーロッパ市場における銀の価値は、今日では減税前よりも低くないかもしれないが、おそらく少なくとも10パーセント低い。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	reduction|減税|noun|the act of reducing something	1736|1736年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	this day|今日|noun|the present day	before|前|preposition|earlier than	reduction|減税|noun|the act of reducing something	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
lower than it would have been, had the court of Spain continued to exact the old tax.	スペイン宮廷が古い税を徴収し続けていたならば、それよりも低かっただろう。	lower|低い|adjective|of lesser height	would have been|だっただろう|auxiliary verb|a past possibility	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	exact|徴収する|verb|demand and obtain	old|古い|adjective|having existed for a long time	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
That, notwithstanding this reduction, the value of silver has, during the course of the present century, begun to rise somewhat in the European market, the facts and arguments which have been alleged above, dispose me to believe, or more properly to suspect and conjecture;	この減税にもかかわらず、銀の価値は今世紀の間にヨーロッパ市場で多少上昇し始めているが、上記で主張された事実と議論は、私を信じさせる、あるいはより適切には疑わせ、推測させる。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	reduction|減税|noun|the act of reducing something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	rise|上昇|verb|go up	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	fact|事実|noun|a thing that is known or proved to be true	argument|議論|noun|a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong	dispose|させる|verb|make someone inclined to do something	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	suspect|疑う|verb|have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof	conjecture|推測|noun|an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information
for the best opinion which I can form upon this subject, scarce, perhaps, deserves the name of belief.	この問題について私が形成できる最良の意見は、おそらく信念という名に値するほどのものではない。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	the best|最良の|adjective|of the highest quality	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	which|もの|relative pronoun|that which; the thing that	I|私|pronoun|the speaker or writer	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	upon|について|preposition|on	this|この|determiner|the person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	subject|問題|noun|a matter or topic	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	deserves|値する|verb|be worthy of	the name of|という名|noun phrase|the reputation or character of	belief|信念|noun|an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists
The rise, indeed, supposing there has been any, has hitherto been so very small, that after all that has been said, it may, perhaps, appear to many people uncertain, not only whether this event has actually taken place, but whether the contrary may not have taken place, or whether the value of silver may not still continue to fall in the European market.	実際、上昇があったとしても、これまでのところ非常に小さなものだったので、これまで述べてきたことを踏まえると、この出来事が実際に起こったかどうかだけでなく、逆のことが起こっていないかどうか、あるいは銀の価値がヨーロッパ市場で下落し続けていないかどうか、多くの人には不確かなように思われるかもしれない。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up until the present	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	after all|結局|adverb|in spite of everything; nevertheless	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	appear|思われる|verb|seem or give the impression of being	uncertain|不確かな|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	contrary|逆|adjective|opposite in nature, direction, or meaning	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process

It must be observed, however, that whatever may be the supposed annual importation of gold and silver, there must be a certain period at which the annual consumption of those metals will be equal to that annual importation.	しかし、金銀の年間輸入量がどれほどであろうとも、これらの金属の年間消費量が年間輸入量と等しくなる一定の期間が存在するはずであることに注意しなければならない。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using something up	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being
Their consumption must increase as their mass increases, or rather in a much greater proportion.	金銀の消費量は、その量の増加に伴って増加するはずであり、むしろはるかに大きな割合で増加するはずである。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	mass|量|noun|a large amount of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
As their mass increases, their value diminishes.	金銀の量が増えれば、その価値は下がる。	mass|量|noun|the amount of matter in a body	increase|増える|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|下がる|verb|become or make smaller or less
They are more used, and less cared for, and their consumption consequently increases in a greater proportion than their mass.	金銀はより多く使われ、あまり大事にされず、その結果、消費量は量よりも大きな割合で増加する。	more|より多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	less|あまり|adjective|a smaller amount or degree	care for|大事にする|verb|look after and provide for the needs of	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
After a certain period, therefore, the annual consumption of those metals must, in this manner, become equal to their annual importation, provided that importation is not continually increasing;	したがって、一定期間後には、輸入量が継続的に増加しない限り、これらの金属の年間消費量は、この方法で年間輸入量と等しくならなければならない。	after a certain period|一定期間後|noun phrase|after a certain amount of time	annual consumption|年間消費量|noun phrase|the amount of something that is used or consumed in a year	annual importation|年間輸入量|noun phrase|the amount of something that is imported in a year	provided that|～でない限り|conjunction|on the condition that; only if	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
which, in the present times, is not supposed to be the case.	現時点では、そうは思えない。	present|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	suppose|思えない|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable

If, when the annual consumption has become equal to the annual importation, the annual importation should gradually diminish, the annual consumption may, for some time, exceed the annual importation.	年間消費量が年間輸入量と等しくなったとき、年間輸入量が徐々に減少すると、年間消費量はしばらくの間、年間輸入量を上回る可能性がある。	annual consumption|年間消費量|noun|the amount of a good or service that is used up in a year	annual importation|年間輸入量|noun|the amount of a good or service that is imported in a year	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	annual consumption|年間消費量|noun|the amount of a good or service that is used up in a year	annual importation|年間輸入量|noun|the amount of a good or service that is imported in a year	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
The mass of those metals may gradually and insensibly diminish, and their value gradually and insensibly rise, till the annual importation becoming again stationary, the annual consumption will gradually and insensibly accommodate itself to what that annual importation can maintain.	これらの金属の量は徐々に、そして知らず知らずのうちに減少し、その価値は徐々に、そして知らず知らずのうちに上昇し、年間輸入量が再び一定になるまで、年間消費量は徐々に、そして知らず知らずのうちに年間輸入量が維持できる量に適応する。	mass|量|noun|a large amount of something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	insensibly|知らず知らずのうちに|adverb|in a way that is not easily noticed	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	stationary|一定|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	accommodate|適応する|verb|provide with a place to live or stay	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue

Grounds of the suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decrease.	銀の価値が依然として低下し続けているという疑惑の根拠。	ground|根拠|noun|a reason or cause	suspicion|疑惑|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	decrease|低下|verb|become smaller or fewer

The increase of the wealth of Europe, and the popular notion, that as the quantity of the precious metals naturally increases with the increase of wealth, so their value diminishes as their quantity increases, may, perhaps, dispose many people to believe that their value still continues to fall in the European market;	ヨーロッパの富の増加と、富の増加に伴って貴金属の量が自然に増加し、その量が増加するにつれてその価値が減少するという一般的な考えは、おそらく多くの人々がその価値がヨーロッパ市場で依然として下落し続けていると信じるようにさせるかもしれない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	popular|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	notion|考え|noun|a conception or belief about something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum-group metals	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	dispose|させる|verb|make someone inclined to do something	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level
and the still gradually increasing price of many parts of the rude produce of land may confirm them still farther in this opinion.	そして、土地の粗野な産物の多くの部分の価格が依然として徐々に上昇していることは、この意見をさらに裏付けるものかもしれない。	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	increase|上昇|verb|become or make greater or bigger	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	confirm|裏付ける|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

That that increase in the quantity of the precious metals, which arises in any country from the increase of wealth, has no tendency to diminish their value, I have endeavoured to shew already.	どの国でも富の増加によって生じる貴金属の量の増加は、その価値を減少させる傾向がないことを、私はすでに示そうと努力した。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals that are resistant to corrosion	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable material possessions or resources	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
Gold and silver naturally resort to a rich country, for the same reason that all sorts of luxuries and curiosities resort to it;	金や銀は、あらゆる種類の贅沢品や珍品が集まってくるのと同じ理由で、自然と豊かな国に集まってくる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	resort to|集まってくる|verb|go to a place frequently or habitually	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	curiosity|珍品|noun|a strange or unusual object or fact
not because they are cheaper there than in poorer countries, but because they are dearer, or because a better price is given for them.	貧しい国よりも安いからではなく、より高価だから、あるいはより良い価格が与えられるからである。	not because|からではなく|conjunction|for some other reason than	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	there|そこで|adverb|in that place	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	because|だから|conjunction|for the reason that	dearer|より高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	because|だから|conjunction|for the reason that	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality
It is the superiority of price which attracts them;	彼らを引き付けるのは価格の優位性である。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	attract|引き付ける|verb|cause to come to a place or participate in an event
and as soon as that superiority ceases, they necessarily cease to go thither.	そして、その優位性がなくなるとすぐに、彼らは必然的にそこへ行くのをやめる。	as soon as|とすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	cease|なくなる|verb|come to an end; stop	go|行く|verb|move or travel from one place to another

If you except corn, and such other vegetables as are raised altogether by human industry, that all other sorts of rude produce, cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, the useful fossils and minerals of the earth, etc.	穀物や、人間の産業によって育てられる他の野菜を除けば、他のあらゆる種類の粗野な産物、牛、家禽、あらゆる種類の狩猟、地球の有用な化石や鉱物など、	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	human|人間|noun|a human being	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, that are kept for their eggs or meat	game|狩猟|noun|wild animals that are hunted for food or sport	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera
naturally grow dearer, as the society advances in wealth and improvement, I have endeavoured to shew already.	社会が富と改善において進歩するにつれて、自然に高価になることを、私はすでに示そうと努力した。	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	grow|なる|verb|become	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	advance|進歩|noun|a forward movement	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time; previously
Though such commodities, therefore, come to exchange for a greater quantity of silver than before, it will not from thence follow that silver has become really cheaper, or will purchase less labour than before;	したがって、そのような商品は以前よりも多くの銀と交換されるようになるが、銀が実際に安くなったり、以前よりも少ない労働力で購入できるようになるわけではない。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	come to|～になる|verb|reach a certain state or condition	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	follow|従う|verb|go or come after someone or something	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	purchase|購入|verb|buy something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
but that such commodities have become really dearer, or will purchase more labour than before.	しかし、そのような商品は実際に高価になったり、以前よりも多くの労働力を購入するようになる。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	become|なる|verb|come to be	really|実際に|adverb|in reality; in fact	dear|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	will|なる|auxiliary verb|expressing the future tense	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	more|より|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It is not their nominal price only, but their real price, which rises in the progress of improvement.	名目価格だけでなく、実質価格も改善の進展に伴って上昇する。	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進展|noun|the process of improving or getting better
The rise of their nominal price is the effect, not of any degradation of the value of silver, but of the rise in their real price.	名目価格の上昇は、銀の価値の低下ではなく、実質価格の上昇によるものである。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services

Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon three different sorts of rude Produce.	三種類の未加工生産物に対する改良の進歩の異なる効果。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or getting better	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	three|三|numeral|the number 3	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|未加工|adjective|in a natural state; not processed or refined	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process

These different sorts of rude produce may be divided into three classes.	これらの異なる種類の未加工生産物は、三つの階級に分けられる。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|未加工の|adjective|in a natural state; not processed or refined	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	divide|分ける|verb|separate into parts	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	class|階級|noun|a group of people or things with the same social, economic, or educational status
The first comprehends those which it is scarce in the power of human industry to multiply at all.	第一は、人間の勤勉の力ではほとんど増やせないものである。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	comprehend|理解する|verb|grasp mentally; understand	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand; not plentiful	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	human|人間|noun|a human being	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity
The second, those which it can multiply in proportion to the demand.	第二は、需要に応じて増やせるものである。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	proportion|応じて|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular commodity or service
The third, those in which the efficacy of industry is either limited or uncertain.	第三は、勤勉の効能が限られているか不確かな物である。	third|第三|noun|the ordinal number of three	efficacy|効能|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful	limited|限られている|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	uncertain|不確かな|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
In the progress of wealth and improvement, the real price of the first may rise to any degree of extravagance, and seems not to be limited by any certain boundary.	富と改良の進歩の中で、第一の物の実際の価格は、どんなに法外な程度にでも上昇する可能性があり、また、どんな明確な境界によっても制限されないようである。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	extravagance|法外|noun|the quality of being too expensive or elaborate	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	limit|制限する|verb|set or serve as a limit to	boundary|境界|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area
That of the second, though it may rise greatly, has, however, a certain boundary, beyond which it cannot well pass for any considerable time together.	第二の物の実際の価格は、大きく上昇するかもしれないが、しかし、ある一定の境界があり、それを超えて長時間にわたって上昇することはできない。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	greatly|大きく|adverb|very much	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt about something	boundary|境界|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the further side of	pass|上昇することはできない|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	considerable|長時間にわたって|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent
That of the third, though its natural tendency is to rise in the progress of improvement, yet in the same degree of improvement it may sometimes happen even to fall, sometimes to continue the same, and sometimes to rise more or less, according as different accidents render the efforts of human industry, in multiplying this sort of rude produce, more or less successful.	第三の物の実際の価格は、その自然な傾向は改良の進歩の中で上昇することだが、しかし、同じ程度の改良の中で、時には下落することさえあり、時には同じままであり、時には多かれ少なかれ上昇することがある。それは、様々な偶然が、この種の粗野な生産物を増やす人間の勤勉の努力を、多かれ少なかれ成功させるからである。	third|第三の|adjective|coming after two others in a series	natural tendency|自然な傾向|noun|a tendency that is inherent in someone or something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	same degree|同じ程度|noun|the same amount or extent	fall|下落する|verb|go down	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	accident|偶然|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect for others	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	successful|成功する|adjective|achieving or having achieved success

First Sort.—The first sort of rude produce, of which the price rises in the progress of improvement, is that which it is scarce in the power of human industry to multiply at all.	第一の種類。改良の進歩の中で価格が上昇する第一の種類の粗野な生産物は、人間の勤勉の力ではほとんど増やせないものである。	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners; uncouth	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind or human beings	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number
It consists in those things which nature produces only in certain quantities, and which being of a very perishable nature, it is impossible to accumulate together the produce of many different seasons.	それは、自然が一定量しか生産せず、また非常に腐りやすい性質のものであり、多くの異なる季節の生産物を一緒に蓄積することが不可能なものである。	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	perishable|腐りやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil	nature|性質|noun|the inherent character or basic constitution of a person or thing	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
Such are the greater part of rare and singular birds and fishes, many different sorts of game, almost all wild-fowl, all birds of passage in particular, as well as many other things.	そのようなものは、珍しい鳥や魚の大部分、多くの異なる種類の狩猟鳥獣、ほとんどすべての野生の家禽、特にすべての渡り鳥、そして他の多くのものである。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	rare|珍しい|adjective|not common or frequent	singular|珍しい|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	bird|鳥|noun|a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal with feathers and wings	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and has gills and fins	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	game|狩猟鳥獣|noun|wild animals that are hunted for sport or food	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adjective|nearly all	wild-fowl|野生の家禽|noun|a bird that is hunted for sport or food	all|すべて|adjective|the whole amount of	passage|渡り|noun|the act of moving from one place to another	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied
When wealth, and the luxury which accompanies it, increase, the demand for these is likely to increase with them, and no effort of human industry may be able to increase the supply much beyond what it was before this increase of the demand.	富とそれに伴う贅沢が増加すると、これらの需要も増加する可能性が高く、人間の勤勉の努力によっても、この需要の増加前よりも供給量を大幅に増加させることはできないかもしれない。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	human|人間の|adjective|of or characteristic of humankind or human beings	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	supply|供給量|noun|the amount of something that is available	much|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent; a lot
The quantity of such commodities, therefore, remaining the same, or nearly the same, while the competition to purchase them is continually increasing, their price may rise to any degree of extravagance, and seems not to be limited by any certain boundary.	したがって、そのような商品の量は同じかほぼ同じままであるが、それらを購入するための競争は絶えず増加しており、その価格はどんなに高額になっても、特定の境界によって制限されていないように思われる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying money	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇|verb|go up	degree|程度|noun|the extent, measure, or scope of something	extravagance|高額|noun|the spending of money in an uncontrolled or lavish way	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	limit|制限|verb|set or serve as a limit to	boundary|境界|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area
If woodcocks should become so fashionable as to sell for twenty guineas a-piece, no effort of human industry could increase the number of those brought to market, much beyond what it is at present.	もしヤマシギが1羽20ギニーで売れるほど流行すれば、人間の勤勉の努力によっても、市場に出回るヤマシギの数を現在よりも大幅に増やすことはできないだろう。	woodcock|ヤマシギ|noun|a game bird	become fashionable|流行する|verb|become popular	sell for|で売れる|verb|be sold at a particular price	twenty guineas|20ギニー|noun|a sum of money	a-piece|1羽|noun|each	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	human industry|人間の勤勉|noun|the work that people do	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	much beyond|大幅に超える|adverb|to a great extent; very much	what it is at present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The high price paid by the Romans, in the time of their greatest grandeur, for rare birds and fishes, may in this manner easily be accounted for.	ローマ人が最も栄華を誇った時代に、珍しい鳥や魚に高額を支払ったことは、このように簡単に説明できる。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	high price|高額|noun|a large amount of money	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	greatest grandeur|最も栄華を誇った時代|noun|the state or quality of being grand; magnificence	rare|珍しい|adjective|not common or usual	bird|鳥|noun|a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate distinguished by having feathers and wings	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and has gills, fins, and a streamlined body	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	account for|説明する|verb|give a satisfactory reason or explanation for
These prices were not the effects of the low value of silver in those times, but of the high value of such rarities and curiosities as human industry could not multiply at pleasure.	これらの価格は、当時の銀の価値が低かったためではなく、人間の勤勉さでは思うように増やせない希少性や珍奇性の高い価値によるものだった。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a precious metal and the best conductor of heat and electricity	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past when something happened	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	rarity|希少性|noun|the state or quality of being rare	curiosity|珍奇性|noun|a strong desire to know or learn something	human|人間|noun|a human being	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	pleasure|思うように|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
The real value of silver was higher at Rome, for sometime before, and after the fall of the republic, than it is through the greater part of Europe at present.	銀の真の価値は、共和国の崩壊前後しばらくの間、ローマでは現在ヨーロッパの大部分よりも高かった。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	sometime|しばらくの間|adverb|at some point in time	before|前|preposition|earlier than	after|後|preposition|later than	fall|崩壊|noun|a sudden decline in the value or price of something	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	at present|現在|adverb|at the moment; now
Three sestertii equal to about sixpence sterling, was the price which the republic paid for the modius or peck of the tithe wheat of Sicily.	3セステルティウスは、約6ペンスに相当し、共和国がシチリアの十分の一税の小麦1モディウスまたは1ペックに対して支払った価格だった。	three|3|numeral|the number 3	sestertii|セステルティウス|noun|a small bronze or brass Roman coin	equal|相当する|verb|be the same as or equivalent to	about|約|adverb|approximately	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	modius|モディウス|noun|a Roman unit of dry measure	peck|ペック|noun|a unit of dry measure equal to two gallons	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries
This price, however, was probably below the average market price, the obligation to deliver their wheat at this rate being considered as a tax upon the Sicilian farmers.	しかし、この価格はおそらく平均市場価格を下回っており、このレートで小麦を納入する義務はシチリアの農民に対する税金と見なされていた。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	below|下回る|preposition|at a lower level or position than	obligation|義務|noun|an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment	deliver|納入する|verb|bring and hand over (a letter, parcel, or ordered goods) to the proper recipient or address	rate|レート|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
When the Romans, therefore, had occasion to order more corn than the tithe of wheat amounted to, they were bound by capitulation to pay for the surplus at the rate of four sestertii, or eightpence sterling the peck;	したがって、ローマ人が小麦の十分の一税の量よりも多くの穀物を注文する機会があったとき、彼らは降伏によって、余剰分を1ペック4セステルティウス、または8ペンスの割合で支払う義務があった。	occasion|機会|noun|a time or place at which something happens	order|注文する|verb|give an instruction to do something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	rate|割合|noun|a measure of the amount of something in relation to another thing	four|4|numeral|the number 4	sestertii|セステルティウス|noun|a unit of money in ancient Rome	eightpence|8ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	peck|ペック|noun|a unit of volume equal to two gallons
and this had probably been reckoned the moderate and reasonable, that is, the ordinary or average contract price of those times;	そして、これはおそらく適度で合理的、つまり当時の通常または平均的な契約価格と見なされていた。	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme or excessive	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement
it is equal to about one-and-twenty shillings the quarter.	それは、約21シリングに相当する。	equal|相当する|verb|be the same as	about|約|adverb|approximately	one-and-twenty|21|noun|the number 21	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months
Eight-and-twenty shillings the quarter was, before the late years of scarcity, the ordinary contract price of English wheat, which in quality is inferior to the Sicilian, and generally sells for a lower price in the European market.	近年の不足の前は、四半期に28シリングが、品質がシチリア産より劣り、ヨーロッパ市場で一般的に低価格で販売されているイギリス産小麦の通常の契約価格だった。	eight-and-twenty|28|numeral|the number 28	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late years|近年|noun|recent years	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	inferior|劣る|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	Sicilian|シチリア|adjective|of or relating to Sicily or its people	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	lower|低い|adjective|less high	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people or languages
The value of silver, therefore, in those ancient times, must have been to its value in the present, as three to four inversely;	したがって、古代における銀の価値は、現在における価値の3分の4だったに違いない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	three|3分の1|noun|the number 3	four|4分の1|noun|the number 4
that is, three ounces of silver would then have purchased the same quantity of labour and commodities which four ounces will do at present.	つまり、当時の銀3オンスは、現在4オンスで買える労働と商品を買えただろう。	three ounces|3オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	four ounces|4オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
When we read in Pliny, therefore, that Seius {Lib. X, c. 29.} bought a white nightingale, as a present for the empress Agrippina, at the price of six thousand sestertii, equal to about fifty pounds of our present money;	したがって、私たちがプリニウスを読むと、セイウスが(第10巻、第29章)皇后アグリッピナへの贈り物として、現在のお金で約50ポンドに相当する6000セステルティウスの価格で白いナイチンゲールを買ったとある。	Pliny|プリニウス|noun|a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher	Seius|セイウス|noun|a Roman praetorian prefect	Lib.|第|noun|book	X|10|noun|ten	c.|章|noun|chapter	29.|29|noun|twenty-nine	buy|買う|verb|acquire in exchange for money	white|白い|adjective|of the color intermediate between black and gray	nightingale|ナイチンゲール|noun|a small Old World thrush with a rich melodious song	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	empress|皇后|noun|the wife or widow of an emperor	Agrippina|アグリッピナ|noun|a Roman empress	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	six thousand|6000|noun|six times one thousand	sestertii|セステルティウス|noun|an ancient Roman coin	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or importance	about|約|adverb|approximately	fifty|50|noun|five times ten	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now
and that Asinius Celer {Lib. IX, c. 17.} purchased a surmullet at the price of eight thousand sestertii, equal to about sixty-six pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence of our present money;	そして、アシニウス・セレル(第9巻、第17章)が、現在のお金で約66ポンド13シリング4ペンスに相当する8000セステルティウスの価格でスズキを購入したとある。	Asinius Celer|アシニウス・セレル|noun|a Roman consul	Lib. IX|第9巻|noun|the ninth volume	c. 17|第17章|noun|the seventeenth chapter	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	surmullet|スズキ|noun|a fish	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	eight thousand|8000|numeral|the number 8000	sestertii|セステルティウス|noun|an ancient Roman coin	sixty-six pounds|66ポンド|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	thirteen shillings|13シリング|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	fourpence|4ペンス|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now
the extravagance of those prices, how much soever it may surprise us, is apt, notwithstanding, to appear to us about one third less than it really was.	これらの価格の法外さは、どれほど私たちを驚かせようとも、それにもかかわらず、実際よりも3分の1ほど安く見える傾向がある。	extravagance|法外さ|noun|the quality of being much more than is usual or expected	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	surprise|驚かせる|verb|cause to feel or show surprise	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	about|約|adverb|approximately	one third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	less|安い|adjective|not as much or as many as	real|実際|adjective|not imaginary; existing or happening
Their real price, the quantity of labour and subsistence which was given away for them, was about one-third more than their nominal price is apt to express to us in the present times.	それらの実際の価格、それらのために支払われた労働と生活必需品の量は、それらの名目価格が現代の私たちに表現しがちな価格よりも約3分の1高かった。	real price|実際の価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard work	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to sustain life	give away|支払う|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone without charge	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct	present time|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now
Seius gave for the nightingale the command of a quantity of labour and subsistence, equal to what £ 66:13: 4d. would purchase in the present times;	セイウスはナイチンゲールのために、66ポンド13シリング4ペンスが現代で購入できる量の労働と生活必需品を与えた。	Seius|セイウス|noun|a Roman praetor	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	nightingale|ナイチンゲール|noun|a small brown and grey European bird with a beautiful song	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to keep a person alive	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	£ 66:13: 4d.|66ポンド13シリング4ペンス|noun|a sum of money	would purchase|購入できる|verb|buy	present times|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now
and Asinius Celer gave for a surmullet the command of a quantity equal to what £ 88:17: 9d. would purchase.	そして、アシニウス・セレルはスズキのために、88ポンド17シリング9ペンスが購入できる量の労働と生活必需品を与えた。	Asinius Celer|アシニウス・セレル|noun|a Roman senator	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	surmullet|スズキ|noun|a fish	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	quantity|量|noun|the amount of something	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	purchase|購入|verb|buy something
What occasioned the extravagance of those high prices was, not so much the abundance of silver, as the abundance of labour and subsistence, of which those Romans had the disposal, beyond what was necessary for their own use.	これらの高価格の法外さを引き起こしたのは、銀の豊富さというよりは、これらのローマ人が自分たちの使用に必要な量を超えて自由に使える労働と生活必需品の豊富さだった。	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	extravagance|法外さ|noun|the quality of being too much or too expensive	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and other things that a person needs to live	disposal|自由に使える|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the further side of	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed
The quantity of silver, of which they had the disposal, was a good deal less than what the command of the same quantity of labour and subsistence would have procured to them in the present times.	彼らが自由に使える銀の量は、同じ量の労働と生活必需品が現代で彼らに与える量よりもかなり少なかった。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	disposal|自由に使える|noun|the action or process of disposing of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	procure|与える|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means

Second sort.—The second sort of rude produce, of which the price rises in the progress of improvement, is that which human industry can multiply in proportion to the demand.	第二の種類。改良の進歩によって価格が上昇する第二の種類の未加工生産物は、人間の産業が需要に応じて増産できるものである。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|未加工の|adjective|in a natural state; not processed or refined	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind or human beings	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	multiply|増産する|verb|increase in number or quantity	demand|需要|noun|an expressed need for a particular commodity
It consists in those useful plants and animals, which, in uncultivated countries, nature produces with such profuse abundance, that they are of little or no value, and which, as cultivation advances, are therefore forced to give place to some more profitable produce.	それは、未開の国々では、自然があまりにも豊富に生産するため、ほとんど価値がないか、まったく価値がなく、耕作が進むにつれて、より収益性の高い生産物に場所を譲らざるを得ない、有用な植物や動物からなる。	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	useful|有用な|adjective|of practical use	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by dogs, cats, horses, cattle, deer, and mice	uncultivated|未開の|adjective|not cultivated	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	advance|進む|verb|move forward	give place to|場所を譲る|verb|be replaced by	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial profit
During a long period in the progress of improvement, the quantity of these is continually diminishing, while, at the same time, the demand for them is continually increasing.	改良の進歩の長い期間にわたって、これらの量は絶えず減少しているが、同時に、それらの需要は絶えず増加している。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	long period|長い期間|noun|a long period of time	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater or more
Their real value, therefore, the real quantity of labour which they will purchase or command, gradually rises, till at last it gets so high as to render them as profitable a produce as any thing else which human industry can raise upon the most fertile and best cultivated land.	したがって、それらの真の価値、つまりそれらが購入または命令する労働の真の量は徐々に上昇し、ついには人間の産業が最も肥沃で最も耕作された土地で生産できる他のどの製品よりも収益性の高い製品になるまで上昇する。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	real quantity|真の量|noun|the actual amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	rise|上昇|verb|go up	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	get so high|高くなる|verb|become very expensive	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	produce|製品|noun|something that is produced	human industry|人間の産業|noun|the economic activity of humans	raise|生産する|verb|produce or grow	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing or capable of producing much fruit or vegetation	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared for crops by plowing and fertilizing
When it has got so high, it cannot well go higher.	それがそれほど高くなったら、それ以上高くなることはできない。	get high|高くなる|verb|become high	cannot go higher|それ以上高くなることはできない|verb|be unable to go higher
If it did, more land and more industry would soon be employed to increase their quantity.	もしそうなら、より多くの土地とより多くの産業がすぐにそれらの量を増やすために使われるだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	be employed|使われる|verb|be used	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous

When the price of cattle, for example, rises so high, that it is as profitable to cultivate land in order to raise food for them as in order to raise food for man, it cannot well go higher.	例えば、牛の価格が非常に高くなり、人間の食料を育てるためと同じくらい牛の食料を育てるために土地を耕すのが利益になる場合、それ以上高くなることはできない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	rise|上がる|verb|go up	high|高く|adverb|at or to a great height	profitable|利益になる|adjective|yielding a financial gain	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	order|ため|noun|a command, direction, or instruction	raise|育てる|verb|bring up	food|食料|noun|any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth	go higher|高くなる|verb|increase
If it did, more corn land would soon be turned into pasture.	もしそうなら、より多くのトウモロコシ畑がすぐに牧草地に変わるだろう。	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	land|畑|noun|the solid surface of the earth	turn into|変わる|verb|become something else	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where cattle or other animals graze
The extension of tillage, by diminishing the quantity of wild pasture, diminishes the quantity of butcher’s meat, which the country naturally produces without labour or cultivation;	耕作の拡大は、野生の牧草地の量を減らすことで、労働や耕作なしに国が自然に生産する食肉の量を減らす。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants suitable for grazing animals	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	meat|食肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food
and, by increasing the number of those who have either corn, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of corn, to give in exchange for it, increases the demand.	そして、トウモロコシを持っている人の数を増やすことで、あるいは同じことだが、トウモロコシの価格をそれに交換することで、需要が増加する。	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	increase|増加する|verb|make or become greater or more numerous
The price of butcher’s meat, therefore, and, consequently, of cattle, must gradually rise, till it gets so high, that it becomes as profitable to employ the most fertile and best cultivated lands in raising food for them as in raising corn.	したがって、食肉の価格、そして結果的に牛の価格は、最も肥沃で最も耕作された土地をトウモロコシを育てるのと同じくらい牛の食料を育てるのに使用することが利益になるまで、徐々に上昇しなければならない。	butcher's meat|食肉|noun|meat that is sold in a butcher's shop	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	so high|とても高くなる|adverb|to a great extent	profitable|利益になる|adjective|yielding a financial gain	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large seed heads that contain many seeds
But it must always be late in the progress of improvement before tillage can be so far extended as to raise the price of cattle to this height;	しかし、耕作が牛の価格をこの高さまで引き上げるほど拡大されるまでには、常に改善の進歩が遅れるに違いない。	be late in|遅れる|verb|be delayed	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	be extended|拡大される|verb|be made larger or longer	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something
and, till it has got to this height, if the country is advancing at all, their price must be continually rising.	そして、この高さに達するまでは、もし国が少しでも進歩しているなら、その価格は継続的に上昇しているに違いない。	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or space when	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up
There are, perhaps, some parts of Europe in which the price of cattle has not yet got to this height.	おそらく、ヨーロッパには牛の価格がまだこの高さに達していない地域があるだろう。	There are|ある|verb|exist	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something
It had not got to this height in any part of Scotland before the Union.	スコットランドでは、合同以前にはどこでもこの高さに達していなかった。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Union|合同|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together
Had the Scotch cattle been always confined to the market of Scotland, in a country in which the quantity of land, which can be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, is so great in proportion to what can be applied to other purposes, it is scarce possible, perhaps, that their price could ever have risen so high as to render it profitable to cultivate land for the sake of feeding them.	スコットランドの牛が常にスコットランドの市場に限定されていたとしたら、牛の飼育以外に利用できない土地の量が他の目的に利用できる土地の量に比べて非常に多い国では、牛の飼育のために土地を耕作することが利益になるほど価格が上昇することは、おそらくほとんど不可能だっただろう。	Scotch cattle|スコットランドの牛|noun|cattle from Scotland	be confined to|限定される|verb|be limited to	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	quantity of land|土地の量|noun|the amount of land	be applied to|利用される|verb|be used for	no other purpose|他の目的|noun|a purpose other than the one mentioned	feeding of cattle|牛の飼育|noun|the act of feeding cattle	be so great in proportion to|非常に多い|verb|be much larger than	other purposes|他の目的|noun|purposes other than the one mentioned	scarce possible|ほとんど不可能|adjective|not likely to happen	price|価格|noun|the amount of money for which something is sold	have risen so high|上昇する|verb|increase in value	render it profitable|利益になる|verb|make it profitable	cultivate land|土地を耕作する|verb|grow crops on land	for the sake of|のために|preposition|for the purpose of
In England, the price of cattle, it has already been observed, seems, in the neighbourhood of London, to have got to this height about the beginning of the last century;	イギリスでは、すでに述べたように、ロンドン近郊では牛の価格が前世紀の初め頃にこの水準に達したようである。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	observe|述べる|verb|to notice or perceive	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
but it was much later, probably, before it got through the greater part of the remoter counties, in some of which, perhaps, it may scarce yet have got to it.	しかし、遠隔地の郡の大部分にそれが広がるまでには、おそらくずっと後のことであり、そのうちのいくつかでは、おそらくまだそこまで達していないかもしれない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	much later|ずっと後|adverb|a long time after	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; prior to	get through|広がる|verb|become known or spread throughout	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	remoter|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in space or time	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a country	some of which|そのうちのいくつか|noun phrase|a part of a group of things	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	scarce|まだ|adverb|barely; hardly
Of all the different substances, however, which compose this second sort of rude produce, cattle is, perhaps, that of which the price, in the progress of improvement, rises first to this height.	しかし、この第二種の未加工生産物を構成するあらゆる異なる物質のうち、牛はおそらく、改良の進歩の中で、価格が最初にこの水準まで上昇するものである。	of all|あらゆる|preposition|out of all	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	substance|物質|noun|a particular kind of matter with uniform properties	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|未加工|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	cattle|牛|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	height|水準|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something

Till the price of cattle, indeed, has got to this height, it seems scarce possible that the greater part, even of those lands which are capable of the highest cultivation, can be completely cultivated.	実際、牛の価格がこの水準に達するまでは、最高の耕作が可能な土地でさえ、その大部分を完全に耕作することはほとんど不可能であるように思われる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	height|水準|noun|the quality of being tall or high	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	possible|可能である|adjective|able to be done or achieved	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	highest cultivation|最高の耕作|noun|the best possible farming	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	cultivated|耕作される|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
In all farms too distant from any town to carry manure from it, that is, in the far greater part of those of every extensive country, the quantity of well cultivated land must be in proportion to the quantity of manure which the farm itself produces;	町から遠すぎて肥料を運べない農場では、つまり、広大な国の農場の大部分では、よく耕された土地の量は、農場自体が生産する肥料の量に比例しなければならない。	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	manure|肥料|noun|animal dung used for fertilizing land	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that if one varies then so does the other	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
and this, again, must be in proportion to the stock of cattle which are maintained upon it.	そして、これもまた、その農場で飼育されている牛の頭数に比例しなければならない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is being mentioned or discussed	again|また|adverb|once more; another time	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be in proportion to|比例する|verb|be related to something else in a way that is correct or suitable	stock|頭数|noun|the total number of animals or plants of a particular type in a particular area	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate mammal that is kept for milk or meat	be maintained|飼育される|verb|be kept in good condition
The land is manured, either by pasturing the cattle upon it, or by feeding them in the stable, and from thence carrying out their dung to it.	土地は、牛を放牧するか、厩舎で飼育してそこから糞を運び出すことで、肥料を与えられる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	manure|肥料を与える|verb|apply manure to	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated bovine animal	pasture|放牧する|verb|graze	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses	dung|糞|noun|the excrement of animals
But unless the price of the cattle be sufficient to pay both the rent and profit of cultivated land, the farmer cannot afford to pasture them upon it;	しかし、牛の価格が耕作地の地代と利潤の両方を支払うのに十分でなければ、農民は牛を放牧する余裕はない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	pasture|放牧する|verb|graze (animals) in a pasture
and he can still less afford to feed them in the stable.	そして、牛を厩舎で飼育する余裕はさらにない。	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses
It is with the produce of improved and cultivated land only that cattle can be fed in the stable;	牛を厩舎で飼育できるのは、改良され耕作された土地の産物だけである。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated bovine animal with horns and a long tail	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses or other livestock
because, to collect the scanty and scattered produce of waste and unimproved lands, would require too much labour, and be too expensive.	なぜなら、荒地や未改良地の乏しく散在する産物を集めるには、あまりに多くの労働を必要とし、あまりに高くつくからである。	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	scanty|乏しい|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	scattered|散在する|adjective|distributed or spread about	waste|荒地|noun|a large area of land that has not been used or developed	unimproved|未改良|adjective|not improved	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expensive|高くつく|adjective|costing a lot of money
If the price of the cattle, therefore, is not sufficient to pay for the produce of improved and cultivated land, when they are allowed to pasture it, that price will be still less sufficient to pay for that produce, when it must be collected with a good deal of additional labour, and brought into the stable to them.	したがって、牛の価格が、改良され耕作された土地の産物を支払うのに十分でなければ、牛が放牧を許されたとしても、その価格は、かなりの付加的な労働で集められて、牛舎に運び込まれなければならないとき、その産物を支払うのにさらに不十分であろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	improved|改良された|adjective|made or become better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	pasture|放牧|noun|land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing livestock	allowed|許される|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	collected|集められる|verb|bring or gather together	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	additional|付加的な|adjective|extra; added	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	brought|運び込まれる|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	stable|牛舎|noun|a building for housing horses or other livestock
In these circumstances, therefore, no more cattle can with profit be fed in the stable than what are necessary for tillage.	したがって、このような状況では、耕作に必要な量以上の牛を厩舎で飼育することはできない。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	no more|これ以上ない|determiner|not any more	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops
But these can never afford manure enough for keeping constantly in good condition all the lands which they are capable of cultivating.	しかし、これらは耕作できるすべての土地を常に良好な状態に保つのに十分な肥料を供給することはできない。	afford|供給する|verb|to be able to pay for	manure|肥料|noun|animal dung used for fertilizing land	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	keeping|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	good condition|良好な状態|noun|a state of being in good condition	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
What they afford, being insufficient for the whole farm, will naturally be reserved for the lands to which it can be most advantageously or conveniently applied;	彼らが供給するものは、農場全体には不十分なので、当然、最も有利に、あるいは便利に適用できる土地のために確保されるだろう。	afford|供給する|verb|be able to pay for	insufficient|不十分な|adjective|not enough	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	reserved|確保される|verb|kept for a particular purpose	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	advantageously|有利に|adverb|in a way that is beneficial	conveniently|便利に|adverb|in a way that is easy or convenient	applied|適用される|verb|put to a special use or purpose
the most fertile, or those, perhaps, in the neighbourhood of the farm-yard.	最も肥沃な土地、あるいは農場の近くの土地である。	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	neighbourhood|近く|noun|the area around a place	farm-yard|農場|noun|a yard surrounded by farm buildings
These, therefore, will be kept constantly in good condition, and fit for tillage.	したがって、これらは常に良好な状態に保たれ、耕作に適している。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	be kept|保たれる|verb|be maintained in a certain state	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	good condition|良好な状態|noun|a state of being in good condition	fit|適している|adjective|suitable or appropriate
The rest will, the greater part of them, be allowed to lie waste, producing scarce any thing but some miserable pasture, just sufficient to keep alive a few straggling, half-starved cattle;	残りの大部分は、荒れ果てたままにされ、わずかな惨めな牧草地以外はほとんど何も生産せず、数頭の半分飢えた牛を生き延びさせるのに十分なだけである。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority	be allowed to|される|verb|be permitted to	lie waste|荒れ果てる|verb|be in a state of ruin or decay	producing|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	miserable|惨めな|adjective|wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable	pasture|牧草地|noun|land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing livestock	just sufficient|十分なだけ|adjective|only just enough	keep alive|生き延びさせる|verb|cause to continue to live	half-starved|半分飢えた|adjective|very hungry	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat
the farm, though much overstocked in proportion to what would be necessary for its complete cultivation, being very frequently overstocked in proportion to its actual produce.	農場は、完全な耕作に必要な量に比べてかなり過剰に飼育されているが、実際の生産量に比べて過剰に飼育されていることが非常に多い。	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	overstock|過剰に飼育する|verb|have too much of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	cultivation|耕作|noun|the raising of plants	actual|実際|adjective|existing in fact or reality	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products
A portion of this waste land, however, after having been pastured in this wretched manner for six or seven years together, may be ploughed up, when it will yield, perhaps, a poor crop or two of bad oats, or of some other coarse grain;	しかし、この荒れ地の一部は、この惨めな方法で六、七年も放牧された後、耕されるかもしれないが、その時には、おそらく、悪いオート麦や他の粗い穀物の貧弱な収穫が得られるだろう。	waste land|荒れ地|noun|an area of land that is not used for farming or building	portion|一部|noun|a part of a whole	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	six or seven years|六、七年|noun|a period of time	together|共に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	be ploughed up|耕される|verb|to be turned over and broken up with a plough	yield|得られる|verb|to produce or provide	poor crop|貧弱な収穫|noun|a harvest that is not very good	bad oats|悪いオート麦|noun|oats that are not of good quality	coarse grain|粗い穀物|noun|a type of grain that is not very fine
and then, being entirely exhausted, it must be rested and pastured again as before, and another portion ploughed up, to be in the same manner exhausted and rested again in its turn.	そして、完全に疲れ果てた後、以前のように休ませて放牧し、別の部分を耕して、同じように疲れ果てて、順番に休ませなければならない。	be exhausted|疲れ果てる|verb|be extremely tired	be rested|休ませる|verb|be allowed to relax or sleep	be pastured|放牧される|verb|be allowed to graze in a pasture	be ploughed|耕される|verb|be turned over with a plough	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	in turn|順番に|adverb|one after the other
Such, accordingly, was the general system of management all over the low country of Scotland before the Union.	したがって、これが連合前のスコットランドの低地全体の一般的な管理システムだった。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	all over|全体|adverb|everywhere	low country|低地|noun|a low-lying area of land	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	before|前|preposition|earlier than	Union|連合|noun|the act of uniting two or more things
The lands which were kept constantly well manured and in good condition seldom exceeded a third or fourth part of the whole farm, and sometimes did not amount to a fifth or a sixth part of it.	常によく肥料を与えられ、良い状態に保たれている土地は、農場全体の三分の一または四分の一を超えることはめったになく、時には五分の一または六分の一にも満たなかった。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	manure|肥料|noun|animal dung used for fertilizing land	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts of something	fourth|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts of something	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	amount to|～に達する|verb|be equivalent to	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts of something	sixth|六分の一|noun|one of six equal parts of something
The rest were never manured, but a certain portion of them was in its turn, notwithstanding, regularly cultivated and exhausted.	残りは決して肥料を与えられなかったが、それにもかかわらず、そのうちの一定部分は順番に定期的に耕作され、疲弊させられた。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	manure|肥料|noun|animal dung used for fertilizing land	certain|一定|adjective|having or showing no doubt about something	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	turn|順番|noun|a change of direction, position, or course	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	exhaust|疲弊させる|verb|use up the whole of
Under this system of management, it is evident, even that part of the lands of Scotland which is capable of good cultivation, could produce but little in comparison of what it may be capable of producing.	この管理システムのもとでは、スコットランドの土地のなかでも十分に耕作できる部分でさえ、生産できる量に比べてわずかしか生産できないことは明らかである。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	evident|明らか|adjective|obvious or easily seen or understood	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something
But how disadvantageous soever this system may appear, yet, before the Union, the low price of cattle seems to have rendered it almost unavoidable.	しかし、このシステムがどれほど不利に見えようとも、連合前には家畜の価格が低かったため、ほとんど避けられなかったようだ。	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|causing harm or damage	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	Union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented
If, notwithstanding a great rise in the price, it still continues to prevail through a considerable part of the country, it is owing in many places, no doubt, to ignorance and attachment to old customs, but, in most places, to the unavoidable obstructions which the natural course of things opposes to the immediate or speedy establishment of a better system: first, to the poverty of the tenants, to their not having yet had time to acquire a stock of cattle sufficient to cultivate their lands more completely, the same rise of price, which would render it advantageous for them to maintain a greater stock, rendering it more difficult for them to acquire it;	価格が大幅に上昇したにもかかわらず、それが依然として国のかなりの部分で普及し続けているのなら、それは多くの場所で、間違いなく無知と古い習慣への執着によるものだが、ほとんどの場所では、物事の自然な成り行きがより良いシステムの即時または迅速な確立に反対する避けられない障害によるものである。第一に、小作人の貧困、彼らが土地をより完全に耕作するのに十分な家畜を獲得する時間がまだなかったこと、同じ価格の上昇によって、彼らがより多くの家畜を維持することが有利になる一方で、それを獲得することがより困難になることである。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	great|大幅な|adjective|of major significance or importance	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	prevail|普及する|verb|be widespread or current	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	owing|による|verb|have as a cause or source	many|多くの|adverb|many or much; lots of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	attachment|執着|noun|a feeling of affection or loyalty	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving that is usual and traditional among the people in a particular group or place	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented	obstruction|障害|noun|something that blocks or stops something else	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	course|成り行き|noun|the way in which something happens or develops	oppose|反対する|verb|be against something	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay	speedy|迅速な|adjective|very fast	establishment|確立|noun|the starting or creation of something	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; firstly	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	not having|まだなかった|verb|not possess or have	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain something	stock|家畜|noun|a supply of something	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	completely|完全に|adverb|totally or utterly	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or allow to continue	stock|家畜|noun|a supply of something	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain something	difficult|困難|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort
and, secondly, to their not having yet had time to put their lands in condition to maintain this greater stock properly, supposing they were capable of acquiring it.	第二に、彼らがそれを獲得できると仮定しても、彼らの土地をこのより大きな家畜を適切に維持できる状態にする時間がまだなかったことである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	not having yet had time to|まだ時間がなかった|verb|not have had time to do something yet	put|する|verb|cause to be in a specified state	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case without having evidence to confirm it	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain something
The increase of stock and the improvement of land are two events which must go hand in hand, and of which the one can nowhere much outrun the other.	家畜の増加と土地の改良は、相伴って進まなければならない二つの出来事であり、どちらも他方を大きく上回ることはできない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|家畜|noun|animals or birds kept for breeding or slaughter	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	go hand in hand|相伴って進む|verb|to be closely associated	outrun|上回る|verb|to run faster or further than
Without some increase of stock, there can be scarce any improvement of land, but there can be no considerable increase of stock, but in consequence of a considerable improvement of land;	家畜の増加がなければ、土地の改良はほとんどできないが、土地の改良がなければ、家畜の増加もほとんどできない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|家畜|noun|animals or birds kept for breeding or slaughter	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something
because otherwise the land could not maintain it.	そうでなければ、土地はそれを維持できないからである。	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
These natural obstructions to the establishment of a better system, cannot be removed but by a long course of frugality and industry;	より良い制度の確立に対するこれらの自然の障害は、長い年月をかけた節約と勤勉によってしか取り除くことができない。	establishment|確立|noun|the act of establishing something	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	obstruction|障害|noun|something that blocks or stops something	remove|取り除く|verb|take away or off	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	course|年月|noun|a period of time during which something happens	frugality|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working
and half a century or a century more, perhaps, must pass away before the old system, which is wearing out gradually, can be completely abolished through all the different parts of the country.	そして、半世紀あるいは一世紀以上も経たなければ、徐々に衰退しつつある旧制度が、国のあらゆる地域で完全に廃止されることはないであろう。	half a century|半世紀|noun|a period of 50 years	a century|一世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	pass away|経つ|verb|die	old system|旧制度|noun|the system that was in place before the current one	wear out|衰退する|verb|become used up or worn out	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; fully	abolish|廃止する|verb|officially or legally stop something from being done or existing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Of all the commercial advantages, however, which Scotland has derived from the Union with England, this rise in the price of cattle is, perhaps, the greatest.	しかし、スコットランドがイングランドとの合同から得たあらゆる商業上の利点の中で、この家畜価格の上昇は、おそらく最大のものであろう。	of all|あらゆる|preposition|of the whole number of	commercial|商業上の|adjective|of or relating to commerce	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain from a specified source	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Union|合同|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level or amount of something	cattle|家畜|noun|an animal that is kept for milk or meat	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality or importance
It has not only raised the value of all highland estates, but it has, perhaps, been the principal cause of the improvement of the low country.	それは、すべてのハイランドの私有地の価値を上げただけでなく、おそらく、低地の改善の主な原因であった。	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	estate|私有地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by a rich person	low country|低地|noun|a region of the eastern United States along the Atlantic coast	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved	principal cause|主な原因|noun|the most important reason for something

In all new colonies, the great quantity of waste land, which can for many years be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, soon renders them extremely abundant;	すべての新しい植民地では、長年家畜の飼料以外に利用できない大量の荒地が、すぐに家畜を非常に豊富にする。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having come into existence	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	waste land|荒地|noun|an area of land that has not been used or developed	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	no other purpose|他の目的はない|noun|no other reason	feeding|飼料|noun|food, especially dried food, given to livestock	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
and in every thing great cheapness is the necessary consequence of great abundance.	そして、あらゆる事において、非常に安価であることは、非常に豊富であることの必然的な結果である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in|において|preposition|expressing the situation of something in a place or position	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	thing|事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	cheapness|安価|noun|the quality of being low in price	is|である|verb|be	the|その|article|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	necessary|必然的|adjective|that must be done, achieved, or dealt with	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	of|の|preposition|expressing the relationship between a part and a whole	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something
Though all the cattle of the European colonies in America were originally carried from Europe, they soon multiplied so much there, and became of so little value, that even horses were allowed to run wild in the woods, without any owner thinking it worth while to claim them.	アメリカのヨーロッパ植民地の家畜はすべてもともとヨーロッパから運ばれたものだが、すぐにそこで非常に増え、価値がほとんどなくなったので、馬でさえも森の中で野生のまま走り回ることを許され、所有者は誰もそれを要求する価値があるとは思わなかった。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; quickly	multiply|増える|verb|increase in number	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	horse|馬|noun|a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	wild|野生|adjective|living or growing in the natural environment; not domesticated or cultivated	wood|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	worth|価値がある|adjective|meriting attention or effort	claim|要求する|verb|state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof
It must be a long time after the first establishment of such colonies, before it can become profitable to feed cattle upon the produce of cultivated land.	そのような植民地が最初にできた後、耕作地の産物で家畜を養うことが利益を生むようになるまでには、長い時間がかかるはずだ。	long time|長い時間|noun|a large amount of time	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	before|前|preposition|earlier than	become|なる|verb|come to be	profitable|利益を生む|adjective|yielding a financial gain	feed|養う|verb|give food to	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	upon|で|preposition|on	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	cultivated land|耕作地|noun|land that is used for growing crops
The same causes, therefore, the want of manure, and the disproportion between the stock employed in cultivation and the land which it is destined to cultivate, are likely to introduce there a system of husbandry, not unlike that which still continues to take place in so many parts of Scotland.	したがって、同じ原因、つまり肥料の不足、耕作に使用される家畜と耕作される土地との不均衡が、スコットランドの多くの地域で依然として行われているのと似た農業システムをそこに導入する可能性が高い。	the same causes|同じ原因|noun|the same reasons	want|不足|noun|lack	manure|肥料|noun|animal dung used for fertilizing land	disproportion|不均衡|noun|a lack of proportion	stock|家畜|noun|animals or birds kept for breeding	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products	take place|行われる|verb|happen	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
Mr Kalm, the Swedish traveller, when he gives an account of the husbandry of some of the English colonies in North America, as he found it in 1749, observes, accordingly, that he can with difficulty discover there the character of the English nation, so well skilled in all the different branches of agriculture.	スウェーデンの旅行家カルム氏は、1749年に北米のイギリス植民地の農業について報告したとき、農業のあらゆる分野に精通したイギリス国民の性格をそこではほとんど発見できないと述べている。	Mr Kalm|カルム氏|noun|a Swedish traveller	Swedish|スウェーデンの|adjective|of or relating to Sweden	traveller|旅行家|noun|a person who travels	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products	1749|1749年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	difficulty|ほとんど|noun|a problem; a situation that is hard to deal with	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	well|精通した|adverb|to a high standard; very well	skilled|精通した|adjective|having or showing special skill or knowledge	agriculture|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products
They make scarce any manure for their corn fields, he says;	彼らはトウモロコシ畑にほとんど肥料を与えていない、と彼は言う。	make scarce|ほとんどない|verb|be in short supply	manure|肥料|noun|animal dung used for fertilizing land	corn field|トウモロコシ畑|noun|a field where corn is grown	he says|彼は言う|verb|he says
but when one piece of ground has been exhausted by continual cropping, they clear and cultivate another piece of fresh land;	しかし、一区画の土地が連作で疲弊すると、彼らは別の新鮮な土地を開墾して耕作する。	piece of ground|一区画の土地|noun|a piece of land	exhaust|疲弊する|verb|use up completely	continual cropping|連作|noun|growing the same crop in the same place year after year	clear|開墾する|verb|remove all trees and plants from an area of land	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
and when that is exhausted, proceed to a third.	そしてそれが疲弊すると、三番目の土地に進む。	be exhausted|疲弊する|verb|be extremely tired	proceed|進む|verb|follow a certain course
Their cattle are allowed to wander through the woods and other uncultivated grounds, where they are half-starved; having long ago extirpated almost all the annual grasses, by cropping them too early in the spring, before they had time to form their flowers, or to shed their seeds. {Kalm’s Travels, vol 1, pp.	彼らの家畜は、半分飢えた状態で森やその他の未開地をさまよっている。花を咲かせたり、種を落とす前に、春先に刈り取ってしまったため、一年草はほとんど絶滅してしまった。カルムの旅、第1巻、343、344ページ。	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	wander|さまよう|verb|move about aimlessly or unsystematically	woods|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	uncultivated|未開の|adjective|not used for growing crops	half-starved|半分飢えた|adjective|very hungry	long ago|ずっと前に|adverb|in the distant past	extirpate|絶滅させる|verb|destroy or remove completely	annual|一年生|adjective|happening or recurring once a year	grass|草|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	spring|春|noun|the season of the year between winter and summer	flower|花|noun|the seed-bearing part of a plant	seed|種|noun|a small hard object produced by a plant that can develop into a new plant	Kalm's Travels|カルムの旅|noun|a book by Pehr Kalm	vol|巻|noun|a book	pp|ページ|noun|a page
343, 344.}
The annual grasses were, it seems, the best natural grasses in that part of North America; and when the Europeans first settled there, they used to grow very thick, and to rise three or four feet high.	一年草は、北米のその地域で最も優れた天然草だったようである。そして、ヨーロッパ人が最初にそこに住み着いたとき、それらは非常に密に生え、3、4フィートの高さにまで成長していた。	annual grass|一年草|noun|a plant that lives for only one year	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a person from Europe	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	settle|住み着く|verb|establish oneself in a place	used to|したものだ|auxiliary verb|did or was something in the past	thick|密に|adjective|having a large distance from one side to the other	three or four feet|3、4フィート|noun|a unit of length equal to 12 inches
A piece of ground which, when he wrote, could not maintain one cow, would in former times, he was assured, have maintained four, each of which would have given four times the quantity of milk which that one was capable of giving.	彼が書いたとき、一頭の牛を維持できなかった土地は、以前は四頭を維持していたと確信しており、その一頭が与えることのできる牛乳の量の四倍を与えていただろう。	piece of ground|土地|noun|a piece of land	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	cow|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	former|以前|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	assure|確信する|verb|feel or show confidence	four|四|noun|the number 4	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	four times|四倍|noun|four multiplied by a number	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	milk|牛乳|noun|an opaque white fluid rich in fat and protein, secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of
The poorness of the pasture had, in his opinion, occasioned the degradation of their cattle, which degenerated sensibly from one generation to another.	彼の意見では、牧草地の貧弱さが家畜の劣化を引き起こし、家畜は一代ごとに著しく劣化した。	poorness|貧弱さ|noun|the state of being poor	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field where cattle or other animals are kept to graze	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	degradation|劣化|noun|the state of being degraded	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen kept for milk or meat	sensibly|著しく|adverb|in a way that is noticeable or significant	generation|世代|noun|all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively
They were probably not unlike that stunted breed which was common all over Scotland thirty or forty years ago, and which is now so much mended through the greater part of the low country, not so much by a change of the breed, though that expedient has been employed in some places, as by a more plentiful method of feeding them.	それらはおそらく、三、四十年前にスコットランド全土で一般的だった、そして今では低地の大部分で非常に改善されている、その発育不全の品種と似ていなかっただろう。その品種の変化によってではなく、より豊富な餌やり方法によってである。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	thirty or forty years ago|三、四十年前|noun|three or four decades ago	low country|低地|noun|a country that is located at a low elevation	breed|品種|noun|a group of animals or plants having common ancestors and characteristics	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	some places|いくつかの場所|noun|an unspecified number of places	feeding|餌やり|noun|the act of giving food to animals

Though it is late, therefore, in the progress of improvement, before cattle can bring such a price as to render it profitable to cultivate land for the sake of feeding them;	したがって、改善の進歩は遅れているが、牛がそれらを養うために土地を耕作することが有益になるような価格をもたらす前に、	late|遅い|adjective|coming or happening after the usual or expected time	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	profitable|有益な|adjective|yielding a financial gain	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
yet of all the different parts which compose this second sort of rude produce, they are perhaps the first which bring this price;	それでも、この第二種の粗野な生産物を構成するすべての異なる部分の中で、それらはおそらくこの価格をもたらす最初のものである。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	of all|すべての|preposition|belonging to the whole of a group or class	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	second|2番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	they|それら|pronoun|the things previously mentioned	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
because, till they bring it, it seems impossible that improvement can be brought near even to that degree of perfection to which it has arrived in many parts of Europe.	なぜなら、彼らがそれをもたらすまでは、ヨーロッパの多くの地域で到達した完成度にまで改善を近づけることは不可能に思われるからである。	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or occur	till|まで|conjunction|up to the time that	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	bring near|近づける|verb|cause to come closer	degree|度合い|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	perfection|完成度|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	arrive|到達する|verb|reach a destination	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

As cattle are among the first, so perhaps venison is among the last parts of this sort of rude produce which bring this price.	牛が最初に含まれるように、おそらく鹿肉はこの価格をもたらすこの種の粗野な生産物の最後の部分に含まれる。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The price of venison in Great Britain, how extravagant soever it may appear, is not near sufficient to compensate the expense of a deer park, as is well known to all those who have had any experience in the feeding of deer.	イギリスの鹿肉の価格は、どんなに法外に見えても、鹿の飼育を経験した人なら誰でも知っているように、鹿公園の費用を補うには十分ではない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer used as food	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	near|十分な|adjective|close in space or time	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	deer park|鹿公園|noun|a large enclosed area of land in which deer are kept	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to someone or something
If it was otherwise, the feeding of deer would soon become an article of common farming, in the same manner as the feeding of those small birds, called turdi, was among the ancient Romans.	そうでなければ、鹿の飼育は、古代ローマ人の間で行われていた、ツルディと呼ばれる小鳥の飼育と同じように、すぐに一般的な農業の品目となるだろう。	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to animals	deer|鹿|noun|a large mammal with antlers	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	farming|農業|noun|the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	bird|鳥|noun|a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal with feathers and wings	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome
Varro and Columella assure us, that it was a most profitable article.	ヴァロとコルメラは、それが最も収益性の高い品目であったと断言している。	Varro|ヴァロ|noun|Marcus Terentius Varro, a Roman scholar and writer	Columella|コルメラ|noun|Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, a Roman writer on agriculture	assure|断言する|verb|tell someone something positively or confidently	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object
The fattening of ortolans, birds of passage which arrive lean in the country, is said to be so in some parts of France.	フランスの一部では、国に痩せてやってくる渡り鳥であるホオジロの肥育もそうであると言われている。	fattening|肥育|noun|the process of making or becoming fat	ortolan|ホオジロ|noun|a small European bird	bird|鳥|noun|a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate animal with feathers and wings	passage|渡り|noun|the action of moving through, under, over, or past something on the way from one place to another	lean|痩せる|verb|be thin or slender	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe
If venison continues in fashion, and the wealth and luxury of Great Britain increase as they have done for some time past, its price may very probably rise still higher than it is at present.	鹿肉が流行り続け、イギリスの富と贅沢が過去しばらくの間そうであったように増加すれば、その価格はおそらく現在よりもさらに高くなるだろう。	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	luxury|贅沢|noun|something that is expensive and not necessary	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	past|過去|noun|the time before the present	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	rise|上がる|verb|go up	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

Between that period in the progress of improvement, which brings to its height the price of so necessary an article as cattle, and that which brings to it the price of such a superfluity as venison, there is a very long interval, in the course of which many other sorts of rude produce gradually arrive at their highest price, some sooner and some later, according to different circumstances.	牛肉のような必需品の価格を最高に引き上げる改良の進歩の時期と、鹿肉のような贅沢品の価格を最高に引き上げる時期の間には、非常に長い間隔があり、その間に他の多くの種類の粗野な生産物が、状況に応じて早いものもあれば遅いものもあるが、徐々に最高価格に達する。	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	bring|引き上げる|verb|cause to come to a place	height|最高|noun|the highest point of something	article|品物|noun|a particular item	cattle|牛肉|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	interval|間隔|noun|a space of time between two events	course|間に|noun|the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	arrive|達する|verb|reach a destination	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sooner|早い|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	later|遅い|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

Thus, in every farm, the offals of the barn and stable will maintain a certain number of poultry.	こうして、どの農場でも、納屋や厩舎の残飯で一定数の家禽を飼うことができる。	thus|こうして|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	offal|残飯|noun|the entrails and internal organs of an animal used as food	barn|納屋|noun|a large farm building used for storing grain or housing livestock	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses	maintain|飼う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird kept for its eggs or meat
These, as they are fed with what would otherwise be lost, are a mere save-all; and as they cost the farmer scarce any thing, so he can afford to sell them for very little.	これらは、捨てられるはずのもので飼育されているので、単なる節約にすぎず、農民にはほとんど費用がかからないので、農民はほとんど無料で売ることができる。	be fed with|飼育される|verb|be given food	otherwise|捨てられる|adverb|in a different way	be lost|捨てられる|verb|be unable to find one's way	save-all|節約|noun|a device for using up odds and ends	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
Almost all that he gets is pure gain, and their price can scarce be so low as to discourage him from feeding this number.	彼が得るもののほとんどすべてが純益であり、その価格がこれほど低くなることはめったになく、彼がこの量を飼育するのを思いとどまらせるほどではない。	almost all|ほとんどすべて|noun|the majority of something	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	scarce|めったにない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension or height	discourage|思いとどまらせる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	number|量|noun|a quantity of something
But in countries ill cultivated, and therefore but thinly inhabited, the poultry, which are thus raised without expense, are often fully sufficient to supply the whole demand.	しかし、耕作が不十分で、そのため人口が希薄な国では、このように費用をかけずに飼育される家禽は、しばしば需要全体を満たすのに十分である。	ill cultivated|耕作が不十分な|adjective|not properly cultivated	thinly inhabited|人口が希薄な|adjective|having a low population density	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, raised for meat or eggs	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	supply|満たす|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular commodity or service
In this state of things, therefore, they are often as cheap as butcher’s meat, or any other sort of animal food.	したがって、このような状況では、家禽は肉屋の肉や他の動物性食品と同じくらい安価であることが多い。	state of things|状況|noun|the way things are	cheap|安価|adjective|low in price or value	butcher's meat|肉屋の肉|noun|meat sold by a butcher	animal food|動物性食品|noun|food derived from animals
But the whole quantity of poultry which the farm in this manner produces without expense, must always be much smaller than the whole quantity of butcher’s meat which is reared upon it;	しかし、農場がこのように費用をかけずに生産する家禽の総量は、農場で飼育される肉屋の肉の総量よりも常にはるかに少なくなければならない。	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird kept for its eggs or meat	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	rear|飼育する|verb|bring up and care for a child	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat
and in times of wealth and luxury, what is rare, with only nearly equal merit, is always preferred to what is common.	そして、富と贅沢の時代には、ほぼ同等の価値しかない希少なものは、常にありふれたものよりも好まれる。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	rare|希少|adjective|not common or frequent	merit|価値|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	common|ありふれた|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent
As wealth and luxury increase, therefore, in consequence of improvement and cultivation, the price of poultry gradually rises above that of butcher’s meat, till at last it gets so high, that it becomes profitable to cultivate land for the sake of feeding them.	したがって、改良と耕作の結果として富と贅沢が増加するにつれて、家禽の価格は徐々に肉屋の肉の価格を上回り、ついには非常に高くなり、家禽に餌を与えるために土地を耕作することが利益になる。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, kept for their eggs or meat	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual way	rise|上昇|verb|go up	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	profitable|利益になる|adjective|yielding profit or financial gain
When it has got to this height, it cannot well go higher.	家禽の価格がこの程度まで高くなると、それ以上高くなることはあまりない。	get to|高くなる|verb|reach a certain point	height|程度|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	go higher|高くなる|verb|increase in value
If it did, more land would soon be turned to this purpose.	もしそうなら、すぐにもっと多くの土地がこの目的に使われるだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	more|もっと|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	be turned to|使われる|verb|be used for	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
In several provinces of France, the feeding of poultry is considered as a very important article in rural economy, and sufficiently profitable to encourage the farmer to raise a considerable quantity of Indian corn and buckwheat for this purpose.	フランスのいくつかの地方では、家禽の飼育は農村経済において非常に重要な品目と考えられており、農民がこの目的のためにかなりの量のトウモロコシとソバを栽培することを奨励するのに十分な利益がある。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to animals	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, kept for their eggs or meat	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	rural economy|農村経済|noun|the economy of rural areas	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	profitable|利益がある|adjective|yielding a financial profit	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	raise|栽培する|verb|grow or breed	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	Indian corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large yellow grains, which are eaten as food	buckwheat|ソバ|noun|a plant that is grown for its small black seeds, which are used to make flour
A middling farmer will there sometimes have four hundred fowls in his yard.	中堅の農家は、時々庭に四百羽の鶏を飼っている。	middling|中堅の|adjective|of medium quality, rank, or size	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	four hundred|四百|numeral|400	fowl|鶏|noun|a domestic cock or hen
The feeding of poultry seems scarce yet to be generally considered as a matter of so much importance in England.	家禽の飼育は、イギリスではそれほど重要なこととして一般に考えられていないようだ。	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to animals	poultry|家禽|noun|a domestic fowl, such as a chicken, turkey, or duck, kept for its eggs or meat	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time; so far	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
They are certainly, however, dearer in England than in France, as England receives considerable supplies from France.	しかし、イギリスはフランスからかなりの供給を受けているので、イギリスではフランスよりも高価である。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available
In the progress of improvements, the period at which every particular sort of animal food is dearest, must naturally be that which immediately precedes the general practice of cultivating land for the sake of raising it.	改良の進歩において、あらゆる特定の種類の動物性食品が最も高価になる時期は、当然のことながら、それを育てるために土地を耕作する一般的な慣行の直前でなければならない。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	food|食品|noun|any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism	dearest|最も高価|adjective|most beloved or cherished	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural or normal way	immediately|直前|adverb|at once; instantly	precede|先行する|verb|come before in time	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of a class or group	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
For some time before this practice becomes general, the scarcity must necessarily raise the price.	この慣行が一般的になるまでしばらくの間、希少性は必然的に価格を上げる。	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	this|この|determiner|the one near or the one just mentioned	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	become|なる|verb|come to be	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	must|必然的に|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position
After it has become general, new methods of feeding are commonly fallen upon, which enable the farmer to raise upon the same quantity of ground a much greater quantity of that particular sort of animal food.	それが一般的になった後、新しい飼育方法が一般的に採用され、農民は同じ量の土地でその特定の種類の動物性食品をはるかに多く育てることができるようになる。	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	become|なる|verb|come to be	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having come into existence not long ago	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to someone or something	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	fall upon|採用される|verb|be chosen or selected	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	greater|多い|adjective|of a size, amount, or intensity considerably above average	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	food|食品|noun|any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism
The plenty not only obliges him to sell cheaper, but, in consequence of these improvements, he can afford to sell cheaper;	豊富な供給は彼に安く売ることを義務付けるだけでなく、これらの改良の結果として、彼は安く売ることができるようになる。	plenty|豊富な供給|noun|a large or sufficient amount or supply	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or law	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for
for if he could not afford it, the plenty would not be of long continuance.	なぜなら、もし彼がそれを買う余裕がなければ、豊富な供給は長続きしないだろうからである。	afford|買う余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	plenty|豊富な供給|noun|a state or condition of abundance	continuance|長続き|noun|the state of remaining in existence or in a certain state
It has been probably in this manner that the introduction of clover, turnips, carrots, cabbages, etc.	おそらくこのようにして、クローバー、カブ、ニンジン、キャベツなどの導入が、	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	clover|クローバー|noun|a plant with three-lobed leaves	turnip|カブ|noun|a round root vegetable	carrot|ニンジン|noun|a long orange root vegetable	cabbage|キャベツ|noun|a round green vegetable
has contributed to sink the common price of butcher’s meat in the London market, somewhat below what it was about the beginning of the last century.	ロンドン市場の食肉の一般価格を前世紀初頭の価格よりやや低下させるのに貢献したのだろう。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	sink|低下させる|verb|go down or cause to go down	common price|一般価格|noun|the price that is usually charged for a good or service	butcher's meat|食肉|noun|the flesh of animals that is eaten as food	London market|ロンドン市場|noun|the market for goods and services in London	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	what it was|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	about the beginning of the last century|前世紀初頭|noun|the beginning of the century before the present one

The hog, that finds his food among ordure, and greedily devours many things rejected by every other useful animal, is, like poultry, originally kept as a save-all.	豚は、糞尿の中から食べ物を見つけ、他のあらゆる有用な動物が拒絶する多くのものを貪欲に食べるが、家禽と同様に、もともとは残飯処理用に飼われていた。	hog|豚|noun|a large pig	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	food|食べ物|noun|any substance that can be eaten	ordure|糞尿|noun|excrement	greedily|貪欲に|adverb|in a way that shows a very strong desire for something	devour|食べる|verb|eat up greedily	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	reject|拒絶する|verb|refuse to accept	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, kept for their eggs or meat	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning	save-all|残飯処理用|noun|a device for catching or collecting something that would otherwise be wasted
As long as the number of such animals, which can thus be reared at little or no expense, is fully sufficient to supply the demand, this sort of butcher’s meat comes to market at a much lower price than any other.	このようにほとんど費用をかけずに飼育できる動物の数が需要を満たすのに十分な限り、この種の食肉は他のどの肉よりもはるかに安い価格で市場に出回る。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	rear|飼育する|verb|bring up a child	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|ない|determiner|not any	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	supply|満たす|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having some common feature	butcher|食肉|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	come to|出回る|verb|reach a destination	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	lower|安い|adjective|less high or tall	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But when the demand rises beyond what this quantity can supply, when it becomes necessary to raise food on purpose for feeding and fattening hogs, in the same manner as for feeding and fattening other cattle, the price necessarily rises, and becomes proportionably either higher or lower than that of other butcher’s meat, according as the nature of the country, and the state of its agriculture, happen to render the feeding of hogs more or less expensive than that of other cattle.	しかし、需要がこの量で供給できる量を超えて増加し、他の家畜の飼育や肥育と同じように、豚の飼育や肥育のためにわざわざ飼料を育てる必要が生じると、価格は必然的に上昇し、その国の性質や農業の状態によって豚の飼育が他の家畜の飼育よりも高くつくか安くつくかによって、他の食肉の価格よりも高くなったり低くなったりする。	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	beyond|超えて|preposition|on the farther side of	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	become|なる|verb|come to be	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	fatten|肥育する|verb|make or become fat	hog|豚|noun|a domesticated pig	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	become|なる|verb|come to be	proportionably|比例して|adverb|in a manner that is in proportion	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce the first of two or more alternatives	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	lower|より低い|adjective|of lesser vertical extent	according|による|preposition|in a manner or way that is in harmony or conformity	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
In France, according to Mr Buffon, the price of pork is nearly equal to that of beef.	フランスでは、ビュフォン氏によれば、豚肉の価格は牛肉の価格とほぼ同じである。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Buffon|ビュフォン|noun|a French naturalist	pork|豚肉|noun|the flesh of a pig	beef|牛肉|noun|the flesh of a cow
In most parts of Great Britain it is at present somewhat higher.	イギリスのほとんどの地域では、現在のところやや高めである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	at present|現在のところ|adverb|now; at this time	somewhat|やや|adverb|to some extent; slightly

The great rise in the price both of hogs and poultry, has, in Great Britain, been frequently imputed to the diminution of the number of cottagers and other small occupiers of land;	イギリスでは、豚肉と家禽の価格が大幅に上昇したのは、小作人やその他の小規模な土地占有者の数が減少したことが原因だとよく言われる。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	hog|豚|noun|a pig	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird that is kept for its eggs or meat	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	frequently|よく|adverb|often	impute|原因だと言われる|verb|to regard something as being caused by something else	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	number|数|noun|a quantity that can be counted	cottager|小作人|noun|a person who lives in a small house, especially in the country	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who lives in a place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
an event which has in every part of Europe been the immediate forerunner of improvement and better cultivation, but which at the same time may have contributed to raise the price of those articles, both somewhat sooner and somewhat faster than it would otherwise have risen.	ヨーロッパのあらゆる地域で、改良とより良い耕作の直接の先駆けとなった出来事だが、同時に、これらの品目の価格を、そうでなければ上昇したであろう時期よりもやや早く、やや急速に上昇させるのに寄与したかもしれない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	every part|あらゆる地域|noun|all of the parts	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	forerunner|先駆け|noun|a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind and prepares the way for it	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	contribute|寄与する|verb|give or supply in common with others	raise|上昇させる|verb|move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	sooner|より早く|adverb|earlier	faster|より急速に|adverb|at a higher speed
As the poorest family can often maintain a cat or a dog without any expense, so the poorest occupiers of land can commonly maintain a few poultry, or a sow and a few pigs, at very little.	最も貧しい家庭でも、費用をかけずに猫や犬を飼うことができるように、最も貧しい土地の占有者でも、通常、わずかな費用で数羽の家禽や雌豚と数頭の豚を飼うことができる。	family|家庭|noun|a group of people living together in one house	cat|猫|noun|a small domesticated carnivorous mammal with soft fur, a short snout, and retractile claws	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice	maintain|飼う|verb|keep or cause to continue in a certain state, position, or course	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or fewest possessions	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who lives in a place	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, that are kept for their eggs or meat	sow|雌豚|noun|an adult female pig	pig|豚|noun|an omnivorous domesticated hoofed mammal with a long snout and a thick layer of fatty tissue
The little offals of their own table, their whey, skimmed milk, and butter milk, supply those animals with a part of their food, and they find the rest in the neighbouring fields, without doing any sensible damage to any body.	自分たちの食卓の残飯、ホエイ、脱脂乳、バターミルクがこれらの動物の食料の一部となり、残りは近隣の畑で見つけ、誰にも目に見える被害を与えることはない。	offal|残飯|noun|the entrails and internal organs of an animal used as food	whey|ホエイ|noun|the watery part of milk that remains after the formation of curds	skimmed milk|脱脂乳|noun|milk from which the cream has been removed	butter milk|バターミルク|noun|the liquid left over after butter has been churned from cream	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides essential nutrients	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|next to or very near	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	sensible|目に見える|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses
By diminishing the number of those small occupiers, therefore, the quantity of this sort of provisions, which is thus produced at little or no expense, must certainly have been a good deal diminished, and their price must consequently have been raised both sooner and faster than it would otherwise have risen.	したがって、これらの小規模占有者の数を減らすことで、ほとんどまたはまったく費用をかけずに生産されるこの種の食料の量は、確かにかなり減少したに違いないし、その結果、その価格は、そうでなければ上昇したであろう時期よりも早く、また急速に上昇したに違いない。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	number|数|noun|a quantity representing the count of objects	small|小規模な|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sooner|より早く|adverb|earlier	faster|より急速に|adverb|at a higher speed
Sooner or later, however, in the progress of improvement, it must at any rate have risen to the utmost height to which it is capable of rising;	しかし、遅かれ早かれ、改良の進歩の中で、それはいずれにせよ、上昇できる最高の高さまで上昇したに違いない。	sooner or later|遅かれ早かれ|adverb|eventually; eventually	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	at any rate|いずれにせよ|adverb|in any case; whatever happens	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	utmost|最高の|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something
or to the price which pays the labour and expense of cultivating the land which furnishes them with food, as well as these are paid upon the greater part of other cultivated land.	あるいは、他の耕作地の大部分で支払われるのと同じように、彼らに食料を供給する土地を耕作する労働と費用を支払う価格まで上昇したに違いない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The business of the dairy, like the feeding of hogs and poultry, is originally carried on as a save-all.	酪農業は、豚や家禽の飼育と同様に、もともとは節約のために行われていた。	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	dairy|酪農業|noun|the business of producing milk, butter, and cheese	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to someone or something	hog|豚|noun|a domesticated pig	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, kept for their eggs or meat	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	save-all|節約|noun|a device for preventing waste
The cattle necessarily kept upon the farm produce more milk than either the rearing of their own young, or the consumption of the farmer’s family requires;	農場で飼育される牛は、子牛の育成や農家の家族の消費に必要な量よりも多くの牛乳を生産する。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	keep|飼育する|verb|have or maintain for use or service	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	milk|牛乳|noun|an opaque white fluid rich in fat and protein, secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young	rearing|育成|noun|the process of bringing up and educating a child	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
and they produce most at one particular season.	そして、牛は特定の季節に最も多くの牛乳を生産する。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	most|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	one|1つの|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	season|季節|noun|each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
But of all the productions of land, milk is perhaps the most perishable.	しかし、土地のすべての生産物の中で、牛乳はおそらく最も腐りやすい。	production|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	perishable|腐りやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil
In the warm season, when it is most abundant, it will scarce keep four-and-twenty hours.	牛乳が最も豊富な暖かい季節には、牛乳は24時間も持たない。	warm season|暖かい季節|noun|the season of the year when the weather is warm	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	keep|もつ|verb|remain in a certain state	four-and-twenty hours|24時間|noun|the period of time from one midnight to the next midnight
The farmer, by making it into fresh butter, stores a small part of it for a week;	農場主は、牛乳を新鮮なバターにすることで、その一部を一週間保存する。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	make|作る|verb|create or produce	fresh|新鮮な|adjective|recently produced or harvested	butter|バター|noun|a pale yellow edible fatty substance made by churning the cream of milk	store|保存する|verb|keep or lay aside for future use	small|一部|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	week|一週間|noun|a period of seven days
by making it into salt butter, for a year;	牛乳を塩バターにすることで、一年保存する。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	butter|バター|noun|a pale yellow edible fatty substance made by churning the cream of milk	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
and by making it into cheese, he stores a much greater part of it for several years.	そして、牛乳をチーズにすることで、その大部分を数年間保存する。	make into|作る|verb|convert into	cheese|チーズ|noun|a food made from the pressed curds of milk	store|保存する|verb|keep in a safe place	much greater part|大部分|noun|a large part	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time lasting more than two years but not many years
Part of all these is reserved for the use of his own family;	これらの一部は、農場主自身の家族の使用のために取っておく。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	reserve|取っておく|verb|keep or save for a particular purpose or time	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage
the rest goes to market, in order to find the best price which is to be had, and which can scarce be so low is to discourage him from sending thither whatever is over and above the use of his own family.	残りは市場に行き、得られる最高の価格を見つけるために、そして、農場主自身の家族の使用を超えるものを市場に送ることを思いとどまらせるほど低い価格はほとんどありえない。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	go to market|市場に行く|verb|be offered for sale	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	best price|最高の価格|noun|the highest price that can be obtained	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	discourage|思いとどまらせる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
If it is very low indeed, he will be likely to manage his dairy in a very slovenly and dirty manner, and will scarce, perhaps, think it worth while to have a particular room or building on purpose for it, but will suffer the business to be carried on amidst the smoke, filth, and nastiness of his own kitchen, as was the case of almost all the farmers’ dairies in Scotland thirty or forty years ago, and as is the case of many of them still.	もし価格が本当に低ければ、農場主は酪農場を非常にだらしなく不潔な方法で管理する可能性が高く、おそらく、酪農場のために特別な部屋や建物を用意する価値があるとは思わないだろうが、30年、40年前のスコットランドのほとんどすべての農場の酪農場がそうであったように、また、現在でも多くの農場の酪農場がそうであるように、自分の台所の煙、汚物、不潔さの中で事業を続けることになるだろう。	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run	dairy|酪農場|noun|a farm where milk is produced	slovenly|だらしなく|adjective|untidy or careless in appearance or habits	dirty|不潔な|adjective|not clean	scarce|ほとんど～ない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or group	room|部屋|noun|a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	suffer|続ける|verb|experience or be subjected to	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	amidst|中で|preposition|in the middle of	smoke|煙|noun|a cloud of small particles in the air	filth|汚物|noun|disgusting dirt or refuse	nastiness|不潔さ|noun|the quality of being dirty or unpleasant	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	dairy|酪農場|noun|a farm where milk is produced	thirty|30|numeral|three times ten	forty|40|numeral|four times ten	year|年|noun|a period of twelve months	ago|前|adverb|earlier	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	still|まだ|adverb|up to and including the present time
The same causes which gradually raise the price of butcher’s meat, the increase of the demand, and, in consequence of the improvement of the country, the diminution of the quantity which can be fed at little or no expense, raise, in the same manner, that of the produce of the dairy, of which the price naturally connects with that of butcher’s meat, or with the expense of feeding cattle.	肉屋の肉の価格を徐々に上昇させる原因と同じく、需要の増加、そして、国の改善の結果として、ほとんどまたは全く費用をかけずに飼育できる量の減少は、同じように、酪農場の生産物の価格を上昇させ、その価格は当然、肉屋の肉の価格や牛の飼育費と連動する。	butcher's meat|肉屋の肉|noun|meat sold by a butcher	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	dairy|酪農場|noun|a farm that produces milk, butter, and cheese	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	connect|連動する|verb|to join or be joined together
The increase of price pays for more labour, care, and cleanliness.	価格の上昇は、より多くの労働、手入れ、清潔さの代償となる。	increase|上昇|noun|the action of increasing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	pay|代償となる|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	care|手入れ|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	cleanliness|清潔さ|noun|the state of being clean
The dairy becomes more worthy of the farmer’s attention, and the quality of its produce gradually improves.	酪農場は農場主の注目に値するようになり、生産物の品質は徐々に向上する。	dairy|酪農場|noun|a farm that produces milk	worthy|値する|adjective|deserving	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	attention|注目|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	improve|向上する|verb|make or become better
The price at last gets so high, that it becomes worth while to employ some of the most fertile and best cultivated lands in feeding cattle merely for the purpose of the dairy;	ついに価格が非常に高くなり、最も肥沃で最もよく耕された土地の一部を、単に酪農のために牛を飼育するために使う価値が生じる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	at last|ついに|adverb|after a long time	get|なる|verb|become	so|非常に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	that|その|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that expresses a statement or hypothesis	become|なる|verb|come to be	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, useful, or worthy of esteem	while|間に|noun|a period of time	employ|使う|verb|use	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	most|最も|determiner|used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	best|最も|determiner|used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs	cultivated|耕された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	in|で|preposition|used to indicate a place, time, or situation	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to someone or something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	merely|単に|adverb|only	for|のために|preposition|used to indicate purpose	the|その|determiner|used to refer to a particular thing previously mentioned or easily identified	dairy|酪農|noun|a business that makes or sells milk, butter, or cheese
and when it has got to this height, it cannot well go higher.	そして、この高さに達すると、それ以上高くなることはできない。	get to|達する|verb|reach a certain point	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	go higher|高くなる|verb|become higher
If it did, more land would soon be turned to this purpose.	もしそうなら、もっと多くの土地がすぐにこの目的に使われるだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	more|もっと|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	turn|使われる|verb|change in course, direction, or position	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
It seems to have got to this height through the greater part of England, where much good land is commonly employed in this manner.	イングランドの大部分では、この高さに達したようであり、そこでは多くの良い土地が普通にこのやり方で使われている。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	good land|良い土地|noun|land that is fertile and suitable for growing crops	commonly|普通に|adverb|usually; in most cases	employ|使う|verb|use something for a particular purpose
If you except the neighbourhood of a few considerable towns, it seems not yet to have got to this height anywhere in Scotland, where common farmers seldom employ much good land in raising food for cattle, merely for the purpose of the dairy.	いくつかの重要な町の近隣を除けば、スコットランドのどこでもまだこの高さに達していないようであり、そこでは普通の農民は、単に酪農のために牛の飼料を育てるのに良い土地をあまり使っていない。	except|除く|verb|not include	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	a few|いくつかの|determiner|a small number of	considerable|重要な|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	yet|まだ|adverb|up until now; so far	get to|達する|verb|reach	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	employ|使う|verb|use	much|あまり|determiner|a large amount or extent of	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	raise|育てる|verb|grow or rear	food|飼料|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate mammal that is raised for milk or meat	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	dairy|酪農|noun|a business that produces milk, butter, or cheese
The price of the produce, though it has risen very considerably within these few years, is probably still too low to admit of it.	生産物の価格は、この数年間でかなり上昇したが、おそらくまだそれを認めるには低すぎる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent	within|以内|preposition|inside	few|数|adjective|a small number of	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of
The inferiority of the quality, indeed, compared with that of the produce of English dairies, is fully equal to that of the price.	実際、品質の劣等性は、英国の酪農場の生産物と比較して、価格の劣等性と完全に等しい。	inferiority|劣等性|noun|the state or quality of being inferior	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products	English|英国の|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	dairy|酪農場|noun|a farm that produces milk, butter, and cheese	fully|完全に|adverb|completely; entirely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
But this inferiority of quality is, perhaps, rather the effect of this lowness of price, than the cause of it.	しかし、この品質の劣等性は、おそらく、その原因というよりは、この価格の低さの影響である。	inferiority|劣等性|noun|the state or quality of being inferior	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
Though the quality was much better, the greater part of what is brought to market could not, I apprehend, in the present circumstances of the country, be disposed of at a much better price;	品質はずっと良くなったが、市場に出回っているものの大部分は、この国の現状では、それほど良い価格で処分することはできないと思う。	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	better|良くなった|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	bring|出回る|verb|cause to come to a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	present circumstance|現状|noun|the current situation	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
and the present price, it is probable, would not pay the expense of the land and labour necessary for producing a much better quality.	そして、現在の価格では、おそらく、より良い品質を生産するために必要な土地と労働の費用を支払うことはできないであろう。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
Through the greater part of England, notwithstanding the superiority of price, the dairy is not reckoned a more profitable employment of land than the raising of corn, or the fattening of cattle, the two great objects of agriculture.	イングランドの大部分では、価格の優位性にもかかわらず、酪農は農業の二大目的である穀物の栽培や牛の肥育よりも、土地のより有益な利用法とは考えられていない。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better or greater than another	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	dairy|酪農|noun|a farm that produces milk, butter, and cheese	reckoned|考えられている|verb|be generally regarded as having a specified quality	profitable|有益な|adjective|yielding a financial gain	employment|利用法|noun|the state of being employed	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	raising|栽培|noun|the activity of growing crops or animals	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	fattening|肥育|noun|the process of making an animal fat	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	object|目的|noun|a goal or purpose
Through the greater part of Scotland, therefore, it cannot yet be even so profitable.	したがって、スコットランドの大部分では、まだそれほど利益を上げることはできない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	yet|まだ|adverb|up until now; so far	so|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	profitable|利益を上げる|adjective|yielding a financial gain

The lands of no country, it is evident, can ever be completely cultivated and improved, till once the price of every produce, which human industry is obliged to raise upon them, has got so high as to pay for the expense of complete improvement and cultivation.	人間の産業がそれらを育てざるを得ないすべての生産物の価格が、完全な改良と耕作の費用を支払うほど高くなるまでは、どの国の土地も完全に耕作され、改良されることはできないことは明らかである。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	human|人間|noun|a human being	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	raise|育てる|verb|grow or cause to grow	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land
In order to do this, the price of each particular produce must be sufficient, first, to pay the rent of good corn land, as it is that which regulates the rent of the greater part of other cultivated land;	これをするためには、各特定の生産物の価格は、まず、他の耕作地の大部分の地代を決定するものであるので、良い穀物地の地代を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the intention of	do|する|verb|perform or execute	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	cultivated land|耕作地|noun|land that is used for growing crops
and, secondly, to pay the labour and expense of the farmer, as well as they are commonly paid upon good corn land;	そして、第二に、農民の労働と費用を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
or, in other words, to replace with the ordinary profits the stock which he employs about it.	言い換えれば、彼がそれに用いる資本を通常の利潤で置き換えるに十分でなければならない。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
This rise in the price of each particular produce;	各特定の生産物の価格の上昇は、	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
must evidently be previous to the improvement and cultivation of the land which is destined for raising it.	明らかに、それを生産する運命にある土地の改良と耕作に先立って起こらなければならない。	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	be previous to|～に先立って起こる|verb|come before in time	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	destined|運命にある|adjective|intended for a particular purpose or end	raising|生産|noun|the action of increasing the amount or value of something
Gain is the end of all improvement;	利益はあらゆる改良の目的である。	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something
and nothing could deserve that name, of which loss was to be the necessary consequence.	そして、損失が必然的な結果であるようなことは、その名に値しない。	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	loss|損失|noun|the state or fact of losing something	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something
But loss must be the necessary consequence of improving land for the sake of a produce of which the price could never bring back the expense.	しかし、損失は、価格が決して費用を回収できない生産物のために土地を改良することの必然的な結果であるに違いない。	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	sake|ため|noun|purpose or reason	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bring back|回収する|verb|return something to a previous location or condition	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
If the complete improvement and cultivation of the country be, as it most certainly is, the greatest of all public advantages, this rise in the price of all those different sorts of rude produce, instead of being considered as a public calamity, ought to be regarded as the necessary forerunner and attendant of the greatest of all public advantages.	もし、国の完全な改良と耕作が、間違いなくそうであるように、あらゆる公共の利益の中で最大のものであるならば、これらすべての異なる種類の粗野な生産物の価格の上昇は、公共の災害と見なされるのではなく、あらゆる公共の利益の中で最大のものに必然的に先行し、付随するものと見なされるべきである。	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be|である|verb|to exist or live	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	instead of|～の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	be considered|見なされる|verb|to think carefully about something	public calamity|公共の災害|noun|a disaster that affects a large number of people	ought to be regarded|見なされるべきである|verb|to be thought of in a particular way	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	forerunner|先行者|noun|a person or thing that comes before another of the same kind	attendant|付随者|noun|a person who accompanies another person in order to provide a service

This rise, too, in the nominal or money price of all those different sorts of rude produce, has been the effect, not of any degradation in the value of silver, but of a rise in their real price.	これらすべての異なる種類の粗野な生産物の名目価格または貨幣価格の上昇も、銀の価値の低下ではなく、それらの実際価格の上昇の結果である。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	nominal|名目|adjective|in name only	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in the quality or value of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	real price|実際価格|noun|the price of something in terms of goods or services
They have become worth, not only a greater quantity of silver, but a greater quantity of labour and subsistence than before.	それらは、以前よりも多くの銀だけでなく、多くの労働と生存に値するようになった。	become worth|値するようになる|verb|become worthy of	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a chemical element with atomic number 47 and that occurs in nature as a free element and in ores and that is used especially in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard work	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence or maintaining life
As it costs a greater quantity of labour and subsistence to bring them to market, so, when they are brought thither they represent, or are equivalent to a greater quantity.	それらを市場に出すのに多くの労働と生存を要するので、市場に出されると、それらはより多くの量を表すか、またはそれに相当する。	cost|要する|verb|require to be paid for	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol or expression of	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.

Third Sort.—The third and last sort of rude produce, of which the price naturally rises in the progress of improvement, is that in which the efficacy of human industry, in augmenting the quantity, is either limited or uncertain.	第三の種類。——改良の進歩に伴って価格が自然に上昇する第三の、そして最後の種類の粗野な生産物は、量を増やす上での人間の産業の効能が限られているか不確かな生産物である。	third|第三の|adjective|coming after the second and before the fourth in position	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	efficacy|効能|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	augmenting|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	limited|限られている|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	uncertain|不確かな|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
Though the real price of this sort of rude produce, therefore, naturally tends to rise in the progress of improvement, yet, according as different accidents happen to render the efforts of human industry more or less successful in augmenting the quantity, it may happen sometimes even to fall, sometimes to continue the same, in very different periods of improvement, and sometimes to rise more or less in the same period.	したがって、この種の粗野な生産物の実際の価格は、改良の進歩に伴って自然に上昇する傾向があるが、さまざまな事故が発生して人間の産業の努力が量を増やすことに多かれ少なかれ成功するにつれて、時には下落することさえあり、時には同じままであり、時には同じ期間に多かれ少なかれ上昇することがある。	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	real price|実際の価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	tend to|傾向がある|verb|be likely to do something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	successful|成功する|adjective|accomplishing an aim or purpose	augmenting|増大|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of	fall|下落|verb|go down	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	rise|上昇|verb|go up	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time

There are some sorts of rude produce which nature has rendered a kind of appendages to other sorts;	自然が他の種類の付属物にした粗野な生産物のいくつかの種類がある。	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	appendage|付属物|noun|something that is added to something else
so that the quantity of the one which any country can afford, is necessarily limited by that of the other.	そのため、どの国でも手に入れることができる一方の量は、必然的に他方の量によって制限される。	afford|手に入れることができる|verb|have enough money to pay for	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary logical consequence	limit|制限される|verb|set or serve as a limit to
The quantity of wool or of raw hides, for example, which any country can afford, is necessarily limited by the number of great and small cattle that are kept in it.	たとえば、どの国でも手に入れることができる羊毛や生皮の量は、その国で飼育されている大小の家畜の数によって必然的に制限される。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	afford|手に入れることができる|verb|be able to pay for	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	limit|制限される|verb|set or serve as a limit to	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen collectively
The state of its improvement, and the nature of its agriculture, again necessarily determine this number.	その改良の状態と農業の性質が、再び必然的にこの数を決定する。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label

The same causes which, in the progress of improvement, gradually raise the price of butcher’s meat, should have the same effect, it may be thought, upon the prices of wool and raw hides, and raise them, too, nearly in the same proportion.	改良の進歩によって、肉屋の肉の価格を徐々に上昇させる同じ原因は、羊毛と生皮の価格にも同じ効果をもたらし、それらもほぼ同じ割合で上昇させると考えられる。	the same causes|同じ原因|noun|the same things that make something happen	in the progress of|の進歩によって|preposition|as a result of	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a slow and steady way	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	the price of|の価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	should have|もたらすべきである|auxiliary verb|be obliged or expected to	the same effect|同じ効果|noun|the same result	upon|に|preposition|on	the prices of|の価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	raw hides|生皮|noun|the skin of an animal that has not been treated	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	in the same proportion|同じ割合で|noun|in the same ratio
It probably would be so, if, in the rude beginnings of improvement, the market for the latter commodities was confined within as narrow bounds as that for the former.	改良の粗雑な始まりにおいて、後者の商品の市場が前者の市場と同じくらい狭い範囲に限定されていたなら、おそらくそうなるだろう。	rude|粗雑な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	beginning|始まり|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	bound|範囲|noun|a limit or boundary	narrow|狭い|adjective|of small width or breadth
But the extent of their respective markets is commonly extremely different.	しかし、それぞれの市場の範囲は通常、非常に異なる。	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree

The market for butcher’s meat is almost everywhere confined to the country which produces it.	肉屋の肉の市場は、ほとんどどこでもそれを生産する国に限定されている。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	almost everywhere|ほとんどどこでも|adverb|in almost all places	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Ireland, and some part of British America, indeed, carry on a considerable trade in salt provisions;	アイルランドとイギリス領アメリカの一部は、確かに塩漬け食料品のかなりの貿易を行っている。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a republic in northwestern Europe occupying the greater part of the island of Ireland	British America|イギリス領アメリカ|noun|the British colonies in America before the American Revolution	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
but they are, I believe, the only countries in the commercial world which do so, or which export to other countries any considerable part of their butcher’s meat.	しかし、そうした国は、商業世界でそうした貿易を行ったり、肉屋の肉のかなりの部位を他の国に輸出している唯一の国だと私は信じる。	commercial|商業|adjective|of or relating to commerce	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food

The market for wool and raw hides, on the contrary, is, in the rude beginnings of improvement, very seldom confined to the country which produces them.	逆に、羊毛と生皮の市場は、改良の粗野な始まりにおいて、それらを生産する国に限定されることはめったにない。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	beginning|始まり|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	very seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
They can easily be transported to distant countries;	それらは遠い国に簡単に運ぶことができる。	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	be transported|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
wool without any preparation, and raw hides with very little;	羊毛は準備なしに、生皮はほとんど準備なしに。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	preparation|準備|noun|the action or process of making ready or being made ready for use or consideration	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal
and as they are the materials of many manufactures, the industry of other countries may occasion a demand for them, though that of the country which produces them might not occasion any.	そして、それらは多くの製造業の材料であるため、他の国の産業がそれらの需要を生み出すかもしれないが、それらを生産する国の産業は何も生み出さないかもしれない。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	occasion|生み出す|verb|cause or produce	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials

In countries ill cultivated, and therefore but thinly inhabited, the price of the wool and the hide bears always a much greater proportion to that of the whole beast, than in countries where, improvement and population being further advanced, there is more demand for butcher’s meat.	耕作が不十分で、そのため人口が希薄な国では、羊毛と皮の価格は、改良と人口がさらに進んでいて、肉屋の肉の需要がより多い国よりも、常に家畜全体の価格に比べてずっと大きな割合を占めている。	ill cultivated|耕作が不十分な|adjective|not properly cultivated	thinly inhabited|人口が希薄な|adjective|having a low population density	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	beast|家畜|noun|an animal	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat
Mr Hume observes, that in the Saxon times, the fleece was estimated at two-fifths of the value of the whole sheep and that this was much above the proportion of its present estimation.	ヒューム氏は、サクソン時代には羊毛は羊全体の価値の5分の2と見積もられており、これは現在の見積もりの割合をはるかに上回っていたと述べている。	Mr Hume|ヒューム氏|noun|a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	Saxon|サクソン|noun|a member of a Germanic people who conquered and settled in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries	fleece|羊毛|noun|the woolly covering of a sheep or goat	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	two-fifths|5分の2|noun|a fraction equal to two divided by five	whole|全体|adjective|all of; entire	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	estimation|見積もり|noun|a rough calculation of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something
In some provinces of Spain, I have been assured, the sheep is frequently killed merely for the sake of the fleece and the tallow.	スペインのいくつかの地方では、羊は単に羊毛と獣脂のために殺されることが多いと私は確信している。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	fleece|羊毛|noun|the woolly covering of a sheep or goat	tallow|獣脂|noun|a hard fatty substance made from animal fat
The carcase is often left to rot upon the ground, or to be devoured by beasts and birds of prey.	死骸はしばしば地面に放置されて腐敗したり、猛獣や猛禽に貪り食われる。	carcase|死骸|noun|the dead body of an animal	be left to|放置される|verb|be allowed to do something without interference	rot|腐敗する|verb|decompose or cause to decompose	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	be devoured|貪り食われる|verb|eat up greedily or ravenously	beast|猛獣|noun|a wild animal	bird of prey|猛禽|noun|a bird that hunts and kills other animals for food
If this sometimes happens even in Spain, it happens almost constantly in Chili, at Buenos Ayres, and in many other parts of Spanish America, where the horned cattle are almost constantly killed merely for the sake of the hide and the tallow.	スペインでさえ時々こんなことが起こるとすれば、チリ、ブエノスアイレス、スペイン領アメリカの他の多くの地域では、角のある牛が単に皮と獣脂のために殺されることがほとんど常態化している。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America	Buenos Ayres|ブエノスアイレス|noun|the capital and largest city of Argentina	Spanish America|スペイン領アメリカ|noun|the parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish Empire	horned cattle|角のある牛|noun|a cow or bull	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	tallow|獣脂|noun|a hard fatty substance made from animal fat
This, too, used to happen almost constantly in Hispaniola, while it was infested by the buccaneers, and before the settlement, improvement, and populousness of the French plantations ( which now extend round the coast of almost the whole western half of the island) had given some value to the cattle of the Spaniards, who still continue to possess, not only the eastern part of the coast, but the whole inland mountainous part of the country.	ヒスパニオラ島でも、海賊がはびこっていた頃は、これがほとんど常態化していたし、フランスのプランテーション(現在では島の西半分の海岸線のほぼ全域に広がっている)の開拓、改良、人口増加によって、海岸の東部だけでなく、内陸の山岳部全体を今も所有しているスペイン人の牛に価値が生まれるまで、これがほとんど常態化していた。	Hispaniola|ヒスパニオラ島|noun|an island in the Caribbean	buccaneer|海賊|noun|a pirate, especially one operating in the Caribbean in the 17th century	settlement|開拓|noun|the establishment of a colony	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better	populousness|人口増加|noun|the state of having a large population	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large estate or farm on which crops are grown for sale, especially in tropical and subtropical areas	coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	Spaniards|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	cattle|牛|noun|cows and bulls	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	eastern|東部|adjective|of, relating to, or characteristic of the east	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	mountainous|山岳|adjective|having many mountains	part|部分|noun|a piece of something

Though, in the progress of improvement and population, the price of the whole beast necessarily rises, yet the price of the carcase is likely to be much more affected by this rise than that of the wool and the hide.	改良と人口増加の進展に伴い、家畜全体の価格は必然的に上昇するが、羊毛や皮の価格よりも、死骸の価格の方がこの上昇の影響を大きく受けそうである。	progress|進展|noun|the process of improving or developing	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	beast|家畜|noun|an animal that is kept for use or profit	rise|上昇|verb|go up	carcase|死骸|noun|the dead body of an animal	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly hair that covers the body of a sheep or goat	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal that has been removed from the body
The market for the carcase being in the rude state of society confined always to the country which produces it, must necessarily be extended in proportion to the improvement and population of that country.	死骸の市場は、社会の未開の状態では常にそれを生産する国に限定されているので、必然的にその国の改良と人口に比例して拡大しなければならない。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	carcase|死骸|noun|the dead body of an animal	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
But the market for the wool and the hides, even of a barbarous country, often extending to the whole commercial world, it can very seldom be enlarged in the same proportion.	しかし、羊毛や皮の市場は、野蛮な国でさえ、しばしば商業世界全体に拡大しており、同じ割合で拡大することはめったにない。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
The state of the whole commercial world can seldom be much affected by the improvement of any particular country;	商業世界全体の状態は、特定の国の改良によって大きく影響を受けることはめったにない。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	commercial|商業|adjective|of or relating to commerce	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	be affected|影響を受ける|verb|to be influenced or changed by something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation
and the market for such commodities may remain the same, or very nearly the same, after such improvements, as before.	そして、そのような商品の市場は、そのような改良の後でも、以前と同じか、ほぼ同じままであるかもしれない。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	before|前|preposition|earlier or preceding (the event mentioned)
It should, however, in the natural course of things, rather, upon the whole, be somewhat extended in consequence of them.	しかし、物事の自然な流れの中では、むしろ全体として、それらの結果として多少拡大されるべきである。	natural course|自然な流れ|noun|the way things normally happen	things|物事|noun|an object or entity not precisely designated	rather|むしろ|adverb|on the contrary; instead	whole|全体|noun|all of something	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider
If the manufactures, especially, of which those commodities are the materials, should ever come to flourish in the country, the market, though it might not be much enlarged, would at least be brought much nearer to the place of growth than before;	特に、これらの商品が原料である製造業が国内で盛んになれば、市場はそれほど拡大しないかもしれないが、少なくとも以前よりも生産地に近づくだろう。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	material|原料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	flourish|盛んになる|verb|to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	country|国内|noun|the territory of a nation	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	enlarge|拡大する|verb|to make or become bigger or more extensive	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	bring|近づく|verb|to cause to come to a place	growth|生産地|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount
and the price of those materials might at least be increased by what had usually been the expense of transporting them to distant countries.	そして、それらの原料の価格は、少なくとも、それらを遠い国に輸送する費用であったものによって増加するかもしれない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	material|原料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
Though it might not rise, therefore, in the same proportion as that of butcher’s meat, it ought naturally to rise somewhat, and it ought certainly not to fall.	したがって、肉屋の肉と同じ割合で上昇することはないかもしれないが、当然のことながら多少上昇するはずであり、下落することはないはずである。	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	ought|はずである|auxiliary verb|should	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	fall|下落する|verb|go down

In England, however, notwithstanding the flourishing state of its woollen manufacture, the price of English wool has fallen very considerably since the time of Edward III.	しかし、イギリスでは、毛織物工業が盛んであるにもかかわらず、イギリスの羊毛の価格はエドワード三世の時代からかなり下落している。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	flourishing|盛ん|adjective|developing rapidly and successfully	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	manufacture|工業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fall|下落|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a noticeable degree	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
There are many authentic records which demonstrate that, during the reign of that prince (towards the middle of the fourteenth century, or about 1339), what was reckoned the moderate and reasonable price of the tod, or twenty-eight pounds of English wool, was not less than ten shillings of the money of those times {See Smith’s Memoirs of Wool, vol.	その王子の治世(14世紀中頃、または1339年頃)に、トッド、または28ポンドのイギリスの羊毛の適度で合理的な価格と見なされていたものが、当時のお金で10シリング以上だったことを示す多くの信頼できる記録がある。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the monarch	towards|頃|preposition|in the direction of	middle|中頃|noun|the part of something that is equally distant from the ends, sides, or top and bottom	fourteenth century|14世紀|noun|the period from 1301 to 1400	about|頃|preposition|approximately	1339|1339年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	reckoned|見なされていた|verb|be generally regarded as having a specified quality	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tod|トッド|noun|a unit of weight for wool, usually equivalent to 28 pounds	twenty-eight pounds|28ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	English wool|イギリスの羊毛|noun|wool from England	not less than|以上|preposition|as much or as many as	ten shillings|10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	those times|当時|noun|the period of time in the past when a particular event occurred	Smith’s Memoirs of Wool|スミスの羊毛回顧録|noun|a book by Adam Smith about wool	vol.|巻|noun|a book forming part of a work or series
i c. 5, 6, 7. also vol. ii.}, containing, at the rate of twenty-pence the ounce, six ounces of silver, Tower weight, equal to about thirty shillings of our present money.	1 c. 5、6、7。また、第2巻。}、1オンス20ペンスの割合で、6オンスの銀、タワー重量、現在のお金で約30シリングに相当する。	i c.|1 c.|noun|1 c.	5, 6, 7.|5、6、7|noun|5, 6, 7	also|また|adverb|in addition; too; as well	vol.|巻|noun|volume	ii.|ii.|noun|ii.	containing|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	at the rate of|の割合で|preposition|in proportion to	twenty-pence|20ペンス|noun|twenty pence	the ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	six ounces|6オンス|noun|six ounces	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Tower|タワー|noun|a tall narrow building, either freestanding or forming part of a building such as a church or castle	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	equal to|に等しい|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	about|約|adverb|approximately	thirty|30|noun|thirty	shillings|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	of our present money|現在のお金|noun|of our present money
In the present times, one-and-twenty shillings the tod may be reckoned a good price for very good English wool.	現時点では、1トッド21シリングは非常に良いイギリスの羊毛の良い価格と考えられる。	present time|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	one-and-twenty|21|numeral|the number 21	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	tod|トッド|noun|a unit of weight for wool, usually 28 pounds	reckon|考える|verb|to consider or think of as being	good price|良い価格|noun|a price that is considered to be fair or reasonable	very good|非常に良い|adjective|of a high standard; very satisfactory	English wool|イギリスの羊毛|noun|wool from England
The money price of wool, therefore, in the time of Edward III. was to its money price in the present times as ten to seven.	したがって、エドワード三世の時代における羊毛の貨幣価格は、現在の貨幣価格の10対7であった。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	seven|7|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one
The superiority of its real price was still greater.	その実質価格の優位性はさらに大きかった。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better or greater than another	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services that it can buy	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree; even more
At the rate of six shillings and eightpence the quarter, ten shillings was in those ancient times the price of twelve bushels of wheat.	1クォーター6シリング8ペンスの割合で、10シリングは当時の小麦12ブッシェルの価格だった。	at the rate of|の割合で|preposition|in proportion to	six shillings|6シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	eightpence|8ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one eighth of a shilling	the quarter|1クォーター|noun|a period of three months	ten shillings|10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one tenth of a pound	those ancient times|当時|noun|the period of history in which the Roman Empire existed	twelve bushels|12ブッシェル|noun|a unit of dry volume equivalent to eight gallons	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries
At the rate of twenty-eight shillings the quarter, one-and-twenty shillings is in the present times the price of six bushels only.	1クォーター28シリングの割合で、21シリングは現在6ブッシェルだけの価格である。	twenty-eight shillings|28シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	one-and-twenty shillings|21シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	present times|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	six bushels|6ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume used for measuring dry goods
The proportion between the real price of ancient and modern times, therefore, is as twelve to six, or as two to one.	したがって、古代と現代の実質価格の比率は、12対6、つまり2対1である。	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of the goods or services that can be bought with it	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	modern|現代|adjective|belonging to the present time	twelve|12|noun|the number 12	six|6|noun|the number 6	two|2|noun|the number 2	one|1|noun|the number 1
In those ancient times, a tod of wool would have purchased twice the quantity of subsistence which it will purchase at present, and consequently twice the quantity of labour, if the real recompence of labour had been the same in both periods.	労働の真の報酬が両方の期間で同じであったなら、その古代において、羊毛の束は現在購入する生存量の2倍、そして結果として労働量の2倍を購入したであろう。	ancient time|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	subsistence|生存量|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to keep a person alive	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	both|両方の|determiner|the two

This degradation, both in the real and nominal value of wool, could never have happened in consequence of the natural course of things.	羊毛の実質価値と名目価値の両方におけるこの低下は、物事の自然な成り行きの結果として起こることはあり得なかった。	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目|adjective|existing in name only	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft, curly, fine hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	course|成り行き|noun|the way in which something progresses or develops
It has accordingly been the effect of violence and artifice.	したがって、それは暴力と策略の効果であった。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	violence|暴力|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	artifice|策略|noun|a clever trick or stratagem
First, of the absolute prohibition of exporting wool from England: secondly, of the permission of importing it from Spain, duty free: thirdly, of the prohibition of exporting it from Ireland to another country but England.	第一に、イギリスからの羊毛の輸出の絶対禁止、第二に、スペインからの無税での輸入の許可、第三に、アイルランドからイギリス以外の国への輸出の禁止である。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in Europe	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	free|無税の|adjective|not costing or charging anything	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in Europe	another country|他の国|noun|a country other than the one you are in	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
In consequence of these regulations, the market for English wool, instead of being somewhat extended, in consequence of the improvement of England, has been confined to the home market, where the wool of several other countries is allowed to come into competition with it, and where that of Ireland is forced into competition with it.	これらの規制の結果、イギリスの羊毛の市場は、イギリスの改善の結果、多少拡大される代わりに、他のいくつかの国の羊毛がそれと競合することを許され、アイルランドの羊毛がそれと競合することを余儀なくされている国内市場に限定されている。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	compete|競合する|verb|strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	force|強いる|verb|make (someone) do something against their will
As the woollen manufactures, too, of Ireland, are fully as much discouraged as is consistent with justice and fair dealing, the Irish can work up but a smaller part of their own wool at home, and are therefore obliged to send a greater proportion of it to Great Britain, the only market they are allowed.	アイルランドの毛織物製造業も、正義と公正な取引に一致する限り、完全に落胆させられているので、アイルランド人は自国の羊毛のごく一部しか国内で加工することができず、そのため、その大部分を彼らが許されている唯一の市場であるイギリスに送ることを余儀なくされている。	woollen manufacture|毛織物製造業|noun|the industry of making woollen products	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	discourage|落胆させる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or hope	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	fair dealing|公正な取引|noun|the practice of dealing fairly and honestly with others	Irish|アイルランド人|noun|a person from Ireland	work up|加工する|verb|to make something from raw materials	smaller part|ごく一部|noun|a small portion or amount	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	greater proportion|大部分|noun|a larger part or share	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	allow|許す|verb|to give permission to do something

I have not been able to find any such authentic records concerning the price of raw hides in ancient times.	私は古代の生皮の価格に関するそのような信頼できる記録を見つけることができなかった。	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	any such|そのような|determiner|any of that kind	authentic|信頼できる|adjective|of undisputed origin; genuine	record|記録|noun|a permanent account of something	concerning|に関する|preposition|about	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	raw|生|adjective|not cooked	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal
Wool was commonly paid as a subsidy to the king, and its valuation in that subsidy ascertains, at least in some degree, what was its ordinary price.	羊毛は通常、国王への補助金として支払われ、その補助金における評価額は、少なくともある程度は、その通常価格がいくらであったかを明らかにしている。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of something's worth	ascertain|明らかにする|verb|find out or establish with certainty	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But this seems not to have been the case with raw hides.	しかし、生皮の場合はそうではないようだ。	case|場合|noun|a particular situation or event	raw|生|adjective|not cooked	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal
Fleetwood, however, from an account in 1425, between the prior of Burcester Oxford and one of his canons, gives us their price, at least as it was stated upon that particular occasion, viz.	しかし、フリートウッドは、1425年にオックスフォードのバーチェスター修道院長とその修道士の一人との間で交わされた会計記録から、少なくともその特定の機会に述べられたように、その価格を教えてくれる。	Fleetwood|フリートウッド|noun|a surname	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	account|会計記録|noun|a record of financial transactions	1425|1425年|noun|a year	Burcester Oxford|オックスフォードのバーチェスター|noun|a place	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	give|教えてくれる|verb|cause to have or receive	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
five ox hides at twelve shillings;	牛の皮5枚が12シリングである。	five|5枚|noun|the number 5	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal with horns	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	twelve|12|noun|the number 12	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit
five cow hides at seven shillings and threepence;	牛の皮5枚が7シリング3ペンスである。	five|5枚|numeral|the number 5	cow|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	seven|7|numeral|the number 7	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	threepence|3ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to three pennies
thirtysix sheep skins of two years old at nine shillings;	2歳の羊の皮36枚が9シリングである。	thirtysix|36|numeral|a number	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	skin|皮|noun|the outer covering of a person or animal	two years old|2歳|adjective|having lived for two years	nine shillings|9シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
sixteen calf skins at two shillings.	子牛の皮16枚が2シリングである。	sixteen|16|numeral|the number 16	calf|子牛|noun|a young cow or bull	skin|皮|noun|the outer covering of a person or animal	two|2|numeral|the number 2	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit
In 1425, twelve shillings contained about the same quantity of silver as four-and-twenty shillings of our present money.	1425年には、12シリングは、現在の貨幣の24シリングとほぼ同じ量の銀を含んでいた。	1425|1425年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	twelve|12|noun|the number 12	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	about|ほぼ|adverb|approximately	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	four-and-twenty|24|noun|the number 24	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
An ox hide, therefore, was in this account valued at the same quantity of silver as 4s. 4/5ths of our present money.	したがって、この計算では、牛の皮は、現在の貨幣の4シリング4/5と同じ量の銀と評価されていた。	ox hide|牛の皮|noun|the skin of a cow	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	4s|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Its nominal price was a good deal lower than at present.	その名目価格は、現在よりもかなり低かった。	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	a good deal|かなり|adverb|to a great extent	lower|低い|adjective|of lesser height	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time
But at the rate of six shillings and eightpence the quarter, twelve shillings would in those times have purchased fourteen bushels and four-fifths of a bushel of wheat, which, at three and sixpence the bushel, would in the present times cost 51s. 4d.	しかし、1クォーター6シリング8ペンスのレートでは、当時12シリングで小麦14ブッシェルと4/5ブッシェルを購入できたが、これは1ブッシェル3シリング6ペンスで、現在では51シリング4ペンスになる。	six shillings and eightpence|6シリング8ペンス|noun|a sum of money	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	twelve shillings|12シリング|noun|a sum of money	those times|当時|noun|the past	fourteen bushels|14ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume	four-fifths|4/5|noun|a fraction	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume	three and sixpence|3シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money	present times|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	51s. 4d.|51シリング4ペンス|noun|a sum of money
An ox hide, therefore, would in those times have purchased as much corn as ten shillings and threepence would purchase at present.	したがって、当時の牛の皮は、現在10シリング3ペンスで購入できるだけの穀物を購入できた。	ox hide|牛の皮|noun|the skin of an ox	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	ten shillings and threepence|10シリング3ペンス|noun|a sum of money	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now
Its real value was equal to ten shillings and threepence of our present money.	その実質価値は、現在の貨幣の10シリング3ペンスに等しかった。	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	present money|現在の貨幣|noun|the money that is currently in use
In those ancient times, when the cattle were half starved during the greater part of the winter, we cannot suppose that they were of a very large size.	冬の大部分に牛が半分飢えていた古代において、牛が非常に大きかったとは考えられない。	in those ancient times|古代において|noun phrase|in the ancient times	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	half starved|半分飢えていた|adjective|very hungry	during the greater part of the winter|冬の大部分に|noun phrase|during most of the winter	very large|非常に大きい|adjective|of a great size or extent
An ox hide which weighs four stone of sixteen pounds of avoirdupois, is not in the present times reckoned a bad one;	重さ4ストーン16ポンドの常衡の牛の皮は、現在では悪いものとは見なされていない。	weigh|重さがある|verb|have a particular weight	four|4|numeral|the number 4	stone|ストーン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 14 pounds	sixteen|16|numeral|the number 16	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	avoirdupois|常衡|noun|a system of weights based on the pound of 16 ounces	ox|牛|noun|a domesticated bovine animal kept for milk or meat	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard
and in those ancient times would probably have been reckoned a very good one.	そして、古代においては、おそらく非常に良いものと見なされていただろう。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely
But at half-a-crown the stone, which at this moment (February 1773) I understand to be the common price, such a hide would at present cost only ten shillings.	しかし、現時点(1773年2月)で私が理解している一般的な価格である、ストーンあたり半クラウンでは、そのような皮は現在ではたった10シリングしかかからない。	half-a-crown|半クラウン|noun|a former British coin worth two shillings and sixpence	stone|ストーン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 14 pounds	this moment|現時点|noun|the present time	February 1773|1773年2月|noun|the second month of the year 1773	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	common price|一般的な価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	ten shillings|10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth ten shillings
Through its nominal price, therefore, is higher in the present than it was in those ancient times, its real price, the real quantity of subsistence which it will purchase or command, is rather somewhat lower.	したがって、その名目価格は、古代よりも現在の方が高いが、その実質価格、つまりそれが購入または命令する実質的な生存量は、むしろやや低い。	nominal price|名目価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of continuing to live	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height
The price of cow hides, as stated in the above account, is nearly in the common proportion to that of ox hides.	上記の説明にあるように、牛皮の価格は、牛皮の価格とほぼ同じ割合である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cow hide|牛皮|noun|the skin of a cow	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	common|同じ|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by more than one	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
That of sheep skins is a good deal above it.	羊皮の価格は、それよりもかなり高い。	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	skin|皮|noun|the outer covering of a person or animal	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	above|それよりも|preposition|at a higher level or position than
They had probably been sold with the wool.	それらはおそらく羊毛と一緒に売られていたのだろう。	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
That of calves skins, on the contrary, is greatly below it.	逆に、子牛の皮の価格は、それよりもかなり低い。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	greatly|かなり|adverb|to a high degree; very much	below|低い|adjective|lower in position, rank, or value
In countries where the price of cattle is very low, the calves, which are not intended to be reared in order to keep up the stock, are generally killed very young, as was the case in Scotland twenty or thirty years ago.	牛の価格が非常に低い国では、家畜を維持するために飼育する予定のない子牛は、20年か30年前のスコットランドのように、一般的に非常に若いうちにしめられる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	calf|子牛|noun|a young cow or bull	intend|予定である|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	rear|飼育する|verb|bring up and care for	stock|家畜|noun|animals or birds kept for breeding	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	kill|しめる|verb|cause to die	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	twenty|20|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	thirty|30|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-nine and one	year|年前|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
It saves the milk, which their price would not pay for.	牛乳を節約できるが、その価格では元が取れない。	save|節約する|verb|use less of something	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Their skins, therefore, are commonly good for little.	そのため、その皮は通常ほとんど役に立たない。	skin|皮|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	be good for|役に立つ|verb|be beneficial to	little|ほとんど|adjective|not much; small in degree

The price of raw hides is a good deal lower at present than it was a few years ago;	生皮の価格は、現在では数年前よりもかなり低い。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	a good deal|かなり|adverb|to a great extent	lower|低い|adjective|of lesser height	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	a few years ago|数年前|noun|a period of time in the past
owing probably to the taking off the duty upon seal skins, and to the allowing, for a limited time, the importation of raw hides from Ireland, and from the plantations, duty free, which was done in 1769.	おそらく、アザラシの皮に課せられた関税が撤廃されたことと、1769年に行われた、アイルランドや農園からの生皮の輸入を一定期間無税で認めたことが原因だろう。	take off|撤廃|verb|remove or get rid of	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	allow|認める|verb|permit or make possible	limited time|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is not infinite	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	duty free|無税|adjective|not subject to tax	1769|1769年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar
Take the whole of the present century at an average, their real price has probably been somewhat higher than it was in those ancient times.	今世紀全体の平均をとれば、その実質価格はおそらく古代よりもやや高かっただろう。	take|とる|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	whole|全体|noun|all of something	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of purchasing power	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent than average or usual	ancient times|古代|noun|a period of time in the past, especially one in which the events recorded are not verifiable
The nature of the commodity renders it not quite so proper for being transported to distant markets as wool.	この商品の性質上、羊毛ほど遠隔地の市場に運ぶのに適していない。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	proper|適している|adjective|suitable or appropriate	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	distant|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in space or time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft, fine, curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat
It suffers more by keeping.	保管することでより損傷する。	suffer|損傷する|verb|be affected by a particular problem or difficulty	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of
A salted hide is reckoned inferior to a fresh one, and sells for a lower price.	塩漬けの皮は新鮮なものより劣ると見なされ、より安い価格で売られる。	salted|塩漬けの|adjective|preserved in salt	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	fresh|新鮮な|adjective|recently produced or harvested	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
This circumstance must necessarily have some tendency to sink the price of raw hides produced in a country which does not manufacture them, but is obliged to export them, and comparatively to raise that of those produced in a country which does manufacture them.	この状況は必然的に、生皮を製造せずに輸出せざるを得ない国で生産される生皮の価格を下げ、生皮を製造する国で生産される生皮の価格を比較的引き上げる傾向がある。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	have some tendency|傾向がある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	sink|下げる|verb|go down or cause to go down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	raw hide|生皮|noun|the hide of an animal that has not been tanned	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something by law or contract	comparatively|比較的|adverb|to a moderate degree as compared with something else	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position
It must have some tendency to sink their price in a barbarous, and to raise it in an improved and manufacturing country.	未開の国では価格を下げ、先進国や工業国では価格を上げる傾向がある。	sink|下げる|verb|go down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	barbarous|未開の|adjective|uncivilized	raise|上げる|verb|go up	improved|先進的な|adjective|made better	manufacturing|工業|noun|the making of goods in large quantities
It must have had some tendency, therefore, to sink it in ancient, and to raise it in modern times.	したがって、古代では価格を下げ、現代では価格を上げる傾向があったに違いない。	sink|下げる|verb|go down	raise|上げる|verb|go up	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
Our tanners, besides, have not been quite so successful as our clothiers, in convincing the wisdom of the nation, that the safety of the commonwealth depends upon the prosperity of their particular manufacture.	その上、我が国の皮なめし業者は、国家の安全が彼らの特定の製造業の繁栄にかかっていることを国民の知恵に納得させる点で、我が国の衣料品業者ほど成功していない。	tanner|皮なめし業者|noun|a person who tans hides	clothier|衣料品業者|noun|a person who makes or sells clothes	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	commonwealth|国家|noun|a state in which the supreme power is held by the people	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
They have accordingly been much less favoured.	したがって、彼らははるかに恵まれていない。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	much less|はるかに|adverb|to a much smaller extent or degree	favour|恵む|verb|regard with favour; approve of
The exportation of raw hides has, indeed, been prohibited, and declared a nuisance;	なめし革の輸出は、確かに禁止され、迷惑行為と宣言されている。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	raw hide|なめし革|noun|the hide of an animal that has not been tanned	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	prohibited|禁止される|verb|not allowed; forbidden	declared|宣言される|verb|announced officially or publicly
but their importation from foreign countries has been subjected to a duty;	しかし、外国からの輸入には関税が課せられている。	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods
and though this duty has been taken off from those of Ireland and the plantations (for the limited time of five years only), yet Ireland has not been confined to the market of Great Britain for the sale of its surplus hides, or of those which are not manufactured at home.	そして、この関税はアイルランドとプランテーションのものからは免除されているが(5年間という限られた期間のみ)、アイルランドは余剰の皮革や自国で製造されていない皮革の販売をイギリス市場に限定されていない。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown for sale	five years|5年間|noun|a period of five years	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
The hides of common cattle have, but within these few years, been put among the enumerated commodities which the plantations can send nowhere but to the mother country;	普通の牛の皮は、この数年以内に、プランテーションが母国以外に送ることができない列挙された商品の中に入れられた。	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is raised for milk or meat	within|以内に|preposition|inside the limits of	few|数|adjective|a small number of	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	be put|入れられる|verb|be placed or arranged in a specified way	among|の中に|preposition|in the middle of	enumerate|列挙する|verb|count or list one by one	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown for sale	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	but|以外|conjunction|except; other than	mother country|母国|noun|the country in which one is born or has legal citizenship
neither has the commerce of Ireland been in this case oppressed hitherto, in order to support the manufactures of Great Britain.	イギリスの製造業を支援するために、アイルランドの商業がこれまでに抑圧されたこともない。	neither|また|conjunction|also not; not either	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale

Whatever regulations tend to sink the price, either of wool or of raw hides, below what it naturally would be, must, in an improved and cultivated country, have some tendency to raise the price of butcher’s meat.	羊毛や生皮の価格を自然な価格より下げる傾向のある規制は、改良され耕作された国では、肉屋の肉の価格を上げる傾向があるに違いない。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sink|下げる|verb|go or cause to go below the surface of something	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat
The price both of the great and small cattle, which are fed on improved and cultivated land, must be sufficient to pay the rent which the landlord, and the profit which the farmer, has reason to expect from improved and cultivated land.	改良され耕作された土地で飼育される大小の家畜の価格は、地主が改良され耕作された土地から期待する地代と、農民が期待する利益を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	small|小|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
If it is not, they will soon cease to feed them.	そうでなければ、彼らはすぐにそれらを養うのをやめるだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	not|そうでなければ|adverb|a word that is used to express negation	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end
Whatever part of this price, therefore, is not paid by the wool and the hide, must be paid by the carcase.	したがって、この価格のどの部分も羊毛と皮で支払われない場合は、死体で支払われる必要がある。	whatever|どの部分も|pronoun|no matter what	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	carcase|死体|noun|the dead body of an animal
The less there is paid for the one, the more must be paid for the other.	一方の支払いが少ないほど、他方の支払いが多くなる。	the less|少ないほど|determiner|a smaller amount of	there is|ある|verb|exist	paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due	the more|多いほど|determiner|a larger amount of	must be|なる|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due
In what manner this price is to be divided upon the different parts of the beast, is indifferent to the landlords and farmers, provided it is all paid to them.	この価格をどのように家畜の各部位に分割するかは、地主や農民にとっては、すべて支払われる限り、どうでもいいことである。	in what manner|どのように|adverb|in what way	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	be to be divided|分割される|verb|be to be split into parts	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	part|部位|noun|a piece of something	beast|家畜|noun|an animal	indifferent|どうでもいい|adjective|having no particular interest or concern	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	provided|限り|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
In an improved and cultivated country, therefore, their interest as landlords and farmers cannot be much affected by such regulations, though their interest as consumers may, by the rise in the price of provisions.	したがって、改良され耕作された国では、地主や農民としての彼らの利益は、そのような規制によってあまり影響を受けないが、消費者としての彼らの利益は、食料品の価格の上昇によって影響を受けるかもしれない。	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something
It would be quite otherwise, however, in an unimproved and uncultivated country, where the greater part of the lands could be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, and where the wool and the hide made the principal part of the value of those cattle.	しかし、土地の大部分が牛の飼育以外の目的に使用できず、羊毛と皮がそれらの牛の価値の主要部分を占める未改良で未開拓の国では、まったく異なるだろう。	unimproved|未改良の|adjective|not improved	uncultivated|未開拓の|adjective|not cultivated	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	no other purpose|他の目的はない|noun phrase|no other reason or goal	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to someone or something	cattle|牛|noun|cows and bulls	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft, curly, fine hair forming the coat of a sheep	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	principal part|主要部分|noun phrase|the most important part	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Their interest as landlords and farmers would in this case be very deeply affected by such regulations, and their interest as consumers very little.	この場合、地主や農民としての彼らの利益は、そのような規制によって非常に深く影響を受けるだろうし、消費者としての彼らの利益はほとんど影響を受けないだろう。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use
The fall in the price of the wool and the hide would not in this case raise the price of the carcase;	この場合、羊毛と皮の価格の下落は、屠体の価格を上げないだろう。	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in the amount, value, or price of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or price of something
because the greater part of the lands of the country being applicable to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, the same number would still continue to be fed.	なぜなら、その国の土地の大部分は牛の飼育以外の目的に使用できないため、同じ数の牛が飼育され続けるからである。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	applicable|使用できる|adjective|capable of being applied	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate mammal that is kept for milk or meat
The same quantity of butcher’s meat would still come to market.	同じ量の食肉が市場に出回るだろう。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	butcher|食肉業者|noun|a person who slaughters or dresses animals for meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	come to|出回る|verb|be sold in a particular place
The demand for it would be no greater than before.	その需要は以前より大きくはならないだろう。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	no greater than|より大きくはならないだろう|adjective|not more than	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
Its price, therefore, would be the same as before.	したがって、その価格は以前と同じになるだろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed from what is previously known or mentioned
The whole price of cattle would fall, and along with it both the rent and the profit of all those lands of which cattle was the principal produce, that is, of the greater part of the lands of the country.	牛の価格全体が下落し、それに伴って牛が主な産物であるすべての土地、つまりその国の土地の大部分の地代と利潤の両方が下落するだろう。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fall|下落する|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	along with|伴って|preposition|together with	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The perpetual prohibition of the exportation of wool, which is commonly, but very falsely, ascribed to Edward III., would, in the then circumstances of the country, have been the most destructive regulation which could well have been thought of.	エドワード三世に帰せられているが、これはまったく誤りである、羊毛の輸出の永久禁止は、当時の国の状況では、考えうる限り最も破壊的な規制だっただろう。	perpetual|永久の|adjective|lasting forever	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; normally	falsely|誤って|adverb|in an incorrect manner	ascribe|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done
It would not only have reduced the actual value of the greater part of the lands in the kingdom, but by reducing the price of the most important species of small cattle, it would have retarded very much its subsequent improvement.	それは王国の土地の大部分の実際の価値を減らすだけでなく、最も重要な小型家畜の価格を下げることによって、その後の改良を非常に遅らせただろう。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	actual value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	most important|最も重要な|adjective|of greatest importance	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	small cattle|小型家畜|noun|a domesticated bovine animal	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	very much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved

The wool of Scotland fell very considerably in its price in consequence of the union with England, by which it was excluded from the great market of Europe, and confined to the narrow one of Great Britain.	スコットランドの羊毛は、イングランドとの合同によってヨーロッパの大市場から締め出されて、狭いイギリス市場に限定されたため、その価格が非常に下落した。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	considerably|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; greatly	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	union|合同|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
The value of the greater part of the lands in the southern counties of Scotland, which are chiefly a sheep country, would have been very deeply affected by this event, had not the rise in the price of butcher’s meat fully compensated the fall in the price of wool.	主に羊の国であるスコットランド南部の郡の土地の大部分の価値は、羊肉の価格の上昇が羊毛の価格の下落を十分に補償していなかったら、この出来事によって非常に深刻な影響を受けていただろう。	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	southern|南部|adjective|in or toward the south	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a country	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	deeply|深く|adverb|to a great extent	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place, especially something of importance	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level or amount of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for; make amends for	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in the level or amount of something

As the efficacy of human industry, in increasing the quantity either of wool or of raw hides, is limited, so far as it depends upon the produce of the country where it is exerted;	羊毛や生皮の量を増やす人間の産業の効能は、それが行使される国の生産物に依存する限り、限られている。	efficacy|効能|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	human industry|人間の産業|noun|the production of goods and services by human beings	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	exert|行使する|verb|apply or bring to bear
so it is uncertain so far as it depends upon the produce of other countries.	だから、それが他の国の生産物に依存する限り、それは不確実である。	so|だから|conjunction|for that reason; therefore	far|限り|adverb|to a great extent; very much	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products
It so far depends not so much upon the quantity which they produce, as upon that which they do not manufacture;	それは、彼らが生産する量に依存するのではなく、彼らが製造しない量に依存する。	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery
and upon the restraints which they may or may not think proper to impose upon the exportation of this sort of rude produce.	そして、彼らがこの種の粗野な生産物の輸出に課すのが適切と考えるか、または適切と考えないかの制約に依存する。	and|そして|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	upon|依存する|preposition|on	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	which|の|relative pronoun|that; who; whom	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	may not|ないかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	upon|に|preposition|on	the exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	of|の|preposition|of	this|この|determiner|the person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	of|の|preposition|of	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect; impolite	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products
These circumstances, as they are altogether independent of domestic industry, so they necessarily render the efficacy of its efforts more or less uncertain.	これらの状況は、国内産業とは全く独立しているので、必然的にその努力の効能を多かれ少なかれ不確実にする。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	independent|独立している|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	efficacy|効能|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not known or definite; questionable
In multiplying this sort of rude produce, therefore, the efficacy of human industry is not only limited, but uncertain.	したがって、この種の粗野な生産物を増やすにあたって、人間の産業の効能は制限されているだけでなく、不確実である。	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	efficacy|効能|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	limited|制限されている|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not known or definite; doubtful

In multiplying another very important sort of rude produce, the quantity of fish that is brought to market, it is likewise both limited and uncertain.	別の非常に重要な種類の粗野な生産物、市場に出される魚の量を増やすにあたって、それは同様に制限され、不確実である。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	limited|制限された|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
It is limited by the local situation of the country, by the proximity or distance of its different provinces from the sea, by the number of its lakes and rivers, and by what may be called the fertility or barrenness of those seas, lakes, and rivers, as to this sort of rude produce.	それは、国の地理的な状況、海からの各地方までの距離、湖や川の数、そしてこの種の粗野な生産物に関して、それらの海、湖、川の豊饒性または不毛性と呼ばれるものによって制限される。	local situation|地理的な状況|noun|the location of a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	proximity|距離|noun|the state of being close to something	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	lake|湖|noun|a large body of water surrounded by land	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water that flows through a particular area of land	fertility|豊饒性|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	barrenness|不毛性|noun|the inability to produce young or fruit	rude produce|粗野な生産物|noun|a product that is not finished or refined
As population increases, as the annual produce of the land and labour of the country grows greater and greater, there come to be more buyers of fish;	人口が増加するにつれて、国の土地と労働の年間生産量がますます大きくなるにつれて、魚の買い手が増えてくる。	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	grow|大きくなる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and has gills, fins, and a streamlined body
and those buyers, too, have a greater quantity and variety of other goods, or, what is the same thing, the price of a greater quantity and variety of other goods, to buy with.	そして、それらの買い手もまた、より多くの量と種類の他の品物、あるいは同じことだが、より多くの量と種類の他の品物の価格をもって、購入する。	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	variety|種類|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	good|品物|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But it will generally be impossible to supply the great and extended market, without employing a quantity of labour greater than in proportion to what had been requisite for supplying the narrow and confined one.	しかし、狭く限定された市場に供給するために必要だったものに比べて、より多くの労働量を投入しなければ、大きく拡大した市場に供給することは一般的に不可能であろう。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	extended|拡大した|adjective|made larger or more extensive	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	narrow|狭い|adjective|of small width	confined|限定された|adjective|restricted in size, amount, or extent	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage the services of
A market which, from requiring only one thousand, comes to require annually ten thousand ton of fish, can seldom be supplied, without employing more than ten times the quantity of labour which had before been sufficient to supply it.	千トンしか必要としなかった市場が、年間一万トンの魚を必要とするようになると、以前は供給に十分だった労働量の10倍以上を投入しなければ、供給することはほとんどできない。	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	ten thousand|一万|noun|the number 10000	seldom|ほとんどない|adverb|not often; rarely	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	ten|十|noun|the number 10	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The fish must generally be sought for at a greater distance, larger vessels must be employed, and more expensive machinery of every kind made use of.	魚は一般的にもっと遠くで探さなければならず、より大きな船を使い、あらゆる種類のより高価な機械を使わなければならない。	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	seek|探す|verb|try to find	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat	employ|使う|verb|use	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	make use of|使う|verb|use
The real price of this commodity, therefore, naturally rises in the progress of improvement.	したがって、この商品の真の価格は、改善の進展に伴って自然に上昇する。	real price|真の価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	progress|進展|noun|the process of improving or getting better
It has accordingly done so, I believe, more or less in every country.	それに応じて、どの国でも多かれ少なかれそうしてきたと思う。	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate to the situation	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	every country|どの国でも|noun|all the countries in the world

Though the success of a particular day’s fishing may be a very uncertain matter, yet the local situation of the country being supposed, the general efficacy of industry in bringing a certain quantity of fish to market, taking the course of a year, or of several years together, it may, perhaps, be thought is certain enough;	ある特定の日の漁の成功は非常に不確実な事柄かもしれないが、その国の地理的な状況を想定すれば、一定量の魚を市場に出すための産業の一般的な効能は、1年または数年を合わせた期間で考えれば、おそらく十分に確実であると考えられる。	particular day|特定の日|noun|a specific day	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	fishing|漁|noun|the activity of trying to catch fish	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	local situation|地理的な状況|noun|the circumstances of a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	general efficacy|一般的な効能|noun|the power to produce a desired effect	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	course|期間|noun|the period of time during which something happens	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	together|合わせた|adverb|with or near each other	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	enough|十分に|adverb|to the required degree or extent	certain|確実な|adjective|known or proved to be true
and it, no doubt, is so.	そして、それは間違いなくそうである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	so|そう|adverb|in the way mentioned; in this or that manner
As it depends more, however, upon the local situation of the country, than upon the state of its wealth and industry;	しかし、それはその国の富と産業の状態よりも、その国の地理的な状況に依存しているので、	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	local|地理的な|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
as upon this account it may in different countries be the same in very different periods of improvement, and very different in the same period;	この説明によると、異なる国では、非常に異なる改善の時期に同じであり、同じ時期に非常に異なる可能性があるので、	upon this account|この説明によると|phrase|for this reason	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be the same|同じである|verb|be identical	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	very different|非常に異なる|adjective|not the same at all	same|同じ|adjective|identical
its connection with the state of improvement is uncertain;	その改善の状態との関連性は不明である。	connection|関連性|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	uncertain|不明|adjective|not known or definite; questionable
and it is of this sort of uncertainty that I am here speaking.	そして、私がここで話しているのは、この種の不確実性についてである。	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	speak|話す|verb|make a speech or give a talk

In increasing the quantity of the different minerals and metals which are drawn from the bowels of the earth, that of the more precious ones particularly, the efficacy of human industry seems not to be limited, but to be altogether uncertain.	地球の内部から引き出されるさまざまな鉱物や金属の量を増やすにあたって、特により貴重なものの量を増やすにあたって、人間の産業の効能は制限されていないように思われるが、まったく不確実である。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	mineral|鉱物|noun|a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and malleable, that are good conductors of heat and electricity, and that have a high melting point	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	bowel|内部|noun|the part of the alimentary canal below the stomach	precious|貴重な|adjective|of high worth or value	efficacy|効能|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression of being	limit|制限|noun|a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally

The quantity of the precious metals which is to be found in any country, is not limited by any thing in its local situation, such as the fertility or barrenness of its own mines.	どの国でも見つかっている貴金属の量は、その国の鉱山の豊饒さや不毛さなど、その国の状況によって制限されるものではない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals that are resistant to corrosion	be found|見つかっている|verb|be discovered or noticed	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	be limited by|制限される|verb|be restricted or confined by	local situation|国の状況|noun|the state of affairs in a particular place	fertility|豊饒さ|noun|the quality or state of producing abundantly	barrenness|不毛さ|noun|the quality or state of being unproductive or unfruitful
Those metals frequently abound in countries which possess no mines.	これらの金属は、鉱山のない国に豊富にあることが多い。	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	abound|豊富にある|verb|be plentiful or numerous
Their quantity, in every particular country, seems to depend upon two different circumstances;	どの国でも、その量は二つの異なる状況に依存しているように見える。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
first, upon its power of purchasing, upon the state of its industry, upon the annual produce of its land and labour, in consequence of which it can afford to employ a greater or a smaller quantity of labour and subsistence, in bringing or purchasing such superfluities as gold and silver, either from its own mines, or from those of other countries;	第一に、その国の購買力、産業の状態、土地と労働の年産物に依存しており、その結果、自国の鉱山からであれ、他国の鉱山からであれ、金や銀のような余剰品を持ち込んだり、購入したりするために、多かれ少なかれ労働と生計を費やす余裕がある。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	purchase|購買|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	annual|年|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage	greater|多かれ|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	smaller|少なかれ|adjective|less in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something	superfluity|余剰品|noun|something that is more than is needed or wanted	gold|金|noun|a soft yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a soft white precious metal	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to show that two or more alternatives are possible	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	other|他国|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
and, secondly, upon the fertility or barrenness of the mines which may happen at any particular time to supply the commercial world with those metals.	第二に、商業世界にこれらの金属を供給するために、いつでも起こりうる鉱山の豊饒さや不毛さに依存している。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	fertility|豊饒さ|noun|the quality of being fertile	barrenness|不毛さ|noun|the quality of being barren	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	commercial|商業|adjective|of or relating to commerce	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured
The quantity of those metals in the countries most remote from the mines, must be more or less affected by this fertility or barrenness, on account of the easy and cheap transportation of those metals, of their small bulk and great value.	鉱山から最も遠い国々におけるこれらの金属の量は、これらの金属の輸送が簡単で安価であること、また、かさばらず高価であることから、この豊饒さや不毛さによって多かれ少なかれ影響を受けているに違いない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	mine|鉱山|noun|an excavation in the earth for extracting coal or other minerals	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	fertility|豊饒|noun|the quality or state of producing abundantly	barrenness|不毛|noun|the quality or state of being unproductive or unfruitful	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	cheap|安価|adjective|low in price or value	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of conveying or carrying people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average
Their quantity in China and Indostan must have been more or less affected by the abundance of the mines of America.	中国やインドスタンにおけるその量は、アメリカの鉱山の豊富さによって多かれ少なかれ影響を受けているに違いない。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	mine|鉱山|noun|a pit or excavation in the earth from which mineral resources are extracted

So far as their quantity in any particular country depends upon the former of those two circumstances (the power of purchasing), their real price, like that of all other luxuries and superfluities, is likely to rise with the wealth and improvement of the country, and to fall with its poverty and depression.	特定の国におけるその量が、この二つの状況のうち前者(購買力)に依存する限り、その実質価格は、他のすべての贅沢品や余剰品と同様に、その国の富と発展とともに上昇し、貧困と不況とともに下落する可能性が高い。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	former|前者|adjective|coming before in time; earlier	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	purchasing power|購買力|noun|the value of money measured in terms of the goods and services it can buy	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service measured in terms of its purchasing power	like|と同様に|preposition|having the same characteristics or qualities as; similar to	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain	superfluity|余剰品|noun|something that is more than is needed, desired, or required	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|発展|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	fall|下落する|verb|go down	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	depression|不況|noun|a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in the stock market
Countries which have a great quantity of labour and subsistence to spare, can afford to purchase any particular quantity of those metals at the expense of a greater quantity of labour and subsistence, than countries which have less to spare.	余裕のある労働力と生計手段を大量に持っている国は、余裕のない国よりも、より多くの労働力と生計手段を犠牲にして、これらの金属を特定の量だけ購入する余裕がある。	have a great quantity of|大量に持っている|verb|have a lot of	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生計手段|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	spare|余裕のある|adjective|extra; more than is needed	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money or time for	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; special	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

So far as their quantity in any particular country depends upon the latter of those two circumstances (the fertility or barrenness of the mines which happen to supply the commercial world), their real price, the real quantity of labour and subsistence which they will purchase or exchange for, will, no doubt, sink more or less in proportion to the fertility, and rise in proportion to the barrenness of those mines.	特定の国におけるその量が、この二つの状況のうち後者(商業世界に供給される鉱山の豊饒性または不毛性)に依存する限り、その実質価格、つまりそれらが購入または交換される労働と生計手段の実質量は、間違いなく、その鉱山の豊饒性に比例して多かれ少なかれ低下し、不毛性に比例して上昇するだろう。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	fertility|豊饒性|noun|the quality or state of producing many offspring or much fruit	barrenness|不毛性|noun|the quality or state of being unable to produce offspring or fruit	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生計手段|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	sink|低下する|verb|go down below the surface of something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to a whole	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities

The fertility or barrenness of the mines, however, which may happen at any particular time to supply the commercial world, is a circumstance which, it is evident, may have no sort of connection with the state of industry in a particular country.	しかし、商業世界に供給される鉱山の豊饒性または不毛性は、特定の国の産業の状態とはまったく関係がない状況であることは明らかである。	fertility|豊饒性|noun|the quality of being fertile	barrenness|不毛性|noun|the quality of being barren	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	commercial world|商業世界|noun|the world of business and trade	particular time|特定の時間|noun|a specific time	particular country|特定の国|noun|a specific country	state of industry|産業の状態|noun|the condition of the industry
It seems even to have no very necessary connection with that of the world in general.	世界の産業の状態とも、あまり関係がないように思われる。	have no connection|関係がない|verb|be unrelated	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy
As arts and commerce, indeed, gradually spread themselves over a greater and a greater part of the earth, the search for new mines, being extended over a wider surface, may have somewhat a better chance for being successful than when confined within narrower bounds.	実際、技術と商業が地球のより広い部分に徐々に広がるにつれて、新しい鉱山の探索は、より広い範囲に拡大され、狭い範囲に限定されている場合よりも成功する可能性が多少高くなるかもしれない。	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	spread|広がる|verb|stretch out over a wide area	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	search|探索|noun|an attempt to find something	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	surface|範囲|noun|the outside part or uppermost layer of something	extend|拡大される|verb|make or become longer or wider	bound|範囲|noun|a limit to what is possible or allowed
The discovery of new mines, however, as the old ones come to be gradually exhausted, is a matter of the greatest uncertainty, and such as no human skill or industry can insure.	しかし、古い鉱山が徐々に枯渇するにつれて、新しい鉱山の発見は、最も不確実な問題であり、人間の技術や産業では保証できない。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	come to|～になる|verb|reach a certain state	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	exhausted|枯渇する|adjective|having no more energy or strength	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	human|人間|noun|a human being	skill|技術|noun|the ability to do something well	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
All indications, it is acknowledged, are doubtful;	すべての兆候は疑わしいと認められている。	indication|兆候|noun|a sign or piece of evidence that indicates something	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable; uncertain
and the actual discovery and successful working of a new mine can alone ascertain the reality of its value, or even of its existence.	そして、新しい鉱山の実際の発見と成功した採掘だけが、その価値の現実、あるいはその存在の現実を確かめることができる。	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	successful|成功した|adjective|having achieved success	working|採掘|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out for certain; make sure of	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of living or having objective reality
In this search there seem to be no certain limits, either to the possible success, or to the possible disappointment of human industry.	この探索においては、人間の産業の成功の可能性にも失望の可能性にも、確かな限界はないようだ。	search|探索|noun|an act of searching	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	limit|限界|noun|the greatest amount that is allowed	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	disappointment|失望|noun|the feeling of sadness or displeasure caused by the nonfulfillment of one's hopes or expectations
In the course of a century or two, it is possible that new mines may be discovered, more fertile than any that have ever yet been known;	一世紀か二世紀の間に、これまでに知られていたどの鉱山よりも豊かな新しい鉱山が発見される可能性がある。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	two|二|numeral|one more than one	it is possible that|可能性がある|phrase|it is possible that	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, grown, or harvested	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	may be discovered|発見されるかもしれない|verb|be discovered	more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many young or much fruit or seed	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	any|どれよりも|pronoun|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	that|それ|pronoun|the thing mentioned before	have ever yet been known|これまでに知られていた|verb|be known
and it is just equally possible, that the most fertile mine then known may be more barren than any that was wrought before the discovery of the mines of America.	そして、当時知られていた最も豊かな鉱山が、アメリカの鉱山が発見される前に採掘されていたどの鉱山よりも不毛である可能性も、まったく同じくありうる。	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	barren|不毛な|adjective|not producing offspring or fruit or vegetation	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
Whether the one or the other of those two events may happen to take place, is of very little importance to the real wealth and prosperity of the world, to the real value of the annual produce of the land and labour of mankind.	これら二つの出来事のどちらかが起こるかどうかは、世界の真の富と繁栄、人類の土地と労働の年間生産物の真の価値にとって、ほとんど重要ではない。	one or the other|どちらか|noun|one of two or more things	take place|起こる|verb|happen	very little|ほとんどない|adjective|not much	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Its nominal value, the quantity of gold and silver by which this annual produce could be expressed or represented, would, no doubt, be very different;	その名目価値、この年間生産物を表現または表すことができる金と銀の量は、間違いなく非常に異なるだろう。	nominal value|名目価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	express|表現する|verb|represent or convey in words	represent|表す|verb|stand for or correspond to	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other
but its real value, the real quantity of labour which it could purchase or command, would be precisely the same.	しかし、その真の価値、それが購入または命令できる労働の真の量は、まったく同じであろう。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	real quantity|真の量|noun|the actual amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	command|命令|verb|give an authoritative order	precisely|まったく|adverb|exactly	same|同じ|adjective|not different; identical
A shilling might, in the one case, represent no more labour than a penny does at present;	一シリングは、ある場合には、現在一ペニーが表す労働量よりも多くの労働量を表さないかもしれない。	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin and monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a pound	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and a penny, in the other, might represent as much as a shilling does now.	そして、一ペニーは、別の場合には、現在一シリングが表す労働量と同じくらい表すかもしれない。	penny|一ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	shilling|一シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	now|現在|adverb|at the present time
But in the one case, he who had a shilling in his pocket would be no richer than he who has a penny at present;	しかし、ある場合には、ポケットに一シリングを持っている人は、現在一ペニーを持っている人よりも豊かではないだろう。	one|ある|adjective|a single person or thing	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin and monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a pound	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
and in the other, he who had a penny would be just as rich as he who has a shilling now.	そして、別の場合には、一ペニーを持っている人は、現在一シリングを持っている人と同じくらい豊かであろう。	penny|一ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	shilling|一シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
The cheapness and abundance of gold and silver plate would be the sole advantage which the world could derive from the one event;	金銀食器の安価さと豊富さは、世界が前者の出来事から得られる唯一の利益であろう。	cheapness|安価さ|noun|the quality of being cheap	abundance|豊富さ|noun|the state or condition of having a great deal of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish on which food is served	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	one|前者|adjective|being a single unit or thing
and the dearness and scarcity of those trifling superfluities, the only inconveniency it could suffer from the other.	そして、そうした些細な贅沢品の高価さと希少性は、世界が後者の出来事から被る唯一の不便であろう。	dearness|高価さ|noun|the quality of being expensive	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	superfluity|贅沢品|noun|something that is more than is needed	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality of being inconvenient	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to

Conclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver.	銀の価値の変動に関する余談の結論	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or result of a discussion or meeting	digression|余談|noun|a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

The greater part of the writers who have collected the money price of things in ancient times, seem to have considered the low money price of corn, and of goods in general, or, in other words, the high value of gold and silver, as a proof, not only of the scarcity of those metals, but of the poverty and barbarism of the country at the time when it took place.	古代の物価を収集した著者の大部分は、穀物や一般に物価が低いこと、言い換えれば金銀の価値が高いことを、これらの金属の希少性だけでなく、当時の国の貧困と野蛮さの証拠と考えていたようである。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	writer|著者|noun|a person who writes	collect|収集する|verb|gather together	money price|物価|noun|the price of something in terms of money	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Middle East and Mediterranean until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the West and the end of the Han Dynasty in China	low|低い|adjective|not high	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	general|一般|adjective|not limited to a particular class or group	other words|言い換えれば|noun|a different way of saying something	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|野蛮|noun|the state of being uncivilized or barbaric	take place|起こる|verb|happen
This notion is connected with the system of political economy, which represents national wealth as consisting in the abundance and national poverty in the scarcity, of gold and silver;	この考えは、国家の富は金銀の豊富さにあり、国家の貧困は金銀の希少性にあるとする政治経済学体系と結びついている。	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	connect|結びつく|verb|to join or fasten together	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	political economy|政治経済学|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	national wealth|国家の富|noun|the total value of money and other assets owned by a nation	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	national poverty|国家の貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply
a system which I shall endeavour to explain and examine at great length in the fourth book of this Inquiry.	この体系については、本書の第四篇で詳細に説明して検討するつもりである。	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	examine|検討する|verb|inspect or study closely and thoroughly	great length|詳細に|noun|a long time or a great amount	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers
I shall only observe at present, that the high value of the precious metals can be no proof of the poverty or barbarism of any particular country at the time when it took place.	ここでは、貴金属の価値が高いことが、当時の特定の国の貧困や野蛮さを証明するものではないことを指摘するにとどめる。	observe|指摘する|verb|notice or perceive	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|野蛮|noun|the state of being uncivilized or savage	take place|起こる|verb|happen or occur
It is a proof only of the barrenness of the mines which happened at that time to supply the commercial world.	それは、当時の商業世界に供給していた鉱山の不毛さを証明するものにすぎない。	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	barrenness|不毛|noun|the quality or state of being unable to produce offspring	mine|鉱山|noun|a pit or excavation in the earth from which mineral ores are extracted	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
A poor country, as it cannot afford to buy more, so it can as little afford to pay dearer for gold and silver than a rich one;	貧しい国は、より多くを買う余裕がないので、金や銀を豊かな国よりも高く買う余裕がない。	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets
and the value of those metals, therefore, is not likely to be higher in the former than in the latter.	したがって、これらの金属の価値は、前者では後者よりも高くなることはない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently; hence	former|前者|adjective|having been previously such	latter|後者|adjective|being the second mentioned of two people or things
In China, a country much richer than any part of Europe, the value of the precious metals is much higher than in any part of Europe.	ヨーロッパのどの地域よりもはるかに豊かな中国では、貴金属の価値はヨーロッパのどの地域よりもはるかに高い。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals that are used as a store of value and as a medium of exchange	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent
As the wealth of Europe, indeed, has increased greatly since the discovery of the mines of America, so the value of gold and silver has gradually diminished.	実際、アメリカの鉱山が発見されて以来、ヨーロッパの富は大幅に増加したため、金と銀の価値は徐々に低下した。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner; slowly	diminish|低下する|verb|make or become less
This diminution of their value, however, has not been owing to the increase of the real wealth of Europe, of the annual produce of its land and labour, but to the accidental discovery of more abundant mines than any that were known before.	しかし、この価値の減少は、ヨーロッパの真の富、その土地と労働の年間生産量の増加によるものではなく、以前に知られていたどの鉱山よりも豊富な鉱山が偶然発見されたことによるものである。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	owing to|による|preposition|because of	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater	real wealth|真の富|noun|the value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	annual produce|年間生産量|noun|the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	accidental discovery|偶然発見|noun|the act of finding something by chance	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
The increase of the quantity of gold and silver in Europe, and the increase of its manufactures and agriculture, are two events which, though they have happened nearly about the same time, yet have arisen from very different causes, and have scarce any natural connection with one another.	ヨーロッパの金銀の量の増加と、その製造業と農業の増加は、ほぼ同じ時期に起こったにもかかわらず、非常に異なる原因から生じ、互いにほとんど自然なつながりがない二つの出来事である。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	arise|生じる|verb|come into being; originate	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	connection|つながり|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else
The one has arisen from a mere accident, in which neither prudence nor policy either had or could have any share;	一つは単なる偶然から生じたもので、そこには慎重さも政策も関与していなかったし、関与することもできなかった。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	mere|単なる|adjective|being nothing more than	accident|偶然|noun|something that happens unexpectedly	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	have|関与する|verb|possess, own, or hold	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to
the other, from the fall of the feudal system, and from the establishment of a government which afforded to industry the only encouragement which it requires, some tolerable security that it shall enjoy the fruits of its own labour.	もう一つは、封建制度の崩壊と、産業が必要とする唯一の奨励、つまり自らの労働の成果を享受できるというある程度の安心感を与える政府の樹立から生じた。	the other|もう一つ|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	fall|崩壊|noun|the act of falling	feudal system|封建制度|noun|a social system in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service	establishment|樹立|noun|the act of establishing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do or have something	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	require|必要とする|verb|to need something	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	enjoy|享受する|verb|to take delight or pleasure in	fruit|成果|noun|the result or outcome of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Poland, where the feudal system still continues to take place, is at this day as beggarly a country as it was before the discovery of America.	封建制度が今も続いているポーランドは、今日でもアメリカ大陸発見前と同じように貧しい国である。	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Europe	feudal system|封建制度|noun|a social system in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection	take place|続いている|verb|happen	this day|今日|noun|the present time	beggarly|貧しい|adjective|extremely poor	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
The money price of corn, however, has risen;	しかし、穀物の貨幣価格は上昇した。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	rise|上昇する|verb|go up
the real value of the precious metals has fallen in Poland, in the same manner as in other parts of Europe.	ポーランドでは、ヨーロッパの他の地域と同じように、貴金属の実質価値が下落した。	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	fall|下落する|verb|decrease in value	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
Their quantity, therefore, must have increased there as in other places, and nearly in the same proportion to the annual produce of its land and labour.	したがって、その量は他の場所と同じように、またその土地と労働の年間生産量とほぼ同じ割合で増加したに違いない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a group of two or more people or things	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close or similar to	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced
This increase of the quantity of those metals, however, has not, it seems, increased that annual produce, has neither improved the manufactures and agriculture of the country, nor mended the circumstances of its inhabitants.	しかし、これらの金属の量の増加は、年間生産量を増加させたり、国の製造業や農業を改善したり、住民の状況を改善したりすることはなかったようだ。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something produced	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	mend|改善する|verb|repair or improve	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
Spain and Portugal, the countries which possess the mines, are, after Poland, perhaps the two most beggarly countries in Europe.	鉱山を所有する国であるスペインとポルトガルは、ポーランドに次いで、おそらくヨーロッパで最も貧しい二つの国である。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in central Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The value of the precious metals, however, must be lower in Spain and Portugal than in any other part of Europe, as they come from those countries to all other parts of Europe, loaded, not only with a freight and an insurance, but with the expense of smuggling, their exportation being either prohibited or subjected to a duty.	しかし、貴金属の価値は、スペインとポルトガルではヨーロッパの他のどの地域よりも低いはずである。なぜなら、これらの国々からヨーロッパの他のすべての地域に運ばれてくる貴金属には、運賃や保険料だけでなく、密輸の費用もかかっているからである。	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent; the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia	come from|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	part|部分|noun|something less than the whole	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	prohibited|禁止される|verb|formally or legally forbid	subjected to|課せられる|verb|cause to undergo or experience
In proportion to the annual produce of the land and labour, therefore, their quantity must be greater in those countries than in any other part of Europe; those countries, however, are poorer than the greater part of Europe.	したがって、土地と労働の年間生産量に比例して、これらの国々ではヨーロッパの他のどの地域よりもその量が多いはずである。しかし、これらの国々はヨーロッパの大部分よりも貧しい。	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a manner that is directly related to	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	must|はずである|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	greater|多い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	those countries|これらの国々|noun|the countries that are being discussed	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
Though the feudal system has been abolished in Spain and Portugal, it has not been succeeded by a much better.	スペインとポルトガルでは封建制度が廃止されたが、それよりはるかに良い制度に引き継がれたわけではない。	feudal system|封建制度|noun|a social system in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	succeed|引き継ぐ|verb|take over a position or role from someone

As the low value of gold and silver, therefore, is no proof of the wealth and flourishing state of the country where it takes place;	したがって、金銀の価値が低いということは、その国が豊かで繁栄していることの証拠にはならない。	low value|低い価値|noun|a small amount of money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	no proof|証拠ではない|noun|not evidence	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	flourishing|繁栄|adjective|thriving; prosperous	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur
so neither is their high value, or the low money price either of goods in general, or of corn in particular, any proof of its poverty and barbarism.	同様に、金銀の価値が高いことや、一般に商品の貨幣価格が低いこと、特に穀物の貨幣価格が低いことは、その国が貧しく未開であることの証拠にはならない。	high value|高い価値|noun|a high price or worth	low money price|低い貨幣価格|noun|a low price in terms of money	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|未開|noun|the state of being primitive and uncivilized

But though the low money price, either of goods in general, or of corn in particular, be no proof of the poverty or barbarism of the times, the low money price of some particular sorts of goods, such as cattle, poultry, game of all kinds, etc.	しかし、一般に商品の貨幣価格が低いことや、特に穀物の貨幣価格が低いことは、その時代が貧しく未開であることの証拠にはならないが、牛、家禽、あらゆる種類の狩猟肉など、特定の種類の商品の貨幣価格が低いことは、その時代が貧しく未開であることの証拠にはならない。	low|低い|adjective|not high	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	general|一般|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|未開|noun|the state of being primitive and uncivilized	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|birds such as chickens, ducks, and turkeys that are kept for their eggs or meat	game|狩猟肉|noun|wild animals that are hunted for food or sport	etc|等|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
in proportion to that of corn, is a most decisive one.	穀物の価格に比べて、牛、家禽、あらゆる種類の狩猟肉などの特定の種類の商品の貨幣価格が低いことは、その時代が貧しく未開であることの最も決定的な証拠である。	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a quantity that is the same as or similar to another quantity	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	decisive|決定的な|adjective|having the power or quality of deciding	one|証拠|noun|a thing that is used as evidence or proof	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird that is kept for its eggs or meat	game|狩猟肉|noun|wild animals that are hunted for food	low|低い|adjective|not high	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	commodity|商品|noun|a thing that is bought or sold	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	barbarous|未開の|adjective|uncivilized or uncultured
It clearly demonstrates, first, their great abundance in proportion to that of corn, and, consequently, the great extent of the land which they occupied in proportion to what was occupied by corn;	それはまず、穀物に比べてそれらのものが非常に豊富であり、その結果、穀物に占められた土地に比べてそれらが占める土地が非常に広いことを明確に示している。	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	occupy|占める|verb|be present in or take up	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
and, secondly, the low value of this land in proportion to that of corn land, and, consequently, the uncultivated and unimproved state of the far greater part of the lands of the country.	そして第二に、この土地の価値が穀物用地に比べて低く、その結果、その国の土地の大部分が未開墾で未改良の状態にあることを示している。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	uncultivated|未開墾の|adjective|not cultivated	unimproved|未改良の|adjective|not improved
It clearly demonstrates, that the stock and population of the country did not bear the same proportion to the extent of its territory, which they commonly do in civilized countries;	それは、その国の資本と人口が、文明国で通常そうであるように、その領土の広さに比例していなかったことを明確に示している。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
and that society was at that time, and in that country, but in its infancy.	そして、その社会は当時、その国では、まだ幼少期にあった。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	in that country|その国では|adverb|in the country in question	in its infancy|幼少期にあった|adverb|in the early stages of development
From the high or low money price, either of goods in general, or of corn in particular, we can infer only, that the mines, which at that time happened to supply the commercial world with gold and silver, were fertile or barren, not that the country was rich or poor.	一般に商品の、あるいは特に穀物の貨幣価格の高低から推論できるのは、当時たまたま商業世界に金銀を供給していた鉱山が豊かだったか不毛だったかということだけで、その国が豊かだったか貧しかったかということではない。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	high or low|高低|noun|the state of being high or low	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	infer|推論する|verb|deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fertile|豊か|adjective|producing many young or much fruit or seed	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce young or fruit or seed	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poor|貧しい|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society
But from the high or low money price of some sorts of goods in proportion to that of others, we can infer, with a degree of probability that approaches almost to certainty, that it was rich or poor, that the greater part of its lands were improved or unimproved, and that it was either in a more or less barbarous state, or in a more or less civilized one.	しかし、ある種の商品の貨幣価格が他のものに比べて高いか低いかによって、その国が豊かだったか貧しかったか、その国の土地の大部分が改良されていたか未改良だったか、そしてその国が多少野蛮な状態だったか、多少文明化された状態だったかを、ほぼ確実に近い確率で推測することができる。	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a manner that is in a direct relationship to	high or low|高いか低いか|adjective|of great vertical extent	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	infer|推測する|verb|deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	degree of probability|確率|noun|the extent to which something is probable	approaches|近い|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	certainty|確実|noun|the quality of being certain or inevitable	rich or poor|豊かだったか貧しかったか|adjective|having a great deal of money or valuable possessions	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	improved or unimproved|改良されていたか未改良だったか|adjective|made or become better	more or less|多少|adverb|to some extent	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	civilized|文明化された|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture

Any rise in the money price of goods which proceeded altogether from the degradation of the value of silver, would affect all sorts of goods equally, and raise their price universally, a third, or a fourth, or a fifth part higher, according as silver happened to lose a third, or a fourth, or a fifth part of its former value.	銀の価値の低下から生じた商品の貨幣価格の上昇は、あらゆる種類の商品に等しく影響を与え、銀が以前の価値の3分の1、4分の1、5分の1を失った場合に応じて、その価格を普遍的に3分の1、4分の1、5分の1高くする。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in the quality or value of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or things	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts of something	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts of something	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts of something	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
But the rise in the price of provisions, which has been the subject of so much reasoning and conversation, does not affect all sorts of provisions equally.	しかし、多くの議論や会話の対象となってきた食料価格の上昇は、あらゆる種類の食料に等しく影響を与えているわけではない。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	subject|対象|noun|the person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	reasoning|議論|noun|the action of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment	conversation|会話|noun|an informal talk involving two or more people	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	equally|等しく|adverb|in a way that is the same in amount or value
Taking the course of the present century at an average, the price of corn, it is acknowledged, even by those who account for this rise by the degradation of the value of silver, has risen much less than that of some other sorts of provisions.	今世紀の平均的な経過を見ると、穀物の価格は、銀の価値の低下によってこの上昇を説明する人々でさえ、他のいくつかの種類の食料よりもはるかに上昇していないことが認められている。	take the course of|経過をみる|verb|follow a certain course	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in the quality or value of something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
The rise in the price of those other sorts of provisions, therefore, cannot be owing altogether to the degradation of the value of silver.	したがって、他の種類の食料の価格の上昇は、銀の価値の低下だけが原因であるわけではない。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	altogether|だけ|adverb|completely; totally	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in the quality or value of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Some other causes must be taken into the account;	他の原因も考慮に入れなければならない。	some other|他の|adjective|some additional	cause|原因|noun|something that brings about an effect or a result	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|to consider something when making a decision
and those which have been above assigned, will, perhaps, without having recourse to the supposed degradation of the value of silver, sufficiently explain this rise in those particular sorts of provisions, of which the price has actually risen in proportion to that of corn.	そして、上記に挙げた原因は、おそらく銀の価値の低下を想定せずとも、穀物の価格に比例して実際に上昇した特定の食料の価格上昇を十分に説明するだろう。	above|上記|adverb|in or to a higher place or position	assign|挙げる|verb|give a task or duty to	recourse|想定|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	degradation|低下|noun|the state or process of degrading or being degraded	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food

As to the price of corn itself, it has, during the sixty-four first years of the present century, and before the late extraordinary course of bad seasons, been somewhat lower than it was during the sixty-four last years of the preceding century.	穀物自体の価格については、今世紀の最初の六十四年間、そして最近の異常な悪天候の時期の前には、前世紀の最後の六十四年間よりもやや低かった。	as to|については|preposition|with regard to; concerning	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	itself|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	sixty-four|六十四|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of eight and eight	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	present|今|adjective|existing or occurring now	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	before|前|preposition|earlier than; in front of	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	course|時期|noun|a period of time during which a series of events or developments occurs	bad|悪天候|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	season|季節|noun|each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a small amount	lower|低かった|adjective|situated below another thing	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	sixty-four|六十四|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of eight and eight	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	preceding|前|adjective|coming before something in time; previous
This fact is attested, not only by the accounts of Windsor market, but by the public fiars of all the different counties of Scotland, and by the accounts of several different markets in France, which have been collected with great diligence and fidelity by Mr Messance, and by Mr Dupré de St Maur.	この事実は、ウィンザー市場の記録だけでなく、スコットランドのすべての郡の公正価格、そしてメサンス氏とデュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏が非常に勤勉かつ忠実に収集したフランスのいくつかの市場の記録によっても証明されている。	attest|証明する|verb|to declare or affirm solemnly and formally as true	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	Windsor|ウィンザー|noun|a town in Berkshire, England	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Mr Messance|メサンス氏|noun|a French economist	Mr Dupré de St Maur|デュプレ・ド・サン・モール氏|noun|a French economist
The evidence is more complete than could well have been expected in a matter which is naturally so very difficult to be ascertained.	証拠は、当然ながら非常に確認しにくい事柄において期待できるよりも完全である。	evidence|証拠|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation under consideration	naturally|当然ながら|adverb|as may be expected	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out for certain; make sure of

As to the high price of corn during these last ten or twelve years, it can be sufficiently accounted for from the badness of the seasons, without supposing any degradation in the value of silver.	この十数年間の穀物の高価格については、銀の価値の低下を想定せずとも、天候不順で十分に説明できる。	as to|については|preposition|with regard to; concerning	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	these last ten or twelve years|この十数年間|noun|the period of time from ten to twelve years ago	it can be|それは|verb|it is possible to be	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	accounted for|説明できる|verb|to give a satisfactory reason or explanation for	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	the badness of the seasons|天候不順|noun|the state of being bad or unpleasant	without|せずとも|preposition|not having or not doing something	supposing|想定せずとも|verb|to assume that something is true or will happen	any|何らかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	degradation|低下|noun|the state of being degraded or reduced in quality, value, or status	in the value of|の価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	silver|銀|noun|a soft white precious metal

The opinion, therefore, that silver is continually sinking in its value, seems not to be founded upon any good observations, either upon the prices of corn, or upon those of other provisions.	したがって、銀の価値が絶えず下落しているという意見は、穀物の価格やその他の食料品の価格について、適切な観察に基づいていないように思われる。	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	found|基づく|verb|base or establish on	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something

The same quantity of silver, it may perhaps be said, will, in the present times, even according to the account which has been here given, purchase a much smaller quantity of several sorts of provisions than it would have done during some part of the last century;	同じ量の銀で、おそらく、ここで述べた説明によれば、前世紀のある時期に比べて、現在では、さまざまな種類の食料をはるかに少ない量しか買えないだろう。	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
and to ascertain whether this change be owing to a rise in the value of those goods, or to a fall in the value of silver, is only to establish a vain and useless distinction, which can be of no sort of service to the man who has only a certain quantity of silver to go to market with, or a certain fixed revenue in money.	そして、この変化がそれらの商品の価値の上昇によるものなのか、銀の価値の下落によるものなのかを確かめることは、市場に行くのに一定量の銀しか持っていない人や、一定の固定収入しかない人には役に立たない、無駄で無意味な区別をすることである。	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out with certainty; make sure of	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	owing to|による|preposition|because of	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in amount, value, or price	vain|無駄な|adjective|having no real value or importance	useless|無意味な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	service|役に立つ|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	go to|行く|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities	with|持つ|preposition|having as a possession, quality, or characteristic	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	fixed|固定|adjective|not subject to change or variation	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
I certainly do not pretend that the knowledge of this distinction will enable him to buy cheaper.	私は、この区別を知ることで、彼がより安く買えるようになるとは、決して言わない。	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money
It may not, however, upon that account be altogether useless.	しかし、その点で全く無意味というわけではない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	upon that account|その点で|adverb|for that reason	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally

It may be of some use to the public, by affording an easy proof of the prosperous condition of the country.	国の繁栄の簡単な証拠を提供することで、国民に役立つかもしれない。	be of some use|役立つ|verb|be useful	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
If the rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing altogether to a fall in the value of silver, it is owing to a circumstance, from which nothing can be inferred but the fertility of the American mines.	ある種の食料品の価格上昇が、すべて銀の価値の下落によるものであるならば、それはアメリカの鉱山の豊かさ以外には何も推論できない状況によるものである。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	be owing to|によるものである|verb|be caused by	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in the level of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	fertility|豊かさ|noun|the quality of being fertile; productiveness	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
The real wealth of the country, the annual produce of its land and labour, may, notwithstanding this circumstance, be either gradually declining, as in Portugal and Poland; or gradually advancing, as in most other parts of Europe.	この状況にもかかわらず、国の真の富、土地と労働の年間生産量は、ポルトガルやポーランドのように徐々に減少するか、ヨーロッパの他のほとんどの地域のように徐々に増加する可能性がある。	real wealth|真の富|noun|the value of all the assets of a person or organization	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	annual produce|年間生産量|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	decline|減少する|verb|become smaller or fewer	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a republic in central Europe on the Baltic Sea; capital Warsaw	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	advance|増加する|verb|move forward	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent (after Australia) comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia
But if this rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing to a rise in the real value of the land which produces them, to its increased fertility, or, in consequence of more extended improvement and good cultivation, to its having been rendered fit for producing corn;	しかし、ある種の食料品の価格上昇が、それらを生産する土地の真の価値の上昇、肥沃度の増加、またはより広範な改良と優れた耕作の結果として、穀物の生産に適したものになったことによるものであれば、	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	real value|真の価値|noun|the intrinsic worth of something	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
it is owing to a circumstance which indicates, in the clearest manner, the prosperous and advancing state of the country.	それは、国の繁栄と発展を最も明確に示す状況によるものである。	owe|起因する|verb|have as a cause or source	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	indicate|示す|verb|be a sign of; be evidence of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	prosperous|繁栄している|adjective|having a great deal of money, possessions, or success	state|状態|noun|the condition of something
The land constitutes by far the greatest, the most important, and the most durable part of the wealth of every extensive country.	土地は、あらゆる広大な国の富の中で、はるかに最大で、最も重要で、最も永続的な部分を構成している。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	great|最大|adjective|of major significance or importance	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value	durable|永続的|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It may surely be of some use, or, at least, it may give some satisfaction to the public, to have so decisive a proof of the increasing value of by far the greatest, the most important, and the most durable part of its wealth.	富のなかでもはるかに最大で、最も重要で、最も永続的な部分の価値が増大していることを決定的に証明することは、確かに何らかの役に立つかもしれないし、少なくとも国民にある程度の満足感を与えるかもしれない。	It may surely be of some use|確かに何らかの役に立つかもしれない|verb phrase|it may be useful	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	give some satisfaction|ある程度の満足感を与える|verb phrase|make someone feel satisfied	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	decisive|決定的な|adjective|having or showing the ability to make decisions quickly and effectively	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement	increasing value|価値が増大している|noun phrase|the value is increasing	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality	most important|最も重要|adjective|of the highest importance	most durable|最も永続的|adjective|able to last for a long time	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole

It may, too, be of some use to the public, in regulating the pecuniary reward of some of its inferior servants.	それはまた、下級公務員の一部に対する金銭的報酬を調整するうえで、国民にとってある程度役に立つかもしれない。	be of some use|役に立つ|verb|be useful	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	inferior|下級の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	servant|公務員|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
If this rise in the price of some sorts of provisions be owing to a fall in the value of silver, their pecuniary reward, provided it was not too large before, ought certainly to be augmented in proportion to the extent of this fall.	ある種の食料品の価格の上昇が銀の価値の下落によるものであるならば、彼らの金銭的報酬は、以前にあまり大きくなかったとすれば、この下落の程度に比例して増加するべきである。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in the level of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|relating to or consisting of money	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	extent|程度|noun|the size, amount, or scope of something
If it is not augmented, their real recompence will evidently be so much diminished.	増額されなければ、彼らの実際の報酬は明らかにそれだけ減少するだろう。	be augmented|増額される|verb|be increased	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	diminished|減少する|verb|be decreased
But if this rise of price is owing to the increased value, in consequence of the improved fertility of the land which produces such provisions, it becomes a much nicer matter to judge, either in what proportion any pecuniary reward ought to be augmented, or whether it ought to be augmented at all.	しかし、この価格の上昇が、そのような食料を生産する土地の肥沃度の向上の結果としての価値の増加によるものであるならば、金銭的報酬をどの程度増額すべきか、あるいは増額すべきか否かを判断するのは、はるかに微妙な問題となる。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	owing to|による|preposition|because of	increased|増加した|adjective|made or become greater	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	improved|向上した|adjective|made or become better	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or correctness	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
The extension of improvement and cultivation, as it necessarily raises more or less, in proportion to the price of corn, that of every sort of animal food, so it as necessarily lowers that of, I believe, every sort of vegetable food.	改良と耕作の拡大は、穀物の価格に比例して、あらゆる種類の動物性食品の価格を必然的に多かれ少なかれ上昇させるので、あらゆる種類の植物性食品の価格を必然的に低下させると私は信じる。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is a constant fraction of another	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	animal food|動物性食品|noun|food that comes from animals	vegetable food|植物性食品|noun|food that comes from plants
It raises the price of animal food;	それは動物性食品の価格を上げる。	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
because a great part of the land which produces it, being rendered fit for producing corn, must afford to the landlord and farmer the rent and profit of corn land.	なぜなら、それを生産する土地の大部分は、穀物を生産するのに適したものにされているので、地主と農民に穀物用地の地代と利益をもたらさなければならないからである。	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	afford|もたらす|verb|be able to pay for	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land, a building, or an apartment	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
It lowers the price of vegetable food;	それは植物性食品の価格を下げる。	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	vegetable|植物性|adjective|of or relating to plants	food|食品|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms, especially by human beings, to sustain life
because, by increasing the fertility of the land, it increases its abundance.	なぜなら、土地の肥沃度を増加させることで、その豊富さを増加させるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something
The improvements of agriculture, too, introduce many sorts of vegetable food, which requiring less land, and not more labour than corn, come much cheaper to market.	農業の改良もまた、より少ない土地を必要とし、穀物よりも労働を必要としない多くの種類の植物性食品を市場に投入する。	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	vegetable|植物性|adjective|of or relating to plants	food|食品|noun|any substance that can be eaten	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Such are potatoes and maize, or what is called Indian corn, the two most important improvements which the agriculture of Europe, perhaps, which Europe itself, has received from the great extension of its commerce and navigation.	ジャガイモやトウモロコシ、あるいはインディアンコーンと呼ばれるものがそれで、ヨーロッパの農業、おそらくヨーロッパそのものが、その商業と航海の大幅な拡大から受けた二つの最も重要な改良である。	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum	maize|トウモロコシ|noun|a tall annual cereal plant with large ears of corn	Indian corn|インディアンコーン|noun|a tall annual cereal plant with large ears of corn	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
Many sorts of vegetable food, besides, which in the rude state of agriculture are confined to the kitchen-garden, and raised only by the spade, come, in its improved state, to be introduced into common fields, and to be raised by the plough;	その上、農業の未熟な段階では家庭菜園に限られ、鋤だけで栽培される多くの種類の植物性食品は、その改良された段階では、普通の畑に導入され、鋤で栽培されるようになる。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	rude|未熟な|adjective|lacking in knowledge or skill	state|段階|noun|a condition or stage of development	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	confine|限られる|verb|be limited to	kitchen-garden|家庭菜園|noun|a garden where vegetables, fruit, and herbs are grown for domestic use	raise|栽培される|verb|grow or breed	spade|鋤|noun|a tool with a flat blade and a long handle, used for digging	come|なる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	improved|改良された|adjective|made or become better	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	plough|鋤|noun|a large farming tool with sharp blades that is pulled across the soil to turn it over and prepare it for planting
such as turnips, carrots, cabbages, etc.	カブ、ニンジン、キャベツなどである。	such as|など|adverb|for example	turnip|カブ|noun|a round root vegetable with a white or yellow flesh and a purple or red skin	carrot|ニンジン|noun|a long orange-colored root vegetable	cabbage|キャベツ|noun|a round vegetable with green or purple leaves that are eaten raw or cooked
If, in the progress of improvement, therefore, the real price of one species of food necessarily rises, that of another as necessarily falls;	したがって、改良の進歩の中で、ある種の食料の実際の価格が必然的に上昇すれば、別の食料の価格は必然的に下落する。	in the progress of|の進歩の中で|noun phrase|in the course of	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	fall|下落する|verb|go down
and it becomes a matter of more nicety to judge how far the rise in the one may be compensated by the fall in the other.	そして、一方の上昇が他方の下落によってどの程度相殺されるかを判断することは、より微妙な問題となる。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in amount, value, or strength	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for; counter-balance	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about through careful thinking	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern
When the real price of butcher’s meat has once got to its height (which, with regard to every sort, except perhaps that of hogs flesh, it seems to have done through a great part of England more than a century ago), any rise which can afterwards happen in that of any other sort of animal food, cannot much affect the circumstances of the inferior ranks of people.	肉屋の肉の実際の価格がいったん高値に達すると(おそらく豚肉を除くあらゆる種類の肉については、1世紀以上前にイギリスの大部分でそうだったように思われる)、その後、他の動物性食品の価格が上昇しても、下層階級の生活に大きな影響を与えることはできない。	butcher's meat|肉屋の肉|noun|meat sold by a butcher	real price|実際の価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	once|いったん|adverb|one time only	get to|達する|verb|reach a destination	height|高値|noun|the highest point of something	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	every sort|あらゆる種類|noun|all kinds	except|除く|preposition|not including; other than	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	that of|それ|noun|the thing mentioned	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	any rise|どんな上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	cannot much affect|大きな影響を与えることはできない|verb|not be able to have a great effect on	the circumstances of|の生活|noun|the state of affairs that affect someone or something	inferior ranks|下層階級|noun|people of lower social status
The circumstances of the poor, through a great part of England, cannot surely be so much distressed by any rise in the price of poultry, fish, wild-fowl, or venison, as they must be relieved by the fall in that of potatoes.	イギリスの大部分の貧しい人々の生活は、家禽、魚、野鳥、鹿肉の価格が上昇しても、ジャガイモの価格が下落すれば救済されるので、それほど困窮することはないだろう。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, raised for their meat or eggs	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and has gills, fins, and a streamlined body	wild-fowl|野鳥|noun|a bird that is not domesticated	venison|鹿肉|noun|the flesh of a deer used as food	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum, native to the Andes of South America

In the present season of scarcity, the high price of corn no doubt distresses the poor.	現在の飢饉の季節には、穀物の高価格が貧しい人々を苦しめているのは間違いない。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a lack of something	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	distress|苦しめる|verb|cause pain or suffering to	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
But in times of moderate plenty, when corn is at its ordinary or average price, the natural rise in the price of any other sort of rude produce cannot much affect them.	しかし、穀物が通常価格や平均価格で推移する適度に豊かな時期には、他の粗生産物の価格が自然に上昇しても、彼らに大きな影響を与えることはできない。	time|時期|noun|a period of time	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on
They suffer more, perhaps, by the artificial rise which has been occasioned by taxes in the price of some manufactured commodities, as of salt, soap, leather, candles, malt, beer, ale, etc.	彼らは、塩、石鹸、皮革、ろうそく、麦芽、ビール、エールなどの一部の工業製品の価格に課税によって引き起こされた人為的な上昇によって、おそらくもっと苦しんでいる。	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	artificial|人為的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level or amount of something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	manufactured|工業製品|adjective|made or produced in a factory or industrial setting	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having an alkaline reaction	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making shoes, handbags, furniture, and other items	candle|ろうそく|noun|a cylindrical or conical mass of wax with a central wick that is lit to produce light	malt|麦芽|noun|barley or other grain that has been steeped in water and allowed to germinate, used especially in brewing and distilling	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavored with hops	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method resulting in a sweet, full-bodied taste

Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of Manufactures.	改良の進歩が工業製品の実質価格に及ぼす影響。	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

It is the natural effect of improvement, however, to diminish gradually the real price of almost all manufactures.	しかし、改良の自然な効果は、ほとんどすべての工業製品の実質価格を徐々に低下させることである。	natural effect|自然な効果|noun|the result of something that is not caused by humans	diminish|低下させる|verb|make or become less	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	almost all|ほとんどすべて|determiner|nearly all; the vast majority of	manufacture|工業製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory
That of the manufacturing workmanship diminishes, perhaps, in all of them without exception.	製造労働者のそれは、おそらく例外なくすべてにおいて減少する。	manufacturing workmanship|製造労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	without exception|例外なく|adverb|in all cases; always
In consequence of better machinery, of greater dexterity, and of a more proper division and distribution of work, all of which are the natural effects of improvement, a much smaller quantity of labour becomes requisite for executing any particular piece of work;	より良い機械、より優れた器用さ、より適切な分業と配分の結果として、これらはすべて改良の自然な効果であり、特定の仕事を遂行するために必要な労働量ははるかに少なくなる。	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	greater|より優れた|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	more proper|より適切な|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved	much smaller|はるかに少なくなる|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	requisite|必要|adjective|made or done as a condition of something else being possible	executing|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	piece of work|仕事|noun|a task or undertaking
and though, in consequence of the flourishing circumstances of the society, the real price of labour should rise very considerably, yet the great diminution of the quantity will generally much more than compensate the greatest rise which can happen in the price.	そして、社会の繁栄した状況の結果として、労働の実質価格が非常に大幅に上昇するとしても、量の大幅な減少は、一般的に価格に起こりうる最大の上昇を補うよりもはるかに大きい。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	rise|上昇する|verb|go up or increase	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making something less	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur

There are, indeed, a few manufactures, in which the necessary rise in the real price of the rude materials will more than compensate all the advantages which improvement can introduce into the execution of the work.	確かに、原材料の実質価格の必要な上昇が、改良が作業の遂行にもたらすすべての利点を補う以上の少数の製造業がある。	There are|ある|verb|exist	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	rude|原材料|adjective|lacking in good manners or respect	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	real|実質|adjective|not counterfeit or spurious; genuine	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	introduce|もたらす|verb|bring into existence or use	execution|遂行|noun|the carrying out or putting into effect of a plan, order, or course of action
In carpenters’ and joiners’ work, and in the coarser sort of cabinet work, the necessary rise in the real price of barren timber, in consequence of the improvement of land, will more than compensate all the advantages which can be derived from the best machinery, the greatest dexterity, and the most proper division and distribution of work.	大工や建具師の仕事や、粗い種類の家具の仕事では、土地の改良の結果として、不毛の木材の実質価格の必要な上昇は、最高の機械、最大の器用さ、そして最も適切な分業と配分から得られるすべての利点を補う以上のものになる。	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures and their structural parts	joiner|建具師|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden furniture and other articles	cabinet|家具|noun|a cupboard with shelves or drawers or both, especially one for storing or displaying articles	barren|不毛の|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients

But in all cases in which the real price of the rude material either does not rise at all, or does not rise very much, that of the manufactured commodity sinks very considerably.	しかし、原材料の実質価格がまったく上昇しないか、あまり上昇しない場合には、いずれの場合も、製造された商品の実質価格は非常に大幅に低下する。	rude material|原材料|noun|a material that has not been processed	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	manufactured commodity|製造された商品|noun|a good that has been produced in a factory	sink|低下する|verb|go down

This diminution of price has, in the course of the present and preceding century, been most remarkable in those manufactures of which the materials are the coarser metals.	この価格の低下は、今世紀と前世紀の間に、材料が粗い金属である製造業で最も顕著だった。	diminution|低下|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	course|間に|noun|the period of time during which something happens	present|今|adjective|existing or happening now	preceding|前|adjective|coming before something in time; previous	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	remarkable|顕著|adjective|worthy of attention; striking	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture, grain, or fiber	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured
A better movement of a watch, than about the middle of the last century could have been bought for twenty pounds, may now perhaps be had for twenty shillings.	前世紀の中頃に20ポンドで買えたよりも良い時計のムーブメントは、今ではおそらく20シリングで手に入るだろう。	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	middle|中頃|noun|the point or part that is equally distant from the sides, ends, or extremes of something	twenty pounds|20ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
In the work of cutlers and locksmiths, in all the toys which are made of the coarser metals, and in all those goods which are commonly known by the name of Birmingham and Sheffield ware, there has been, during the same period, a very great reduction of price, though not altogether so great as in watch-work.	刃物職人や錠前職人の仕事、粗い金属で作られたすべての玩具、そしてバーミンガムやシェフィールドの製品として一般に知られているすべての製品では、同じ期間に、時計ほどではないが、非常に大きな価格の低下があった。	cutler|刃物職人|noun|a person who makes or sells cutlery	locksmith|錠前職人|noun|a person who makes or repairs locks	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	toy|玩具|noun|an object for a child to play with	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England	Sheffield|シェフィールド|noun|a city in South Yorkshire, England	ware|製品|noun|manufactured articles	watch|時計|noun|a small timepiece worn typically on a strap on one's wrist	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
It has, however, been sufficient to astonish the workmen of every other part of Europe, who in many cases acknowledge that they can produce no work of equal goodness for double or even for triple the price.	しかし、それはヨーロッパの他のすべての地域の労働者を驚かせるのに十分であり、彼らは多くの場合、二倍または三倍の価格で同等の品質の製品を生産できないと認めている。	astonish|驚かせる|verb|surprise greatly	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	many cases|多くの場合|noun|a large number of instances	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	goodness|品質|noun|the state or quality of being good	double|二倍|adjective|twice as many or as much	triple|三倍|adjective|three times as many or as much
There are perhaps no manufactures, in which the division of labour can be carried further, or in which the machinery employed admits of a greater variety of improvements, than those of which the materials are the coarser metals.	おそらく、材料が粗い金属であるものよりも、分業がさらに進んだり、使用される機械がより多様な改良を認める製造業はないだろう。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity	carry|進む|verb|take or convey from one place to another	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture, grain, or fiber	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured

In the clothing manufacture there has, during the same period, been no such sensible reduction of price.	衣料品製造業では、同じ期間にそのような賢明な価格の引き下げはなかった。	clothing|衣料品|noun|the things that people wear	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	reduction|引き下げ|noun|the act of reducing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The price of superfine cloth, I have been assured, on the contrary, has, within these five-and-twenty or thirty years, risen somewhat in proportion to its quality, owing, it was said, to a considerable rise in the price of the material, which consists altogether of Spanish wool.	それどころか、極上布の価格は、この25年から30年の間に、その品質に比例して多少上昇したと確信しているが、これは、すべてスペイン産の羊毛でできている材料の価格が大幅に上昇したためだと言われている。	superfine cloth|極上布|noun|a very fine cloth	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	within|以内に|preposition|inside	five-and-twenty or thirty years|25年から30年|noun|a period of time	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is a constant fraction of another	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	owing to|原因で|preposition|because of	considerable|大幅な|adjective|large in amount or extent	rise|上昇|noun|an increase	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	consist of|でできている|verb|be composed of	Spanish wool|スペイン産の羊毛|noun|wool from Spain
That of the Yorkshire cloth, which is made altogether of English wool, is said, indeed, during the course of the present century, to have fallen a good deal in proportion to its quality.	ヨークシャー布の価格は、すべてイギリス産の羊毛で作られているが、今世紀の間にその品質に比例してかなり下落したと言われている。	Yorkshire cloth|ヨークシャー布|noun|a type of cloth made in Yorkshire, England	English wool|イギリス産の羊毛|noun|wool from England	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	fall|下落する|verb|decrease in value	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
Quality, however, is so very disputable a matter, that I look upon all information of this kind as somewhat uncertain.	しかし、品質は非常に議論の余地のある問題なので、私はこの種の情報はすべて多少不確実であると見ている。	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	disputable|議論の余地のある|adjective|open to question or debate	matter|問題|noun|a question or problem to be resolved	look upon|見ている|verb|regard or consider in a specified way	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
In the clothing manufacture, the division of labour is nearly the same now as it was a century ago, and the machinery employed is not very different.	衣料品製造業では、分業は1世紀前とほぼ同じであり、使用される機械もあまり変わらない。	clothing manufacture|衣料品製造業|noun|the industry that makes clothes	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	ago|前|adverb|earlier; previously	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	employ|使用する|verb|use	different|異なる|adjective|not the same
There may, however, have been some small improvements in both, which may have occasioned some reduction of price.	しかし、両方とも多少の改善があったかもしれず、それが価格の低下をもたらしたかもしれない。	there may|あったかもしれず|verb|it is possible that there was	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	some|多少の|adjective|a small amount of	improvement|改善|noun|an increase in the quality or value of something	both|両方とも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	reduction|低下|noun|a decrease in the amount, value, or size of something

But the reduction will appear much more sensible and undeniable, if we compare the price of this manufacture in the present times with what it was in a much remoter period, towards the end of the fifteenth century, when the labour was probably much less subdivided, and the machinery employed much more imperfect, than it is at present.	しかし、この製品の現在の価格を、労働がおそらく現在よりもはるかに細分化されておらず、使用される機械がはるかに不完全だった15世紀末頃の、はるかに遠い時代の価格と比較すれば、その低下ははるかに賢明で否定できないものとなるだろう。	reduction|低下|noun|the act of reducing something	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	undeniable|否定できない|adjective|impossible to deny or disprove	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	remoter|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	towards|頃|preposition|in the direction of	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	fifteenth century|15世紀|noun|the period from 1401 to 1500	labor|労働|noun|work, especially hard work	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	subdivided|細分化された|adjective|divided into smaller parts	machinery|機械|noun|machines collectively	employed|使用される|verb|use or engage the services of	imperfect|不完全な|adjective|not perfect; faulty or incomplete

In 1487, being the 4th of Henry VII., it was enacted, that “whosoever shall sell by retail a broad yard of the finest scarlet grained, or of other grained cloth of the finest making, above sixteen shillings, shall forfeit forty shillings for every yard so sold.”	1487年、ヘンリー7世の4年目に、「最高級の緋色の木目調の布、または最高級の木目調の布を1ヤード以上16シリング以上で小売販売する者は、そのように販売した1ヤードにつき40シリングを没収される」と制定された。	1487|1487年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Henry VII|ヘンリー7世|noun|King of England and Lord of Ireland from 22 August 1485 until his death	4th|4年目|noun|the ordinal number of four	enact|制定される|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	whosoever|誰でも|pronoun|any person who	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	broad yard|1ヤード以上|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	finest|最高級の|adjective|of the highest quality	scarlet|緋色の|adjective|of a bright red color	grained|木目調の|adjective|having a rough texture	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	sixteen shillings|16シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of (something) as a penalty for a crime or offence	forty shillings|40シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to two pounds
Sixteen shillings, therefore, containing about the same quantity of silver as four-and-twenty shillings of our present money, was, at that time, reckoned not an unreasonable price for a yard of the finest cloth;	したがって、16シリングは、現在の24シリングとほぼ同じ量の銀を含んでおり、当時は最高級の布1ヤードとしては不当な価格とは考えられていなかった。	sixteen shillings|16シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	about the same quantity|ほぼ同じ量|noun phrase|an amount that is not exactly the same but is close	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	four-and-twenty shillings|24シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	present money|現在の貨幣|noun phrase|the money that is used in a country at a particular time	at that time|当時|noun phrase|at a time in the past	reckoned|考えられる|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	unreasonable|不当な|adjective|not fair or just	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	finest cloth|最高級の布|noun phrase|the best quality cloth
and as this is a sumptuary law, such cloth, it is probable, had usually been sold somewhat dearer.	そして、これは奢侈禁止法なので、そのような布は、通常、多少高く売られていた可能性がある。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is being discussed or referred to	sumptuary law|奢侈禁止法|noun|a law that limits or prohibits the consumption of certain goods or services	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or kind previously mentioned	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	it is probable|可能性がある|verb|likely to happen or be true	usually|通常|adverb|normally; generally	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	dearer|高く|adjective|costing more
A guinea may be reckoned the highest price in the present times.	ギニーは、現時点での最高価格と考えられる。	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	be reckoned|考えられる|verb|be considered to be	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest value or importance	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	present|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now
Even though the quality of the cloths, therefore, should be supposed equal, and that of the present times is most probably much superior, yet, even upon this supposition, the money price of the finest cloth appears to have been considerably reduced since the end of the fifteenth century.	したがって、布の品質は同等であると想定されるべきであり、現在の品質はおそらくはるかに優れているが、この仮定に基づいても、最高級の布の貨幣価格は15世紀末以降かなり低下しているように見える。	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric, especially one used for a particular purpose	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	supposition|仮定|noun|a belief or theory that is not yet proven	finest|最高級|adjective|of the highest quality	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	reduce|低下する|verb|make or become smaller or less	since|以降|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	end|末|noun|the final part of something
But its real price has been much more reduced.	しかし、その実質価格ははるかに低下している。	real|実質|adjective|being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verifiable existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Six shillings and eightpence was then, and long afterwards, reckoned the average price of a quarter of wheat.	当時、そしてその後長い間、小麦の四分の一の平均価格は六シリング八ペンスと計算されていた。	six shillings and eightpence|六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money	then|当時|adverb|at that time	long afterwards|その後長い間|adverb|for a long time after that	reckon|計算する|verb|calculate	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of something that is typical or usual	a quarter of wheat|小麦の四分の一|noun|a unit of volume for grain
Sixteen shillings, therefore, was the price of two quarters and more than three bushels of wheat.	したがって、16シリングは、2クォーターと3ブッシェル以上の小麦の価格だった。	sixteen|16|numeral|the number 16	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	two|2|numeral|the number 2	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	three|3|numeral|the number 3	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of dry volume	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world
Valuing a quarter of wheat in the present times at eight-and-twenty shillings, the real price of a yard of fine cloth must, in those times, have been equal to at least three pounds six shillings and sixpence of our present money.	現在の小麦の四分の一を28シリングと評価すると、当時の上質な布の1ヤードの実質価格は、少なくとも現在の3ポンド6シリング6ペンスに相当していたに違いない。	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	eight-and-twenty|28|numeral|the number that is one more than twenty-seven	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services that it can buy	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to three feet	fine cloth|上質な布|noun|a cloth of high quality	those times|当時|noun|the time that is being referred to	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	three pounds|3ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	six shillings|6シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one two hundred and fortieth of a pound	present money|現在のお金|noun|the money that is being used now
The man who bought it must have parted with the command of a quantity of labour and subsistence equal to what that sum would purchase in the present times.	それを買った人は、その金額で現在購入できる量の労働と生存手段を支配する権利を手放したに違いない。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	part with|手放す|verb|give up possession of	command|支配する権利|noun|the power or authority to command	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生存手段|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	present|現在|noun|the time now existing or in progress

The reduction in the real price of the coarse manufacture, though considerable, has not been so great as in that of the fine.	粗悪な製品の実質価格の低下は、かなりのものではあるが、上質な製品ほど大きくはない。	reduction|低下|noun|the act of reducing something	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services that it can buy	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|of low quality	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	great|大きくはない|adjective|of major significance or importance

In 1463, being the 3rd of Edward IV. it was enacted, that “no servant in husbandry nor common labourer, nor servant to any artificer inhabiting out of a city or burgh, shall use or wear in their clothing any cloth above two shillings the broad yard.”	1463年、エドワード4世の3年目に、「農業従事者、一般労働者、都市や町の外に住む職人の使用人は、衣服に幅広の1ヤード2シリング以上の布を使用してはならない」と制定された。	1463|1463年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Edward IV|エドワード4世|noun|King of England from 4 March 1461 to 9 April 1483	3rd|3年目|noun|the ordinal number of three	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	burgh|町|noun|a town or city with a charter of incorporation	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	wear|着る|verb|have on one's person	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	cloth|布|noun|a woven or knitted material	broad|幅広の|adjective|having a large distance from one side to the other	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	two|2|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
In the 3rd of Edward IV., two shillings contained very nearly the same quantity of silver as four of our present money.	エドワード4世の3年目には、2シリングは現在の4シリングとほぼ同じ量の銀を含んでいた。	Edward IV|エドワード4世|noun|King of England from 4 March 1461 to 9 April 1483	3rd|3年目|noun|the ordinal number of three	two shillings|2シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	four|4シリング|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
But the Yorkshire cloth which is now sold at four shillings the yard, is probably much superior to any that was then made for the wearing of the very poorest order of common servants.	しかし、現在1ヤード4シリングで売られているヨークシャー布は、当時、最も貧しい一般使用人が着用するために作られた布よりもはるかに優れていると思われる。	Yorkshire cloth|ヨークシャー布|noun|a type of cloth made in Yorkshire, England	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	then|当時|adverb|at that time; in those days	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or fewest possessions	common servant|一般使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties
Even the money price of their clothing, therefore, may, in proportion to the quality, be somewhat cheaper in the present than it was in those ancient times.	したがって、彼らの衣服の貨幣価格でさえ、品質に比例して、古代よりも現在の方がやや安いかもしれない。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The real price is certainly a good deal cheaper.	実質価格は確かにかなり安い。	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value
Tenpence was then reckoned what is called the moderate and reasonable price of a bushel of wheat.	当時、小麦1ブッシェルの適正価格は10ペンスとされていた。	tenpence|10ペンス|noun|a sum of ten pence	then|当時|adverb|at that time	reckon|される|verb|be generally regarded as having a specified quality	moderate|適正|adjective|not extreme or excessive	reasonable|適正|adjective|fair and just	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Two shillings, therefore, was the price of two bushels and near two pecks of wheat, which in the present times, at three shillings and sixpence the bushel, would be worth eight shillings and ninepence.	したがって、2シリングは2ブッシェルと2ペック近くの小麦の価格であり、現在では1ブッシェル3シリング6ペンスで8シリング9ペンスの価値がある。	two shillings|2シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	two bushels|2ブッシェル|noun|a unit of dry volume	two pecks|2ペック|noun|a unit of dry volume	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant	present times|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	three shillings|3シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one fortieth of a pound	eight shillings|8シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	ninepence|9ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one fortieth of a pound
For a yard of this cloth the poor servant must have parted with the power of purchasing a quantity of subsistence equal to what eight shillings and ninepence would purchase in the present times.	この布の1ヤードのために、貧しい召使は、8シリング9ペンスが現在購入できる量の生存手段を購入する力を手放したに違いない。	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	part with|手放す|verb|give up possession of	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	subsistence|生存手段|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	ninepence|9ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to nine pence	present|現在|noun|the time now existing or in progress
This is a sumptuary law, too, restraining the luxury and extravagance of the poor.	これもまた、貧しい人々の贅沢や浪費を抑制する奢侈禁止法である。	sumptuary law|奢侈禁止法|noun|a law that limits spending on certain goods or services	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back; keep under control	luxury|贅沢|noun|the state of great comfort and extravagant living	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources in a careless or wasteful way
Their clothing, therefore, had commonly been much more expensive.	したがって、彼らの衣服は通常はるかに高価だった。	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money

The same order of people are, by the same law, prohibited from wearing hose, of which the price should exceed fourteen-pence the pair, equal to about eight-and-twenty pence of our present money.	同じ法律で、同じ階級の人々は、一足の値段が14ペンスを超える靴下を履くことを禁じられており、これは現在の貨幣で約28ペンスに相当する。	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	prohibit|禁じる|verb|formally or legally forbid	hose|靴下|noun|a covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	price|値段|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond	pair|一足|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or importance	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now
But fourteen-pence was in those times the price of a bushel and near two pecks of wheat;	しかし、当時の14ペンスは1ブッシェルと2ペック近くの小麦の価格だった。	fourteen-pence|14ペンス|noun|a sum of money	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	two pecks|2ペック|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world
which in the present times, at three and sixpence the bushel, would cost five shillings and threepence.	現在の価格では、1ブッシェル3シリング6ペンスで、5シリング3ペンスになる。	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	three|3|numeral|the number 3	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a coin worth six pennies	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	five|5|numeral|the number 5	threepence|3ペンス|noun|a coin worth three pennies
We should in the present times consider this as a very high price for a pair of stockings to a servant of the poorest and lowest order.	現代では、これを最も貧しく最も低い階級の召使にとって、一足の靴下としては非常に高い価格と考えるだろう。	present time|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	very high price|非常に高い価格|noun|a price that is much higher than average	pair of stockings|一足の靴下|noun|two stockings	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or fewest possessions	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least importance or value
He must however, in those times, have paid what was really equivalent to this price for them.	しかし、当時は、彼は実際にこの価格に相当する金額を支払っていたに違いない。	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

In the time of Edward IV. the art of knitting stockings was probably not known in any part of Europe.	エドワード四世の時代には、靴下を編む技術はおそらくヨーロッパのどこにも知られていなかった。	Edward IV|エドワード四世|noun|King of England from 4 March 1461 to 9 April 1483	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	knitting|編む|verb|make by knitting	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	part|どこにも|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time, which combined with other parts makes up the whole	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
Their hose were made of common cloth, which may have been one of the causes of their dearness.	彼らの靴下は普通の布で作られており、それが高価な原因の一つだったかもしれない。	hose|靴下|noun|a covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	be made of|で作られている|verb|be composed of	common cloth|普通の布|noun|a type of cloth that is not expensive or luxurious	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	dearness|高価|noun|the quality of being expensive
The first person that wore stockings in England is said to have been Queen Elizabeth.	イギリスで最初に靴下を履いたのはエリザベス女王だったと言われている。	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	wear|履く|verb|have on one's person as clothing, decoration, or protection	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and leg	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	say|言われている|verb|express (something) in words	Queen Elizabeth|エリザベス女王|noun|the queen of England from 1558 to 1603
She received them as a present from the Spanish ambassador.	彼女はスペイン大使からプレゼントとして受け取った。	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	present|プレゼント|noun|a gift	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	ambassador|大使|noun|the highest-ranking diplomat sent by a state as its permanent representative in a foreign country

Both in the coarse and in the fine woollen manufacture, the machinery employed was much more imperfect in those ancient, than it is in the present times.	粗毛織物と細毛織物の両方の製造において、使用される機械は、現代よりも古代においてはるかに不完全だった。	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	fine|細い|adjective|of very small thickness or diameter	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage the services of	imperfect|不完全な|adjective|not perfect; having a defect or weakness
It has since received three very capital improvements, besides, probably, many smaller ones, of which it may be difficult to ascertain either the number or the importance.	それ以来、おそらく数や重要性を確認するのが難しいかもしれない多くの小さな改良に加えて、3つの非常に重要な改良を受けている。	since|以来|adverb|from a particular time in the past until now	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	three|3つ|numeral|the number 3	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	capital|重要な|adjective|of the highest importance or seriousness	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	besides|に加えて|preposition|in addition to; as well as	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	smaller|小さな|adjective|of less than average size	of which|そのうち|preposition|of the things mentioned	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be difficult to|難しい|verb|be hard to do or understand	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out for certain; make sure of	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to link alternatives	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount
The three capital improvements are, first, the exchange of the rock and spindle for the spinning-wheel, which, with the same quantity of labour, will perform more than double the quantity of work.	3つの重要な改良点は、第一に、同じ量の労働で2倍以上の作業量をこなすことができる紡績機と岩と紡錘の交換である。	three|3つの|numeral|the number 3	capital|重要な|adjective|of major importance	improvement|改良点|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	rock|岩|noun|a large mass of stone, especially one projecting out of the ground or water	spindle|紡錘|noun|a rod or pin holding a bobbin or reel and forming the axis on which the bobbin or reel revolves	spinning-wheel|紡績機|noun|a machine that spins thread or yarn	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	perform|こなす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	more than|2倍以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	work|作業|noun|activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
Secondly, the use of several very ingenious machines, which facilitate and abridge, in a still greater proportion, the winding of the worsted and woollen yarn, or the proper arrangement of the warp and woof before they are put into the loom;	第二に、梳毛糸や毛糸の巻き取りや、織機にかける前の縦糸と横糸の適切な配置を、さらに大きな割合で容易にし、短縮する、非常に巧妙な機械の使用である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	use|使用|noun|the act of using something	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	ingenious|巧妙な|adjective|clever, original, and inventive	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	winding|巻き取り|noun|the action of moving something in a continuous circular motion	worsted|梳毛糸|noun|a smooth yarn spun from combed wool	woollen|毛糸|adjective|made of wool	yarn|糸|noun|a continuous length of interlocked fibers, either natural or synthetic, used in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	arrangement|配置|noun|the action of putting things in a neat, attractive, or required order	warp|縦糸|noun|the threads stretched lengthwise in a loom to be crossed by the weft	woof|横糸|noun|the weft or filling thread in weaving	loom|織機|noun|a machine or frame for weaving cloth
an operation which, previous to the invention of those machines, must have been extremely tedious and troublesome.	これらの機械が発明される前は、非常に退屈で面倒な作業だったに違いない。	previous to|前に|preposition|earlier than	invention|発明|noun|a new device or process	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	troublesome|面倒な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems
Thirdly, the employment of the fulling-mill for thickening the cloth, instead of treading it in water.	第三に、布を水に浸す代わりに、布を厚くするために縮絨機を使用することである。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	fulling-mill|縮絨機|noun|a machine for fulling cloth	thickening|厚くする|verb|make or become thick or thicker	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	treading|浸す|verb|step or walk on or over something
Neither wind nor water mills of any kind were known in England so early as the beginning of the sixteenth century, nor, so far as I know, in any other part of Europe north of the Alps.	16世紀初頭には、イギリスでは風車も水車も知られておらず、私の知る限り、アルプス以北のヨーロッパの他の地域でも知られていなかった。	Neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	wind|風車|noun|a machine that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electricity	water mill|水車|noun|a machine that converts the kinetic energy of moving water into electricity	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	early|初頭|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Alps|アルプス|noun|a mountain range that stretches from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Germany to France in the west
They had been introduced into Italy some time before.	それらは少し前にイタリアに導入されていた。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	some time before|少し前に|adverb|a short time ago

The consideration of these circumstances may, perhaps, in some measure, explain to us why the real price both of the coarse and of the fine manufacture was so much higher in those ancient than it is in the present times.	これらの状況を考慮すれば、粗製品と精製品の両方の実際の価格が、古代において現在よりもはるかに高かった理由を、ある程度説明できるかもしれない。	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	coarse|粗製品|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	fine|精製品|adjective|of high quality	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
It cost a greater quantity of labour to bring the goods to market.	商品を市場に出すのに、より多くの労働を要したのである。	cost|要する|verb|require to be paid for	bring|出す|verb|take or carry to a destination	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
When they were brought thither, therefore, they must have purchased, or exchanged for the price of, a greater quantity.	したがって、それらが市場に運ばれてきたとき、より多くの量を購入したり、その価格で交換したりしたに違いない。	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	thither|市場|adverb|to that place	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The coarse manufacture probably was, in those ancient times, carried on in England in the same manner as it always has been in countries where arts and manufactures are in their infancy.	粗製品は、おそらく古代においては、芸術や製造業が未熟な国々で常に行われてきたのと同じ方法で、イギリスでも行われていた。	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	infancy|幼少期|noun|the early stage of development
It was probably a household manufacture, in which every different part of the work was occasionally performed by all the different members of almost every private family, but so as to be their work only when they had nothing else to do, and not to be the principal business from which any of them derived the greater part of their subsistence.	それはおそらく家内工業であり、仕事のあらゆる部分が、ほとんどすべての家庭のあらゆる構成員によって時折行われていたが、それは彼らが他に何もすることがないときの作業であり、彼らの生活の大部分を支える主な仕事ではなかった。	household manufacture|家内工業|noun|a type of manufacturing that is done in the home	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; at times	private family|家庭|noun|a group of people who live together and are related by blood or marriage	nothing else|他に何も|noun|no other thing	principal business|主な仕事|noun|the main activity that a person or company does in order to earn money	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
The work which is performed in this manner, it has already been observed, comes always much cheaper to market than that which is the principal or sole fund of the workman’s subsistence.	すでに述べたように、この方法で行われた仕事は、労働者の生計の主要な、あるいは唯一の資金である仕事よりも、市場では常にずっと安く売られる。	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	come|売られる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or cost	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
The fine manufacture, on the other hand, was not, in those times, carried on in England, but in the rich and commercial country of Flanders; and it was probably conducted then, in the same manner as now, by people who derived the whole, or the principal part of their subsistence from it.	一方、上質な製品は、当時はイギリスではなく、豊かで商業的な国であるフランドルで生産されていた。そして、それはおそらく当時も今と同じように、生計のすべて、あるいは大部分をそこから得ている人々によって行われていた。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	fine manufacture|上質な製品|noun|a product that is of high quality	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past that is being referred to	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or valuable possessions	commercial|商業的な|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	then|当時|adverb|at that time	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	now|今|adverb|at the present time	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	principal part|大部分|noun|the most important part	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
It was, besides, a foreign manufacture, and must have paid some duty, the ancient custom of tonnage and poundage at least, to the king.	そのうえ、それは外国製品であり、少なくとも古代の関税であるトン税とポンド税を国王に支払わなければならなかった。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	some|いくらかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	custom|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth
This duty, indeed, would not probably be very great.	実際、この関税はおそらくそれほど高くはなかっただろう。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	great|高く|adjective|of major significance or importance
It was not then the policy of Europe to restrain, by high duties, the importation of foreign manufactures, but rather to encourage it, in order that merchants might be enabled to supply, at as easy a rate as possible, the great men with the conveniencies and luxuries which they wanted, and which the industry of their own country could not afford them.	当時のヨーロッパの政策は、高関税によって外国製品の輸入を制限することではなく、むしろそれを奨励して、商人が可能な限り安い価格で、偉い人たちが欲しがっているが自国の産業では供給できない便利品や贅沢品を供給できるようにすることだった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax or fee that is charged on imported goods	foreign manufacture|外国製品|noun|a product that is made in a foreign country	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available	great man|偉い人|noun|a person who is important or famous	convenience|便利品|noun|something that makes life easier or more comfortable	luxury|贅沢品|noun|something that is expensive and not necessary	afford|供給できる|verb|have enough money to pay for

The consideration of these circumstances may, perhaps, in some measure explain to us why, in those ancient times, the real price of the coarse manufacture was, in proportion to that of the fine, so much lower than in the present times.	これらの状況を考慮すれば、おそらく、ある程度は、なぜ古代において粗製品の実際の価格が上質製品の価格に比べて現在よりもはるかに低かったのか、その理由を説明できるかもしれない。	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	coarse|粗い|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory	fine|上質|adjective|of high quality	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

Conclusion of the Chapter.	章の結論	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or result of a discussion or meeting	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book

I shall conclude this very long chapter with observing, that every improvement in the circumstances of the society tends, either directly or indirectly, to raise the real rent of land to increase the real wealth of the landlord, his power of purchasing the labour, or the produce of the labour of other people.	この非常に長い章を、社会の状況のあらゆる改善は、直接的または間接的に、土地の実質地代を引き上げ、地主の実質的富、労働力や他人の労働生産物を購入する力を増大させる傾向があるという観察で締めくくろう。	conclude|締めくくる|verb|bring to an end	very long|非常に長い|adjective|of great or more than average length	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	directly|直接的に|adverb|without an intervening medium	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	real|実質的|adjective|not counterfeit or artificial	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products

The extension of improvement and cultivation tends to raise it directly.	改良と耕作の拡大は、直接的に地代を引き上げる傾向がある。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating something	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed to do something	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position
The landlord’s share of the produce necessarily increases with the increase of the produce.	生産物に対する地主の取り分は、生産物の増加に伴って必然的に増加する。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	share|取り分|noun|a portion of something owned or produced	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably

That rise in the real price of those parts of the rude produce of land, which is first the effect of the extended improvement and cultivation, and afterwards the cause of their being still further extended, the rise in the price of cattle, for example, tends, too, to raise the rent of land directly, and in a still greater proportion.	土地の未加工生産物のそれらの部分の実質価格の上昇は、最初は改良と耕作の拡大の効果であり、その後それらがさらに拡大する原因であるが、例えば、牛の価格の上昇は、土地の地代を直接、さらに大きな割合で引き上げる傾向がある。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	rude produce|未加工生産物|noun|a product that has not been processed or refined	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	extended improvement|改良の拡大|noun|an improvement that has been made larger or more comprehensive	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate mammal that is raised for milk or meat	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed to do something	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
The real value of the landlord’s share, his real command of the labour of other people, not only rises with the real value of the produce, but the proportion of his share to the whole produce rises with it.	地主の取り分の実質価値、他人の労働に対する彼の実質的な支配力は、生産物の実質価値とともに上昇するだけでなく、生産物全体に対する彼の取り分の割合も上昇する。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	share|取り分|noun|a part or portion of a whole	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	other people|他人|noun|people other than oneself	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	whole|全体|noun|all of something

That produce, after the rise in its real price, requires no more labour to collect it than before.	その生産物は、実質価格が上昇した後でも、それを収集するのに以前より多くの労働を必要としない。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously
A smaller proportion of it will, therefore, be sufficient to replace, with the ordinary profit, the stock which employs that labour.	したがって、その労働を雇用する資本を通常の利潤で補填するには、そのうちのより小さな割合で十分であろう。	smaller|より小さな|adjective|of less size or extent	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
A greater proportion of it must consequently belong to the landlord.	したがって、そのうちのより大きな割合が地主に属することになる。	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with

All those improvements in the productive powers of labour, which tend directly to reduce the rent price of manufactures, tend indirectly to raise the real rent of land.	労働の生産力の向上は、直接的には工業製品の地代を低下させる傾向があるが、間接的には土地の実質地代を上昇させる傾向がある。	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improvement|向上|noun|an increase in the quality or value of something	directly|直接的に|adverb|without an intermediary	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	rent price|地代|noun|the amount of money paid regularly by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly; in a roundabout way	raise|上昇させる|verb|move or cause to move to a higher position
The landlord exchanges that part of his rude produce, which is over and above his own consumption, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of that part of it, for manufactured produce.	地主は、自分の消費量を超えた未加工生産物の一部、あるいは同じことだが、その一部の価格を工業製品と交換する。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	rude|未加工の|adjective|in a natural state; not processed or refined	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	over and above|を超えた|adverb|in addition to	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	come to the same thing|同じことだ|verb|have the same meaning or effect	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	manufactured|工業製品|adjective|made in a factory
Whatever reduces the real price of the latter, raises that of the former.	後者の実質価格を下げるものは何であれ、前者の価格を上げる。	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	real price|実質価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of other goods or services	raise|上げる|verb|move or cause to move to a higher position
An equal quantity of the former becomes thereby equivalent to a greater quantity of the latter;	前者の同量は、それによって後者のより多くの量に相当するようになる。	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
and the landlord is enabled to purchase a greater quantity of the conveniencies, ornaments, or luxuries which he has occasion for.	そして、地主は、必要とする便利品、装飾品、または贅沢品をより多く購入することができるようになる。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	ornaments|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	luxuries|贅沢品|noun|something that is not essential but is desirable and often expensive

Every increase in the real wealth of the society, every increase in the quantity of useful labour employed within it, tends indirectly to raise the real rent of land.	社会の実質的な富の増加、その中で雇用される有用な労働量の増加はすべて、間接的に土地の実質地代を上げる傾向がある。	real wealth|実質的な富|noun|the value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	real rent|実質地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land or other property, as distinguished from rent in money	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
A certain proportion of this labour naturally goes to the land.	この労働の一定割合は、当然土地に回される。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected; of course	go to|回される|verb|be used for	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
A greater number of men and cattle are employed in its cultivation, the produce increases with the increase of the stock which is thus employed in raising it, and the rent increases with the produce.	より多くの人間と家畜がその耕作に雇用され、生産物は、その生産に雇用される資本の増加とともに増加し、地代は生産物とともに増加する。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	cattle|家畜|noun|an animal that is kept for milk or meat	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	raise|生産|verb|grow or breed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord

The contrary circumstances, the neglect of cultivation and improvement, the fall in the real price of any part of the rude produce of land, the rise in the real price of manufactures from the decay of manufacturing art and industry, the declension of the real wealth of the society, all tend, on the other hand, to lower the real rent of land, to reduce the real wealth of the landlord, to diminish his power of purchasing either the labour, or the produce of the labour, of other people.	反対の状況、耕作と改良の怠慢、土地の粗生産物のいずれかの部分の実質価格の下落、製造業と工業の衰退による製造品の実質価格の上昇、社会の実質的な富の減少は、すべて、一方では、土地の実質地代を下げ、地主の実質的な富を減らし、他人の労働または労働の生産物を購入する力を減らす傾向がある。	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state of being uncared for	fall|下落|noun|a sudden decline in the value of a stock or other security	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the value of a stock or other security	decay|衰退|noun|a gradual decline in the value of a stock or other security	declension|減少|noun|a gradual decline in the value of a stock or other security	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	lower|下げる|verb|make or become lower	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller

The whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country, or, what comes to the same thing, the whole price of that annual produce, naturally divides itself, it has already been observed, into three parts;	すでに述べたように、あらゆる国の土地と労働の年間生産物全体、あるいは同じことだが、その年間生産物の価格全体は、自然に三つの部分に分かれる。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	three|三つ|adjective|being one more than two	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
the rent of land, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock;	土地の地代、労働の賃金、資本の利潤である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and constitutes a revenue to three different orders of people;	そして、三つの異なる階級の人々の収入を構成する。	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status
to those who live by rent, to those who live by wages, and to those who live by profit.	地代で生活する人々、賃金で生活する人々、利潤で生活する人々である。	live by|生活する|verb|to depend on for a living	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
These are the three great, original, and constituent, orders of every civilized society, from whose revenue that of every other order is ultimately derived.	これらはあらゆる文明社会の三つの偉大な、原初的な、構成的な階級であり、他のあらゆる階級の収入は、最終的にはこれらの階級の収入に由来する。	three|三つの|numeral|the number 3	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	original|原初的な|adjective|existing from the beginning	constituent|構成的な|adjective|forming part of a whole	order|階級|noun|a social class or rank	revenue|収入|noun|income	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally	derive|由来する|verb|come from

The interest of the first of those three great orders, it appears from what has been just now said, is strictly and inseparably connected with the general interest of the society.	これらの三つの偉大な階級の最初の階級の利害は、今述べたことから明らかなように、社会の一般的な利害と厳密に、そして不可分に関わっている。	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	appear|明らかなように|verb|be or become visible	what|ことから|noun|the thing that	has been|述べた|verb|say or state	just now|今|adverb|at this very moment	strictly|厳密に|adverb|in a way that is exact or accurate	inseparably|不可分に関わっている|adverb|in a way that cannot be separated	connected|関わっている|verb|be related or associated	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations
Whatever either promotes or obstructs the one, necessarily promotes or obstructs the other.	どちらかを促進したり妨害したりするものは、必然的にもう一方を促進したり妨害したりする。	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or put in the way of	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary logical consequence
When the public deliberates concerning any regulation of commerce or police, the proprietors of land never can mislead it, with a view to promote the interest of their own particular order;	公衆が商業や警察の規制について審議する時、土地の所有者は、自分たちの階級の利害を促進する目的で、公衆を誤った方向に導くことはできない。	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	deliberate|審議する|verb|think carefully about something	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	police|警察|noun|the civil force of a state responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	mislead|誤った方向に導く|verb|cause (someone) to have a wrong idea or impression about something	view|目的|noun|an opinion or belief	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position
at least, if they have any tolerable knowledge of that interest.	少なくとも、彼らがその利害についてある程度の知識を持っているならば。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	any|ある程度の|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience
They are, indeed, too often defective in this tolerable knowledge.	実際、彼らはこのある程度の知識に欠けていることがあまりにも多い。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	too often|あまりにも多い|adverb|more often than is desirable	defective|欠けている|adjective|having a defect; faulty	tolerable|ある程度の|adjective|able to be endured; bearable	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience
They are the only one of the three orders whose revenue costs them neither labour nor care, but comes to them, as it were, of its own accord, and independent of any plan or project of their own.	彼らは三つの階級の中で唯一、労働も心配もせずに収入を得ることができ、彼ら自身の計画やプロジェクトとは無関係に、いわば自らの意志で収入を得ることができる階級である。	only one|唯一|noun|the only person or thing	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	care|心配|noun|worry or concern	come|得る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	own accord|自らの意志|noun|one's own free will	independent|無関係|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim
That indolence which is the natural effect of the ease and security of their situation, renders them too often, not only ignorant, but incapable of that application of mind, which is necessary in order to foresee and understand the consequence of any public regulation.	彼らの状況の安楽と安全の自然な結果である怠惰は、彼らを無知にするだけでなく、公の規制の結果を予見し理解するために必要な精神の適用を不可能にすることがあまりにも多い。	ease|安楽|noun|the state of being comfortable	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	indolence|怠惰|noun|the quality of being lazy	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	ignorant|無知な|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)	consequence|結果|noun|something produced by a cause or following from a set of conditions	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done

The interest of the second order, that of those who live by wages, is as strictly connected with the interest of the society as that of the first.	第二階級、つまり賃金で生活する人々の利害は、第一階級の利害と同じく、社会の利害と密接に結びついている。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	order|階級|noun|a social class	interest|利害|noun|a state of having a stake in something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	live|生活する|verb|be alive	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order or importance
The wages of the labourer, it has already been shewn, are never so high as when the demand for labour is continually rising, or when the quantity employed is every year increasing considerably.	労働者の賃金は、すでに示したように、労働需要が継続的に上昇しているとき、あるいは雇用量が毎年かなり増加しているときほど高くなることはない。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular commodity or service	rise|上昇|verb|go up	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	employ|雇用|verb|provide work for	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
When this real wealth of the society becomes stationary, his wages are soon reduced to what is barely enough to enable him to bring up a family, or to continue the race of labourers.	社会のこの実質的な富が停滞すると、彼の賃金はすぐに、家族を養ったり、労働者の競争を続けるのに十分な額にまで減ってしまう。	real wealth|実質的な富|noun|the value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	become stationary|停滞する|verb|stop moving or changing	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	barely|かろうじて|adverb|only just; almost not	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	bring up|養う|verb|care for and educate (a child)	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process
When the society declines, they fall even below this.	社会が衰退すると、それ以下にまで落ち込む。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	decline|衰退する|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease	fall|落ち込む|verb|move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level
The order of proprietors may perhaps gain more by the prosperity of the society than that of labourers;	所有者の階級は、おそらく労働者の階級よりも社会の繁栄によってより多くの利益を得るだろう。	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success or good fortune
but there is no order that suffers so cruelly from its decline.	しかし、その衰退によってこれほど残酷に苦しむ階級はない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	there is|ある|verb|exist	no|ない|determiner|not any	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	so|これほど|adverb|to such a great extent	cruelly|残酷に|adverb|in a way that causes pain or suffering	decline|衰退|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, value, or quality
But though the interest of the labourer is strictly connected with that of the society, he is incapable either of comprehending that interest, or of understanding its connexion with his own.	しかし、労働者の利益は社会の利益と密接に結びついているのに、彼はその利益を理解することも、自分の利益との関連を理解することもできない。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	comprehend|理解する|verb|grasp mentally; understand	connexion|関連|noun|the state of being connected
His condition leaves him no time to receive the necessary information, and his education and habits are commonly such as to render him unfit to judge, even though he was fully informed.	彼の境遇では、必要な情報を得る時間がなく、また、彼の教育や習慣は、十分な情報を得たとしても、判断に適さないようなものが普通である。	condition|境遇|noun|the state of something	leave|得る|verb|go away from a place	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	receive|得る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; on most occasions	render|適さない|verb|cause to be or become	unfit|適さない|adjective|unsuitable or inadequate	judge|判断|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about
In the public deliberations, therefore, his voice is little heard, and less regarded;	そのため、公の審議では、彼の声はほとんど聞かれず、あまり考慮されない。	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	voice|声|noun|the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song	little|ほとんど～ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	heard|聞かれる|verb|be told or informed of	less|あまり～ない|adjective|not as much or as many as the other amount mentioned	regarded|考慮される|verb|think carefully about
except upon particular occasions, when his clamour is animated, set on, and supported by his employers, not for his, but their own particular purposes.	例外は、彼の叫びが彼のためではなく、雇用主自身の特別な目的のために、雇用主によって活気づけられ、仕掛けられ、支持される特別な場合である。	except|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	when|時|conjunction|at or during the time that	clamour|叫び|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd	be animated|活気づけられる|verb|be lively or vigorous	set on|仕掛けられる|verb|attack	supported|支持される|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	employer|雇用主|noun|a person that employs people	not for|のためではない|preposition|not with the aim of	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something

His employers constitute the third order, that of those who live by profit.	彼の雇用主は第三の階級、つまり利潤で生活する人々を構成する。	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	third|第三の|adjective|coming after two others in a series	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
It is the stock that is employed for the sake of profit, which puts into motion the greater part of the useful labour of every society.	あらゆる社会の有用な労働の大部分を動かすのは、利潤のために使用される資本である。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	sake|ため|noun|purpose; reason	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a business makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	employ|使用する|verb|use	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The plans and projects of the employers of stock regulate and direct all the most important operation of labour, and profit is the end proposed by all those plans and projects.	資本の雇用者の計画やプロジェクトは、労働の最も重要なすべての活動を規制し、指示し、利益はそれらのすべての計画やプロジェクトによって提案される目的である。	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	direct|指示する|verb|control the operations of; manage or govern	operation|活動|noun|a planned activity involving many people and resources	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion
But the rate of profit does not, like rent and wages, rise with the prosperity, and fall with the declension of the society.	しかし、利潤率は、地代や賃金のように、社会の繁栄とともに上昇し、衰退とともに低下するわけではない。	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	fall|低下する|verb|go down	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
On the contrary, it is naturally low in rich, and high in poor countries, and it is always highest in the countries which are going fastest to ruin.	それどころか、それは当然、豊かな国では低く、貧しい国では高く、最も急速に破滅に向かっている国では常に最も高い。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	high|高い|adjective|having a large upward extension	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or goods	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	highest|最も高い|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
The interest of this third order, therefore, has not the same connexion with the general interest of the society, as that of the other two.	したがって、この第三階級の利害は、他の二階級の利害とは異なり、社会の一般的な利害と結びついていない。	third|第三|adjective|coming after second	order|階級|noun|a group of people with the same social, economic, or educational status	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
Merchants and master manufacturers are, in this order, the two classes of people who commonly employ the largest capitals, and who by their wealth draw to themselves the greatest share of the public consideration.	商人と製造業者は、この順番で、通常最も大きな資本を雇用し、その富によって世間の注目を集める二つの階級である。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	master manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who owns or runs a factory	this order|この順番|noun|the sequence in which things are arranged	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	public consideration|世間の注目|noun|the attention of the general public
As during their whole lives they are engaged in plans and projects, they have frequently more acuteness of understanding than the greater part of country gentlemen.	彼らは生涯にわたって計画やプロジェクトに従事しているので、田舎の紳士の大部分よりも理解力が鋭いことが多い。	during their whole lives|生涯にわたって|adverb|for the whole of their lives	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	acuteness|鋭さ|noun|the quality of being sharp or intense	understanding|理解|noun|the ability to understand something	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man who lives in the country and has a lot of money and land
As their thoughts, however, are commonly exercised rather about the interest of their own particular branch of business.	しかし、彼らの考えは、通常、自分たちの特定の業種の利益について行使される。	thought|考え|noun|an idea or opinion produced by thinking or occurring suddenly in the mind	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	business|業種|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
than about that of the society, their judgment, even when given with the greatest candour (which it has not been upon every occasion), is much more to be depended upon with regard to the former of those two objects, than with regard to the latter.	社会の利益よりも、彼らの判断は、たとえ最大限の公正さをもって行われたとしても(常にそうであるとは限らないが)、後者よりも前者に関して信頼できるものである。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	candour|公正さ|noun|the quality of being open and honest in expression; frankness	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
Their superiority over the country gentleman is, not so much in their knowledge of the public interest, as in their having a better knowledge of their own interest than he has of his.	彼らが田舎の紳士に勝っているのは、公益に関する知識よりも、自分の利益に関する知識が彼よりも優れていることにある。	superiority|優位|noun|the state of being better than something else	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man who lives in the country and has a lot of money and land	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	public interest|公益|noun|the well-being of the general public	own interest|自分の利益|noun|the well-being of oneself	his|彼の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned
It is by this superior knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed upon his generosity, and persuaded him to give up both his own interest and that of the public, from a very simple but honest conviction, that their interest, and not his, was the interest of the public.	彼らが自分の利益に関するこの優れた知識によって、彼の寛大さにつけこみ、彼自身の利益と公衆の利益の両方を放棄するよう説得したのは、彼の利益ではなく彼らの利益が公衆の利益であるという、非常に単純だが正直な信念からである。	superior knowledge|優れた知識|noun|knowledge that is better than that of others	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	impose upon|つけこむ|verb|take advantage of	generosity|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being kind and generous	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	public|公衆|noun|the people in general	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	honest|正直な|adjective|truthful and sincere	conviction|信念|noun|a firmly held belief or opinion
The interest of the dealers, however, in any particular branch of trade or manufactures, is always in some respects different from, and even opposite to, that of the public.	しかし、貿易や製造業の特定の分野における業者の利益は、常にいくつかの点で公衆の利益とは異なり、反対でさえある。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main stem, root, or nerve	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	even|反対でさえある|adverb|to a greater extent than usual or expected	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
To widen the market, and to narrow the competition, is always the interest of the dealers.	市場を拡大し、競争を狭めることは、常に業者の利益である。	widen|拡大する|verb|make or become wider	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	narrow|狭める|verb|make or become narrower	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
To widen the market may frequently be agreeable enough to the interest of the public;	市場を拡大することは、しばしば公衆の利益に十分に適合するかもしれない。	widen|拡大する|verb|make or become wider	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	agreeable|適合する|adjective|able to be accepted; suitable	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
but to narrow the competition must always be against it, and can only serve to enable the dealers, by raising their profits above what they naturally would be, to levy, for their own benefit, an absurd tax upon the rest of their fellow-citizens.	しかし、競争を狭めることは常にそれに反するものであり、業者が利益を本来の水準以上に引き上げることで、自分たちの利益のために、残りの市民に不条理な税金を課すことを可能にするだけである。	narrow|狭める|verb|make or become less wide	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	against|反する|preposition|in opposition to	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	dealer|業者|noun|a person or business that buys and sells goods	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	above|以上に|preposition|at a higher level or position than	naturally|本来|adverb|in a natural manner	levy|課す|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	absurd|不条理な|adjective|wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fellow-citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town
The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never to be adopted till after having been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention.	この階級から出される商業に関する新しい法律や規制の提案は、常に細心の注意を払って聞くべきであり、最も綿密なだけでなく、最も疑わしい注意を払って、長く注意深く検討されるまでは決して採用されるべきではない。	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	ought|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation	listen to|聞く|verb|give one's attention to a sound	precaution|予防|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
It comes from an order of men, whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public, who have generally an interest to deceive and even to oppress the public, and who accordingly have, upon many occasions, both deceived and oppressed it.	それは、利益が決して公衆の利益と全く同じではなく、一般に公衆を欺き、さらには圧迫することに利益を持ち、それに応じて多くの場合、公衆を欺き、圧迫してきた人々の階級から来ている。	come from|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	exactly|全く|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	deceive|欺く|verb|cause to believe something that is not true	oppress|圧迫する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event

- PRICES OF WHEAT	小麦の価格	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
- Year Prices/Quarter Average of different Average prices of	年価格/四半期異なる平均平均価格	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, level, or kind	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, level, or kind	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
- in each year prices in one year each year in money	各年の価格1年間の価格各年の貨幣価格	in each year|各年の|adverb|every year	in one year|1年間の|adverb|in the space of one year	in money|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money
- of 1776	1776年	1776|1776年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar
-
- £ s d £ s d £ s d	ポンドシリングペンスポンドシリングペンスポンドシリングペンス
- 1202 0 12 0 1 16 0
- 1205 0 12 0
- 0 13 4 0 13 5 2 0 3
- 0 15 0
- 1223 0 12 0 1 16 0
- 1237 0 3 4 0 10 0
- 1243 0 2 0 0 6 0
- 1244 0 2 0 0 6 0
- 1246 0 16 0 2 8 0
- 1247 0 13 5 2 0 0
- 1257 1 4 0 3 12 0
- 1258 1 0 0
- 0 15 0 0 17 0 2 11 0
- 0 16 0
- 1270 4 16 0
- 6 8 0 5 12 0 16 16 0
- 1286 0 2 8
- 0 16 0 0 9 4 1 8 0
- Total 35 9 3	合計35 9 3	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 2 19 11⁄4	平均2 19 11⁄4	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1287 0 3 4 0 10 0
- 1288 0 0 8
- 0 1 0
- 0 1 4
- 0 1 6
- 0 1 8 0 3 01⁄4 0 9 13⁄4
- 0 2 0
- 0 3 4
- 0 9 4
- 1289 0 12 0
- 0 6 0
- 0 2 0 0 10 11⁄2 1 10 41⁄2
- 0 10 8
- 1 0 0
- 1290 0 16 0 2 8 0
- 1294 0 16 0 2 8 0
- 1302 0 4 0 0 12 0
- 1309 0 7 2 1 1 6
- 1315 1 0 0 3 0 0
- 1316 1 0 0
- 1 10 0 1 10 6 4 11 6
- 1 12 0
- 2 0 0
- 1317 2 4 0
- 0 14 0
- 2 13 0 1 19 6 5 18 6
- 4 0 0
- 0 6 8
- 1336 0 2 0 0 6 0
- 1338 0 3 4 0 10 0
- Total 23 4 111⁄4	合計23 4 111⁄4	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 1 18 8	平均1 18 8	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	1|1|number|one	18|18|number|eighteen	8|8|number|eight
-
- 1339 0 9 0 1 7 0
- 1349 0 2 0 0 5 2
- 1359 1 6 8 3 2 2
- 1361 0 2 0 0 4 8
- 1363 0 15 0 1 15 0
- 1369 1 0 0
- 1 4 0 1 2 0 2 9 4
- 1379 0 4 0 0 9 4
- 1387 0 2 0 0 4 8
- 1390 0 13 4
- 0 14 0 0 14 5 1 13 7
- 0 16 0
- 1401 0 16 0 1 17 6
- 1407 0 4 43⁄4
- 0 3 4 0 3 10 0 8 10
- 1416 0 16 0 1 12 0
- Total 15 9 4	合計15 9 4	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 1 5 91⁄2	平均1 5 91⁄2	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1423 0 8 0 0
- 1425 0 4 0 0
- 1434 1 6 8 4
- 1435 0 5 4 8
- 1439 1 0 0
- 1 6 8 1 3 4 2 6 8
- 1440 1 4 0 2 8 0
- 1444 0 4 4 0 4 2 0 4 8
- 0 4 0
- 1445 0 4 6 0 9 0
- 1447 0 8 0 0 16 0
- 1448 0 6 8 0 13 4
- 1449 0 5 0 0 10 0
- 1451 0 8 0 0 16 0
- Total 12 15 4	合計12 15 4	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 1 1 31/3	平均1 1 31/3	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	1 1 31/3|1 1 31/3|noun|a number
-
- 1453 0 5 4 0 10 8
- 1455 0 1 2 0 2 4
- 1457 0 7 8 1 15 4
- 1459 0 5 0 0 10 0
- 1460 0 8 0 0 16 0
- 1463 0 2 0 0 1 10 0 3 8
- 0 1 8
- 1464 0 6 8 0 10 0
- 1486 1 4 0 1 17 0
- 1491 0 14 8 1 2 0
- 1494 0 4 0 0 6 0
- 1495 0 3 4 0 5 0
- 1497 1 0 0 1 11 0
- Total 8 9 0	合計8 9 0	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 0 14 1	平均0 14 1	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1499 0 4 0 0 6 0
- 1504 0 5 8 0 8 6
- 1521 1 0 0 1 10 0
- 1551 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1553 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1554 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1555 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1556 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1557 0 8 0
- 0 4 0 0 17 81⁄2 0 17 81⁄2
- 0 5 0
- 2 13 4
- 1558 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1559 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1560 0 8 0 0 8 0
- Total 6 0 21⁄2	合計6 0 21⁄2	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 0 10 01⁄2	平均0 10 01⁄2	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1561 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1562 0 8 0 0 8 0
- 1574 2 16 0
- 1 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 0
- 1587 3 4 0 3 4 0
- 1594 2 16 0 2 16 0
- 1595 2 13 0 2 13 0
- 1596 4 0 0 4 0 0
- 1597 5 4 0
- 4 0 0 4 12 0 4 12 0
- 1598 2 16 8 2 16 8
- 1599 1 19 2 1 19 8
- 1600 1 17 8 1 17 8
- 1601 1 14 10 1 14 10
- Total 28 9 4	合計28 9 4	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items
- Average 2 7 51⁄2	平均2 7 51⁄2	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind

PRICES OF THE QUARTER OF NINE BUSHELS OF THE BEST OR HIGHEST PRICED WHEAT AT WINDSOR MARKET, ON LADY DAY AND MICHAELMAS, FROM 1595 TO 1764 BOTH INCLUSIVE;	1595年から1764年までの聖母受胎告知とミカエル祭のウィンザー市場における最高品質または最高価格の小麦九ブッシェルの四半期の価格	PRICES|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	QUARTER|四半期|noun|a period of three months	NINE|九|adjective|the number 9	BUSHELS|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	BEST|最高|adjective|of the highest quality	HIGHEST|最高|adjective|of the highest quality	PRICED|価格|adjective|having a specified price	WHEAT|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in temperate climates	AT|で|preposition|a function word to indicate a place, time, or manner	WINDSOR|ウィンザー|noun|a town in Berkshire, England	MARKET|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	ON|の|preposition|a function word to indicate a place, time, or manner	LADY|聖母|noun|a woman of high social position	DAY|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset	AND|と|conjunction|a function word to indicate connection or addition	MICHAELMAS|ミカエル祭|noun|a Christian festival celebrated on 29 September	FROM|から|preposition|a function word to indicate a starting point	1595|1595年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	TO|まで|preposition|a function word to indicate a destination	1764|1764年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	BOTH|両方|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	INCLUSIVE|含む|adjective|including the stated limits
THE PRICE OF EACH YEAR BEING THE MEDIUM BETWEEN THE HIGHEST PRICES OF THESE TWO MARKET DAYS.	各年の価格は、この二つの市場日の最高価格の中間値である。	each year|各年|noun|every year	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	medium|中間値|noun|the middle point between two extremes	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	market day|市場日|noun|a day on which a market is held

- £ s d	ポンドシリングペンス
- 1595 2 0 0
- 1596 2 8 0
- 1597 3 9 6
- 1598 2 16 8
- 1599 1 19 2
- 1600 1 17 8
- 1601 1 14 10
- 1602 1 9 4
- 1603 1 15 4
- 1604 1 10 8
- 1605 1 15 10
- 1606 1 13 0
- 1607 1 16 8
- 1608 2 16 8
- 1609 2 10 0
- 1610 1 15 10
- 1611 1 18 8
- 1612 2 2 4
- 1613 2 8 8
- 1614 2 1 81⁄2
- 1615 1 18 8
- 1616 2 0 4
- 1617 2 8 8
- 1618 2 6 8
- 1619 1 15 4
- 1620 1 10 4
- 26)54 0 61⁄2
- Average 2 1 63⁄4	平均2 1 63⁄4	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1621 1 10 4
- 1622 2 18 8
- 1623 2 12 0
- 1624 2 8 0
- 1625 2 12 0
- 1626 2 9 4
- 1627 1 16 0
- 1628 1 8 0
- 1629 2 2 0
- 1630 2 15 8
- 1631 3 8 0
- 1632 2 13 4
- 1633 2 18 0
- 1634 2 16 0
- 1635 2 16 0
- 1636 2 16 8
- 16)40 0 0
- Average 2 10 0	平均2 10 0	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1637 2 13 0
- 1638 2 17 4
- 1639 2 4 10
- 1640 2 4 8
- 1641 2 8 0
- 1646 2 8 0
- 1647 3 13 0
- 1648 4 5 0
- 1649 4 0 0
- 1650 3 16 8
- 1651 3 13 4
- 1652 2 9 6
- 1653 1 15 6
- 1654 1 6 0
- 1655 1 13 4
- 1656 2 3 0
- 1657 2 6 8
- 1658 3 5 0
- 1659 3 6 0
- 1660 2 16 6
- 1661 3 10 0
- 1662 3 14 0
- 1663 2 17 0
- 1664 2 0 6
- 1665 2 9 4
- 1666 1 16 0
- 1667 1 16 0
- 1668 2 0 0
- 1669 2 4 4
- 1670 2 1 8
- 1671 2 2 0
- 1672 2 1 0
- 1673 2 6 8
- 1674 3 8 8
- 1675 3 4 8
- 1676 1 18 0
- 1677 2 2 0
- 1678 2 19 0
- 1679 3 0 0
- 1680 2 5 0
- 1681 2 6 8
- 1682 2 4 0
- 1683 2 0 0
- 1684 2 4 0
- 1685 2 6 8
- 1686 1 14 0
- 1687 1 5 2
- 1688 2 6 0
- 1689 1 10 0
- 1690 1 14 8
- 1691 1 14 0
- 1692 2 6 8
- 1693 3 7 8
- 1694 3 4 0
- 1695 2 13 0
- 1696 3 11 0
- 1697 3 0 0
- 1698 3 8 4
- 1699 3 4 0
- 1700 2 0 0
- 60) 153 1 8
- Average 2 11 01/3	平均2 11 01/3	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind
-
- 1701 1 17 8
- 1702 1 9 6
- 1703 1 16 0
- 1704 2 6 6
- 1705 1 10 0
- 1706 1 6 0
- 1707 1 8 6
- 1708 2 1 6
- 1709 3 18 6
- 1710 3 18 0
- 1711 2 14 0
- 1712 2 6 4
- 1713 2 11 0
- 1714 2 10 4
- 1715 2 3 0
- 1716 2 8 0
- 1717 2 5 8
- 1718 1 18 10
- 1719 1 15 0
- 1720 1 17 0
- 1721 1 17 6
- 1722 1 16 0
- 1723 1 14 8
- 1724 1 17 0
- 1725 2 8 6
- 1726 2 6 0
- 1727 2 2 0
- 1728 2 14 6
- 1729 2 6 10
- 1730 1 16 6
- 1731 1 12 10 1 12 10
- 1732 1 6 8 1 6 8
- 1733 1 8 4 1 8 4
- 1734 1 18 10 1 18 10
- 1735 2 3 0 2 3 0
- 1736 2 0 4 2 0 4
- 1737 1 18 0 1 18 0
- 1738 1 15 6 1 15 6
- 1739 1 18 6 1 18 6
- 1740 2 10 8 2 10 8
- 10) 18 12 8
- 1 17 31⁄2
-
- 1741 2 6 8 2 6 8
- 1742 1 14 0 1 14 0
- 1743 1 4 10 1 4 10
- 1744 1 4 10 1 4 10
- 1745 1 7 6 1 7 6
- 1746 1 19 0 1 19 0
- 1747 1 14 10 1 14 10
- 1748 1 17 0 1 17 0
- 1749 1 17 0 1 17 0
- 1750 1 12 6 1 12 6
- 10) 16 18 2
- 1 13 93⁄4
-
- 1751 1 18 6
- 1752 2 1 10
- 1753 2 4 8
- 1754 1 13 8
- 1755 1 14 10
- 1756 2 5 3
- 1757 3 0 0
- 1758 2 10 0
- 1759 1 19 10
- 1760 1 16 6
- 1761 1 10 3
- 1762 1 19 0
- 1763 2 0 9
- 1764 2 6 9
- 64) 129 13 6
- Average 2 0 63⁄4	平均2 0 63⁄4	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind


## BOOK II: OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK.	第二篇資本の性質、蓄積、および使用について	BOOK II|第二篇|noun|the second book	NATURE|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	ACCUMULATION|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	EMPLOYMENT|使用|noun|the state of being employed


## INTRODUCTION	序論	introduction|序論|noun|a preliminary part of a book or speech

In that rude state of society, in which there is no division of labour, in which exchanges are seldom made, and in which every man provides every thing for himself, it is not necessary that any stock should be accumulated, or stored up before-hand, in order to carry on the business of the society.	分業がなく、交換がめったに行われず、各人がすべてのものを自分で調達するような未開の社会では、社会の仕事を遂行するために、資本を蓄積したり、前もって貯蔵したりする必要はない。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving or receiving something in return for something else	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	provide|調達する|verb|make available for use; supply	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	store up|貯蔵する|verb|keep or lay up for future use	before-hand|前もって|adverb|in advance; before the event
Every man endeavours to supply, by his own industry, his own occasional wants, as they occur.	各人は、自分の勤勉によって、自分の臨時の欲求を、それが生じるたびに供給しようと努力する。	every man|各人|noun|each person	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working	want|欲求|noun|a need or wish for something	occur|生じる|verb|happen or take place
When he is hungry, he goes to the forest to hunt;	空腹になると、森に狩りに出かける。	hungry|空腹|adjective|feeling a need or desire to eat food	go|行く|verb|move or travel from one place to another	forest|森|noun|a large area of land covered with trees and plants	hunt|狩り|noun|the sport or activity of hunting animals or birds
when his coat is worn out, he clothes himself with the skin of the first large animal he kills: and when his hut begins to go to ruin, he repairs it, as well as he can, with the trees and the turf that are nearest it.	上着が擦り切れると、最初に殺した大きな動物の皮を着る。小屋が壊れ始めると、近くの木や芝でできる限り修理する。	coat|上着|noun|an outer garment worn on the upper part of the body	wear out|擦り切れる|verb|become used up or worn out	skin|皮|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	hut|小屋|noun|a small, simple, often crudely built dwelling	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	go to ruin|壊れ始める|verb|start to fall apart	repair|修理する|verb|restore something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	tree|木|noun|a woody perennial plant typically having a main stem or trunk and generally a distinct elevated crown	turf|芝|noun|a surface layer of earth containing grass and its roots

But when the division of labour has once been thoroughly introduced, the produce of a man’s own labour can supply but a very small part of his occasional wants.	しかし、分業がいったん完全に導入されると、人間自身の労働の生産物は、その臨時の欲求のごく一部しか供給できない。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	once|いったん|adverb|at some point in the past	thoroughly|完全に|adverb|completely	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	very small part|ごく一部|noun|a tiny portion	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	want|欲求|noun|a need or wish for something
The far greater part of them are supplied by the produce of other men’s labour, which he purchases with the produce, or, what is the same thing, with the price of the produce, of his own.	その欲求の大部分は、他の人の労働の生産物によって供給され、それを自分の労働の生産物で、あるいは同じことだが、その生産物の価格で購入する。	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
But this purchase cannot be made till such time as the produce of his own labour has not only been completed, but sold.	しかし、この購入は、自分の労働の生産物が完成するだけでなく、売却されるまでできない。	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	such time as|まで|conjunction|until	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	complete|完成する|verb|finish making or doing	sell|売却される|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
A stock of goods of different kinds, therefore, must be stored up somewhere, sufficient to maintain him, and to supply him with the materials and tools of his work, till such time at least as both these events can be brought about.	したがって、少なくともこれらの出来事が起こるまで、彼を維持し、仕事の材料や道具を供給するのに十分な、さまざまな種類の商品の在庫がどこかに保管されていなければならない。	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	store|保管する|verb|keep or put away for future use	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
A weaver cannot apply himself entirely to his peculiar business, unless there is before-hand stored up somewhere, either in his own possession, or in that of some other person, a stock sufficient to maintain him, and to supply him with the materials and tools of his work, till he has not only completed, but sold his web.	織工は、自分の織物を完成させるだけでなく、売却するまで、自分を維持し、仕事の材料や道具を供給するのに十分な在庫が、自分自身の所有物か、他の人の所有物かを問わず、どこかに事前に保管されていない限り、自分の仕事に専念することはできない。	apply oneself|専念する|verb|to devote oneself to a task	peculiar|独自の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person or group	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	before-hand|事前に|adverb|in advance	store up|蓄える|verb|to accumulate and save for future use	somewhere|どこか|adverb|in or to some place	either|～か～|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	possession|所有物|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	maintain|維持する|verb|to cause to continue or last	supply|供給する|verb|to make available for use	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	work|仕事|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken	complete|完成させる|verb|to finish making or doing	sell|売却する|verb|to give or hand over in exchange for money	web|織物|noun|a fabric or structure made by weaving
This accumulation must evidently be previous to his applying his industry for so long a time to such a peculiar business.	この蓄積は、彼が長い間、このような特殊な仕事に従事する前に行われていたに違いない。	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	apply|従事する|verb|devote (oneself) to a particular activity	industry|仕事|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great or more than average length	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual

As the accumulation of stock must, in the nature of things, be previous to the division of labour, so labour can be more and more subdivided in proportion only as stock is previously more and more accumulated.	物事の性質上、在庫の蓄積は分業に先行しなければならないので、労働は在庫が事前に蓄積されるにつれて、それに比例して細分化される。	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	accumulate|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
The quantity of materials which the same number of people can work up, increases in a great proportion as labour comes to be more and more subdivided;	同じ人数の人間が加工できる材料の量は、労働が細分化されるにつれて、大幅に増加する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work up|加工する|verb|to make from raw materials	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	come to be|～になる|verb|become	subdivided|細分化される|verb|divide into smaller parts
and as the operations of each workman are gradually reduced to a greater degree of simplicity, a variety of new machines come to be invented for facilitating and abridging those operations.	そして、各労働者の作業が次第に単純化されるにつれて、それらの作業を容易にし、短縮するための様々な新しい機械が発明されるようになる。	operation|作業|noun|the action or process of working or functioning	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	reduce|単純化する|verb|make or become smaller or less	simplicity|単純化|noun|the quality or condition of being simple	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before
As the division of labour advances, therefore, in order to give constant employment to an equal number of workmen, an equal stock of provisions, and a greater stock of materials and tools than what would have been necessary in a ruder state of things, must be accumulated before-hand.	したがって、分業が進むにつれて、同数の労働者に一定の雇用を与えるためには、同量の食料と、より粗野な状態で必要とされるよりも多くの材料や道具を事前に蓄積しなければならない。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	advance|進む|verb|move forward	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	equal|同数の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	stock|蓄積|noun|a supply of something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement used to carry out a particular function	what|必要とされる|pronoun|that which	ruder|より粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement, good manners, or good taste	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	be accumulated|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	before-hand|事前に|adverb|in advance
But the number of workmen in every branch of business generally increases with the division of labour in that branch;	しかし、あらゆる業種の労働者数は、一般的にその業種の分業とともに増加する。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree
or rather it is the increase of their number which enables them to class and subdivide themselves in this manner.	あるいはむしろ、労働者数の増加が、彼らをこのように分類し、細分化することを可能にしている。	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	class|分類|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts

As the accumulation of stock is previously necessary for carrying on this great improvement in the productive powers of labour, so that accumulation naturally leads to this improvement.	労働の生産力のこの大きな改善を続けるためには、事前に資本の蓄積が必要であるため、蓄積は当然この改善につながる。	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	previously|事前に|adverb|before the event in question	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	improvement|改善|noun|the action or process of improving something	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	lead to|つながる|verb|cause or result in
The person who employs his stock in maintaining labour, necessarily wishes to employ it in such a manner as to produce as great a quantity of work as possible.	労働を維持するために資本を投じる人は、必然的にできるだけ多くの仕事を生み出すような方法でそれを投じたいと望む。	employ|投じる|verb|use or apply	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	wish|望む|verb|want or desire	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
He endeavours, therefore, both to make among his workmen the most proper distribution of employment, and to furnish them with the best machines which he can either invent or afford to purchase.	そのため、彼は労働者の間で最も適切な雇用の配分を行うとともに、発明したり購入できる限り最良の機械を彼らに提供するよう努める。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	afford|購入できる|verb|have enough money to pay for
His abilities, in both these respects, are generally in proportion to the extent of his stock, or to the number of people whom it can employ.	これらの両方の点で、彼の能力は一般的に彼の資本の規模、またはそれが雇用できる人々の数に比例する。	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or scope of something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for someone in return for regular pay
The quantity of industry, therefore, not only increases in every country with the increase of the stock which employs it, but, in consequence of that increase, the same quantity of industry produces a much greater quantity of work.	したがって、産業の量は、それを雇用する資本の増加に伴ってどの国でも増加するだけでなく、その増加の結果として、同じ量の産業がはるかに多くの仕事を生み出す。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials

Such are in general the effects of the increase of stock upon industry and its productive powers.	以上が、資本の増加が産業とその生産力に及ぼす影響である。	such|以上|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	in general|概して|adverb|usually; on the whole	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities

In the following book, I have endeavoured to explain the nature of stock, the effects of its accumulation into capital of different kinds, and the effects of the different employments of those capitals.	次の本では、資本の性質、さまざまな種類の資本への蓄積の影響、およびそれらの資本のさまざまな雇用の影響について説明するよう努めた。	following|次の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition or gradual gathering of something	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
This book is divided into five chapters.	この本は5つの章に分かれている。	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into parts	five|5|noun|the number 5	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book
In the first chapter, I have endeavoured to shew what are the different parts or branches into which the stock, either of an individual, or of a great society, naturally divides itself.	第一章では、個人または大社会の資本が自然に分割されるさまざまな部分または枝が何であるかを示すよう努めた。	first chapter|第一章|noun|the first chapter of a book	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shew|示す|verb|to show or demonstrate something	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	branch|枝|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	great society|大社会|noun|a society that is large and complex	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural way	divide|分割される|verb|to separate something into two or more parts
In the second, I have endeavoured to explain the nature and operation of money, considered as a particular branch of the general stock of the society.	第二章では、社会の一般資本の特定の枝と考えられる貨幣の性質と作用を説明するよう努めた。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	operation|作用|noun|the action or process of working or operating	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	branch|枝|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
The stock which is accumulated into a capital, may either be employed by the person to whom it belongs, or it may be lent to some other person.	資本に蓄積された資本は、それが属する人が使用するか、他の人に貸し付けることができる。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使用する|verb|use something as a means of doing something	belong|属する|verb|be a member of a group or organization	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back, usually with interest
In the third and fourth chapters, I have endeavoured to examine the manner in which it operates in both these situations.	第三章と第四章では、この両方の状況でそれがどのように機能するかを調べようと努めた。	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	operate|機能する|verb|work or function	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time
The fifth and last chapter treats of the different effects which the different employments of capital immediately produce upon the quantity, both of national industry, and of the annual produce of land and labour.	第五章、最終章では、資本のさまざまな用途が、国民産業と土地と労働の年間生産物の両方の量に即座に生み出すさまざまな効果について扱う。	fifth|第五|adjective|coming after four others in a series; 5th	last|最終|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	treat|扱う|verb|deal with in a certain way	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	national|国民|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its government	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	annual|年間|adjective|of or relating to a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process


## CHAPTER I: OF THE DIVISION OF STOCK.	第一章: 資本の分割について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has

When the stock which a man possesses is no more than sufficient to maintain him for a few days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of deriving any revenue from it.	人が所有する資本が、数日または数週間を維持するのに十分なだけしかない場合、その人はそこから収入を得ることを考えることはめったにない。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	no more than|だけしかない|adverb|only; just	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	a few days or a few weeks|数日または数週間|noun|a small number of days or weeks	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavours, by his labour, to acquire something which may supply its place before it be consumed altogether.	彼はそれをできるだけ控えめに消費し、労働によって、それが完全に消費される前にその代わりを補給できる何かを獲得しようと努力する。	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	sparingly|控えめに|adverb|in a moderate or small amount	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally
His revenue is, in this case, derived from his labour only.	この場合、彼の収入は労働からのみ得られる。	revenue|収入|noun|income	derive|得る|verb|obtain or receive	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
This is the state of the greater part of the labouring poor in all countries.	これが、あらゆる国における労働貧困層の大部分の状態である。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	labouring poor|労働貧困層|noun|people who are poor and have to work	all countries|あらゆる国|noun|every country

But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavours to derive a revenue from the greater part of it, reserving only so much for his immediate consumption as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in.	しかし、数ヶ月または数年間維持するのに十分な資本を所有している場合、彼は当然、その大部分から収入を得ようと努力し、この収入が入ってくるまで自分を維持できるだけの即時消費分だけを残す。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	months|数ヶ月|noun|a period of time	years|数年間|noun|a period of time	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	reserving|残す|verb|keep for a particular purpose	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist
His whole stock, therefore, is distinguished into two parts.	したがって、彼の全資本は二つの部分に分けられる。	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	distinguish|分ける|verb|recognize as different	two|二|numeral|one more than one
That part which he expects is to afford him this revenue is called his capital.	彼がこの収入をもたらすと期待する部分は、彼の資本と呼ばれる。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The other is that which supplies his immediate consumption, and which consists either, first, in that portion of his whole stock which was originally reserved for this purpose;	もう片方は、彼の即時消費を供給するものであり、第一に、元々この目的のために確保されていた彼の全資本のその部分から成り立っている。	the other|もう片方|noun|the remaining one of two things	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
or, secondly, in his revenue, from whatever source derived, as it gradually comes in;	あるいは第二に、どんな源泉から得られたものであれ、彼の収入が徐々に入ってくることから成り立っている。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	revenue|収入|noun|income	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes	derived|得られた|adjective|obtained or received from a specified source	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	come in|入ってくる|verb|enter
or, thirdly, in such things as had been purchased by either of these in former years, and which are not yet entirely consumed, such as a stock of clothes, household furniture, and the like.	あるいは第三に、過去にこれらのいずれかによって購入され、衣服や家庭用家具などのようにまだ完全に消費されていないものから成り立っている。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	former years|過去|noun|the time that has passed	either|いずれか|determiner|one or the other of two people or things	purchase|購入|verb|buy	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	household furniture|家庭用家具|noun|furniture that is used in a home	like|など|preposition|similar to
In one or other, or all of these three articles, consists the stock which men commonly reserve for their own immediate consumption.	これらの三つの品目のいずれか、あるいはすべてが、人々が自分たちの即時消費のために通常確保している資本を構成している。	one or other|いずれか|noun|one or the other	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	consist|構成する|verb|be composed of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	reserve|確保する|verb|keep or save for a particular purpose	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

There are two different ways in which a capital may be employed so as to yield a revenue or profit to its employer.	資本を運用して、その運用者に収入や利潤をもたらす方法には二通りある。	two|二通り|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

First, it may be employed in raising, manufacturing, or purchasing goods, and selling them again with a profit.	第一に、商品を育てたり、製造したり、購入したり、利益をつけて再び販売するために使用することができる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	employ|使用することができる|verb|use or apply	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
The capital employed in this manner yields no revenue or profit to its employer, while it either remains in his possession, or continues in the same shape.	このような方法で運用される資本は、所有者の手元にあるか、同じ形で存続している間は、所有者に収入や利益をもたらさない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|運用する|verb|use	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	employer|所有者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	possession|手元|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something
The goods of the merchant yield him no revenue or profit till he sells them for money, and the money yields him as little till it is again exchanged for goods.	商人の品物は、それを金で売るまでは収入も利益も生み出さないし、その金もまた品物と交換されるまではほとんど何も生み出さない。	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	sell|売る|verb|exchange or dispose of in return for money	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
His capital is continually going from him in one shape, and returning to him in another;	彼の資本は、ある形で彼から離れ、別の形で彼に戻ってくる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	go from|離れる|verb|move away from	return to|戻る|verb|go back to
and it is only by means of such circulation, or successive changes, that it can yield him any profit.	そして、そのような循環、つまり連続的な変化によってのみ、彼に利益をもたらすことができる。	circulation|循環|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	successive|連続的な|adjective|following one after another	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or give forth	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
Such capitals, therefore, may very properly be called circulating capitals.	したがって、そのような資本は、流動資本と呼ぶのが適切であろう。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations

Secondly, it may be employed in the improvement of land, in the purchase of useful machines and instruments of trade, or in such like things as yield a revenue or profit without changing masters, or circulating any further.	第二に、土地の改良、有用な機械や貿易用具の購入、あるいは所有者を変えたり、それ以上循環させたりせずに収入や利益を生み出すようなものに使用される。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	be employed in|使用される|verb|be used for	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|用具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	master|所有者|noun|a person who has control or authority over others	circulate|循環させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area
Such capitals, therefore, may very properly be called fixed capitals.	したがって、そのような資本は、固定資本と呼ぶのが適切であろう。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to

Different occupations require very different proportions between the fixed and circulating capitals employed in them.	職業によって、そこに投入される固定資本と流動資本の比率が大きく異なる。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital in the form of buildings, machinery, etc.	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital in the form of money, goods, etc.

The capital of a merchant, for example, is altogether a circulating capital.	例えば、商人の資本は、すべて流動資本である。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	merchant|商人|noun|a person or company involved in wholesale trade	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations
He has occasion for no machines or instruments of trade, unless his shop or warehouse be considered as such.	彼は、店や倉庫をそう見なさない限り、機械や貿易用具を必要としない。	occasion|必要|noun|a time or place at which something happens	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|用具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale

Some part of the capital of every master artificer or manufacturer must be fixed in the instruments of his trade.	あらゆる職人や製造業者の資本の一部は、その職業の道具に固定されているに違いない。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	master artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	be fixed|固定されている|verb|be fastened or attached firmly	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession
This part, however, is very small in some, and very great in others,	しかし、この部分は、ある職業では非常に小さく、他の職業では非常に大きい。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average	great|大きい|adjective|of a size that is greater than average
A master tailor requires no other instruments of trade but a parcel of needles.	仕立屋の親方は、針の束以外に道具を必要としない。	master tailor|仕立屋の親方|noun|a person who makes clothes	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	parcel|束|noun|a small package
Those of the master shoemaker are a little, though but a very little, more expensive.	靴屋の親方の道具は、ほんの少しだが、もっと高価である。	master shoemaker|靴屋の親方|noun|a person who makes shoes	a little|ほんの少し|adverb|to a small extent	more expensive|もっと高価|adjective|costing more
Those of the weaver rise a good deal above those of the shoemaker.	織工の道具は、靴屋の道具よりもかなり高価である。	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	rise|高価である|verb|go up	shoemaker|靴屋|noun|a person who makes or repairs shoes
The far greater part of the capital of all such master artificers, however, is circulated either in the wages of their workmen, or in the price of their materials, and repaid, with a profit, by the price of the work.	しかし、そうした職人の親方の資本の大部分は、労働者の賃金や材料の価格に回され、作品の価格によって利益をつけて返済される。	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	master artificer|職人の親方|noun|a skilled craftsman who is in charge of a workshop or business	circulate|回される|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	material|材料|noun|a substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	work|作品|noun|a product of effort, especially one that is produced in a specified way

In other works a much greater fixed capital is required.	他の業種では、もっと多くの固定資本が必要である。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	work|業種|noun|a type of business or industry	much|もっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	greater|多くの|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital invested in fixed assets
In a great iron-work, for example, the furnace for melting the ore, the forge, the slit-mill, are instruments of trade which cannot be erected without a very great expense.	たとえば、大規模な鉄工所では、鉱石を溶かす炉、鍛冶場、スリットミルは、非常に大きな費用をかけずには建設できない商売道具である。	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	iron-work|鉄工所|noun|a factory or workshop where iron is worked	furnace|炉|noun|an enclosed structure in which heat is produced	melt|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid	ore|鉱石|noun|a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted	forge|鍛冶場|noun|a workshop where metal is heated and shaped	slit-mill|スリットミル|noun|a machine for cutting metal into strips	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In coal works, and mines of every kind, the machinery necessary, both for drawing out the water, and for other purposes, is frequently still more expensive.	炭鉱やあらゆる種類の鉱山では、排水やその他の目的に必要な機械は、さらに高額になることが多い。	coal work|炭鉱|noun|a mine where coal is extracted	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are extracted	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	draw out|排水する|verb|to extract or remove something	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent	expensive|高額|adjective|costing a lot of money

That part of the capital of the farmer which is employed in the instruments of agriculture is a fixed, that which is employed in the wages and maintenance of his labouring servants is a circulating capital.	農業用具に投下される農場主の資本の部分は固定資本であり、労働者の賃金や維持に投下される部分は流動資本である。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	instrument|用具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products	fixed|固定|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining or preserving something	circulating|流動|adjective|moving or able to move freely or easily
He makes a profit of the one by keeping it in his own possession, and of the other by parting with it.	農場主は、前者を自分の所有物として保有することで利益を得、後者を手放すことで利益を得る。	make a profit|利益を得る|verb|to gain money	one|前者|noun|the first of two or more people or things	keep|保有する|verb|to have or retain possession of	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	possession|所有物|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	other|後者|adjective|used to refer to the second of two people or things	part with|手放す|verb|to give up or let go of something
The price or value of his labouring cattle is a fixed capital, in the same manner as that of the instruments of husbandry;	農場主の労働用家畜の価格や価値は、農業用具と同じように固定資本である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	labouring cattle|労働用家畜|noun|cattle used for work	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital invested in assets that are not easily converted into cash	husbandry|農業|noun|the science, art, or practice of cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock
their maintenance is a circulating capital, in the same manner as that of the labouring servants.	労働用家畜の維持費は、労働者の維持費と同じように流動資本である。	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations	labouring servant|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages
The farmer makes his profit by keeping the labouring cattle, and by parting with their maintenance.	農場主は、労働用家畜を保有し、その維持費を手放すことで利益を得る。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	keep|保有する|verb|have or retain possession of	labouring cattle|労働用家畜|noun|cattle used for work	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something
Both the price and the maintenance of the cattle which are bought in and fattened, not for labour, but for sale, are a circulating capital.	労働用ではなく販売用に購入して肥育する家畜の価格と維持費は、どちらも流動資本である。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	buy|購入する|verb|get by paying for	fatten|肥育する|verb|make or become fat	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations
The farmer makes his profit by parting with them.	農場主は、それらを手放すことで利益を得る。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	part with|手放す|verb|give up possession of
A flock of sheep or a herd of cattle, that, in a breeding country, is brought in neither for labour nor for sale, but in order to make a profit by their wool, by their milk, and by their increase, is a fixed capital.	羊の群れや牛の群れは、飼育国では労働用にも販売用にも持ち込まれず、羊毛や牛乳、増加によって利益を得るために持ち込まれるので、固定資本である。	flock|群れ|noun|a large number of birds or animals of one type which live or move together	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	cattle|牛|noun|an animal that is often kept for its milk or its meat	breeding|飼育|noun|the keeping and raising of animals	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft hair that grows on a sheep or goat	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by mammals and used as food by humans	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that are used in production for several periods of time
The profit is made by keeping them.	利益は、それらを保有することで得られる。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	make|得られる|verb|earn or gain	keep|保有する|verb|continue to have or do something
Their maintenance is a circulating capital.	それらの維持費は流動資本である。	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations
The profit is made by parting with it;	利益は、それを手放すことで得られる。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	make|得られる|verb|earn or gain	part with|手放す|verb|give up possession of
and it comes back with both its own profit and the profit upon the whole price of the cattle, in the price of the wool, the milk, and the increase.	そして、羊毛、牛乳、増加の価格で、それ自身の利益と牛の全価格に対する利益の両方とともに戻ってくる。	come back|戻ってくる|verb|return to a place	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	milk|牛乳|noun|an opaque white fluid rich in fat and protein, secreted by female mammals for the nourishment of their young	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater or more
The whole value of the seed, too, is properly a fixed capital.	種子の全価値もまた、固定資本である。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	seed|種子|noun|a plant's unit of reproduction	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that do not change in the short run
Though it goes backwards and forwards between the ground and the granary, it never changes masters, and therefore does not properly circulate.	種子は、地面と穀倉の間を行ったり来たりするが、所有者が変わることはなく、したがって、適切に循環するわけではない。	go backwards and forwards|行ったり来たりする|verb|move from one place to another and back again	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	granary|穀倉|noun|a building where grain is stored	change|変わる|verb|become different	master|所有者|noun|a person who has control over something	circulate|循環する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
The farmer makes his profit, not by its sale, but by its increase.	農民は、種子の販売ではなく、増加によって利益を得る。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous

The general stock of any country or society is the same with that of all its inhabitants or members;	どんな国や社会の一般的なストックも、そのすべての住民やメンバーのストックと同じである。	general stock|一般的なストック|noun|the total amount of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
and, therefore, naturally divides itself into the same three portions, each of which has a distinct function or office.	したがって、自然に同じ三つの部分に分かれ、それぞれが異なる機能や役割を持つ。	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	three|三つの|adjective|being one more than two	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical or similar	function|機能|noun|the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	office|役割|noun|a position of authority or service

The first is that portion which is reserved for immediate consumption, and of which the characteristic is, that it affords no revenue or profit.	第一は、即時消費のために確保されている部分であり、その特徴は、収入や利益を生み出さないことである。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece	reserve|確保する|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay; instant	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	characteristic|特徴|noun|a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	afford|生み出す|verb|have enough money to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
It consists in the stock of food, clothes, household furniture, etc.	それは、食料、衣服、家庭用家具などのストックからなる。	consist in|からなる|verb|be composed of	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of something that is available for use
which have been purchased by their proper consumers, but which are not yet entirely consumed.	これらは、適切な消費者によって購入されたが、まだ完全に消費されていないものである。	purchase|購入|verb|buy	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely
The whole stock of mere dwelling-houses, too, subsisting at any one time in the country, make a part of this first portion.	国内の単なる住居の全ストックも、この第一部分の一部をなしている。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	mere|単なる|adjective|being only that and nothing else	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house that people live in	too|も|adverb|also; as well	subsist|なす|verb|exist or continue to exist	country|国内|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece or section
The stock that is laid out in a house, if it is to be the dwelling-house of the proprietor, ceases from that moment to serve in the function of a capital, or to afford any revenue to its owner.	家屋に投下されたストックは、それが所有者の住居であるならば、その瞬間から資本の機能を果たすことも、所有者に収入をもたらすこともなくなる。	stock|ストック|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	lay out|投下する|verb|spend or invest	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house where someone lives	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	function|機能|noun|an activity or purpose natural to or intended for a person or thing	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
A dwelling-house, as such, contributes nothing to the revenue of its inhabitant;	住居は、それ自体では住人の収入に何も貢献しない。	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house that people live in	as such|それ自体では|adverb|in itself or in its own right	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
and though it is, no doubt, extremely useful to him, it is as his clothes and household furniture are useful to him, which, however, make a part of his expense, and not of his revenue.	そして、住居は住人にとって非常に有用であることは間違いないが、それは衣服や家具が有用であるのと同じであり、これらは収入ではなく支出の一部をなす。	and though|そして、～であることは間違いないが|conjunction|and even though	it|住居|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	is|である|verb|be	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	useful|有用である|adjective|being of use or service	to|にとって|preposition|for	him|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	it is as|それは～であるのと同じであり|conjunction|it is the same as	his|彼の|possessive determiner|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	and|そして|conjunction|and	household|家具|noun|the people who live together in one house	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	are|である|verb|be	useful|有用である|adjective|being of use or service	to|にとって|preposition|for	him|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	which|これらは|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	a part of|一部をなす|noun phrase|a portion of	his|彼の|possessive determiner|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	and|そして|conjunction|and	not|ではなく|adverb|a word used to express negation, denial, refusal, or prohibition	of|の|preposition|of	his|彼の|possessive determiner|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
If it is to be let to a tenant for rent, as the house itself can produce nothing, the tenant must always pay the rent out of some other revenue, which he derives, either from labour, or stock, or land.	家屋そのものは何も生産できないので、家屋を賃借人に貸し出す場合、賃借人は常に、労働、ストック、土地のいずれかから得られる他の収入から家賃を支払わなければならない。	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	tenant|賃借人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|ストック|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Though a house, therefore, may yield a revenue to its proprietor, and thereby serve in the function of a capital to him, it cannot yield any to the public, nor serve in the function of a capital to it, and the revenue of the whole body of the people can never be in the smallest degree increased by it.	したがって、家屋は所有者に収入をもたらし、それによって所有者にとって資本の機能を果たすかもしれないが、公衆には何ももたらさず、公衆にとって資本の機能を果たすこともできず、国民全体の収入は家屋によって少しも増加することはない。	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	serve|果たす|verb|work for	function|機能|noun|the special, normal, or proper activity of a person or thing	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present
Clothes and household furniture, in the same manner, sometimes yield a revenue, and thereby serve in the function of a capital to particular persons.	衣服や家具も、同じように、収入をもたらすことがあるため、特定の個人にとって資本の機能を果たす。	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	household furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or give	revenue|収入|noun|income	thereby|そのため|adverb|as a result of that	serve|果たす|verb|be used for	function|機能|noun|the special activity for which a person is particularly fitted or employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
In countries where masquerades are common, it is a trade to let out masquerade dresses for a night.	仮面舞踏会が盛んな国では、仮面舞踏会の衣装を一晩貸し出す商売がある。	masquerade|仮面舞踏会|noun|a social gathering of people wearing masks and often elaborate costumes	common|盛ん|adjective|happening often or frequently	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	let out|貸し出す|verb|rent out	dress|衣装|noun|a garment that is worn on the body	night|夜|noun|the period of darkness from sunset to sunrise
Upholsterers frequently let furniture by the month or by the year.	家具屋は家具を月単位や年単位で貸し出すことが多い。	upholsterer|家具屋|noun|a person who makes or repairs upholstery	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	let|貸し出す|verb|allow to be used or occupied by another for a fee	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	month|月|noun|one of the twelve divisions of the year	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
Undertakers let the furniture of funerals by the day and by the week.	葬儀屋は葬儀の家具を日単位や週単位で貸し出す。	undertaker|葬儀屋|noun|a person whose business is to arrange funerals	let|貸し出す|verb|allow to be used or occupied by someone else for a period of time in return for payment	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	funeral|葬儀|noun|the ceremonies honoring a dead person	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset	week|週|noun|a period of seven days
Many people let furnished houses, and get a rent, not only for the use of the house, but for that of the furniture.	多くの人が家具付きの家を貸し出し、家の使用料だけでなく家具の使用料も受け取っている。	many people|多くの人|noun|a large number of people	let|貸し出す|verb|allow to be used or occupied by another for a fee	furnished house|家具付きの家|noun|a house that is equipped with furniture	get|受け取る|verb|receive	rent|使用料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc
The revenue, however, which is derived from such things, must always be ultimately drawn from some other source of revenue.	しかし、そういったことから得られる収入は、常に最終的には他の収入源から引き出されなければならない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	derive|得る|verb|obtain or receive from a source	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|finally	draw|引き出す|verb|take or get from a source
Of all parts of the stock, either of an individual or of a society, reserved for immediate consumption, what is laid out in houses is most slowly consumed.	個人または社会のいずれかの即時消費のために確保された在庫のすべての部分のうち、住宅に配置されたものは最もゆっくりと消費される。	of all|すべての|preposition|belonging to the whole of a group or class	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	either|いずれか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	reserved|確保された|verb|set aside for a particular purpose	immediate|即時|adjective|occurring or done at once	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	what|もの|pronoun|that which; the thing that	laid out|配置された|verb|arranged in a particular way	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	most|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	slowly|ゆっくりと|adverb|in a slow manner
A stock of clothes may last several years;	衣服の在庫は数年続くかもしれない。	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	last|続く|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	several|数|adjective|more than two but not very many	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
a stock of furniture half a century or a century;	家具の在庫は半世紀または一世紀続くかもしれない。	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	half a century|半世紀|noun|a period of 50 years	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
but a stock of houses, well built and properly taken care of, may last many centuries.	しかし、よく建てられ、適切に手入れされた住宅の在庫は、何世紀も続くかもしれない。	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner or to a high standard	build|建てる|verb|construct (something) by putting parts or material together over a period of time	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	take care of|手入れする|verb|be responsible for	last|続く|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	many|何世紀も|adjective|a large number of	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years
Though the period of their total consumption, however, is more distant, they are still as really a stock reserved for immediate consumption as either clothes or household furniture.	しかし、それらの完全消費の期間はより遠いが、それらは衣服や家庭用家具と同じく即時消費のために確保された在庫である。	period|期間|noun|a length of time	total|完全な|adjective|complete; entire	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of something	reserved|確保された|verb|set aside for a particular purpose	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	household|家庭|noun|a group of people living together in one residence	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc

The second of the three portions into which the general stock of the society divides itself, is the fixed capital;	社会の一般在庫が分割される三つの部分の二つ目は、固定資本である。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	general stock|一般在庫|noun|the total amount of goods or materials that a business has	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods that are used in production and that are not used up in the production process
of which the characteristic is, that it affords a revenue or profit without circulating or changing masters.	その特徴は、循環したり所有者を変えたりすることなく収益や利益をもたらすことである。	characteristic|特徴|noun|a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	revenue|収益|noun|income from a business or other source	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	circulate|循環する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	change|変える|verb|make or become different	master|所有者|noun|a person who has control over something or someone
It consists chiefly of the four following articles.	それは主に次の四つの品目からなる。	consist of|からなる|verb|be composed or made up of	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	following|次の|adjective|coming after something in time; next

First, of all useful machines and instruments of trade, which facilitate and abridge labour.	第一に、労働を容易にし短縮するあらゆる有用な機械や道具である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	all|あらゆる|determiner|the whole amount of	useful|有用な|adjective|being of use or service	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

Secondly, of all those profitable buildings which are the means of procuring a revenue, not only to the proprietor who lets them for a rent, but to the person who possesses them, and pays that rent for them;	第二に、家賃で貸し出す所有者だけでなく、それを所有し家賃を支払う人にも収入を得る手段となる、あらゆる収益性の高い建物である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	revenue|収入|noun|income	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
such as shops, warehouses, work-houses, farm-houses, with all their necessary buildings, stables, granaries, etc.	例えば、店舗、倉庫、作業場、農家、それに必要な建物、厩舎、穀倉などである。	shop|店舗|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	work-house|作業場|noun|a place where people are given work as a form of punishment	farm-house|農家|noun|a house on a farm	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses	granary|穀倉|noun|a building for storing grain
These are very different from mere dwelling-houses.	これらは単なる住居とは大きく異なる。	these|これら|pronoun|the things that are close to you or that you are talking about	very|大きく|adverb|to a great degree or extent	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned and nothing more	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house that people live in
They are a sort of instruments of trade, and may be considered in the same light.	これらは一種の商売道具であり、同じ観点から考えることができる。	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	light|観点|noun|a way of considering something

Thirdly, of the improvements of land, of what has been profitably laid out in clearing, draining, inclosing, manuring, and reducing it into the condition most proper for tillage and culture.	第三に、土地の改良、開墾、排水、囲い込み、施肥、耕作に最も適した状態にするための費用である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	clearing|開墾|noun|the action of clearing land	draining|排水|noun|the action of draining water	inclosing|囲い込み|noun|the action of enclosing something	manuring|施肥|noun|the action of applying manure	reducing|適した状態にする|verb|make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	tillage|耕作|noun|the action of tilling land	culture|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land
An improved farm may very justly be regarded in the same light as those useful machines which facilitate and abridge labour, and by means of which an equal circulating capital can afford a much greater revenue to its employer.	改良された農場は、労働を容易にし、短縮する有用な機械と同じように見なすことができ、それによって同等の流動資本が雇用主にずっと大きな収入をもたらすことができる。	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	justly|正当に|adverb|in a fair and just way	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	light|観点|noun|a particular aspect of a situation	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	circulating|流動|adjective|moving or able to move freely or easily	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people
An improved farm is equally advantageous and more durable than any of those machines, frequently requiring no other repairs than the most profitable application of the farmer’s capital employed in cultivating it.	改良された農場は、これらの機械のどれよりも同様に有利で耐久性があり、農場を耕作するために投入された農場主の資本を最も収益性の高い方法で投入する以外に修理を必要としないことが多い。	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	durable|耐久性のある|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	require|必要とする|verb|need	repair|修理|noun|the action of fixing something that is broken or damaged	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	application|投入|noun|the act of putting something into operation	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops

Fourthly, of the acquired and useful abilities of all the inhabitants and members of the society.	第四に、社会のすべての住民と構成員の獲得した有用な能力である。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	acquired|獲得した|adjective|gained or obtained	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
The acquisition of such talents, by the maintenance of the acquirer during his education, study, or apprenticeship, always costs a real expense, which is a capital fixed and realized, as it were, in his person.	そのような才能の獲得には、教育、研究、見習い期間中の維持費として、常に実質的な費用がかかり、それはいわばその人のなかに固定され、実現された資本である。	acquisition|獲得|noun|the act of acquiring something	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	apprenticeship|見習い|noun|the position of being an apprentice	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	realize|実現する|verb|cause to happen; bring about	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
Those talents, as they make a part of his fortune, so do they likewise that of the society to which he belongs.	これらの才能は、彼の富の一部をなすものであるとともに、彼が属する社会の富の一部でもある。	talent|才能|noun|a special natural ability or aptitude	make a part of|一部をなす|verb|be a part of	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with
The improved dexterity of a workman may be considered in the same light as a machine or instrument of trade which facilitates and abridges labour, and which, though it costs a certain expense, repays that expense with a profit.	労働者の熟練度の向上は、労働を容易にし、短縮する機械や道具と同じように考えることができ、一定の費用がかかるが、その費用を利益で返済する。	improve|向上|verb|make or become better	dexterity|熟練度|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cost|かかる|verb|require to be paid for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back (money)	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

The third and last of the three portions into which the general stock of the society naturally divides itself, is the circulating capital, of which the characteristic is, that it affords a revenue only by circulating or changing masters.	社会の一般的なストックが自然に分割される三つの部分の三番目で最後は、循環資本であり、その特徴は、循環するか、所有者を変えることによってのみ収入を得ることである。	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	three|三つ|adjective|the number three	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	circulating capital|循環資本|noun|capital that is used to purchase goods and services that are used up in the production process	characteristic|特徴|noun|a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	circulate|循環する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system	change|変える|verb|make or become different
It is composed likewise of four parts.	それは同様に四つの部分からなる。	be composed of|からなる|verb|be made up of	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	part|部分|noun|a piece of something

First, of the money, by means of which all the other three are circulated and distributed to their proper consumers.	第一に、他の三つがすべて流通して適切な消費者に配布されるための貨幣である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	distribute|配布する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use

Secondly, of the stock of provisions which are in the possession of the butcher, the grazier, the farmer, the corn-merchant, the brewer, etc.	第二に、肉屋、牧畜業者、農民、穀物商人、醸造業者などが所有する食料のストックである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises cattle or sheep for sale	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	corn-merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer
and from the sale of which they expect to derive a profit.	そして、その販売から彼らは利益を得ることを期待している。	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

Thirdly, of the materials, whether altogether rude, or more or less manufactured, of clothes, furniture, and building which are not yet made up into any of those three shapes, but which remain in the hands of the growers, the manufacturers, the mercers, and drapers, the timber-merchants, the carpenters and joiners, the brick-makers, etc.	第三に、衣服、家具、建物の材料で、まだそれらの三つの形状のいずれにも作られていないが、生産者、製造業者、小間物商、衣料品商、木材商、大工、建具屋、レンガ職人などの手元にある、まったく粗末なものであれ、多かれ少なかれ製造されたものであれ、である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	rude|粗末な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	clothes|衣服|noun|things that people wear	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	shape|形状|noun|the external form or appearance characteristic of someone or something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows something	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	mercer|小間物商|noun|a dealer in textile fabrics, especially silks, velvets, and other fine materials	draper|衣料品商|noun|a dealer in cloth or clothing	timber-merchant|木材商|noun|a person who deals in timber	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	joiner|建具屋|noun|a craftsman who makes and installs items such as doors, windows, and staircases	brick-maker|レンガ職人|noun|a person who makes bricks

Fourthly, and lastly, of the work which is made up and completed, but which is still in the hands of the merchant and manufacturer, and not yet disposed of or distributed to the proper consumers;	第四に、そして最後に、完成して完成したが、まだ商人や製造業者の手元にあり、まだ適切な消費者に処分または配布されていない作品である。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	work|作品|noun|a product of effort, especially one that is creative	make up|完成する|verb|to complete or finish	complete|完成する|verb|to finish making or doing	still|まだ|adverb|up to and including the present time	hand|手元|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	dispose of|処分する|verb|to get rid of	distribute|配布する|verb|to give out to several or many	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
such as the finished work which we frequently find ready made in the shops of the smith, the cabinet-maker, the goldsmith, the jeweller, the china-merchant, etc.	鍛冶屋、家具職人、金細工師、宝石商、陶磁器商などの店でよく見かける完成品などである。	such as|など|conjunction|for example	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that is ready for sale	frequently|よく|adverb|often	find|見かける|verb|discover or notice	ready made|既製品|adjective|made in advance for sale	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	cabinet-maker|家具職人|noun|a person who makes cabinets	goldsmith|金細工師|noun|a person who works with gold	jeweller|宝石商|noun|a person who sells jewellery	china-merchant|陶磁器商|noun|a person who sells china
The circulating capital consists, in this manner, of the provisions, materials, and finished work of all kinds that are in the hands of their respective dealers, and of the money that is necessary for circulating and distributing them to those who are finally to use or to consume them.	このように、流動資本は、それぞれの業者の手にあるあらゆる種類の食料、材料、完成品、および最終的にそれらを使用または消費する人々にそれらを流通させ、配布するために必要な資金で構成されている。	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the capital of a business which is used in its day-to-day trading operations	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that is ready for sale	dealer|業者|noun|a person or business that buys and sells goods	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	distribute|配布する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, or after many problems	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest

Of these four parts, three—provisions, materials, and finished work, are either annually or in a longer or shorter period, regularly withdrawn from it, and placed either in the fixed capital, or in the stock reserved for immediate consumption.	これらの4つの部分のうち、3つ、つまり食料、材料、完成品は、毎年または長期または短期間に定期的にそこから引き出され、固定資本または即時消費のために確保された在庫に置かれる。	four|4つ|numeral|the number 4	three|3つ|numeral|the number 3	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	finished|完成した|adjective|having been completed	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	longer|より長い|adjective|having a greater length	shorter|より短い|adjective|having a lesser length	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take (money) out of an account	place|置く|verb|put in a particular position	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods used in production	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	immediate|即時の|adjective|occurring or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

Every fixed capital is both originally derived from, and requires to be continually supported by, a circulating capital.	すべての固定資本は、もともと流動資本から派生したものであり、流動資本によって継続的に支えられる必要がある。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital in the form of buildings, machinery, etc.	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	derived from|派生する|verb|come from	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital in the form of money, goods, or other assets that are used to generate income	require|必要とする|verb|need	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
All useful machines and instruments of trade are originally derived from a circulating capital, which furnishes the materials of which they are made, and the maintenance of the workmen who make them.	すべての有用な機械や貿易の道具は、もともと流動資本から派生したものであり、流動資本はそれらの材料とそれらを作る労働者の維持を提供する。	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	derive|派生する|verb|obtain something from a specified source	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital not invested in land, buildings, or machinery	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	workman|労働者|noun|a man who works, especially in a skilled job
They require, too, a capital of the same kind to keep them in constant repair.	それらはまた、それらを常に修理しておくために同じ種類の資本を必要とする。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	keep|保つ|verb|cause to continue or be maintained	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	repair|修理|noun|the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition

No fixed capital can yield any revenue but by means of a circulating capital.	固定資本は流動資本によってのみ収益を生み出すことができる。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that are used in production for several periods of time	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収益|noun|income that a business or organization receives from its business activities	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital goods that are used up in one period of production
The most useful machines and instruments of trade will produce nothing, without the circulating capital, which affords the materials they are employed upon, and the maintenance of the workmen who employ them.	最も有用な機械や貿易の道具は、それらが使用される材料とそれらを使用する労働者の維持を提供する流動資本なしでは何も生み出さない。	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital not permanently invested in buildings or equipment	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do without causing financial difficulty	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage the services of	workman|労働者|noun|a man who works, especially in a manual or industrial job	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining or preserving something
Land, however improved, will yield no revenue without a circulating capital, which maintains the labourers who cultivate and collect its produce.	土地は、どんなに改善されても、その生産物を耕作し収穫する労働者を維持する流動資本がなければ収益を生み出さない。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収益|noun|income	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	collect|収穫する|verb|gather together or acquire

To maintain and augment the stock which may be reserved for immediate consumption, is the sole end and purpose both of the fixed and circulating capitals.	即時消費のために確保できる在庫を維持し増加させることが、固定資本と流動資本の両方の唯一の目的である。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	augment|増加させる|verb|make or become greater	stock|在庫|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	end|目的|noun|a result that is wanted or hoped for	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	fixed|固定|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	circulating|流動|adjective|moving or able to move freely
It is this stock which feeds, clothes, and lodges the people.	人々に食事を与え、衣服を与え、住居を与えるのはこの在庫である。	feed|与える|verb|give food to	clothe|与える|verb|provide with clothes	lodge|与える|verb|provide with accommodation
Their riches or poverty depend upon the abundant or sparing supplies which those two capitals can afford to the stock reserved for immediate consumption.	彼らの富や貧困は、この二つの資本が即時消費のために確保された在庫に提供できる豊富な供給か乏しい供給かにかかっている。	depend upon|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	abundant|豊富な|adjective|more than enough	sparing|乏しい|adjective|small in quantity or amount	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	afford|提供できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay

So great a part of the circulating capital being continually withdrawn from it, in order to be placed in the other two branches of the general stock of the society, it must in its turn require continual supplies without which it would soon cease to exist.	流動資本の大部分が、社会の一般在庫の他の二つの部門に投入されるために、絶えずそこから引き出されているため、流動資本は、絶えず供給されなければ、すぐに存在しなくなってしまう。	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	general stock|一般在庫|noun|the total amount of goods or materials that a business has in stock	other two branches|他の二つの部門|noun|the other two divisions of a company or organization	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take out or away from a place or position	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	cease to exist|存在しなくなる|verb|stop existing
These supplies are principally drawn from three sources;	これらの供給は主に三つの源泉から引き出される。	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	draw|引き出す|verb|to take or get something from a source	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained
the produce of land, of mines, and of fisheries.	土地、鉱山、漁業の生産物である。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish
These afford continual supplies of provisions and materials, of which part is afterwards wrought up into finished work and by which are replaced the provisions, materials, and finished work, continually withdrawn from the circulating capital.	これらは食料や材料を絶えず供給し、その一部は後に完成品に加工され、流動資本から絶えず引き出される食料、材料、完成品に取って代わられる。	afford|供給する|verb|to be able to do or have something	continual|絶えず|adjective|happening or done without interruption	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	part|一部|noun|a piece or section of something	afterwards|後に|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	wrought|加工される|verb|to make or shape something by working with the hands	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that has been completed	replace|取って代わる|verb|to take the place of	withdraw|引き出される|verb|to take something back or away
From mines, too, is drawn what is necessary for maintaining and augmenting that part of it which consists in money.	鉱山からも、貨幣からなる部分を維持し増大させるために必要なものが引き出される。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something toward oneself or in a specified direction	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence or continuance	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
For though, in the ordinary course of business, this part is not, like the other three, necessarily withdrawn from it, in order to be placed in the other two branches of the general stock of the society, it must, however, like all other things, be wasted and worn out at last, and sometimes, too, be either lost or sent abroad, and must, therefore, require continual, though no doubt much smaller supplies.	なぜなら、通常の業務では、この部分は他の三つとは違って、社会の一般的なストックの他の二つの部門に配置されるために、必ずしもそこから引き出される必要はないが、しかし、他のすべてのものと同様に、最終的には無駄になって使い古され、時には失われたり、海外に送られたりするので、間違いなくずっと少ない量ではあるが、継続的な供給が必要になるからである。	ordinary course of business|通常の業務|noun|the normal business activities of a company	other three|他の三つ|noun|three other things	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	withdrawn|引き出される|verb|take out or back	other two|他の二つ|noun|two other things	must|必要である|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	like all other things|他のすべてのものと同様に|noun|similar to all other things	wasted|無駄になる|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	worn out|使い古される|verb|become used up or worn out	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	lost|失われる|verb|be unable to find	sent abroad|海外に送られる|verb|send to a foreign country	must|必要である|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	continual|継続的な|adjective|never stopping or ending	much smaller|ずっと少ない|adjective|a lot less	supplies|供給|noun|a stock of something

Land, mines, and fisheries, require all both a fixed and circulating capital to cultivate them;	土地、鉱山、漁業は、すべてそれを耕作するために固定資本と流動資本の両方を必要とする。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
and their produce replaces, with a profit not only those capitals, but all the others in the society.	そして、それらの生産物は、それらの資本だけでなく、社会の他のすべての資本を利益をつけて置き換える。	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an act or process	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Thus the farmer annually replaces to the manufacturer the provisions which he had consumed, and the materials which he had wrought up the year before;	こうして農民は、製造業者が消費した食料や前年に加工した材料を毎年補充する。	Thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	replace|補充する|verb|provide a new thing for	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	provision|食料|noun|a supply of food	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
and the manufacturer replaces to the farmer the finished work which he had wasted and worn out in the same time.	そして製造業者は、農民が同じ時期に無駄にして使い古した完成品を補充する。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	replace|補充する|verb|provide a new thing for one that is broken, old, lost, or no longer working properly	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	waste|無駄にする|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	wear out|使い古す|verb|use or cause to be used until no longer usable	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that is ready for sale or use
This is the real exchange that is annually made between those two orders of people, though it seldom happens that the rude produce of the one, and the manufactured produce of the other, are directly bartered for one another;	これが、この二つの階級の人々の間で毎年行われる真の交換であるが、一方の粗野な生産物と他方の製造された生産物が直接物々交換されることはめったにない。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	barter|物々交換|verb|trade by exchanging goods or services without using money
because it seldom happens that the farmer sells his corn and his cattle, his flax and his wool, to the very same person of whom he chuses to purchase the clothes, furniture, and instruments of trade, which he wants.	農民が自分の穀物や家畜、亜麻や羊毛を、自分が必要とする衣服、家具、道具を購入しようとする相手に売ることはめったにないからである。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that produces fibers that are used to make linen	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft hair of a sheep or goat	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	very same|同じ|adjective|identical	person|人|noun|a human being	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick or select from a number of alternatives	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	clothes|衣服|noun|garments or coverings worn on the body	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
He sells, therefore, his rude produce for money, with which he can purchase, wherever it is to be had, the manufactured produce he has occasion for.	そのため、彼は自分の粗野な生産物をお金で売り、それをどこで手に入れようとも、必要な製造された生産物を購入することができる。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	wherever|どこで|adverb|in or to whatever place	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
Land even replaces, in part at least, the capitals with which fisheries and mines are cultivated.	土地は、少なくとも一部は、漁業や鉱山を耕作する資本に取って代わる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
It is the produce of land which draws the fish from the waters;	水から魚を引き上げるのは土地の生産物である。	draw|引き上げる|verb|pull or move something toward oneself or in a specified direction	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water and has gills, fins, and a streamlined body	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
and it is the produce of the surface of the earth which extracts the minerals from its bowels.	そして、地球の内部から鉱物を取り出すのは、地表の生産物である。	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	surface|地表|noun|the top or outside layer of something	extract|取り出す|verb|remove or take out	mineral|鉱物|noun|a solid, naturally occurring, inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure

The produce of land, mines, and fisheries, when their natural fertility is equal, is in proportion to the extent and proper application of the capitals employed about them.	土地、鉱山、漁業の生産物は、自然の肥沃度が等しい場合、それらに投入される資本の規模と適切な用途に比例する。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish	natural fertility|自然の肥沃度|noun|the ability of a soil to supply nutrients to plants	be equal|等しい|verb|be the same as	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something	proper application|適切な用途|noun|the correct or appropriate use of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
When the capitals are equal, and equally well applied, it is in proportion to their natural fertility.	資本が等しく、等しく適切に投入される場合、それは自然の肥沃度に比例する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	be equal|等しい|verb|be the same as or equivalent to	equally|等しく|adverb|in an equal manner	well|適切に|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	apply|投入される|verb|make a formal request for something	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	fertility|肥沃度|noun|the state or quality of producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation

In all countries where there is a tolerable security, every man of common understanding will endeavour to employ whatever stock he can command, in procuring either present enjoyment or future profit.	許容できる安全性があるすべての国では、常識的な理解力のある人なら誰でも、現在の楽しみや将来の利益を得るために、自分が自由に使える資金をすべて投入しようとするだろう。	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	common|常識的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	understanding|理解力|noun|the ability to understand something	endeavour|投入しようとする|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	stock|資金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	command|自由に使える|verb|have authority over	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	future|将来の|adjective|happening or existing in or belonging to the future	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
If it is employed in procuring present enjoyment, it is a stock reserved for immediate consumption.	それが現在の楽しみを得るために使われるなら、それは即時消費のために確保された資金である。	employ|使う|verb|use	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
If it is employed in procuring future profit, it must procure this profit either by staying with him, or by going from him.	それが将来の利益を得るために使われるなら、それは彼のもとにとどまるか、彼のもとを離れるかによって、この利益を得なければならない。	employ|使う|verb|use or engage	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stay|とどまる|verb|remain in the same place	go|離れる|verb|move away from a place
In the one case it is a fixed, in the other it is a circulating capital.	前者の場合は固定資本であり、後者の場合は流動資本である。	in the one case|前者の場合は|noun phrase|in the first situation	in the other|後者の場合は|noun phrase|in the second situation	fixed|固定|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	circulating|流動|adjective|moving or able to be moved
A man must be perfectly crazy, who, where there is a tolerable security, does not employ all the stock which he commands, whether it be his own, or borrowed of other people, in some one or other of those three ways.	許容できる安全性があるところで、自分のものであれ、他人から借りたものであれ、自分が自由に使える資金をすべてこの三つの方法のいずれかで投入しない人は、完全に狂っているに違いない。	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	stock|資金|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	command|自由に使える|verb|have authority over	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily that belongs to someone else	people|他人|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens

In those unfortunate countries, indeed, where men are continually afraid of the violence of their superiors, they frequently bury or conceal a great part of their stock, in order to have it always at hand to carry with them to some place of safety, in case of their being threatened with any of those disasters to which they consider themselves at all times exposed.	実際、人々が上位者の暴力を絶えず恐れている不幸な国々では、人々は常にさらされていると考える災害のいずれかの脅威にさらされた場合に、安全な場所に持ち運べるように、資金の大部分を埋めたり隠したりすることが多い。	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	superior|上位者|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	bury|埋める|verb|put or hide under the ground	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	stock|資金|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	exposed|さらされている|adjective|not protected or covered	disaster|災害|noun|a sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life	threat|脅威|noun|a statement that you will cause someone harm if they do not do what you want	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury
This is said to be a common practice in Turkey, in Indostan, and, I believe, in most other governments of Asia.	これはトルコ、インドスタン、そしてアジアの他のほとんどの政府で一般的な慣行であると言われている。	be said to be|言われている|verb|be reported to be	common practice|一般的な慣行|noun|something that is done often or regularly	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a republic in southeastern Europe and western Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	Asia|アジア|noun|the largest continent on Earth
It seems to have been a common practice among our ancestors during the violence of the feudal government.	封建政府の暴力下で、我々の祖先の間では一般的な慣行だったようだ。	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	feudal|封建的な|adjective|of or relating to feudalism	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
Treasure-trove was, in those times, considered as no contemptible part of the revenue of the greatest sovereigns in Europe.	当時、埋蔵金はヨーロッパの最も偉大な君主の収入の軽視できない部分と考えられていた。	treasure-trove|埋蔵金|noun|a valuable collection of objects	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	no contemptible part|軽視できない部分|noun phrase|a part that is not to be despised	revenue|収入|noun|income	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
It consisted in such treasure as was found concealed in the earth, and to which no particular person could prove any right.	それは地中に隠されたまま発見された宝物であり、特定の人物が権利を証明できるものではなかった。	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	earth|地中|noun|the ground; the surface of the world	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	prove|証明する|verb|to demonstrate the truth or existence of (something) by evidence or argument	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
This was regarded, in those times, as so important an object, that it was always considered as belonging to the sovereign, and neither to the finder nor to the proprietor of the land, unless the right to it had been conveyed to the latter by an express clause in his charter.	当時、これは非常に重要な物と見なされていたので、その権利が憲章の明示条項によって後者に譲渡されない限り、常に君主に属するものであり、発見者にも土地の所有者にも属さないと考えられていた。	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	object|物|noun|a thing that can be seen and touched	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	finder|発見者|noun|a person who finds something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	convey|譲渡する|verb|transfer the ownership of	latter|後者|noun|the second of two people or things mentioned	charter|憲章|noun|a written constitution or description of an organization's functions	express|明示|adjective|clearly stated	clause|条項|noun|a distinct section of a legal document
It was put upon the same footing with gold and silver mines, which, without a special clause in the charter, were never supposed to be comprehended in the general grant of the lands, though mines of lead, copper, tin, and coal were, as things of smaller consequence.	それは金鉱や銀鉱と同じ扱いを受け、憲章に特別条項がなければ、鉛、銅、錫、石炭の鉱山は重要性が低いため、土地の一般的な許可に含まれることはなかった。	put upon|扱われる|verb|to treat in a specified way	footing|扱い|noun|the basis on which something is established or operates	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	charter|憲章|noun|a document that sets out the rights and duties of a corporation, city, or other organization	clause|条項|noun|a distinct section of a legal document	comprehend|含まれる|verb|to include or comprise	grant|許可|noun|a sum of money that is given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose	lead|鉛|noun|a soft, heavy, toxic, malleable, ductile, grayish metal	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	tin|錫|noun|a silvery-white metal	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock that can be burned for heat or power	consequence|重要性|noun|the effect or result of an action or condition


## CHAPTER II: OF MONEY, CONSIDERED AS A PARTICULAR BRANCH OF THE GENERAL STOCK OF THE SOCIETY, OR OF THE EXPENSE OF MAINTAINING THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.	第二章: 社会の一般的なストック、または国民資本を維持するための費用の特定の分野として考えられる貨幣について。	CHAPTER II|第二章|noun|the second chapter	OF MONEY|貨幣について|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	CONSIDERED AS|考えられる|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	A PARTICULAR BRANCH|特定の分野|noun|a specific area of knowledge or a specific part of a wider area of knowledge	OF THE GENERAL STOCK|一般的なストック|noun|the total amount of something available	OF THE SOCIETY|社会の|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	OR OF THE EXPENSE|または費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	OF MAINTAINING|維持するための|verb|cause or enable (something) to continue	THE NATIONAL CAPITAL|国民資本|noun|the capital city of a nation

It has been shown in the First Book, that the price of the greater part of commodities resolves itself into three parts, of which one pays the wages of the labour, another the profits of the stock, and a third the rent of the land which had been employed in producing and bringing them to market:	第一巻で、商品の大部分の価格は三つの部分に分かれ、そのうち一つは労働者の賃金、もう一つは資本の利潤、三つ目は生産して市場に出すために使用された土地の地代を支払うことが示された。	First Book|第一巻|noun|the first book of the Wealth of Nations	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	resolve|分かれる|verb|to be separated into parts	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	one|一つ|noun|the number 1	pay|支払う|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	another|もう一つ|noun|an additional one	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	third|三番目|noun|the number 3 in a series	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	produce|生産する|verb|to make or create something	bring|出す|verb|to take or carry something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
that there are, indeed, some commodities of which the price is made up of two of those parts only, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock;	確かに、価格が労働者の賃金と資本の利潤の二つの部分だけで構成されている商品もある。	there are|ある|verb|exist	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	be made up of|で構成されている|verb|be composed of	two|二つの|determiner|the number 2	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and a very few in which it consists altogether in one, the wages of labour;	そして、労働者の賃金という一つの部分だけで構成されている商品はごくわずかである。	very few|ごくわずか|adjective|a very small number	altogether|一つ|adverb|completely; totally	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
but that the price of every commodity necessarily resolves itself into some one or other, or all, of those three parts;	しかし、すべての商品の価格は必然的に、これらの三つの部分のいずれか、またはすべてに分解される。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	resolve|分解する|verb|find an answer to, explanation for, or solution to	one|いずれか|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	other|すべて|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	three|三つ|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and two
every part of it which goes neither to rent nor to wages, being necessarily profit to some body.	地代にも賃金にもならない部分は、必然的に誰かの利益になる。	every part|すべての部分|noun|the whole of something	go|なる|verb|become	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain

Since this is the case, it has been observed, with regard to every particular commodity, taken separately, it must be so with regard to all the commodities which compose the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country, taken complexly.	個々の商品についてこれが事実であることが観察されたのだから、あらゆる国の土地と労働の年間生産物全体を構成するすべての商品について、複合的に考えてもそうであるに違いない。	since|だから|conjunction|for the reason that; because	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	case|事実|noun|a situation or event	it|それ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	has been observed|観察された|verb|to notice or perceive something	with regard to|について|preposition|in relation to; concerning	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	particular|個々の|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	taken separately|個別に|adverb|considered individually	it|それ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	must be|に違いない|verb|to be certain or inevitable	with regard to|について|preposition|in relation to; concerning	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	which|もの|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	compose|構成する|verb|to make up or constitute	the whole|全体|noun|all of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	and|と|conjunction|used to connect two words, phrases, or clauses	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	taken complexly|複合的に|adverb|considered as a whole
The whole price or exchangeable value of that annual produce must resolve itself into the same three parts, and be parcelled out among the different inhabitants of the country, either as the wages of their labour, the profits of their stock, or the rent of their land.	その年間生産物の価格または交換価値の全体は、同じ三つの部分に分解され、労働の賃金、資本の利潤、土地の地代として、その国のさまざまな住民の間で分割されるに違いない。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	resolve|分解される|verb|find a solution to	itself|それ自体|pronoun|the thing mentioned	three|三つ|numeral|one more than two	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has available for the purpose of carrying out its business	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

But though the whole value of the annual produce of the land and labour of every country, is thus divided among, and constitutes a revenue to, its different inhabitants;	しかし、あらゆる国の土地と労働の年間生産物の価値全体が、このようにその国のさまざまな住民の間で分割され、彼らの収入を構成するが、	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	divide|分割する|verb|separate into parts	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
yet, as in the rent of a private estate, we distinguish between the gross rent and the neat rent, so may we likewise in the revenue of all the inhabitants of a great country.	それでも、私有地の地代において、総地代と純地代を区別するように、大国のすべての住民の収入においても同様に区別できる。	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; even so	private estate|私有地|noun|a piece of land owned by a private person	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	gross rent|総地代|noun|the total amount of rent paid by a tenant	neat rent|純地代|noun|the amount of rent remaining after all expenses have been paid	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	great country|大国|noun|a country that is powerful or important

The gross rent of a private estate comprehends whatever is paid by the farmer;	私有地の総地代は、農場主が支払うすべてのものを含んでいる。	gross rent|総地代|noun|the total amount of rent paid by a tenant	private estate|私有地|noun|land owned by a private individual or organization	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm
the neat rent, what remains free to the landlord, after deducting the expense of management, of repairs, and all other necessary charges;	純地代は、管理費、修理費、その他すべての必要経費を差し引いた後、地主に残る自由に使える部分である。	neat rent|純地代|noun|the rent remaining after deducting all expenses	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	free|自由に使える|adjective|not costing or charging anything	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others
or what, without hurting his estate, he can afford to place in his stock reserved for immediate consumption, or to spend upon his table, equipage, the ornaments of his house and furniture, his private enjoyments and amusements.	あるいは、地主が自分の財産を損なうことなく、即時消費のために蓄えておくか、食事、馬車、家や家具の装飾、私的な楽しみや娯楽に費やすことができる部分である。	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or group	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	stock|蓄え|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	reserve|取っておく|verb|keep something for a particular purpose	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using of a resource	table|食事|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	equipage|馬車|noun|a horse-drawn carriage	ornament|装飾|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment
His real wealth is in proportion, not to his gross, but to his neat rent.	地主の本当の富は、総地代ではなく純地代に比例する。	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or occurring as a fact	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	gross|総|adjective|without deduction of tax or other expenses	neat|純|adjective|after deduction of all costs and expenses	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property

The gross revenue of all the inhabitants of a great country comprehends the whole annual produce of their land and labour;	大国のすべての住民の総収入は、彼らの土地と労働の年間生産物全体を包含する。	gross revenue|総収入|noun|the total amount of money a company makes before any costs or expenses are taken out	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	comprehend|包含する|verb|include or comprise	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
the neat revenue, what remains free to them, after deducting the expense of maintaining first, their fixed, and, secondly, their circulating capital, or what, without encroaching upon their capital, they can place in their stock reserved for immediate consumption, or spend upon their subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements.	純収入は、第一に固定資本、第二に流動資本を維持する費用を差し引いた後、彼らに自由に残る部分、あるいは彼らが資本を侵害することなく、即時消費のために蓄えておくか、生計、便宜、娯楽に費やすことができる部分である。	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	expense|費用|noun|cost	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	fixed|固定|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	second|第二に|adverb|after the first; in the second place	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	convenience|便宜|noun|the quality of being easy to use or to reach	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that is done for enjoyment
Their real wealth, too, is in proportion, not to their gross, but to their neat revenue.	彼らの本当の富も、総収入ではなく純収入に比例する。	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that if one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	gross|総|adjective|without deduction of tax or other expenses	neat|純|adjective|after deduction of all costs

The whole expense of maintaining the fixed capital must evidently be excluded from the neat revenue of the society.	固定資本を維持するための費用全体は、明らかに社会の純収入から除外されなければならない。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods used in production	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived	be excluded|除外される|verb|be kept or shut out; be debarred	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
Neither the materials necessary for supporting their useful machines and instruments of trade, their profitable buildings, etc.	彼らの有用な機械や貿易の道具、収益性の高い建物などを維持するために必要な材料も、	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	useful|有用|adjective|being of use or service	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial profit	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory
nor the produce of the labour necessary for fashioning those materials into the proper form, can ever make any part of it.	それらの材料を適切な形に成形するために必要な労働の生産物も、その一部を成すことはない。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	fashion|成形する|verb|to make into a particular shape	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	form|形|noun|the shape of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	part|一部|noun|a piece of something
The price of that labour may indeed make a part of it;	その労働の価格は確かにその一部を成すかもしれない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	make|成す|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time
as the workmen so employed may place the whole value of their wages in their stock reserved for immediate consumption.	このように雇用された労働者は、賃金の全価値を即時消費のために確保した在庫に置くことができるからである。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	whole|全|adjective|all of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
But in other sorts of labour, both the price and the produce go to this stock;	しかし、他の種類の労働では、価格と生産物の両方がこの在庫に回される。	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	go|回される|verb|move or travel	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use
the price to that of the workmen, the produce to that of other people, whose subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements, are augmented by the labour of those workmen.	価格は労働者の在庫に、生産物は他の人々の在庫に回され、その人々の生計、便宜、娯楽は、それらの労働者の労働によって増大される。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	convenience|便宜|noun|the quality of being easy to use or to reach	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that is done for fun	augment|増大する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree

The intention of the fixed capital is to increase the productive powers of labour, or to enable the same number of labourers to perform a much greater quantity of work.	固定資本の目的は、労働の生産力を増大させること、あるいは同じ数の労働者がより多くの仕事を行えるようにすることである。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that are used in production for more than one year	intention|目的|noun|an aim or plan	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	enable|行えるようにする|verb|make possible or practicable	same number|同じ数|noun|the same quantity or amount	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
In a farm where all the necessary buildings, fences, drains, communications, etc.	必要な建物、塀、排水路、通信設備などがすべて整った農場では、	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	fence|塀|noun|a barrier of wood or wire enclosing an area of ground to control access or escape	drain|排水路|noun|a channel or pipe carrying off rainwater or other liquid	communication|通信設備|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news
are in the most perfect good order, the same number of labourers and labouring cattle will raise a much greater produce, than in one of equal extent and equally good ground, but not furnished with equal conveniencies.	同じ数の労働者と労働牛が、同じ広さで同じ程度に良い土地であっても、同じ程度の便宜が備わっていない農場よりも、はるかに多くの生産物を生産する。	be in|にある|verb|be in a state or condition	the most perfect good order|最も完全な良い秩序|noun phrase|the best possible state of affairs	the same number of|同じ数の|noun phrase|the same quantity of	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	labouring cattle|労働牛|noun|cattle that are used for work, such as pulling a plow	raise|生産する|verb|cause to grow or increase	much greater produce|はるかに多くの生産物|noun phrase|a much larger amount of goods or services	one of|1つ|noun phrase|a single item out of a group	equal extent|同じ広さ|noun phrase|the same size or area	equally good ground|同じ程度に良い土地|noun phrase|land that is of the same quality	not furnished with|備わっていない|verb phrase|not provided with	equal conveniencies|同じ程度の便宜|noun phrase|the same level of convenience
In manufactures, the same number of hands, assisted with the best machinery, will work up a much greater quantity of goods than with more imperfect instruments of trade.	製造業では、同じ数の労働者が、より不完全な道具を使うよりも、最良の機械の助けを借りて、より多くの量の製品を作り上げる。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work	assist|助ける|verb|to give support or aid to	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	work up|作り上げる|verb|to make or produce	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
The expense which is properly laid out upon a fixed capital of any kind, is always repaid with great profit, and increases the annual produce by a much greater value than that of the support which such improvements require.	どんな種類の固定資本にでも適切に支出された費用は、常に大きな利益となって返ってくるし、そうした改良に必要な支出よりもはるかに大きな価値で年産を増加させる。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	lay out|支出する|verb|spend money	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital invested in assets that cannot be easily converted into cash	repay|返ってくる|verb|pay back	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	annual produce|年産|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country during one year	support|支出|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone or something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
This support, however, still requires a certain portion of that produce.	しかし、この支出には、依然としてその生産物の一定部分が必要である。	support|支出|noun|the action of giving money, food, or other help to a person or organization	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	certain|一定|adjective|having no doubt; confident	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece
A certain quantity of materials, and the labour of a certain number of workmen, both of which might have been immediately employed to augment the food, clothing, and lodging, the subsistence and conveniencies of the society, are thus diverted to another employment, highly advantageous indeed, but still different from this one.	一定量の材料と一定数の労働者の労働は、どちらも食料、衣服、住居、社会の生存と便宜を増やすために即座に使われていたかもしれないが、こうして別の用途に転用され、確かに非常に有利ではあるが、それでもこれとは異なる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	food|食料|noun|any substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth	clothing|衣服|noun|an article or articles of dress	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives temporarily	subsistence|生存|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	convenience|便宜|noun|the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	employment|用途|noun|the condition of having paid work	advantageous|有利|adjective|favourable to the success of a person or thing	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike
It is upon this account that all such improvements in mechanics, as enable the same number of workmen to perform an equal quantity of work with cheaper and simpler machinery than had been usual before, are always regarded as advantageous to every society.	このような理由から、同じ数の労働者が以前よりも安価で単純な機械で同量の仕事をこなせるようになる機械の改良は、常にあらゆる社会にとって有利であると見なされている。	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	perform|こなす|verb|carry out or accomplish	equal|同量|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	cheaper|安価な|adjective|low in price or cost	simpler|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	machinery|機械|noun|machines collectively	usual|以前|adjective|done or happening commonly or normally	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
A certain quantity of materials, and the labour of a certain number of workmen, which had before been employed in supporting a more complex and expensive machinery, can afterwards be applied to augment the quantity of work which that or any other machinery is useful only for performing.	以前はより複雑で高価な機械を維持するために使われていた一定量の材料と一定数の労働者の労働は、その後、その機械や他の機械が行うのにのみ役立つ仕事の量を増やすために適用できる。	a certain quantity of|一定量の|noun phrase|a specific amount of	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	a certain number of|一定数の|noun phrase|a specific number of	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	which|その|relative pronoun|that	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	be employed in|使われていた|verb phrase|be used in	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	complex|複雑な|adjective|having many parts	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	be applied to|適用できる|verb phrase|be used for	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
The undertaker of some great manufactory, who employs a thousand a-year in the maintenance of his machinery, if he can reduce this expense to five hundred, will naturally employ the other five hundred in purchasing an additional quantity of materials, to be wrought up by an additional number of workmen.	機械の維持に年間千人を雇用している大工場の請負業者は、この費用を五百人に減らすことができるなら、当然、残りの五百人を追加の材料の購入に雇用し、追加の労働者によって加工されることになる。	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	a thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	machinery|機械|noun|machines collectively	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	five hundred|五百|noun|the number 500	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	other|残りの|determiner|the remaining one of two or more people or things	five hundred|五百|noun|the number 500	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	be wrought up|加工される|verb|be made into something by a process of shaping, combining, or altering the parts, form, or structure	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount of something
The quantity of that work, therefore, which his machinery was useful only for performing, will naturally be augmented, and with it all the advantage and conveniency which the society can derive from that work.	したがって、彼の機械が行うのにのみ役立つその仕事の量は、当然増加し、それに伴って社会がその仕事から得られるすべての利点と便宜も増加する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	useful|役立つ|adjective|being of use or service	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source

The expense of maintaining the fixed capital in a great country, may very properly be compared to that of repairs in a private estate.	大国における固定資本の維持費は、私有地の修理費と比較するのが適切であろう。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods used in production	great country|大国|noun|a country that is large and powerful	private estate|私有地|noun|land owned by a private individual or organization
The expense of repairs may frequently be necessary for supporting the produce of the estate, and consequently both the gross and the neat rent of the landlord.	修理費は、地所の生産物を維持するためにしばしば必要であり、その結果、地主の総地代と純地代の両方が必要になる。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	repair|修理|noun|the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	estate|地所|noun|a large house with extensive grounds	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	gross|総|adjective|without tax or other deductions	neat|純|adjective|after tax or other deductions	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
When by a more proper direction, however, it can be diminished without occasioning any diminution of produce, the gross rent remains at least the same as before, and the neat rent is necessarily augmented.	しかし、より適切な指示によって、生産物の減少を招くことなくそれを減らすことができるならば、総地代は少なくとも以前と同じままであり、純地代は必然的に増加する。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	direction|指示|noun|the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; at the minimum	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount

But though the whole expense of maintaining the fixed capital is thus necessarily excluded from the neat revenue of the society, it is not the same case with that of maintaining the circulating capital.	しかし、固定資本の維持費の全額が、このように社会の純収入から必然的に除外されるとしても、流動資本の維持費についてはそうではない。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that are used in production for several periods of time	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	exclude|除外する|verb|keep or shut out; prevent from entering	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital goods that are used up in one period of production
Of the four parts of which this latter capital is composed, money, provisions, materials, and finished work, the three last, it has already been observed, are regularly withdrawn from it, and placed either in the fixed capital of the society, or in their stock reserved for immediate consumption.	この後者の資本を構成する四つの部分、すなわち貨幣、食料、材料、完成品のうち、最後の三つは、すでに述べたように、定期的にそこから引き出され、社会の固定資本か、即時消費のために留保された在庫に置かれる。	latter|後者の|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	four|四つの|adjective|the number 4	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	compose|構成する|verb|make up	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	finished|完成した|adjective|having been completed	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take away or back	place|置く|verb|put in a particular position	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link alternatives	fixed|固定|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	immediate|即時の|adjective|occurring or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
Whatever portion of those consumable goods is not employed in maintaining the former, goes all to the latter, and makes a part of the neat revenue of the society.	これらの消費財のうち、前者の維持に使われない部分はすべて後者に回され、社会の純収入の一部となる。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	good|財|noun|a thing that is good	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	former|前者|adjective|the first of two things mentioned	go|回される|verb|move or travel	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	make|なる|verb|become	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income
The maintenance of those three parts of the circulating capital, therefore, withdraws no portion of the annual produce from the neat revenue of the society, besides what is necessary for maintaining the fixed capital.	したがって、流動資本のこれらの三つの部分の維持は、固定資本の維持に必要なもの以外に、社会の純収入から年産物の一部を引き出すことはない。	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	three|三つの|adjective|being one more than two	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to purchase goods and services that are used up in the production process	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take out or away	portion|一部|noun|a part of a whole	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced by a country in one year	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or individual has left after all expenses have been paid	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital that is used to purchase goods and services that are used over and over again in the production process

The circulating capital of a society is in this respect different from that of an individual.	社会の流動資本は、この点で個人の流動資本とは異なる。	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the part of a company's capital that is used to finance its day-to-day operations	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or family
That of an individual is totally excluded from making any part of his neat revenue, which must consist altogether in his profits.	個人の流動資本は、その純収入の一部を構成することは全くなく、その純収入はすべて利潤から成り立っている。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	totally|全く|adverb|completely; absolutely	excluded|除外される|verb|not included	making|構成する|verb|forming or creating	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
But though the circulating capital of every individual makes a part of that of the society to which he belongs, it is not upon that account totally excluded from making a part likewise of their neat revenue.	しかし、あらゆる個人の流動資本は、その個人が属する社会の流動資本の一部を構成するが、その理由で、その個人の流動資本が社会の純収入の一部を構成することが全く排除されるわけではない。	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the part of a company's capital that is used to finance its day-to-day operations	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	make a part of|一部を構成する|verb|be a part of	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or individual has left after paying all expenses and taxes
Though the whole goods in a merchant’s shop must by no means be placed in his own stock reserved for immediate consumption, they may in that of other people, who, from a revenue derived from other funds, may regularly replace their value to him, together with its profits, without occasioning any diminution either of his capital or of theirs.	商店のすべての商品は、決して即時消費のために確保された彼自身の在庫に置かれるべきではないが、他の人々の在庫に置かれることはあり、その人々は、他の資金から得られる収入から、彼の資本や彼らの資本のいずれも減少させることなく、その利益とともに、彼にその価値を定期的に補填することができる。	whole|すべての|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	be placed in|置かれる|verb|be put in a certain place	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	reserved|確保された|verb|set aside for a particular purpose	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	they|それら|pronoun|the things mentioned before	in that of|のそれにおいて|preposition|in the thing mentioned before	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	who|誰|pronoun|the person or people mentioned before	from|から|preposition|starting at (a particular place or time)	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	derived from|得られる|verb|come from a particular source	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	funds|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	value|価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods	to|に|preposition|in the direction of	together with|とともに|preposition|in addition to	its|その|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the thing mentioned before	profits|利益|noun|a financial gain	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	occasioning|生じさせる|verb|cause or give rise to	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	either of|のいずれか|determiner|one or the other of two people or things	his|彼の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the male person mentioned before	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with the thing mentioned before	theirs|彼らのもの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people mentioned before

Money, therefore, is the only part of the circulating capital of a society, of which the maintenance can occasion any diminution in their neat revenue.	したがって、貨幣は、社会の流動資本の唯一の部分であり、その維持が社会の純収入の減少をもたらすことがある。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the part of a company's capital that is used to finance its day-to-day operations	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money a company has left after paying all its expenses

The fixed capital, and that part of the circulating capital which consists in money, so far as they affect the revenue of the society, bear a very great resemblance to one another.	固定資本と、流動資本のうち貨幣から成る部分は、社会の収入に影響を与える限り、互いに非常によく似ている。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that are not used up in the production process	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital goods that are used up in the production process	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	bear|似ている|verb|be similar to	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other

First, as those machines and instruments of trade, etc.	第一に、機械や商売道具など、固定資本を構成する品物は、その品物が使用される事業の収入の源泉である。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|商売|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
require a certain expense, first to erect them, and afterwards to support them, both which expenses, though they make a part of the gross, are deductions from the neat revenue of the society;	第一に、機械や商売道具など、固定資本を構成する品物は、その品物が使用される事業の収入の源泉である。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	erect|建てる|verb|construct by putting parts or material together	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things previously mentioned	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	make|作る|verb|form, create, or produce	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	gross|総計|noun|the total amount of money or income before any deductions have been made	deduction|控除|noun|an amount that is subtracted from a total	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
so the stock of money which circulates in any country must require a certain expense, first to collect it, and afterwards to support it;	同様に、どの国でも流通する貨幣のストックは、まずそれを集めて、その後それを維持するために、一定の費用を必要とする。	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially
both which expenses, though they make a part of the gross, are, in the same manner, deductions from the neat revenue of the society.	どちらの費用も、総額の一部を構成するが、同様に社会の純収入から差し引かれる。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	make|構成する|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	gross|総額|noun|the total amount of money or income before any deductions	are|である|verb|be	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	deduction|差し引き|noun|a subtraction	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
A certain quantity of very valuable materials, gold and silver, and of very curious labour, instead of augmenting the stock reserved for immediate consumption, the subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements of individuals, is employed in supporting that great but expensive instrument of commerce, by means of which every individual in the society has his subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements, regularly distributed to him in their proper proportions.	一定量の非常に価値のある材料、金や銀、そして非常に精巧な労働は、即時消費のために確保されたストック、個人の生計、便宜、娯楽を増やす代わりに、その偉大だが高価な商業手段を支えるために使われ、それによって社会のすべての個人が、適切な割合で定期的に分配される生計、便宜、娯楽を得ている。	a certain quantity of|一定量の|noun phrase|a specific amount of	very valuable|非常に価値のある|adjective|worth a lot of money	material|材料|noun|a substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	very curious|非常に精巧な|adjective|very strange or unusual	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	augmenting|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	reserved|確保された|adjective|kept for a particular purpose	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that a person needs to live	convenience|便宜|noun|the quality of being easy to use or to do	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that is done for enjoyment	employed|使われる|verb|use	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	means|手段|noun|a method, way, or manner of doing something	every|すべての|adjective|each one of a group	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	has|得る|verb|possess, own, or hold	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole

Secondly, as the machines and instruments of trade, etc.	第二に、機械や商売道具など、固定資本を構成する品物は、その品物が使用される事業の収入の源泉である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|商売|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
which compose the fixed capital either of an individual or of a society, make no part either of the gross or of the neat revenue of either;	個人または社会の固定資本を構成する機械や商売道具などは、どちらの総収入にも純収入にも含まれない。	compose|構成する|verb|make up	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods that are used in production	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	make no part|含まれない|verb|not be included	gross|総収入|noun|the total amount of money or other income received before any deductions are made	neat|純収入|noun|the amount of money remaining after all costs and expenses have been deducted	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
so money, by means of which the whole revenue of the society is regularly distributed among all its different members, makes itself no part of that revenue.	同様に、社会の収入全体がそのすべての異なる構成員に定期的に分配される手段である貨幣は、それ自体ではその収入の一部を構成しない。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	revenue|収入|noun|income	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, activity, or period of time
The great wheel of circulation is altogether different from the goods which are circulated by means of it.	流通の大きな車輪は、それによって流通される商品とは全く異なる。	wheel|車輪|noun|a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move easily over the ground	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike
The revenue of the society consists altogether in those goods, and not in the wheel which circulates them.	社会の収入は、それらの商品から成り、それらを流通させる車輪から成るわけではない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	altogether|全体として|adverb|completely; totally	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a market	wheel|車輪|noun|a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move easily over the ground	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
In computing either the gross or the neat revenue of any society, we must always, from the whole annual circulation of money and goods, deduct the whole value of the money, of which not a single farthing can ever make any part of either.	どんな社会の総収入や純収入を計算するにしても、我々は常に、貨幣と商品の年間流通総額から、貨幣の価値総額を差し引かなければならない。貨幣は、その一銭たりとも、総収入や純収入の一部を構成することはできない。	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	gross|総|adjective|without deduction of tax or other expenses	neat|純|adjective|after deduction of all costs	revenue|収入|noun|income	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	annual|年間|adjective|happening or recurring once a year	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	farthing|一銭|noun|a former British coin worth one quarter of a penny	make|構成する|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something that forms the whole

It is the ambiguity of language only which can make this proposition appear either doubtful or paradoxical.	この命題を疑わしくも逆説的にも見せかけているのは、言葉の曖昧さだけである。	ambiguity|曖昧さ|noun|the quality of being open to more than one interpretation	language|言葉|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	proposition|命題|noun|a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable as to truth or quality	paradoxical|逆説的|adjective|contrary to received opinion or belief
When properly explained and understood, it is almost self-evident.	適切に説明され理解されれば、それはほとんど自明である。	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)	self-evident|自明である|adjective|not needing to be demonstrated or explained; obvious

When we talk of any particular sum of money, we sometimes mean nothing but the metal pieces of which it is composed, and sometimes we include in our meaning some obscure reference to the goods which can be had in exchange for it, or to the power of purchasing which the possession of it conveys.	我々が特定の金額の貨幣について話すとき、我々は時々、それを構成する金属片以外に何も意味せず、また時々、我々はその意味に、それと引き換えに得られる商品や、それを所有することで得られる購買力への漠然とした言及を含める。	talk of|話す|verb|speak about	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	but|以外|conjunction|except; other than	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	piece|片|noun|a portion of something	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	include|含める|verb|comprise or contain as a part	meaning|意味|noun|what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action	obscure|漠然とした|adjective|not discovered or known about; uncertain	reference|言及|noun|the action of mentioning or alluding to something	exchange|引き換え|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return, especially of the same kind or value	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	purchase|購買|verb|buy	convey|伝える|verb|communicate or make known
Thus, when we say that the circulating money of England has been computed at eighteen millions, we mean only to express the amount of the metal pieces, which some writers have computed, or rather have supposed, to circulate in that country.	このように、イギリスの流通貨幣が1800万と計算されたと言うとき、我々は、一部の著者がその国で流通していると計算した、あるいはむしろ想定した金属片の量を表現することだけを意味する。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in circulation	eighteen millions|1800万|noun|the number 18,000,000	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something, typically the total of two or more quantities	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	piece|片|noun|a portion of something such as an area, a period of time, or a quantity	writer|著者|noun|a person who has written a particular text	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
But when we say that a man is worth fifty or a hundred pounds a-year, we mean commonly to express, not only the amount of the metal pieces which are annually paid to him, but the value of the goods which he can annually purchase or consume;	しかし、ある人の年収が50ポンドまたは100ポンドであると言うとき、我々は通常、その人に毎年支払われる金属片の量だけでなく、その人が毎年購入または消費できる商品の価値も表現することを意味する。	a man|ある人|noun|an adult male human being	worth|年収|noun|the value of something in terms of money	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to five times ten	hundred|100|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to ten times ten	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	a-year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	piece|片|noun|a portion of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	goods|商品|noun|merchandise or possessions	purchase|購入|verb|buy	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
we mean commonly to ascertain what is or ought to be his way of living, or the quantity and quality of the necessaries and conveniencies of life in which he can with propriety indulge himself.	我々は通常、その人の生き方や、その人が適切に耽溺できる生活必需品や便利品の量と質が何であるか、あるいはどうあるべきかを確かめることを意味する。	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out for certain; make sure of	way of living|生き方|noun|a person's lifestyle	ought to be|どうあるべきか|verb|should be	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	quality|質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	propriety|適切|noun|the state or quality of being proper or suitable	indulge|耽溺する|verb|allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of

When, by any particular sum of money, we mean not only to express the amount of the metal pieces of which it is composed, but to include in its signification some obscure reference to the goods which can be had in exchange for them, the wealth or revenue which it in this case denotes, is equal only to one of the two values which are thus intimated somewhat ambiguously by the same word, and to the latter more properly than to the former, to the money’s worth more properly than to the money.	特定の金額の貨幣によって、それを構成する金属片の量を表現するだけでなく、その意味に、それと引き換えに得られる商品への漠然とした言及を含めることを意味する場合、この場合にそれが示す富や収入は、同じ言葉によってやや曖昧に示唆される2つの価値のうちの1つに等しく、前者よりも後者に、貨幣よりも貨幣の価値に等しい。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something, typically the total of two or more quantities	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	piece|片|noun|a portion of something such as an area, a period of time, or a set of objects	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	signification|意味|noun|the meaning of a word, phrase, or text	obscure|漠然とした|adjective|not discovered or known about; uncertain	reference|言及|noun|the action of mentioning or alluding to something	exchange|引き換え|noun|an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return, especially of the same kind or value	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and arising from sales or other business activities	denote|示す|verb|be a sign of; indicate	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	two|2つ|numeral|one more than one; 2	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	intimate|示唆する|verb|suggest or hint	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	ambiguously|曖昧に|adverb|in a way that can be understood in more than one way	same|同じ|adjective|being the same; identical	word|言葉|noun|a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	money's worth|貨幣の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

Thus, if a guinea be the weekly pension of a particular person, he can in the course of the week purchase with it a certain quantity of subsistence, conveniencies, and amusements.	このように、ギニーが特定の人の週給である場合、その人は週の間にそれを使って一定量の生活必需品、便利品、娯楽を購入することができる。	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	course|間に|noun|the period of time during which something happens	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	convenience|便利品|noun|the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment
In proportion as this quantity is great or small, so are his real riches, his real weekly revenue.	この量の大小に比例して、彼の本当の富、彼の本当の週収入もそうである。	in proportion as|比例して|adverb|in the same ratio as	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	small|小さい|adjective|of minor significance or importance	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or happening in fact	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	weekly|週の|adjective|happening or done once a week	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
His weekly revenue is certainly not equal both to the guinea and to what can be purchased with it, but only to one or other of those two equal values, and to the latter more properly than to the former, to the guinea’s worth rather than to the guinea.	彼の週収入は、ギニーとそれで購入できるものの両方には等しくなく、2つの等しい価値のどちらか一方にのみ等しく、前者よりも後者に、ギニーよりもギニーの価値に等しい。	weekly|週|adjective|happening or done once a week	revenue|収入|noun|income	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	purchase|購入|verb|buy	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	two|2|numeral|one more than one	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	guinea's worth|ギニーの価値|noun|the value of a guinea

If the pension of such a person was paid to him, not in gold, but in a weekly bill for a guinea, his revenue surely would not so properly consist in the piece of paper, as in what he could get for it.	もしそのような人の年金が金ではなく、ギニーの週払い手形で支払われたとしたら、彼の収入は確かに紙切れではなく、それで得られるもので構成されるだろう。	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	weekly|週払い|adjective|happening or done once a week	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	revenue|収入|noun|income	consist in|～で構成される|verb|be composed of	piece of paper|紙切れ|noun|a small piece of paper	get|得られる|verb|receive
A guinea may be considered as a bill for a certain quantity of necessaries and conveniencies upon all the tradesmen in the neighbourhood.	ギニーは、近隣のすべての商人に対する一定量の必需品や便利品に対する請求書と考えることができる。	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	bill|請求書|noun|a printed and usually itemized statement of money owed for goods or services	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who runs a business, especially a small shop
The revenue of the person to whom it is paid, does not so properly consist in the piece of gold, as in what he can get for it, or in what he can exchange it for.	それが支払われる人の収入は、金貨ではなく、それで得られる物や交換できる物で構成される。	revenue|収入|noun|income	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
If it could be exchanged for nothing, it would, like a bill upon a bankrupt, be of no more value than the most useless piece of paper.	もしそれが何物とも交換できないなら、それは破産者の手形のように、最も無用な紙切れ以上の価値はないだろう。	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	nothing|何物とも|noun|not anything; no single thing	bankrupt|破産者|noun|a person who has been declared in law as unable to pay their debts	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

Though the weekly or yearly revenue of all the different inhabitants of any country, in the same manner, may be, and in reality frequently is, paid to them in money, their real riches, however, the real weekly or yearly revenue of all of them taken together, must always be great or small, in proportion to the quantity of consumable goods which they can all of them purchase with this money.	どんな国のあらゆる住民の週給や年収も、同じように、彼らに金銭で支払われるかもしれないし、実際にはしばしば支払われるが、しかし、彼らの本当の富、彼ら全員を合わせた本当の週給や年収は、彼ら全員がこの金銭で購入できる消費財の量に比例して、常に多かったり少なかったりする。	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	yearly|年収|adjective|happening or done once a year	revenue|収入|noun|income	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	yearly|年収|adjective|happening or done once a year	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	goods|財|noun|merchandise or possessions
The whole revenue of all of them taken together is evidently not equal to both the money and the consumable goods, but only to one or other of those two values, and to the latter more properly than to the former.	彼ら全員を合わせた収入全体は、明らかに貨幣と消費財の両方には等しくなく、この二つの価値のどちらか一方に等しく、前者よりも後者に等しい。	take together|合わせる|verb|to combine or join	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	revenue|収入|noun|income	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	good|財|noun|a tangible item that is manufactured or produced

Though we frequently, therefore, express a person’s revenue by the metal pieces which are annually paid to him, it is because the amount of those pieces regulates the extent of his power of purchasing, or the value of the goods which he can annually afford to consume.	だから、我々はしばしば、ある人の収入を、彼に毎年支払われる金属片で表現するが、それは、それらの金属片の量が、彼の購買力の範囲、または彼が毎年消費できる商品の価値を決定するからである。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	express|表現する|verb|represent or convey in words	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	revenue|収入|noun|income	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	piece|片|noun|a portion of something	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	purchase|購入|verb|buy	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
We still consider his revenue as consisting in this power of purchasing or consuming, and not in the pieces which convey it.	我々は依然として、彼の収入は、それを運ぶ金属片ではなく、この購買力または消費力にあると考える。	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	revenue|収入|noun|income	consist in|にある|verb|be composed of	purchasing|購買力|noun|the power to buy	consuming|消費力|noun|the power to consume	piece|金属片|noun|a part of something	convey|運ぶ|verb|carry or transport

But if this is sufficiently evident, even with regard to an individual, it is still more so with regard to a society.	しかし、これが個人に関しても十分に明らかであるなら、社会に関してもさらに明らかである。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The amount of the metal pieces which are annually paid to an individual, is often precisely equal to his revenue, and is upon that account the shortest and best expression of its value.	個人に毎年支払われる金属片の量は、しばしば彼の収入と正確に等しく、その点でその価値の最も短く最良の表現である。	amount|量|noun|the total of two or more quantities	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually lustrous, hard, good conductors of heat and electricity, and generally malleable	piece|片|noun|a portion of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	precisely|正確に|adverb|in exact terms; definitely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	revenue|収入|noun|income	upon|その点で|preposition|on	shortest|最も短い|adjective|having the least length	best|最良の|adjective|of the highest quality	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase that describes or denotes something
But the amount of the metal pieces which circulate in a society, can never be equal to the revenue of all its members.	しかし、社会で流通する金属片の量は、その社会のすべての構成員の収入と等しくなることは決してない。	amount|量|noun|the total of two or more quantities	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
As the same guinea which pays the weekly pension of one man to-day, may pay that of another to-morrow, and that of a third the day thereafter, the amount of the metal pieces which annually circulate in any country, must always be of much less value than the whole money pensions annually paid with them.	今日一人の週給を支払う同じギニーが、明日は別の人の週給を、その翌日には三人目の週給を支払うかもしれないので、どの国でも毎年流通する金属片の量は、常にそれらで毎年支払われる年金の総額よりもはるかに少ない価値でなければならない。	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	weekly|週給|adjective|happening or done once a week	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of two or more quantities	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes; coins and banknotes collectively	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year
But the power of purchasing, or the goods which can successively be bought with the whole of those money pensions, as they are successively paid, must always be precisely of the same value with those pensions;	しかし、購買力、つまり、それらの年金の全額を順次支払うことによって順次購入できる商品は、常にそれらの年金とまったく同じ価値でなければならない。	purchasing power|購買力|noun|the value of a currency expressed in terms of the number of goods or services that one unit of money can buy	pension|年金|noun|a regular payment made during a person's retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life	successively|順次|adverb|one after another in succession	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	precisely|まったく|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
as must likewise be the revenue of the different persons to whom they are paid.	同様に、それらが支払われる異なる人々の収入もそうである。	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
That revenue, therefore, cannot consist in those metal pieces, of which the amount is so much inferior to its value, but in the power of purchasing, in the goods which can successively be bought with them as they circulate from hand to hand.	したがって、その収入は、その価値よりもはるかに少ない量の金属片にあるのではなく、購買力、つまり、手から手へと流通するにつれて順次購入できる商品にある。	revenue|収入|noun|income	consist in|にある|verb|be composed of	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	inferior|少ない|adjective|of lower quality	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	purchasing power|購買力|noun|the value of money in terms of the goods and services it can buy	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist

Money, therefore, the great wheel of circulation, the great instrument of commerce, like all other instruments of trade, though it makes a part, and a very valuable part, of the capital, makes no part of the revenue of the society to which it belongs;	したがって、流通の大きな車輪であり、商業の大きな道具である貨幣は、他のすべての貿易道具と同様に、資本の一部であり、非常に価値のある部分であるが、それが属する社会の収入の一部を成すものではない。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	wheel|車輪|noun|a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move easily over the ground	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something, especially money, goods, or people, from one place to another	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
and though the metal pieces of which it is composed, in the course of their annual circulation, distribute to every man the revenue which properly belongs to him, they make themselves no part of that revenue.	そして、それを構成する金属片は、年次流通の過程で、すべての人に彼に属する収入を分配するが、それ自体はその収入の一部を成すものではない。	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	piece|片|noun|a portion of something	compose|構成する|verb|make up	annual|年次|adjective|happening once a year	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	revenue|収入|noun|income	make|成す|verb|form or constitute

Thirdly, and lastly, the machines and instruments of trade, etc.	第三に、そして最後に、貿易の機械や道具などである。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
which compose the fixed capital, bear this further resemblance to that part of the circulating capital which consists in money;	固定資本を構成する貿易の機械や道具などは、流動資本のうち貨幣からなる部分とさらに似ている。	compose|構成する|verb|make up	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods that are used in production	bear|似ている|verb|be similar to	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the capital goods that are used up in production	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
that as every saving in the expense of erecting and supporting those machines, which does not diminish the introductive powers of labour, is an improvement of the neat revenue of the society;	労働の導入力を減少させない機械の設置と維持の費用の節約は、社会の純収入の改善である。	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money or time spent	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money, time, or labour	erecting|設置|verb|construct or build	supporting|維持|verb|give assistance to, or be in favour of	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	diminish|減少|verb|make or become less	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or modification that makes something better	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
so every saving in the expense of collecting and supporting that part of the circulating capital which consists in money is an improvement of exactly the same kind.	同様に、流動資本のうち貨幣からなる部分の収集と維持の費用の節約は、まったく同じ種類の改善である。	saving|節約|noun|the reduction of money spent	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money incurred in making or doing something	collecting|収集|noun|the gathering together of things	supporting|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the part of a company's capital that is used to finance its day-to-day operations	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better

It is sufficiently obvious, and it has partly, too, been explained already, in what manner every saving in the expense of supporting the fixed capital is an improvement of the neat revenue of the society.	固定資本の維持費用の節約が、どのような方法で社会の純収入の改善になるかは、十分に明らかであり、また、すでに一部説明した。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods used in production	expense|費用|noun|the cost incurred in making or doing something	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money spent	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money a company has left after paying all its expenses	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better
The whole capital of the undertaker of every work is necessarily divided between his fixed and his circulating capital.	あらゆる事業の経営者の資本全体は、必然的に固定資本と流動資本に分けられる。	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	fixed|固定|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	circulating|流動|adjective|moving or able to move freely or easily
While his whole capital remains the same, the smaller the one part, the greater must necessarily be the other.	資本全体が同じである限り、一方が小さければ、他方は必然的に大きくなる。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	remain|同じである|verb|be in the same state or condition	the smaller|小さければ|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	the greater|大きくなる|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably
It is the circulating capital which furnishes the materials and wages of labour, and puts industry into motion.	労働の材料と賃金を提供し、産業を動かすのは流動資本である。	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved
Every saving, therefore, in the expense of maintaining the fixed capital, which does not diminish the productive powers of labour, must increase the fund which puts industry into motion, and consequently the annual produce of land and labour, the real revenue of every society.	したがって、労働の生産力を減少させない固定資本の維持費用の節約は、産業を動かす資金を増やし、その結果、土地と労働の年産物、あらゆる社会の真の収入を増やすことになる。	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money spent	expense|費用|noun|the cost of doing or making something	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital goods that are used in production	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	real revenue|真の収入|noun|the income of a person or organization after deducting all costs and expenses	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region

The substitution of paper in the room of gold and silver money, replaces a very expensive instrument of commerce with one much less costly, and sometimes equally convenient.	金銀貨の代わりに紙幣を使うことは、非常に高価な商業手段を、はるかに安価で、時には同等に便利なものに置き換えることになる。	substitution|代用|noun|the act of replacing someone or something with another person or thing	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	room|代わりに|noun|a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	costly|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	equally|同等に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
Circulation comes to be carried on by a new wheel, which it costs less both to erect and to maintain than the old one.	流通は新しい車輪によって行われるようになり、それは古いものよりも建設と維持の両方のコストが低い。	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	come to be|～になる|verb|become	carry on|行う|verb|continue	wheel|車輪|noun|a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move easily over the ground	cost|コスト|noun|the price paid for something	erect|建設|verb|construct or build	maintain|維持|verb|keep in good condition
But in what manner this operation is performed, and in what manner it tends to increase either the gross or the neat revenue of the society, is not altogether so obvious, and may therefore require some further explication.	しかし、この操作がどのような方法で行われ、どのような方法で社会の総収入または純収入を増加させる傾向にあるかは、それほど明白ではないため、さらに説明が必要かもしれない。	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose

There are several different sorts of paper money;	紙幣にはいくつかの種類がある。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics
but the circulating notes of banks and bankers are the species which is best known, and which seems best adapted for this purpose.	しかし、銀行や銀行家の流通紙幣は、最もよく知られており、この目的に最も適していると思われる種類である。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	circulating note|流通紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money that is used as a medium of exchange	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	best|最も|adverb|to the highest degree or extent	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something

When the people of any particular country have such confidence in the fortune, probity and prudence of a particular banker, as to believe that he is always ready to pay upon demand such of his promissory notes as are likely to be at any time presented to him, those notes come to have the same currency as gold and silver money, from the confidence that such money can at any time be had for them.	ある特定の国の国民が、ある特定の銀行家の財産、誠実さ、慎重さに信頼を置き、いつでも提示される可能性のある約束手形をいつでも支払う用意があると信じている場合、それらの手形は、いつでも金銀貨幣と交換できるという信頼から、金銀貨幣と同じ通貨を持つようになる。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	probity|誠実さ|noun|the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	confidence|信頼|noun|the feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or has a high position in a bank	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal of great value	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any point	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	for|のために|preposition|in order to achieve or obtain

A particular banker lends among his customers his own promissory notes, to the extent, we shall suppose, of a hundred thousand pounds.	ある特定の銀行家は、顧客に自分の約束手形を貸し付けている。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or has a high position in a bank	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that they agree to pay back	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	hundred thousand pounds|10万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
As those notes serve all the purposes of money, his debtors pay him the same interest as if he had lent them so much money.	これらの手形は貨幣のすべての目的を果たすので、彼の債務者は、彼がそれだけの貨幣を貸し付けたかのような利子を彼に支払う。	serve the purpose of|の目的を果たす|verb|be used for a particular purpose	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily
This interest is the source of his gain.	この利子が彼の利益の源である。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained
Though some of those notes are continually coming back upon him for payment, part of them continue to circulate for months and years together.	これらの手形の一部は支払いのために彼のもとに戻ってくるが、その一部は何ヶ月も何年も一緒に流通し続けている。	some of|一部の|determiner|a portion of	note|手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	come back|戻ってくる|verb|return to a place	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system	month|月|noun|one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
Though he has generally in circulation, therefore, notes to the extent of a hundred thousand pounds, twenty thousand pounds in gold and silver may, frequently, be a sufficient provision for answering occasional demands.	したがって、彼は一般的に10万ポンドの範囲で流通している手形を持っているが、金と銀で2万ポンドは、時折の要求に応えるのに十分な準備金であることが多い。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	hundred thousand pounds|10万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	twenty thousand pounds|2万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	provision|準備金|noun|a sum of money set aside for a particular purpose	answering|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly
By this operation, therefore, twenty thousand pounds in gold and silver perform all the functions which a hundred thousand could otherwise have performed.	したがって、この操作によって、金と銀で2万ポンドは、そうでなければ10万ポンドが行えたであろうすべての機能を果たす。	by this operation|この操作によって|noun phrase|by this operation	twenty thousand pounds|2万ポンド|noun phrase|twenty thousand pounds	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	perform|果たす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	hundred thousand|10万|noun phrase|hundred thousand	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; in other circumstances	have performed|行えたであろう|verb phrase|have performed
The same exchanges may be made, the same quantity of consumable goods may be circulated and distributed to their proper consumers, by means of his promissory notes, to the value of a hundred thousand pounds, as by an equal value of gold and silver money.	同じ交換が行われ、同じ量の消費財が、金銀貨幣と同等の価値で、10万ポンドの価値がある彼の約束手形によって、適切な消費者に流通され、分配される。	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	circulate|流通|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	distribute|分配|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal, the most precious metal that occurs in nature	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal, occurring in nature and also obtained by refining lead, copper, and other ores	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Eighty thousand pounds of gold and silver, therefore, can in this manner be spared from the circulation of the country;	したがって、この方法で8万ポンドの金と銀を国の流通から免れることができる。	eighty thousand pounds|8万ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	this manner|この方法|noun|this way	be spared|免れる|verb|be saved from or not affected by	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and if different operations of the same kind should, at the same time, be carried on by many different banks and bankers, the whole circulation may thus be conducted with a fifth part only of the gold and silver which would otherwise have been requisite.	そして、同じ種類の異なる操作が、同時に、多くの異なる銀行や銀行家によって行われるならば、全体の流通は、そうでなければ必要とされる金と銀の5分の1だけで行われるかもしれない。	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	same|同じ|adjective|being the same or not different	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or has a high position in a bank	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	conduct|行う|verb|to direct or manage	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary

Let us suppose, for example, that the whole circulating money of some particular country amounted, at a particular time, to one million sterling, that sum being then sufficient for circulating the whole annual produce of their land and labour;	たとえば、ある特定の国の流通貨幣の総額が、ある特定の時点で100万ポンドに達し、その額がその国の土地と労働の年間生産物全体を流通させるのに十分であると仮定しよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for example|たとえば|adverb|by way of illustration	whole|総額|noun|all of something	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is used in everyday transactions	particular country|特定の国|noun|a specific country	particular time|特定の時点|noun|a specific point in time	one million|100万|noun|the number 1,000,000	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	circulating|流通させる|verb|cause to move or pass around, as from person to person or place to place	whole annual produce|年間生産物全体|noun|the total amount of something produced in a year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
let us suppose, too, that some time thereafter, different banks and bankers issued promissory notes payable to the bearer, to the extent of one million, reserving in their different coffers two hundred thousand pounds for answering occasional demands;	また、その後しばらくして、さまざまな銀行や銀行家が100万ポンドの範囲で無記名式の約束手形を発行し、時折の要求に応えるために20万ポンドをそれぞれの金庫に保管したと仮定しよう。	let us suppose|仮定しよう|verb|assume that something is the case or that something is true	some time|しばらく|noun|a period of time	thereafter|その後|adverb|after that	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	issue|発行する|verb|produce and distribute	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	bearer|無記名式|noun|the person who holds a negotiable instrument	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	one million|100万|numeral|the number 1,000,000	reserve|保管する|verb|keep for future use	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right
there would remain, therefore, in circulation, eight hundred thousand pounds in gold and silver, and a million of bank notes, or eighteen hundred thousand pounds of paper and money together.	したがって、流通には金と銀で80万ポンド、銀行券で100万ポンド、つまり紙幣と貨幣を合わせて180万ポンドが残ることになる。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	eight hundred thousand pounds|80万ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	a million|100万|noun|a thousand thousand	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	eighteen hundred thousand pounds|180万ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
But the annual produce of the land and labour of the country had before required only one million to circulate and distribute it to its proper consumers, and that annual produce cannot be immediately augmented by those operations of banking.	しかし、その国の土地と労働の年間生産物は、以前は適切な消費者に流通させ配布するのに100万ポンドしか必要とせず、その年間生産物は銀行のそうした業務によって即座に増加することはできない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	before|以前は|adverb|earlier or previously	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	only|だけ|adverb|solely or exclusively	million|100万|noun|a thousand thousand	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	distribute|配布する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
One million, therefore, will be sufficient to circulate it after them.	したがって、100万ポンドで流通させるのに十分である。	one million|100万ポンド|noun|the number 1,000,000	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
The goods to be bought and sold being precisely the same as before, the same quantity of money will be sufficient for buying and selling them.	売買される商品は以前とまったく同じなので、同じ量の貨幣で売買するのに十分である。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	precisely|まったく|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required
The channel of circulation, if I may be allowed such an expression, will remain precisely the same as before.	このような表現を許してもらえるなら、流通経路は以前とまったく同じままである。	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase that describes or represents something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	precisely|まったく|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed
One million we have supposed sufficient to fill that channel.	100万ポンドでその経路を満たすのに十分だと仮定した。	one million|100万ポンド|noun|the number 1,000,000	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access
Whatever, therefore, is poured into it beyond this sum, cannot run into it, but must overflow.	したがって、この金額を超えて流し込まれた分は、流入することはできず、あふれ出なければならない。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	be poured into|流し込まれる|verb|be put into something	beyond|超えて|preposition|on the far side of	run into|流入する|verb|flow into	overflow|あふれ出る|verb|flow over the brim of
One million eight hundred thousand pounds are poured into it.	180万ポンドが流し込まれる。	one million|100万|noun|the number 1,000,000	eight hundred thousand|80万|noun|the number 800,000	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	pour|流し込む|verb|cause to flow in a stream
Eight hundred thousand pounds, therefore, must overflow, that sum being over and above what can be employed in the circulation of the country.	したがって、80万ポンドは、国内の流通に使用できる金額を超えているため、あふれ出なければならない。	eight hundred thousand pounds|80万ポンド|noun|a sum of money	overflow|あふれ出る|verb|flow over the brim of a container	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	over and above|を超えている|adverb|in addition to	be employed|使用される|verb|be used	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person
But though this sum cannot be employed at home, it is too valuable to be allowed to lie idle.	しかし、この金額は国内では使用できないが、遊ばせておくには価値がありすぎる。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	employ|使用する|verb|use	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	lie idle|遊ばせる|verb|be unused or inactive
It will, therefore, be sent abroad, in order to seek that profitable employment which it cannot find at home.	したがって、国内では見つけられない有益な用途を求めて、海外に送られることになる。	be sent|送られる|verb|be taken or delivered to a destination; be dispatched	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	profitable|有益な|adjective|yielding a financial gain	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	at home|国内|adverb|in one's own country
But the paper cannot go abroad;	しかし、紙幣は海外には行けない。	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	go abroad|海外に行く|verb|travel to a foreign country
because at a distance from the banks which issue it, and from the country in which payment of it can be exacted by law, it will not be received in common payments.	なぜなら、それを発行する銀行や、法律で支払いを強制できる国から遠く離れた場所では、一般の支払いには受け取られないからである。	at a distance|遠く離れた場所で|adverb|far away	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	issue|発行する|verb|to officially or formally announce or declare	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	common|一般の|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people
Gold and silver, therefore, to the amount of eight hundred thousand pounds, will be sent abroad, and the channel of home circulation will remain filled with a million of paper instead of a million of those metals which filled it before.	したがって、金と銀は八十万ポンドの量で海外に送られ、国内流通の経路は、以前にそれを満たしていた百万の金属の代わりに百万の紙幣で満たされたままになる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	eight hundred thousand pounds|八十万ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something	remain|残る|verb|stay in the same place or condition	million|百万|noun|a thousand thousand	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full

But though so great a quantity of gold and silver is thus sent abroad, we must not imagine that it is sent abroad for nothing, or that its proprietors make a present of it to foreign nations.	しかし、これほど大量の金銀が海外に送られるとしても、それがただで送られるとか、所有者が外国にプレゼントするなどと考えるべきではない。	so great a quantity of|これほど大量の|noun phrase|a very large amount of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country	must not|いけない|auxiliary verb|be not allowed to	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image of something	nothing|ただ|noun|not anything; no single thing	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	make a present of|プレゼントする|verb phrase|give as a gift	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
They will exchange it for foreign goods of some kind or another, in order to supply the consumption either of some other foreign country, or of their own.	彼らは、他の外国や自国の消費を供給するために、それを何らかの外国製品と交換するだろう。	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|a product that is manufactured or grown	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)

If they employ it in purchasing goods in one foreign country, in order to supply the consumption of another, or in what is called the carrying trade, whatever profit they make will be in addition to the neat revenue of their own country.	彼らがそれを、ある外国で商品を購入して、別の外国の消費を供給するために、あるいはいわゆる運送貿易に用いる場合には、彼らが得る利益はすべて、自国の純収入に加算されることになる。	employ|用いる|verb|use	purchase|購入|verb|buy	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	supply|供給|verb|provide	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	another|別の|adjective|different	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	addition|加算|noun|the mathematical operation of combining two numbers to make a third	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money a company has left after paying all its expenses	own country|自国|noun|the country where one was born or has legal citizenship
It is like a new fund, created for carrying on a new trade;	それは、新しい貿易を行うために作られた新しい基金のようなものだ。	like|のような|preposition|similar to	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
domestic business being now transacted by paper, and the gold and silver being converted into a fund for this new trade.	国内取引は紙幣で行われ、金銀はこの新しい貿易のための基金に転換される。	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the home	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	be transacted|行われる|verb|be carried out or accomplished	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	be converted|転換される|verb|be changed from one form to another	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose

If they employ it in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, they may either, first, purchase such goods as are likely to be consumed by idle people, who produce nothing, such as foreign wines, foreign silks, etc.; or, secondly, they may purchase an additional stock of materials, tools, and provisions, in order to maintain and employ an additional number of industrious people, who reproduce, with a profit, the value of their annual consumption.	彼らがそれを国内消費のために外国製品を購入するために用いる場合には、第一に、外国産のワインや絹など、何も生産しない怠惰な人々が消費する可能性の高い製品を購入するか、第二に、彼らは、年間消費量の価値を利益を伴って再現する勤勉な人々をさらに維持し、雇用するために、材料、道具、食料の追加在庫を購入するかもしれない。	employ|用いる|verb|use	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else	idle|怠惰な|adjective|lazy	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	second|第二に|adverb|after the first; next	additional|追加の|adjective|extra	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement used to carry out a particular function	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|use	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|hard-working	reproduce|再現する|verb|make a copy of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

So far as it is employed in the first way, it promotes prodigality, increases expense and consumption, without increasing production, or establishing any permanent fund for supporting that expense, and is in every respect hurtful to the society.	第一の方法で用いられる限り、それは浪費を促進し、生産を増加させたり、その支出を支えるための永続的な基金を設立することなく、支出と消費を増加させ、あらゆる点で社会に害を与える。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	employ|用いる|verb|use or engage the services of	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	prodigality|浪費|noun|the quality of being wastefully extravagant	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	hurtful|害を与える|adjective|causing pain or injury	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

So far as it is employed in the second way, it promotes industry;	第二の方法で用いられる限り、それは産業を促進する。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish
and though it increases the consumption of the society, it provides a permanent fund for supporting that consumption;	そして、それは社会の消費を増加させるが、その消費を支えるための永続的な基金を提供する。	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
the people who consume reproducing, with a profit, the whole value of their annual consumption.	消費する人々は、利益を伴って、年間消費量の全価値を再現する。	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	reproduce|再現する|verb|make a copy of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
The gross revenue of the society, the annual produce of their land and labour, is increased by the whole value which the labour of those workmen adds to the materials upon which they are employed, and their neat revenue by what remains of this value, after deducting what is necessary for supporting the tools and instruments of their trade.	社会の総収入、土地と労働の年間生産量は、これらの労働者の労働が彼らが雇用されている材料に加える全価値によって増加し、彼らの純収入は、彼らの貿易の道具や機器を支えるために必要なものを差し引いた後、この価値の残りによって増加する。	gross revenue|総収入|noun|the total amount of money a company makes before any costs are taken out	annual produce|年間生産量|noun|the total amount of something produced in a year	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	whole value|全価値|noun|the total value of something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	material|材料|noun|a substance that is used to make or produce something else	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to someone in return for payment	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money a company makes after all costs have been taken out	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	value|価値|noun|the importance or worth of something	deduct|差し引く|verb|take away an amount or part from a total	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement used to carry out a particular function	instrument|器具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

That the greater part of the gold and silver which being forced abroad by those operations of banking, is employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, is, and must be, employed in purchasing those of this second kind, seems not only probable, but almost unavoidable.	銀行業務によって海外に押し出された金銀の大部分が、国内消費のために外国製品を購入するために使われ、この第二の種類の製品を購入するために使われ、使われなければならないということは、あり得るだけでなく、ほとんど避けられないことのように思われる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	being forced|押し出される|verb|be compelled to do something	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	operation|業務|noun|a business or manufacturing activity	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	employed|使われる|verb|be used for a particular purpose	purchasing|購入|noun|the action of buying something	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a foreign country	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services bought by households	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	kind|種類|noun|a category of things	probable|あり得る|adjective|likely to happen or be true	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided
Though some particular men may sometimes increase their expense very considerably, though their revenue does not increase at all, we maybe assured that no class or order of men ever does so;	ある特定の人々は、収入がまったく増加しないにもかかわらず、支出を非常に大幅に増やすことがあるが、どの階級や階層の人々もそうすることはないと確信できる。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	order|階層|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position
because, though the principles of common prudence do not always govern the conduct of every individual, they always influence that of the majority of every class or order.	なぜなら、一般的な慎重さの原則は常にすべての個人の行動を支配するわけではないが、常にすべての階級や階層の大多数の行動に影響を与えるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	govern|支配する|verb|rule or control	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	majority|大多数|noun|the greater part or number	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	order|階層|noun|a rank or level in a hierarchy
But the revenue of idle people, considered as a class or order, cannot, in the smallest degree, be increased by those operations of banking.	しかし、階級や階層として考えられる怠惰な人々の収入は、銀行業務によって少しも増加することはできない。	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	revenue|収入|noun|income	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	order|階層|noun|a system of organization	degree|少しも|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
Their expense in general, therefore, cannot be much increased by them, though that of a few individuals among them may, and in reality sometimes is.	したがって、彼らの支出は、彼らの中の少数の個人の支出は増加するかもしれないし、実際には時々増加するが、一般的にはあまり増加することはできない。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent or degree	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	though|かもしれない|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; really	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times
The demand of idle people, therefore, for foreign goods, being the same, or very nearly the same as before, a very small part of the money which, being forced abroad by those operations of banking, is employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, is likely to be employed in purchasing those for their use.	したがって、怠惰な人々の外国製品に対する需要は、以前と同じか、ほぼ同じであるため、銀行業務によって海外に押し出され、国内消費のために外国製品を購入するために使用される資金のごく一部は、彼らの使用のためにそれらを購入するために使用される可能性が高い。	idle|怠惰な|adjective|lazy; inactive	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	good|製品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost; not quite	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	very small part|ごく一部|noun|a tiny portion	force|押し出す|verb|make someone or something move or go somewhere	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	operation|業務|noun|a business or manufacturing activity	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	purchase|購入|verb|buy	foreign good|外国製品|noun|a product that is manufactured in a foreign country	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used by consumers in a country	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
The greater part of it will naturally be destined for the employment of industry, and not for the maintenance of idleness.	その大部分は当然、怠惰を維持するためではなく、産業の雇用に充てられることになる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	naturally|当然|adverb|as expected	destined|充てられる|verb|be intended for a particular purpose	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle

When we compute the quantity of industry which the circulating capital of any society can employ, we must always have regard to those parts of it only which consist in provisions, materials, and finished work;	ある社会の流動資本が雇用できる産業の量を計算する際には、常に食料、材料、完成品からなる部分だけを考慮しなければならない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the capital of a business which is used in its day-to-day trading operations	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that is ready for sale or use
the other, which consists in money, and which serves only to circulate those three, must always be deducted.	貨幣からなり、これら三つを流通させるだけに役立つ他の部分は、常に差し引かなければならない。	consist in|からなる|verb|be composed of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract
In order to put industry into motion, three things are requisite;	産業を動かすためには、三つのことが必要である。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	put|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	into motion|動き出す|verb|start moving	three|三つ|adjective|being one more than two	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	requisite|必要である|adjective|made or done as a condition of something else
materials to work upon, tools to work with, and the wages or recompence for the sake of which the work is done.	加工する材料、加工する道具、そして仕事が完了した時に支払われる賃金または報酬である。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work upon|加工する|verb|to make, shape, or improve by effort	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	work with|加工する|verb|to make, shape, or improve by effort	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment
Money is neither a material to work upon, nor a tool to work with;	貨幣は加工する材料でも、加工する道具でもない。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	neither|～でもない|conjunction|not either	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work upon|加工する|verb|to make, shape, or improve	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function
and though the wages of the workman are commonly paid to him in money, his real revenue, like that of all other men, consists, not in the money, but in the money’s worth;	そして、労働者の賃金は通常貨幣で支払われるが、彼の本当の収入は、他のすべての人々と同じように、貨幣ではなく、貨幣の価値にある。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	revenue|収入|noun|income	consist|ある|verb|be composed or made up of	money's worth|貨幣の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money
not in the metal pieces, but in what can be got for them.	金属片ではなく、それらで何が得られるかにある。	not in|にあるわけではない|adverb|not in the place or position mentioned	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	piece|片|noun|a portion of something	but|にある|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	what|何|pronoun|the thing or things that	can be got|得られる|verb|be able to obtain or receive	for|で|preposition|in exchange for

The quantity of industry which any capital can employ, must evidently be equal to the number of workmen whom it can supply with materials, tools, and a maintenance suitable to the nature of the work.	どんな資本でも雇用できる労働量は、明らかに、材料、道具、そして仕事の性質に適した維持費を供給できる労働者の数に等しくなければならない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving something	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
Money may be requisite for purchasing the materials and tools of the work, as well as the maintenance of the workmen;	貨幣は、労働者の維持費だけでなく、仕事の材料や道具を購入するために必要かもしれない。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	purchase|購入|verb|buy	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work
but the quantity of industry which the whole capital can employ, is certainly not equal both to the money which purchases, and to the materials, tools, and maintenance, which are purchased with it, but only to one or other of those two values, and to the latter more properly than to the former.	しかし、資本全体が雇用できる労働量は、確かに、購入する貨幣と、それで購入される材料、道具、維持費の両方には等しくなく、その二つの価値のどちらか一方にのみ等しく、前者よりも後者に等しい。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving someone or something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things mentioned

When paper is substituted in the room of gold and silver money, the quantity of the materials, tools, and maintenance, which the whole circulating capital can supply, may be increased by the whole value of gold and silver which used to be employed in purchasing them.	金銀貨幣の代わりに紙幣が使われると、流通資本全体が供給できる材料、道具、維持費の量は、それらを購入するために使われていた金銀の価値全体によって増加するかもしれない。	be substituted|代用される|verb|be used instead of something else	room|場所|noun|a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving someone or something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	supply|供給する|verb|make available for use; provide	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for
The whole value of the great wheel of circulation and distribution is added to the goods which are circulated and distributed by means of it.	流通と分配の大きな車輪の価値全体が、それによって流通され分配される商品に加わる。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	wheel|車輪|noun|a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable it to move easily over the ground	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	add|加わる|verb|join or combine two or more things together or with something else
The operation, in some measure, resembles that of the undertaker of some great work, who, in consequence of some improvement in mechanics, takes down his old machinery, and adds the difference between its price and that of the new to his circulating capital, to the fund from which he furnishes materials and wages to his workmen.	この操作は、ある程度、機械の改良の結果、古い機械を解体し、その価格と新しい機械の価格の差を流動資本に加え、そこから労働者に材料や賃金を提供する資金に追加する、大規模な作業の請負業者の操作に似ている。	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	work|作業|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	mechanic|機械|noun|a machine or tool	take down|解体する|verb|to remove or demolish something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the capital of a business which is used in its day-to-day trading operations	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide something	material|材料|noun|a substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker

What is the proportion which the circulating money of any country bears to the whole value of the annual produce circulated by means of it, it is perhaps impossible to determine.	どの国の流通貨幣が、それによって流通する年産物の価値全体に占める割合は、おそらく決定することは不可能である。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in use	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in
It has been computed by different authors at a fifth, at a tenth, at a twentieth, and at a thirtieth, part of that value.	それは、その価値の5分の1、10分の1、20分の1、30分の1と、さまざまな著者によって計算されている。	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	twentieth|20分の1|noun|one of twenty equal parts	thirtieth|30分の1|noun|one of thirty equal parts	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
But how small soever the proportion which the circulating money may bear to the whole value of the annual produce, as but a part, and frequently but a small part, of that produce, is ever destined for the maintenance of industry, it must always bear a very considerable proportion to that part.	しかし、流通貨幣が年産物の価値全体に占める割合がどれほど小さくても、その産物の一部、しかもしばしばごく一部が産業の維持に充てられるので、その部分に対しては常にかなりの割合を占めなければならない。	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in use	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	bear|占める|verb|to have or show	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	soever|どれほど|adverb|to any extent or degree	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	small part|ごく一部|noun|a very small portion of something	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in good condition	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	bear|占める|verb|to have or show	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
When, therefore, by the substitution of paper, the gold and silver necessary for circulation is reduced to, perhaps, a fifth part of the former quantity, if the value of only the greater part of the other four-fifths be added to the funds which are destined for the maintenance of industry, it must make a very considerable addition to the quantity of that industry, and, consequently, to the value of the annual produce of land and labour.	したがって、紙幣の代用によって、流通に必要な金銀がおそらく以前の量の5分の1に減ったとき、残りの5分の4の大部分の価値だけが産業の維持に充てられる資金に追加されれば、その産業の量に非常に大きな増加をもたらし、その結果、土地と労働の年産物の価値に非常に大きな増加をもたらすに違いない。	substitution|代用|noun|the act of replacing someone or something with another person or thing	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	quantity|量|noun|a specified or indefinite number or amount	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together or with something else	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	quantity|量|noun|a specified or indefinite number or amount	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	annual|年|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products

An operation of this kind has, within these five-and-twenty or thirty years, been performed in Scotland, by the erection of new banking companies in almost every considerable town, and even in some country villages.	この種の事業は、この25年から30年の間に、スコットランドのほとんどすべての主要な町、さらにはいくつかの田舎の村に新しい銀行会社を設立することによって行われてきた。	this kind|この種の|noun|this type	operation|事業|noun|a business or industrial activity	within|以内に|preposition|inside	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	thirty|30|noun|the number 30	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	perform|行う|verb|carry out	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	erection|設立|noun|the action of erecting something	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	company|会社|noun|a business organization	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	every|すべての|determiner|each of a group of people or things	considerable|主要な|adjective|important or significant	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area
The effects of it have been precisely those above described.	その効果はまさに上記の通りであった。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	precisely|まさに|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	above|上記|adjective|mentioned earlier in a text
The business of the country is almost entirely carried on by means of the paper of those different banking companies, with which purchases and payments of all kinds are commonly made.	スコットランドの商売は、ほとんどすべてこれらの銀行会社の紙幣によって行われ、あらゆる種類の購入や支払いが一般的に行われている。	business|商売|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	country|スコットランド|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	almost entirely|ほとんどすべて|adverb|to a very great extent	carry on|行われる|verb|to continue doing something	means|によって|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases
Silver very seldom appears, except in the change of a twenty shilling bank note, and gold still seldomer.	銀は20シリング紙幣の両替以外にはめったに現れず、金はさらにめったに現れない。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	very seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	except|以外|preposition|not including; other than	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	bank note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent
But though the conduct of all those different companies has not been unexceptionable, and has accordingly required an act of parliament to regulate it, the country, notwithstanding, has evidently derived great benefit from their trade.	しかし、これらの銀行会社の経営は例外なく非難の対象となり、それに応じて議会で規制する法律が必要となったが、それにもかかわらず、スコットランドは明らかにこれらの銀行の取引から大きな利益を得ている。	conduct|経営|noun|the way in which someone behaves	company|銀行会社|noun|a business organization	unexceptionable|非難の対象とならない|adjective|not able to be criticized	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	country|スコットランド|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
I have heard it asserted, that the trade of the city of Glasgow doubled in about fifteen years after the first erection of the banks there;	グラスゴー市の貿易は、銀行が最初に設立されてから約15年で倍増したと断言しているのを聞いたことがある。	Glasgow|グラスゴー|noun|the largest city in Scotland	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	erection|設立|noun|the action of erecting something	about|約|preposition|approximately	fifteen|15|numeral|the number 15	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun
and that the trade of Scotland has more than quadrupled since the first erection of the two public banks at Edinburgh; of which the one, called the Bank of Scotland, was established by act of parliament in 1695, and the other, called the Royal Bank, by royal charter in 1727.	そして、スコットランドの貿易は、エジンバラに2つの公立銀行が最初に設立されて以来、4倍以上に増えた。そのうちの1つはスコットランド銀行と呼ばれ、1695年に議会法によって設立され、もう1つはロイヤル銀行と呼ばれ、1727年に王室憲章によって設立された。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	more than|4倍以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	erection|設立|noun|the action of erecting something	two|2つ|numeral|one more than one	public|公立|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	one|1つ|numeral|the lowest cardinal number	Bank of Scotland|スコットランド銀行|noun|a commercial bank in Scotland	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	other|もう1つ|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned or known about	Royal Bank|ロイヤル銀行|noun|a commercial bank in Scotland	royal charter|王室憲章|noun|a charter granted by a monarch
Whether the trade, either of Scotland in general, or of the city of Glasgow in particular, has really increased in so great a proportion, during so short a period, I do not pretend to know.	スコットランド全体の貿易、あるいはグラスゴー市の貿易が、本当にそれほど短い期間にそれほど大きな割合で増加したかどうかは、私は知らない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Glasgow|グラスゴー|noun|the largest city in Scotland	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
If either of them has increased in this proportion, it seems to be an effect too great to be accounted for by the sole operation of this cause.	もしそのどちらかがこの割合で増加したのであれば、それはこの原因の単独の作用では説明できないほど大きな効果であるように思われる。	either|どちらか|determiner|one or the other of two people or things	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	account for|説明する|verb|give a satisfactory reason or explanation for	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
That the trade and industry of Scotland, however, have increased very considerably during this period, and that the banks have contributed a good deal to this increase, cannot be doubted.	しかし、スコットランドの貿易と産業がこの期間に非常に大きく増加したこと、そして銀行がこの増加に大きく貢献したことは疑いようがない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	doubt|疑う|verb|feel uncertain about

The value of the silver money which circulated in Scotland before the Union in 1707, and which, immediately after it, was brought into the Bank of Scotland, in order to be recoined, amounted to £411,117: 10: 9 sterling.	1707年の合同前にスコットランドで流通していた銀貨の価値は、合同直後にスコットランド銀行に持ち込まれ、再鋳造されたが、41万1117ポンド10シリング9ペンスに達した。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Union|合同|noun|the state of being joined or connected	1707|1707年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	immediately|直後|adverb|at once; instantly	Bank of Scotland|スコットランド銀行|noun|a bank in Scotland	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	£411,117: 10: 9|41万1117ポンド10シリング9ペンス|noun|a sum of money	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
No account has been got of the gold coin;	金貨の記録は残っていない。	no account|記録がない|noun|no record	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold
but it appears from the ancient accounts of the mint of Scotland, that the value of the gold annually coined somewhat exceeded that of the silver.	しかし、スコットランド造幣局の古い記録によると、毎年鋳造される金の価値は銀の価値を多少上回っていたようである。	appear|思われる|verb|seem	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	account|記録|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
There were a good many people, too, upon this occasion, who, from a diffidence of repayment, did not bring their silver into the Bank of Scotland; and there was, besides, some English coin, which was not called in.	このとき、返済を疑って銀をスコットランド銀行に持ち込まなかった人もかなりいたし、回収されなかったイギリスの硬貨もあった。	a good many|かなりの|adjective|a large number of	upon this occasion|このとき|noun|at this time	diffidence|疑い|noun|lack of confidence in oneself	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you owe	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry something to a place	Bank of Scotland|スコットランド銀行|noun|a bank in Scotland	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to	some|いくらかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	call in|回収する|verb|take back or withdraw something that has been given or lent
The whole value of the gold and silver, therefore, which circulated in Scotland before the Union, cannot be estimated at less than a million sterling.	したがって、合同前にスコットランドで流通していた金と銀の総価値は、100万ポンド以上と見積もられる。	whole|総|adjective|complete; entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Union|合同|noun|the state of being joined or connected	less than|以上|preposition|not as much as	million|100万|noun|the number that is equal to a thousand times a thousand	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
It seems to have constituted almost the whole circulation of that country;	それがスコットランドの流通のほとんどすべてを構成していたようである。	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of; make up	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person
for though the circulation of the Bank of Scotland, which had then no rival, was considerable, it seems to have made but a very small part of the whole.	当時はライバルのいなかったスコットランド銀行の流通量はかなりのものだったが、全体から見ればごくわずかだったようである。	Bank of Scotland|スコットランド銀行|noun|a bank in Scotland	circulation|流通量|noun|the amount of money in circulation	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal or object	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something
In the present times, the whole circulation of Scotland cannot be estimated at less than two millions, of which that part which consists in gold and silver, most probably, does not amount to half a million.	現在、スコットランドの流通総額は200万ポンド以上と見積もられるが、そのうち金と銀で構成される部分はおそらく50万ポンドにも満たない。	In the present times|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	two millions|200万|noun|two million	of which|そのうち|preposition|of the things mentioned	that part|その部分|noun|the part that is being talked about	consists in|で構成される|verb|be made up of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	most probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely	does not amount to|に満たない|verb|be less than	half a million|50万|noun|half a million
But though the circulating gold and silver of Scotland have suffered so great a diminution during this period, its real riches and prosperity do not appear to have suffered any.	しかし、スコットランドの流通する金と銀はこの時期に大幅に減少したが、その実質的な富と繁栄はまったく損なわれていないようである。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	circulating|流通する|adjective|moving or passing from place to place or person to person	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	suffer|減少する|verb|undergo or experience something bad	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making something less	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success
Its agriculture, manufactures, and trade, on the contrary, the annual produce of its land and labour, have evidently been augmented.	それどころか、その農業、製造業、貿易、土地と労働の年間生産量は明らかに増加している。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood

It is chiefly by discounting bills of exchange, that is, by advancing money upon them before they are due, that the greater part of banks and bankers issue their promissory notes.	銀行や銀行家の大部分が約束手形を発行するのは、主に為替手形の割引、つまり支払期日前に手形を買い取ることである。	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	discount|割引|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	due|支払期日|adjective|expected or required to be paid	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand
They deduct always, upon whatever sum they advance, the legal interest till the bill shall become due.	彼らは、どんな金額を前払いしても、手形の支払期日までの法定利息を常に差し引く。	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	become due|支払期日になる|verb|become payable	legal interest|法定利息|noun|the maximum rate of interest that may be charged on a loan
The payment of the bill, when it becomes due, replaces to the bank the value of what had been advanced, together with a clear profit of the interest.	手形の支払期日になると、銀行は前払いした金額に利息の純益を加えた金額を受け取る。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	due|支払期日|adjective|expected or required to be paid	replace|受け取る|verb|take the place of	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	value|金額|noun|the amount of money that something is worth	advance|前払い|verb|pay or give something before it is due	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
The banker, who advances to the merchant whose bill he discounts, not gold and silver, but his own promissory notes, has the advantage of being able to discount to a greater amount by the whole value of his promissory notes, which he finds, by experience, are commonly in circulation.	手形を割り引く商人に金銀ではなく自分の約束手形を前払いする銀行家は、経験上、通常流通している約束手形の全額をより多く割り引くことができるという利点がある。	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another	advance|前払いする|verb|pay someone or something before it is due	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of money, goods, or people
He is thereby enabled to make his clear gain of interest on so much a larger sum.	それによって、彼はより大きな金額で利息の純益を得ることができる。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	make|得る|verb|obtain or earn	clear|純益|adjective|free from doubt or confusion	gain|利得|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money

The commerce of Scotland, which at present is not very great, was still more inconsiderable when the two first banking companies were established;	現在でもあまり大きくないスコットランドの商業は、最初の二つの銀行会社が設立された当時はさらに小さかった。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	company|会社|noun|a business organization
and those companies would have had but little trade, had they confined their business to the discounting of bills of exchange.	そして、もしこれらの会社が手形の割引だけに業務を限定していたら、ほとんど取引がなかっただろう。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	have had|あっただろう|verb|to have something in the past	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	confine|限定する|verb|to keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	business|業務|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	discounting|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price	bill of exchange|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another
They invented, therefore, another method of issuing their promissory notes;	そのため、彼らは約束手形を発行する別の方法を発明した。	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	issue|発行する|verb|officially or formally announce or declare	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another either on demand or at a specified future date
by granting what they call cash accounts, that is, by giving credit, to the extent of a certain sum (two or three thousand pounds for example), to any individual who could procure two persons of undoubted credit and good landed estate to become surety for him, that whatever money should be advanced to him, within the sum for which the credit had been given, should be repaid upon demand, together with the legal interest.	彼らが現金勘定と呼ぶものを認めることで、つまり、信用を与えることで、一定の金額(例えば二、三千ポンド)の範囲で、信用に疑いのない二人の人物と良い土地を保証人として用意できる個人に、信用を与えられた金額の範囲内で、彼に前払いされるべき金銭は、法定利息とともに、要求に応じて返済されるべきである。	cash account|現金勘定|noun|an account that is used to record cash transactions	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	procure|用意する|verb|to obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	undoubted|疑いのない|adjective|certain; not questioned or doubted	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house	surety|保証人|noun|a person who takes responsibility for another's performance of an undertaking	advance|前払いする|verb|to give or pay (money) before it is due	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	give|与える|verb|to transfer the possession of something to someone	repay|返済する|verb|to pay back (money) that has been borrowed	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	interest|利息|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money
Credits of this kind are, I believe, commonly granted by banks and bankers in all different parts of the world.	私の考えでは、この種の信用は、世界のあらゆる地域の銀行や銀行家によって一般的に認められている。	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
But the easy terms upon which the Scotch banking companies accept of repayment are, so far as I know, peculiar to them, and have perhaps been the principal cause, both of the great trade of those companies, and of the benefit which the country has received from it.	しかし、スコットランドの銀行会社が返済を受け入れてくれる簡単な条件は、私の知る限り、彼ら独特のものであり、おそらくこれらの会社の大規模な取引と、国がそれから受けた利益の両方の主な原因であった。	easy terms|簡単な条件|noun|terms that are easy to meet	accept|受け入れる|verb|to receive something willingly	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you owe	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	peculiar|独特|adjective|strange or unusual	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	principal cause|主な原因|noun|the most important cause	great trade|大規模な取引|noun|a large amount of trade	benefit|利益|noun|something that is good for you	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

Whoever has a credit of this kind with one of those companies, and borrows a thousand pounds upon it, for example, may repay this sum piece-meal, by twenty and thirty pounds at a time, the company discounting a proportionable part of the interest of the great sum, from the day on which each of those small sums is paid in, till the whole be in this manner repaid.	これらの会社のいずれかでこの種の信用を持ち、例えば千ポンドを借りる人は、この金額を一度に20ポンド、30ポンドずつ返済することができ、会社はこれらの小額の支払いが行われた日から、全額が返済されるまで、大額の利子の相当部分を割り引く。	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	company|会社|noun|a business organization	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	piece-meal|少しずつ|adverb|a little at a time	twenty|20|noun|the number 20	thirty|30|noun|the number 30	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	small|小額|adjective|little in size, amount, or extent	whole|全額|noun|all of something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
All merchants, therefore, and almost all men of business, find it convenient to keep such cash accounts with them, and are thereby interested to promote the trade of those companies, by readily receiving their notes in all payments, and by encouraging all those with whom they have any influence to do the same.	したがって、すべての商人、そしてほとんどすべての実業家は、そのような現金勘定を彼らと保持することが便利であると考え、それによって、すべての支払いで彼らの紙幣をすぐに受け取り、彼らが影響力を持つすべての人々に同じことをするよう奨励することによって、これらの会社の貿易を促進することに関心がある。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	keep|保持する|verb|have or retain possession of	cash|現金|noun|money in coins or notes	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	interested|関心がある|adjective|having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	company|会社|noun|a business organization	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	do the same|同じことをする|verb|do the same thing
The banks, when their customers apply to them for money, generally advance it to them in their own promissory notes.	銀行は、顧客が融資を申し込むと、通常、銀行自身の約束手形で融資する。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	customer|顧客|noun|a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store or business	apply|申し込む|verb|make a formal request for something	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	advance|融資する|verb|give or lend money to someone	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another either on demand or at a specified future date
These the merchants pay away to the manufacturers for goods, the manufacturers to the farmers for materials and provisions, the farmers to their landlords for rent;	商人はこれらを商品の代金として製造業者に支払い、製造業者は材料や食料の代金として農民に支払い、農民は地代として地主に支払う。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	pay away|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	material|材料|noun|the substance from which something is made	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
the landlords repay them to the merchants for the conveniencies and luxuries with which they supply them, and the merchants again return them to the banks, in order to balance their cash accounts, or to replace what they may have borrowed of them;	地主は商人から供給される便利品や贅沢品のために商人に支払い、商人は現金勘定のバランスをとったり、借りたものを返済するために、再び銀行に返す。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	repay|支払う|verb|pay back	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	convenience|便利品|noun|something that makes life easier	luxury|贅沢品|noun|something that is expensive and not necessary	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available	return|返す|verb|give back	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
and thus almost the whole money business of the country is transacted by means of them.	こうして、国のほとんどすべての金融取引がそれらによって行われる。	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	whole|すべての|adjective|complete; entire	money|金融|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	transact|行われる|verb|carry out or conduct
Hence the great trade of those companies.	だから、これらの会社は大きな貿易を行っている。	hence|だから|adverb|for this reason; therefore	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

By means of those cash accounts, every merchant can, without imprudence, carry on a greater trade than he otherwise could do.	これらの現金勘定によって、すべての商人は、無分別にならずに、そうでなければできないよりも大きな取引をすることができる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	cash account|現金勘定|noun|an account that records the amount of cash on hand	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	imprudence|無分別|noun|the quality of being careless or foolish	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger or more important	trade|取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
If there are two merchants, one in London and the other in Edinburgh, who employ equal stocks in the same branch of trade, the Edinburgh merchant can, without imprudence, carry on a greater trade, and give employment to a greater number of people, than the London merchant.	ロンドンとエジンバラに、同じ業種で同額の資本を投じる商人が二人いたとすると、エジンバラの商人は、無分別にならずに、ロンドンの商人よりも大きな取引をすることができ、より多くの人々を雇用することができる。	two|二人|numeral|one more than one	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	equal|同額の|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	trade|業種|noun|a business or profession	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	imprudence|無分別|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger or more important	number|より多くの|noun|a quantity of something
The London merchant must always keep by him a considerable sum of money, either in his own coffers, or in those of his banker, who gives him no interest for it, in order to answer the demands continually coming upon him for payment of the goods which he purchases upon credit.	ロンドンの商人は、信用で購入した商品の支払いのために、常に彼のところに来る要求に応えるために、彼自身の金庫か、彼に利子を与えない銀行家の金庫に、かなりの金額を常に保管しておかなければならない。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or has a high position in a bank	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	order|ために|noun|a state of peace, law, and justice	answer|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future
Let the ordinary amount of this sum be supposed five hundred pounds;	この金額の通常の額を五百ポンドとしよう。	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more quantities added together	five hundred pounds|五百ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
the value of the goods in his warehouse must always be less, by five hundred pounds, than it would have been, had he not been obliged to keep such a sum unemployed.	彼の倉庫にある商品の価値は、もし彼がそのような金額を遊ばせておく必要がなかったら、常に五百ポンドだけ少なくなる。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	five hundred pounds|五百ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	have been|だっただろう|auxiliary verb|used to describe a past state or condition	obliged|必要|adjective|required to do something	keep|遊ばせておく|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
Let us suppose that he generally disposes of his whole stock upon hand, or of goods to the value of his whole stock upon hand, once in the year.	彼が通常、手持ちの資本全部、あるいは手持ちの資本全部の価値に相当する商品を、年に一度処分するとしよう。	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	whole|全部|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	hand|手持ち|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
By being obliged to keep so great a sum unemployed, he must sell in a year five hundred pounds worth less goods than he might otherwise have done.	そのような大金を遊ばせておく必要があることにより、彼はそうでなければ売れたであろうよりも、一年で五百ポンド分少ない価値の商品を売らなければならない。	be obliged to|～せざるを得ない|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	keep|遊ばせておく|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	great|大金|adjective|of major significance or importance	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	unemployed|遊ばせておく|adjective|not having a paid job	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	a year|一年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	five hundred pounds|五百ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	have done|売れたであろう|verb|have completed or finished
His annual profits must be less by all that he could have made by the sale of five hundred pounds worth more goods;	彼の年間利益は、五百ポンド分多い価値の商品を売ることで得られたであろう利益だけ少なくなる。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	five hundred pounds|五百ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	worth|価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public
and the number of people employed in preparing his goods for the market must be less by all those that five hundred pounds more stock could have employed.	そして、彼の商品を市場に出すために雇用される人々の数は、五百ポンドの資本が雇用できたであろう人々だけ少なくなる。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	five hundred pounds|五百ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	could have|できたであろう|auxiliary verb|be able to have done something
The merchant in Edinburgh, on the other hand, keeps no money unemployed for answering such occasional demands.	一方、エジンバラの商人は、そのような臨時の需要に応えるために遊ばせておくお金を全く持っていない。	on the other hand|一方|adverb|from another point of view	keep|持つ|verb|have or hold	unemployed|遊ばせておく|adjective|not having a job	answering|応える|verb|respond to a question or request	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
When they actually come upon him, he satisfies them from his cash account with the bank, and gradually replaces the sum borrowed with the money or paper which comes in from the occasional sales of his goods.	実際にそのような需要が生じたとき、彼は銀行の当座預金口座からその需要を満たし、借りた金額を、商品の臨時販売から得られる現金や紙幣で徐々に返済する。	come upon|生じる|verb|happen or occur	satisfy|満たす|verb|meet the requirements of	cash account|当座預金口座|noun|a bank account from which money can be withdrawn without notice	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	replace|返済する|verb|provide a new thing for (something that is broken, old, lost, or no longer working properly)
With the same stock, therefore, he can, without imprudence, have at all times in his warehouse a larger quantity of goods than the London merchant;	したがって、同じ資本で、彼は、無分別なことなく、いつでも倉庫にロンドンの商人よりも多くの商品を保有することができる。	with the same stock|同じ資本で|noun phrase|with the same amount of money or goods	imprudence|無分別|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit
and can thereby both make a greater profit himself, and give constant employment to a greater number of industrious people who prepare those goods for the market.	そして、それによって、彼自身がより大きな利益を得ることができ、また、市場に出すためにこれらの商品を準備するより多くの勤勉な人々に、常時の仕事を与えることができる。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	make a profit|利益を得る|verb|gain money	give employment|仕事を与える|verb|provide work for	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Hence the great benefit which the country has derived from this trade.	したがって、この国がこの貿易から得た大きな利益である。	hence|したがって|adverb|for this reason; therefore	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source

The facility of discounting bills of exchange, it may be thought, indeed, gives the English merchants a conveniency equivalent to the cash accounts of the Scotch merchants.	為替手形の割引の便宜は、確かに、イギリス商人にスコットランド商人の当座預金口座に相当する便宜を与えていると考えられる。	facility|便宜|noun|something that makes an action or process easier	discount|割引|verb|reduce the usual price of	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that makes an action or process easier	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, or effect	cash account|当座預金口座|noun|a bank account that allows the holder to withdraw money without notice	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people or language
But the Scotch merchants, it must be remembered, can discount their bills of exchange as easily as the English merchants;	しかし、スコットランド商人は、イギリス商人と同じくらい簡単に為替手形を割り引くことができることを忘れてはならない。	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price
and have, besides, the additional conveniency of their cash accounts.	そのうえ、当座預金口座という付加的な便宜も持っている。	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	additional|付加的な|adjective|extra; more	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that is convenient; a convenience	cash account|当座預金口座|noun|a bank account that allows the holder to withdraw money without prior notice

The whole paper money of every kind which can easily circulate in any country, never can exceed the value of the gold and silver, of which it supplies the place, or which (the commerce being supposed the same) would circulate there, if there was no paper money.	どんな国でも容易に流通できるあらゆる種類の紙幣の総量は、紙幣がなければ流通するであろう金銀の価値を超えることはできない。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move freely	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	there|そこ|adverb|in, at, or to that place or position
If twenty shilling notes, for example, are the lowest paper money current in Scotland, the whole of that currency which can easily circulate there, cannot exceed the sum of gold and silver which would be necessary for transacting the annual exchanges of twenty shillings value and upwards usually transacted within that country.	例えば、20シリング紙幣がスコットランドで流通している最低額の紙幣だとすると、そこで容易に流通できるその通貨の総量は、その国で通常行われている20シリング以上の価値の年間取引を処理するために必要な金銀の総量を超えることはできない。	twenty shilling|20シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	sum|総量|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	exchange|取引|noun|an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; normally	transact|処理する|verb|carry out or conduct (a business, affair, or transaction)
Should the circulating paper at any time exceed that sum, as the excess could neither be sent abroad nor be employed in the circulation of the country, it must immediately return upon the banks, to be exchanged for gold and silver.	流通している紙幣がその総量を超えた場合は、超過分は海外に送ることも国内で流通させることもできないので、すぐに銀行に戻って金銀と交換されることになる。	circulating paper|流通している紙幣|noun|paper money that is in circulation	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any time	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	sum|総量|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	excess|超過分|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either; not the one nor the other	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country or countries	be employed|使用される|verb|be used for a particular purpose	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics
Many people would immediately perceive that they had more of this paper than was necessary for transacting their business at home;	多くの人は、国内で取引を行うのに必要な量よりも多くの紙幣を持っていることにすぐに気づくだろう。	many people|多くの人|noun|a large number of people	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	perceive|気づく|verb|become aware or conscious of	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who work in it	at home|国内で|adverb|in one's own country
and as they could not send it abroad, they would immediately demand payment for it from the banks.	そして、それを海外に送ることができないので、すぐに銀行に支払いを要求するだろう。	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
When this superfluous paper was converted into gold and silver, they could easily find a use for it, by sending it abroad;	この余分な紙幣が金銀に換金されれば、海外に送ることで簡単に使い道を見つけることができる。	superfluous|余分な|adjective|more than is needed, desired, or required	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	convert|換金する|verb|change from one form to another	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	use|使い道|noun|the purpose for which something is used	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of
but they could find none while it remained in the shape of paper.	しかし、紙幣のままでは使い道を見つけることはできない。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	none|ない|pronoun|not one; not any	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something
There would immediately, therefore, be a run upon the banks to the whole extent of this superfluous paper, and if they showed any difficulty or backwardness in payment, to a much greater extent;	したがって、すぐにこの余分な紙幣の全額に相当する取り付け騒ぎが起こり、銀行が支払いに困難や遅れを見せれば、さらに大きな取り付け騒ぎが起こるだろう。	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	run|取り付け騒ぎ|noun|a sudden rush of people to withdraw money from a bank	extent|相当する|noun|the area covered by something	superfluous|余分な|adjective|more than is needed or wanted	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	backwardness|遅れ|noun|the state of being less advanced than others	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
the alarm which this would occasion necessarily increasing the run.	これが引き起こす警戒感は、必然的に取付け騒ぎを増大させる。	alarm|警戒感|noun|a sudden fear or anxiety	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater or more

Over and above the expenses which are common to every branch of trade, such as the expense of house-rent, the wages of servants, clerks, accountants, etc.	家賃、使用人、事務員、会計士などの給料など、あらゆる業種に共通する経費に加えて、	over and above|に加えて|adverb|in addition to	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	common|共通する|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid for renting a house	wage|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	clerk|事務員|noun|a person employed in an office or bank or other place of business to keep records and accounts and to do other routine work	accountant|会計士|noun|a person whose job is to keep or examine financial accounts
the expenses peculiar to a bank consist chiefly in two articles:	銀行特有の経費は、主に二つに分かれる。	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	consist|分かれる|verb|be composed or made up of	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all; mainly	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one
first, in the expense of keeping at all times in its coffers, for answering the occasional demands of the holders of its notes, a large sum of money, of which it loses the interest;	第一に、紙幣保有者の時折の要求に応えるために、常に金庫に大金を保管しておく費用で、その利子を失うことになる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding money or valuables	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	holder|保有者|noun|someone who holds something	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	large sum of money|大金|noun|a lot of money	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
and, secondly, in the expense of replenishing those coffers as fast as they are emptied by answering such occasional demands.	第二に、そうした時折の要求に応えて金庫が空になると、すぐに補充する費用である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	fast|すぐに|adverb|at high speed	empty|空になる|verb|become empty	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right

A banking company which issues more paper than can be employed in the circulation of the country, and of which the excess is continually returning upon them for payment, ought to increase the quantity of gold and silver which they keep at all times in their coffers, not only in proportion to this excessive increase of their circulation, but in a much greater proportion;	国内の流通に使用できる量以上の紙幣を発行し、その超過分が支払いのために絶えず返却される銀行会社は、金庫に常時保管している金銀の量を、流通量のこの過剰な増加に比例するだけでなく、それよりもはるかに大きな割合で増やす必要がある。	issue|発行する|verb|produce and make available for public use	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	excess|超過分|noun|an amount that is more than necessary	return|返却される|verb|go or come back to a place or person	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	ought to|する必要がある|auxiliary verb|should	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or necessary	increase|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing something	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot
their notes returning upon them much faster than in proportion to the excess of their quantity.	紙幣の量の過剰に比例するよりもはるかに速く、紙幣が返却されるからである。	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	return|返却される|verb|go or come back to a place or person	proportion|比例する|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is a constant fraction of another	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
Such a company, therefore, ought to increase the first article of their expense, not only in proportion to this forced increase of their business, but in a much greater proportion.	したがって、そのような会社は、事業のこの強制的な増加に比例するだけでなく、はるかに大きな割合で、費用の第一項目を増やす必要がある。	such a company|そのような会社|noun|a company that is like this	ought to|する必要がある|auxiliary verb|should	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	article|項目|noun|a particular item or object	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot

The coffers of such a company, too, though they ought to be filled much fuller, yet must empty themselves much faster than if their business was confined within more reasonable bounds, and must require not only a more violent, but a more constant and uninterrupted exertion of expense, in order to replenish them,	そのような会社の金庫も、もっといっぱいに満たされるべきだが、事業がもっと合理的な範囲内に限定されている場合よりもずっと早く空になり、補充するためには、より激しいだけでなく、より絶え間なく継続的な支出が必要となる。	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	ought to|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	much fuller|もっといっぱい|adjective|more full	empty|空にする|verb|make or become empty	much faster|ずっと早く|adverb|more quickly	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	bound|範囲|noun|a limit or boundary	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	constant|絶え間ない|adjective|non-varying	uninterrupted|継続的な|adjective|continuous	exertion|支出|noun|a vigorous or determined effort
The coin, too, which is thus continually drawn in such large quantities from their coffers, cannot be employed in the circulation of the country.	このように金庫から大量に引き出される硬貨も、国内の流通に使用することはできない。	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person
It comes in place of a paper which is over and above what can be employed in that circulation, and is, therefore, over and above what can be employed in it too.	それは、その流通に使用できる量を超えた紙幣の代わりになるため、国内の流通に使用できる量を超えている。	come in place of|代わりになる|verb|take the place of	over and above|を超える|adverb|in addition to	what can be employed|使用できる量|noun|the amount that can be used	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	too|も|adverb|also; as well
But as that coin will not be allowed to lie idle, it must, in one shape or another, be sent abroad, in order to find that profitable employment which it cannot find at home;	しかし、その硬貨は遊ばせておくことは許されないため、国内では見つけられない収益性の高い用途を見つけるために、何らかの形で海外に送られる必要がある。	lie idle|遊ばせておく|verb|be unused or inactive	at home|国内|adverb|in one's own country	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country
and this continual exportation of gold and silver, by enhancing the difficulty, must necessarily enhance still farther the expense of the bank, in finding new gold and silver in order to replenish those coffers, which empty themselves so very rapidly.	そして、この金銀の継続的な輸出は、困難を増大させることによって、非常に急速に空になる金庫を補充するために新しい金銀を見つける上で、銀行の費用をさらに増大させるに違いない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	continual|継続的な|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	difficulty|困難|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	enhance|増大させる|verb|to increase or improve in value, quality, desirability, or attractiveness	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	find|見つける|verb|to discover or notice	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	replenish|補充する|verb|to fill up again	empty|空にする|verb|to make or become empty	rapidly|急速に|adverb|very quickly
Such a company, therefore, must in proportion to this forced increase of their business, increase the second article of their expense still more than the first.	したがって、そのような会社は、事業のこの強制的な増加に比例して、費用の第二項目を第一項目よりもさらに増加させなければならない。	such a company|そのような会社|noun|a company that is like this	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	forced|強制的な|adjective|done or produced with effort or difficulty	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order

Let us suppose that all the paper of a particular bank, which the circulation of the country can easily absorb and employ, amounts exactly to forty thousand pounds, and that, for answering occasional demands, this bank is obliged to keep at all times in its coffers ten thousand pounds in gold and silver.	国内の流通が容易に吸収して使用できる特定の銀行の紙幣がすべて正確に4万ポンドに達し、時折の要求に応えるために、この銀行は常に金庫に1万ポンドの金銀を保管する義務があると仮定しよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|use or utilize	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	exactly|正確に|adverb|in an exact manner or to an exact degree	forty thousand pounds|4万ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	answering|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something by moral or legal obligation	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	ten thousand pounds|1万ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal, the most malleable and ductile metal known	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a precious metal and the best conductor of heat and electricity
Should this bank attempt to circulate forty-four thousand pounds, the four thousand pounds which are over and above what the circulation can easily absorb and employ, will return upon it almost as fast as they are issued.	この銀行が4万4000ポンドを流通させようとすると、流通が容易に吸収して使用できる額を超えた4000ポンドは、発行されるのとほぼ同じ速さで戻ってくるだろう。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	forty-four thousand pounds|4万4000ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	four thousand pounds|4000ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	over and above|を超えた|adjective|in addition to	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|use or utilize	return|戻ってくる|verb|go or come back to a place or person	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly	fast|速さ|noun|the rate at which someone or something moves or operates or at which something happens or changes
For answering occasional demands, therefore, this bank ought to keep at all times in its coffers, not eleven thousand pounds only, but fourteen thousand pounds.	したがって、時折の要求に応えるために、この銀行は常に金庫に1万1000ポンドだけでなく1万4000ポンドを保管するべきである。	answer|応える|verb|reply to	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	eleven thousand pounds|1万1000ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	fourteen thousand pounds|1万4000ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom
It will thus gain nothing by the interest of the four thousand pounds excessive circulation;	こうして、4000ポンドの過剰流通の利子によって何も得られない。	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	four thousand pounds|4000ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual, normal, or necessary	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system
and it will lose the whole expense of continually collecting four thousand pounds in gold and silver, which will be continually going out of its coffers as fast as they are brought into them.	そして、金庫に収められた金銀がすぐに出て行くので、金銀4000ポンドを継続的に集めるためにかかった費用をすべて失うことになる。	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	go out|出て行く|verb|leave a place	bring|収める|verb|cause to come to a place

Had every particular banking company always understood and attended to its own particular interest, the circulation never could have been overstocked with paper money.	すべての銀行会社が常に自らの利益を理解し、それに注意を払っていたら、流通が紙幣で過剰になることは決してなかっただろう。	every particular|すべての|adjective|each and every	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of; deal with	own|自らの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something, especially money, goods, or people, from one place to another	overstock|過剰になる|verb|have too much of something	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes
But every particular banking company has not always understood or attended to its own particular interest, and the circulation has frequently been overstocked with paper money.	しかし、すべての銀行会社が常に自らの利益を理解し、それに注意を払っていたわけではないので、流通はしばしば紙幣で過剰になった。	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of; deal with	own|自らの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something, especially money, goods, or people, from one place to another	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	overstock|過剰になる|verb|have too much of something

By issuing too great a quantity of paper, of which the excess was continually returning, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, the Bank of England was for many years together obliged to coin gold to the extent of between eight hundred thousand pounds and a million a-year; or, at an average, about eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds.	イングランド銀行は、金銀と交換するために、過剰な紙幣が絶えず戻ってくるほど大量の紙幣を発行したため、長年、年間80万ポンドから100万ポンドの範囲で金貨を鋳造せざるを得なかった。つまり、平均して約85万ポンドである。	issue|発行する|verb|to produce or distribute officially	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	together|合わせる|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	coin|鋳造する|verb|make (coins) by stamping metal	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	eight hundred thousand pounds|80万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	million|100万|noun|a thousand thousand	a-year|年間|noun|every year	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, standard, level, or rate	about|約|adverb|approximately	eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds|85万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
For this great coinage, the bank (in consequence of the worn and degraded state into which the gold coin had fallen a few years ago) was frequently obliged to purchase gold bullion at the high price of four pounds an ounce, which it soon after issued in coin at £3:17:10 1/2 an ounce, losing in this manner between two and a half and three per cent.	この大量の鋳造のために、銀行は(数年前に金貨が摩耗して劣化した状態になったため)しばしば金地金を1オンス4ポンドの高値で購入せざるを得ず、すぐに1オンス3ポンド17シリング10ペンス半で硬貨を発行したため、この方法で2.5パーセントから3パーセントの損失を被った。	for|のために|preposition|with the purpose of	this|この|determiner|the one that is near or the one that is being talked about	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	coinage|鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	in consequence of|のために|preposition|as a result of	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	degraded|劣化した|adjective|made worse or of a lower quality	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	into which|になった|preposition|to the inside of	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	had fallen|なった|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	a few years ago|数年前|noun|a period of time in the past	was obliged to|せざるを得なかった|verb|be forced to do something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in bulk form	at the high price of|で|preposition|for the amount of	four pounds|4ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	an ounce|1オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	which|それを|pronoun|the thing that	soon after|すぐに|adverb|a short time after	issued|発行した|verb|produce and make available for use	in coin|硬貨で|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp	at|で|preposition|for the amount of	£3:17:10 1/2|3ポンド17シリング10ペンス半|noun|a unit of currency	an ounce|1オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	losing|損失を被った|verb|fail to win or keep	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	between|から|preposition|in the range from	two and a half|2.5|noun|a number equal to two plus a half	and|と|conjunction|used to connect two words or phrases	three|3|noun|a number equal to three	per cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of measurement equal to one hundredth of a whole
upon the coinage of so very large a sum.	非常に大きな金額の鋳造によって。	upon|によって|preposition|on	coinage|鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	so very large a sum|非常に大きな金額|noun phrase|a very large amount of money
Though the bank, therefore, paid no seignorage, though the government was properly at the expense of this coinage, this liberality of government did not prevent altogether the expense of the bank.	したがって、銀行は鋳造益を支払わなかったが、政府は適切にこの鋳造の費用を負担したが、政府のこの寛大さは銀行の費用を完全には防がなかった。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	seignorage|鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost of producing and distributing it	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	coinage|鋳造|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising

The Scotch banks, in consequence of an excess of the same kind, were all obliged to employ constantly agents at London to collect money for them, at an expense which was seldom below one and a half or two per cent.	スコットランドの銀行は、同じ種類の過剰のために、すべてロンドンで代理人を雇って、1.5パーセントから2パーセントを下回ることはめったにない費用で、彼らのためにお金を集めることを余儀なくされた。	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	obliged|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	employ|雇う|verb|provide work and pay for	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	one and a half|1.5|noun|a number equal to one plus a half	two|2|noun|a number equal to one plus one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
This money was sent down by the waggon, and insured by the carriers at an additional expense of three quarters per cent.	このお金は荷馬車で送られ、運送業者によって0.75パーセントの追加費用で保険がかけられた。	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	waggon|荷馬車|noun|a horse-drawn vehicle for transporting goods	insure|保険をかける|verb|arrange for compensation in the event of damage to or loss of property	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
or fifteen shillings on the hundred pounds.	または100ポンドにつき15シリング。	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	fifteen|15|noun|the number 15	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit
Those agents were not always able to replenish the coffers of their employers so fast as they were emptied.	これらの代理人は、雇用主の金庫が空になるほど速く補充できるとは限らなかった。	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed
In this case, the resource of the banks was, to draw upon their correspondents in London bills of exchange, to the extent of the sum which they wanted.	この場合、銀行の資源は、彼らが必要とする金額の範囲で、ロンドンの為替手形で彼らの取引先に引き出すことだった。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	draw upon|引き出す|verb|to use something as a source of supply	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
When those correspondents afterwards drew upon them for the payment of this sum, together with the interest and commission, some of those banks, from the distress into which their excessive circulation had thrown them, had sometimes no other means of satisfying this draught, but by drawing a second set of bills, either upon the same, or upon some other correspondents in London;	その後、これらの取引先が利子と手数料とともにこの金額の支払いのために引き出したとき、これらの銀行のいくつかは、過剰な流通によって彼らが投げ込まれた苦境から、この手形を満たす他の手段がなかったが、同じか、ロンドンの他の取引先に2番目の手形を引き出すことによって、	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	draw upon|引き出す|verb|to use or rely on something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a sum paid to an agent or employee for services rendered or for goods sold	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual, normal, or necessary	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	throw|投げ込む|verb|to propel or cast in a specified way or direction	satisfy|満たす|verb|to meet the requirements of	draught|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from a particular account, whereas a cheque is drawn on a bank	second|2番目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	set|組|noun|a collection of things that belong together or are usually found together	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from a particular account, whereas a cheque is drawn on a bank	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England
and the same sum, or rather bills for the same sum, would in this manner make sometimes more than two or three journeys;	そして、同じ金額、あるいはむしろ同じ金額の手形は、このようにして、時には2、3回以上の旅をすることになる。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	journey|旅|noun|an act of traveling from one place to another
the debtor bank paying always the interest and commission upon the whole accumulated sum.	債務銀行は常に累積額全体に対する利子と手数料を支払う。	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a sum paid to an agent or employee for services rendered	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	accumulated|累積した|adjective|gathered together or acquired over a period of time	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items
Even those Scotch banks which never distinguished themselves by their extreme imprudence, were sometimes obliged to employ this ruinous resource.	極端な軽率さで名を馳せたことのないスコットランドの銀行でさえ、時にはこの破滅的な資源を使わざるを得なかった。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	distinguish|名を馳せる|verb|be a characteristic of	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	imprudence|軽率さ|noun|the quality of being careless or rash	obliged|使わざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support

The gold coin which was paid out, either by the Bank of England or by the Scotch banks, in exchange for that part of their paper which was over and above what could be employed in the circulation of the country, being likewise over and above what could be employed in that circulation, was sometimes sent abroad in the shape of coin, sometimes melted down and sent abroad in the shape of bullion, and sometimes melted down and sold to the Bank of England at the high price of four pounds an ounce.	イングランド銀行またはスコットランド銀行によって、国内の流通に使用できる量を超えた紙幣の一部と引き換えに支払われた金貨は、同様にその流通に使用できる量を超えていたため、時には硬貨の形で海外に送られ、時には溶かして地金の形で海外に送られ、時には溶かしてイングランド銀行に1オンス4ポンドの高値で売られた。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	over and above|を超えた|adjective|in addition to	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	melt down|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom
It was the newest, the heaviest, and the best pieces only, which were carefully picked out of the whole coin, and either sent abroad or melted down.	硬貨全体から注意深く選び出され、海外に送られるか溶かされたのは、最も新しく、最も重く、最も良いものだけだった。	newest|最も新しい|adjective|most recent	heaviest|最も重い|adjective|having the greatest weight	best|最も良い|adjective|of the highest quality	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	carefully|注意深く|adverb|taking care to avoid damage or risk	pick out|選び出す|verb|choose or select from a number of alternatives	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link alternatives	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country	melt down|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid state
At home, and while they remained in the shape of coin, those heavy pieces were of no more value than the light;	国内では、硬貨の形をしている間は、重い硬貨は軽い硬貨よりも価値がなかった。	at home|国内では|adverb|in one's own country	remain|残っている|verb|be left after others have gone	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	light|軽い|adjective|of little weight
but they were of more value abroad, or when melted down into bullion at home.	しかし、海外では、あるいは国内で地金に溶かされた場合には、より価値があった。	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	melt down|溶かす|verb|to change from a solid to a liquid	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
The Bank of England, notwithstanding their great annual coinage, found, to their astonishment, that there was every year the same scarcity of coin as there had been the year before;	イングランド銀行は、毎年大量の硬貨を発行しているにもかかわらず、毎年、前年と同じように硬貨が不足していることに驚いた。	The Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening or done once every year	coinage|硬貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice something	astonishment|驚き|noun|a feeling of great surprise or wonder	every year|毎年|adverb|once every year	the same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	coin|硬貨|noun|a small piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	the year before|前年|noun|the year before the present year
and that, notwithstanding the great quantity of good and new coin which was every year issued from the bank, the state of the coin, instead of growing better and better, became every year worse and worse.	そして、毎年銀行から発行される良質で新しい硬貨の量が多いにもかかわらず、硬貨の状態は良くなるどころか、年々悪くなっていった。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	great|多い|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, grown, or harvested	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value stamped on it	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	issue|発行する|verb|to produce and send out	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	better and better|良くなる|adjective|more and more good	every year|年々|adverb|once a year	worse and worse|悪くなる|adjective|more and more bad
Every year they found themselves under the necessity of coining nearly the same quantity of gold as they had coined the year before;	毎年、前年とほぼ同じ量の金を鋳造する必要に迫られていることがわかった。	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	find oneself|気づく|verb|become aware of	under the necessity of|必要に迫られる|noun phrase|being forced to do something	coining|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of metal	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	the same quantity|同じ量|noun phrase|the same amount	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	the year before|前年|noun phrase|the year before the current year
and from the continual rise in the price of gold bullion, in consequence of the continual wearing and clipping of the coin, the expense of this great annual coinage became, every year, greater and greater.	そして、硬貨の摩耗と切断が続いた結果、金地金の価格が継続的に上昇したため、この大量の年次鋳造の費用は年々増大していった。	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in the form of bars or ingots	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	wear|摩耗|verb|be used up or worn away	clipping|切断|noun|the action of cutting something off	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	annual|年次|adjective|happening or done once a year	coinage|鋳造|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	greater|増大|adjective|larger or more important
The Bank of England, it is to be observed, by supplying its own coffers with coin, is indirectly obliged to supply the whole kingdom, into which coin is continually flowing from those coffers in a great variety of ways.	イングランド銀行は、自らの金庫に硬貨を供給することで、間接的に王国全体に硬貨を供給する義務を負っており、硬貨はさまざまな方法で金庫から王国全体に流れている。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	flow|流れる|verb|move or cause to move freely and easily
Whatever coin, therefore, was wanted to support this excessive circulation both of Scotch and English paper money, whatever vacuities this excessive circulation occasioned in the necessary coin of the kingdom, the Bank of England was obliged to supply them.	したがって、スコットランドとイギリスの紙幣の過剰な流通を支えるために必要な硬貨が何であれ、この過剰な流通が王国に必要な硬貨にどのような空白をもたらしたとしても、イングランド銀行はそれらを供給する義務を負っていた。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or proper	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	whatever|どのような|pronoun|no matter what	vacuity|空白|noun|the state of being empty or lacking in content	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	obliged|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something by law or contract	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available
The Scotch banks, no doubt, paid all of them very dearly for their own imprudence and inattention: but the Bank of England paid very dearly, not only for its own imprudence, but for the much greater imprudence of almost all the Scotch banks.	スコットランドの銀行は、間違いなく、自分たちの軽率さと不注意のために、そのすべてを非常に高く支払った。しかし、イングランド銀行は、自分たちの軽率さだけでなく、ほとんどすべてのスコットランド銀行の軽率さのために、非常に高く支払った。	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	dearly|高く|adverb|at a high price	imprudence|軽率さ|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	inattention|不注意|noun|a lack of attention	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	much greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	almost all|ほとんどすべて|determiner|nearly all; the majority of

The over-trading of some bold projectors in both parts of the united kingdom, was the original cause of this excessive circulation of paper money.	連合王国の両地域における一部の大胆な投機家の過剰取引が、この紙幣の過剰流通の原因であった。	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|the act of trading beyond one's means	bold|大胆な|adjective|not afraid to do or say things that other people might not approve of	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in hopes of quick profits	united kingdom|連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or expected	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of money or goods in a country or region

What a bank can with propriety advance to a merchant or undertaker of any kind, is not either the whole capital with which he trades, or even any considerable part of that capital;	銀行が商人やあらゆる種類の事業主に適切に貸し付けることができるのは、その商人が取引に用いる資本の全部でも、その資本のかなり大きな部分でもない。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	propriety|適切|noun|the state or quality of being proper or suitable	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who owns and runs a business	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	considerable|かなり大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent
but that part of it only which he would otherwise be obliged to keep by him unemployed and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.	むしろ、その商人が、さもなければ、臨時の需要に応えるために、手元に遊休の現金として保有せざるを得ない部分だけである。	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	keep|保有する|verb|have or retain possession of	unemployed|遊休の|adjective|not having a paid job	money|現金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	answering|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
If the paper money which the bank advances never exceeds this value, it can never exceed the value of the gold and silver which would necessarily circulate in the country if there was no paper money;	銀行が貸し付ける紙幣がこの価値を超えなければ、紙幣がなければ国内で必然的に流通する金銀の価値を超えることはできない。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper
it can never exceed the quantity which the circulation of the country can easily absorb and employ.	国内の流通が容易に吸収し、使用できる量を超えることはできない。	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up (energy, light, or sound) without reflecting or emitting it	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage (a person or thing) for a particular purpose

When a bank discounts to a merchant a real bill of exchange, drawn by a real creditor upon a real debtor, and which, as soon as it becomes due, is really paid by that debtor;	銀行が商人に、真の債権者が真の債務者に対して振り出した、真の為替手形を割り引く場合、その手形は期日が来るとすぐにその債務者によって支払われる。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	debtor|債務者|noun|a person or organization that owes money	due|期日|noun|the date on which a payment must be made	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service
it only advances to him a part of the value which he would otherwise be obliged to keep by him unemployed and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.	銀行は、その商人が、さもなければ、臨時の需要に応えるために、手元に遊休の現金として保有せざるを得ない価値の一部を貸し付けているにすぎない。	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|in a different way	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced or compelled to do something	keep|保有する|verb|have or retain possession of	unemployed|遊休の|adjective|not in use	ready money|現金|noun|money in the form of coins or banknotes that is immediately available	answering|応える|verb|respond to a question or request	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
The payment of the bill, when it becomes due, replaces to the bank the value of what it had advanced, together with the interest.	手形の支払いは、期日が来ると、銀行に貸し付けた価値に利子を加えて返済される。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	due|期日|adjective|expected or required to be paid or done at a certain time	replace|返済される|verb|take the place of	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
The coffers of the bank, so far as its dealings are confined to such customers, resemble a water-pond, from which, though a stream is continually running out, yet another is continually running in, fully equal to that which runs out;	銀行の金庫は、その取引がそのような顧客に限定されている限り、水の池に似ており、そこからは、流れが絶えず流れ出ているにもかかわらず、別の流れが絶えず流れ込んでおり、流れ出ている流れと完全に等しい。	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	water-pond|池|noun|a body of water smaller than a lake	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	run out|流れ出る|verb|flow or cause to flow out	run in|流れ込む|verb|flow or cause to flow in	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
so that, without any further care or attention, the pond keeps always equally, or very near equally full.	そのため、それ以上の手入れや注意を払わなくても、池は常に同じか、ほぼ同じ水位を保つことができる。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	any further|それ以上の|adjective|more or additional	care|手入れ|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	pond|池|noun|a body of water smaller than a lake	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, do, or be	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	equally|同じ|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	near|ほぼ|adverb|close in space or time	full|水位|adjective|containing or holding as much or as many as possible
Little or no expense can ever be necessary for replenishing the coffers of such a bank.	そのような銀行の金庫を補充するためには、ほとんど、あるいはまったく費用がかからない。	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったく|determiner|not any	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money

A merchant, without over-trading, may frequently have occasion for a sum of ready money, even when he has no bills to discount.	商人は、過剰取引をせずとも、割引手形がなくても、しばしば現金を必要とすることがある。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|the act of trading beyond one's means	occasion|必要|noun|a time or situation when something happens	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available immediately	even when|たとえ〜でも|conjunction|in spite of the fact that	have no|持っていない|verb|not have	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	discount|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price
When a bank, besides discounting his bills, advances him likewise, upon such occasions, such sums upon his cash account, and accepts of a piece-meal repayment, as the money comes in from the occasional sale of his goods, upon the easy terms of the banking companies of Scotland;	銀行が、手形の割引以外に、そのような場合に、現金勘定でそのような金額を前払いし、スコットランドの銀行会社の簡単な条件で、商品の臨時販売から入金されたときに、分割返済を受け入れるとき、	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	discount|割引|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	advance|前払い|verb|supply or pay (money) before it is due	cash account|現金勘定|noun|an account that records all transactions involving cash	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	piece-meal|分割|adjective|done in small stages	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	come in|入金|verb|be received	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	easy terms|簡単な条件|noun|favorable conditions	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
it dispenses him entirely from the necessity of keeping any part of his stock by him unemployed and in ready money for answering occasional demands.	彼は、臨時の需要に応えるために、自分の資金の一部を遊ばせて現金で保有しておく必要がなくなる。	dispense|必要がなくなる|verb|do without	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	keep|保有する|verb|have or retain possession of	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	stock|資金|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	unemployed|遊ばせる|adjective|not having a paid job	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available immediately	answer|応える|verb|reply to	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly
When such demands actually come upon him, he can answer them sufficiently from his cash account.	そのような要求が実際に彼に降りかかったとき、彼は現金勘定から十分にそれに応えることができる。	come upon|降りかかる|verb|to happen to or affect	answer|応える|verb|to reply to	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	cash account|現金勘定|noun|an account that records the amount of cash on hand
The bank, however, in dealing with such customers, ought to observe with great attention, whether, in the course of some short period (of four, five, six, or eight months, for example), the sum of the repayments which it commonly receives from them, is, or is not, fully equal to that of the advances which it commonly makes to them.	しかし、銀行は、そのような顧客を相手にする場合には、短期間(例えば、4、5、6、8ヶ月)の間に、通常彼らから受け取る返済額が、通常彼らに支払う前払い額と完全に等しいかどうかを、細心の注意を払って観察するべきである。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	deal with|相手にする|verb|be concerned with	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	short period|短期間|noun|a brief period of time	four|4|numeral|the number 4	five|5|numeral|the number 5	six|6|numeral|the number 6	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	month|月|noun|one of the twelve divisions of the year	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	advance|前払い|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	make|支払う|verb|give or pay
If, within the course of such short periods, the sum of the repayments from certain customers is, upon most occasions, fully equal to that of the advances, it may safely continue to deal with such customers.	もし、そのような短期間の間に、特定の顧客からの返済額が、ほとんどの場合、前払い額と完全に等しいならば、その銀行はそのような顧客との取引を安全に継続することができる。	within the course of|間に|preposition|during	short period|短期間|noun|a brief period of time	certain|特定の|adjective|specific but not mentioned	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	most occasions|ほとんどの場合|noun|most of the time	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	advance|前払い|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	deal with|取引する|verb|do business with
Though the stream which is in this case continually running out from its coffers may be very large, that which is continually running into them must be at least equally large, so that, without any further care or attention, those coffers are likely to be always equally or very near equally full, and scarce ever to require any extraordinary expense to replenish them.	この場合、その金庫から絶えず流出する流れは非常に大きいかもしれないが、絶えず流入する流れも少なくとも同じくらい大きくなければならないので、それ以上の注意や配慮を払わなくても、その金庫は常に同じか、ほぼ同じくらいいっぱいになる可能性が高く、補充するために特別な費用を必要とすることはほとんどない。	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	run out|流出する|verb|to come to an end	run into|流入する|verb|to meet or encounter by chance	care|注意|noun|serious attention or consideration applied to doing something correctly or to avoid damage or risk	attention|配慮|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	replenish|補充する|verb|to fill up again	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
If, on the contrary, the sum of the repayments from certain other customers, falls commonly very much short of the advances which it makes to them, it cannot with any safety continue to deal with such customers, at least if they continue to deal with it in this manner.	逆に、特定の他の顧客からの返済額が、通常、その顧客への前払い額を大幅に下回る場合、少なくともその顧客がこのやり方で取引を続ける限り、その銀行はそのような顧客との取引を安全に継続することはできない。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	fall short of|下回る|verb|fail to reach or achieve	advance|前払い|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	deal with|取引する|verb|do business with	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	manner|やり方|noun|a way of doing something
The stream which is in this case continually running out from its coffers, is necessarily much larger than that which is continually running in;	この場合、その金庫から絶えず流出する流れは、必然的に絶えず流入する流れよりもはるかに大きくなる。	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	run out|流出する|verb|to come to an end	run in|流入する|verb|to flow in
so that, unless they are replenished by some great and continual effort of expense, those coffers must soon be exhausted altogether.	そのため、多大な継続的な出費によって補充されない限り、その金庫はすぐに完全に空になってしまう。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	some great and continual effort of expense|多大な継続的な出費|noun phrase|a large and ongoing effort to spend money	those coffers|その金庫|noun phrase|those chests or boxes	must|～に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely

The banking companies of Scotland, accordingly, were for a long time very careful to require frequent and regular repayments from all their customers, and did not care to deal with any person, whatever might be his fortune or credit, who did not make, what they called, frequent and regular operations with them.	したがって、スコットランドの銀行会社は、長い間、すべての顧客に頻繁かつ定期的な返済を要求することに非常に注意を払っており、彼らが言うところの頻繁かつ定期的な取引を行わない人とは、その人の財産や信用がどうであれ、取引をしようとはしなかった。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	very careful|非常に注意を払う|adjective|taking great care	require|要求する|verb|ask for something to be done	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	regular|定期的な|adjective|happening at fixed intervals	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you have borrowed	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	deal with|取引する|verb|do business with	person|人|noun|a human being	whatever|どうであれ|pronoun|no matter what	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	make|行う|verb|produce or create	operation|取引|noun|a business transaction
By this attention, besides saving almost entirely the extraordinary expense of replenishing their coffers, they gained two other very considerable advantages.	この注意によって、金庫を補充する特別な出費をほぼ完全に節約できただけでなく、他の二つの非常に大きな利点を得た。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	save|節約する|verb|spend less money	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	two|二つ|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	considerable|大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position

First, by this attention they were enabled to make some tolerable judgment concerning the thriving or declining circumstances of their debtors, without being obliged to look out for any other evidence besides what their own books afforded them;	第一に、この注意によって、彼らは、自分たちの帳簿が提供するもの以外に他の証拠を探す必要もなく、債務者の繁栄または衰退の状況について、ある程度の許容できる判断を下すことができるようになった。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	make|下す|verb|form or produce	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	concerning|に関して|preposition|about	thriving|繁栄|noun|the condition of being successful or prosperous	declining|衰退|noun|the condition of becoming smaller or weaker	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	obliged|必要|adjective|required to do something	look out|探す|verb|be careful or vigilant	evidence|証拠|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; apart from	afford|提供する|verb|provide or supply	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	them|彼ら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified
men being, for the most part, either regular or irregular in their repayments, according as their circumstances are either thriving or declining.	人々は、その状況が繁栄しているか衰退しているかによって、返済が定期的か不定期かになることが多い。	for the most part|ほとんど|adverb|to a large extent; mostly	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more options	according as|によって|conjunction|in accordance with the way that	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more options	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more options
A private man who lends out his money to perhaps half a dozen or a dozen of debtors, may, either by himself or his agents, observe and inquire both constantly and carefully into the conduct and situation of each of them.	おそらく半ダースか一ダースの債務者に金を貸し付ける個人は、自分自身または代理人によって、彼ら一人一人の行動や状況を常に注意深く観察し、調査することができる。	half a dozen|半ダース|noun|six	dozen|ダース|noun|twelve	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	private|個人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive something, especially by sight	inquire|調査する|verb|ask about something; make a formal investigation into something
But a banking company, which lends money to perhaps five hundred different people, and of which the attention is continually occupied by objects of a very different kind, can have no regular information concerning the conduct and circumstances of the greater part of its debtors, beyond what its own books afford it.	しかし、おそらく五百人の異なる人々に金を貸し付け、その注意が常に非常に異なる種類の対象に占められている銀行会社は、自社の帳簿が提供するもの以外に、債務者の大部分の行動や状況に関する定期的な情報を得ることはできない。	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that they must return	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	five hundred|五百|numeral|500	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	attention|注意|noun|the mental faculty or power of applying the mind to something	continually|常に|adverb|without interruption	occupy|占める|verb|take up all or a lot of space, time, or attention	object|対象|noun|a thing that is seen or touched	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	regular|定期的な|adjective|happening or done at fixed times
In requiring frequent and regular repayments from all their customers, the banking companies of Scotland had probably this advantage in view.	スコットランドの銀行会社は、すべての顧客に頻繁で定期的な返済を要求することで、おそらくこの利点を考慮していたのだろう。	require|要求する|verb|ask for something to be given or done	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often	regular|定期的な|adjective|happening or done at fixed times	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you have borrowed	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	view|考慮|noun|the ability to see something or to be seen

Secondly, by this attention they secured themselves from the possibility of issuing more paper money than what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ.	第二に、この注意によって、彼らは国の流通が容易に吸収し、使用できる量以上の紙幣を発行する可能性から身を守った。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	possibility|可能性|noun|the state or fact of being possible	issue|発行する|verb|to produce or make available	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	absorb|吸収する|verb|to take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|to use or utilize
When they observed, that within moderate periods of time, the repayments of a particular customer were, upon most occasions, fully equal to the advances which they had made to him, they might be assured that the paper money which they had advanced to him had not, at any time, exceeded the quantity of gold and silver which he would otherwise have been obliged to keep by him for answering occasional demands;	彼らが、適度な期間内に、特定の顧客の返済が、ほとんどの場合、彼らが彼に貸し付けた前払金と完全に等しいことを観察したとき、彼らは、彼に前払いした紙幣が、いついかなる時も、彼が時折の要求に応えるために保管しておかなければならない金銀の量を超えていないことを確信することができた。	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	period|期間|noun|a length of time	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	advance|前払い|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	assure|確信する|verb|make (someone) feel confident and free from doubt	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|in a different way	obliged|義務付けられる|verb|make (someone) legally or morally bound to an action or course of action	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right
and that, consequently, the paper money, which they had circulated by his means, had not at any time exceeded the quantity of gold and silver which would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money.	そして、その結果、彼らが彼の手段によって流通させた紙幣は、紙幣がなかったら国内で流通していたであろう金銀の量を、いついかなる時も超えることはなかった。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move freely	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes
The frequency, regularity, and amount of his repayments, would sufficiently demonstrate that the amount of their advances had at no time exceeded that part of his capital which he would otherwise have been obliged to keep by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands;	彼の返済の頻度、規則性、金額は、彼らの前払金の金額が、彼が時折の要求に応えるために、彼が未使用で、現金で保管しておかなければならない資本の部分を超えていないことを十分に証明するだろう。	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	regularity|規則性|noun|the quality or condition of being regular	amount|金額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent	demonstrate|証明する|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	advance|前払金|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	unemployed|未使用|adjective|not having a paid job but available to work	ready money|現金|noun|money in the form of coins or banknotes that is immediately available	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right
that is, for the purpose of keeping the rest of his capital in constant employment.	つまり、残りの資本を常に使用し続けておくためである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	employment|使用|noun|the state of having paid work
It is this part of his capital only which, within moderate periods of time, is continually returning to every dealer in the shape of money, whether paper or coin, and continually going from him in the same shape.	適度な期間内に、紙幣であれ硬貨であれ、あらゆる業者に貨幣の形で継続的に戻り、また同じ形で継続的に業者から出て行くのは、彼の資本のこの部分だけである。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	within|内に|preposition|inside	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	go|出て行く|verb|move or travel	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical
If the advances of the bank had commonly exceeded this part of his capital, the ordinary amount of his repayments could not, within moderate periods of time, have equalled the ordinary amount of its advances.	もし銀行の前払金が、彼の資本のこの部分を通常超えていたら、彼の返済の通常の金額は、適度な期間内に、銀行の前払金の通常の金額に等しくなることはできない。	advance|前払金|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; in most cases	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	amount|金額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
The stream which, by means of his dealings, was continually running into the coffers of the bank, could not have been equal to the stream which, by means of the same dealings was continually running out.	彼の取引によって、銀行の金庫に継続的に流れ込む流れは、同じ取引によって継続的に流れ出る流れに等しくなることはできない。	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	dealing|取引|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	run into|流れ込む|verb|flow into	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	run out|流れ出る|verb|flow out
The advances of the bank paper, by exceeding the quantity of gold and silver which, had there been no such advances, he would have been obliged to keep by him for answering occasional demands, might soon come to exceed the whole quantity of gold and silver which ( the commerce being supposed the same ) would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money;	銀行券の前払金は、もしそのような前払金がなかったら、彼が臨時の需要に応えるために手元に保管しておかなければならない金銀の量を超えることによって、すぐに、もし紙幣がなかったら(商業は同じであると仮定して)国内で流通していたであろう金銀の総量を超えるに至るかもしれない。	bank paper|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money issued by a bank	advance|前払金|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	answer|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	come to|至る|verb|reach a destination	whole|総|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	paper money|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper with a monetary value
and, consequently, to exceed the quantity which the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ;	そして、結果として、国内の流通が容易に吸収し、使用できる量を超えるに至るかもしれない。	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up (energy, light, or sound) without reflecting or emitting it	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage (something) for a particular purpose
and the excess of this paper money would immediately have returned upon the bank, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver.	そして、この紙幣の過剰分は、金銀と交換されるために、すぐに銀行に戻ってくるだろう。	excess|過剰分|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	return|戻ってくる|verb|go or come back to a place or person	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money
This second advantage, though equally real, was not, perhaps, so well understood by all the different banking companies in Scotland as the first.	この第二の利点は、同様に現実的ではあるが、おそらく、スコットランドのすべての銀行会社に、第一の利点ほどよく理解されていなかった。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same manner	real|現実的|adjective|existing or occurring as fact or actuality	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	company|会社|noun|a body of persons or an incorporated group of persons authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order

When, partly by the conveniency of discounting bills, and partly by that of cash accounts, the creditable traders of any country can be dispensed from the necessity of keeping any part of their stock by them unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands, they can reasonably expect no farther assistance from hanks and bankers, who, when they have gone thus far, cannot, consistently with their own interest and safety, go farther.	手形割引の便宜と当座預金の便宜によって、ある国の信用できる商人が、臨時の需要に応えるために、手元の資金の一部を遊休資金として現金で保有する必要がなくなった場合、彼らは銀行や銀行家からこれ以上の援助を期待することはできない。銀行や銀行家は、ここまで来ると、自分たちの利益と安全を守りつつ、これ以上先に進むことはできない。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	conveniency|便宜|noun|the quality of being convenient; suitability	discounting|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price	bills|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	cash|現金|noun|money in coins or notes	accounts|預金|noun|a record of financial transactions	creditable|信用できる|adjective|worthy of praise or approval	traders|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	keeping|保有|verb|have or retain possession of	stock|資金|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	unemployed|遊休|adjective|not having a paid job	ready money|現金|noun|money that is immediately available	answering|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	occasional|臨時|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demands|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	reasonably|当然|adverb|in a fair and sensible way	expect|期待|verb|regard something as likely to happen	farther|これ以上|adjective|more distant in space	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	hanks|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	bankers|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or has a high position in a bank	gone|ここまで|verb|move or travel to or from a place	thus far|ここまで|adverb|to this extent; so far	consistently|守りつつ|adverb|in a way that is consistent	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury
A bank cannot, consistently with its own interest, advance to a trader the whole, or even the greater part of the circulating capital with which he trades;	銀行は、自己の利益と矛盾することなく、商人が取引に用いる流動資本の全部、あるいはその大部分を貸し付けることはできない。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	consistently|矛盾することなく|adverb|in a way that is consistent	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	whole|全部|noun|all of something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the capital of a business which is used to finance its day-to-day operations
because, though that capital is continually returning to him in the shape of money, and going from him in the same shape, yet the whole of the returns is too distant from the whole of the outgoings, and the sum of his repayments could not equal the sum of his advances within such moderate periods of time as suit the conveniency of a bank.	なぜなら、その資本は常に貨幣の形で彼のもとに戻り、同じ形で彼のもとから出て行くが、収益の総額は支出の総額からあまりに遠く、彼の返済額は銀行の都合に合うような適度な期間内に彼の貸付額に等しくなることはできないからである。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	continually|常に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	go|行く|verb|move at a regular and fairly rapid pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once	whole|総額|noun|all of something	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	equal|等しい|verb|be the same as or equivalent to	advance|貸付|noun|a sum of money given ahead of time as a loan or payment	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
Still less could a bank afford to advance him any considerable part of his fixed capital;	銀行は、彼の固定資本のかなり大きな部分を貸し付けることはできない。	still less|ましてや|adverb|to an even smaller extent	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	considerable|かなり大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|the capital invested in fixed assets
of the capital which the undertaker of an iron forge, for example, employs in erecting his forge and smelting-houses, his work-houses, and warehouses, the dwelling-houses of his workmen, etc.;	例えば、鉄工所の経営者が鍛冶場や製錬所、作業場、倉庫、労働者の住居などを建設するために用いる資本の大部分を貸し付けることはできない。	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	iron forge|鉄工所|noun|a workshop where iron is heated and shaped	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	forge|鍛冶場|noun|a workshop where metal is heated and shaped	smelting-house|製錬所|noun|a place where metal is extracted from ore	work-house|作業場|noun|a place where work is done	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house where someone lives	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
of the capital which the undertaker of a mine employs in sinking his shafts, in erecting engines for drawing out the water, in making roads and waggon-ways, etc.;	鉱山の経営者が坑道を掘り、水を汲み上げるための機械を設置し、道路や馬車道などを作るために用いる資本の大部分を貸し付けることはできない。	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, ores, or other mineral deposits are excavated	employ|用いる|verb|use or engage	sink|掘る|verb|go or cause to go below the surface of something	shaft|坑道|noun|a vertical or inclined tunnel in a mine	erect|設置する|verb|construct or build	engine|機械|noun|a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion	draw|汲み上げる|verb|pull or move something toward oneself	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	waggon-way|馬車道|noun|a road or track for wagons	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera
of the capital which the person who undertakes to improve land employs in clearing, draining, inclosing, manuring, and ploughing waste and uncultivated fields;	土地改良を請け負った人が、荒れ地や未開地の開墾、排水、囲い込み、施肥、耕作に用いる資本の大部分を貸し付けることはできない。	undertake|請け負う|verb|take on a task or job	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	employ|用いる|verb|use	clearing|開墾|noun|the removal of trees and other vegetation from an area	draining|排水|noun|the removal of water from an area	inclosing|囲い込み|noun|the act of enclosing something	manuring|施肥|noun|the application of manure to land	ploughing|耕作|noun|the act of ploughing land	waste|荒れ地|noun|an area of land that is not used or cultivated	uncultivated|未開地|adjective|not cultivated
in building farmhouses, with all their necessary appendages of stables, granaries, etc.	農家を建て、それに必要な厩舎や穀倉などを建てるために用いる資本の大部分を貸し付けることはできない。	farmhouse|農家|noun|a house on a farm	building|建てる|verb|construct a building	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses	granary|穀倉|noun|a building for storing grain	etc|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
The returns of the fixed capital are, in almost all cases, much slower than those of the circulating capital:	固定資本の回収は、ほとんどすべての場合、流動資本の回収よりもずっと遅い。	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital goods that are not used up in the production process	return|回収|noun|the amount of money that a company makes in a particular period of time	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|capital that is used to fund day-to-day operations
and such expenses, even when laid out with the greatest prudence and judgment, very seldom return to the undertaker till after a period of many years, a period by far too distant to suit the conveniency of a bank.	そして、そのような支出は、たとえ最大の慎重さと判断をもって支出されたとしても、銀行の都合に適うにはるかに遠い長い年月を経るまで、経営者の手元に戻ってくることはめったにない。	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	return|戻ってくる|verb|go or come back to a place or person	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who organizes and manages a business or other enterprise	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money
Traders and other undertakers may, no doubt with great propriety, carry on a very considerable part of their projects with borrowed money.	商人やその他の事業主は、間違いなく、借金で事業のかなり大きな部分を運営することができる。	trader|商人|noun|a person who trades	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	great propriety|かなり大きな部分|noun|a large part	carry on|運営する|verb|continue doing something	borrowed money|借金|noun|money that is borrowed
In justice to their creditors, however, their own capital ought in this case to be sufficient to insure, if I may say so, the capital of those creditors;	しかし、債権者に対して公正を期すためには、この場合、彼ら自身の資本は、いわば債権者の資本を保証するのに十分なものでなければならない。	justice|公正|noun|just behavior or treatment	creditor|債権者|noun|a person to whom money is owed	ought|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|should	insure|保証する|verb|make certain that (something) will occur or be possible	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
or to render it extremely improbable that those creditors should incur any loss, even though the success of the project should fall very much short of the expectation of the projectors.	あるいは、事業の成功が事業者の期待を大きく下回ったとしても、債権者が損失を被る可能性が極めて低くなるようにしなければならない。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	incur|被る|verb|become subject to	loss|損失|noun|the state of having lost something	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case	fall short of|下回る|verb|fail to reach or achieve	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	improbable|ありそうもない|adjective|not likely to happen or be true	extremely|極めて|adverb|to a very great degree
Even with this precaution, too, the money which is borrowed, and which it is meant should not be repaid till after a period of several years, ought not to be borrowed of a bank, but ought to be borrowed upon bond or mortgage, of such private people as propose to live upon the interest of their money, without taking the trouble themselves to employ the capital, and who are, upon that account, willing to lend that capital to such people of good credit as are likely to keep it for several years.	この予防策を講じても、借りたお金は数年後に返済されるべきであり、銀行から借りるべきではなく、債券や抵当で借りるべきである。資本を運用する手間をかけずに、自分のお金の利子で生活しようとする民間人であり、そのために、その資本を数年間保有する可能性の高い信用の良い人々に喜んで貸し付ける民間人である。	precaution|予防策|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	repay|返済する|verb|pay back a loan or debt	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time lasting more than two years but not many years	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt issued by a government or company promising to pay back the money borrowed plus interest at a later date	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other lender lends money to someone to buy a property, and the property is used as security for the loan	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the armed forces or a government official	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|運用する|verb|make use of a resource	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	keep|保有する|verb|continue to have or do something
A bank, indeed, which lends its money without the expense of stamped paper, or of attorneys’ fees for drawing bonds and mortgages, and which accepts of repayment upon the easy terms of the banking companies of Scotland, would, no doubt, be a very convenient creditor to such traders and undertakers.	確かに、印紙代や債券や抵当権の作成にかかる弁護士費用をかけずに資金を貸し付け、スコットランドの銀行会社の簡単な条件で返済を受け入れる銀行は、間違いなく、そのような商人や事業主にとって非常に都合の良い債権者となるだろう。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money that is spent on something	stamped paper|印紙|noun|a piece of paper that has a stamp on it	attorney|弁護士|noun|a person who is a lawyer	fee|費用|noun|the money that you pay to be allowed to do something	bond|債券|noun|a certificate that promises to pay back money that you have borrowed	mortgage|抵当権|noun|a legal agreement that allows a bank or other lender to take away and sell your property if you do not pay back money that you have borrowed	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you have borrowed	accept|受け入れる|verb|agree to take something that is offered	easy term|簡単な条件|noun|a condition that is not difficult to meet	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who owns or manages a business	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization that you owe money to	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|easy to use or deal with
But such traders and undertakers would surely be most inconvenient debtors to such a bank.	しかし、そのような商人や事業主は、そのような銀行にとって最も不都合な債務者となることは間違いない。	trader|商人|noun|a person who trades	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who undertakes something	surely|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	inconvenient|不都合な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money to another

It is now more than five and twenty years since the paper money issued by the different banking companies of Scotland was fully equal, or rather was somewhat more than fully equal, to what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ.	スコットランドのさまざまな銀行会社が発行した紙幣が、国内の流通が容易に吸収して使用できる量に完全に等しい、あるいはむしろ完全に等しい量を多少上回ってから、25年以上になる。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	paper money|紙幣|noun|money that is made of paper	issue|発行する|verb|to officially or formally announce or declare	fully equal|完全に等しい|adjective|being the same in all respects	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	absorb|吸収する|verb|to take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose
Those companies, therefore, had so long ago given all the assistance to the traders and other undertakers of Scotland which it is possible for banks and bankers, consistently with their own interest, to give.	したがって、これらの会社は、ずっと以前に、銀行や銀行家が自分たちの利益と一致して提供できるあらゆる支援をスコットランドの商人やその他の事業主に提供していた。	those companies|これらの会社|noun|the companies mentioned	long ago|ずっと以前に|adverb|a long time ago	assistance|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who owns and runs a business	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or works in a bank	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	give|提供する|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)
They had even done somewhat more.	彼らはさらにそれ以上のことをしていた。	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	somewhat|それ以上|adverb|to a small extent or degree; a little	more|以上|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree
They had over-traded a little, and had brought upon themselves that loss, or at least that diminution of profit, which, in this particular business, never fails to attend the smallest degree of over-trading.	彼らは少し取引しすぎて、この特定の事業では、わずかな過剰取引にも必ず伴う損失、あるいは少なくとも利益の減少を招いていた。	over-trade|過剰取引|verb|trade beyond one's means	bring upon oneself|招く|verb|cause oneself to experience something unpleasant	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	never fail to|必ず|verb|always do something	attend|伴う|verb|be present at or go regularly to	smallest|わずかな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
Those traders and other undertakers, having got so much assistance from banks and bankers, wished to get still more.	これらの商人やその他の事業主は、銀行や銀行家から多大な支援を得て、さらに多くの支援を得たいと望んでいた。	trader|商人|noun|a person who trades	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who undertakes something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	assistance|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable
The banks, they seem to have thought, could extend their credits to whatever sum might be wanted, without incurring any other expense besides that of a few reams of paper.	彼らは、銀行は紙数束の費用以外に他の費用をかけずに、必要な金額まで信用を拡大できると考えていたようだ。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	incur|かける|verb|become subject to	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	paper|紙|noun|a material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, printing, or wrapping
They complained of the contracted views and dastardly spirit of the directors of those banks, which did not, they said, extend their credits in proportion to the extension of the trade of the country;	彼らは、これらの銀行の取締役の偏狭な見方と卑劣な精神に不満を抱き、国内の貿易の拡大に比例して信用を拡大しなかったと述べた。	complain|不満を抱く|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	contracted view|偏狭な見方|noun|a view that is limited in scope or extent	dastardly spirit|卑劣な精神|noun|a spirit that is cowardly or despicable	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between two quantities such that one is always the same fraction of the other	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
meaning, no doubt, by the extension of that trade, the extension of their own projects beyond what they could carry on either with their own capital, or with what they had credit to borrow of private people in the usual way of bond or mortgage.	貿易の拡大とは、彼ら自身の資本で、あるいは通常の債券や抵当権で民間人から借りられる信用で、彼らが遂行できる範囲を超えた彼ら自身の事業の拡大を意味していることは間違いない。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	private|民間の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of an individual or group of individuals rather than the public or the state	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation promising to pay back the principal amount borrowed plus interest at a specified future date	mortgage|抵当権|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt
The banks, they seem to have thought, were in honour bound to supply the deficiency, and to provide them with all the capital which they wanted to trade with.	彼らは、銀行は名誉のために不足分を補給し、彼らが取引したいすべての資本を提供しなければならないと考えていたようだ。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	bound|義務がある|adjective|obliged	supply|補給する|verb|provide or furnish with	deficiency|不足分|noun|the state or condition of being deficient	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The banks, however, were of a different opinion;	しかし、銀行は別の考えだった。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	opinion|考え|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge
and upon their refusing to extend their credits, some of those traders had recourse to an expedient which, for a time, served their purpose, though at a much greater expense, yet as effectually as the utmost extension of bank credits could have done.	そして、彼らが信用を拡大することを拒否すると、これらの貿易業者の一部は、銀行信用の最大限の拡大がなしえたのと同じくらい効果的に、はるかに大きな費用がかかったにもかかわらず、しばらくの間、彼らの目的にかなう便法に頼った。	refuse|拒否する|verb|express unwillingness to do or accept something	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	serve|かなう|verb|be of use to	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	extension|拡大|noun|the action of becoming or making something longer or wider	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
This expedient was no other than the well known shift of drawing and redrawing;	この便法は、よく知られた手形の引き出しと再引き出しのやり方以外ではなかった。	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	no other than|以外ではなかった|phrase|the same as	well known|よく知られた|adjective|known by many people	shift|やり方|noun|a change from one thing to another	drawing|引き出し|noun|the action of drawing something	redrawing|再引き出し|noun|the action of redrawing something
the shift to which unfortunate traders have sometimes recourse, when they are upon the brink of bankruptcy.	不幸な貿易業者が破産の瀬戸際にいるときに時々頼るやり方である。	shift|やり方|noun|a change from one thing to another	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt
The practice of raising money in this manner had been long known in England; and, during the course of the late war, when the high profits of trade afforded a great temptation to over-trading, is said to have been carried on to a very great extent.	この方法で資金を調達する慣行は、イギリスでは長い間知られていた。そして、貿易の高収益が過剰取引への大きな誘惑となった最近の戦争の過程で、非常に大規模に行われたと言われている。	raise money|資金を調達する|verb|collect money for a particular purpose	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	had been long known|長い間知られていた|verb|be known for a long time	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	during the course of|過程で|noun|during the time of	late war|最近の戦争|noun|a war that happened recently	when|時|conjunction|at the time that	high profits|高収益|noun|a lot of money made in a business	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	afforded|与えた|verb|provide or supply	great temptation|大きな誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|trading beyond one's financial resources	is said to have been|行われたと言われている|verb|be said to have been done	carried on|行われた|verb|continue to do something	to a very great extent|非常に大規模に|adverb|to a very large degree
From England it was brought into Scotland, where, in proportion to the very limited commerce, and to the very moderate capital of the country, it was soon carried on to a much greater extent than it ever had been in England.	イギリスからスコットランドに持ち込まれ、そこでは、非常に限られた商業と国の非常に穏健な資本に比例して、すぐにイギリスでこれまでになかったよりもはるかに大規模に行われた。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in Europe	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one amount is the same as another in terms of size, number, or value	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all

The practice of drawing and redrawing is so well known to all men of business, that it may, perhaps, be thought unnecessary to give any account of it.	手形の引き出しと再引き出しの慣行は、すべての実業家によく知られているので、おそらく説明する必要はないと考えられる。	drawing|引き出し|noun|the action of drawing something	redrawing|再引き出し|noun|the action of redrawing something	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known to many people	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business	give an account of|説明する|verb|to provide an explanation of something
But as this book may come into the hands of many people who are not men of business, and as the effects of this practice upon the banking trade are not, perhaps, generally understood, even by men of business themselves, I shall endeavour to explain it as distinctly as I can.	しかし、この本は実業家ではない多くの人々の手に渡るかもしれないし、この慣行が銀行業に及ぼす影響は、おそらく実業家自身でさえも一般的に理解されていないので、私はできるだけ明確に説明するよう努める。	come into|手に渡る|verb|to be given or received	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	not|～ではない|adverb|a word that is used to say no or to express a negative	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business	as|～なので|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that indicates a reason or cause	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	banking|銀行業|noun|the business of a bank	trade|業|noun|a business or profession	not|～ではない|adverb|a word that is used to say no or to express a negative	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	understand|理解する|verb|to perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	even|～でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	by|～によって|preposition|used to indicate an agent, cause, or instrument	men|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in business	themselves|自身|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause	shall|する|auxiliary verb|used with the first person to express a strong intention or determination	endeavour|努める|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|to make (something) clear or easy to understand	as|～に|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that indicates a reason or cause	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	as|～に|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that indicates a reason or cause	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to

The customs of merchants, which were established when the barbarous laws of Europe did not enforce the performance of their contracts, and which, during the course of the two last centuries, have been adopted into the laws of all European nations, have given such extraordinary privileges to bills of exchange, that money is more readily advanced upon them than upon any other species of obligation;	ヨーロッパの野蛮な法律が契約の履行を強制しなかったときに確立され、過去二世紀の間にすべてのヨーロッパ諸国の法律に採用された商人の慣習は、為替手形にそのような特別な特権を与え、他のどんな種類の債務よりも為替手形に対してより容易に資金が前払いされるようになった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	custom|慣習|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or traditional	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	adopt|採用する|verb|to take up and use as one's own	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	give|与える|verb|to present as a gift	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	advance|前払いする|verb|to supply or pay (money) before it is due	obligation|債務|noun|a legal or moral duty or responsibility
especially when they are made payable within so short a period as two or three months after their date.	特に、手形日付から二、三ヶ月という短い期間内に支払われる場合にはそうである。	especially|特に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	when|場合には|conjunction|at or during the time that	they|手形|noun|a bill of exchange	are made|支払われる|verb|be made or caused to be or to become	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	within|以内に|preposition|inside	so short a period|短い期間|noun|a brief space of time	as|という|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that describes or gives further information about something	two or three months|二、三ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 60 or 90 days	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	their date|手形日付|noun|the day of the month or year as specified on a document
If, when the bill becomes due, the acceptor does not pay it as soon as it is presented, he becomes from that moment a bankrupt.	手形が満期になったとき、引受人が提示されたらすぐに支払わないと、その瞬間から破産する。	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	become due|満期になる|verb|reach the date on which payment is to be made	acceptor|引受人|noun|a person who accepts a bill of exchange	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	present|提示する|verb|formally introduce someone to someone else	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	bankrupt|破産する|verb|be declared in law as unable to pay their debts
The bill is protested, and returns upon the drawer, who, if he does not immediately pay it, becomes likewise a bankrupt.	手形は抗議され、振出人に返却されるが、振出人はすぐに支払わないと同様にして破産する。	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	protest|抗議|verb|express an objection to what someone has said or done	return|返却|verb|go or come back to a place or person	drawer|振出人|noun|a person who draws a bill of exchange	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	bankrupt|破産|noun|a person who has been declared in law unable to pay their debts
If, before it came to the person who presents it to the acceptor for payment, it had passed through the hands of several other persons, who had successively advanced to one another the contents of it, either in money or goods, and who, to express that each of them had in his turn received those contents, had all of them in their order indorsed, that is, written their names upon the back of the bill;	手形が支払いのために引受人に提示される前に、手形の金額を金銭または商品で次々と前払いした他の数人の手を経由し、それぞれが順番にその金額を受け取ったことを示すために、全員が順番に裏書、つまり手形の裏に自分の名前を記入していた場合、	come to|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	present|提示する|verb|give something to someone formally or ceremonially	acceptor|引受人|noun|a person who accepts something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	pass through|経由する|verb|go through or across	hand|手|noun|the end of a person's arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	several|数人の|adjective|more than two but not very many	successively|次々と|adverb|following one after another in succession	advance|前払いする|verb|supply or pay (money) before it is due	content|金額|noun|the amount of money that is contained in something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	express|示す|verb|show or convey (a thought or feeling)	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	order|順番|noun|a state of peace, law, and justice	indorse|裏書する|verb|write one's name on the back of (a check, bill, or other negotiable instrument)	back|裏|noun|the side or surface of something that is opposite or away from the front or main side
each indorser becomes in his turn liable to the owner of the bill for those contents, and, if he fails to pay, he becomes too, from that moment, a bankrupt.	各裏書人は順番に手形の所有者に対してその金額の支払い義務を負い、支払わないとその瞬間から破産する。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	indorser|裏書人|noun|a person who writes their name on the back of a document	turn|順番|noun|a chance to do something	liable|支払い義務を負う|adjective|legally responsible for something	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	content|金額|noun|the amount of money that is in a particular account	fail|支払わない|verb|be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	bankrupt|破産する|adjective|declared in law as unable to pay their debts
Though the drawer, acceptor, and indorsers of the bill, should all of them be persons of doubtful credit;	手形の振出人、引受人、裏書人が全員信用に疑いのある人物であっても、	drawer|振出人|noun|a person who draws a bill of exchange	acceptor|引受人|noun|a person who accepts a bill of exchange	indorser|裏書人|noun|a person who indorses a bill of exchange	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable; uncertain	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later
yet, still the shortness of the date gives some security to the owner of the bill.	それでも、期日が短いことで手形の所有者にはある程度の安心感を与える。	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; in spite of that	still|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; in spite of that	shortness|短さ|noun|the quality or state of being short	date|期日|noun|the day of the month or year as specified by a number	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	security|安心感|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another
Though all of them may be very likely to become bankrupts, it is a chance if they all become so in so short a time.	全員が破産する可能性は非常に高いが、全員が短期間で破産する可能性は低い。	all of them|全員|noun|the whole group of people	be very likely to|非常に高い|verb|have a high probability of	become bankrupts|破産する|verb|become declared in law as unable to pay their debts	it is a chance|可能性は低い|noun|there is a low probability of	all|全員|noun|the whole group of people	so short a time|短期間で|noun|a brief period of time
The house is crazy, says a weary traveller to himself, and will not stand very long;	疲れた旅人は、この家は狂っている、長く立たないだろう、と独り言を言う。	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	crazy|狂っている|adjective|foolish; insane	weary|疲れた|adjective|feeling or showing extreme tiredness	traveller|旅人|noun|a person who is travelling or who often travels	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	to oneself|独り言を言う|verb|say something to oneself	long|長く|adverb|for a long time
but it is a chance if it falls to-night, and I will venture, therefore, to sleep in it to-night.	しかし、今夜倒れるのは偶然なので、今夜はここで寝てみよう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	it is a chance|偶然である|noun|a possibility or probability	fall|倒れる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	to-night|今夜|noun|the night of the present day	venture|試みる|verb|do something new or dangerous	sleep|寝る|verb|rest with the eyes closed

The trader A in Edinburgh, we shall suppose, draws a bill upon B in London, payable two months after date.	エジンバラの商人Aが、ロンドンのBに手形を振り出し、期日後2ヶ月で支払われるとする。	trader|商人|noun|a person who trades	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	draw|振り出す|verb|to take or receive money from a bank account	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	date|期日|noun|a day of the month or year as specified by a number
In reality B in London owes nothing to A in Edinburgh; but he agrees to accept of A’s bill, upon condition, that before the term of payment he shall redraw upon A in Edinburgh for the same sum, together with the interest and a commission, another bill, payable likewise two months after date.	実際には、ロンドンのBはエジンバラのAに何も借りていないが、支払期日までにエジンバラのAに対して、利子と手数料を加えた同額の手形を振り出し、期日後2ヶ月で支払われることを条件に、Aの手形を受け入れることに同意する。	In reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; really	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	owe|借りている|verb|have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	accept|受け入れる|verb|receive (something offered) willingly	condition|条件|noun|something essential to the occurrence or existence of something else	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	term|期日|noun|a fixed period of time	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	shall|する|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	redraw|振り出す|verb|draw again	upon|に対して|preposition|on top of; on	same|同額|adjective|being the same or not different	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	together|加えた|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a sum paid to an agent or employee for services rendered or for goods sold	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another, especially one payable on demand and without interest	payable|支払われる|adjective|able to be paid	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)
B accordingly, before the expiration of the first two months, redraws this bill upon A in Edinburgh; who, again before the expiration of the second two months, draws a second bill upon B in London, payable likewise two months after date;	それに従ってBは、最初の2ヶ月が経過する前に、エジンバラのAに対してこの手形を振り出し、Aは2回目の2ヶ月が経過する前に、ロンドンのBに対して2回目の手形を振り出し、期日後2ヶ月で支払われる。	expiration|経過|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	redraw|振り出す|verb|draw again	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	second|2回目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	expiration|経過|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	draw|振り出す|verb|move or pull something	second|2回目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	date|期日|noun|the day of the month or year as specified by a number
and before the expiration of the third two months, B in London redraws upon A in Edinburgh another bill payable also two months after date.	そして3回目の2ヶ月が経過する前に、ロンドンのBはエジンバラのAに対して、期日後2ヶ月で支払われる別の手形を振り出す。	expiration|経過|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	third|3回目|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	redraw|振り出す|verb|draw again	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	two months|2ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	after date|期日後|noun|a specified day or time in the future
This practice has sometimes gone on, not only for several months, but for several years together, the bill always returning upon A in Edinburgh with the accumulated interest and commission of all the former bills.	この慣行は、数ヶ月だけでなく数年間も続くことがあり、手形は常にエジンバラのAに戻り、過去のすべての手形の利子と手数料が累積される。	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	go on|続く|verb|continue	several months|数ヶ月|noun|a period of time	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	accumulate|累積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something over a period of time
The interest was five per cent.	利子は5パーセントだった。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	five|5|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
in the year, and the commission was never less than one half per cent.	年間で、手数料は0.5パーセント未満になることはなかった。	in the year|年間で|adverb|during the year	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent for a transaction	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	one half per cent|0.5パーセント|noun|0.5 percent
on each draught.	各手形について。	on|について|preposition|about	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	draught|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from a particular account, whereas a cheque is drawn on a bank
This commission being repeated more than six times in the year, whatever money A might raise by this expedient might necessarily have cost him something more than eight per cent.	この手数料は年間6回以上繰り返されるので、Aがこの便法で調達できる金額がいくらであれ、必然的に8パーセント以上の費用がかかった。	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for selling a product or service	repeat|繰り返す|verb|do or say again	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	six|六|noun|the number 6	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	whatever|いくらであれ|pronoun|no matter what	money|金額|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	raise|調達する|verb|collect or bring together	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	eight|八|noun|the number 8	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
in the year and sometimes a great deal more, when either the price of the commission happened to rise, or when he was obliged to pay compound interest upon the interest and commission of former bills.	年間で、手数料の価格が上昇したり、以前の手形の利子と手数料に複利を支払わざるを得なくなったりした場合には、それよりもはるかに高額になる。	in the year|年間で|adverb|during the course of a year	a great deal|はるかに|adverb|a lot; much	more|高額になる|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or value	when|場合には|conjunction|at or during the time that	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	the price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	the commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for their services	happened to rise|上昇する|verb|increase in value or amount	when|場合には|conjunction|at or during the time that	he|彼|pronoun|the man being discussed	was obliged to|支払わざるを得なくなる|verb|be forced to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	compound interest|複利|noun|interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods	upon|に|preposition|on top of; over	the interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for their services	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	bills|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another
This practice was called raising money by circulation.	この慣行は、流通による資金調達と呼ばれていた。	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	raise|調達する|verb|collect or cause to be collected	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person

In a country where the ordinary profits of stock, in the greater part of mercantile projects, are supposed to run between six and ten per cent.	商業的事業の大半において、資本の通常の利潤が6パーセントから10パーセントの間であると想定されている国では、	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	project|事業|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim	run|想定される|verb|be in operation or effect	between|間|preposition|in the interval separating two points in space, time, or sequence	six|6|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	ten|10|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one
it must have been a very fortunate speculation, of which the returns could not only repay the enormous expense at which the money was thus borrowed for carrying it on, but afford, besides, a good surplus profit to the projector.	それは非常に幸運な投機だったに違いない。その収益は、それを実行するために借りた莫大な費用を返済できるだけでなく、そのうえ、投機者にかなりの余剰利益をもたらした。	it must have been|それは…に違いない|verb|it is very likely that	fortunate|幸運な|adjective|having good luck	speculation|投機|noun|the act of buying or selling something in the hope of making a large profit	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization makes	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	enormous|莫大な|adjective|very large	expense|費用|noun|the cost of doing or making something	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to pay for	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
Many vast and extensive projects, however, were undertaken, and for several years carried on, without any other fund to support them besides what was raised at this enormous expense.	しかし、多くの大規模で広範な事業が着手され、この莫大な費用で調達された資金以外にそれらを支える資金もないまま、数年間続けられた。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	vast|大規模な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	undertake|着手する|verb|take on or begin to deal with	several|数|adjective|more than two but not very many	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	enormous|莫大な|adjective|very large or great	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The projectors, no doubt, had in their golden dreams the most distinct vision of this great profit.	投機家たちは、間違いなく、黄金の夢の中でこの大きな利益をはっきりと見ていた。	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in hopes of quick profits	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	golden dream|黄金の夢|noun|a dream of great wealth or success	most distinct|はっきりと|adjective|very clear or easy to see, hear, or understand	vision|見ていた|noun|the ability to see	great profit|大きな利益|noun|a large amount of money that is earned from a business or investment
Upon their awakening, however, either at the end of their projects, or when they were no longer able to carry them on, they very seldom, I believe, had the good fortune to find it.	しかし、事業の終わりに、あるいは事業を継続できなくなったときに、彼らが目を覚ましたとき、彼らがそれを発見する幸運に恵まれることはめったになかったと思う。	upon|～の際に|preposition|on	awakening|目覚め|noun|the action of waking from sleep	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	carry on|続ける|verb|continue	very seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	good fortune|幸運|noun|success or luck	find|発見する|verb|discover

{The method described in the text was by no means either the most common or the most expensive one in which those adventurers sometimes raised money by circulation.	{本文で説明されている方法は、決して最も一般的なものでも、最も高価なものでもなかった。	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	describe|説明する|verb|give an account of something	text|本文|noun|the main body of a book or other written material	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	expensive|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money
It frequently happened, that A in Edinburgh would enable B in London to pay the first bill of exchange, by drawing, a few days before it became due, a second bill at three months date upon the same B in London.	エジンバラのAが、ロンドンのBが最初の為替手形を支払えるように、その手形の期日の数日前に、ロンドンの同じBに三ヶ月後払いの第二の手形を振り出すことがよくあった。	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital of England	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	a few days before|数日前|noun|a small number of days before	three months|三ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 90 days	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	draw|振り出す|verb|to take or receive money from a bank account	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	B|B|noun|the second letter of the English alphabet
This bill, being payable to his own order, A sold in Edinburgh at par;	この手形は、Aがエジンバラで額面通りに売却し、A自身の指図で支払われるものだった。	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	order|指図|noun|a command, instruction, or request	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	par|額面|noun|the value of a security that is shown on its face
and with its contents purchased bills upon London, payable at sight to the order of B, to whom he sent them by the post.	そしてその手形の代金で、Bの指図で即時支払われるロンドン向け手形を購入し、それを郵便でBに送った。	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	payable|支払われる|adjective|able to be paid	sight|即時|noun|the ability or act of seeing	order|指図|noun|a command, instruction, or request	post|郵便|noun|the public service or system responsible for delivering mail
Towards the end of the late war, the exchange between Edinburgh and London was frequently three per cent.	前回の戦争の終わり頃、エジンバラとロンドンの間の為替相場はしばしば三パーセントだった。	towards the end of|終わり頃|noun|near the end of	late war|前回の戦争|noun|the war that ended recently	between|間の|preposition|in the space separating two places, people, or objects	three percent|三パーセント|noun|a rate of three in every hundred
against Edinburgh, and those bills at sight must frequently have cost A that premium.	エジンバラに不利で、それらの一覧払手形はしばしばAにそのプレミアムを支払わせたに違いない。	against|不利で|preposition|in opposition to	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	at sight|一覧払い|adjective|payable on presentation	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	cost|支払わせる|verb|require the payment of	premium|プレミアム|noun|a sum added to the usual price or charge
This transaction, therefore, being repeated at least four times in the year, and being loaded with a commission of at least one half per cent.	したがって、この取引は、年に少なくとも四回繰り返され、少なくとも半分パーセントの手数料が課せられていた。	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	four|四|noun|the number 4	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon each repetition, must at that period have cost A, at least, fourteen per cent.	各回繰り返されるたびに、その時期にはAに少なくとも十四パーセントの費用がかかったに違いない。	upon|たびに|preposition|on	each|各回|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	repetition|繰り返される|noun|the action of repeating something	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	at that period|その時期には|noun phrase|at that time	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	fourteen|十四|adjective|the number 14	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
in the year.	年に。	in the year|年に|adverb|during the year
At other times A would enable to discharge the first bill of exchange, by drawing, a few days before it became due, a second bill at two months date, not upon B, but upon some third person, C, for example, in London.	他の場合には、Aは最初の為替手形を支払うために、支払期日の数日前に、二ヶ月後払いの第二の手形を、Bではなく、例えばロンドンの第三者Cに振り出すことで、支払いを可能にしていた。	at other times|他の場合には|adverb|on other occasions	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	discharge|支払う|verb|pay off a debt	a few days before|数日前に|adverb|a small number of days before	two months date|二ヶ月後払い|noun|a date that is two months in the future	third person|第三者|noun|a person who is not one of the two main people involved in a situation	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England
This other bill was made payable to the order of B, who, upon its being accepted by C, discounted it with some banker in London; and A enabled C to discharge it, by drawing, a few day’s before it became due, a third bill likewise at two months date, sometimes upon his first correspondent B, and sometimes upon some fourth or fifth person, D or E, for example.	この第二の手形はBの指図で支払われるようになっており、BはCがそれを受け入れると、ロンドンの銀行でそれを割り引いた。そしてAは、Cが支払期日の数日前に、同様に二ヶ月後払いの第三の手形を、時には最初の取引先Bに、時には第四、第五の人物、例えばDやEに振り出すことで、Cがそれを支払えるようにした。	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	order|指図|noun|a command, instruction, or request	accept|受け入れる|verb|to take or receive something offered	discount|割り引く|verb|to sell or offer at a reduced price	banker|銀行|noun|a person who works in a bank	enable|可能にする|verb|to make possible	discharge|支払う|verb|to pay a debt	draw|振り出す|verb|to write out a bill of exchange	due|期日|adjective|expected or required to be paid	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	two months|二ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to eight weeks	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person with whom one regularly corresponds	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series	fifth|第五|adjective|coming after four others in a series	D|D|noun|the fourth letter of the English alphabet	E|E|noun|the fifth letter of the English alphabet
This third bill was made payable to the order of C, who, as soon as it was accepted, discounted it in the same manner with some banker in London.	この第三の手形はCの指図で支払われるようになっており、Cはそれが受け入れられるとすぐに、ロンドンの銀行で同じようにそれを割り引いた。	third|第三の|adjective|coming after the second and before the fourth in position	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	order|指図|noun|a command, instruction, or request	as soon as|すぐに|adverb|at the first possible moment	accepted|受け入れられる|verb|to be received as proper, right, or true	discounted|割り引いた|verb|to sell or offer for sale at a reduced price	banker|銀行|noun|a person who owns or manages a bank	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England
Such operations being repeated at least six times in the year, and being loaded with a commission of at least one half per cent.	このような取引は年に少なくとも六回繰り返され、少なくとも0.5パーセントの手数料が課せられた。	operation|取引|noun|a business transaction	repeat|繰り返す|verb|do or say again	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	six|六|noun|the number 6	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	load|課する|verb|put a load on or in	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for selling a product or service	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	one half|0.5|noun|the number 0.5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon each repetition, together with the legal interest of five per cent.	毎回繰り返されるたびに、5パーセントの法定利息が加算された。	upon|たびに|preposition|on	repetition|繰り返される|noun|the action of repeating something	together with|加算された|adverb|in addition to	legal|法定|adjective|of or relating to the law	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	five|5|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
this method of raising money, in the same manner as that described in the text, must have cost A something more than eight per cent.	本文で説明したのと同じ方法で資金を調達するこの方法は、Aに8パーセント以上のコストがかかったに違いない。	raise|調達する|verb|collect or gather	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	text|本文|noun|the main body of a book or other written material	cost|コスト|noun|the price paid to acquire, produce, accomplish, or maintain something	eight percent|8パーセント|noun|a proportion where the second number is one hundred
By saving, however, the exchange between Edinburgh and London, it was less expensive than that mentioned in the foregoing part of this note;	しかし、エジンバラとロンドンの間の為替を節約することで、このメモの前半で述べたものよりも安価だった。	save|節約する|verb|spend less money	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital of England	less|より安価な|adjective|not as much or as many	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	note|メモ|noun|a short written message
but then it required an established credit with more houses than one in London, an advantage which many of these adventurers could not always find it easy to procure.}	しかし、ロンドンの一軒以上の銀行で確固たる信用を得る必要があり、こうした冒険家の多くが常に簡単に得られるとは限らなかった。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	house|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means

The bills which A in Edinburgh drew upon B in London, he regularly discounted two months before they were due, with some bank or banker in Edinburgh;	エジンバラのAがロンドンのBに振り出した手形は、エジンバラの銀行や銀行家で、支払期日の2ヶ月前に定期的に割り引いていた。	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital of England	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	draw|振り出す|verb|to take or receive money from a bank account	due|支払期日|noun|the date on which a payment must be made	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	discount|割り引く|verb|to sell at a reduced price	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank
and the bills which B in London redrew upon A in Edinburgh, he as regularly discounted, either with the Bank of England, or with some other banker in London.	そして、ロンドンのBがエジンバラのAに振り出した手形は、イングランド銀行かロンドンの他の銀行で定期的に割り引いていた。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England
Whatever was advanced upon such circulating bills was in Edinburgh advanced in the paper of the Scotch banks;	このような循環手形で前払いされたものはすべて、エジンバラではスコットランド銀行の紙幣で前払いされた。	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due	circulate|循環する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money
and in London, when they were discounted at the Bank of England in the paper of that bank.	そしてロンドンでは、イングランド銀行で割り引かれたときには、その銀行の紙幣で前払いされた。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money
Though the bills upon which this paper had been advanced were all of them repaid in their turn as soon as they became due, yet the value which had been really advanced upon the first bill was never really returned to the banks which advanced it;	この紙幣が前払いされた手形は、すべて支払期日になると順番に返済されたが、最初の手形で実際に前払いされた価値は、それを前払いした銀行に実際に返済されることはなかった。	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	due|支払期日|noun|the date on which a payment must be made	turn|順番|noun|a chance to do something	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money
because, before each bill became due, another bill was always drawn to somewhat a greater amount than the bill which was soon to be paid:	なぜなら、各手形の支払期日が来る前に、もうすぐ支払われる手形よりも多少多い金額で別の手形が常に振り出されていたからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	each|各|determiner|every one of two or more people or things	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	become due|支払期日が来る|verb|be required to be paid	another|別の|determiner|an additional one	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	draw|振り出す|verb|take out or move out	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	greater|多い|adjective|of a size that is more than average	amount|金額|noun|a quantity of something	soon|もうすぐ|adverb|in or after a short time	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work or goods
and the discounting of this other bill was essentially necessary towards the payment of that which was soon to be due.	そして、この別の手形の割引は、もうすぐ支払期日が来る手形の支払いに向けて本質的に必要だった。	discount|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	essentially|本質的に|adverb|in or relating to the essential nature of something	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
This payment, therefore, was altogether fictitious.	したがって、この支払いは全く架空のものだった。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	fictitious|架空の|adjective|not real or true
The stream which, by means of those circulating bills of exchange, had once been made to run out from the coffers of the banks, was never replaced by any stream which really ran into them.	これらの流通する為替手形によって、かつて銀行の金庫から流れ出た流れは、実際に金庫に流れ込む流れに取って代わられることはなかった。	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	run out|流れ出る|verb|to come to an end	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	run into|流れ込む|verb|to meet or encounter by chance

The paper which was issued upon those circulating bills of exchange amounted, upon many occasions, to the whole fund destined for carrying on some vast and extensive project of agriculture, commerce, or manufactures;	これらの流通する為替手形に対して発行された紙幣は、多くの場合、農業、商業、製造業の大規模で広範なプロジェクトを遂行するために運命づけられた全資金に達した。	issue|発行する|verb|to produce and distribute	circulate|流通する|verb|to move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	amount|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	carry on|遂行する|verb|to continue doing something	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking
and not merely to that part of it which, had there been no paper money, the projector would have been obliged to keep by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.	そして、紙幣がなかったら、発起人は時折の要求に応えるために、手元に遊ばせておかなければならなかったであろう部分だけではない。	not merely|単に～だけではない|adverb|not only	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	projector|発起人|noun|a person who initiates a project	keep by|手元に置いておく|verb|keep close to oneself	unemployed|遊ばせて|adjective|not in use	ready money|現金|noun|money in the form of coins or banknotes	answering|応える|verb|respond to a question or request	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly
The greater part of this paper was, consequently, over and above the value of the gold and silver which would have circulated in the country, had there been no paper money.	結果として、この紙幣の大部分は、紙幣がなかったら国内で流通していたであろう金銀の価値を超えていた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	over and above|超えて|adverb|in addition to	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	paper money|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money
It was over and above, therefore, what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ, and upon that account, immediately returned upon the banks, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, which they were to find as they could.	したがって、それは国内の流通が容易に吸収して使用できる量を超えており、そのため、銀行は金銀と交換するためにすぐに銀行に戻り、銀行はできる限り金銀を見つけなければならなかった。	over and above|以上に|adverb|in addition to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|use	account|口座|noun|a record of the financial transactions over a period of time	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to
It was a capital which those projectors had very artfully contrived to draw from those banks, not only without their knowledge or deliberate consent, but for some time, perhaps, without their having the most distant suspicion that they had really advanced it.	それは、これらの発起人が、銀行の知識や慎重な同意なしに、また、しばらくの間、おそらく、彼らが実際にそれを前進させたという最も遠い疑いを持たずに、これらの銀行から引き出すために非常に巧妙に考案した資本だった。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	projector|発起人|noun|a person who initiates a project	artfully|巧妙に|adverb|in a skillful or clever way	contrive|考案する|verb|plan or invent in a skillful or clever way	draw|引き出す|verb|take or pull out	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	deliberate|慎重な|adjective|done or acting with care and thought	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	suspicion|疑い|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	advance|前進させる|verb|move forward

When two people, who are continually drawing and redrawing upon one another, discount their bills always with the same banker, he must immediately discover what they are about, and see clearly that they are trading, not with any capital of their own, but with the capital which he advances to them.	絶えず互いに引き出し、再引き出しをしている二人が、いつも同じ銀行家と手形を割り引いている場合、銀行家はすぐに彼らが何をしているかを発見し、彼らが自分たちの資本ではなく、銀行家が彼らに貸し付けた資本で取引していることをはっきりと理解しなければならない。	two|二人|noun|the number 2	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	draw|引き出す|verb|take out or remove	redraw|再引き出し|verb|draw again	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	discount|割り引く|verb|reduce the usual price of	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice	trade|取引|verb|buy and sell goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	advance|貸し付ける|verb|supply or pay (money) before it is due
But this discovery is not altogether so easy when they discount their bills sometimes with one banker, and sometimes with another, and when the two same persons do not constantly draw and redraw upon one another, but occasionally run the round of a great circle of projectors, who find it for their interest to assist one another in this method of raising money and to render it, upon that account, as difficult as possible to distinguish between a real and a fictitious bill of exchange, between a bill drawn by a real creditor upon a real debtor, and a bill for which there was properly no real creditor but the bank which discounted it, nor any real debtor but the projector who made use of the money.	しかし、彼らが手形を時々ある銀行家と、またある時は別の銀行家と割り引く場合、また同じ二人が絶えず互いに引き出し、再引き出しをせず、時折、資金調達のこの方法で互いに助け合い、その上で、本物の手形と架空の手形、本物の債権者が本物の債務者に振り出した手形と、それを割り引いた銀行以外に本物の債権者がいない手形、その資金を利用した発起人以外に本物の債務者がいない手形を区別することをできるだけ困難にすることが自分たちの利益になると考える発起人の大集団を巡回する場合、この発見は全く簡単ではない。	discount|割り引く|verb|reduce the usual price of	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering	two|二人|noun|the number 2	constantly|絶えず|adverb|continuously; always	draw|引き出す|verb|take out or remove	redraw|再引き出し|verb|draw again	occasionally|時折|adverb|sometimes; infrequently	run|巡回する|verb|move at a speed faster than a walk	circle|集団|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center)	projector|発起人|noun|a person who initiates a project	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	assist|助け合う|verb|help	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	raise|調達|verb|collect or bring together	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	account|上で|noun|a record of financial transactions	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	real|本物|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	fictitious|架空|adjective|not real or true; imaginary	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	debtor|債務者|noun|a person or organization that owes money	properly|以外に|adverb|correctly; in a proper manner	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	make use of|利用する|verb|use
When a banker had even made this discovery, he might sometimes make it too late, and might find that he had already discounted the bills of those projectors to so great an extent, that, by refusing to discount any more, he would necessarily make them all bankrupts;	銀行家がこの発見をしたとしても、時には手遅れになることがあり、すでにこれらの発起人の手形をかなりの程度割り引いてしまっていて、これ以上割り引くことを拒否すれば、必然的に彼らをすべて破産させてしまうことに気づくかもしれない。	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	too late|手遅れ|adjective|after the time when something could have been done	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	projector|発起人|noun|a person who initiates a project	extent|程度|noun|the area covered by something	refuse|拒否する|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary logical consequence	bankrupt|破産|noun|a person who is declared in law unable to pay their debts
and thus by ruining them, might perhaps ruin himself.	そして、こうして彼らを破滅させることによって、おそらく自分自身も破滅させるかもしれない。	ruin|破滅させる|verb|destroy or spoil something	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe
For his own interest and safety, therefore, he might find it necessary, in this very perilous situation, to go on for some time, endeavouring, however, to withdraw gradually, and, upon that account, making every day greater and greater difficulties about discounting, in order to force these projectors by degrees to have recourse, either to other bankers, or to other methods of raising money: so as that he himself might, as soon as possible, get out of the circle.	したがって、彼自身の利益と安全のために、この非常に危険な状況において、しばらくは続ける必要があるかもしれないが、しかし、徐々に撤退するよう努力し、その上で、これらの発起人に他の銀行家や他の資金調達方法に頼るように徐々に強制するために、割引について日々ますます困難にしていくことで、彼自身はできるだけ早くその輪から抜け出せるようにする。	for|のために|preposition|with the purpose of	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	perilous|危険な|adjective|full of danger or risk	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place, person, or thing	go on|続ける|verb|continue	for some time|しばらく|noun|a period of time	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	withdraw|撤退する|verb|remove or take away	upon|その上で|preposition|on top of	make|作る|verb|cause to happen or exist	every day|日々|noun|each day	greater|ますます|adjective|larger or more important	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem	about|について|preposition|on the subject of	discounting|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	these|これらの|determiner|the people or things that are close to you or that you are thinking about	projector|発起人|noun|a person who plans or initiates a project	by degrees|徐々に|adverb|gradually	have recourse|頼る|verb|turn to for help or support	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link alternatives	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	raising|調達|verb|collect or bring together	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	so as|ように|conjunction|in order that	that|その|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	himself|彼自身|pronoun|used to refer to a male person or animal that has already been mentioned	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	as soon as possible|できるだけ早く|adverb|without delay	get out of|抜け出す|verb|leave or escape from	circle|輪|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the centre)
The difficulties, accordingly, which the Bank of England, which the principal bankers in London, and which even the more prudent Scotch banks began, after a certain time, and when all of them had already gone too far, to make about discounting, not only alarmed, but enraged, in the highest degree, those projectors.	したがって、イングランド銀行、ロンドンの主要銀行、さらにはより慎重なスコットランド銀行でさえ、一定期間を経て、すでにすべてが行き過ぎた後に、割引について始めるようになった困難は、これらの発起人を驚かせただけでなく、最高度に激怒させた。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	after a certain time|一定期間を経て|noun phrase|after a while	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time	go too far|行き過ぎる|verb|exceed the proper limit or boundary	make about|始めるようになった|verb phrase|start to do something	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem	alarm|驚かせる|verb|make someone feel frightened, anxious, or worried	enrage|激怒させる|verb|make someone very angry	projector|発起人|noun|a person who starts a new project or business
Their own distress, of which this prudent and necessary reserve of the banks was, no doubt, the immediate occasion, they called the distress of the country;	彼ら自身の苦境は、銀行のこの慎重で必要な準備金が、疑いなく、直接の原因であったが、彼らはそれを国の苦境と呼んだ。	distress|苦境|noun|a state of extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	prudent|慎重な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	reserve|準備金|noun|a supply of something kept in store for future use	occasion|原因|noun|a particular time or event	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and this distress of the country, they said, was altogether owing to the ignorance, pusillanimity, and bad conduct of the banks, which did not give a sufficiently liberal aid to the spirited undertakings of those who exerted themselves in order to beautify, improve, and enrich the country.	そして、この国の苦境は、銀行の無知、臆病、悪行に起因するものであり、国を美化し、改善し、豊かにするために努力した人々の意欲的な事業に十分な援助を与えなかったためだと彼らは言った。	distress|苦境|noun|a state of extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	ignorance|無知|noun|the state of being unaware or uninformed	pusillanimity|臆病|noun|lack of courage or determination	bad conduct|悪行|noun|behavior that is illegal or immoral	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	liberal|十分な|adjective|giving or given freely	aid|援助|noun|help, typically of a practical nature	spirited|意欲的な|adjective|full of energy and determination	undertaking|事業|noun|a task or project that is attempted or carried out
It was the duty of the banks, they seemed to think, to lend for as long a time, and to as great an extent, as they might wish to borrow.	彼らは、銀行の義務は、彼らが借りたいと思う限り、長期間、大規模に貸し付けることだと考えていたようである。	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that they agree to pay back	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	extent|限り|noun|the area covered by something	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it
The banks, however, by refusing in this manner to give more credit to those to whom they had already given a great deal too much, took the only method by which it was now possible to save either their own credit, or the public credit of the country.	しかし、銀行は、すでにあまりにも多くを与えた相手にこれ以上信用を与えることを拒否することで、自らの信用か国の信用のどちらかを救うことができる唯一の方法をとった。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	refuse|拒否する|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	save|救う|verb|prevent from being lost or destroyed	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

In the midst of this clamour and distress, a new bank was established in Scotland, for the express purpose of relieving the distress of the country.	この騒ぎと苦境の真っ只中に、スコットランドに新しい銀行が設立され、国の苦境を救済するという明確な目的があった。	in the midst of|真っ只中に|preposition|in the middle of	clamour|騒ぎ|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	express|明確な|adjective|clearly stated	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	relieve|救済する|verb|reduce or remove (something unpleasant)
The design was generous; but the execution was imprudent, and the nature and causes of the distress which it meant to relieve, were not, perhaps, well understood.	その計画は寛大なものだったが、実行は軽率で、救済しようとした苦境の性質や原因は、おそらくよく理解されていなかった。	design|計画|noun|a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	execution|実行|noun|the carrying out or putting into effect of a plan, order, or course of action	imprudent|軽率な|adjective|showing a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rash	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	relieve|救済する|verb|reduce or remove (something unpleasant or burdensome)	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)
This bank was more liberal than any other had ever been, both in granting cash-accounts, and in discounting bills of exchange.	この銀行は、現金勘定を認めることと、為替手形を割り引くことの両面で、他のどの銀行よりも自由だった。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	cash-account|現金勘定|noun|an account that is used to record cash transactions	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price
With regard to the latter, it seems to have made scarce any distinction between real and circulating bills, but to have discounted all equally.	後者については、実手形と流通手形をほとんど区別せず、すべてを平等に割り引いていたようだ。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	make scarce|ほとんどない|verb|be in short supply	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	real|実|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	circulating|流通|adjective|moving or able to move freely	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	equally|平等に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree
It was the avowed principle of this bank to advance upon any reasonable security, the whole capital which was to be employed in those improvements of which the returns are the most slow and distant, such as the improvements of land.	この銀行の公然の原則は、土地の改良など、収益が最も遅く、遠い改良に投入されるべき全資本を、合理的な担保のもとで前進させることだった。	advance|前進させる|verb|move forward	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	security|担保|noun|something that is given as a guarantee that a loan will be repaid	whole|全|adjective|all of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	return|収益|noun|a profit from an investment	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
To promote such improvements was even said to be the chief of the public-spirited purposes for which it was instituted.	そのような改善を促進することが、この銀行が設立された公益目的の主要なものであるとさえ言われた。	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	public-spirited|公益|adjective|having or showing an unselfish interest in the public welfare	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	chief|主要な|adjective|most important; principal
By its liberality in granting cash-accounts, and in discounting bills of exchange, it, no doubt, issued great quantities of its bank notes.	現金勘定を認めることと、為替手形を割り引くことの両面で、この銀行は他のどの銀行よりも自由だった。	cash-account|現金勘定|noun|an account that is used to record cash transactions	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	discount|割り引く|verb|to sell or offer for sale at a reduced price	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money issued by a bank
But those bank notes being, the greater part of them, over and above what the circulation of the country could easily absorb and employ, returned upon it, in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, as fast as they were issued.	しかし、これらの銀行券は、その大部分が、国内の流通が容易に吸収し、使用できる量を超えていたため、発行されるとすぐに金銀と交換されるために、銀行に戻ってきた。	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	over and above|超えて|adverb|in addition to	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|use something for a particular purpose	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place	order|ために|noun|a command or instruction	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	fast|すぐに|adverb|quickly	issue|発行する|verb|produce or distribute something
Its coffers were never well filled.	その金庫は決して十分に満たされることはなかった。	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	be never well filled|決して十分に満たされることはなかった|verb|to be never full enough
The capital which had been subscribed to this bank, at two different subscriptions, amounted to one hundred and sixty thousand pounds, of which eighty per cent.	この銀行に二回に分けて払い込まれた資本金は、十六万ポンドにのぼり、そのうち八十パーセントは、国債の形で国庫に貸し付けられた。	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	subscribe|払い込む|verb|sign up for or make a regular payment to receive or participate in something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	two|二回|numeral|one more than one	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	hundred|十六万|numeral|ten times ten	sixty|十六万|numeral|six times ten	thousand|十六万|numeral|ten times a hundred	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	eighty|八十|numeral|eight times ten	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred	loan|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to someone	treasury|国庫|noun|the funds of a government or organization
only was paid up.	だけが支払われた。	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	pay up|支払う|verb|pay in full
This sum ought to have been paid in at several different instalments.	この金額は、数回に分けて支払われるべきだった。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	ought to have been|されるべきだった|auxiliary verb|should have been	pay in|支払う|verb|pay money into an account	several|数回|adjective|more than two but not very many	different|分けて|adjective|not the same	instalment|分割払い|noun|a sum of money due as one of several equal payments for something, spread over an agreed period of time
A great part of the proprietors, when they paid in their first instalment, opened a cash-account with the bank;	所有者の大部分は、最初の分割払いをしたときに、銀行に当座預金口座を開設した。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	great part|大部分|noun|a large part	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	instalment|分割払い|noun|a sum of money due as one of several equal payments for something, spread over an agreed period of time	open|開設する|verb|to make or become accessible	cash-account|当座預金口座|noun|a bank account that allows the account holder to withdraw money using checks	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money
and the directors, thinking themselves obliged to treat their own proprietors with the same liberality with which they treated all other men, allowed many of them to borrow upon this cash-account what they paid in upon all their subsequent instalments.	そして、取締役たちは、自分たちの所有者に対しても、他のすべての人々に対してと同じように寛大に扱う義務があると考え、その多くが、この当座預金口座で、その後のすべての分割払い分を借りることを許した。	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or a project	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain way	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	allow|許す|verb|let do or have something	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	cash-account|当座預金口座|noun|a bank account that allows the holder to withdraw money without notice	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	instalment|分割払い|noun|a sum of money due as one of several equal payments for something, spread over an agreed period of time
Such payments, therefore, only put into one coffer what had the moment before been taken out of another.	したがって、そのような支払いは、直前に別の金庫から取り出されたものを、ただ一つの金庫に入れただけだった。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	put into|入れる|verb|place something inside something else	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	take out|取り出す|verb|remove something from a place	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned
But had the coffers of this bank been filled ever so well, its excessive circulation must have emptied them faster than they could have been replenished by any other expedient but the ruinous one of drawing upon London;	しかし、この銀行の金庫がどれほどよく満たされていたとしても、その過剰な流通は、ロンドンから引き出すという破滅的な方法以外に、他のどんな方法によっても補充されるよりも早く、金庫を空にしてしまったに違いない。	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	ever so well|どれほどよく|adverb|to a very great extent	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or proper	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	empty|空にする|verb|make or become empty	faster|より早く|adverb|at a high speed	replenish|補充する|verb|fill or make complete again	expedient|方法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	draw|引き出す|verb|move or cause to move in a specified way
and when the bill became due, paying it, together with interest and commission, by another draught upon the same place.	そして、手形の支払期日が来ると、利子と手数料をつけて、同じ場所で別の手形で支払う。	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	become due|支払期日が来る|verb|to be required to be paid	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a sum paid to an agent or employee for services rendered	draught|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another
Its coffers having been filled so very ill, it is said to have been driven to this resource within a very few months after it began to do business.	その金庫は非常に不十分に満たされていたので、事業を開始してから数ヶ月以内にこの資源に追い込まれたと言われている。	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	very ill|非常に不十分に|adverb|in a very bad or inadequate way	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	drive|追い込む|verb|cause to move or be moved in a specified way	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
The estates of the proprietors of this bank were worth several millions, and, by their subscription to the original bond or contract of the bank, were really pledged for answering all its engagements.	この銀行の所有者の財産は数百万の価値があり、銀行の元の債券または契約への加入によって、実際にそのすべての約束に答えるために誓約されていた。	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or group	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a specified value	several|数百万|adjective|more than two but not very many	million|百万|noun|a thousand thousands	subscription|加入|noun|the action of making or agreeing to make regular payments to receive or use a service	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt issued by a government or company promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest at a specified time	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	pledge|誓約する|verb|solemnly promise to do something	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply to a question or statement	engagement|約束|noun|a promise or agreement to do something
By means of the great credit which so great a pledge necessarily gave it, it was, notwithstanding its too liberal conduct, enabled to carry on business for more than two years.	そのような大きな誓約が必然的に与えた大きな信用によって、それはあまりにも自由な行動にもかかわらず、2年以上事業を続けることを可能にした。	pledge|誓約|noun|a solemn promise or undertaking	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
When it was obliged to stop, it had in the circulation about two hundred thousand pounds in bank notes.	停止を余儀なくされたとき、それは銀行券で約20万ポンドを流通させていた。	be obliged to|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced to	stop|停止|noun|the cessation of an activity	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money
In order to support the circulation of those notes, which were continually returning upon it as fast as they were issued, it had been constantly in the practice of drawing bills of exchange upon London, of which the number and value were continually increasing, and, when it stopt, amounted to upwards of six hundred thousand pounds.	発行されるとすぐに返却されるこれらの紙幣の流通を維持するために、ロンドンで為替手形を振り出すことが常習化しており、その数と価値は絶えず増加し、停止したときには60万ポンド以上に達した。	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	issue|発行する|verb|officially or formally announce or make known	return|返却される|verb|go or come back to a place or person	fast|すぐに|adverb|quickly	practice|常習化する|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	draw|振り出す|verb|take or pull out	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	stop|停止する|verb|come to an end; cease to happen or exist	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or effect	upwards|以上に|adverb|more than	six hundred thousand pounds|60万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
This bank, therefore, had, in little more than the course of two years, advanced to different people upwards of eight hundred thousand pounds at five per cent.	したがって、この銀行は2年余りの間に、5パーセントで80万ポンド以上をさまざまな人々に貸し付けていた。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	two years|2年|noun|a period of time equal to 24 months	five percent|5パーセント|noun|a proportion equal to 5/100	eight hundred thousand pounds|80万ポンド|noun|a unit of money equal to 100 pence	different people|さまざまな人々|noun|people who are not the same
Upon the two hundred thousand pounds which it circulated in bank notes, this five per cent.	銀行券で流通させた20万ポンドに対して、この5パーセントである。	two hundred thousand pounds|20万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	five per cent|5パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
might perhaps be considered as a clear gain, without any other deduction besides the expense of management.	管理費以外に他の控除なしに、おそらく純益と見なされるかもしれない。	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	be considered|見なされる|verb|be regarded as	clear|純粋な|adjective|free from doubt or confusion	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	any|他の|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	other|他の|determiner|not the same as one or more already mentioned or implied	deduction|控除|noun|a conclusion reached by reasoning	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; apart from	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	management|管理|noun|the process of managing
But upon upwards of six hundred thousand pounds, for which it was continually drawing bills of exchange upon London, it was paying, in the way of interest and commission, upwards of eight per cent.	しかし、60万ポンド以上に対して、ロンドンで為替手形を振り出し続けていたため、利子と手数料として8パーセント以上を支払っていた。	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	six hundred thousand pounds|60万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent for a transaction or service	eight per cent|8パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
and was consequently losing more than three per cent.	その結果、3パーセント以上を失っていた。	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
upon more than three fourths of all its dealings.	すべての取引の4分の3以上で。	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	three fourths|4分の3|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	dealings|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services

The operations of this bank seem to have produced effects quite opposite to those which were intended by the particular persons who planned and directed it.	この銀行の運営は、それを計画し指揮した特定の人々が意図したものとは全く反対の効果を生み出したように思われる。	operation|運営|noun|the running of a business or organization	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	quite|全く|adverb|completely; totally	opposite|反対|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	plan|計画する|verb|decide on and make arrangements for in advance	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of
They seem to have intended to support the spirited undertakings, for as such they considered them, which were at that time carrying on in different parts of the country;	彼らは、当時国内の各地で行われていた、彼らがそう考えていた活発な事業を支援するつもりだったようだ。	intend|つもりである|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	spirited|活発な|adjective|full of energy and life	undertaking|事業|noun|a task or project that is attempted or carried out	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	carry on|行われる|verb|continue doing something	different part|各地|noun|a place that is not the same as another place	country|国内|noun|the territory occupied by a nation
and, at the same time, by drawing the whole banking business to themselves, to supplant all the other Scotch banks, particularly those established at Edinburgh, whose backwardness in discounting bills of exchange had given some offence.	同時に、銀行業務全体を自分たちの手中に収めることで、他のスコットランドの銀行、特にエジンバラに設立された銀行をすべて駆逐しようとした。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	draw|収める|verb|to move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	banking business|銀行業務|noun|the business of a bank	supplant|駆逐する|verb|to take the place of	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	establish|設立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	backwardness|遅れ|noun|the state of being less advanced than others	discount|割り引く|verb|to sell or offer for sale at a reduced price	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	give|与える|verb|to cause to have or receive	offence|不快感|noun|an act that breaks the law
This bank, no doubt, gave some temporary relief to those projectors, and enabled them to carry on their projects for about two years longer than they could otherwise have done.	この銀行は、間違いなく、これらの投機家にある程度の一時的な救済を与え、彼らがそうでなければできなかったよりも約2年間長く彼らのプロジェクトを遂行することを可能にした。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	some|ある程度の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short time	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in hopes of quick profits	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	about|約|adverb|approximately	two years|2年間|noun|a period of time equal to 24 months	longer|長く|adjective|having a greater length or duration	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have done|できた|verb|have completed or finished
But it thereby only enabled them to get so much deeper into debt;	しかし、それによって彼らはより深く借金を抱えるようになっただけだった。	only|ただ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	get|なる|verb|become	deep|深く|adjective|extending far down from the top or surface	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
so that, when ruin came, it fell so much the heavier both upon them and upon their creditors.	そのため、破滅が訪れたとき、彼らと債権者の両方にとって、それはより重くのしかかった。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	come|訪れる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	fall|のしかかった|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed
The operations of this bank, therefore, instead of relieving, in reality aggravated in the long-run the distress which those projectors had brought both upon themselves and upon their country.	したがって、この銀行の運営は、救済するどころか、実際には、これらの投機家が自分たちと国にもたらした苦悩を長期的には悪化させた。	operation|運営|noun|the act of operating or functioning	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	relieve|救済する|verb|to make less severe or less painful	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|to make worse	distress|苦悩|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in hopes of quick profits	bring|もたらす|verb|to cause to come or happen	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It would have been much better for themselves, their creditors, and their country, had the greater part of them been obliged to stop two years sooner than they actually did.	彼らの大部分が実際にそうしたよりも2年早く停止を余儀なくされていたら、彼ら自身、彼らの債権者、そして彼らの国にとってずっとよかっただろう。	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	two years|2年|noun|a period of time equal to 24 months	sooner|もっと早く|adverb|earlier	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	stop|停止|verb|come to an end; cease to happen or exist	obliged|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced or compelled to do something
The temporary relief, however, which this bank afforded to those projectors, proved a real and permanent relief to the other Scotch banks.	しかし、この銀行がこれらの投機家に与えた一時的な救済は、他のスコットランド銀行にとって真の永続的な救済となった。	temporary relief|一時的な救済|noun|a temporary alleviation of a problem or difficulty	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do or have something	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in the hope of making large profits	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time	relief|救済|noun|a feeling of reassurance and relaxation following release from anxiety or distress
All the dealers in circulating bills of exchange, which those other banks had become so backward in discounting, had recourse to this new bank, where they were received with open arms.	他の銀行が割引に消極的になった流通手形のすべてのディーラーは、この新しい銀行に頼り、そこで彼らは両手を広げて受け入れられた。	bill of exchange|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	discount|割引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	open arms|両手を広げて|noun|a warm or enthusiastic welcome
Those other banks, therefore, were enabled to get very easily out of that fatal circle, from which they could not otherwise have disengaged themselves without incurring a considerable loss, and perhaps, too, even some degree of discredit.	したがって、他の銀行は、かなりの損失を被ることなく、また、おそらくある程度の不信を招くことなく、それ以外では抜け出せなかったであろうその致命的な輪から非常に簡単に抜け出すことができた。	get out of|抜け出す|verb|leave or escape from	fatal|致命的な|adjective|causing death	circle|輪|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center)	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	incur|被る|verb|become subject to	discredit|不信|noun|a lack of trust or confidence in someone or something

In the long-run, therefore, the operations of this bank increased the real distress of the country, which it meant to relieve;	したがって、長期的には、この銀行の運営は、救済しようとしていた国の本当の苦境を増大させた。	in the long-run|長期的には|adverb|in the long term	operation|運営|noun|the action or process of operating something	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and effectually relieved, from a very great distress, those rivals whom it meant to supplant.	そして、取って代わろうとしていたライバルを非常に大きな苦境から効果的に救済した。	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective manner	relieve|救済する|verb|reduce or remove (something unpleasant or burdensome)	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity

At the first setting out of this bank, it was the opinion of some people, that how fast soever its coffers might be emptied, it might easily replenish them, by raising money upon the securities of those to whom it had advanced its paper.	この銀行が最初に設立されたとき、一部の人々の意見では、その金庫がどれほど早く空になっても、紙幣を貸し付けた人々の証券で資金を調達することで、簡単に補充できるというものだった。	at the first setting out of|最初に設立されたとき|noun phrase|when something was first established	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	some people|一部の人々|noun phrase|a group of people	how fast soever|どれほど早く|adverb|no matter how fast	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	might be emptied|空になるかもしれない|verb phrase|could become empty	might easily replenish|簡単に補充できる|verb phrase|could easily refill	raise money|資金を調達する|verb phrase|collect money	security|証券|noun|a financial instrument that represents ownership in a corporation	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to someone
Experience, I believe, soon convinced them that this method of raising money was by much too slow to answer their purpose;	経験から、彼らはすぐに、この資金調達方法は目的を達成するにはあまりにも遅すぎると確信したと思う。	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	convince|確信する|verb|cause to believe or feel sure	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	raise|調達する|verb|collect or cause to be collected	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	slow|遅い|adjective|taking a long time	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
and that coffers which originally were so ill filled, and which emptied themselves so very fast, could be replenished by no other expedient but the ruinous one of drawing bills upon London, and when they became due, paying them by other draughts on the same place, with accumulated interest and commission.	そして、もともとあまり中身がなく、すぐに空になってしまう金庫は、ロンドンで手形を引き落とし、満期になったら同じ場所で他の手形で支払うという破滅的な方法以外に補充する方法はなかった。	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	ill|あまり|adjective|to a small extent or degree	fill|満たす|verb|to make or become full	empty|空にする|verb|to make or become empty	fast|すぐに|adverb|quickly	replenish|補充する|verb|to fill or make complete again	expedient|方法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	draw|引き落とす|verb|to take or receive money from a bank account	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	due|満期|adjective|expected or required to be paid	pay|支払う|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for selling or buying goods or services
But though they had been able by this method to raise money as fast as they wanted it, yet, instead of making a profit, they must have suffered a loss of every such operation;	しかし、この方法で彼らは必要なだけ早く資金を調達することができたが、利益を上げる代わりに、そのような取引のたびに損失を被ったに違いない。	raise money|資金を調達する|verb|collect money for a particular purpose	as fast as|必要なだけ早く|adverb|as quickly as	make a profit|利益を上げる|verb|make money	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	suffer a loss|損失を被る|verb|lose money	every such operation|そのような取引のたびに|noun|every time such a transaction is made
so that in the long-run they must have ruined themselves as a mercantile company, though perhaps not so soon as by the more expensive practice of drawing and redrawing.	そのため、長期的には、彼らは商社として破滅したに違いないが、おそらく、より高額な手形の引き出しと再引き出しの慣行ほどすぐには破滅しなかっただろう。	in the long-run|長期的には|adverb|in the long term	ruin|破滅する|verb|destroy or spoil something	mercantile company|商社|noun|a company that trades in commodities	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	drawing|手形の引き出し|noun|the action of drawing something	redrawing|再引き出し|noun|the action of redrawing something
They could still have made nothing by the interest of the paper, which, being over and above what the circulation of the country could absorb and employ, returned upon them in order to be exchanged for gold and silver, as fast as they issued it;	彼らは、紙幣の利子では何も得ることができなかった。紙幣は、国内の流通が吸収して使用できる量を超えていたため、発行されるとすぐに金や銀と交換するために戻ってきた。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	employ|使用する|verb|use	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	issue|発行する|verb|officially or formally announce or make known
and for the payment of which they were themselves continually obliged to borrow money.	そして、その支払いのために、彼ら自身が絶えずお金を借りざるを得なかった。	for the payment of which|その支払いのために|noun phrase|for the purpose of paying something	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced or compelled to do something	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it
On the contrary, the whole expense of this borrowing, of employing agents to look out for people who had money to lend, of negotiating with those people, and of drawing the proper bond or assignment, must have fallen upon them, and have been so much clear loss upon the balance of their accounts.	それどころか、この借入金の全費用、貸し付けるお金を持っている人を探すための代理人の雇用、そういった人々との交渉、適切な債券や譲渡証書の作成は、彼らの負担となり、彼らの決算に大きな損失をもたらしたに違いない。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	borrowing|借入金|noun|the action of borrowing something	employing|雇用|verb|give work to	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	look out for|探す|verb|be careful about	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily	those|そういった|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	negotiation|交渉|noun|discussion aimed at reaching an agreement	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest at a specified time	assignment|譲渡証書|noun|a task or piece of work assigned to someone as part of a job or course of study	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	fall upon|負担となる|verb|be the responsibility of	have been|もたらした|verb|have come to be	so much|大きな|adverb|to such a great extent	clear|大きな|adjective|easy to understand; unambiguous	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	upon|に|preposition|on	balance|決算|noun|the difference between the totals of debits and credits in an account
The project of replenishing their coffers in this manner may be compared to that of a man who had a water-pond from which a stream was continually running out, and into which no stream was continually running, but who proposed to keep it always equally full, by employing a number of people to go continually with buckets to a well at some miles distance, in order to bring water to replenish it.	このような方法で金庫を補充する計画は、水が絶えず流れ出ていて、流れ込んでいない池を持っている人が、水を補充するために、何マイルも離れた井戸までバケツを持って絶えず行き来する人を雇って、常に同じ量を保とうとする計画に例えることができる。	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	compare|例える|verb|represent as similar or having a likeness to	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	run out|流れ出る|verb|flow or cause to flow out	run into|流れ込む|verb|flow or cause to flow into	keep|保つ|verb|cause to continue or be maintained	equally|同じ量|adverb|in the same manner	employ|雇う|verb|use or engage the services of	number|人|noun|a quantity of people	go|行く|verb|move from one place to another	bucket|バケツ|noun|a cylindrical container with a handle	well|井戸|noun|a hole dug in the ground to obtain water	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry to a destination	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent

But though this operation had proved not only practicable, but profitable to the bank, as a mercantile company;	しかし、この操作は、商事会社として銀行にとって実行可能であるだけでなく、利益をもたらすことが証明されたが、	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true or valid	practicable|実行可能|adjective|capable of being put into practice or of being done or accomplished	profitable|利益をもたらす|adjective|yielding a financial gain	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	mercantile company|商事会社|noun|a company that engages in trade and commerce
yet the country could have derived no benefit front it, but, on the contrary, must have suffered a very considerable loss by it.	それでも、国はそこから利益を得ることはできなかったが、それどころか、それによってかなりの損失を被ったに違いない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	front|前|noun|the side or part of something that faces forward or toward the viewer	contrary|反対|adjective|opposite in nature or character	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
This operation could not augment, in the smallest degree, the quantity of money to be lent.	この操作は、貸し付けられる金額を少しも増やすことができなかった。	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	degree|少しも|noun|a unit of measurement of angles, one three-hundred-and-sixtieth of a full angle	quantity|金額|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily on the condition that it or its equivalent be returned
It could only have erected this bank into a sort of general loan office for the whole country.	この銀行を全国的な総合貸付事務所にすることしかできなかった。	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	general|総合|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	office|事務所|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks
Those who wanted to borrow must have applied to this bank, instead of applying to the private persons who had lent it their money.	借りたい人は、銀行に預金している個人に申し込む代わりに、この銀行に申し込まなければならなかった。	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	apply|申し込む|verb|make a formal request	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
But a bank which lends money, perhaps to five hundred different people, the greater part of whom its directors can know very little about, is not likely to be more judicious in the choice of its debtors than a private person who lends out his money among a few people whom he knows, and in whose sober and frugal conduct he thinks he has good reason to confide.	しかし、おそらく五百人の異なる人々にお金を貸す銀行は、その大部分についてその取締役はほとんど知ることができず、自分の知っている少数の人々の中で自分のお金を貸し出し、その地味で質素な行動に信頼する十分な理由があると考える個人よりも、債務者の選択においてより賢明である可能性は低い。	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	five hundred|五百|numeral|500	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	choice|選択|noun|the act of picking or deciding between two or more possibilities	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money to another	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	lend out|貸し出す|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	confide|信頼する|verb|tell someone about a secret or private matter
The debtors of such a bank as that whose conduct I have been giving some account of were likely, the greater part of them, to be chimerical projectors, the drawers and redrawers of circulating bills of exchange, who would employ the money in extravagant undertakings, which, with all the assistance that could be given them, they would probably never be able to complete, and which, if they should be completed, would never repay the expense which they had really cost, would never afford a fund capable of maintaining a quantity of labour equal to that which had been employed about them.	私がその行動について説明してきたような銀行の債務者は、その大部分が、空想的な投機家、流通する為替手形の振出人や再振出人であり、彼らは、彼らに与えることができるすべての援助をもってしても、おそらく決して完了することができないような、そして、もし完了したとしても、実際にかかった費用を決して返済することができないような、彼らに雇われた労働量に等しい労働量を維持できる資金を決して提供できないような、法外な事業にその資金を投入するであろう。	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	give an account of|説明する|verb|to provide an explanation of something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	chimerical|空想的な|adjective|existing only in the imagination	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in the hope of making large profits	drawer|振出人|noun|a person who draws a bill of exchange	redrawer|再振出人|noun|a person who redraws a bill of exchange	employ|投入する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	undertaking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise	assistance|援助|noun|help or support	complete|完了する|verb|to finish something	repay|返済する|verb|to pay back money that has been borrowed	expense|費用|noun|the cost of something	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to pay for something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|to keep something in good condition	quantity|量|noun|an amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|雇う|verb|to give work to someone in return for payment
The sober and frugal debtors of private persons, on the contrary, would be more likely to employ the money borrowed in sober undertakings which were proportioned to their capitals, and which, though they might have less of the grand and the marvellous, would have more of the solid and the profitable;	反対に、個人の地味で質素な債務者は、借りたお金を、彼らの資本に比例した地味な事業に投入する可能性が高く、それは、壮大で素晴らしいものは少ないかもしれないが、堅固で収益性の高いものが多いだろう。	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	employ|投入する|verb|use	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use temporarily	sober undertaking|地味な事業|noun|a business or project that is not risky or exciting	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that if one changes then so does the other	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	grand|壮大な|adjective|impressive or imposing in size, extent, or importance	marvellous|素晴らしい|adjective|causing great wonder	solid|堅固な|adjective|strong and firm	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain
which would repay with a large profit whatever had been laid out upon them, and which would thus afford a fund capable of maintaining a much greater quantity of labour than that which had been employed about them.	それは、彼らに支払われたものは何であれ大きな利益をもって返済され、それによって、彼らに雇われた労働量よりもはるかに多くの労働量を維持できる資金を提供するだろう。	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	laid out|支払われた|verb|paid	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
The success of this operation, therefore, without increasing in the smallest degree the capital of the country, would only have transferred a great part of it from prudent and profitable to imprudent and unprofitable undertakings.	したがって、この事業の成功は、国の資本を少しも増やすことなく、その大部分を賢明で収益性の高い事業から無分別で収益性の低い事業に移しただけだっただろう。	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	operation|事業|noun|a business or industrial activity	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	transfer|移す|verb|move from one place to another	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial profit	imprudent|無分別な|adjective|lacking care for the consequences of an action; rash	unprofitable|収益性の低い|adjective|not yielding a financial profit

That the industry of Scotland languished for want of money to employ it, was the opinion of the famous Mr Law.	スコットランドの産業が、それを雇うための資金不足のために衰退したというのが、有名なロー氏の意見だった。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	languish|衰退する|verb|lose or lack vitality	want|不足|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	employ|雇う|verb|give work to	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	Mr Law|ロー氏|noun|a Scottish banker and economist
By establishing a bank of a particular kind, which he seems to have imagined might issue paper to the amount of the whole value of all the lands in the country, he proposed to remedy this want of money.	彼は、国内のすべての土地の全価値に相当する紙幣を発行できると想像していたらしい、ある種の銀行を設立することで、この資金不足を是正することを提案した。	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundation of	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	issue|発行する|verb|produce and distribute	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	amount|相当する|noun|a quantity of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	remedy|是正する|verb|put right; rectify	want|不足|noun|a lack or deficiency of something
The parliament of Scotland, when he first proposed his project, did not think proper to adopt it.	彼が最初にこの計画を提案したとき、スコットランド議会はそれを採用するのは適切ではないと考えた。	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to be carried out	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances
It was afterwards adopted, with some variations, by the Duke of Orleans, at that time regent of France.	その後、当時フランスの摂政だったオルレアン公によって、多少の変更を加えて採用された。	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	variation|変更|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	Duke of Orleans|オルレアン公|noun|a title used by members of the royal family of France	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	regent|摂政|noun|a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
The idea of the possibility of multiplying paper money to almost any extent was the real foundation of what is called the Mississippi scheme, the most extravagant project, both of banking and stock-jobbing, that perhaps the world ever saw.	紙幣をほぼ無限に増やすことができるという考えは、ミシシッピ計画と呼ばれるものの真の基礎であり、おそらく世界がこれまでに見た中で最も贅沢な銀行業と株式売買の両方のプロジェクトだった。	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	possibility|可能性|noun|the state or fact of being possible	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly	any extent|無限に|noun|the area or range of something	real foundation|真の基礎|noun|the basis or groundwork of something	Mississippi scheme|ミシシッピ計画|noun|a financial scheme that took place in France in 1719	extravagant|贅沢な|adjective|costing a great deal of money	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	banking|銀行業|noun|the business of a bank	stock-jobbing|株式売買|noun|the buying and selling of stocks	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
The different operations of this scheme are explained so fully, so clearly, and with so much order and distinctness, by Mr Du Verney, in his Examination of the Political Reflections upon commerce and finances of Mr Du Tot, that I shall not give any account of them.	この計画のさまざまな運営は、デュ・ヴェルニー氏がデュ・トット氏の商業と金融に関する政治的考察の検討の中で、非常に完全かつ明確に、また非常に整然と明確に説明しているので、私はそれらについて説明しない。	scheme|計画|noun|a systematic plan of future action	operation|運営|noun|the running of a business or organization	fully|十分に|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	clearly|明確に|adverb|in a way that is easy to understand	order|整然と|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	distinctness|明確に|noun|the quality of being clear and easy to understand	Mr Du Verney|デュ・ヴェルニー氏|noun|a French economist	Mr Du Tot|デュ・トット氏|noun|a French economist	give an account of|説明する|verb|to provide an explanation of something
The principles upon which it was founded are explained by Mr Law himself, in a discourse concerning money and trade, which he published in Scotland when he first proposed his project.	それが基づいている原則は、ロー氏自身が、彼が最初に彼の計画を提案したときにスコットランドで出版した、お金と貿易に関する談話の中で説明されている。	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	found|基づく|verb|establish or originate	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	Mr Law|ロー氏|noun|a Scottish economist	himself|自身|pronoun|used to emphasize that a male person does something	discourse|談話|noun|a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion
The splendid but visionary ideas which are set forth in that and some other works upon the same principles, still continue to make an impression upon many people, and have, perhaps, in part, contributed to that excess of banking, which has of late been complained of, both in Scotland and in other places.	その作品や同じ原理に基づく他のいくつかの作品に示されている壮大だが空想的な考えは、今でも多くの人々に印象を与え続けており、おそらく、スコットランドや他の場所で最近不満が寄せられている銀行業の過剰に一部貢献している。	set forth|示されている|verb|to state or describe in words	splendid|壮大な|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	visionary|空想的な|adjective|not realistic; impractical	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	continue|続けている|verb|to keep doing something	make an impression|印象を与える|verb|to have a strong effect on someone or something	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	contribute|貢献している|verb|to give or supply in common with others	excess|過剰|noun|an amount that is more than necessary	banking|銀行業|noun|the business of a bank	complain|不満が寄せられている|verb|to express dissatisfaction or annoyance

The Bank of England is the greatest bank of circulation in Europe.	イングランド銀行はヨーロッパ最大の流通銀行である。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
It was incorporated, in pursuance of an act of parliament, by a charter under the great seal, dated the 27th of July 1694.	1694年7月27日付けの議会法に基づき、大印章の下で法人化された。	in pursuance of|に基づき|preposition|in accordance with	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	charter|法人化|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	great seal|大印章|noun|a seal used by a government or monarch	date|付け|verb|mark with a date	1694|1694年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar
It at that time advanced to government the sum of £1,200,000 for an annuity of £100,000, or for £ 96,000 a-year, interest at the rate of eight per cent.	当時、政府は10万ポンドの年金、または年利8%の9万6000ポンドの利子に対して120万ポンドを政府に前払いしていた。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	rate|利率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
and £4,000 year for the expense of management.	管理費として年間4000ポンド。	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	management|管理|noun|the process of managing something
The credit of the new government, established by the Revolution, we may believe, must have been very low, when it was obliged to borrow at so high an interest.	革命によって成立した新政府の信用は、これほど高い利子で借りざるを得なかった当時は、非常に低かったに違いない。	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	new government|新政府|noun|a government that has recently come into power	establish|成立する|verb|to set up or create	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money

In 1697, the bank was allowed to enlarge its capital stock, by an ingraftment of £1,001,171:10s.	1697年、銀行は100万1171ポンド10シリングを接ぎ木することで、資本金を拡大することを許された。	1697|1697年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	enlarge|拡大する|verb|make or become bigger or more extensive	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has	ingraftment|接ぎ木|noun|the act of grafting	1,001,171:10s|100万1171ポンド10シリング|noun|a sum of money
Its whole capital stock, therefore, amounted at this time to £2,201,171: 10s.	したがって、その資本金の総額は、この時点で220万1171ポンド10シリングに達した。	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has	amount|達する|verb|to be equal to in number, value, or effect	this time|この時点で|noun|the present time	2,201,171: 10s|220万1171ポンド10シリング|noun|a sum of money
This ingraftment is said to have been for the support of public credit.	この接ぎ木は、公的信用を支えるためのものだと言われている。	ingraftment|接ぎ木|noun|the act of grafting	support|支え|noun|the action of giving assistance to, or of being assisted by, someone or something	public credit|公的信用|noun|the ability of a government to borrow money
In 1696, tallies had been at forty, and fifty, and sixty, per cent.	1696年には、割符は40、50、60パーセントだった。	1696|1696年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and ten	sixty|60|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of six and ten	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
discount, and bank notes at twenty per cent. {James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue, p.301.}	割引、銀行券は20パーセントだった。{ジェームズ・ポストルウェイトの公的収入の歴史、p.301}	discount|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	James Postlethwaite|ジェームズ・ポストルウェイト|noun|a British historian	History of the Public Revenue|公的収入の歴史|noun|a book by James Postlethwaite	p.301|p.301|noun|page 301
During the great re-coinage of the silver, which was going on at this time, the bank had thought proper to discontinue the payment of its notes, which necessarily occasioned their discredit.	この時期に行われていた銀の大再鋳造の間、銀行は紙幣の支払いを中止するのが適切だと考えていたが、それは必然的に紙幣の信用を失墜させた。	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	re-coinage|再鋳造|noun|the act of making new coins	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	which|この|pronoun|that which; the thing that	go on|行われる|verb|continue	at this time|この時期に|noun phrase|now; at the present time	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	think proper|適切だと考えていた|verb|consider to be right or appropriate	discontinue|中止する|verb|stop doing or using	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	which|それは|pronoun|that which; the thing that	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	occasion|失墜させた|verb|cause or produce	discredit|信用を失墜させる|noun|loss or lack of reputation or good name

In pursuance of the 7th Anne, c. 7, the bank advanced and paid into the exchequer the sum of £400,000; making in all the sum of £1,600,000, which it had advanced upon its original annuity of £96,000 interest, and £4,000 for expense of management.	アン女王7年法第7章に基づき、銀行は40万ポンドを前払いして国庫に支払った。合計160万ポンドを支払い、元利金9万6000ポンドと管理費4000ポンドを前払いした。	In pursuance of|に基づき|preposition|in accordance with	the 7th Anne|アン女王7年法|noun|the 7th year of the reign of Queen Anne	c. 7|第7章|noun|chapter 7	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	pay into|支払う|verb|pay money into an account	the exchequer|国庫|noun|the government department responsible for collecting and managing the national revenue	the sum of|合計|noun|the total amount of something	£400,000|40万ポンド|noun|four hundred thousand pounds	making in all the sum of|合計|noun|the total amount of something	£1,600,000|160万ポンド|noun|one million six hundred thousand pounds	which it had advanced upon|前払いした|verb|pay or give something before it is due	its original annuity|元利金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	£96,000|9万6000ポンド|noun|ninety-six thousand pounds	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	£4,000|4000ポンド|noun|four thousand pounds	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In 1708, therefore, the credit of government was as good as that of private persons, since it could borrow at six per cent.	したがって、1708年には政府の信用は個人の信用と同じくらい良好で、6パーセントで借りることができた。	1708|1708年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	six per cent|6パーセント|noun|a rate of interest of six percent
interest, the common legal and market rate of those times.	利子、当時の一般的な法定金利と市場金利である。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to the law or lawyers	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate|金利|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
In pursuance of the same act, the bank cancelled exchequer bills to the amount of £ 1,775,027: 17s: 101⁄2d. at six per cent. interest, and was at the same time allowed to take in subscriptions for doubling its capital.	同じ法律に基づき、銀行は177万5027ポンド17シリング101⁄2ペンスの額面の国庫証券を6パーセントで償還し、同時に資本を倍増させるための出資を受け入れることが認められた。	in pursuance of|に基づき|preposition|in accordance with	the same|同じ|adjective|being the same one	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	cancel|償還する|verb|to decide that something will not happen	exchequer bill|国庫証券|noun|a short-term security issued by the British government	amount|額面|noun|the total of two or more quantities	six per cent|6パーセント|noun|a rate of interest of six per cent	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to do something	take in|受け入れる|verb|to receive or accept something	subscription|出資|noun|a sum of money that is paid regularly to receive a product or service	double|倍増させる|verb|to make or become twice as great or as many	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
In 1703, therefore, the capital of the bank amounted to £4,402,343; and it had advanced to government the sum of £3,375,027:17:101⁄2d.	したがって、1703年には銀行の資本金は440万2343ポンドに達し、政府に337万5027ポンド17シリング101⁄2ペンスを前払いしていた。	1703|1703年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items

By a call of fifteen per cent.	15パーセントの払込金によって、	fifteen|15|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	call|払込金|noun|a sum of money that is demanded for payment
in 1709, there was paid in, and made stock, £ 656,204:1:9d.;	1709年には65万6204ポンド1シリング9ペンスが払い込まれ、資本金となった。	1709|1709年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	pay in|払い込む|verb|pay money into an account	make|なる|verb|become	stock|資本金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	656,204:1:9d|65万6204ポンド1シリング9ペンス|noun|a sum of money
and by another of ten per cent.	そして10パーセントの払込金によって、	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	another|別の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
in 1710, £501,448:12:11d.	1710年には50万1448ポンド12シリング11ペンスが払い込まれた。	1710|1710年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	501,448:12:11d|50万1448ポンド12シリング11ペンス|noun|a sum of money
In consequence of those two calls, therefore, the bank capital amounted to £ 5,559,995:14:8d.	したがって、この二回の払込金によって、銀行の資本金は555万9995ポンド14シリング8ペンスに達した。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	two|二回|adjective|one more than one	call|払込金|noun|a sum of money that is paid	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	5,559,995:14:8d|555万9995ポンド14シリング8ペンス|noun|a large sum of money

In pursuance of the 3rd George I. c.8, the bank delivered up two millions of exchequer Bills to be cancelled.	ジョージ一世三世八章に従って、銀行は二百万のエクチェッカー手形を償却のために引き渡した。	in pursuance of|に従って|preposition|in accordance with	3rd|三世|adjective|the ordinal number of three	George I.|ジョージ一世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714	c.8|八章|noun|chapter 8	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	deliver up|引き渡す|verb|to give or send something to someone	two millions|二百万|noun|two thousand thousand	exchequer|エクチェッカー|noun|the government department responsible for collecting and managing the national revenue	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	cancel|償却する|verb|to decide that something will not happen or will not be done
It had at this time, therefore, advanced to government £5,375,027:17 10d.	したがって、この時点で銀行は政府に537万5027ポンド17シリング10ペンスを貸し付けていた。	at this time|この時点で|adverb|now; at the present time	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	5,375,027:17 10d|537万5027ポンド17シリング10ペンス|noun|a large sum of money
In pursuance of the 8th George I. c.21, the bank purchased of the South-sea company, stock to the amount of £4,000,000:	ジョージ一世八世二一章に従って、銀行は南海会社から400万ポンドの株を購入した。	In pursuance of|に従って|preposition|in accordance with	the 8th George I.|ジョージ一世八世|noun|the eighth George I	c.21|二一章|noun|chapter 21	the bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and withdraw money	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	the South-sea company|南海会社|noun|a British joint-stock company founded in 1711	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	to the amount of|の額に|preposition|to the extent or degree of	£4,000,000|400万ポンド|noun|four million pounds
and in 1722, in consequence of the subscriptions which it had taken in for enabling it to make this purchase, its capital stock was increased by £ 3,400,000.	そして1722年、この購入を可能にするために受け入れた応募の結果、資本金は340万ポンド増加した。	1722|1722年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	subscription|応募|noun|an agreement to receive or supply a product or service regularly for a specified period of time	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has raised through the sale of stock	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
At this time, therefore, the bank had advanced to the public £ 9,375,027 17s. 101⁄2d.;	したがって、この時点で銀行は公衆に937万5027ポンド17シリング10ペンスを貸し付けていた。	at this time|この時点で|noun|now; at the present time	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	9,375,027 17s. 101⁄2d.|937万5027ポンド17シリング10ペンス|noun|a large sum of money
and its capital stock amounted only to £ 8,959,995:14:8d.	そしてその資本金は895万9995ポンド14シリング8ペンスにすぎなかった。	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has available to spend	only|だけ|adverb|and no more; and nothing else	8,959,995:14:8d|895万9995ポンド14シリング8ペンス|noun|a large sum of money
It was upon this occasion that the sum which the bank had advanced to the public, and for which it received interest, began first to exceed its capital stock, or the sum for which it paid a dividend to the proprietors of bank stock;	銀行が公衆に貸し付け、利子を得ていた金額が、初めて資本金、つまり銀行株の所有者に配当を支払った金額を超え始めたのは、このときだった。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bank stock|銀行株|noun|a share of ownership in a bank
or, in other words, that the bank began to have an undivided capital, over and above its divided one.	言い換えれば、銀行は配当済みの資本金を超える未配当の資本金を持ち始めたのである。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	begin|持ち始めた|verb|start to do something	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
It has continued to have an undivided capital of the same kind ever since.	それ以来、銀行は同じ種類の未配当資本を持ち続けている。	continue|持ち続ける|verb|keep doing something	undivided|未配当の|adjective|not divided or distributed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
In 1746, the bank had, upon different occasions, advanced to the public £11,686,800, and its divided capital had been raised by different calls and subscriptions to £ 10,780,000.	1746年、銀行はさまざまな機会に公衆に1168万6800ポンドを貸し付け、その配当済み資本はさまざまな払込と応募によって1078万ポンドに増額されていた。	1746|1746年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	raise|増額する|verb|increase in amount, value, or price	call|払込|noun|a demand for payment of a sum of money	subscription|応募|noun|an agreement to receive or buy something regularly, especially a magazine or newspaper
The state of those two sums has continued to be the same ever since.	この二つの金額の状態は、それ以来ずっと同じままである。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	ever since|それ以来|adverb|continuously or repeatedly from a particular past time
In pursuance of the 4th of George III. c.25, the bank agreed to pay to government for the renewal of its charter £110,000, without interest or re-payment.	ジョージ三世の第四年法令第二十五章に従って、銀行は特許状の更新のために利子も返済もなしに政府に11万ポンドを支払うことに同意した。	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	4th|第四年|noun|the number four in a series	c.25|第二十五章|noun|chapter 25	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	renewal|更新|noun|the act of renewing something	charter|特許状|noun|a document that gives official permission to do something	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	re-payment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you have borrowed
This sum, therefore did not increase either of those two other sums.	したがって、この金額は他の二つの金額のどちらも増加させなかった。	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

The dividend of the bank has varied according to the variations in the rate of the interest which it has, at different times, received for the money it had advanced to the public, as well as according to other circumstances.	銀行の配当は、他の状況に応じてだけでなく、銀行が公衆に貸し付けた資金に対して受け取った利子率の変動に応じて変化してきた。	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	advance|貸し付ける|verb|supply or pay (money) before it is due	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
This rate of interest has gradually been reduced from eight to three per cent.	この金利は、八パーセントから三パーセントに徐々に引き下げられた。	rate of interest|金利|noun|the amount of interest due per period of time	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	eight|八|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one	three|三|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of two and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
For some years past, the bank dividend has been at five and a half per cent.	過去数年間、銀行の配当は五・五パーセントだった。	for some years|過去数年間|noun phrase|for a period of time in the past	past|過去|noun|the time that has already happened	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	five and a half|五・五|noun phrase|five plus a half	per cent|パーセント|noun|in or for every hundred

The stability of the bank of England is equal to that of the British government.	イングランド銀行の安定性は、英国政府の安定性と等しい。	bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	stability|安定性|noun|the quality or state of being stable	British government|英国政府|noun|the central government of the United Kingdom
All that it has advanced to the public must be lost before its creditors can sustain any loss.	銀行が公衆に貸し付けた資金はすべて、債権者が損失を被る前に失われる。	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
No other banking company in England can be established by act of parliament, or can consist of more than six members.	イングランドでは、議会法によって設立された銀行は他になく、また、六人以上のメンバーで構成される銀行もない。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	banking company|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	consist of|で構成される|verb|be made up of	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	six|六|numeral|the number 6	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
It acts, not only as an ordinary bank, but as a great engine of state.	イングランド銀行は、普通の銀行としてだけでなく、国家の偉大な機関としても機能している。	act|機能する|verb|to perform a function	ordinary|普通の|adjective|of the usual or common type	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It receives and pays the greater part of the annuities which are due to the creditors of the public;	イングランド銀行は、公衆の債権者に支払われる年金の大部分を受け取り、支払う。	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
it circulates exchequer bills;	イングランド銀行は、国庫証券を流通させる。	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	exchequer bill|国庫証券|noun|a short-term security issued by the British government
and it advances to government the annual amount of the land and malt taxes, which are frequently not paid up till some years thereafter.	そして、イングランド銀行は、しばしば数年後まで支払われない土地税と麦芽税の年額を政府に前払いする。	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	annual|年額|adjective|happening or done once every year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a kiln	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
In these different operations, its duty to the public may sometimes have obliged it, without any fault of its directors, to overstock the circulation with paper money.	これらの様々な業務において、イングランド銀行の公衆に対する義務は、その理事の過失なしに、紙幣の流通を過剰に蓄積することを義務付けることがある。	in these different operations|これらの様々な業務において|noun phrase|in these different operations	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	oblige|義務付ける|verb|bind morally or legally	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	fault|過失|noun|a defect or weakness in a person or thing	director|理事|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	overstock|過剰に蓄積する|verb|have too much of something	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper
It likewise discounts merchants’ bills, and has, upon several different occasions, supported the credit of the principal houses, not only of England, but of Hamburgh and Holland.	イングランド銀行は同様に商人の手形を割り引いており、イギリスだけでなくハンブルグやオランダの主要な商家の信用を支えてきた。	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	occasion|時|noun|a particular time	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	house|商家|noun|a business firm	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Hamburgh|ハンブルグ|noun|a city in Germany	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe
Upon one occasion, in 1763, it is said to have advanced for this purpose, in one week, about £1,600,000, a great part of it in bullion.	1763年のある時、イングランド銀行はこの目的のために、一週間で約160万ポンドを前払いしたと伝えられているが、その大部分は地金だった。	upon one occasion|ある時|noun|at one time	1763|1763年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	this purpose|この目的|noun|the aim or intention of this	one week|一週間|noun|a period of seven days	about £1,600,000|約160万ポンド|noun|a sum of money	a great part of it|その大部分|noun|a large portion of something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
I do not, however, pretend to warrant either the greatness of the sum, or the shortness of the time.	しかし、私はその金額の大きさや時間の短さを保証するつもりはない。	greatness|大きさ|noun|the quality of being great	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items	shortness|短さ|noun|the quality of being short	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
Upon other occasions, this great company has been reduced to the necessity of paying in sixpences.	他の機会には、この大会社は6ペンスで支払う必要性に迫られた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	reduce|迫られる|verb|make or become smaller or less	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies

It is not by augmenting the capital of the country, but by rendering a greater part of that capital active and productive than would otherwise be so, that the most judicious operations of banking can increase the industry of the country.	銀行業の最も賢明な運営が国の産業を増大させることができるのは、国の資本を増大させることによってではなく、その資本の大部分をそうでない場合よりも活発で生産的にすることによってである。	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rendering|する|verb|provide or give	active|活発な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	operation|運営|noun|the action or fact of operating	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
That part of his capital which a dealer is obliged to keep by him unemployed and in ready money, for answering occasional demands, is so much dead stock, which, so long as it remains in this situation, produces nothing, either to him or to his country.	商人が時折の需要に応えるために、手元に遊休の現金として保有せざるを得ない資本の部分は、まさに死蔵であり、この状態にある限り、彼にも彼の国にも何も生み出さない。	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	keep|保有する|verb|have or retain possession of	unemployed|遊休|adjective|not having a paid job	ready money|現金|noun|money in the form of coins or banknotes that is immediately available	answering|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	occasional|時折|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something	so much|まさに|adverb|to a great extent	dead stock|死蔵|noun|goods that are not sold	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create something
The judicious operations of banking enable him to convert this dead stock into active and productive stock;	銀行業の賢明な運営は、彼がこの死蔵を活発で生産的な資本に転換することを可能にする。	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	operation|運営|noun|the act or process of operating	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	convert|転換する|verb|change from one form to another	dead|死蔵|adjective|no longer having any force or effect	active|活発な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing
into materials to work upon;	加工する材料に。	into|に|preposition|to the inside of	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work upon|加工する|verb|to make, shape, or improve by effort
into tools to work with; and into provisions and subsistence to work for;	加工する道具に。そして加工するための食料や生活必需品に。	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	work|加工する|verb|to shape or fashion a material	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
into stock which produces something both to himself and to his country.	彼自身と彼の国に何かを生み出す資本に。	into|に|preposition|to the inside of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create something	something|何か|noun|an unspecified thing	both|両方|conjunction|used to link two alternatives	himself|彼自身|pronoun|the male person being discussed	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The gold and silver money which circulates in any country, and by means of which, the produce of its land and labour is annually circulated and distributed to the proper consumers, is, in the same manner as the ready money of the dealer, all dead stock.	どの国でも流通している金銀貨幣は、その国土と労働の生産物が毎年流通して適切な消費者に分配される手段であるが、商人の現金と同じように、すべて死蔵である。	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	land|国土|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	dealer|商人|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available for immediate use	dead stock|死蔵|noun|goods that are not sold
It is a very valuable part of the capital of the country, which produces nothing to the country.	それはその国の資本の非常に価値ある部分であるが、その国には何も生み出さない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	valuable|価値ある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create
The judicious operations of banking, by substituting paper in the room of a great part of this gold and silver, enable the country to convert a great part of this dead stock into active and productive stock;	銀行の賢明な運営は、この金銀の大部分の代わりに紙幣を代用することで、この死蔵の大部分を活動的で生産的な資本に転換することを可能にする。	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	operation|運営|noun|the action or process of operating	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	substitute|代用する|verb|use instead of	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	room|代わりに|noun|a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	convert|転換する|verb|change from one form or use to another	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	dead|死蔵|adjective|no longer having any force or validity	active|活動的な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities
into stock which produces something to the country.	その国に何かを生み出す資本に。	into|に|preposition|to the inside of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create something
The gold and silver money which circulates in any country may very properly be compared to a highway, which, while it circulates and carries to market all the grass and corn of the country, produces itself not a single pile of either.	どの国でも流通している金銀貨幣は、その国のすべての草や穀物を流通させて市場に運ぶ一方で、それ自体はどちらも一山も生産しない高速道路に非常に適切に例えることができる。	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	highway|高速道路|noun|a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities	grass|草|noun|a plant with narrow leaves growing from the base	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	pile|山|noun|a heap of things laid or lying one on top of another
The judicious operations of banking, by providing, if I may be allowed so violent a metaphor, a sort of waggon-way through the air, enable the country to convert, as it were, a great part of its highways into good pastures, and corn fields, and thereby to increase, very considerably, the annual produce of its land and labour.	銀行の賢明な運営は、もし私がそれほど激しい比喩を許されるならば、空中を行く一種の馬車道を提供することで、その国がその高速道路の大部分を良い牧草地やトウモロコシ畑に変え、それによってその土地と労働の年間生産量を非常に大幅に増やすことを可能にする。	operation|運営|noun|the act of operating or functioning	banking|銀行|noun|the business of a bank	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	metaphor|比喩|noun|a figure of speech that compares two things that are not alike	waggon-way|馬車道|noun|a road or track for wagons	air|空気|noun|the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	highway|高速道路|noun|a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities	pasture|牧草地|noun|a field of grass and other plants grown for feeding grazing animals	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds that are eaten as food	field|畑|noun|a large, open area of land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	considerably|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced
The commerce and industry of the country, however, it must be acknowledged, though they may be somewhat augmented, cannot be altogether so secure, when they are thus, as it were, suspended upon the Daedalian wings of paper money, as when they travel about upon the solid ground of gold and silver.	しかし、その国の商業と産業は、多少増加するかもしれないが、金銀の堅固な地面の上を移動する時のように、紙幣のダイダロスの翼に吊り下げられている時のように、完全に安全ではありえないことを認めなければならない。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; in the manner now being indicated or exemplified	as it were|いわば|adverb|so to speak; in a way	suspend|吊り下げる|verb|hang or be hung from above with no support from below	Daedalian|ダイダロスの|adjective|of or relating to Daedalus	wing|翼|noun|an organ of flight	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of printed pieces of paper	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Over and above the accidents to which they are exposed from the unskilfulness of the conductors of this paper money, they are liable to several others, from which no prudence or skill of those conductors can guard them.	この紙幣の管理者の不手際からさらされる事故に加えて、彼らは他のいくつかの事故に遭いやすく、それらの管理者の慎重さや技能では防ぐことができない。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	expose|さらされる|verb|make visible or accessible	conductor|管理者|noun|a person who directs and manages an organization or activity	unskilfulness|不手際|noun|lack of skill or expertise	liable|遭いやすい|adjective|legally responsible for something	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	guard|防ぐ|verb|protect from harm or danger

An unsuccessful war, for example, in which the enemy got possession of the capital, and consequently of that treasure which supported the credit of the paper money, would occasion a much greater confusion in a country where the whole circulation was carried on by paper, than in one where the greater part of it was carried on by gold and silver.	例えば、敵が首都を占領し、その結果、紙幣の信用を支えていた宝物を手に入れた戦争に失敗した場合、流通の大部分が金銀によって行われていた国よりも、流通全体が紙幣によって行われていた国では、はるかに大きな混乱が生じるだろう。	unsuccessful|失敗した|adjective|not achieving the desired end	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	possession|占領|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of printed pieces of paper	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	confusion|混乱|noun|lack of clarity or order	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
The usual instrument of commerce having lost its value, no exchanges could be made but either by barter or upon credit.	通常の商業手段は価値を失い、物々交換か信用取引以外に交換はできなかった。	instrument|手段|noun|a means whereby something is achieved, performed, or furthered	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return	barter|物々交換|noun|the action or system of exchanging goods or services without using money	credit|信用取引|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future
All taxes having been usually paid in paper money, the prince would not have wherewithal either to pay his troops, or to furnish his magazines;	すべての税金は通常紙幣で支払われていたので、王子は軍隊に支払うための資金も、雑誌を提供する資金も持っていなかった。	all taxes|すべての税金|noun|the total amount of taxes	usually|通常|adverb|under normal conditions	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	have wherewithal|資金を持つ|verb|have the money or other resources to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide something	magazine|雑誌|noun|a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations
and the state of the country would be much more irretrievable than if the greater part of its circulation had consisted in gold and silver.	そして、その国の状態は、流通の大部分が金銀で構成されていた場合よりも、はるかに回復不能であろう。	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	irretrievable|回復不能|adjective|not able to be recovered or regained	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
A prince, anxious to maintain his dominions at all times in the state in which he can most easily defend them, ought upon this account to guard not only against that excessive multiplication of paper money which ruins the very banks which issue it, but even against that multiplication of it which enables them to fill the greater part of the circulation of the country with it.	自分の領土をいつでも最も簡単に守れる状態で維持したいと願う君主は、このため、紙幣を発行する銀行そのものを破滅させる紙幣の過剰な増殖だけでなく、国内の流通の大部分を紙幣で満たすことができる紙幣の増殖に対しても警戒するべきである。	anxious|願う|adjective|wanting something very much	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	dominion|領土|noun|the territory over which a sovereign rules	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	guard|警戒する|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or necessary	multiplication|増殖|noun|the action or process of increasing in number	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	ruin|破滅させる|verb|cause the destruction of	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	issue|発行する|verb|produce and make available for use	even|さえ|adverb|used to emphasize something surprising or extreme	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The circulation of every country may be considered as divided into two different branches;	どの国の流通も、二つの異なる部門に分かれていると考えることができる。	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be considered as|と考えることができる|verb|to think of something in a particular way	divide|分かれる|verb|to separate into two or more parts	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization
the circulation of the dealers with one another, and the circulation between the dealers and the consumers.	業者間の流通と、業者と消費者間の流通である。	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of goods or money	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
Though the same pieces of money, whether paper or metal, may be employed sometimes in the one circulation and sometimes in the other;	紙幣であれ金属であれ、同じ貨幣が、時には一方の流通に、時には他方の流通に使われるかもしれないが、	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	other|他方|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things
yet as both are constantly going on at the same time, each requires a certain stock of money, of one kind or another, to carry it on.	両者が同時に進行しているので、それぞれを維持するためには、いずれかの種類の貨幣の一定量のストックが必要である。	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things previously mentioned	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at one and the same time; concurrently	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	certain|一定の|adjective|having or showing no doubt	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of something that is available for use	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	carry on|維持する|verb|continue doing something
The value of the goods circulated between the different dealers never can exceed the value of those circulated between the dealers and the consumers;	業者間で流通する商品の価値は、業者と消費者間で流通する商品の価値を超えることはできない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use
whatever is bought by the dealers being ultimately destined to be sold to the consumers.	業者が買ったものは、最終的には消費者に売られる運命にあるからである。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|finally	destined|運命にある|adjective|intended for a particular purpose or end	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
The circulation between the dealers, as it is carried on by wholesale, requires generally a pretty large sum for every particular transaction.	業者間の流通は、卸売りによって行われるので、一般的に個々の取引ごとにかなり大きな金額を必要とする。	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of goods or money	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	wholesale|卸売り|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling
That between the dealers and the consumers, on the contrary, as it is generally carried on by retail, frequently requires but very small ones, a shilling, or even a halfpenny, being often sufficient.	逆に、業者と消費者の間の流通は、一般的に小売りによって行われるので、しばしば非常に小さな金額しか必要とせず、一シリング、あるいは半ペニーで十分なことが多い。	dealer|業者|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	between|間の|preposition|in the space separating two places, people, or objects	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	retail|小売り|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	one|一|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	even|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce an extreme case or an alternative	halfpenny|半ペニー|noun|a former British coin equal to half a penny	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required
But small sums circulate much faster than large ones.	しかし、小額の金額は大きな金額よりもずっと速く流通する。	small|小額の|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed
A shilling changes masters more frequently than a guinea, and a halfpenny more frequently than a shilling.	一シリングはギニーよりも頻繁に持ち主が変わり、半ペニーは一シリングよりも頻繁に持ち主が変わる。	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	change|変わる|verb|become different	master|持ち主|noun|a person who has control over something	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	halfpenny|半ペニー|noun|a former British bronze coin with a value of half a penny
Though the annual purchases of all the consumers, therefore, are at least equal in value to those of all the dealers, they can generally be transacted with a much smaller quantity of money;	したがって、すべての消費者の年間購入額は、少なくともすべての業者の年間購入額と価値が等しいが、一般的にははるかに少ない金額で取引できる。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	transact|取引する|verb|carry out a business deal	money|金額|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
the same pieces, by a more rapid circulation, serving as the instrument of many more purchases of the one kind than of the other.	同じ貨幣が、より速い流通によって、一方の種類の購入では他方よりもずっと多くの購入の道具として役立つからである。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	rapid|速い|adjective|happening or done in a short time	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	kind|種類|noun|a category of things	other|他方|adjective|not the same; different

Paper money may be so regulated as either to confine itself very much to the circulation between the different dealers, or to extend itself likewise to a great part of that between the dealers and the consumers.	紙幣は、異なる業者間の流通に限定するか、業者と消費者間の流通の大部分にまで拡大するかのどちらかになるように調整できる。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
Where no bank notes are circulated under £10 value, as in London, paper money confines itself very much to the circulation between the dealers.	ロンドンのように、10ポンド以下の銀行券が流通していないところでは、紙幣は業者間の流通に限定される。	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	paper money|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, scope, quantity, or time	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods
When a ten pound bank note comes into the hands of a consumer, he is generally obliged to change it at the first shop where he has occasion to purchase five shillings worth of goods;	10ポンドの銀行券が消費者の手に渡ると、彼は通常、5シリング相当の商品を購入する機会のある最初の店でそれを両替しなければならない。	ten pound|10ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	come into|手に渡る|verb|to receive or be given something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	have occasion to|機会がある|verb|to have the chance to do something	purchase|購入する|verb|to buy something	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	worth|相当|adjective|having a specified value	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
so that it often returns into the hands of a dealer before the consumer has spent the fortieth part of the money.	そのため、消費者がそのお金の40分の1を使う前に、それはしばしば業者の手に返される。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	return|返される|verb|go or come back to a place or person	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Where bank notes are issued for so small sums as 20s. as in Scotland, paper money extends itself to a considerable part of the circulation between dealers and consumers.	スコットランドのように、20シリングという小額の銀行券が発行されているところでは、紙幣は業者と消費者の間の流通のかなり大きな部分にまで拡大している。	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	issue|発行する|verb|to produce or distribute officially	small sum|小額|noun|a small amount of money	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	paper money|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	extend|拡大する|verb|to make or become longer, wider, or larger	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
Before the Act of parliament which put a stop to the circulation of ten and five shilling notes, it filled a still greater part of that circulation.	10シリングと5シリング紙幣の流通を停止した議会法以前は、紙幣はその流通のさらに大きな部分を占めていた。	put a stop to|停止する|verb|cause to cease; end	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	fill|占める|verb|occupy the whole of	greater|さらに大きな|adjective|larger in size or amount or extent
In the currencies of North America, paper was commonly issued for so small a sum as a shilling, and filled almost the whole of that circulation.	北アメリカの通貨では、紙幣は通常1シリングという小額で発行され、その流通のほぼ全体を占めていた。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	issue|発行する|verb|produce and make available for sale or use	small|小額|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	fill|占める|verb|occupy the whole of	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of money, goods, or people
In some paper currencies of Yorkshire, it was issued even for so small a sum as a sixpence.	ヨークシャーの紙幣の中には、6ペンスという小額で発行されたものもあった。	Yorkshire|ヨークシャー|noun|a historic county in northern England	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies

Where the issuing of bank notes for such very small sums is allowed, and commonly practised, many mean people are both enabled and encouraged to become bankers.	このような小額の銀行券の発行が許され、一般的に行われるところでは、多くの卑劣な人々が銀行家になることを可能にされ、また奨励される。	issue|発行|verb|to produce and distribute	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	small sum|小額|noun|a small amount of money	allow|許す|verb|to permit	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	practise|行う|verb|to do something regularly	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or spiteful	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank
A person whose promissory note for £5, or even for 20s. would be rejected by every body, will get it to be received without scruple when it is issued for so small a sum as a sixpence.	5ポンド、あるいは20シリングの手形が誰にも拒否されるような人物でも、6ペンスという小額で発行すれば、ためらうことなく受け取ってもらえるだろう。	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	5 pounds|5ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	20 shillings|20シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	be rejected|拒否される|verb|be refused or denied	every body|誰も|noun|every person	scruple|ためらい|noun|a feeling of doubt or hesitation about whether something is right or proper	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies
But the frequent bankruptcies to which such beggarly bankers must be liable, may occasion a very considerable inconveniency, and sometimes even a very great calamity, to many poor people who had received their notes in payment.	しかし、そのような乞食のような銀行家が負わなければならない頻繁な破産は、支払いに彼らの紙幣を受け取った多くの貧しい人々に、非常に大きな不便、時には非常に大きな災難をもたらすかもしれない。	beggarly|乞食のような|adjective|extremely poor	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	liable|負わなければならない|adjective|legally responsible	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	considerable|大きな|adjective|large in amount or extent	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally	great|大きな|adjective|large in amount or extent	calamity|災難|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something

It were better, perhaps, that no bank notes were issued in any part of the kingdom for a smaller sum than £5.	おそらく、王国のどの地域でも5ポンド以下の小額の銀行券が発行されない方がよいだろう。	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	issue|発行する|verb|to produce or distribute officially	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom
Paper money would then, probably, confine itself, in every part of the kingdom, to the circulation between the different dealers, as much as it does at present in London, where no bank notes are issued under £10 value;	そうすれば、紙幣はおそらく、王国のどの地域でも、10ポンド以下の銀行券が発行されていない現在のロンドンと同じように、異なる業者間の流通に限定されるだろう。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	part|地域|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something such as money, goods, or information from one place to another	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	issue|発行する|verb|officially or formally announce or make known	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
£5 being, in most part of the kingdom, a sum which, though it will purchase, perhaps, little more than half the quantity of goods, is as much considered, and is as seldom spent all at once, as £10 are amidst the profuse expense of London.	5ポンドは、王国のほとんどの地域で、おそらく半分以上の量の品物を購入できる金額だが、ロンドンの浪費の中で10ポンドがそうであるように、それだけ考慮され、一度にすべて使われることはめったにない。	£5|5ポンド|noun|five pounds	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	as much|それだけ|adverb|to the same extent	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	at once|一度に|adverb|immediately; instantly	£10|10ポンド|noun|ten pounds	amidst|中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	expense|浪費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

Where paper money, it is to be observed, is pretty much confined to the circulation between dealers and dealers, as at London, there is always plenty of gold and silver.	紙幣が、ロンドンのように業者と業者の間の流通にかなり限定されているところでは、常に金と銀が豊富にあることに注意しなければならない。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	be observed|注意しなければならない|verb|be noticed or perceived	pretty much|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; very much	be confined to|限定されている|verb|be restricted to	dealer|業者|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	plenty of|豊富にある|noun|a lot of; more than enough
Where it extends itself to a considerable part of the circulation between dealers and consumers, as in Scotland, and still more in North America, it banishes gold and silver almost entirely from the country;	スコットランドや北米のように、業者と消費者の間の流通のかなり大きな部分にまで紙幣が広がると、金や銀はほとんど完全に国から追い出される。	extend|広がる|verb|become or make longer or wider	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of goods, money, or information from one place to another	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	banish|追い出す|verb|send (someone) away from a country or place as a punishment	gold|金|noun|a soft yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a soft white precious metal	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
almost all the ordinary transactions of its interior commerce being thus carried on by paper.	国内の商取引のほとんどすべてが紙幣で行われるようになる。	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	interior|国内の|adjective|inside	commerce|商取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money
The suppression of ten and five shilling bank notes, somewhat relieved the scarcity of gold and silver in Scotland; and the suppression of twenty shilling notes will probably relieve it still more.	10シリングと5シリング紙幣の廃止は、スコットランドの金と銀の不足を多少緩和した。20シリング紙幣の廃止は、おそらくそれをさらに緩和するだろう。	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	bank note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	suppression|廃止|noun|the act of suppressing something	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	relieve|緩和する|verb|make or become less severe or intense	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell
Those metals are said to have become more abundant in America, since the suppression of some of their paper currencies.	アメリカでは、紙幣の一部が廃止されて以来、これらの金属がより豊富になったと言われている。	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	suppression|廃止|noun|the action of suppressing something or the state of being suppressed
They are said, likewise, to have been more abundant before the institution of those currencies.	同様に、これらの通貨が制度化される前には、より豊富だったと言われている。	be said|言われている|verb|be reported or stated	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	be abundant|豊富である|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	before|前|preposition|earlier than; prior to	institution|制度化|noun|an established law, custom, or practice

Though paper money should be pretty much confined to the circulation between dealers and dealers, yet banks and bankers might still be able to give nearly the same assistance to the industry and commerce of the country, as they had done when paper money filled almost the whole circulation.	紙幣は業者間の流通にかなり限定されるべきだが、銀行や銀行家は、紙幣が流通のほとんどすべてを占めていたときと同じように、国の産業や商業にほぼ同じ援助を与えることができるかもしれない。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	be confined to|限定される|verb|be limited to	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of goods or money	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fill|占める|verb|occupy the whole of	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of goods or money
The ready money which a dealer is obliged to keep by him, for answering occasional demands, is destined altogether for the circulation between himself and other dealers of whom he buys goods.	業者が時折の需要に応えるために手元に置いておく必要のある現金は、自分と商品を購入する他の業者との間の流通に充てられる。	ready money|現金|noun|money in the form of coins or banknotes that is immediately available	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	keep by|手元に置いておく|verb|to have or retain something	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
He has no occasion to keep any by him for the circulation between himself and the consumers, who are his customers, and who bring ready money to him, instead of taking any from him.	彼は、自分と消費者との間の流通のために手元に置いておく必要はない。消費者は彼の顧客であり、彼から何かを受け取る代わりに、彼に現金を持ってくる。	occasion|必要|noun|a time or place at which something happens	keep|置いておく|verb|to have or retain possession of	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	bring|持ってくる|verb|to cause to come to a place	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available for immediate use	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	take|受け取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control
Though no paper money, therefore, was allowed to be issued, but for such sums as would confine it pretty much to the circulation between dealers and dealers;	したがって、紙幣は業者間の流通にかなり限定されるような金額でしか発行が許可されなかったが、	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	be allowed to|許可される|verb|be permitted to	be issued|発行される|verb|be given out or produced	such sums as|そのような金額|noun|the amount of money that is mentioned	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods or services	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of money, goods, or people
yet partly by discounting real bills of exchange, and partly by lending upon cash-accounts, banks and bankers might still be able to relieve the greater part of those dealers from the necessity of keeping any considerable part of their stock by them unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.	それでも、銀行や銀行家は、一部は実質手形の割引によって、一部は当座貸越によって、これらの業者の大部分を、時折の需要に応えるために、手持ちの資金のかなりの部分を遊休資金として現金で保有する必要性から解放することができるかもしれない。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	bill of exchange|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	cash-account|当座貸越|noun|a bank account that allows the holder to withdraw more money than is in the account	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	relieve|解放する|verb|to free someone from a duty, responsibility, or burden	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods or services	stock|資金|noun|the goods or money that a company has available for sale or use	unemployed|遊休|adjective|not having a job	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available immediately	occasional|時折|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
They might still be able to give the utmost assistance which banks and bankers can with propriety give to traders of every kind.	彼らは、銀行や銀行家があらゆる種類の業者に適切に与えることができる最大限の援助を与えることができるかもしれない。	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	trader|業者|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	propriety|適切|noun|the state or quality of being proper or suitable

To restrain private people, it may be said, from receiving in payment the promissory notes of a banker for any sum, whether great or small, when they themselves are willing to receive them;	民間人が、大小を問わず、銀行家の約束手形を受け取ることを制限することは、彼ら自身がそれを受け取ることを望んでいるときに、	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	private people|民間人|noun|people who are not in the military or government	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on demand or at a specified date	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	great or small|大小|adjective|of any size	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	be willing to|望む|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something
or, to restrain a banker from issuing such notes, when all his neighbours are willing to accept of them, is a manifest violation of that natural liberty, which it is the proper business of law not to infringe, but to support.	あるいは、銀行家がそのような手形を発行することを制限することは、彼のすべての隣人がそれを受け入れることを望んでいるときに、法律が侵害するのではなく、支持することが適切な業務である、その自然の自由を明らかに侵害している。	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	issue|発行する|verb|produce and make available for sale or use	note|手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near to the speaker	willing|望んでいる|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	accept|受け入れる|verb|take or receive something offered	manifest|明らかに|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	violation|侵害|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, rule, or agreement	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	business|業務|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	infringe|侵害する|verb|actively break the terms of	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
Such regulations may, no doubt, be considered as in some respect a violation of natural liberty.	このような規制は、間違いなく、ある意味自然の自由を侵害していると考えられる。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that controls the way that people behave or that something is done	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	be considered as|と考えられる|verb|to think of or regard as	some respect|ある意味|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	violation|侵害|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, rule, or agreement	natural liberty|自然の自由|noun|the freedom to do what one wants without being subject to any external restraint
But those exertions of the natural liberty of a few individuals, which might endanger the security of the whole society, are, and ought to be, restrained by the laws of all governments;	しかし、社会全体の安全を危険にさらすかもしれない、少数の個人の自然の自由の行使は、すべての政府の法律によって制限されており、またそうあるべきである。	exertion|行使|noun|the use of force or energy	natural liberty|自然の自由|noun|the freedom to do whatever one wants	endanger|危険にさらす|verb|put at risk or in danger	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	ought to be|そうあるべきである|verb|should be	restrained|制限されている|verb|held back or kept under control	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or state
of the most free, as well as or the most despotical.	最も自由な政府の法律でも、最も独裁的な政府の法律でも。	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the most free|最も自由な|adjective|the most free	as well as|だけでなく|conjunction|in addition to; also	the most despotical|最も独裁的な|adjective|the most despotical
The obligation of building party walls, in order to prevent the communication of fire, is a violation of natural liberty, exactly of the same kind with the regulations of the banking trade which are here proposed.	火災の伝播を防ぐために、隣接する建物との間に防火壁を造る義務は、自然の自由を侵害するものであり、ここで提案されている銀行業の規制と全く同じ種類のものだ。	obligation|義務|noun|a legal or moral duty	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	party wall|隣接する建物との間に防火壁|noun|a wall that is shared by two buildings	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	communication|伝播|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	fire|火災|noun|a large, uncontrolled fire	violation|侵害|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, rule, or agreement	natural liberty|自然の自由|noun|the freedom to do whatever one wants	exactly|全く|adverb|completely or absolutely	same|同じ|adjective|being the same or not different	kind|種類|noun|a class or category of people or things having the same characteristics or attributes	banking trade|銀行業|noun|the business of providing banking services	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an authority

A paper money, consisting in bank notes, issued by people of undoubted credit, payable upon demand, without any condition, and, in fact, always readily paid as soon as presented, is, in every respect, equal in value to gold and silver money, since gold and silver money can at anytime be had for it.	疑いようのない信用のある人々が発行し、無条件で要求に応じて支払われ、実際には提示されればいつでもすぐに支払われる銀行券からなる紙幣は、いつでも金貨や銀貨と交換できるため、あらゆる点で金貨や銀貨と同等の価値がある。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	undoubted|疑いようのない|adjective|certain; not to be doubted	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	fact|事実|noun|something that is known or proved to be true	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	anytime|いつでも|adverb|at any time; on any occasion	have|交換できる|verb|possess, own, or hold
Whatever is either bought or sold for such paper, must necessarily be bought or sold as cheap as it could have been for gold and silver.	そのような紙幣で売買されるものは、金や銀で売買される場合と同じくらい安く売買されるに違いない。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	bought|買われる|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sold|売られる|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price or value	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal

The increase of paper money, it has been said, by augmenting the quantity, and consequently diminishing the value, of the whole currency, necessarily augments the money price of commodities.	紙幣の増加は、通貨全体の量を増やし、その結果価値を減少させることで、必然的に商品の貨幣価格を増加させると言われている。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	augment|増加させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
But as the quantity of gold and silver, which is taken from the currency, is always equal to the quantity of paper which is added to it, paper money does not necessarily increase the quantity of the whole currency.	しかし、通貨から取り出される金と銀の量は、常にそれに追加される紙の量と等しいので、紙幣は必ずしも通貨全体の量を増やすわけではない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	take|取り出す|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	add|追加する|verb|join or combine with something else	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
From the beginning of the last century to the present time, provisions never were cheaper in Scotland than in 1759, though, from the circulation of ten and five shilling bank notes, there was then more paper money in the country than at present.	前世紀の初めから現在に至るまで、スコットランドでは1759年ほど食料が安かったことはなかったが、当時は10シリングと5シリング紙幣が流通していたため、現在よりも紙幣が多かった。	the beginning of the last century|前世紀の初め|noun|the beginning of the century before the present one	the present time|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	1759|1759年|noun|the year 1759	ten|10|noun|the number 10	five|5|noun|the number 5	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	bank note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from one place to another	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The proportion between the price of provisions in Scotland and that in England is the same now as before the great multiplication of banking companies in Scotland.	スコットランドの食料価格とイングランドの食料価格の比率は、スコットランドの銀行会社が大幅に増加する前と同じである。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	proportion|比率|noun|a relationship in which one number or amount is divided by another	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number or amount
Corn is, upon most occasions, fully as cheap in England as in France, though there is a great deal of paper money in England, and scarce any in France.	イングランドでは紙幣が大量に出回っているのにフランスではほとんど出回っていないにもかかわらず、イングランドではほとんどの場合、穀物はフランスと同じくらい安い。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient
In 1751 and 1752, when Mr Hume published his Political Discourses, and soon after the great multiplication of paper money in Scotland, there was a very sensible rise in the price of provisions, owing, probably, to the badness of the seasons, and not to the multiplication of paper money.	1751年と1752年にヒュームが政治談話を出版したとき、そしてスコットランドで紙幣が大幅に増加した直後に、食料価格が非常に上昇したが、これはおそらく季節の悪さによるもので、紙幣の増加によるものではなかった。	1751|1751年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1752|1752年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Mr Hume|ヒューム|noun|a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism	publish|出版する|verb|prepare and issue for public distribution	Political Discourses|政治談話|noun|a book by David Hume	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	great multiplication|大幅な増加|noun|a large increase	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	very sensible|非常に賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or reason	rise|上昇|noun|an increase	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provisions|食料|noun|a stock of food	owing|原因で|verb|have as a cause or source	badness|悪さ|noun|the quality of being bad	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing something in number or amount

It would be otherwise, indeed, with a paper money, consisting in promissory notes, of which the immediate payment depended, in any respect, either upon the good will of those who issued them, or upon a condition which the holder of the notes might not always have it in his power to fulfil, or of which the payment was not exigible till after a certain number of years, and which, in the mean time, bore no interest.	実際、約束手形からなる紙幣では、即時支払いが、いずれにせよ、それを発行した者の善意に依存するか、手形の所持者が常に履行できるとは限らない条件に依存するか、一定の年数が経過するまで支払いを要求できないか、その間に利息がつかない場合、そうはならない。	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	immediate payment|即時支払い|noun|payment due at once	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	good will|善意|noun|a kindly feeling of approval	holder|所持者|noun|a person who holds something	fulfil|履行する|verb|carry out a task or action	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	exigible|要求できる|adjective|able to be demanded or required	mean time|その間に|noun|the intervening period	bear|つく|verb|produce or yield
Such a paper money would, no doubt, fall more or less below the value of gold and silver, according as the difficulty or uncertainty of obtaining immediate payment was supposed to be greater or less, or according to the greater or less distance of time at which payment was exigible.	そのような紙幣は、即時支払いを得ることの困難さや不確実性が大きいか小さいか、あるいは支払いを要求できるまでの時間の長短に応じて、金や銀の価値を多少下回ることは間違いない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; without doubt	more or less|多少|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	fall below|下回る|verb|be lower than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	greater or less|大きいか小さいか|adjective|of a larger or smaller size, amount, or extent	immediate|即時|adjective|occurring or done at once	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	according to|応じて|preposition|as stated or reported by	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	distance|長短|noun|the space or interval between two points or objects	exigible|要求できる|adjective|able to be demanded or exacted

Some years ago the different banking companies of Scotland were in the practice of inserting into their bank notes, what they called an optional clause;	数年前、スコットランドのさまざまな銀行会社は、銀行券にオプション条項と呼ばれるものを挿入する習慣があった。	some years ago|数年前|noun|a few years ago	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	be in the practice of|習慣がある|verb|to do something regularly	insert|挿入する|verb|to put something into something else	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	optional clause|オプション条項|noun|a clause that is not required
by which they promised payment to the bearer, either as soon as the note should be presented, or, in the option of the directors, six months after such presentment, together with the legal interest for the said six months.	それによって、銀行券が提示されたらすぐに、あるいは取締役の選択で、提示から6ヶ月後に、その6ヶ月分の法定利息とともに、所持人に支払うことを約束した。	by which|それによって|conjunction|by means of which	promise|約束する|verb|make a promise	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	bearer|所持人|noun|the person who holds or carries something	as soon as|すぐに|conjunction|at the moment that	note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	be presented|提示される|verb|be given or shown	in the option of|の選択で|preposition|at the choice of	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	six months|6ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	after|後に|preposition|later or following	together with|とともに|preposition|in addition to	said|その|adjective|mentioned previously	six months|6ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to the law	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
The directors of some of those banks sometimes took advantage of this optional clause, and sometimes threatened those who demanded gold and silver in exchange for a considerable number of their notes, that they would take advantage of it, unless such demanders would content themselves with a part of what they demanded.	これらの銀行の一部は、このオプション条項を利用したり、かなりの数の銀行券と引き換えに金や銀を要求する人に対して、要求した額の一部で満足しない限り、この条項を利用すると脅迫したりすることがあった。	take advantage of|利用する|verb|make good use of	optional clause|オプション条項|noun|a clause that is not required	threaten|脅迫する|verb|state one's intention to punish or hurt someone	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exchange|引き換え|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	take advantage of|利用する|verb|make good use of	demander|要求する人|noun|someone who asks for something	content oneself with|満足する|verb|be happy with	part|一部|noun|a piece of something
The promissory notes of those banking companies constituted, at that time, the far greater part of the currency of Scotland, which this uncertainty of payment necessarily degraded below value of gold and silver money.	当時、これらの銀行会社の約束手形はスコットランドの通貨の大部分を占めており、この支払いの不確実性によって必然的に金銀貨の価値を下回っていた。	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	constitute|占める|verb|be or form a part of	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	degrade|下回る|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality or value of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
During the continuance of this abuse (which prevailed chiefly in 1762, 1763, and 1764), while the exchange between London and Carlisle was at par, that between London and Dumfries would sometimes be four per cent.	この悪用が続いている間(主に1762年、1763年、1764年に流行した)、ロンドンとカーライルの間の為替相場は額面通りだったが、ロンドンとダンフリースの間の為替相場は時々4パーセントになった。	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	abuse|悪用|noun|the improper use of something	prevail|流行する|verb|be widespread or current	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Carlisle|カーライル|noun|a city in Cumbria, England	Dumfries|ダンフリース|noun|a market town and former royal burgh within the Dumfries and Galloway council area of Scotland	four percent|4パーセント|noun|a proportion of 4 out of 100
against Dumfries, though this town is not thirty miles distant from Carlisle.	ダンフリースに対して、この町はカーライルから30マイルも離れていないにもかかわらず。	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	Dumfries|ダンフリース|noun|a market town and former royal burgh in Dumfries and Galloway	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	this|この|determiner|the one near or the one just mentioned	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	is not|ではない|verb|be not	thirty|30|numeral|three times ten	miles|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	distant|離れている|adjective|far apart in space or time	Carlisle|カーライル|noun|a city in Cumbria, England
But at Carlisle, bills were paid in gold and silver;	しかしカーライルでは、手形は金銀で支払われた。	Carlisle|カーライル|noun|a city in Cumbria, England	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
whereas at Dumfries they were paid in Scotch bank notes;	ダンフリースではスコットランド銀行券で支払われた。	Dumfries|ダンフリース|noun|a market town and former royal burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people or language	bank note|銀行券|noun|a printed piece of paper that is used as money
and the uncertainty of getting these bank notes exchanged for gold and silver coin, had thus degraded them four per cent.	そして、これらの銀行券を金銀貨と交換できるかどうかの不確実性によって、4パーセント下落した。	bank note|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a particular value	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	degrade|下落する|verb|become worse or lower in quality
below the value of that coin.	その硬貨の価値を下回った。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The same act of parliament which suppressed ten and five shilling bank notes, suppressed likewise this optional clause, and thereby restored the exchange between England and Scotland to its natural rate, or to what the course of trade and remittances might happen to make it.	10シリングと5シリング紙幣を廃止した議会法は、同様にこの任意条項を廃止し、それによってイングランドとスコットランド間の為替を自然なレート、つまり貿易と送金の流れによって生じうるレートに戻した。	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	bank note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	suppress|廃止する|verb|forcibly put an end to	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	act|法|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	optional|任意の|adjective|not compulsory; left to one's choice	clause|条項|noun|a distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a document	restore|戻す|verb|bring back to a former condition	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	rate|レート|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	remittance|送金|noun|a sum of money sent in payment or as a gift

In the paper currencies of Yorkshire, the payment of so small a sum as 6d. sometimes depended upon the condition, that the holder of the note should bring the change of a guinea to the person who issued it;	ヨークシャーの紙幣では、6ペンスという少額の支払いが、紙幣の所持者がそれを発行した人にギニーの釣り銭を持ってくることを条件にしていた。	Yorkshire|ヨークシャー|noun|a historic county in northern England	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of bills or notes	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	so small a sum as|少額の|noun|a small amount of money	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	depend upon|条件にする|verb|be controlled or determined by	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur	holder|所持者|noun|a person who holds something	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	bring|持ってくる|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	change|釣り銭|noun|money returned to someone who has paid more than the amount due	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	issue|発行する|verb|supply or distribute officially
a condition which the holders of such notes might frequently find it very difficult to fulfil, and which must have degraded this currency below the value of gold and silver money.	そのような紙幣の所持者が満たすのが非常に難しいとしばしば感じる条件であり、この通貨を金銀貨の価値よりも下落させたに違いない。	holder|所持者|noun|a person who holds something	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	fulfil|満たす|verb|satisfy or meet	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	degrade|下落させる|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality or value of	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
An act of parliament, accordingly, declared all such clauses unlawful, and suppressed, in the same manner as in Scotland, all promissory notes, payable to the bearer, under 20s. value.	それに応じて議会法は、そのような条項をすべて違法であると宣言し、スコットランドと同じ方法で、20シリング未満の額面の、持参人払いの約束手形をすべて廃止した。	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	clause|条項|noun|a distinct section of a document	unlawful|違法|adjective|not conforming to, permitted by, or recognized by law or rules	suppress|廃止する|verb|forcibly put an end to	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	promissory note|約束手形|noun|a signed document containing a written promise to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand	bearer|持参人|noun|the person who brings a letter, message, or gift	under|未満|preposition|less than	value|額面|noun|the amount of money that a unit of money, or a security, is worth

The paper currencies of North America consisted, not in bank notes payable to the bearer on demand, but in a government paper, of which the payment was not exigible till several years after it was issued;	北アメリカの紙幣は、要求に応じて持参人に支払われる銀行券ではなく、発行後数年間は支払いを要求できない政府紙幣で構成されていた。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	bank note|銀行券|noun|a printed piece of paper that is used as money	payable|支払われる|adjective|that can be paid	bearer|持参人|noun|the person who brings a letter, message, or gift	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	government paper|政府紙幣|noun|a paper currency issued by a government	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	exigible|要求できる|adjective|that can be demanded or required	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time lasting for more than two years but not many years	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	issue|発行|verb|supply or distribute officially
and though the colony governments paid no interest to the holders of this paper, they declared it to be, and in fact rendered it, a legal tender of payment for the full value for which it was issued.	植民地政府はこの紙幣の所持者に利子を支払わなかったが、発行された額面通りの支払いに法定通貨であると宣言し、実際にそうした。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	holder|所持者|noun|a person who holds something	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or intention	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	full value|額面通り|noun|the value of something as stated on it	issue|発行する|verb|supply or distribute officially
But allowing the colony security to be perfectly good, £100, payable fifteen years hence, for example, in a country where interest is at six per cent., is worth little more than £40 ready money.	しかし、植民地の安全保障が完全に良好であるとすれば、たとえば、利子が6パーセントである国で、15年後に支払われる100ポンドは、40ポンドの即金にすぎない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	security|安全保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is entirely or completely	good|良好|adjective|to be desired or approved of	fifteen years|15年|noun|a period of time equal to 15 years	hence|後|adverb|from this time on; from now	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	six per cent|6パーセント|noun|a rate of six parts per hundred	worth|価値がある|verb|to be the same as in value	little more than|少しだけ多い|adverb|a small amount more than	ready money|即金|noun|money that is available immediately
To oblige a creditor, therefore, to accept of this as full payment for a debt of £100, actually paid down in ready money, was an act of such violent injustice, as has scarce, perhaps, been attempted by the government of any other country which pretended to be free.	したがって、債権者に、実際に即金で支払われた100ポンドの債務の全額支払いとしてこれを受け入れるように義務付けることは、自由を装った他のどの国の政府によっても試みられたことがないほど、暴力的で不正な行為だった。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	accept|受け入れる|verb|take or receive something offered	full payment|全額支払い|noun|the total amount of money due	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	pay down|支払う|verb|pay off a debt	ready money|即金|noun|money that is available immediately	violent|暴力的|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	injustice|不正|noun|lack of fairness or justice	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	pretend|装う|verb|behave as if something is the case when in fact it is not
It bears the evident marks of having originally been, what the honest and downright Doctor Douglas assures us it was, a scheme of fraudulent debtors to cheat their creditors.	正直で率直なダグラス博士が保証しているように、もともとは債権者を欺くための詐欺的な債務者の計画であったという明らかな痕跡がある。	bear|持つ|verb|carry or hold	evident|明らかな|adjective|easy to see or understand	mark|痕跡|noun|a sign or indication of something	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	honest|正直な|adjective|truthful and sincere	downright|率直な|adjective|direct and straightforward	Doctor Douglas|ダグラス博士|noun|a Scottish physician and anatomist	assure|保証する|verb|make (someone) feel certain about something	fraudulent|詐欺的な|adjective|obtained by fraud	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed
The government of Pennsylvania, indeed, pretended, upon their first emission of paper money, in 1722, to render their paper of equal value with gold and silver, by enacting penalties against all those who made any difference in the price of their goods when they sold them for a colony paper, and when they sold them for gold and silver, a regulation equally tyrannical, but much less, effectual, than that which it was meant to support.	実際、ペンシルバニア政府は、1722年に初めて紙幣を発行した際に、植民地紙幣で売ったときと金銀で売ったときに商品の価格に差をつけた者すべてに罰則を課すことで、紙幣を金銀と同等の価値にすると偽った。これは、同じく横暴な規制だが、支持しようとしていた規制よりもはるかに効果が薄かった。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of North America	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	emission|発行|noun|the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	1722|1722年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	pretend|偽る|verb|to give a false appearance of; feign	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	enact|課する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	all those|すべて|noun|everyone	make a difference|差をつける|verb|to be important or significant	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	paper|紙幣|noun|a thin material made from the pressed fibers of plants, used for writing or printing on, or for wrapping	gold and silver|金銀|noun|two precious metals	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that controls or limits something	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	tyrannical|横暴な|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or arbitrary way	much less|はるかに|adverb|to a much smaller extent or degree	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
A positive law may render a shilling a legal tender for a guinea, because it may direct the courts of justice to discharge the debtor who has made that tender;	実定法は、1シリングを1ギニーの法定通貨にすることができる。なぜなら、裁判所がその通貨を支払った債務者を免責するよう指示できるからである。	positive law|実定法|noun|the body of law created by government or society	render|することができる|verb|cause to be or become	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	direct|指示する|verb|give instructions to; supervise	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	discharge|免責する|verb|release from an obligation or responsibility	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money to another	tender|支払う|verb|offer or give
but no positive law can oblige a person who sells goods, and who is at liberty to sell or not to sell as he pleases, to accept of a shilling as equivalent to a guinea in the price of them.	しかし、実定法は、商品を販売する人、また、自由に販売したり販売しないことができる人に、1シリングを1ギニーに相当するものとして受け入れることを義務付けることはできない。	positive law|実定法|noun|the body of law created by government or society	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	please|望む|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied	accept|受け入れる|verb|take or receive (something offered) willingly	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling
Notwithstanding any regulation of this kind, it appeared, by the course of exchange with Great Britain, that £100 sterling was occasionally considered as equivalent, in some of the colonies, to £130, and in others to so great a sum as £1100 currency;	このような規制にもかかわらず、イギリスとの為替相場では、100ポンドの英貨は、植民地によっては130ポンド、あるいは1100ポンドにも相当すると考えられていた。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	course|相場|noun|the general state of things; the way things are going	exchange|為替|noun|the action or process of exchanging one thing for another	100 pounds|100ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.592 grams	sterling|英貨|noun|the money used in the United Kingdom	occasionally|時折|adverb|at times; now and then	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, or effect	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	130 pounds|130ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.592 grams	1100 pounds|1100ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.592 grams
this difference in the value arising from the difference in the quantity of paper emitted in the different colonies, and in the distance and probability of the term of its final discharge and redemption.	この価値の差は、各植民地で発行された紙幣の量の差、および最終的な償還期限までの距離と確率の差から生じている。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	emit|発行する|verb|produce or discharge	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	probability|確率|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	term|期限|noun|a fixed period of time	discharge|償還|verb|pay off a debt	redemption|償還|noun|the action of redeeming something

No law, therefore, could be more equitable than the act of parliament, so unjustly complained of in the colonies, which declared, that no paper currency to be emitted there in time coming, should be a legal tender of payment.	したがって、植民地で不当に不満を抱かれている議会法ほど公平な法律はあり得ない。この法律は、将来発行される紙幣は法定通貨ではないと宣言している。	No law|どんな法律も|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	equitable|公平な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	unjustly|不当に|adverb|in an unfair or unjust way	complain|不満を抱く|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	be emitted|発行される|verb|be produced or discharged	time coming|将来|noun|the future	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt

Pennsylvania was always more moderate in its emissions of paper money than any other of our colonies.	ペンシルバニアは、他のどの植民地よりも紙幣の発行量が常に穏やかだった。	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	moderate|穏やか|adjective|not extreme or excessive	emission|発行|noun|the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Its paper currency, accordingly, is said never to have sunk below the value of the gold and silver which was current in the colony before the first emission of its paper money.	したがって、その紙幣は、紙幣の最初の発行前に植民地で流通していた金と銀の価値を下回ったことは一度もないと言われている。	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	sink|下回る|verb|go or fall below a certain level	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	current|流通している|adjective|happening or existing now	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	emission|発行|noun|the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation
Before that emission, the colony had raised the denomination of its coin, and had, by act of assembly, ordered 5s. sterling to pass in the colonies for 6s:3d., and afterwards for 6s:8d.	その発行前に、植民地はその硬貨の額面を上げ、議会の行為によって、5シリングを命じていた。6シリング3ペンス、その後6シリング8ペンスで植民地を通過するスターリング。	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	emission|発行|noun|the production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|硬貨|noun|a small, flat, round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	act|行為|noun|something that is done	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	order|命じる|verb|give an instruction to do something	5s|5シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to 5 pence	sterling|スターリング|noun|the standard unit of money in the UK	pass|通過する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	6s|6シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to 5 pence	3d|3ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to 1/240 of a pound	6s|6シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to 5 pence	8d|8ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to 1/240 of a pound
A pound, colony currency, therefore, even when that currency was gold and silver, was more than thirty per cent.	したがって、植民地通貨のポンドは、その通貨が金と銀であったとしても、30パーセント以上だった。	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
below the value of £1 sterling;	1ポンドの価値を下回る。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and when that currency was turned into paper, it was seldom much more than thirty per cent.	そして、その通貨が紙幣に変わったとき、それはめったに30パーセント以上になることはなかった。	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	turn into|変わる|verb|become different in nature, form, or quality	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	much more than|～以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
below that value.	その価値を下回る。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The pretence for raising the denomination of the coin was to prevent the exportation of gold and silver, by making equal quantities of those metals pass for greater sums in the colony than they did in the mother country.	硬貨の額面を上げる口実は、金と銀の同量を本国よりも植民地でより高額で流通させることで、金と銀の輸出を防ぐことだった。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	equal|同量|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	pass|流通|verb|be accepted as or considered to be	sum|高額|noun|a particular amount of money	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|本国|noun|the country from which the people of a colony have come
It was found, however, that the price of all goods from the mother country rose exactly in proportion as they raised the denomination of their coin, so that their gold and silver were exported as fast as ever.	しかし、本国からのすべての商品の価格は、硬貨の額面が上がるにつれて正確に上昇し、金と銀は相変わらず急速に輸出されていることが判明した。	mother country|本国|noun|the country from which a colony or former colony has been established	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	rise|上がる|verb|go up	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	export|輸出する|verb|send goods or services to another country for sale

The paper of each colony being received in the payment of the provincial taxes, for the full value for which it had been issued, it necessarily derived from this use some additional value, over and above what it would have had, from the real or supposed distance of the term of its final discharge and redemption.	各植民地の紙幣は、発行された全額に対して地方税の支払いに受け取られるため、この使用から必然的に、最終的な支払いと償還の期間の実際または想定される距離から、本来の価値を超えた付加価値が生じた。	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	provincial tax|地方税|noun|a tax levied by a province	full value|全額|noun|the total amount of something	be issued|発行される|verb|be given or sent out officially	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	derive|生じる|verb|come from or be caused by	additional value|付加価値|noun|the value that is added to a product or service by a particular producer	over and above|を超えた|adverb|in addition to	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or happening in fact	supposed|想定される|adjective|assumed to be true or real without proof	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	final discharge|最終的な支払い|noun|the final payment of a debt	redemption|償還|noun|the action of redeeming something
This additional value was greater or less, according as the quantity of paper issued was more or less above what could be employed in the payment of the taxes of the particular colony which issued it.	この付加価値は、発行された紙幣の量が、それを発行した特定の植民地の税金の支払いに使用できる量をどれだけ上回っているかによって、多かれ少なかれ増減した。	additional|付加的な|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	less|より小さい|adjective|smaller or less important	according as|に応じて|conjunction|in proportion to; in accordance with	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	issued|発行された|verb|supply or distribute officially or publicly	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	above|上回る|preposition|in a higher position than	what|どれだけ|pronoun|that which; the thing that	employed|使用できる|verb|use or engage	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	taxes|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
It was in all the colonies very much above what could be employed in this manner.	すべての植民地で、この方法で使用できる量をはるかに上回っていた。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	be above|上回る|verb|be greater than	what|量|noun|the amount or quantity of something	could be employed|使用できる|verb|be able to be used	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way

A prince, who should enact that a certain proportion of his taxes should be paid in a paper money of a certain kind, might thereby give a certain value to this paper money, even though the term of its final discharge and redemption should depend altogether upon the will of the prince.	税金の一定割合を一定の種類の紙幣で支払うように定めた君主は、その最終的な支払いと償還の期間が君主の意志に完全に依存していたとしても、それによってこの紙幣に一定の価値を与えることができる。	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	enact|定める|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of printed pieces of paper	give|与える|verb|transfer to the possession or ownership of another	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	discharge|支払い|noun|the action of paying a debt or fulfilling an obligation	redemption|償還|noun|the action of regaining or gaining possession of something in exchange for payment	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action
If the bank which issued this paper was careful to keep the quantity of it always somewhat below what could easily be employed in this manner, the demand for it might be such as to make it even bear a premium, or sell for somewhat more in the market than the quantity of gold or silver currency for which it was issued.	この紙幣を発行した銀行が、その量を常にこの方法で簡単に使用できる量より少し少なく保つように注意すれば、その需要は、プレミアムを支払うようにしたり、市場で発行された金や銀の通貨の量より少し高く売れるようにするかもしれない。	issue|発行する|verb|produce and distribute	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	somewhat|少し|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	below|下|preposition|in a lower position than	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	employ|使用する|verb|use	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	such as|のような|conjunction|for example	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	bear|支払う|verb|give or pay	premium|プレミアム|noun|a sum added to the usual price or charge	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country
Some people account in this manner for what is called the agio of the bank of Amsterdam, or for the superiority of bank money over current money, though this bank money, as they pretend, cannot be taken out of the bank at the will of the owner.	一部の人々は、アムステルダム銀行の割増金と呼ばれるもの、あるいは銀行の貨幣が現在の貨幣よりも優れていることを、この方法で説明している。	some people|一部の人々|noun|a group of people	account for|説明する|verb|give an explanation of	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time	will|意志|noun|the faculty of conscious and especially of deliberate action
The greater part of foreign bills of exchange must be paid in bank money, that is, by a transfer in the books of the bank;	外国為替手形の大部分は銀行貨幣で支払われなければならない、つまり銀行の帳簿上の振替で支払われなければならない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money for work or a service	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that exists only as a number in a bank account	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	by a transfer|振替で|noun|the act of moving something from one place to another	in the books|帳簿上の|noun|in the financial records of a business	of the bank|銀行の|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
and the directors of the bank, they allege, are careful to keep the whole quantity of bank money always below what this use occasions a demand for.	そして、銀行の理事たちは、銀行貨幣の総量を常にこの用途が需要を生み出す量より少なく保つように注意している、と彼らは主張する。	director|理事|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	occasion|生み出す|verb|cause or produce	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
It is upon this account, they say, the bank money sells for a premium, or bears an agio of four or five per cent.	彼らは、このため銀行貨幣はプレミアムで売られ、あるいは4、5パーセントの割増金がつくのだと言う。	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money issued by a bank	sell for|売られる|verb|be sold for	premium|プレミアム|noun|a sum added to the usual price	bear|つく|verb|produce or yield	agio|割増金|noun|the percentage of increase in the value of one currency in terms of another
above the same nominal sum of the gold and silver currency of the country.	国内の金銀通貨の同じ名目額よりも高い。	above|上|preposition|in a higher position than	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	nominal|名目|adjective|being so-called but not in reality	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country
This account of the bank of Amsterdam, however, it will appear hereafter, is in a great measure chimerical.	しかし、アムステルダム銀行のこの説明は、後で明らかになるように、かなり空想的である。	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	appear|明らかになる|verb|become visible or noticeable	hereafter|後で|adverb|from now on; in the future	measure|かなり|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	chimerical|空想的|adjective|existing only in the imagination; unreal

A paper currency which falls below the value of gold and silver coin, does not thereby sink the value of those metals, or occasion equal quantities of them to exchange for a smaller quantity of goods of any other kind.	金銀貨幣の価値を下回る紙幣は、それによってこれらの金属の価値を下落させたり、同量の金属を他の種類のより少ない量の品物と交換する原因にはならない。	fall below|下回る|verb|be lower than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	sink|下落させる|verb|go down below the surface of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	occasion|原因|noun|a particular time or event	equal|同量の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
The proportion between the value of gold and silver and that of goods of any other kind, depends in all cases, not upon the nature and quantity of any particular paper money, which may be current in any particular country, but upon the richness or poverty of the mines, which happen at any particular time to supply the great market of the commercial world with those metals.	金銀の価値と他の種類の品物の価値の比率は、いずれの場合も、特定の国で流通している特定の紙幣の性質や量ではなく、特定の時期に商業界の大市場にこれらの金属を供給する鉱山の豊かさや貧しさに依存している。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	richness|豊かさ|noun|the state of being rich	poverty|貧しさ|noun|the state of being extremely poor	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	supply|供給|verb|make available for use; provide	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)
It depends upon the proportion between the quantity of labour which is necessary in order to bring a certain quantity of gold and silver to market, and that which is necessary in order to bring thither a certain quantity of any other sort of goods.	それは、一定量の金銀を市場に出すために必要な労働量と、一定量の他の種類の品物を市場に出すために必要な労働量の比率に依存している。	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale

If bankers are restrained from issuing any circulating bank notes, or notes payable to the bearer, for less than a certain sum;	銀行家が一定額以下の流通銀行券や無記名式の銀行券を発行することを制限されている場合、	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who owns or has a high position in a bank	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	issue|発行する|verb|produce and make available for public use	circulating bank note|流通銀行券|noun|a bank note that is in circulation	note payable to the bearer|無記名式の銀行券|noun|a bank note that is payable to the bearer	less than|以下|preposition|not as much as	certain sum|一定額|noun|a specific amount of money
and if they are subjected to the obligation of an immediate and unconditional payment of such bank notes as soon as presented, their trade may, with safety to the public, be rendered in all other respects perfectly free.	そして、銀行家がそのような銀行券を提示されたらすぐに無条件で支払う義務を負っている場合、彼らの取引は、公衆の安全を保った上で、他のすべての点で完全に自由に行われるかもしれない。	be subjected to|服従する|verb|be exposed to or affected by	obligation|義務|noun|a legal or moral duty	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	unconditional|無条件の|adjective|not subject to any conditions	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that	presented|提示される|verb|give formally or ceremonially	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	rendered|行われる|verb|cause to be or become	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is entirely or wholly	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
The late multiplication of banking companies in both parts of the united kingdom, an event by which many people have been much alarmed, instead of diminishing, increases the security of the public.	英国の両地域で銀行会社が最近急増したことは、多くの人々が非常に心配している出来事だが、公衆の安全を減少させるどころか増大させる。	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	multiplication|急増|noun|the action or process of multiplying	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	united kingdom|英国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	much alarmed|非常に心配している|adjective|very worried or frightened	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
It obliges all of them to be more circumspect in their conduct, and, by not extending their currency beyond its due proportion to their cash, to guard themselves against those malicious runs, which the rivalship of so many competitors is always ready to bring upon them.	それは、彼ら全員が行動においてより慎重になることを義務付け、彼らの現金に対する正当な比率を超えて通貨を拡大しないことによって、非常に多くの競合他社の競争が常に彼らにもたらす準備ができている悪意のある取り付けから身を守ることである。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	cash|現金|noun|money in coins or notes	due|正当な|adjective|proper or appropriate	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	guard|守る|verb|protect from harm	malicious|悪意のある|adjective|deliberately harmful	run|取り付け|noun|a sudden and urgent demand for money	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that competes with others	rivalship|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or occur
It restrains the circulation of each particular company within a narrower circle, and reduces their circulating notes to a smaller number.	それは、各特定の会社の流通をより狭い範囲に制限し、流通する紙幣をより少ない数に減らす。	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	company|会社|noun|a business organization	narrower|より狭い|adjective|of less width	circle|範囲|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center)	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	note|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money
By dividing the whole circulation into a greater number of parts, the failure of any one company, an accident which, in the course of things, must sometimes happen, becomes of less consequence to the public.	流通全体をより多くの部分に分割することで、いずれかの会社の破綻は、物事の過程で時々起こらなければならない事故であり、公衆にとっての影響は小さくなる。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	failure|破綻|noun|the state or fact of not achieving the desired end or ends	company|会社|noun|a business organization	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	course|過程|noun|the way in which something progresses or develops	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
This free competition, too, obliges all bankers to be more liberal in their dealings with their customers, lest their rivals should carry them away.	この自由競争もまた、すべての銀行家が顧客との取引においてより自由になることを義務付けている。さもなければ、ライバルが顧客を奪ってしまう。	free competition|自由競争|noun|a situation in which companies compete with each other without any government intervention	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	deal|取引|noun|a business transaction	liberal|自由|adjective|not strict or severe	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal	carry away|奪う|verb|take something away from someone by force
In general, if any branch of trade, or any division of labour, be advantageous to the public, the freer and more general the competition, it will always be the more so.	一般に、貿易のいずれかの部門、または労働のいずれかの分割が公衆にとって有利であるならば、競争がより自由でより一般的であるほど、それは常により有利になる。	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	advantageous|有利|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	freer|より自由|adjective|more free	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	always|常|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent


## CHAPTER III: OF THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL, OR OF PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE LABOUR.	第3章: 資本の蓄積、または生産的労働と非生産的労働について	CHAPTER III|第3章|noun|the third chapter	ACCUMULATION|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating or being accumulated	CAPITAL|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	PRODUCTIVE|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	UNPRODUCTIVE|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	LABOUR|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

There is one sort of labour which adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed;	労働には、それが費やされた対象の価値を増加させる種類の労働がある。	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	add|増加させる|verb|increase the amount or number of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	bestow|費やす|verb|confer or present as a gift, honour, or favour
there is another which has no such effect.	そのような効果のない労働もある。	there is|ある|verb|exist	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	no such|そのような|adjective|not of the type or quality mentioned	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
The former as it produces a value, may be called productive, the latter, unproductive labour. {Some French authors of great learning and ingenuity have used those words in a different sense.	前者は価値を生み出すので生産的労働、後者は非生産的労働と呼ぶことができる。{博識で独創的なフランス人著述家の中には、これらの言葉を別の意味で使っている人もいる。	former|前者|adjective|coming before in time	latter|後者|adjective|coming after in time	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to be	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	French|フランス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of France	author|著述家|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	great|博識|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	learning|学識|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	different|別の|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality
In the last chapter of the fourth book, I shall endeavour to shew that their sense is an improper one.}	第4巻の最終章で、私は彼らの意味の使い方が不適切であることを示そうと思う。}	last chapter|最終章|noun|the final chapter of a book	fourth book|第4巻|noun|the fourth book of a series	endeavour|示そうと思う|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	sense|意味|noun|a meaning that a word or phrase has in a language	improper|不適切|adjective|not correct or suitable
Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds generally to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance, and of his master’s profit.	このように、製造業者の労働は、一般的に、彼が加工する材料の価値、彼自身の維持費、そして彼の主人の経費に加算される。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	add|加算される|verb|join or combine two or more things together	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothing.	反対に、下私の労働は、何の価値も生み出さない。	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	add to|生み出す|verb|increase the amount or value of	nothing|何もない|noun|not anything; no single thing
Though the manufacturer has his wages advanced to him by his master, he in reality costs him no expense, the value of those wages being generally restored, together with a profit, in the improved value of the subject upon which his labour is bestowed.	製造業者は主人から賃金を前払いされているが、実際には主人に費用はかからず、その賃金の価値は、一般的に、労働が費やされた対象の価値の向上によって、利益とともに回復される。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of (a specified sum)	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	restore|回復する|verb|bring back to a former or original state	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	bestow|費やす|verb|confer or present (something) as a gift, honour, or favour
But the maintenance of a menial servant never is restored.	しかし、下私の維持費は決して回復されない。	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	menial servant|下僕|noun|a servant who does unskilled work	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all
A man grows rich by employing a multitude of manufacturers;	人は多くの製造業者を雇用することで豊かになる。	grow rich|豊かになる|verb|become wealthy	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	multitude|多く|noun|a large number of people or things
he grows poor by maintaining a multitude or menial servants.	人は多くの下私を維持することで貧しくなる。	grow poor|貧しくなる|verb|become poor	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	multitude|多くの|noun|a large number of people or things	menial servant|下僕|noun|a servant who does unskilled work
The labour of the latter, however, has its value, and deserves its reward as well as that of the former.	しかし、後者の労働にも価値があり、前者の労働と同様に報酬に値する。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement
But the labour of the manufacturer fixes and realizes itself in some particular subject or vendible commodity, which lasts for some time at least after that labour is past.	しかし、製造業者の労働は、ある特定の対象物や販売可能な商品に固定され、実現され、少なくともその労働が終わった後もしばらくは続く。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	realize|実現する|verb|achieve or make real	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	vendible|販売可能な|adjective|capable of being sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; at the minimum	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	be past|終わる|verb|have gone by; be over
It is, as it were, a certain quantity of labour stocked and stored up, to be employed, if necessary, upon some other occasion.	それは、いわば、必要に応じて他の機会に使用するために、一定量の労働を蓄積し、貯蔵したものである。	as it were|いわば|adverb|in a way; so to speak	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite quantity	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|蓄積する|verb|have or keep a supply of	store|貯蔵する|verb|keep or put aside for future use	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
That subject, or, what is the same thing, the price of that subject, can afterwards, if necessary, put into motion a quantity of labour equal to that which had originally produced it.	その対象物、あるいは同じことだが、その対象物の価格は、必要に応じて、後でそれを最初に生産したのと同じ量の労働を動かすことができる。	subject|対象物|noun|the thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	afterwards|後で|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	originally|最初に|adverb|in the beginning; at first
The labour of the menial servant, on the contrary, does not fix or realize itself in any particular subject or vendible commodity.	反対に、下私の労働は、特定の対象物や販売可能な商品に固定されたり、実現されたりしない。	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	menial servant|下僕|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	realize|実現する|verb|cause to happen; bring about	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	vendible|販売可能な|adjective|capable of being sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
His services generally perish in the very instant of their performance, and seldom leave any trace of value behind them, for which an equal quantity of service could afterwards be procured.	彼のサービスは、一般的にその遂行の瞬間に消滅し、その後同量のサービスを得られる価値の痕跡を残すことはめったにない。	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	perish|消滅する|verb|die or be destroyed	instant|瞬間|noun|a very short period of time	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	trace|痕跡|noun|a mark, sign, or evidence of the existence or passing of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement

The labour of some of the most respectable orders in the society is, like that of menial servants, unproductive of any value, and does not fix or realize itself in any permanent subject, or vendible commodity, which endures after that labour is past, and for which an equal quantity of labour could afterwards be procured.	社会で最も尊敬される階級の一部の人々の労働は、下私の労働と同様に、何の価値も生み出さず、その労働が終わった後も残り、その後同量の労働を得られる永続的な対象物や販売可能な商品に固定されたり、実現されたりしない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	respectable|尊敬される|adjective|worthy of respect	order|階級|noun|a social class	menial|下僕|adjective|(of a task) not requiring much skill and lacking prestige	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	unproductive|生産的でない|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	realize|実現する|verb|cause to happen; bring about	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	vendible|販売可能|adjective|capable of being sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	endure|残る|verb|remain in existence; last	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
The sovereign, for example, with all the officers both of justice and war who serve under him, the whole army and navy, are unproductive labourers.	例えば、君主とその下に仕える司法と戦争のすべての役人、陸海軍全体は非生産的労働者である。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	serve|仕える|verb|work for	army|陸軍|noun|the military land forces of a nation	navy|海軍|noun|the military sea forces of a nation	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
They are the servants of the public, and are maintained by a part of the annual produce of the industry of other people.	彼らは公衆の召使であり、他の人々の産業の年間生産物の一部によって維持されている。	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
Their service, how honourable, how useful, or how necessary soever, produces nothing for which an equal quantity of service can afterwards be procured.	彼らのサービスは、どれほど名誉で、どれほど有用で、どれほど必要であっても、その後同量のサービスを得られるものを生み出すことはない。	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	honourable|名誉な|adjective|worthy of honour	useful|有用な|adjective|capable of being used	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
The protection, security, and defence, of the commonwealth, the effect of their labour this year, will not purchase its protection, security, and defence, for the year to come.	今年の彼らの労働の成果である、国家の保護、安全、防衛は、来年の国家の保護、安全、防衛を買うことはできない。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	commonwealth|国家|noun|a political unit	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	this year|今年|noun|the present year	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying for	the year to come|来年|noun|the year after the present year
In the same class must be ranked, some both of the gravest and most important, and some of the most frivolous professions;	同じ階級に、最も重大で最も重要なものもあれば、最も軽薄な職業もある。	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	rank|分類される|verb|arrange in a row or in rows	grave|重大な|adjective|of great importance or significance	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance
churchmen, lawyers, physicians, men of letters of all kinds;	聖職者、弁護士、医師、あらゆる種類の文学者。	churchman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is a member of the legal profession	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	man of letters|文学者|noun|a person who is learned in literature or the humanities
players, buffoons, musicians, opera-singers, opera-dancers, etc.	役者、道化師、音楽家、オペラ歌手、オペラダンサーなど。	player|役者|noun|a person who acts in a play or film	buffoon|道化師|noun|a person who amuses others by ridiculous behavior	musician|音楽家|noun|a person who plays a musical instrument or is otherwise musically talented	opera-singer|オペラ歌手|noun|a person who sings in an opera	opera-dancer|オペラダンサー|noun|a person who dances in an opera
The labour of the meanest of these has a certain value, regulated by the very same principles which regulate that of every other sort of labour;	これらの最も卑しい労働にも、他のあらゆる種類の労働の価値を決定するのと全く同じ原理によって決定される一定の価値がある。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	meanest|最も卑しい|adjective|of the lowest quality or standard	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and that of the noblest and most useful, produces nothing which could afterwards purchase or procure an equal quantity of labour.	そして、最も高貴で最も有用な労働は、後で同量の労働を購入したり調達したりできるものを何も生み出さない。	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a high social class	useful|有用な|adjective|capable of being used	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	procure|調達する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
Like the declamation of the actor, the harangue of the orator, or the tune of the musician, the work of all of them perishes in the very instant of its production.	役者の台詞、雄弁家の演説、音楽家の曲のように、彼らの労働はすべて、生産された瞬間に消滅してしまう。	actor|役者|noun|a person who acts in a play, movie, or television show	declamation|台詞|noun|the art of speaking clearly, effectively, and with appropriate gestures	orator|雄弁家|noun|a person who makes speeches, especially public speeches	harangue|演説|noun|a long, forceful, and often angry speech	musician|音楽家|noun|a person who plays a musical instrument or is otherwise musically talented	tune|曲|noun|a melody, especially one that is simple and easy to remember	perish|消滅する|verb|die or be destroyed	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials

Both productive and unproductive labourers, and those who do not labour at all, are all equally maintained by the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.	生産的労働者と非生産的労働者の両方、そして全く労働しない人々はすべて、その国の土地と労働の年産物によって等しく維持されている。	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	annual|年産物|adjective|happening or produced once a year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
This produce, how great soever, can never be infinite, but must have certain limits.	この生産物は、どれほど大きくても無限になることはなく、一定の限界があるはずだ。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	soever|どれほど|adverb|to any extent or degree	infinite|無限|adjective|immeasurably great	certain|一定|adjective|having a fixed and definite limit
According, therefore, as a smaller or greater proportion of it is in any one year employed in maintaining unproductive hands, the more in the one case, and the less in the other, will remain for the productive, and the next year’s produce will be greater or smaller accordingly;	したがって、そのうちのより小さい割合またはより大きい割合が、非生産的な労働者の維持に使われると、一方ではより多く、他方ではより少なく、生産的な労働者に残り、それに応じて翌年の生産物はより多くなるか、より少なくなることになる。	according|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	smaller|より小さい|adjective|of less size or extent	greater|より大きい|adjective|of more size or extent	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	one year|1年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	employed|使われる|verb|use or engage	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job	more|より多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount or degree	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	next year|翌年|noun|the year after this one	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	greater|より多くなる|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	smaller|より少なくなることになる|adjective|a smaller amount or degree
the whole annual produce, if we except the spontaneous productions of the earth, being the effect of productive labour.	年間生産物全体は、地球の自発的な生産物を除けば、生産的労働の結果である。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	except|除く|verb|not include; exclude	spontaneous|自発的|adjective|happening or done without any planning or without being forced	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities

Though the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country is no doubt ultimately destined for supplying the consumption of its inhabitants, and for procuring a revenue to them;	あらゆる国の土地と労働の年間生産物全体は、最終的にはその住民の消費を供給し、彼らに収入をもたらす運命にあることは間違いない。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally; in the end	destined|運命にある|verb|be intended for a particular purpose or end	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization
yet when it first comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, it naturally divides itself into two parts.	しかし、それが最初に地面から、あるいは生産的労働者の手から出てくるとき、それは自然に二つの部分に分かれる。	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	ground|地面|noun|the surface of the earth	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm	productive labourer|生産的労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or other place of production	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one
One of them, and frequently the largest, is, in the first place, destined for replacing a capital, or for renewing the provisions, materials, and finished work, which had been withdrawn from a capital;	そのうちの一つは、しばしば最大の部分であるが、まず資本の補充、あるいは資本から引き出された食料、材料、完成品の補充に充てられる。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	largest|最大|adjective|of the greatest size or extent	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	replacing|補充|verb|to take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	renewing|補充|verb|to make, do, or become new, fresh, or strong again	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	finished|完成品|adjective|having been completed or ended	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
the other for constituting a revenue either to the owner of this capital, as the profit of his stock, or to some other person, as the rent of his land.	もう一つは、この資本の所有者に資本の利潤として、あるいは他の誰かに土地の地代として収入をもたらす。	the other|もう一つ|noun|the remaining item of two	constitute|もたらす|verb|be or form a part of	revenue|収入|noun|income	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	some other person|他の誰か|noun|an unspecified person	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Thus, of the produce of land, one part replaces the capital of the farmer;	このように、土地の生産物のうち、一部は農民の資本を補充する。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	one part|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
the other pays his profit and the rent of the landlord;	残りは農民の利潤と地主の地代を支払う。	other|残り|noun|the remaining one or ones	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
and thus constitutes a revenue both to the owner of this capital, as the profits of his stock, and to some other person as the rent of his land.	こうして、この資本の所有者に資本の利潤として、また他の誰かに土地の地代として収入をもたらす。	constitute|成す|verb|be regarded as	revenue|収入|noun|income	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
Of the produce of a great manufactory, in the same manner, one part, and that always the largest, replaces the capital of the undertaker of the work;	同様に、大工場の生産物のうち、一部は、しかも常に最大の部分は、事業主の資本を補充する。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory	manner|同様に|noun|the way that something is done or happens	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	largest|最大の|adjective|of the greatest size or extent	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise
the other pays his profit, and thus constitutes a revenue to the owner of this capital.	残りは事業主の利潤を支払い、こうしてこの資本の所有者に収入をもたらす。	other|残り|noun|the remaining one or ones	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source

That part of the annual produce of the land and labour of any country which replaces a capital, never is immediately employed to maintain any but productive hands.	どの国でも、土地と労働の年産物のうち、資本を補充する部分は、生産的な労働者以外を養うために直接使われることは決してない。	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	immediately|直接|adverb|at once; without delay	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job
It pays the wages of productive labour only.	それは生産的労働者の賃金だけを支払う。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services
That which is immediately destined for constituting a revenue, either as profit or as rent, may maintain indifferently either productive or unproductive hands.	利潤または地代として収入を構成するために直接充てられる部分は、生産的労働者でも非生産的労働者でもどちらでも養うことができる。	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	indifferently|どちらでも|adverb|without caring one way or the other	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities

Whatever part of his stock a man employs as a capital, he always expects it to be replaced to him with a profit.	人は自分の資産のどの部分を資本として用いても、常にそれが利潤を伴って補充されることを期待する。	whatever|どの|adjective|no matter what	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	stock|資産|noun|the total amount of goods or materials that a business has	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|用いる|verb|use	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	replace|補充する|verb|provide a new thing for (something that is broken, old, lost, or no longer working properly)	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
He employs it, therefore, in maintaining productive hands only;	だから、彼はそれを生産的な労働者を養うためにだけ用いる。	employ|用いる|verb|use	maintain|養う|verb|keep in good condition	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job
and after having served in the function of a capital to him, it constitutes a revenue to them.	そして、彼にとって資本の機能を果たした後、それは彼らにとって収入となる。	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	serve|果たす|verb|work for	function|機能|noun|the action for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	constitute|なる|verb|be equivalent to	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Whenever he employs any part of it in maintaining unproductive hands of any kind, that part is from that moment withdrawn from his capital, and placed in his stock reserved for immediate consumption.	彼がその一部を非生産的労働者を養うために用いるときはいつでも、その部分はその瞬間から彼の資本から引き出され、即時消費のために確保された彼の資産に置かれる。	whenever|いつでも|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion	employ|用いる|verb|use	part|一部|noun|a piece or section of something	maintain|養う|verb|support	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take out	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	place|置く|verb|put	stock|資産|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	reserve|確保する|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

Unproductive labourers, and those who do not labour at all, are all maintained by revenue;	非生産的労働者と、全く労働しない人々は、すべて収入によって養われる。	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	at all|全く|adverb|in any way; to any extent	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
either, first, by that part of the annual produce which is originally destined for constituting a revenue to some particular persons, either as the rent of land, or as the profits of stock;	第一に、土地の地代か資産の利潤として、もともと特定の人の収入となる運命にある年産物の一部によって、	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	annual|年産物の|adjective|happening once a year	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
or, secondly, by that part which, though originally destined for replacing a capital, and for maintaining productive labourers only, yet when it comes into their hands, whatever part of it is over and above their necessary subsistence, may be employed in maintaining indifferently either productive or unproductive hands.	第二に、もともと資本の補填と生産的労働者の維持だけに運命づけられていたが、彼らの手に渡ったとき、彼らの必要生存費を超える部分は、生産的労働者か非生産的労働者のどちらかを養うために使われるかもしれない部分によってである。	second|第二に|adverb|next after the first	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	destined|運命づけられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	replacing|補填|verb|to provide a new thing for one that is old, lost, damaged, or no longer working properly	maintaining|維持|verb|to cause to continue or to remain in a certain state, condition, or position	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	come into|渡る|verb|to be given or received	whatever|どれほど|determiner|no matter what	over and above|超える|adverb|in addition to	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	subsistence|生存費|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	indifferently|どちらか|adverb|without caring one way or the other	maintaining|養う|verb|to provide with the necessities of life	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities
Thus, not only the great landlord or the rich merchant, but even the common workman, if his wages are considerable, may maintain a menial servant;	こうして、大地主や富裕な商人だけでなく、普通の労働者でさえ、もし彼の賃金がかなりのものであれば、下男を雇うことができる。	great landlord|大地主|noun|a person who owns a lot of land	rich merchant|富裕な商人|noun|a person who trades in commodities for profit	common workman|普通の労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	considerable|かなりのもの|adjective|large in amount or extent	maintain|雇う|verb|keep in existence or continuance	menial servant|下男|noun|a person who performs duties in a household
or he may sometimes go to a play or a puppet-show, and so contribute his share towards maintaining one set of unproductive labourers;	あるいは、彼は時々芝居や人形劇を見に行くかもしれないし、そうして非生産的労働者の一群を維持するために彼の分け前を貢献するかもしれない。	go to|行く|verb|move towards or into	play|芝居|noun|a theatrical performance	puppet-show|人形劇|noun|a theatrical performance using puppets	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned, earned, or contributed	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	set|一群|noun|a group of things of the same type	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of something	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
or he may pay some taxes, and thus help to maintain another set, more honourable and useful, indeed, but equally unproductive.	あるいは、彼は税金を払って、より名誉で有用ではあるが、同様に非生産的な別の集団を維持するのに貢献するかもしれない。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce an alternative	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	help|貢献する|verb|make it easier for someone to do something by sharing work or providing assistance	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	set|集団|noun|a group of people with a shared interest	honourable|名誉な|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of something
No part of the annual produce, however, which had been originally destined to replace a capital, is ever directed towards maintaining unproductive hands, till after it has put into motion its full complement of productive labour, or all that it could put into motion in the way in which it was employed.	しかし、もともと資本の補填に運命づけられていた年産物のどの部分も、生産的労働の完全な補完物、あるいはそれが使われていた方法で動かすことができたすべてを動かすまでは、非生産的労働者の維持に向けられることはない。	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	destined|運命づけられた|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	replace|補填|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; always	directed|向けられる|verb|cause to move or point towards a specified destination; aim	maintaining|維持|verb|cause or enable to continue in existence	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work for another person	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to start moving	full complement|完全な補完物|noun|the full number of people or things needed	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible product	all that|すべて|noun|the whole of the amount or number of	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to start moving	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	employed|使われていた|verb|use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment
The workman must have earned his wages by work done, before he can employ any part of them in this manner.	労働者は、その賃金の一部をこのような方法で使う前に、労働によって賃金を稼いでいなければならない。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	earn|稼ぐ|verb|to gain or make money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	work|労働|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	employ|使う|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
That part, too, is generally but a small one.	その部分も、一般的には小さい。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	too|も|adverb|also; as well	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
It is his spare revenue only, of which productive labourers have seldom a great deal.	それは彼の余剰収入にすぎず、生産的労働者がそれをたくさん持つことはめったにない。	spare|余剰|adjective|more than is needed	revenue|収入|noun|income	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	a great deal|たくさん|noun|a large amount
They generally have some, however;	しかし、彼らは通常、いくらか持っている。	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold
and in the payment of taxes, the greatness of their number may compensate, in some measure, the smallness of their contribution.	そして、税金の支払いにおいては、彼らの数の多さが、ある程度、彼らの負担の小ささを補うかもしれない。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	greatness|多さ|noun|the quality of being great	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	smallness|小ささ|noun|the quality of being small	contribution|負担|noun|a gift or payment given to a common fund or collection
The rent of land and the profits of stock are everywhere, therefore, the principal sources from which unproductive hands derive their subsistence.	したがって、土地の地代と資本の利潤は、どこにおいても、非生産的労働者が生計を立てるための主要な源泉である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has invested in its business	everywhere|どこにおいても|adverb|in all places or situations	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work for another person	derive|生計を立てる|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
These are the two sorts of revenue of which the owners have generally most to spare.	これらは、所有者が一般的に最も余裕のある二種類の収入である。	these|これら|pronoun|the things that are here	two|二|numeral|one more than one	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	revenue|収入|noun|income	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	most|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	spare|余裕|noun|a state of having more than enough of something
They might both maintain indifferently, either productive or unproductive hands.	彼らはどちらも、生産的労働者でも非生産的労働者でも、無差別に維持できる。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job
They seem, however, to have some predilection for the latter.	しかし、彼らは後者を好む傾向があるようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	predilection|好む傾向|noun|a strong liking or preference for something
The expense of a great lord feeds generally more idle than industrious people.	大領主の支出は、一般的に勤勉な人々よりも怠惰な人々を養う。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	feed|養う|verb|give food to	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily
The rich merchant, though with his capital he maintains industrious people only, yet by his expense, that is, by the employment of his revenue, he feeds commonly the very same sort as the great lord.	裕福な商人は、自分の資本で勤勉な人々だけを養っているが、支出によって、つまり収入の使い道によって、大領主と全く同じ種類の人々を養っている。	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	feed|養う|verb|give food to	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics

The proportion, therefore, between the productive and unproductive hands, depends very much in every country upon the proportion between that part of the annual produce, which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined for replacing a capital, and that which is destined for constituting a revenue, either as rent or as profit.	したがって、生産的労働者と非生産的労働者の比率は、どの国でも、年産物の一部が、土地から、あるいは生産的労働者の手から出るとすぐに、資本の補填に充てられる部分と、地代や利潤として収入を構成する部分との比率に大きく依存している。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	every country|どの国でも|noun|each country	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	ground|土地|noun|the surface of the earth	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
This proportion is very different in rich from what it is in poor countries.	この比率は、豊かな国と貧しい国では大きく異なる。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support

Thus, at present, in the opulent countries of Europe, a very large, frequently the largest, portion of the produce of the land, is destined for replacing the capital of the rich and independent farmer;	このように、現在、ヨーロッパの豊かな国々では、土地の生産物の非常に大きな部分、しばしば最大の部分が、裕福で独立した農民の資本を補填するために充てられている。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	opulent|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or possessions	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	very large|非常に大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	largest|最大の|adjective|of more than average size, extent, or intensity	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	replacing|補填する|verb|to provide a new thing for something that is old, lost, broken, or no longer working properly	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or possessions	independent|独立した|adjective|not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
the other for paying his profits, and the rent of the landlord.	残りは、彼の利潤と地主の地代を支払うために充てられる。	other|残り|noun|the remaining one or ones	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
But anciently, during the prevalency of the feudal government, a very small portion of the produce was sufficient to replace the capital employed in cultivation.	しかし、古代、封建政府が優勢だった時代には、生産物のごく一部で耕作に用いた資本を補填するのに十分だった。	anciently|古代|adverb|in ancient times	feudal government|封建政府|noun|a government in which the power is divided among a group of people	prevalency|優勢|noun|the state of being more common or more successful than others	a very small portion|ごく一部|noun|a very small part	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as good as required	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|用いる|verb|use	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation and use of land for growing crops
It consisted commonly in a few wretched cattle, maintained altogether by the spontaneous produce of uncultivated land, and which might, therefore, be considered as a part of that spontaneous produce.	それは通常、耕作されていない土地の自然生産物によって維持される、数頭の惨めな牛で構成されていたため、その自然生産物の一部と見なすことができる。	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	a few|数頭の|determiner|a small number of	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	maintain|維持される|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	uncultivated|耕作されていない|adjective|not used for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	spontaneous|自然の|adjective|performed or occurring as a result of a sudden inner impulse and without premeditation	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about
It generally, too, belonged to the landlord, and was by him advanced to the occupiers of the land.	それはまた、一般的に地主に属し、地主によって土地の占有者に貸し付けられた。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	by|によって|preposition|next to; beside	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place
All the rest of the produce properly belonged to him too, either as rent for his land, or as profit upon this paltry capital.	残りの生産物はすべて、土地の地代として、あるいはこのわずかな資本の利潤として、地主に属していた。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	properly|当然|adverb|in a proper manner	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The occupiers of land were generally bond-men, whose persons and effects were equally his property.	土地の占有者は通常、農奴であり、その身体と財産はすべて地主の所有物だった。	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	bond-man|農奴|noun|a person in a state of servitude	person|身体|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	effect|財産|noun|personal property	equally|すべて|adverb|in the same manner or degree	property|所有物|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone
Those who were not bond-men were tenants at will;	農奴ではない者は、自由に解約できる借地人だった。	bond-man|農奴|noun|a person in a state of servitude	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	at will|自由に解約できる|adjective|able to be terminated at any time by either party
and though the rent which they paid was often nominally little more than a quit-rent, it really amounted to the whole produce of the land.	そして、彼らが支払った地代は、名目上はわずかな地代にすぎなかったが、実際には土地の全生産物に相当した。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	nominally|名目上|adverb|in name only	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	quit-rent|地代|noun|a fixed rent paid by a freeholder in lieu of services	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	amount to|相当する|verb|be equal to or the same as	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
Their lord could at all times command their labour in peace and their service in war.	彼らの領主は、平和な時には労働を、戦争時には従軍をいつでも命じることができた。	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	command|命じる|verb|give an authoritative order	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	service|従軍|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
Though they lived at a distance from his house, they were equally dependent upon him as his retainers who lived in it.	彼らは領主の屋敷から離れたところに住んでいたが、屋敷に住む家臣と同じように領主に依存していた。	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	distance|離れたところ|noun|the space between two points	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a large house on a permanent basis
But the whole produce of the land undoubtedly belongs to him, who can dispose of the labour and service of all those whom it maintains.	しかし、土地の全生産物は間違いなく彼のものであり、彼は土地が養うすべての人々の労働と奉仕を自由にできる。	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	belong to|属する|verb|be owned by	dispose of|自由にできる|verb|get rid of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
In the present state of Europe, the share of the landlord seldom exceeds a third, sometimes not a fourth part of the whole produce of the land.	ヨーロッパの現状では、地主の取り分は土地の全生産物の3分の1を超えることはめったになく、4分の1にも満たないこともある。	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	share|取り分|noun|a portion of something owned or produced	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts of something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	not|～ない|adverb|a word used to express negation	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts of something	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time
The rent of land, however, in all the improved parts of the country, has been tripled and quadrupled since those ancient times;	しかし、国中のすべての改良された地域の地代は、それらの古代から3倍、4倍になっている。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	triple|3倍|verb|make or become three times as great	quadruple|4倍|verb|make or become four times as great
and this third or fourth part of the annual produce is, it seems, three or four times greater than the whole had been before.	そして、この年産物の3分の1または4分の1は、以前の全体の3倍または4倍になっているように思われる。	annual|年産物|adjective|happening once a year	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	three|3倍|noun|the number 3	four|4倍|noun|the number 4	greater|大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount
In the progress of improvement, rent, though it increases in proportion to the extent, diminishes in proportion to the produce of the land.	改良の進歩に伴い、地代は面積に比例して増加するが、土地の生産物に比例して減少する。	in the progress of|の進歩に伴い|preposition|as something progresses	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to	extent|面積|noun|the size or scale of something	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less

In the opulent countries of Europe, great capitals are at present employed in trade and manufactures.	ヨーロッパの豊かな国々では、現在、大資本が貿易や製造業に投入されている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	opulent|豊かな|adjective|having or showing great wealth or luxury	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
In the ancient state, the little trade that was stirring, and the few homely and coarse manufactures that were carried on, required but very small capitals.	古代国家では、活発な小規模な貿易と、行われていた少数の家庭的で粗雑な製造業は、ごくわずかな資本しか必要としなかった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	little|小規模|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	stirring|活発|adjective|causing great interest or excitement	few|少数|adjective|a small number of	homely|家庭的|adjective|simple and unpretentious	coarse|粗雑|adjective|rough or harsh in texture, grain, or fiber	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
These, however, must have yielded very large profits.	しかし、これらは非常に大きな利益をもたらしたに違いない。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or give forth	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
The rate of interest was nowhere less than ten per cent.	金利はどこでも10パーセント以上だった。	rate of interest|金利|noun|the amount of interest due per period of time	nowhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to no place	less than|以上|preposition|more than	ten per cent|10パーセント|noun|a proportion of one in ten
and their profits must have been sufficient to afford this great interest.	そして、彼らの利益はこの大きな利子を支払うのに十分だったに違いない。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
At present, the rate of interest, in the improved parts of Europe, is nowhere higher than six per cent.; and in some of the most improved, it is so low as four, three, and two per cent.	現在、ヨーロッパの先進地域の金利はどこでも6パーセントを超えていない。そして、最も進歩した地域のいくつかでは、4、3、2パーセントと非常に低い。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	rate of interest|金利|noun|the amount of interest due per period of time	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	improved|先進的な|adjective|of a higher quality or standard	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	six|6|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	some|いくつか|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	most|最も|determiner|to the greatest extent or degree	low|低い|adjective|having a small upward extension or upward reach	four|4|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one	three|3|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of two and one	two|2|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one
Though that part of the revenue of the inhabitants which is derived from the profits of stock, is always much greater in rich than in poor countries, it is because the stock is much greater;	住民の収入のうち、資本の利潤から得られる部分は、貧しい国よりも豊かな国の方が常にはるかに大きいが、それは資本がはるかに大きいからである。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	revenue|収入|noun|income	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual
in proportion to the stock, the profits are generally much less.	資本に比例して、利潤は一般にずっと少ない。	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree

That part of the annual produce, therefore, which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined for replacing a capital, is not only much greater in rich than in poor countries, but bears a much greater proportion to that which is immediately destined for constituting a revenue either as rent or as profit.	したがって、年産物のなかで、土地から、あるいは生産労働者の手から生み出されるとすぐに資本の補填に充てられる部分は、貧しい国よりも豊かな国でずっと大きいだけでなく、地代や利潤として収入を構成するためにすぐに充てられる部分に比べて、ずっと大きな割合を占めている。	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that; immediately after	ground|土地|noun|the surface of the earth	productive labourer|生産労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or other place where goods are produced	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few assets	bear|占める|verb|carry or support	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
The funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour are not only much greater in the former than in the latter, but bear a much greater proportion to those which, though they may be employed to maintain either productive or unproductive hands, have generally a predilection for the latter.	生産労働の維持に充てられる資金は、前者では後者よりもはるかに大きいだけでなく、生産的労働者か非生産的労働者のどちらかを維持するために使われるかもしれないが、一般的に後者を好む資金に比べてはるかに大きな割合を占めている。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	bear|占める|verb|to carry or support	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	though|かもしれない|conjunction|despite the fact that	maintain|維持する|verb|to keep in good condition	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases	predilection|好む|noun|a special liking for something

The proportion between those different funds necessarily determines in every country the general character of the inhabitants as to industry or idleness.	これらの異なる資金の比率は、どの国でも必然的に、勤勉か怠惰かといった住民の一般的な性格を決定する。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	every country|どの国でも|noun|all countries	general character|一般的な性格|noun|the overall quality or nature of something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	industry|勤勉|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of doing nothing or not working
We are more industrious than our forefathers, because, in the present times, the funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion to those which are likely to be employed in the maintenance of idleness, than they were two or three centuries ago.	私たちは先祖よりも勤勉であるが、それは現代では、勤勉の維持に充てられる資金が、怠惰の維持に使われそうな資金に比べて、二、三世紀前よりもはるかに大きいからである。	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	forefathers|先祖|noun|a person from whom one is descended	present|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
Our ancestors were idle for want of a sufficient encouragement to industry.	私たちの先祖は、勤勉への十分な奨励がなかったために怠惰だった。	ancestor|先祖|noun|a person from whom one is descended	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	want|欠如|noun|the state of being without something	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent
It is better, says the proverb, to play for nothing, than to work for nothing.	諺にもあるように、ただ働きするよりは、ただ遊ぶ方がましだ。	proverb|諺|noun|a short, well-known saying that states a general truth or piece of advice	nothing|無報酬|noun|not anything; no single thing	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	play|遊ぶ|verb|engage in an activity for enjoyment and recreation rather than a serious or practical purpose
In mercantile and manufacturing towns, where the inferior ranks of people are chiefly maintained by the employment of capital, they are in general industrious, sober, and thriving;	下層階級の人々が主に資本の雇用によって維持されている商業都市や工業都市では、彼らは概して勤勉で、真面目で、成功している。	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	manufacturing|工業の|adjective|of or relating to the manufacture of goods	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	inferior|下層の|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	chiefly|主に|adverb|most importantly	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	general|概して|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	sober|真面目な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	thriving|成功している|adjective|flourishing or prospering
as in many English, and in most Dutch towns.	多くのイギリスの町やほとんどのオランダの町がそうである。	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the language of the Netherlands
In those towns which are principally supported by the constant or occasional residence of a court, and in which the inferior ranks of people are chiefly maintained by the spending of revenue, they are in general idle, dissolute, and poor;	主に宮廷の常住または臨時居住によって支えられ、下層階級の人々が主に収入の支出によって維持されている町では、彼らは概して怠惰で、放蕩で、貧しい。	be supported by|支えられる|verb|be held up or kept from falling by	constant|常住|adjective|non-varying	occasional|臨時|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	residence|居住|noun|the place where one lives	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	maintain|維持される|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	idle|怠惰|adjective|not working or active	dissolute|放蕩|adjective|lacking in moral restraint	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
as at Rome, Versailles, Compeigne, and Fontainbleau.	ローマ、ヴェルサイユ、コンピエーニュ、フォンテーヌブローなどである。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital of Italy	Versailles|ヴェルサイユ|noun|a city in north central France	Compeigne|コンピエーニュ|noun|a city in northern France	Fontainbleau|フォンテーヌブロー|noun|a city in northern France
If you except Rouen and Bourdeaux, there is little trade or industry in any of the parliament towns of France; and the inferior ranks of people, being chiefly maintained by the expense of the members of the courts of justice, and of those who come to plead before them, are in general idle and poor.	ルーアンとボルドーを除けば、フランスの議会都市にはほとんど貿易や産業がない。下層階級の人々は、主に裁判所のメンバーやその前で弁論する人々の出費によって維持されているため、概して怠惰で貧しい。	Rouen|ルーアン|noun|a city in northern France	Bourdeaux|ボルドー|noun|a city in southwestern France	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	parliament|議会|noun|a legislative body	trade|貿易|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	inferior|下層|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	chiefly|主に|adverb|most importantly	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just or fair	plead|弁論する|verb|address a court of law as an advocate	idle|怠惰|adjective|avoiding work or effort	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
The great trade of Rouen and Bourdeaux seems to be altogether the effect of their situation.	ルーアンとボルドーの大貿易は、まったくその立地条件の効果であるように思われる。	Rouen|ルーアン|noun|a city in northern France	Bourdeaux|ボルドー|noun|a city in southwestern France	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	situation|立地条件|noun|the location of something in relation to its surroundings
Rouen is necessarily the entrepot of almost all the goods which are brought either from foreign countries, or from the maritime provinces of France, for the consumption of the great city of Paris.	ルーアンは必然的に、大都市パリの消費のために、外国から、あるいはフランスの沿岸地方から運ばれてくるほとんどすべての商品の集散地である。	Rouen|ルーアン|noun|a city in northern France	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	almost all|ほとんどすべての|determiner|nearly all	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	either|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	maritime province|沿岸地方|noun|a province that borders the sea	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	great city|大都市|noun|a large city	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France
Bourdeaux is, in the same manner, the entrepot of the wines which grow upon the banks of the Garronne, and of the rivers which run into it, one of the richest wine countries in the world, and which seems to produce the wine fittest for exportation, or best suited to the taste of foreign nations.	ボルドーは、同様に、ガロンヌ川の岸辺やそこに流れ込む川のほとりで栽培されるワインの集散地であり、世界で最も豊かなワイン産地のひとつであり、輸出に最も適したワイン、あるいは外国人の好みに最も合ったワインを生産しているようだ。	Bourdeaux|ボルドー|noun|a city in southwestern France	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	the Garronne|ガロンヌ川|noun|a river in southwestern France	run into|流れ込む|verb|flow into	one of the richest|最も豊かな|noun|one of the most affluent	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	fittest|最も適した|adjective|most suitable	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	best suited|最も合った|adjective|most appropriate	taste|好み|noun|the ability to sense the flavor of things
Such advantageous situations necessarily attract a great capital by the great employment which they afford it;	このような有利な立地条件は、必然的に、その立地条件が提供する大きな雇用によって、大きな資本を引き寄せる。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	situation|立地条件|noun|the place or type of place where something is located	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	attract|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
and the employment of this capital is the cause of the industry of those two cities.	そして、この資本の雇用が、この二つの都市の産業の原因である。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
In the other parliament towns of France, very little more capital seems to be employed than what is necessary for supplying their own consumption;	フランスの他の議会都市では、自分たちの消費を賄うのに必要な資本以外はほとんど使われていないようだ。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	parliament|議会|noun|a legislative body	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使う|verb|use	supply|賄う|verb|provide	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
that is, little more than the smallest capital which can be employed in them.	つまり、それらの都市で雇用できる最小の資本より少し多い程度である。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|多い|adjective|greater in size, amount, degree, or value	than|より|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	the smallest|最小の|adjective|of the least size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	can be employed|雇用できる|verb|be able to be used or utilized
The same thing may be said of Paris, Madrid, and Vienna.	パリ、マドリード、ウィーンについても同じことが言える。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	Madrid|マドリード|noun|the capital of Spain	Vienna|ウィーン|noun|the capital of Austria
Of those three cities, Paris is by far the most industrious, but Paris itself is the principal market of all the manufactures established at Paris, and its own consumption is the principal object of all the trade which it carries on.	この三都市の中では、パリが最も勤勉だが、パリ自体がパリに設立されたすべての製造業の主要市場であり、パリが営むすべての貿易の主な対象はパリ自身の消費である。	three|三|adjective|the number 3	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	itself|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something
London, Lisbon, and Copenhagen, are, perhaps, the only three cities in Europe, which are both the constant residence of a court, and can at the same time be considered as trading cities, or as cities which trade not only for their own consumption, but for that of other cities and countries.	ロンドン、リスボン、コペンハーゲンは、おそらくヨーロッパで唯一の三都市であり、宮廷の常住地であると同時に、貿易都市、あるいは自国の消費だけでなく、他の都市や国の消費のためにも貿易を行う都市と考えることができる。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital city of Portugal	Copenhagen|コペンハーゲン|noun|the capital city of Denmark	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	country|国|noun|a sovereign state
The situation of all the three is extremely advantageous, and naturally fits them to be the entrepots of a great part of the goods destined for the consumption of distant places.	三都市とも立地条件が非常に有利で、遠隔地の消費に充てられる商品の大部分の集散地に適している。	situation|立地条件|noun|the place or type of place where something is located	three|三都市|noun|the number 3	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	fit|適している|verb|be of the right shape and size	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time
In a city where a great revenue is spent, to employ with advantage a capital for any other purpose than for supplying the consumption of that city, is probably more difficult than in one in which the inferior ranks of people have no other maintenance but what they derive from the employment of such a capital.	大きな収入が費やされる都市では、その都市の消費を供給する以外の目的で資本を有利に利用することは、下層階級の人々がそのような資本の利用から得られる以外に生計を立てる方法がない都市よりも、おそらく難しい。	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	revenue|収入|noun|income	employ|利用する|verb|make use of	advantage|有利に|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	inferior|下層階級|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	maintenance|生計|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving something	derive|得られる|verb|obtain something from a specified source	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The idleness of the greater part of the people who are maintained by the expense of revenue, corrupts, it is probable, the industry of those who ought to be maintained by the employment of capital, and renders it less advantageous to employ a capital there than in other places.	収入の支出によって維持されている人々の大部分の怠惰は、おそらく、資本の使用によって維持されるべき人々の勤勉さを堕落させ、他の場所よりもそこで資本を使用することを不利にしている。	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express a duty or obligation	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
There was little trade or industry in Edinburgh before the Union.	連合王国成立以前のエジンバラには、ほとんど貿易や産業がなかった。	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	Union|連合王国|noun|the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
When the Scotch parliament was no longer to be assembled in it, when it ceased to be the necessary residence of the principal nobility and gentry of Scotland, it became a city of some trade and industry.	スコットランド議会がもはやそこで開催されなくなり、スコットランドの主要な貴族や紳士の居住地でなくなったとき、エジンバラは貿易と産業の都市となった。	Scotch parliament|スコットランド議会|noun|the national legislature of Scotland	be no longer to be|もはや〜ない|verb|not anymore	assembled|開催される|verb|gather together	principal nobility|主要な貴族|noun|the highest-ranking members of the nobility	gentry|紳士|noun|a person of good breeding	necessary residence|居住地|noun|a place where one lives	some trade and industry|貿易と産業|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services
It still continues, however, to be the residence of the principal courts of justice in Scotland, of the boards of customs and excise, etc.	しかし、エジンバラは依然としてスコットランドの主要な裁判所や税関などの所在地である。	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or operation	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just or fair	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	board|委員会|noun|a group of people who manage or direct an organization	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity
A considerable revenue, therefore, still continues to be spent in it.	したがって、かなりの収入が依然としてエジンバラで費やされている。	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	be spent|費やされる|verb|be used up or consumed
In trade and industry, it is much inferior to Glasgow, of which the inhabitants are chiefly maintained by the employment of capital.	貿易と産業において、エジンバラはグラスゴーよりはるかに劣っており、グラスゴーの住民は主に資本の運用によって生計を立てている。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower standard or quality	Glasgow|グラスゴー|noun|the largest city in Scotland	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	chiefly|主に|adverb|most importantly	maintain|生計を立てる|verb|support oneself by work	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The inhabitants of a large village, it has sometimes been observed, after having made considerable progress in manufactures, have become idle and poor, in consequence of a great lord’s having taken up his residence in their neighbourhood.	大村の住民は、製造業でかなりの進歩を遂げた後、大領主が近隣に住居を構えた結果、怠惰で貧しくなったことが時折観察されている。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	large village|大村|noun|a large human settlement in a rural area	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	considerable progress|かなりの進歩|noun|a large amount of progress	idle|怠惰|adjective|not working or active; unemployed	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place

The proportion between capital and revenue, therefore, seems everywhere to regulate the proportion between industry and idleness	したがって、資本と収入の比率は、どこでも産業と怠惰の比率を調整しているように見える。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	idleness|怠惰|noun|lack of activity or effort
Wherever capital predominates, industry prevails;	資本が優勢な場所では、産業が優勢である。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	predominate|優勢である|verb|be greater in number or amount	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
wherever revenue, idleness.	収入が優勢な場所では、怠惰が優勢である。	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle; inactivity
Every increase or diminution of capital, therefore, naturally tends to increase or diminish the real quantity of industry, the number of productive hands, and consequently the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, the real wealth and revenue of all its inhabitants.	したがって、資本の増加または減少はすべて、当然のことながら、産業の実際の量、生産的な労働者の数、そしてその結果として、その国の土地と労働の年間生産物の交換価値、すべての住民の実際の富と収入を増加または減少させる傾向がある。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	diminution|減少|noun|the action of making or becoming less	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	diminish|減少|noun|the action of making or becoming less	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work	consequently|その結果として|adverb|as a result	exchangeable|交換可能な|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間の|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature

Capitals are increased by parsimony, and diminished by prodigality and misconduct.	資本は倹約によって増加し、浪費と不正行為によって減少する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	prodigality|浪費|noun|the quality of spending money in a careless or extravagant way	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior, especially by an employee or professional person

Whatever a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital, and either employs it himself in maintaining an additional number of productive hands, or enables some other person to do so, by lending it to him for an interest, that is, for a share of the profits.	人が収入から貯蓄したものはすべて資本に加えられ、生産的な労働者を増やすために自分で雇用するか、利子、つまり利益の一部を得るために他の人に貸し出すことで、他の誰かがそうできるようにする。	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	revenue|収入|noun|income	add|加える|verb|join or combine	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	lend|貸し出す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
As the capital of an individual can be increased only by what he saves from his annual revenue or his annual gains, so the capital of a society, which is the same with that of all the individuals who compose it, can be increased only in the same manner.	個人の資本は、年収や年利から貯蓄したものによってのみ増加させることができるので、社会の資本も、それを構成するすべての個人の資本と同じであるが、同じ方法でしか増加させることができない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	annual|年|adjective|happening once every year	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	gain|利得|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up (something, especially money) for future use	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	compose|構成する|verb|make up the whole of	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens

Parsimony, and not industry, is the immediate cause of the increase of capital.	資本増加の直接的な原因は、産業ではなく倹約である。	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Industry, indeed, provides the subject which parsimony accumulates;	確かに、産業は倹約が蓄積する対象を提供する。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	subject|対象|noun|the person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thrift	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
but whatever industry might acquire, if parsimony did not save and store up, the capital would never be the greater.	しかし、産業が何を得ようとも、倹約が貯蓄して蓄積しなければ、資本は決して大きくならない。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	store up|蓄積する|verb|accumulate and keep	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

Parsimony, by increasing the fund which is destined for the maintenance of productive hands, tends to increase the number of those hands whose labour adds to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed.	倹約は、生産的な労働者の維持に充てられる資金を増やすことで、労働が対象物の価値を高める労働者の数を増やす傾向がある。	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular industry	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	add|高める|verb|join or combine two or more things together	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	subject|対象物|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honour, or favour
It tends, therefore, to increase the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.	したがって、それは国の土地と労働の年間生産物の交換価値を増加させる傾向がある。	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed by the quantity of another good or service for which it can be exchanged	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total value of goods and services produced in a country during one year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It puts into motion an additional quantity of industry, which gives an additional value to the annual produce.	それは、年間生産物に付加価値を与える追加の産業を動かす。	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced

What is annually saved, is as regularly consumed as what is annually spent, and nearly in the same time too: but it is consumed by a different set of people.	毎年貯蓄されるものは、毎年支出されるものと同様に定期的に消費され、ほぼ同じ時期に消費されるが、それは別の人々によって消費される。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	time|時期|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes	different|別の|adjective|not the same as another or each other	set|人々|noun|a group of people
That portion of his revenue which a rich man annually spends, is, in most cases, consumed by idle guests and menial servants, who leave nothing behind them in return for their consumption.	金持ちが毎年支出する収入のその部分は、ほとんどの場合、怠惰な客や下働きの召使によって消費され、彼らは消費の見返りとして何も残さない。	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	revenue|収入|noun|income	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	spend|支出する|verb|pay out (money)	idle|怠惰な|adjective|lazy	guest|客|noun|a person who is invited to visit someone's home	menial|下働きの|adjective|(of a task) not requiring much skill and lacking prestige	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	return|見返り|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing
That portion which he annually saves, as, for the sake of the profit, it is immediately employed as a capital, is consumed in the same manner, and nearly in the same time too, but by a different set of people: by labourers, manufacturers, and artificers, who reproduce, with a profit, the value of their annual consumption.	彼が毎年貯蓄するその部分は、利益のために、すぐに資本として使われ、同じ方法で、ほぼ同じ時期に消費されるが、別の人々、つまり労働者、製造業者、職人によって消費され、彼らは利益を伴って、年間消費量の価値を再生産する。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	reproduce|再生産する|verb|produce again or anew	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
His revenue, we shall suppose, is paid him in money.	彼の収入は、彼に金で支払われると仮定しよう。	revenue|収入|noun|income	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Had he spent the whole, the food, clothing, and lodging, which the whole could have purchased, would have been distributed among the former set of people.	もし彼が全部を支出していたなら、全部で買えたであろう食料、衣服、住居は、前述の人々の間で分配されたであろう。	spend|支出する|verb|pay out (money)	whole|全部|noun|all of something	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people
By saving a part of it, as that part is, for the sake of the profit, immediately employed as a capital, either by himself or by some other person, the food, clothing, and lodging, which may be purchased with it, are necessarily reserved for the latter.	その一部を貯蓄することによって、その部分は、利益のために、彼自身または他の誰かによって、すぐに資本として使われ、それで購入できる食料、衣服、住居は、必然的に後者のために確保される。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives or stays temporarily	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	latter|後者|noun|the second of two people or things mentioned
The consumption is the same, but the consumers are different.	消費は同じだが、消費者は異なる。	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use

By what a frugal man annually saves, he not only affords maintenance to an additional number of productive hands, for that of the ensuing year, but like the founder of a public work-house he establishes, as it were, a perpetual fund for the maintenance of an equal number in all times to come.	質素な人が毎年貯蓄することによって、彼は翌年のために、生産的な労働者の数を増やすだけでなく、公共の作業所の創設者のように、いわば、将来にわたって同数の労働者を維持するための永続的な基金を設立する。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	afford|与える|verb|be able to do or have something	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works	ensuing|翌年|adjective|following in time	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	work-house|作業所|noun|a place where people are given work to do	founder|創設者|noun|a person who establishes an institution or settlement	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	equal|同数の|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	time|将来|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
The perpetual allotment and destination of this fund, indeed, is not always guarded by any positive law, by any trust-right or deed of mortmain.	実際、この基金の永続的な配分と使途は、常に何らかの制定法や信託権、または永代所有権によって守られているわけではない。	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever	allotment|配分|noun|a portion of something that is given to someone	destination|使途|noun|the place to which someone or something is going or being sent	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	positive law|制定法|noun|a law that has been created by humans	trust-right|信託権|noun|the right to hold property in trust for another person	deed of mortmain|永代所有権|noun|a legal document that transfers ownership of property to a religious or charitable organization
It is always guarded, however, by a very powerful principle, the plain and evident interest of every individual to whom any share of it shall ever belong.	しかし、それは常に非常に強力な原則、つまりその一部を所有することになるすべての個人の明白で明らかな利益によって守られている。	be guarded|守られている|verb|be protected or defended	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	plain|明白な|adjective|clear and simple	evident|明らかな|adjective|obvious or easily seen or understood	interest|利益|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
No part of it can ever afterwards be employed to maintain any but productive hands, without an evident loss to the person who thus perverts it from its proper destination.	その後、その一部を生産的な労働者以外の維持に使用することはできないが、そうして適切な目的から逸脱させた人は明らかに損失を被る。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	ever afterwards|その後|adverb|at any time after a particular event	employ|使用する|verb|use	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	evident|明らかな|adjective|easy to see or understand	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	person|人|noun|a human being	thus|そうして|adverb|in this way	pervert|逸脱させる|verb|cause to turn aside from the proper course	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	destination|目的|noun|the place to which someone or something is going or being sent

The prodigal perverts it in this manner: By not confining his expense within his income, he encroaches upon his capital.	放蕩者は、次のような方法でそれを逸脱させる。彼は支出を収入の範囲内にとどめず、資本を侵害する。	prodigal|放蕩者|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	pervert|逸脱させる|verb|cause to turn aside from the proper or intended course	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	confine|とどめる|verb|keep or restrict within limits	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	income|収入|noun|money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Like him who perverts the revenues of some pious foundation to profane purposes, he pays the wages of idleness with those funds which the frugality of his forefathers had, as it were, consecrated to the maintenance of industry.	信心深い財団の収入を冒涜的な目的に流用する者のように、彼は先祖の倹約が産業の維持に捧げた資金で怠惰の報酬を支払う。	pervert|流用する|verb|turn away from the right course	revenue|収入|noun|income	pious|信心深い|adjective|having or showing a strong belief in a religion	foundation|財団|noun|an institution or organization established and funded by a person or group of people	profane|冒涜的な|adjective|not concerned with religion or religious purposes; secular	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	wage|報酬|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food; economy	forefather|先祖|noun|a person from whom one is descended	consecrate|捧げる|verb|dedicate formally to a deity or to some religious purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition
By diminishing the funds destined for the employment of productive labour, he necessarily diminishes, so far as it depends upon him, the quantity of that labour which adds a value to the subject upon which it is bestowed, and, consequently, the value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the whole country, the real wealth and revenue of its inhabitants.	生産的労働の雇用に充てられる資金を減らすことで、彼は必然的に、彼に依存する限り、それが与えられる対象に価値を付加する労働の量を減らし、その結果、国全体の土地と労働の年間生産物の価値、住民の真の富と収入を減らす。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
If the prodigality of some were not compensated by the frugality of others, the conduct of every prodigal, by feeding the idle with the bread of the industrious, would tend not only to beggar himself, but to impoverish his country.	一部の人の放蕩が他の人の倹約によって補われなければ、すべての放蕩者の行為は、勤勉な人のパンを与えて怠惰な人を養うことで、自分自身を乞食にするだけでなく、国を貧困にする傾向がある。	prodigality|放蕩|noun|the quality of being extravagant and wasteful	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	conduct|行為|noun|the way in which someone behaves	prodigal|放蕩者|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	feed|養う|verb|give food to	idle|怠惰|adjective|avoiding work or effort	industrious|勤勉|adjective|working hard	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food	impoverish|貧困にする|verb|make poor

Though the expense of the prodigal should be altogether in home made, and no part of it in foreign commodities, its effect upon the productive funds of the society would still be the same.	放蕩者の支出はすべて国産品で、外国製品には一切使われないとしても、社会の生産資金への影響は同じである。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	prodigal|放蕩者|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	home|国産品|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	foreign|外国製品|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	productive|生産|adjective|having the power to produce	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
Every year there would still be a certain quantity of food and clothing, which ought to have maintained productive, employed in maintaining unproductive hands.	毎年、生産性を維持すべき一定量の食料や衣料品が、非生産的な労働者の維持に使われることになる。	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite quantity	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk	clothing|衣料品|noun|the things that people wear	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	employed|使われる|verb|use or engage for a particular purpose	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work for another person
Every year, therefore, there would still be some diminution in what would otherwise have been the value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.	したがって、毎年、そうでなければ国の土地と労働の年間生産物の価値となるものが、多少減少することになる。	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	some|多少|determiner|a small amount of	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

This expense, it may be said, indeed, not being in foreign goods, and not occasioning any exportation of gold and silver, the same quantity of money would remain in the country as before.	この支出は、確かに、外国製品ではなく、金や銀の輸出も起こさないので、以前と同じ量の貨幣が国内に残ると言えるかもしれない。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	remain|残る|verb|be left after others or other parts have been removed or used	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously
But if the quantity of food and clothing which were thus consumed by unproductive, had been distributed among productive hands, they would have reproduced, together with a profit, the full value of their consumption.	しかし、非生産的な労働者によって消費された食料や衣料品の量が生産的な労働者に分配されていたら、彼らは利益とともに消費の全価値を再生産したであろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk by living organisms, especially by human beings, in order to sustain life and for growth	clothing|衣料品|noun|the things that people wear	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	reproduce|再生産する|verb|produce again or anew	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
The same quantity of money would, in this case, equally have remained in the country, and there would, besides, have been a reproduction of an equal value of consumable goods.	この場合、同じ量の貨幣が国内に残り、さらに、同等の価値の消費財が再生産されたであろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same manner	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	besides|さらに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	reproduction|再生産|noun|the action or process of reproducing something
There would have been two values instead of one.	一つの価値の代わりに二つの価値があったであろう。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	two|二つ|noun|a number equal to one plus one

The same quantity of money, besides, can not long remain in any country in which the value of the annual produce diminishes.	その上、同じ量の貨幣は、年産物の価値が減少する国では長く残ることができない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
The sole use of money is to circulate consumable goods.	貨幣の唯一の用途は消費財を流通させることである。	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system	consumable|消費財|noun|a thing that is capable of being consumed
By means of it, provisions, materials, and finished work, are bought and sold, and distributed to their proper consumers.	それによって、食料、材料、完成品が売買され、適切な消費者に配布される。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that is ready for sale	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	distribute|配布する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
The quantity of money, therefore, which can be annually employed in any country, must be determined by the value of the consumable goods annually circulated within it.	したがって、どの国でも年間に使用できる貨幣の量は、その国で年間に流通する消費財の価値によって決定される。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	annually|年間に|adverb|once a year	employ|使用できる|verb|use	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	determine|決定される|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	goods|財|noun|a thing or things	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system	annually|年間に|adverb|once a year
These must consist, either in the immediate produce of the land and labour of the country itself, or in something which had been purchased with some part of that produce.	これらは、その国自体の土地と労働の直接の生産物か、その生産物の一部で購入されたもので構成されなければならない。	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	purchase|購入|verb|buy	part|一部|noun|a piece of something
Their value, therefore, must diminish as the value of that produce diminishes, and along with it the quantity of money which can be employed in circulating them.	したがって、それらの価値は、その生産物の価値が減少するにつれて減少し、それに伴ってそれらを流通させるのに使用できる貨幣の量も減少する。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	along with|伴って|preposition|together with	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	employ|使用できる|verb|use or engage the services of	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
But the money which, by this annual diminution of produce, is annually thrown out of domestic circulation, will not be allowed to lie idle.	しかし、この生産物の年々の減少によって、毎年国内の流通から放り出される貨幣は、遊んで寝かされることは許されない。	annual|年々の|adjective|happening once a year	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	throw out|放り出す|verb|to get rid of something	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a home or family	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	lie idle|遊んで寝かされる|verb|to be unused or inactive
The interest of whoever possesses it requires that it should be employed;	それを所有する人の利益は、それが使われることを要求する。	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of someone or something	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	employ|使う|verb|use or engage the services of
but having no employment at home, it will, in spite of all laws and prohibitions, be sent abroad, and employed in purchasing consumable goods, which may be of some use at home.	しかし、国内で使われることがなければ、あらゆる法律や禁止にもかかわらず、海外に送られ、国内で何らかの用途がある消費財の購入に使われることになる。	at home|国内で|adverb|in one's own country	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	abroad|海外に|adverb|in or to a foreign country	at home|国内で|adverb|in one's own country
Its annual exportation will, in this manner, continue for some time to add something to the annual consumption of the country beyond the value of its own annual produce.	このように、その年々の輸出は、しばらくの間、その国の年々の消費に、その国自身の年々の生産物の価値を超えた何かを加え続けることになる。	annual|年々の|adjective|happening or done once a year	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	annual consumption|年々の消費|noun|the amount of something that is used or eaten in a year	beyond|超えて|preposition|on the far side of	annual produce|年々の生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced in a year
What in the days of its prosperity had been saved from that annual produce, and employed in purchasing gold and silver, will contribute, for some little time, to support its consumption in adversity.	繁栄の時代にその年々の生産物から貯蓄され、金銀の購入に使われていたものは、しばらくの間、逆境における消費を支えるのに役立つだろう。	day|日々|noun|a period of time	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	annual|年々の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	employ|使う|verb|use	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	adversity|逆境|noun|a difficult or unpleasant situation
The exportation of gold and silver is, in this case, not the cause, but the effect of its declension, and may even, for some little time, alleviate the misery of that declension.	この場合、金銀の輸出は、その衰退の原因ではなく結果であり、しばらくの間、その衰退の悲惨さを軽減するかもしれない。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	cause|原因|noun|the reason for which something happens	effect|結果|noun|the result or outcome of an action or event	declension|衰退|noun|a decline or decrease	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make less severe or serious	misery|悲惨さ|noun|a state of great suffering or unhappiness

The quantity of money, on the contrary, must in every country naturally increase as the value of the annual produce increases.	逆に、貨幣の量は、どの国でも年産物の価値が増加するにつれて自然に増加するはずである。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	must|はずである|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	every country|どの国でも|noun|each nation	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The value of the consumable goods annually circulated within the society being greater, will require a greater quantity of money to circulate them.	社会内で毎年流通する消費財の価値が大きければ、それらを流通させるためにより多くの貨幣が必要になる。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	consumable goods|消費財|noun|goods that are used up in the process of being used	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	require|必要になる|verb|need for a particular purpose	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
A part of the increased produce, therefore, will naturally be employed in purchasing, wherever it is to be had, the additional quantity of gold and silver necessary for circulating the rest.	したがって、増加した生産物の一部は、どこで手に入れようとも、残りの部分を流通させるために必要な金銀の追加量の購入に自然に使われることになる。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	employ|使う|verb|use	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	wherever|どこで|adverb|in or to whatever place	have|手に入れよう|verb|possess, own, or hold	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	circulate|流通|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely
The increase of those metals will, in this case, be the effect, not the cause, of the public prosperity.	この場合、これらの金属の増加は、国民の繁栄の原因ではなく結果となる。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success
Gold and silver are purchased everywhere in the same manner.	金銀はどこでも同じように購入される。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|購入|verb|buy	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
The food, clothing, and lodging, the revenue and maintenance, of all those whose labour or stock is employed in bringing them from the mine to the market, is the price paid for them in Peru as well as in England.	金銀を鉱山から市場に運ぶために労働や資本を投入したすべての人々の食事、衣服、住居、収入、維持費は、イギリスでもペルーでも金銀に支払われる価格である。	food|食事|noun|any substance that can be eaten	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	lodging|住居|noun|a place where someone lives	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	labour|労働|noun|work	stock|資本|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America
The country which has this price to pay, will never belong without the quantity of those metals which it has occasion for;	この代金を支払う国は、必要とする金属の量が不足することは決してない。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or product	belong|不足する|verb|be a member of a group or organization	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity
and no country will ever long retain a quantity which it has no occasion for.	そして、必要のない量を長く保有する国は決してない。	no country|国はない|noun|no nation	ever long|長く|adverb|for a long time	retain|保有する|verb|keep in one's possession	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing

Whatever, therefore, we may imagine the real wealth and revenue of a country to consist in, whether in the value of the annual produce of its land and labour, as plain reason seems to dictate, or in the quantity of the precious metals which circulate within it, as vulgar prejudices suppose;	したがって、国の真の富と収入が何であれ、それが土地と労働の年間生産物の価値にあると想像するかもしれないが、それは単純な理屈が示すように、あるいはその中で流通する貴金属の量にあると想像するかもしれないが、それは俗な偏見が想定しているように、	real wealth|真の富|noun|the value of all the assets of a person or organization	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	consist in|にある|verb|be composed of	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	plain reason|単純な理屈|noun|a reason that is easy to understand	dictate|示す|verb|say or read aloud for someone to write down	vulgar prejudice|俗な偏見|noun|a prejudice that is common among ordinary people	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true or will happen
in either view of the matter, every prodigal appears to be a public enemy, and every frugal man a public benefactor.	どちらの見方をしても、浪費家はすべて公衆の敵であり、倹約家はすべて公衆の恩人であるように思われる。	either|どちらの|adjective|one or the other of two people or things	view|見方|noun|a way of thinking about something	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation under consideration	prodigal|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	frugal|倹約家|adjective|sparing or economical with regard to money or food	benefactor|恩人|noun|a person who gives money or other help to a person or cause

The effects of misconduct are often the same as those of prodigality.	不正行為の影響は、しばしば浪費の影響と同じである。	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior	prodigality|浪費|noun|the quality of being wastefully extravagant
Every injudicious and unsuccessful project in agriculture, mines, fisheries, trade, or manufactures, tends in the same manner to diminish the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour.	農業、鉱業、漁業、貿易、製造業におけるあらゆる軽率で失敗した事業は、同じように生産的労働の維持に充てられる資金を減少させる傾向がある。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	mine|鉱業|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	injudicious|軽率な|adjective|showing a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rash	unsuccessful|失敗した|adjective|not achieving the desired end or result	project|事業|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services
In every such project, though the capital is consumed by productive hands only, yet as, by the injudicious manner in which they are employed, they do not reproduce the full value of their consumption, there must always be some diminution in what would otherwise have been the productive funds of the society.	そのような事業では、資本は生産的な労働者によってのみ消費されるが、彼らが雇用される際の軽率な方法によって、彼らは消費の全価値を再生産しないので、そうでなければ社会の生産的資金となったであろうものに常にいくらかの減少があるに違いない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hand|労働者|noun|a person who does work, especially physical work	injudicious|軽率な|adjective|showing a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rash	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it	reproduce|再生産する|verb|produce a copy of	full|全|adjective|complete; entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; if not	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose

It can seldom happen, indeed, that the circumstances of a great nation can be much affected either by the prodigality or misconduct of individuals;	実際、大国の状況が個人の浪費や不正行為によって大きく影響を受けることはめったに起こり得ない。	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	prodigality|浪費|noun|the quality of being wastefully extravagant	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior
the profusion or imprudence of some being always more than compensated by the frugality and good conduct of others.	一部の人の浪費や軽率さは、常に他の人の倹約や善行によって補われる以上のものである。	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure	imprudence|軽率|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being economical with money or food	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is considered morally right or acceptable

With regard to profusion, the principle which prompts to expense is the passion for present enjoyment;	浪費に関して言えば、出費を促す原理は現在の楽しみへの情熱である。	with regard to|に関して言えば|preposition|in relation to; concerning	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure	prompt|促す|verb|cause to happen	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something
which, though sometimes violent and very difficult to be restrained, is in general only momentary and occasional.	それは、時には激しく、抑制するのが非常に難しいが、一般的には瞬間的で散発的なものである。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something	momentary|瞬間的|adjective|lasting for a very short time	occasional|散発的|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly
But the principle which prompts to save, is the desire of bettering our condition;	しかし、貯蓄を促す原理は、私たちの状況を改善したいという欲求である。	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	prompt|促す|verb|cause to happen	save|貯蓄|noun|the money that is saved	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen
a desire which, though generally calm and dispassionate, comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us till we go into the grave.	一般的には穏やかで冷静な欲求だが、胎内から私たちと共にあり、墓に入るまで決して私たちを離れることはない。	desire|欲求|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	calm|穏やかな|adjective|not showing or feeling strong emotions	dispassionate|冷静な|adjective|not influenced by strong emotions	womb|胎内|noun|the uterus	grave|墓|noun|a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried
In the whole interval which separates those two moments, there is scarce, perhaps, a single instance, in which any man is so perfectly and completely satisfied with his situation, as to be without any wish of alteration or improvement of any kind.	この二つの瞬間を隔てる全期間において、自分の状況に完全に満足し、いかなる種類の変更や改善の希望も持たないような人は、おそらくほとんどいないであろう。	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	interval|期間|noun|a space of time between two events	separate|隔てる|verb|keep apart	scarce|ほとんどいない|adjective|not enough	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	satisfied|満足する|verb|be content with	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	wish|希望|noun|a desire or hope for something	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something
An augmentation of fortune is the means by which the greater part of men propose and wish to better their condition.	富の増大は、大部分の人々が自分の状況を改善しようと提案し、望む手段である。	augmentation|増大|noun|the action or process of increasing	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	wish|望む|verb|want something to happen or be the case
It is the means the most vulgar and the most obvious;	それは最も卑俗で最も明白な手段である。	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	vulgar|卑俗な|adjective|lacking in refinement or good taste	obvious|明白な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear, self-evident, or apparent
and the most likely way of augmenting their fortune, is to save and accumulate some part of what they acquire, either regularly and annually, or upon some extraordinary occasion.	そして、彼らの富を増やす最も可能性の高い方法は、定期的、年次、または特別な機会に、彼らが獲得したものの一部を貯蓄して蓄積することである。	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	annually|年次に|adverb|once a year	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable
Though the principle of expense, therefore, prevails in almost all men upon some occasions, and in some men upon almost all occasions;	したがって、支出の原則は、ほとんどすべての人にある機会に、またある人にはほとんどすべての機会に優勢であるが、	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	prevail|優勢である|verb|be greater in number or amount	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
yet in the greater part of men, taking the whole course of their life at an average, the principle of frugality seems not only to predominate, but to predominate very greatly.	それでも、人生の全過程を平均的に考えると、大部分の人々においては、節約の原則が優勢であるだけでなく、非常に優勢であるように思われる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	take|考える|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	whole course|全過程|noun|the entire sequence of events	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, quality, standard, etc.	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	predominate|優勢である|verb|be greater in number or amount	greatly|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very much

With regard to misconduct, the number of prudent and successful undertakings is everywhere much greater than that of injudicious and unsuccessful ones.	不正行為に関して言えば、賢明で成功した事業の数は、どこでも無分別で失敗した事業の数よりもはるかに多い。	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	successful|成功した|adjective|having achieved the desired outcome	undertaking|事業|noun|a task or project that is attempted or carried out	injudicious|無分別な|adjective|showing a lack of care for the consequences of an action; unwise	unsuccessful|失敗した|adjective|not having achieved the desired outcome
After all our complaints of the frequency of bankruptcies, the unhappy men who fall into this misfortune, make but a very small part of the whole number engaged in trade, and all other sorts of business;	破産の頻度についてあれこれ不満を述べたところで、この不幸に見舞われる不幸な人々は、貿易やその他のあらゆる種類の事業に従事している全体のごく一部にすぎない。	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	fall into|見舞われる|verb|be affected by	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	make|すぎない|verb|form or constitute	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
not much more, perhaps, than one in a thousand.	おそらく千人に一人程度にすぎない。	not much more|それほど多くない|adverb|not a lot more	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	one in a thousand|千人に一人|noun|a very small proportion
Bankruptcy is, perhaps, the greatest and most humiliating calamity which can befal an innocent man.	破産は、おそらく、罪のない人間に降りかかる最大の、そして最も屈辱的な災難である。	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	great|最大の|adjective|of major significance or importance	humiliating|屈辱的な|adjective|causing a severe loss in the dignity of and respect for someone or something	calamity|災難|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
The greater part of men, therefore, are sufficiently careful to avoid it.	したがって、ほとんどの人はそれを避けるのに十分注意深い。	greater part|ほとんど|noun|the majority	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening
Some, indeed, do not avoid it;	確かに、それを避けられない人もいる。	some|ある人|noun|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening
as some do not avoid the gallows.	絞首台を避けられない人もいるように。	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	gallows|絞首台|noun|a structure, typically with two or more uprights and a crossbeam, for execution by hanging

Great nations are never impoverished by private, though they sometimes are by public prodigality and misconduct.	大国は、公的な浪費や不正行為によって貧困に陥ることはあっても、私的な浪費や不正行為によって貧困に陥ることは決してない。	great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	impoverished|貧困に陥る|verb|make poor	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	prodigality|浪費|noun|extravagant expenditure	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior
The whole, or almost the whole public revenue is, in most countries, employed in maintaining unproductive hands.	ほとんどの国では、公的収入の全部またはほとんど全部が非生産的な労働者の維持に充てられている。	whole|全部|noun|all of something	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	most countries|ほとんどの国|noun|the majority of countries	employed|充てられている|verb|use for a particular purpose	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker
Such are the people who compose a numerous and splendid court, a great ecclesiastical establishment, great fleets and armies, who in time of peace produce nothing, and in time of war acquire nothing which can compensate the expense of maintaining them, even while the war lasts.	そのような人々は、大勢の華やかな宮廷、大教会、大艦隊、大軍隊を構成しており、平時には何も生産せず、戦時にも戦争が続いている間でさえ、彼らを維持するための費用を補うことができるものを何も獲得しない。	numerous|大勢の|adjective|consisting of a great many	splendid|華やかな|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or the clergy	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or public institution	fleet|艦隊|noun|a group of ships	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	peace|平時|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦時|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time
Such people, as they themselves produce nothing, are all maintained by the produce of other men’s labour.	そのような人々は、自分たちでは何も生産しないので、すべて他人の労働の生産物によって維持されている。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	other|他人の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
When multiplied, therefore, to an unnecessary number, they may in a particular year consume so great a share of this produce, as not to leave a sufficiency for maintaining the productive labourers, who should reproduce it next year.	したがって、不必要に増加すると、ある年にはこの生産物の大部分を消費し、翌年にそれを再現する生産労働者を維持するのに十分な量を残さないことがある。	multiply|増加する|verb|increase in number	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	share|大部分|noun|a portion of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	leave|残す|verb|go away from	sufficiency|十分な量|noun|as much or as many as required	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue	productive labourer|生産労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or other place where goods are produced	reproduce|再現する|verb|make a copy of	next year|翌年|noun|the year after this one
The next year’s produce, therefore, will be less than that of the foregoing;	したがって、翌年の生産量は前年よりも少なくなることになる。	next year|翌年|noun|the year after this one	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many as	foregoing|前年|noun|the year before this one
and if the same disorder should continue, that of the third year will be still less than that of the second.	そして、同じ混乱が続くと、3年目の生産量は2年目の生産量よりもさらに少なくなることになる。	disorder|混乱|noun|a state of confusion and lack of order	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	third|3年目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	second|2年目|adjective|coming after the first in a series
Those unproductive hands who should be maintained by a part only of the spare revenue of the people, may consume so great a share of their whole revenue, and thereby oblige so great a number to encroach upon their capitals, upon the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour, that all the frugality and good conduct of individuals may not be able to compensate the waste and degradation of produce occasioned by this violent and forced encroachment.	人々の余裕のある収入の一部だけで維持されるべき非生産的な労働者は、彼らの収入全体の非常に大きな部分を消費し、それによって非常に多くの人々が彼らの資本、生産的労働の維持のために運命づけられた資金を侵害することを余儀なくされ、個人のすべての倹約と善行は、この暴力的で強制的な侵害によって引き起こされた生産物の浪費と劣化を補償することができないかもしれない。	spare revenue|余裕のある収入|noun|revenue that is not needed for immediate expenses	maintain|維持される|verb|keep in good condition	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	great|非常に大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	oblige|余儀なくされる|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	great|非常に多くの|adjective|of major significance or importance	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving something	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food; economy	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is considered morally right or acceptable	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	waste|浪費|noun|the action or fact of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	degradation|劣化|noun|the state or process of degrading or being degraded	occasion|引き起こされる|verb|cause or give rise to	violent|暴力的な|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	forced|強制的な|adjective|done or produced with effort or difficulty	encroachment|侵害|noun|intrusion on

This frugality and good conduct, however, is, upon most occasions, it appears from experience, sufficient to compensate, not only the private prodigality and misconduct of individuals, but the public extravagance of government.	しかし、この倹約と善行は、ほとんどの場合、経験からすると、個人の私的な浪費や不正行為だけでなく、政府の公的な浪費を補うのに十分であるように思われる。	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is considered morally right	most occasions|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of cases	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	private prodigality|私的な浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources freely and recklessly	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior	public extravagance|公的な浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources freely and recklessly
The uniform, constant, and uninterrupted effort of every man to better his condition, the principle from which public and national, as well as private opulence is originally derived, is frequently powerful enough to maintain the natural progress of things towards improvement, in spite both of the extravagance of government, and of the greatest errors of administration.	自分の境遇を改善しようとするすべての人の一貫した、絶え間ない、そして途切れることのない努力は、公的、国家的、そして私的な富が元々由来する原理であり、政府の浪費と行政の最大の過ちにもかかわらず、物事の改善に向けた自然な進歩を維持するのに十分な力を持っていることが多い。	uniform|一貫した|adjective|not changing in form or character	constant|絶え間ない|adjective|non-varying	uninterrupted|途切れることのない|adjective|continuous	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	better|改善する|verb|make or become better	condition|境遇|noun|the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	national|国家的|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its government	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	derive|由来する|verb|obtain something from a specified source	frequently|多い|adverb|often; many times	powerful|力強い|adjective|having great power or strength	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something or the state of being improved	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	extravagance|浪費|noun|a lack of moderation or restraint in spending	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business, organization, or institution
Like the unknown principle of animal life, it frequently restores health and vigour to the constitution, in spite not only of the disease, but of the absurd prescriptions of the doctor.	動物の生命の未知の原理のように、それは病気だけでなく医者のばかげた処方箋にもかかわらず、しばしば体質に健康と活力を取り戻す。	animal life|動物の生命|noun|the life of an animal	unknown principle|未知の原理|noun|a principle that is not known	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	restore|取り戻す|verb|bring back to a former condition	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	constitution|体質|noun|the physical or mental state of a person	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	disease|病気|noun|a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury	doctor|医者|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine

The annual produce of the land and labour of any nation can be increased in its value by no other means, but by increasing either the number of its productive labourers, or the productive powers of those labourers who had before been employed.	どの国の土地と労働の年間生産物も、生産労働者の数を増やすか、以前に雇用されていた労働者の生産力を増やす以外に、その価値を増やす方法はない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	means|方法|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled, manual work for wages	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it
The number of its productive labourers, it is evident, can never be much increased, but in consequence of an increase of capital, or of the funds destined for maintaining them.	生産労働者の数は、資本の増加、または彼らを維持するための資金の増加の結果としてしか、大幅に増加することはできないことは明らかである。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue
The productive powers of the same number of labourers cannot be increased, but in consequence either of some addition and improvement to those machines and instruments which facilitate and abridge labour, or of more proper division and distribution of employment.	同じ数の労働者の生産力を増大させることはできないが、労働を容易にし、短縮する機械や道具の追加や改良、あるいはより適切な分業と雇用の分配の結果として増大させることができる。	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	same number|同じ数|noun|the same quantity	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	addition|追加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|shorten by omitting or summarizing	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients
In either case, an additional capital is almost always required.	いずれの場合も、ほとんど常に追加の資本が必要である。	either case|いずれの場合も|noun|both of the two alternatives	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
It is by means of an additional capital only, that the undertaker of any work can either provide his workmen with better machinery, or make a more proper distribution of employment among them.	どんな仕事の請負業者も、追加資本によってのみ、労働者にもっと良い機械を提供したり、彼らの間でより適切な雇用の分配をすることができる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work	machinery|機械|noun|machines collectively	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
When the work to be done consists of a number of parts, to keep every man constantly employed in one way, requires a much greater capital than where every man is occasionally employed in every different part of the work.	なすべき仕事が多くの部分から成り立っている場合、すべての人を常に一つの方法で雇用し続けるには、すべての人が時折仕事のあらゆる部分で雇用される場合よりも、はるかに多くの資本が必要である。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	consist of|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	keep|保つ|verb|cause to continue	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
When we compare, therefore, the state of a nation at two different periods, and find that the annual produce of its land and labour is evidently greater at the latter than at the former, that its lands are better cultivated, its manufactures more numerous and more flourishing, and its trade more extensive;	したがって、二つの異なる時期における一国の状態を比較して、その土地と労働の年間生産量が前者よりも後者の方が明らかに大きく、その土地がよりよく耕作され、その製造業がより多く、より繁栄し、その貿易がより広範囲に及んでいることを発見したとき、	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	former|前者|adjective|the first of two things mentioned	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	numerous|多い|adjective|great in number; many	flourishing|繁栄する|adjective|developing or doing well	trade|貿易|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services
we may be assured that its capital must have increased during the interval between those two periods, and that more must have been added to it by the good conduct of some, than had been taken from it either by the private misconduct of others, or by the public extravagance of government.	その二つの時期の間にその資本が増加したに違いないこと、そして他の人々の私的な不正行為や政府の公的な浪費によって奪われたよりも、一部の人々の善行によってより多くのものが加えられたに違いないことを確信できる。	be assured|確信できる|verb|be certain or confident about something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	interval|間|noun|a space of time between two events or states	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is considered morally right or acceptable	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	misconduct|不正行為|noun|unacceptable or improper behavior	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	extravagance|浪費|noun|spending money or using resources in a careless or wasteful way
But we shall find this to have been the case of almost all nations, in all tolerably quiet and peaceable times, even of those who have not enjoyed the most prudent and parsimonious governments.	しかし、これは、最も賢明で倹約的な政府を享受していない国々でさえ、ほとんどすべての国々で、かなり静かで平和な時代に当てはまることがわかるだろう。	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
To form a right judgment of it, indeed, we must compare the state of the country at periods somewhat distant from one another.	実際、正しい判断を下すには、互いにやや離れた時期の国の状態を比較しなければならない。	form|下す|verb|make or produce	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	somewhat|やや|adverb|to some extent; a little; slightly	distant|離れた|adjective|far apart in space or time
The progress is frequently so gradual, that, at near periods, the improvement is not only not sensible, but, from the declension either of certain branches of industry, or of certain districts of the country, things which sometimes happen, though the country in general is in great prosperity, there frequently arises a suspicion, that the riches and industry of the whole are decaying.	進歩はしばしば非常に緩やかなので、近い時期には改善が感じられないというだけでなく、産業の特定の部門や国の特定の地区の衰退から、国全体が非常に繁栄しているにもかかわらず、時々起こることだが、全体の富と産業が衰退しているという疑念がしばしば生じる。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	gradual|緩やか|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by small degrees	near|近い|adjective|close in space or time	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	sensible|感じられる|adjective|able to be perceived by the senses	declension|衰退|noun|a decline or decrease	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	suspicion|疑念|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	decay|衰退|verb|rot or decompose

The annual produce of the land and labour of England, for example, is certainly much greater than it was a little more than a century ago, at the restoration of Charles II.	例えば、イギリスの土地と労働の年間生産量は、1世紀ほど前のチャールズ二世の復権時よりもはるかに多い。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	ago|前|adverb|earlier in time	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649
Though at present few people, I believe, doubt of this, yet during this period five years have seldom passed away, in which some book or pamphlet has not been published, written, too, with such abilities as to gain some authority with the public, and pretending to demonstrate that the wealth of the nation was fast declining;	現在では、これを疑う人はほとんどいないと思うが、この期間に5年が過ぎ去ることはめったになく、その間に、国民の間で一定の権威を得るような能力をもって書かれ、国民の富が急速に衰退していることを証明するふりをする本やパンフレットが出版されなかったことはめったにない。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	doubt|疑う|verb|be uncertain about	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	five years|5年|noun|a period of five years	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	pass away|過ぎ去る|verb|die	some book or pamphlet|本やパンフレット|noun|a book or pamphlet	publish|出版される|verb|prepare and issue for public distribution	write|書かれる|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	public|国民|noun|the people as a whole	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	decline|衰退する|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less
that the country was depopulated, agriculture neglected, manufactures decaying, and trade undone.	国は過疎化し、農業は軽視され、製造業は衰退し、貿易は衰退した。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	depopulate|過疎化する|verb|reduce the population of	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	neglect|軽視する|verb|fail to care for properly	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	decay|衰退する|verb|rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
Nor have these publications been all party pamphlets, the wretched offspring of falsehood and venality.	また、これらの出版物はすべて党派的なパンフレットであり、虚偽と堕落の惨めな子孫であったわけではない。	publication|出版物|noun|a book or magazine that is published	party|党派|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office	pamphlet|パンフレット|noun|a small booklet giving information about a particular subject	falsehood|虚偽|noun|a false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a lie	venality|堕落|noun|the quality of being open to bribery or corruption
Many of them have been written by very candid and very intelligent people, who wrote nothing but what they believed, and for no other reason but because they believed it.	その多くは、非常に率直で非常に知的な人々によって書かれており、彼らは信じていること以外は何も書かず、信じているからこそ書いている。	many of|多く|noun|a large number of	have been written|書かれている|verb|be written	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	candid|率直な|adjective|frank and honest	intelligent|知的な|adjective|having or showing intelligence	nothing but|以外は何も|adverb|only; exclusively	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	for no other reason but|だからこそ|adverb|for this reason and no other	because|だから|conjunction|for the reason that

The annual produce of the land and labour of England, again, was certainly much greater at the Restoration than we can suppose it to have been about a hundred years before, at the accession of Elizabeth.	イングランドの土地と労働の年間生産量は、王政復古の頃には、エリザベス女王の即位の頃の約100年前に比べて、確かにはるかに多かった。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Restoration|王政復古|noun|the restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660	suppose|推測する|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	before|前|preposition|earlier than	accession|即位|noun|the attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power
At this period, too, we have all reason to believe, the country was much more advanced in improvement, than it had been about a century before, towards the close of the dissensions between the houses of York and Lancaster.	この時期にも、ヨーク家とランカスター家の間の争いが終わりに近づいていた約1世紀前と比べて、この国ははるかに進歩していたと信じるに足る理由がある。	at this period|この時期に|noun phrase|at this time	too|も|adverb|also; as well	have reason to|理由がある|verb phrase|have a good reason to	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be advanced in|進歩している|verb phrase|be far along in	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	it had been|そうであった|verb phrase|it was	about a century before|約1世紀前|noun phrase|about 100 years ago	towards|頃|preposition|near in time; close to	the close of|終わり|noun phrase|the end of	the dissensions|争い|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	between|間の|preposition|in the space or interval between	the houses of York and Lancaster|ヨーク家とランカスター家|noun phrase|the royal houses of York and Lancaster
Even then it was, probably, in a better condition than it had been at the Norman conquest: and at the Norman conquest, than during the confusion of the Saxon heptarchy.	それでも、おそらくノルマン征服時よりも良い状態だったし、ノルマン征服時もサクソン七王国時代の混乱期よりも良い状態だった。	even then|それでも|adverb|in spite of that	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	Norman conquest|ノルマン征服|noun|the conquest of England by the Normans in 1066	Saxon heptarchy|サクソン七王国|noun|the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England from about 500 to 850
Even at this early period, it was certainly a more improved country than at the invasion of Julius Caesar, when its inhabitants were nearly in the same state with the savages in North America.	この初期の時期でさえ、住民が北アメリカの野蛮人と同じような状態だったユリウス・カエサルの侵略時よりも、確かに進歩した国だった。	even at|でさえ|adverb|in spite of	early period|初期の時期|noun|the first part of a period of time	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	improved|進歩した|adjective|made or become better	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	invasion|侵略|noun|an act or instance of invading	Julius Caesar|ユリウス・カエサル|noun|Roman statesman and general who was assassinated by Brutus and Cassius in 44 BC	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere

In each of those periods, however, there was not only much private and public profusion, many expensive and unnecessary wars, great perversion of the annual produce from maintaining productive to maintain unproductive hands;	しかし、これらの各時期には、私的にも公的にも多くの浪費があり、多くの高額で不必要な戦争があり、年間生産量が生産的な労働者の維持から非生産的な労働者の維持へと大きく転換されただけでなく、	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure or supply	expensive|高額|adjective|costing a lot of money	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	maintain|維持|verb|cause or enable to continue	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job
but sometimes, in the confusion of civil discord, such absolute waste and destruction of stock, as might be supposed, not only to retard, as it certainly did, the natural accumulation of riches, but to have left the country, at the end of the period, poorer than at the beginning.	時には、内乱の混乱の中で、富の自然な蓄積を遅らせただけでなく、その期間の終わりには、その国を初めよりも貧しくしたと思われるような、資本の絶対的な浪費と破壊があった。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	confusion|混乱|noun|a state of disorder	civil discord|内乱|noun|a conflict within a country	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	waste|浪費|noun|the act of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the gathering together of something	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	leave|去る|verb|go away from a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts
Thus, in the happiest and most fortunate period of them all, that which has passed since the Restoration, how many disorders and misfortunes have occurred, which, could they have been foreseen, not only the impoverishment, but the total ruin of the country would have been expected from them?	このように、王政復古以来の最も幸福で幸運な時期に、どれほど多くの混乱や不幸が起こっただろうか。もしそれらが予見されていたら、貧困だけでなく、国の完全な破滅が予想されていただろう。	Thus|このように|adverb|in this way	happiest|最も幸福な|adjective|most happy	most fortunate|最も幸運な|adjective|most lucky	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	Restoration|王政復古|noun|the return of a monarch to a throne	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	foresee|予見する|verb|see or know beforehand	impoverishment|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The fire and the plague of London, the two Dutch wars, the disorders of the revolution, the war in Ireland, the four expensive French wars of 1688, 1701, 1742, and 1756, together with the two rebellions of 1715 and 1745.	ロンドンの火災と疫病、二度のオランダ戦争、革命の混乱、アイルランド戦争、1688年、1701年、1742年、1756年の四度の高額なフランス戦争、1715年と1745年の二度の反乱である。	fire|火災|noun|a large, uncontrolled fire	plague|疫病|noun|a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and kills many people	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	two|二度|adjective|one more than one	Dutch|オランダ|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	four|四度|adjective|one more than three	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	1688|1688年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1701|1701年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1742|1742年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1756|1756年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1715|1715年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1745|1745年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	rebellion|反乱|noun|an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler
In the course of the four French wars, the nation has contracted more than £145,000,000 of debt, over and above all the other extraordinary annual expense which they occasioned;	四度のフランス戦争の間に、国は1億4500万ポンド以上の負債を抱え、それによって生じた他のすべての異常な年間支出を上回った。	four|四度|adjective|being one more than three	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	contract|抱える|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	over and above|上回る|adverb|in addition to; besides	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
so that the whole cannot be computed at less than £200,000,000.	そのため、全体を2億ポンド未満と計算することはできない。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	whole|全体|noun|all of something	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	be computed|計算される|verb|be calculated	at less than|未満|preposition|less than	£200,000,000|2億ポンド|noun|two hundred million pounds
So great a share of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, has, since the Revolution, been employed upon different occasions, in maintaining an extraordinary number of unproductive hands.	革命以来、国の土地と労働の年間生産物の非常に大きな部分が、さまざまな機会に、異常に多くの非生産的な労働者を維持するために使われてきた。	great|非常に大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	share|部分|noun|a portion of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	extraordinary|異常に|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of something	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job
But had not those wars given this particular direction to so large a capital, the greater part of it would naturally have been employed in maintaining productive hands, whose labour would have replaced, with a profit, the whole value of their consumption.	しかし、これらの戦争がこれほど大きな資本にこの特定の方向性を与えなかったら、その大部分は当然、生産的な労働者を維持するために使われ、その労働は彼らの消費の全価値を利益を伴って置き換えたであろう。	give direction|方向性を与える|verb|to give guidance or instruction to	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	maintain|維持する|verb|to cause to continue or to remain in a certain state	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	replace|置き換える|verb|to take the place of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
The value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country would have been considerably increased by it every year, and every years increase would have augmented still more that of the following year.	国の土地と労働の年間生産物の価値は、それによって毎年かなり増加し、毎年の増加は翌年のそれをさらに増大させたであろう。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a noticeable extent	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	every years|毎年の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	following year|翌年|noun|the year after the present year
More houses would have been built, more lands would have been improved, and those which had been improved before would have been better cultivated;	より多くの家が建てられ、より多くの土地が改良され、以前に改良された土地はよりよく耕作されたであろう。	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	build|建てる|verb|construct (something) by putting parts or material together over a period of time	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
more manufactures would have been established, and those which had been established before would have been more extended;	より多くの製造業が確立され、以前に確立された製造業はさらに拡大されたであろう。	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	extend|拡大する|verb|to make or become longer, wider, larger, or more comprehensive
and to what height the real wealth and revenue of the country might by this time have been raised, it is not perhaps very easy even to imagine.	そして、この国の実質的な富と収入が、この時点でどれほど高まっていたか、想像することすら容易ではないだろう。	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	this time|この時点で|noun|the present time	raise|高める|verb|lift or move to a higher position	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something not actually present to the senses

But though the profusion of government must undoubtedly have retarded the natural progress of England towards wealth and improvement, it has not been able to stop it.	しかし、政府の浪費がイギリスの富と改善に向かう自然な進歩を遅らせたことは間違いないが、それを止めることはできなかった。	profusion|浪費|noun|a great amount of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	stop|止める|verb|cause to cease moving or operating
The annual produce of its land and labour is undoubtedly much greater at present than it was either at the Restoration or at the Revolution.	その土地と労働の年間生産量は、王政復古時や革命時よりも現在の方がはるかに大きいことは間違いない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	undoubtedly|間違いない|adverb|without doubt; certainly	Restoration|王政復古|noun|the return of a monarch to a throne	Revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system
The capital, therefore, annually employed in cultivating this land, and in maintaining this labour, must likewise be much greater.	したがって、この土地の耕作と労働の維持に毎年投入される資本も、同様にずっと大きくなっているはずである。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	cultivate|耕作|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	maintain|維持|verb|cause or enable to continue	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
In the midst of all the exactions of government, this capital has been silently and gradually accumulated by the private frugality and good conduct of individuals, by their universal, continual, and uninterrupted effort to better their own condition.	政府のあらゆる強要の真っ只中にあって、この資本は、個人の私的な倹約と善行によって、また、自らの境遇を改善するための普遍的、継続的、そして不断の努力によって、静かに、そして徐々に蓄積されてきたのである。	in the midst of|真っ只中に|preposition|in the middle of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	exaction|強要|noun|the act of demanding and enforcing payment of a tax, fee, or other sum	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	silently|静かに|adverb|in a quiet way	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly	accumulate|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food; economy in using	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is considered morally right or acceptable	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	continual|継続的|adjective|happening or done without interruption	uninterrupted|不断の|adjective|continuous; without a break	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt
It is this effort, protected by law, and allowed by liberty to exert itself in the manner that is most advantageous, which has maintained the progress of England towards opulence and improvement in almost all former times, and which, it is to be hoped, will do so in all future times.	法律によって保護され、自由によって最も有利な方法で発揮されることを許されたこの努力こそが、これまでのほとんどすべての時代にイギリスの豊かさと改善に向けた進歩を維持してきたものであり、また、将来のすべての時代にもそうしてくれることが期待されるものである。	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	exert|発揮する|verb|to make a physical or mental effort	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement towards a destination	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being extremely rich	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	maintain|維持する|verb|to cause to continue or last	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	hope|期待する|verb|to want something to happen or be true
England, however, as it has never been blessed with a very parsimonious government, so parsimony has at no time been the characteristic virtue of its inhabitants.	しかし、イギリスは、非常に倹約的な政府に恵まれたことが一度もなかったため、倹約は、いつの時代もその住民の特徴的な美徳ではなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	be blessed with|恵まれる|verb|be fortunate enough to have	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	parsimonious|倹約的な|adjective|spending little	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	at no time|いつの時代も|adverb|never	characteristic|特徴的な|adjective|being a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable
It is the highest impertinence and presumption, therefore, in kings and ministers to pretend to watch over the economy of private people, and to restrain their expense, either by sumptuary laws, or by prohibiting the importation of foreign luxuries.	したがって、王や大臣が、贅沢禁止法や外国の贅沢品の輸入禁止によって、私人の経済を監視し、彼らの支出を抑制するふりをするのは、最高の無礼であり、傲慢である。	watch over|監視する|verb|to look after and protect	economy|経済|noun|the wealth and resources of a country or region	private people|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	restrain|抑制する|verb|to hold back or keep under control	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sumptuary law|贅沢禁止法|noun|a law that regulates spending on goods and services	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale
They are themselves always, and without any exception, the greatest spendthrifts in the society.	彼ら自身は常に、例外なく、社会で最も浪費家である。	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	greatest|最も|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	spendthrift|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way
Let them look well after their own expense, and they may safely trust private people with theirs.	彼ら自身の出費をよく見守らせれば、彼らは安心して私人に自分の出費を任せることができる。	look after|見守る|verb|take care of	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	trust|任せる|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of
If their own extravagance does not ruin the state, that of the subject never will.	彼ら自身の浪費が国家を破滅させなければ、臣民の浪費は決して国家を破滅させないだろう。	extravagance|浪費|noun|spending money or using resources in a careless or wasteful way	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign

As frugality increases, and prodigality diminishes, the public capital, so the conduct of those whose expense just equals their revenue, without either accumulating or encroaching, neither increases nor diminishes it.	節約が増加し、浪費が減少すると、公的資本も増加するので、蓄積も侵害もせずに、支出が収入とちょうど等しい人々の行動は、それを増加も減少もさせない。	frugality|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	prodigality|浪費|noun|the quality of being extravagant and wasteful	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	public capital|公的資本|noun|the capital stock of a government	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on a person's territory or a thing's domain	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less
Some modes of expense, however, seem to contribute more to the growth of public opulence than others.	しかし、ある種の支出は、他の支出よりも公共の富の成長に大きく貢献しているように見える。	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	mode|種|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	public|公共|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth or luxuriousness

The revenue of an individual may be spent, either in things which are consumed immediately, and in which one day’s expense can neither alleviate nor support that of another;	個人の収入は、すぐに消費されるものに使われるか、ある日の支出が別の日の支出を軽減することも支えることもできないものに使われるかのどちらかである。	revenue|収入|noun|income	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	spend|使われる|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	consume|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially
or it may be spent in things mere durable, which can therefore be accumulated, and in which every day’s expense may, as he chooses, either alleviate, or support and heighten, the effect of that of the following day.	あるいは、耐久性のあるものに使われ、蓄積することができ、毎日の支出は、その人の選択によって、翌日の支出の効果を軽減するか、支援して高めるかのどちらかになる。	be spent|使われ|verb|be used	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	durable|耐久性のある|adjective|able to last for a long time	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	every day|毎日|noun|each day	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make less severe	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	heighten|高める|verb|increase the amount or degree of
A man of fortune, for example, may either spend his revenue in a profuse and sumptuous table, and in maintaining a great number of menial servants, and a multitude of dogs and horses;	例えば、裕福な人は、収入を贅沢で豪華な食卓に費やしたり、多数の召使や犬や馬を飼ったりすることができる。	man of fortune|裕福な人|noun|a person who has a lot of money	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	revenue|収入|noun|income	profuse|贅沢な|adjective|given or available in large quantities; abundant	sumptuous|豪華な|adjective|very expensive, rich, or luxurious	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	maintain|飼う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	great number|多数|noun|a large number	menial servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things
or, contenting himself with a frugal table, and few attendants, he may lay out the greater part of it in adorning his house or his country villa, in useful or ornamental buildings, in useful or ornamental furniture, in collecting books, statues, pictures;	あるいは、質素な食卓と少数の従者に満足して、その大部分を自分の家や別荘の装飾、実用的な建物や装飾的な建物、実用的な家具や装飾的な家具、本、彫像、絵画の収集に費やすことができる。	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	attendant|従者|noun|a person who accompanies another to provide a service	lay out|費やす|verb|spend	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	adorn|装飾する|verb|to decorate	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	villa|別荘|noun|a large and impressive country house	useful|実用的な|adjective|having a practical purpose or use	ornamental|装飾的な|adjective|serving to decorate	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	statue|彫像|noun|a three-dimensional work of art, usually representing a person or an animal	picture|絵画|noun|a painting, drawing, or photograph
or in things more frivolous, jewels, baubles, ingenious trinkets of different kinds;	あるいは、もっと軽薄なもの、宝石、安物の装身具、さまざまな種類の精巧な装身具に費やすことができる。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|not having any serious purpose or value	jewel|宝石|noun|a precious stone	bauble|安物の装身具|noun|a small, showy ornament or trinket	ingenious|精巧な|adjective|cleverly inventive or resourceful	trinket|装身具|noun|a small ornament or item of jewelry that is of little value
or, what is most trifling of all, in amassing a great wardrobe of fine clothes, like the favourite and minister of a great prince who died a few years ago.	あるいは、最も些細なことだが、数年前に亡くなった偉大な王子の寵臣や大臣のように、上等な衣服を大量に集めることに費やすことができる。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce an alternative	what is most trifling of all|最も些細なことだが|noun phrase|the most trivial thing	amass|集める|verb|to gather together or acquire a large amount of something	great wardrobe|大量の衣服|noun phrase|a large collection of clothes	fine clothes|上等な衣服|noun phrase|clothes of high quality	like|のように|preposition|similar to	favourite|寵臣|noun|a person or thing that is preferred above all others	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	great prince|偉大な王子|noun phrase|a prince of high rank or importance	a few years ago|数年前|noun phrase|a small number of years in the past
Were two men of equal fortune to spend their revenue, the one chiefly in the one way, the other in the other, the magnificence of the person whose expense had been chiefly in durable commodities, would be continually increasing, every day’s expense contributing something to support and heighten the effect of that of the following day;	同じ資産を持つ二人の男が、一方は主に前者の方法で、もう一方は後者の方法で収入を費やしたとしたら、主に耐久消費財に支出していた人の壮麗さは日々増大し、毎日の支出が翌日の支出の効果を維持し、高めることに貢献するだろう。	two men|二人の男|noun|two adult males	equal fortune|同じ資産|noun|the same amount of money or assets	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	revenue|収入|noun|income	one|一方|noun|the number 1	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	the other|もう一方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	magnificence|壮麗さ|noun|the quality of being magnificent; splendor	continually|日々|adverb|without interruption; continuously	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	everyday|毎日|adjective|happening or used every day	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	heighten|高める|verb|increase the amount or degree of	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
that of the other, on the contrary, would be no greater at the end of the period than at the beginning.	一方、もう一方の壮麗さは、期間の終わりには初めと比べて大きくはならないだろう。	on the contrary|一方|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	no greater|大きくはならないだろう|adjective|not more	at the end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	at the beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something
The former too would, at the end of the period, be the richer man of the two.	前者の壮麗さは、期間の終わりには二人のうちでより豊かになるだろう。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	two|二人|noun|the number 2
He would have a stock of goods of some kind or other, which, though it might not be worth all that it cost, would always be worth something.	彼は、何らかの種類の財のストックを持つだろうし、それは、その費用のすべてに値するわけではないかもしれないが、常に何かの価値があるだろう。	have a stock of|ストックを持つ|verb|have a supply of something	goods|財|noun|a thing that is produced and then sold	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value	cost|費用|noun|the price paid for something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing
No trace or vestige of the expense of the latter would remain, and the effects of ten or twenty years’ profusion would be as completely annihilated as if they had never existed.	後者の支出の痕跡や名残は残らず、10年、20年の浪費の効果は、まるで存在しなかったかのように完全に消滅してしまうだろう。	trace|痕跡|noun|a mark, sign, or evidence of the existence or passing of something	vestige|名残|noun|a small remaining part or amount	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	ten|10年|noun|the number 10	twenty|20年|noun|the number 20	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure or supply	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	annihilate|消滅する|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence	as if|まるで|conjunction|as though	never|存在しなかった|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever

As the one mode of expense is more favourable than the other to the opulence of an individual, so is it likewise to that of a nation.	一つの支出方法が個人の富裕にもう一方よりも有利であるように、それは同様に国家の富裕にも有利である。	one|一つの|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	favourable|有利な|adjective|giving an advantage	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	opulence|富裕|noun|the state of being rich and luxurious	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
The houses, the furniture, the clothing of the rich, in a little time, become useful to the inferior and middling ranks of people.	富裕層の家、家具、衣服は、しばらくすると、下層階級や中流階級の人々に役立つようになる。	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money or valuable possessions	a little time|しばらくすると|noun|a short period of time	become useful|役立つようになる|verb|start to be useful	inferior|下層階級|adjective|low or lower in status or quality	middling|中流階級|adjective|of medium quality, rank, or position
They are able to purchase them when their superiors grow weary of them;	彼らは、上司がそれらに飽き飽きしたときにそれらを購入することができる。	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to do something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	grow weary of|飽き飽きする|verb|become tired of something
and the general accommodation of the whole people is thus gradually improved, when this mode of expense becomes universal among men of fortune.	そして、この支出方法が富裕層の間で普遍的になると、国民全体の一般的な住居はこうして徐々に改善される。	general accommodation|一般的な住居|noun|the general state of housing	whole people|国民全体|noun|all the people of a country	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	improve|改善される|verb|make or become better	mode of expense|支出方法|noun|the way in which money is spent	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general
In countries which have long been rich, you will frequently find the inferior ranks of people in possession both of houses and furniture perfectly good and entire, but of which neither the one could have been built, nor the other have been made for their use.	長い間豊かだった国では、家も家具も完全に良好で完全なものを所有している下層階級の人々をよく見かけるが、そのどちらも彼らの使用のために建てられたり作られたりしたわけではない。	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	find|見かける|verb|discover or notice	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	good|良好|adjective|to be desired or approved of	entire|完全|adjective|with no part left out; whole	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	one|一方|pronoun|the number 1	could have been built|建てられた|verb|construct (something) by putting parts or material together over a period of time	nor|また|conjunction|and not; or not	other|他方|pronoun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	have been made|作られた|verb|cause to happen or exist	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used
What was formerly a seat of the family of Seymour, is now an inn upon the Bath road.	かつてシーモア家の居城だった場所は、今ではバース街道沿いの宿屋になっている。	formerly|かつて|adverb|in the past; previously	seat|居城|noun|a place where one lives	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	now|今|adverb|at the present time	inn|宿屋|noun|a place where people can stay temporarily	road|街道|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport
The marriage-bed of James I. of Great Britain, which his queen brought with her from Denmark, as a present fit for a sovereign to make to a sovereign, was, a few years ago, the ornament of an alehouse at Dunfermline.	英国のジェームズ一世の結婚の寝床は、女王がデンマークから持ってきたもので、君主が君主に贈るのにふさわしい贈り物だったが、数年前にはダンファームリンの居酒屋の装飾品だった。	James I.|ジェームズ一世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 24 March 1603	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	a few years ago|数年前|noun|a small number of years in the past	Dunfermline|ダンファームリン|noun|a town in Fife, Scotland
In some ancient cities, which either have been long stationary, or have gone somewhat to decay, you will sometimes scarce find a single house which could have been built for its present inhabitants.	長い間停滞していたり、あるいは多少衰退している古代都市では、現在の住民のために建てられた家をほとんど見つけることができないことがある。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	long|長い|adjective|having a great extent or duration	stationary|停滞している|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decay|衰退|noun|the state or process of rotting or decomposition	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
If you go into those houses, too, you will frequently find many excellent, though antiquated pieces of furniture, which are still very fit for use, and which could as little have been made for them.	また、そういった家に入ると、古めかしいながらも優れた家具が数多くあり、それらは現在でも十分に使用に耐えうるものであり、彼らのために作られたものではないことがわかる。	go into|入る|verb|move or travel into	house|家|noun|a place where people live	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	excellent|優れた|adjective|very good	antiquated|古めかしい|adjective|old-fashioned or outdated	piece|個|noun|a part of something	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	still|まだ|adverb|up until now; until the present time	fit|耐えうる|adjective|in good physical condition	them|彼ら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned
Noble palaces, magnificent villas, great collections of books, statues, pictures, and other curiosities, are frequently both an ornament and an honour, not only to the neighbourhood, but to the whole country to which they belong.	壮麗な宮殿、豪華な別荘、書籍、彫像、絵画、その他の珍品の大コレクションは、近隣だけでなく、それらが属する国全体の装飾品であり、名誉でもある。	noble|壮麗な|adjective|belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic	palace|宮殿|noun|a large, impressive building, usually made of stone, which was historically built for a king or queen	magnificent|豪華な|adjective|very impressive or very good	villa|別荘|noun|a large and impressive country house	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	collection|コレクション|noun|a group of things or people	book|書籍|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	statue|彫像|noun|a three-dimensional work of art representing a human, deity, or animal	picture|絵画|noun|a painting, drawing, or photograph	curiosity|珍品|noun|a strange or unusual object or fact	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem
Versailles is an ornament and an honour to France, Stowe and Wilton to England.	ヴェルサイユはフランスの装飾品であり名誉であり、ストウとウィルトンはイギリスの装飾品であり名誉である。	Versailles|ヴェルサイユ|noun|a city in north central France	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Stowe|ストウ|noun|a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England	Wilton|ウィルトン|noun|a town in Wiltshire, England	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
Italy still continues to command some sort of veneration, by the number of monuments of this kind which it possesses, though the wealth which produced them has decayed, and though the genius which planned them seems to be extinguished, perhaps from not having the same employment.	イタリアは、それらを生み出した富が衰退し、それらを計画した天才がおそらく同じ雇用を得ていないことから消滅したように見えるにもかかわらず、それが所有するこの種の記念碑の数によって、いまだにある種の崇敬を集め続けている。	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	command|集める|verb|receive as due or appropriate	veneration|崇敬|noun|great respect	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	monument|記念碑|noun|a statue, building, or other structure erected to commemorate a famous or notable person or event	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	decay|衰退|verb|rot or decompose	genius|天才|noun|an exceptionally intelligent person	plan|計画する|verb|decide on and make arrangements for in advance	extinguish|消滅する|verb|cause to stop burning or shining	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work

The expense, too, which is laid out in durable commodities, is favourable not only to accumulation, but to frugality.	耐久消費財に費やされる支出も、蓄積だけでなく節約にも好都合である。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	durable|耐久|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	commodity|消費財|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition of a large amount of something	frugality|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thrift
If a person should at any time exceed in it, he can easily reform without exposing himself to the censure of the public.	ある人がいつかそれを越えてしまったとしても、世間の非難にさらされることなく、簡単に改心することができる。	at any time|いつか|adverb|at any point in time	exceed|越える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	reform|改心する|verb|make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it	censure|非難|noun|strong criticism or disapproval
To reduce very much the number of his servants, to reform his table from great profusion to great frugality, to lay down his equipage after he has once set it up, are changes which cannot escape the observation of his neighbours, and which are supposed to imply some acknowledgment of preceding bad conduct.	召使の数を大幅に減らすこと、食卓を非常に豊富なものから非常に質素なものに改めること、一度整えた装備を解除することは、隣人の観察を逃れることのできない変化であり、過去の悪行をある程度認めたことを意味すると考えられる。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	reform|改める|verb|make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it	profusion|豊富|noun|a plentiful supply; abundance	frugality|質素|noun|the quality of being economical with money or resources; thriftiness	lay down|解除する|verb|put or set down	equipage|装備|noun|a carriage and horses with their attendants	escape|逃れる|verb|get free from a situation or a place	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living next door or very close	imply|意味する|verb|strongly suggest the truth or existence of (something not expressly stated)	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	preceding|過去の|adjective|coming before in time; earlier	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality; unsatisfactory	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves
Few, therefore, of those who have once been so unfortunate as to launch out too far into this sort of expense, have afterwards the courage to reform, till ruin and bankruptcy oblige them.	したがって、かつてこの種の支出にあまりにも深入りしてしまった不幸な人々のなかで、破産してやむを得なくなるまで、その後改心する勇気を持つ人はほとんどいない。	few|ほとんどいない|adjective|a small number of	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	once|かつて|adverb|at some point in the past	so unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	launch out|深入りする|verb|to begin or set in motion	too far|あまりにも|adverb|to a very great extent	this sort of|この種の|determiner|of this kind	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	courage|勇気|noun|the quality of mind or spirit that enables a person to face difficulty, danger, pain, etc., without fear	reform|改心する|verb|to make or become better by removing or correcting faults, errors, etc.	ruin|破産|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	oblige|やむを得なくなる|verb|to bind morally or legally
But if a person has, at any time, been at too great an expense in building, in furniture, in books, or pictures, no imprudence can be inferred from his changing his conduct.	しかし、ある人がいつか建物、家具、本、絵画にあまりにも多くの出費をしてしまったとしても、その人の行動の変化から軽率さを推測することはできない。	at any time|いつか|adverb|at any point in time	too great an expense|あまりにも多くの出費|noun|a large amount of money spent	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	picture|絵画|noun|a painting, drawing, or photograph	no imprudence|軽率さを推測することはできない|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves
These are things in which further expense is frequently rendered unnecessary by former expense;	これらは、過去の支出によってさらなる支出が不要になることが多いものである。	these|これら|pronoun|the things mentioned before	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	further|さらなる|adjective|more or additional	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	unnecessary|不要|adjective|not needed or wanted	former|過去の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
and when a person stops short, he appears to do so, not because he has exceeded his fortune, but because he has satisfied his fancy.	そして、ある人が急に立ち止まったとしても、それは自分の財産を超えてしまったからではなく、自分の空想を満足させたからであるように見える。	stop short|急に立ち止まる|verb|stop suddenly	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	satisfy|満足させる|verb|meet the requirements of	fancy|空想|noun|a mental image or representation of something that is not real or present

The expense, besides, that is laid out in durable commodities, gives maintenance, commonly, to a greater number of people than that which is employed in the most profuse hospitality.	そのうえ、耐久消費財に費やされる支出は、通常、最も贅沢なもてなしに使われる支出よりも多くの人々を養う。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	durable|耐久|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	commodity|消費財|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	give|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	employ|使う|verb|use or engage the services of	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers
Of two or three hundred weight of provisions, which may sometimes be served up at a great festival, one half, perhaps, is thrown to the dunghill, and there is always a great deal wasted and abused.	大祭で供されることもある二、三百ポンドの食料のうち、おそらく半分は糞尿に投げ込まれ、いつもかなりの量が無駄にされ、粗末に扱われる。	two or three hundred|二、三百|noun|a number between 200 and 300	weight|重さ|noun|the force of gravity on a body	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	festival|祭り|noun|an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or traditions	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	thrown|投げられる|verb|move or cause to move in a specified way	dunghill|糞尿|noun|a heap of dung	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	great deal|かなりの量|noun|a large amount or extent	wasted|無駄にされる|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	abused|粗末に扱われる|verb|use wrongly or improperly
But if the expense of this entertainment had been employed in setting to work masons, carpenters, upholsterers, mechanics, etc.	しかし、この接待の費用が石工、大工、家具職人、機械工などを働かせるために使われていたら、	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	entertainment|接待|noun|an activity that is designed to give people enjoyment	mason|石工|noun|a skilled craftsman who builds stone structures	carpenter|大工|noun|a skilled craftsman who builds wooden structures	upholsterer|家具職人|noun|a skilled craftsman who makes or repairs furniture	mechanic|機械工|noun|a skilled craftsman who repairs and maintains machines
a quantity of provisions of equal value would have been distributed among a still greater number of people, who would have bought them in pennyworths and pound weights, and not have lost or thrown away a single ounce of them.	同等の価値の食料が、さらに多くの人々に分配され、彼らはそれをペニーワースやポンドウェイトで購入し、一オンスも失ったり捨てたりすることはなかっただろう。	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	buy|購入する|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	pennyworth|ペニーワース|noun|a small amount of something	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	throw away|捨てる|verb|get rid of something by throwing it away	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound or 16 drams or 28.3495231 grams
In the one way, besides, this expense maintains productive, in the other unproductive hands.	そのうえ、一方ではこの支出は生産的な人々を養い、他方では非生産的な人々を養う。	in the one way|一方では|adverb|on the one hand	in the other|他方では|adverb|on the other hand	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing
In the one way, therefore, it increases, in the other it does not increase the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.	したがって、一方ではそれは増加し、他方では国の土地と労働の年間生産物の交換価値は増加しない。	one way|一方|noun|a method or manner of doing something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

I would not, however, by all this, be understood to mean, that the one species of expense always betokens a more liberal or generous spirit than the other.	しかし、私はこれらすべてによって、一方の支出が常に他方よりもより自由で寛大な精神を示すということを意味していると理解されたくない。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	betoken|示す|verb|be a sign of; indicate	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul
When a man of fortune spends his revenue chiefly in hospitality, he shares the greater part of it with his friends and companions;	富裕な人が収入を主に接待に費やす場合、その大部分を友人や仲間と分かち合う。	man of fortune|富裕な人|noun|a person who has a lot of money	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	revenue|収入|noun|income	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	hospitality|接待|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another
but when he employs it in purchasing such durable commodities, he often spends the whole upon his own person, and gives nothing to any body without an equivalent.	しかし、そのような耐久消費財の購入にそれを費やす場合、彼はしばしばすべてを自分のために費やし、等価物なしに誰にも何も与えない。	employ|費やす|verb|use	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	durable|耐久|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	commodity|消費財|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	person|自分|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	equivalent|等価物|noun|something that is equal to or corresponds to another in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.
The latter species of expense, therefore, especially when directed towards frivolous objects, the little ornaments of dress and furniture, jewels, trinkets, gew-gaws, frequently indicates, not only a trifling, but a base and selfish disposition.	したがって、後者の支出は、特に軽薄な物、衣服や家具の小さな装飾品、宝石、装身具、安物の装飾品に向けられる場合、些細なことだけでなく、卑劣で利己的な性質を示すことが多い。	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance	object|物|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	jewel|宝石|noun|a precious stone used as an ornament	trinket|装身具|noun|a small ornament or piece of jewelry	gew-gaw|安物の装飾品|noun|a showy but worthless trifle	indicate|示す|verb|be a sign of	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	base|卑劣な|adjective|lacking in morals or standards	selfish|利己的な|adjective|concerned chiefly with one's own interests, benefits, welfare, etc., regardless of others	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character
All that I mean is, that the one sort of expense, as it always occasions some accumulation of valuable commodities, as it is more favourable to private frugality, and, consequently, to the increase of the public capital, and as it maintains productive rather than unproductive hands, conduces more than the other to the growth of public opulence.	私が言いたいのは、一方の支出は、常に価値ある商品の蓄積を招き、私的な節約に有利であり、結果として公共資本の増加に有利であり、非生産的な手よりも生産的な手を維持するため、他方よりも公共の富の成長に寄与するということである。	all that|私が言いたいのは|noun phrase|the only thing that	one sort of|一方の|noun phrase|one kind of	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	some|いくらかの|determiner|a small amount of	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	valuable|価値ある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	as|ため|conjunction|because	it is|有利である|verb|be beneficial to	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	frugality|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food; economy	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	to the increase of|の増加に|noun phrase|the action or process of increasing something	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	as it maintains|維持するため|verb phrase|because it keeps	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	rather than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second of two alternatives	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	hands|手|noun|a person who does a particular type of work	conduces|寄与する|verb|lead or contribute to a result	more than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second of two alternatives	the other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two people or things	to the growth of|の成長に|noun phrase|the action or process of growing something	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth or luxurious living


## CHAPTER IV: OF STOCK LENT AT INTEREST.	第四章: 利子で貸し付けられる資本について	CHAPTER IV|第四章|noun|the fourth chapter	LENT|貸し付けられる|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily	INTEREST|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

The stock which is lent at interest is always considered as a capital by the lender.	利子で貸し付けられる資本は、貸し手によって常に資本と見なされる。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	lender|貸し手|noun|a person or organization that lends money
He expects that in due time it is to be restored to him, and that, in the mean time, the borrower is to pay him a certain annual rent for the use of it.	貸し手は、適当な時期にそれが返済されることを期待し、その間に借り手はその使用に対して一定の年額を支払うことを期待する。	in due time|適当な時期に|adverb|at the proper time	be restored to|返済される|verb|be returned to a previous state	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|in the intervening period	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	annual rent|年額|noun|the amount of money that is paid each year for the use of something
The borrower may use it either as a capital, or as a stock reserved for immediate consumption.	借り手はそれを資本として、あるいは即時消費のために留保された資本として使用することができる。	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	reserve|留保する|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
If he uses it as a capital, he employs it in the maintenance of productive labourers, who reproduce the value, with a profit.	借り手がそれを資本として使用する場合、借り手はそれを生産的労働者の維持に使用し、生産的労働者は利潤を伴って価値を再生産する。	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	reproduce|再生産する|verb|produce again or anew	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
He can, in this case, both restore the capital, and pay the interest, without alienating or encroaching upon any other source of revenue.	この場合、借り手は他の収入源を疎外したり侵害したりすることなく、資本を回復し、利子を支払うことができる。	restore|回復する|verb|bring back to a former condition	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	alienate|疎外する|verb|cause (someone) to feel isolated or estranged	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
If he uses it as a stock reserved for immediate consumption, he acts the part of a prodigal, and dissipates, in the maintenance of the idle, what was destined for the support of the industrious.	借り手がそれを即時消費のために留保された資本として使用する場合、借り手は放蕩者の役割を果たし、勤勉な人の支援に運命づけられていたものを怠惰な人の維持に浪費する。	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	reserve|留保する|verb|keep for future use	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	act|果たす|verb|perform an action	part|役割|noun|a piece of something	prodigal|放蕩者|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	dissipate|浪費する|verb|disappear or cause to disappear	maintenance|維持|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily
He can, in this case, neither restore the capital nor pay the interest, without either alienating or encroaching upon some other source of revenue, such as the property or the rent of land.	この場合、借り手は土地の財産や地代など、他の収入源を疎外したり侵害したりすることなく、資本を回復したり利子を支払ったりすることはできない。	restore|回復する|verb|bring back to a former condition	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	alienating|疎外する|verb|cause (someone) to feel isolated or estranged	encroaching|侵害する|verb|intrude on	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

The stock which is lent at interest is, no doubt, occasionally employed in both these ways, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter.	利子で貸し付けられる資本は、間違いなく、時折これらの両方の方法で使用されるが、後者よりも前者ではるかに頻繁に使用される。	stock|資本|noun|the total amount of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	occasionally|時折|adverb|sometimes; now and then	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
The man who borrows in order to spend will soon be ruined, and he who lends to him will generally have occasion to repent of his folly.	消費するために借りる人はすぐに破滅し、その人に貸す人は一般的に自分の愚かさを悔いる機会を持つことになる。	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	spend|消費する|verb|pay out money	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	ruin|破滅する|verb|destroy or spoil something	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	repent|悔いる|verb|feel or express sincere regret or guilt for a past action or wrongdoing
To borrow or to lend for such a purpose, therefore, is, in all cases, where gross usury is out of the question, contrary to the interest of both parties;	したがって、そのような目的のために借りたり貸したりすることは、法外な高利貸しが問題外であるすべての場合において、両当事者の利益に反する。	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	all cases|すべての場合|noun|every situation	gross usury|法外な高利貸し|noun|the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest	out of the question|問題外|adjective|not worth considering	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	interest|利益|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
and though it no doubt happens sometimes, that people do both the one and the other, yet, from the regard that all men have for their own interest, we may be assured, that it cannot happen so very frequently as we are sometimes apt to imagine.	そして、人々が両方を行うことは間違いなく時々起こるが、それでも、すべての人が自分の利益のために持っているという観点から、私たちが時々想像しがちなほど頻繁に起こることはないと確信できる。	and though|そして、|conjunction|and even though	it no doubt happens sometimes|それは間違いなく時々起こる|verb|it is certain to happen sometimes	that people do both the one and the other|人々が両方を行う|verb|that people do both	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless	from the regard that all men have for their own interest|すべての人が自分の利益のために持っているという観点から|noun|from the perspective that all men have for their own interest	we may be assured|私たちは確信できる|verb|we can be certain	that it cannot happen so very frequently as we are sometimes apt to imagine|私たちが時々想像しがちなほど頻繁に起こることはないと|verb|that it cannot happen as often as we sometimes imagine
Ask any rich man of common prudence, to which of the two sorts of people he has lent the greater part of his stock, to those who he thinks will employ it profitably, or to those who will spend it idly, and he will laugh at you for proposing the question.	普通の慎重さを持つ金持ちに、自分の資本の大部分を貸し付けた二種類の人々のうち、それを有益に使うと思う人々か、それを無駄に使うと思う人々のどちらに貸し付けたかを尋ねれば、その人はそんな質問をするあなたを笑うだろう。	ask|尋ねる|verb|say something in order to obtain an answer or some information	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	common|普通の|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	greater|大部分|adjective|larger in size or amount	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect to be returned	two|二種類|adjective|one more than one	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	think|思う|verb|have a particular opinion about something	profitably|有益に|adverb|in a way that makes a profit	spend|使う|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	idly|無駄に|adverb|in an idle manner	propose|尋ねる|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion
Even among borrowers, therefore, not the people in the world most famous for frugality, the number of the frugal and industrious surpasses considerably that of the prodigal and idle.	したがって、借り手の間でも、世界で最も倹約で有名な人々ではなく、倹約で勤勉な人々の数は、放蕩で怠惰な人々の数をかなり上回っている。	even among|間でさえ|adverb|also or as well	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food	frugal|倹約な|adjective|careful with money or food	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard	surpass|上回る|verb|be greater or better than	prodigal|放蕩な|adjective|spending money in a careless or wasteful way	idle|怠惰な|adjective|lazy; inactive

The only people to whom stock is commonly lent, without their being expected to make any very profitable use of it, are country gentlemen, who borrow upon mortgage.	資本が一般的に貸し付けられる唯一の人々は、それを非常に有益に利用することが期待されていないが、抵当権を借りる田舎の紳士である。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	make|行う|verb|produce or create	profitable|有益な|adjective|yielding a financial gain	use|利用|noun|the action of using something	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something that belongs to someone else with the intention of returning it	mortgage|抵当権|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt
Even they scarce ever borrow merely to spend.	彼らでさえ、ただ消費するために借りることはほとんどない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	merely|ただ|adverb|only; simply	spend|消費する|verb|pay out money
What they borrow, one may say, is commonly spent before they borrow it.	彼らが借りるものは、借りる前に普通は消費されていると言えるかもしれない。	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	spend|消費する|verb|pay out money
They have generally consumed so great a quantity of goods, advanced to them upon credit by shop-keepers and tradesmen, that they find it necessary to borrow at interest, in order to pay the debt.	彼らは一般的に、店主や商人から信用で前払いされた大量の商品を消費しているので、借金を返済するために利子をつけて借りる必要があると考える。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	shop-keeper|店主|noun|the owner of a shop	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who is engaged in trade or commerce	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use (something belonging to someone else) with the intention of returning it	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	pay|返済する|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
The capital borrowed replaces the capitals of those shop-keepers and tradesmen which the country gentlemen could not have replaced from the rents of their estates.	借りた資本は、田舎の紳士が彼らの私有地の地代から返済できなかった店主や商人の資本を返済する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	replace|返済する|verb|take the place of	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man who owns a country estate and has a high social position	estate|私有地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by one person, family, or organization	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
It is not properly borrowed in order to be spent, but in order to replace a capital which had been spent before.	それは消費するために借りられるのではなく、以前に消費された資本を返済するために借りられる。	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	spend|消費する|verb|pay out money	replace|返済する|verb|provide a new thing for (something that is broken, old, lost, or no longer working properly)

Almost all loans at interest are made in money, either of paper, or of gold and silver;	利子付きの貸付のほとんどすべては、紙幣か金銀のいずれかの貨幣で行われる。	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	either|いずれか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
but what the borrower really wants, and what the lender readily supplies him with, is not the money, but the money’s worth, or the goods which it can purchase.	しかし、借り手が本当に欲しがっているもの、貸し手がすぐに貸してくれるものは、お金ではなく、お金の価値、つまりそれで買える商品である。	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	really|本当に|adverb|in reality; in fact	want|欲しがる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	lender|貸し手|noun|a person who lends something	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	supply|貸す|verb|provide or furnish with	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
If he wants it as a stock for immediate consumption, it is those goods only which he can place in that stock.	彼がそれを即時消費のためのストックとして欲しがっているなら、彼がそのストックに入れることができるのは、そうした商品だけである。	want|欲しがる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public
If he wants it as a capital for employing industry, it is from those goods only that the industrious can be furnished with the tools, materials, and maintenance necessary for carrying on their work.	彼がそれを産業を雇用するための資本として欲しがっているなら、勤勉な人が仕事を続けるために必要な道具、材料、維持費を提供されるのは、そうした商品だけである。	want|欲しがる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining or preserving something
By means of the loan, the lender, as it were, assigns to the borrower his right to a certain portion of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, to be employed as the borrower pleases.	貸し手は、貸付によって、いわば、借り手が自由に使えるように、その国の土地と労働の年間生産物の一定部分に対する権利を借り手に譲渡する。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	lender|貸し手|noun|a person or organization that lends money	assign|譲渡する|verb|give something to someone as a duty or responsibility	borrower|借り手|noun|a person or organization that borrows money	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	certain|一定|adjective|having no doubt about something	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	please|自由に|verb|make someone happy or satisfied

The quantity of stock, therefore, or, as it is commonly expressed, of money, which can be lent at interest in any country, is not regulated by the value of the money, whether paper or coin, which serves as the instrument of the different loans made in that country, but by the value of that part of the annual produce, which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined, not only for replacing a capital, but such a capital as the owner does not care to be at the trouble of employing himself.	したがって、どの国でも利子をつけて貸し付けることができるストックの量、あるいは、一般的に表現されるように、貨幣の量は、その国でなされるさまざまな貸付の道具として役立つ紙幣であれ硬貨であれ、貨幣の価値によって決まるのではなく、年間生産物の一部の価値によって決まる。それは、地面から、あるいは生産労働者の手から出るとすぐに、資本の補充だけでなく、所有者が自分で雇用する手間をかける気にならないような資本の補充に充てられる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	stock|ストック|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	lend|貸す|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily on the condition that it or its equivalent be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	annual|年間|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labourer|労働者|noun|a person doing unskilled manual work for wages	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for (someone) and pay them for it
As such capitals are commonly lent out and paid back in money, they constitute what is called the monied interest.	そのような資本は、通常、金銭で貸し付けられ、返済されるので、金銭利子と呼ばれるものを構成する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	pay back|返済する|verb|return money that you have borrowed	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	monied interest|金銭利子|noun|the interest paid on a loan of money
It is distinct, not only from the landed, but from the trading and manufacturing interests, as in these last the owners themselves employ their own capitals.	それは、土地所有者だけでなく、貿易や製造業とも区別される。後者では、所有者自身が自分の資本を雇用しているからである。	distinct|区別される|adjective|not identical or similar	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	interest|利害|noun|a right or legal share in something	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Even in the monied interest, however, the money is, as it were, but the deed of assignment, which conveys from one hand to another those capitals which the owners do not care to employ themselves.	しかし、金銭利子においてさえ、金銭は、いわば、所有者が自分で雇用することを気にかけない資本を一方の手から他方の手に移す譲渡証書にすぎない。	even in|においてさえ|adverb|also; as well; in addition	monied interest|金銭利子|noun|the interest paid on a loan or other financial obligation	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	as it were|いわば|adverb|in a way; so to speak	deed of assignment|譲渡証書|noun|a legal document that transfers ownership of a property from one person to another	convey|移す|verb|to transfer from one place to another	one hand|一方の手|noun|one of the two hands of a person	another|他方の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	employ|雇用する|verb|to provide work for someone in return for payment	oneself|自分で|pronoun|used to refer to the speaker or writer
Those capitals may be greater, in almost any proportion, than the amount of the money which serves as the instrument of their conveyance;	これらの資本は、その移転の道具として役立つ貨幣の量よりも、ほとんどどんな割合でも大きくなりうる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	be greater|大きくなりうる|verb|be larger or more important	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	serve|役立つ|verb|perform duties or services for	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	conveyance|移転|noun|the action or process of transporting something from one place to another
the same pieces of money successively serving for many different loans, as well as for many different purchases.	同じ貨幣が、多くの異なる購入と同様に、多くの異なる貸付に連続して役立つ。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	successively|連続して|adverb|following one after another	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something
A, for example, lends to W £1000, with which W immediately purchases of B £1000 worth of goods.	たとえば、AはWに1000ポンドを貸し、WはすぐにBから1000ポンドの価値がある商品を購入する。	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a short time, expecting it to be returned	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something
B having no occasion for the money himself, lends the identical pieces to X, with which X immediately purchases of C another £1000 worth of goods.	Bは自分でその貨幣を使う機会がないので、同じ貨幣をXに貸し、XはすぐにCから別の1000ポンドの価値がある商品を購入する。	have no occasion for|機会がない|verb|not have a chance to do something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	lend|貸す|verb|give someone or something temporarily	identical|同じ|adjective|being the same	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something
C, in the same manner, and for the same reason, lends them to Y, who again purchases goods with them of D.	Cは、同じ方法で、同じ理由で、Yに貸し、Yは再びDから商品を購入する。	C|C|noun|the third letter of the English alphabet	in the same manner|同じ方法で|adverb|in the same way	for the same reason|同じ理由で|adverb|for the same cause	lend|貸す|verb|give someone or something temporarily	Y|Y|noun|the twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet	again|再び|adverb|once more; anew	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	D|D|noun|the fourth letter of the English alphabet
In this manner, the same pieces, either of coin or of paper, may, in the course of a few days, serve as the Instrument of three different loans, and of three different purchases, each of which is, in value, equal to the whole amount of those pieces.	このようにして、硬貨または紙幣の同じ貨幣は、数日のうちに、3つの異なる貸付と3つの異なる購入の道具として役立つことがあり、それぞれが価値において、それらの貨幣の全額に等しい。	in this manner|このようにして|adverb|in this way	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	coin|硬貨|noun|a small piece of metal with an official design stamped on it	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	a few days|数日|noun|a small number of days	serve as|役立つ|verb|to be used as	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	loan|貸付|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	amount|全額|noun|the total number or quantity
What the three monied men, A, B, and C, assigned to the three borrowers, W, X, and Y, is the power of making those purchases.	3人の金持ちA、B、Cが3人の借り手W、X、Yに割り当てたのは、これらの購入を行う力である。	three|3人の|numeral|the number 3	monied|金持ち|adjective|having a lot of money	assign|割り当てる|verb|give a task or responsibility to	three|3人の|numeral|the number 3	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something
In this power consist both the value and the use of the loans.	この力に貸付の価値と用途の両方が存在する。	consist|存在する|verb|be composed or made up of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest
The stock lent by the three monied men is equal to the value of the goods which can be purchased with it, and is three times greater than that of the money with which the purchases are made.	3人の金持ちが貸した資金は、それで購入できる商品の価値に等しく、購入に使用される資金の3倍である。	stock|資金|noun|the capital of a business	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	three|3|numeral|the number 3	monied|金持ち|adjective|having a lot of money	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	purchase|購入|verb|buy something	three times|3倍|noun|three times as much or as many	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Those loans, however, may be all perfectly well secured, the goods purchased by the different debtors being so employed as, in due time, to bring back, with a profit, an equal value either of coin or of paper.	しかし、これらの貸付はすべて完全に安全に確保される可能性があり、さまざまな債務者が購入した商品は、適切な時期に利益を伴って硬貨または紙幣のいずれかの等価価値を取り戻すように使用される。	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach (something) firmly	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage	due time|適切な時期|noun|the right or proper time	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	bring back|取り戻す|verb|return with	equal value|等価価値|noun|the same value	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money
And as the same pieces of money can thus serve as the instrument of different loans to three, or, for the same reason, to thirty times their value, so they may likewise successively serve as the instrument of repayment.	そして、同じ貨幣がこのように3倍、または同じ理由で30倍の価値の異なる貸付の道具として役立つことができるので、同様に連続して返済の道具として役立つことができる。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	serve|役立つ|verb|be used for	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	loan|貸付|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	three|3倍|noun|the number 3	thirty|30倍|noun|the number 30	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	successively|連続して|adverb|following one after another in succession	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan

A capital lent at interest may, in this manner, be considered as an assignment, from the lender to the borrower, of a certain considerable portion of the annual produce, upon condition that the burrower in return shall, during the continuance of the loan, annually assign to the lender a small portion, called the interest;	利子をつけて貸し付けられた資本は、このように、貸し手から借り手への、年産物のかなりの部分の譲渡と考えることができ、その見返りとして借り手は、貸付期間中、利子と呼ばれる小さな部分を毎年貸し手に譲渡する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	assignment|譲渡|noun|a task or piece of work assigned to someone as part of a job or course of study	lender|貸し手|noun|a person or organization that lends money	borrower|借り手|noun|a person or organization that borrows money	annual|年産物|adjective|happening or produced once a year	continuance|貸付期間|noun|the state of continuing in existence or operation	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece or share
and, at the end of it, a portion equally considerable with that which had originally been assigned to him, called the repayment.	そして、その終わりに、返済と呼ばれる、元々彼に割り当てられていたのと同じくらいかなりの部分を譲渡する。	at the end of|終わりに|preposition|at the final point of	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	equally|同じくらい|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in size or amount	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	assign|割り当てる|verb|give a task or duty to	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back money that you owe
Though money, either coin or paper, serves generally as the deed of assignment, both to the smaller and to the more considerable portion, it is itself altogether different from what is assigned by it.	硬貨であれ紙幣であれ、貨幣は一般的に、小さい部分と大きい部分の両方への譲渡証書として機能するが、それ自体は、それによって譲渡されるものとはまったく異なる。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	serve|機能する|verb|work or function	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one concerning ownership of property	assignment|譲渡|noun|the transfer of property or rights from one person to another	smaller|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	considerable|大きい|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the thing mentioned	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike

In proportion as that share of the annual produce which, as soon as it comes either from the ground, or from the hands of the productive labourers, is destined for replacing a capital, increases in any country, what is called the monied interest naturally increases with it.	年産物のうち、土地から、あるいは生産労働者の手から出るとすぐに資本の補填に充てられる部分が、どの国でも増加するにつれて、いわゆる金利も当然それに伴って増加する。	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	ground|土地|noun|the surface of the earth	productive labourer|生産労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or other place where goods are produced	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	monied interest|金利|noun|the rate of interest paid on money that is lent or borrowed	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The increase of those particular capitals from which the owners wish to derive a revenue, without being at the trouble of employing them themselves, naturally accompanies the general increase of capitals;	所有者が自ら雇用する手間をかけずに収入を得たいと望む特定の資本の増加は、当然のことながら資本の一般的な増加を伴う。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for (someone) and pay them for it	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	accompany|伴う|verb|go together with (something) as a complement or supplement
or, in other words, as stock increases, the quantity of stock to be lent at interest grows gradually greater and greater.	言い換えれば、資本が増加するにつれて、利子で貸し付けられる資本の量は次第に大きくなる。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	as|につれて|conjunction|while or when	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	grow|大きくなる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time

As the quantity of stock to be lent at interest increases, the interest, or the price which must be paid for the use of that stock, necessarily diminishes, not only from those general causes which make the market price of things commonly diminish as their quantity increases, but from other causes which are peculiar to this particular case.	利子で貸し付けられる資本の量が増加するにつれて、その資本の使用に対して支払わなければならない利子、つまり価格は、必然的に低下する。これは、物価が一般的に数量の増加に伴って低下する一般的な原因だけでなく、この特定のケースに特有の他の原因によるものである。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	diminish|低下する|verb|make or become less	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	case|ケース|noun|an instance of a situation; an example
As capitals increase in any country, the profits which can be made by employing them necessarily diminish.	どの国でも資本が増加するにつれて、それを雇用することで得られる利益は必然的に減少する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less
It becomes gradually more and more difficult to find within the country a profitable method of employing any new capital.	国内で新しい資本を雇用する収益性の高い方法を見つけることは、次第に難しくなってきている。	within the country|国内で|adverb|inside the country	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	employ|雇用する|verb|use or engage the services of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
There arises, in consequence, a competition between different capitals, the owner of one endeavouring to get possession of that employment which is occupied by another;	その結果、異なる資本の間で競争が生じ、一方の所有者は他方が占有している雇用を獲得しようと努力する。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	get possession of|獲得する|verb|come to have or own something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	occupy|占有する|verb|live in or use a building or area
but, upon most occasions, he can hope to justle that other out of this employment by no other means but by dealing upon more reasonable terms.	しかし、ほとんどの場合、彼はより合理的な条件で取引する以外に、この雇用から他の人を押しのけることを期待することはできない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	upon|において|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	hope|期待する|verb|want something to happen or be the case	justle|押しのける|verb|push or knock against someone or something	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	out of|から|preposition|from	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	by no other means|以外に|adverb|in no other way	but|以外に|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	by|によって|preposition|through the action of	dealing|取引|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services	upon|において|preposition|on	more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	terms|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
He must not only sell what he deals in somewhat cheaper, but, in order to get it to sell, he must sometimes, too, buy it dearer.	彼は自分が扱っているものを多少安く売るだけでなく、それを売るためには、時にはそれを高く買わなければならない。	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	what|もの|noun|the thing that	deal in|扱う|verb|trade or do business in	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the aim of	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; now and then	too|も|adverb|also; as well	buy|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	dearer|高く|adjective|high in price or value
The demand for productive labour, by the increase of the funds which are destined for maintaining it, grows every day greater and greater.	生産労働に対する需要は、それを維持するために運命づけられた資金の増加によって、日々ますます大きくなっている。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount	grow|大きくなる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	every day|日々|adverb|daily; on a daily basis
Labourers easily find employment;	労働者は容易に雇用を見つける。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
but the owners of capitals find it difficult to get labourers to employ.	しかし、資本の所有者は労働者を雇用することが難しいと感じる。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for and pay wages to
Their competition raises the wages of labour, and sinks the profits of stock.	彼らの競争は労働賃金を引き上げ、資本の利潤を低下させる。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	sink|低下させる|verb|go down below the surface of something	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
But when the profits which can be made by the use of a capital are in this manner diminished, as it were, at both ends, the price which can be paid for the use of it, that is, the rate of interest, must necessarily be diminished with them.	しかし、資本の使用によって得られる利潤が、いわば両端でこのように減少すると、その使用に対して支払うことができる価格、つまり利子率も必然的に減少する。	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure

Mr Locke, Mr Lawe, and Mr Montesquieu, as well as many other writers, seem to have imagined that the increase of the quantity of gold and silver, in consequence of the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, was the real cause of the lowering of the rate of interest through the greater part of Europe.	ロック氏、ロー氏、モンテスキュー氏、その他多くの著述家は、スペイン領西インド諸島の発見に伴う金銀の量の増加が、ヨーロッパの大部分で金利が低下した真の原因であると考えていたようである。	Mr Locke|ロック氏|noun|John Locke, an English philosopher and physician	Mr Lawe|ロー氏|noun|John Law, a Scottish economist	Mr Montesquieu|モンテスキュー氏|noun|Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, a French political philosopher	as well as|だけでなく|conjunction|in addition to	many other|その他多くの|determiner|a large number of	writer|著述家|noun|a person who writes books, articles, or stories as a job or regular occupation	seem to have imagined|考えていたようである|verb|to have formed a mental image of something not actually present to the senses	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	in consequence of|に伴う|preposition|as a result of	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	Spanish West Indies|スペイン領西インド諸島|noun|the Spanish colonial territories in the Caribbean	was|である|verb|to be	real cause|真の原因|noun|the actual or true reason for something	lowering|低下|noun|the action of moving something to a lower position	rate of interest|金利|noun|the amount of interest due per unit of time	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side of (something) to the other
Those metals, they say, having become of less value themselves, the use of any particular portion of them necessarily became of less value too, and, consequently, the price which could be paid for it.	彼らは、これらの金属自体の価値が低下したため、その特定部分の使用価値も必然的に低下し、その結果、支払われる価格も低下したと述べている。	those metals|これらの金属|noun|the metals that are being discussed	less value|価値が低下|noun|a decrease in the worth of something	particular portion|特定部分|noun|a specific part of something	less value|価値が低下|noun|a decrease in the worth of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
This notion, which at first sight seems so plausible, has been so fully exposed by Mr Hume, that it is, perhaps, unnecessary to say any thing more about it.	一見もっともらしく思えるこの考えは、ヒューム氏によって十分に暴露されているので、これ以上何も言う必要はないだろう。	at first sight|一見|adverb|when first seen or considered	seem|思える|verb|appear to be	plausible|もっともらしい|adjective|appearing to be true or reasonable	fully|十分に|adverb|completely	expose|暴露する|verb|make visible	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	thing|事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
The following very short and plain argument, however, may serve to explain more distinctly the fallacy which seems to have misled those gentlemen.	しかし、以下の非常に短く平易な議論は、これらの紳士を誤解させたように思われる誤謬をより明確に説明するのに役立つかもしれない。	following|以下の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	short|短い|adjective|having little length or height	plain|平易な|adjective|simple and ordinary	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	fallacy|誤謬|noun|a mistaken belief	mislead|誤解させる|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable

Before the discovery of the Spanish West Indies, ten per cent.	スペイン領西インド諸島が発見される前は、10パーセントだった。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	Spanish West Indies|スペイン領西インド諸島|noun|the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean
seems to have been the common rate of interest through the greater part of Europe.	ヨーロッパの大部分で一般的な金利だったようだ。	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	have been|だった|auxiliary verb|have something already planned or arranged; have something that is bound to happen; will	common|一般的な|adjective|of major significance or importance	rate|金利|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
It has since that time, in different countries, sunk to six, five, four, and three per cent.	それ以来、各国で6、5、4、3パーセントにまで低下した。	since that time|それ以来|adverb|from that time until now	different countries|各国|noun|various countries	six|6|noun|the number 6	five|5|noun|the number 5	four|4|noun|the number 4	three|3|noun|the number 3	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
Let us suppose, that in every particular country the value of silver has sunk precisely in the same proportion as the rate of interest;	すべての国で銀の価値が金利とまったく同じ比率で下落したと仮定しよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	particular|すべての|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	sink|下落する|verb|go down below the surface of something	precisely|まったく|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	rate|金利|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
and that in those countries, for example, where interest has been reduced from ten to five per cent.	そして、例えば金利が10パーセントから5パーセントに低下した国では、	and that|そして|conjunction|and	in those countries|その国々では|noun phrase|in those countries	for example|例えば|adverb|for example	where|そこでは|adverb|in the place that	interest|金利|noun|the rate at which money is lent	has been reduced|低下した|verb|be made smaller or less	from ten to five|10パーセントから5パーセントに|noun phrase|from ten to five	per cent|パーセント|noun|per cent
the same quantity of silver can now purchase just half the quantity of goods which it could have purchased before.	同じ量の銀で、以前は買えた量の半分しか買えなくなったとしよう。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	purchase|買う|verb|acquire by paying money	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
This supposition will not, I believe, be found anywhere agreeable to the truth;	この仮定は、どこでも真実と一致するわけではないと思う。	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis that is taken for granted	truth|真実|noun|the state of being true	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place
but it is the most favourable to the opinion which we are going to examine;	しかし、これはこれから検討する意見に最も有利な仮定である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	favourable|有利な|adjective|giving an advantage to	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly
and, even upon this supposition, it is utterly impossible that the lowering of the value of silver could have the smallest tendency to lower the rate of interest.	そして、この仮定でさえ、銀の価値の低下が金利を下げる傾向を少しでも持つことは全く不可能である。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than; also	upon|上に|preposition|on top of	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis that is taken for granted	lowering|低下|noun|a reduction in the level of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	lower|下げる|verb|to move something to a lower position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
If £100 are in those countries now of no more value than £50 were then, £10 must now be of no more value than £5 were then.	もし、これらの国々で100ポンドが当時の50ポンドの価値しかないのであれば、10ポンドは当時の5ポンドの価値しかないはずである。	£100|100ポンド|noun|one hundred pounds	£50|50ポンド|noun|fifty pounds	£10|10ポンド|noun|ten pounds	£5|5ポンド|noun|five pounds	no more than|しかない|adverb|only; merely	then|当時|adverb|at that time; at the time mentioned	now|現在|adverb|at the present time; at this moment
Whatever were the causes which lowered the value of the capital, the same must necessarily have lowered that of the interest, and exactly in the same proportion.	資本の価値を下げた原因が何であれ、同じことが必然的に利子の価値を下げたに違いないし、全く同じ比率で下げたに違いない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to a whole
The proportion between the value of the capital and that of the interest must have remained the same, though the rate had never been altered.	資本の価値と利子の価値の比率は、金利が変更されなかったとしても、同じままだったに違いない。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	rate|金利|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different in some particular way
By altering the rate, on the contrary, the proportion between those two values is necessarily altered.	逆に、金利を変更することで、この2つの価値の比率は必然的に変更される。	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different in some particular way	rate|金利|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to a whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
If £100 now are worth no more than £50 were then, £5 now can be worth no more than £2:10s. were then.	もし、現在の100ポンドが当時の50ポンドの価値しかないのであれば、現在の5ポンドは当時の2ポンド10シリング以上の価値はないはずである。	£100|100ポンド|noun|one hundred pounds	£50|50ポンド|noun|fifty pounds	then|当時|adverb|at that time	£5|5ポンド|noun|five pounds	£2:10s.|2ポンド10シリング|noun|two pounds and ten shillings	then|当時|adverb|at that time
By reducing the rate of interest, therefore, from ten to five per cent.	したがって、金利を10%から5%に引き下げることによって、	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|金利|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
we give for the use of a capital, which is supposed to be equal to one half of its former value, an interest which is equal to one fourth only of the value of the former interest.	我々は、以前の価値の半分に等しいとされる資本の使用に対して、以前の利子の価値の4分の1に等しい利子を与える。	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	use|使用|noun|the act of using something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts into which something is or can be divided

An increase in the quantity of silver, while that of the commodities circulated by means of it remained the same, could have no other effect than to diminish the value of that metal.	銀の量が増加しても、それによって流通する商品の量は同じままなので、その金属の価値を減少させる以外に効果はない。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	remain|同じまま|verb|stay in the same place or condition	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured
The nominal value of all sorts of goods would be greater, but their real value would be precisely the same as before.	あらゆる種類の商品の名目価値は高まるだろうが、その実質価値は以前と全く同じだろう。	nominal value|名目価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	greater|高まる|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power	precisely|全く|adverb|in an exact manner or to an exact degree	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
They would be exchanged for a greater number of pieces of silver;	それらはより多くの銀貨と交換されるだろう。	be exchanged for|交換される|verb|be traded for	greater number|より多くの|noun|a larger number	piece of silver|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver
but the quantity of labour which they could command, the number of people whom they could maintain and employ, would be precisely the same.	しかし、それらが命令できる労働量、それらが維持し雇用できる人々の数は、全く同じだろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	command|命令する|verb|give an authoritative order	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	precisely|全く|adverb|in exact terms; definitely	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
The capital of the country would be the same, though a greater number of pieces might be requisite for conveying any equal portion of it from one hand to another.	国の資本は同じだろうが、その同等の部分を一方から他方へ移すには、より多くの貨幣が必要になるかもしれない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be the same|同じである|verb|be identical	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	convey|移す|verb|transport or carry	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece	one hand|一方|noun|one side	another|他方|noun|the other side
The deeds of assignment, like the conveyances of a verbose attorney, would be more cumbersome;	譲渡証書は、冗長な弁護士の譲渡証書のように、より面倒なものになるだろう。	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that is signed and delivered	assignment|譲渡|noun|the transfer of property or rights from one person to another	verbose|冗長な|adjective|using or containing more words than are needed	attorney|弁護士|noun|a person who is a lawyer	conveyance|譲渡証書|noun|the transfer of property from one person to another
but the thing assigned would be precisely the same as before, and could produce only the same effects.	しかし、譲渡されるものは以前と全く同じであり、同じ効果しか生み出せない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	assign|譲渡する|verb|give something to somebody as a task or responsibility	precisely|全く|adverb|in exact terms; without vagueness	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist
The funds for maintaining productive labour being the same, the demand for it would be the same.	生産的労働を維持するための資金は同じなので、その需要も同じだろう。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	be the same|同じである|verb|be identical or alike	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
Its price or wages, therefore, though nominally greater, would really be the same.	したがって、その価格や賃金は、名目上は高くても、実際には同じだろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	nominally|名目上|adverb|in name only	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
They would be paid in a greater number of pieces of silver, but they would purchase only the same quantity of goods.	より多くの銀貨で支払われるだろうが、同じ量の商品しか買えない。	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	greater number|より多くの|noun|a larger amount or number	piece|枚|noun|a part of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|買う|verb|buy or obtain by paying money	same quantity|同じ量|noun|the same amount	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
The profits of stock would be the same, both nominally and really.	株の利益は名目上も実際にも同じだろう。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	nominally|名目上|adverb|in name only	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually
The wages of labour are commonly computed by the quantity of silver which is paid to the labourer.	労働の賃金は、通常、労働者に支払われる銀の量で計算される。	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
When that is increased, therefore, his wages appear to be increased, though they may sometimes be no greater than before.	したがって、それが増加すると、彼の賃金は増加したように見えるが、以前より大きくならないこともある。	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
But the profits of stock are not computed by the number of pieces of silver with which they are paid, but by the proportion which those pieces bear to the whole capital employed.	しかし、株の利益は、支払われる銀貨の数ではなく、それらの銀貨が使用される資本全体に占める割合によって計算される。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	piece|枚|noun|a separate portion of something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	bear|占める|verb|be in a particular relation to	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Thus, in a particular country, 5s. a-week are said to be the common wages of labour, and ten per cent.	たとえば、ある国では、週5シリングが労働の一般的な賃金であり、10パーセントが株の一般的な利益であるとする。	particular|ある|adjective|specific; definite	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by all members of a group	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
the common profits of stock;	株の一般的な利益であるとする。	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company
but the whole capital of the country being the same as before, the competition between the different capitals of individuals into which it was divided would likewise be the same.	しかし、その国の資本全体は以前と同じであるから、分割された個人の異なる資本間の競争も同様に同じであろう。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical
They would all trade with the same advantages and disadvantages.	彼らは皆、同じ利点と欠点をもって取引するだろう。	trade|取引する|verb|buy and sell goods and services	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	disadvantage|欠点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success
The common proportion between capital and profit, therefore, would be the same, and consequently the common interest of money;	したがって、資本と利潤の間の一般的な比率は同じであり、結果として貨幣の一般的な利子も同じであろう。	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by two or more people, groups, or things	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
what can commonly be given for the use of money being necessarily regulated by what can commonly be made by the use of it.	貨幣の使用に対して通常支払われるものは、貨幣の使用によって通常得られるものに必然的に左右される。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	give|支払われる|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as payment	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	regulate|左右される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations

Any increase in the quantity of commodities annually circulated within the country, while that of the money which circulated them remained the same, would, on the contrary, produce many other important effects, besides that of raising the value of the money.	国内で年間に流通する商品の量が増加し、それらを流通させる貨幣の量が同じままであれば、逆に、貨幣の価値を高めること以外にも、他の多くの重要な効果が生じるだろう。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	remain|同じままである|verb|be in the same state or condition	contrary|逆に|adjective|opposite in nature, direction, or meaning	produce|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	raise|高める|verb|lift or move to a higher position
The capital of the country, though it might nominally be the same, would really be augmented.	国の資本は、名目上は同じであっても、実際には増加するだろう。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	nominally|名目上|adverb|in name only	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
It might continue to be expressed by the same quantity of money, but it would command a greater quantity of labour.	同じ量の貨幣で表現され続けるかもしれないが、より多くの労働を支配するだろう。	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	be expressed|表現される|verb|be communicated or represented	same|同じ|adjective|not different	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	command|支配する|verb|have authority over	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The quantity of productive labour which it could maintain and employ would be increased, and consequently the demand for that labour.	それが維持し、雇用できる生産的労働の量が増加し、その結果、その労働に対する需要が増加するだろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible product	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
Its wages would naturally rise with the demand, and yet might appear to sink.	その賃金は当然需要とともに上昇するが、それでも下落するように見えるかもしれない。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	demand|需要|noun|the desire to own something combined with the ability to pay for it	sink|下落する|verb|go down
They might be paid with a smaller quantity of money, but that smaller quantity might purchase a greater quantity of goods than a greater had done before.	彼らはより少ない量の貨幣で支払われるかもしれないが、そのより少ない量は、以前より多くの量が行っていたよりも多くの量の財を購入するかもしれない。	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	smaller quantity|より少ない量|noun|a smaller amount	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	smaller quantity|より少ない量|noun|a smaller amount	greater quantity|より多くの量|noun|a larger amount	goods|財|noun|an article of trade	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
The profits of stock would be diminished, both really and in appearance.	資本の利潤は、実際にも見かけ上も減少するだろう。	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less
The whole capital of the country being augmented, the competition between the different capitals of which it was composed would naturally be augmented along with it.	国の資本全体が増加すると、それを構成する異なる資本間の競争も当然それに伴って増加するだろう。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	being augmented|増加する|verb|become greater in size or amount	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	along with|伴って|preposition|together with; in addition to
The owners of those particular capitals would be obliged to content themselves with a smaller proportion of the produce of that labour which their respective capitals employed.	これらの特定の資本の所有者は、それぞれの資本が用いた労働の生産物のうち、より小さな割合で満足せざるを得なくなるだろう。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	smaller|より小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a manufacturing process
The interest of money, keeping pace always with the profits of stock, might, in this manner, be greatly diminished, though the value of money, or the quantity of goods which any particular sum could purchase, was greatly augmented.	貨幣の利子は、常に資本の利潤と歩調を合わせているが、このようにして、貨幣の価値、つまり特定の金額で購入できる財の量が大幅に増加したとしても、大幅に減少する可能性がある。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	keep pace with|歩調を合わせる|verb|go at the same speed as	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	might|可能性がある|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	greatly|大幅に|adverb|very much; to a great extent	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	goods|財|noun|merchandise or possessions	purchase|購入|verb|buy	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount

In some countries the interest of money has been prohibited by law.	一部の国では、貨幣の利子は法律で禁止されている。	some countries|一部の国|noun|a group of nations	interest|利子|noun|a fee paid on borrowed money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
But as something can everywhere be made by the use of money, something ought everywhere to be paid for the use of it.	しかし、貨幣の使用によって何かがどこでも作れるように、貨幣の使用に対して何かがどこでも支払われるべきである。	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or in all parts	make|作れる|verb|create or produce	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	pay|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due
This regulation, instead of preventing, has been found from experience to increase the evil of usury.	この規制は、高利貸しの悪を防ぐどころか、経験から増大させることがわかっている。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The debtor being obliged to pay, not only for the use of the money, but for the risk which his creditor runs by accepting a compensation for that use, he is obliged, if one may say so, to insure his creditor from the penalties of usury.	債務者は、貨幣の使用に対してだけでなく、その使用に対する報酬を受け取ることで債権者が負うリスクに対しても支払う義務があるので、債務者は、いわば、高利貸しの罰則から債権者に保険をかけなければならない。	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	creditor|債権者|noun|a person to whom money is owed	run|負う|verb|be subject to or at risk of	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	compensation|報酬|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	insure|保険をかける|verb|arrange for compensation in the event of damage to or loss of property	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	usury|高利貸し|noun|the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest

In countries where interest is permitted, the law in order to prevent the extortion of usury, generally fixes the highest rate which can be taken without incurring a penalty.	利子が認められている国では、高利貸しの強要を防ぐために、法律は通常、罰則を受けずに取ることができる最高利率を定めている。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	permit|認める|verb|officially allow	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep or stop from happening	extortion|強要|noun|the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats	usury|高利貸し|noun|the illegal activity or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	fix|定める|verb|decide or settle on	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	rate|利率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract
This rate ought always to be somewhat above the lowest market price, or the price which is commonly paid for the use of money by those who can give the most undoubted security.	この利率は、常に市場最低価格、つまり最も疑いのない担保を提供できる人が貨幣の使用に対して通常支払う価格よりも多少高くなければならない。	rate|利率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	ought|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|should	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	above|より高い|preposition|at a higher level or position than	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least height, amount, or value	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is currently selling or is expected to sell	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	give|提供する|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	security|担保|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat
If this legal rate should be fixed below the lowest market rate, the effects of this fixation must be nearly the same as those of a total prohibition of interest.	この法定利率が市場最低利率を下回って固定されるならば、この固定の効果は利子の全面禁止の効果とほぼ同じでなければならない。	legal rate|法定利率|noun|the interest rate that is set by law	be fixed|固定される|verb|be set or arranged in a definite and final way	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	market rate|市場利率|noun|the interest rate that is set by the market	effect|効果|noun|the result or outcome of some action or process	fixation|固定|noun|the action of fixing something	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone	total prohibition|全面禁止|noun|a complete ban on something	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
The creditor will not lend his money for less than the use of it is worth, and the debtor must pay him for the risk which he runs by accepting the full value of that use.	債権者は、その使用価値よりも安く貨幣を貸すことはせず、債務者は、その使用の全価値を受け取ることで債権者が負うリスクに対して支払わなければならない。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	less|安く|adjective|not as much or as many	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	worth|価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	debtor|債務者|noun|a person or organization that owes money	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	run|負う|verb|be in charge or in control of	accept|受け取る|verb|take or receive (something offered) willingly	full|全|adjective|complete in number or total in amount; not lacking or omitting anything	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
If it is fixed precisely at the lowest market price, it ruins, with honest people who respect the laws of their country, the credit of all those who cannot give the very best security, and obliges them to have recourse to exorbitant usurers.	それが市場最低価格に正確に固定されているならば、それは自国の法律を尊重する誠実な人々とともに、最良の担保を提供できないすべての人々の信用を破壊し、法外な高利貸しに頼らざるを得なくさせる。	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	precisely|正確に|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least importance, value, or merit	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	ruin|破壊する|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	honest|誠実な|adjective|free of deceit or fraud	respect|尊重する|verb|have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	security|担保|noun|something given or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an obligation	oblige|頼らざるを得なくさせる|verb|bind morally or legally	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	usurer|高利貸し|noun|a person who lends money at an exorbitant rate of interest
In a country such as Great Britain, where money is lent to government at three per cent.	イギリスのような国では、政府に三パーセントで貨幣が貸し付けられている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	three|三|numeral|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect to be returned, usually with interest	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
and to private people, upon good security, at four and four and a-half, the present legal rate, five per cent.	そして、民間人には、良い担保があれば、四パーセント、四パーセント半、現在の法定利率は五パーセントで貸し付けられている。	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the military or of a police force	good security|良い担保|noun|something that is given as a guarantee that a loan will be repaid	four|四|noun|the number 4	four and a-half|四パーセント半|noun|the number 4.5	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	legal rate|法定利率|noun|the interest rate set by law	five|五|noun|the number 5
is perhaps as proper as any.	おそらく他のどの国よりも適切であろう。	as proper as any|他のどの国よりも適切|adjective|as good as any other

The legal rate, it is to be observed, though it ought to be somewhat above, ought not to be much above the lowest market rate.	法定利率は、市場最低利率より多少高くあるべきだが、あまり高くあるべきではないことに注意すべきである。	legal rate|法定利率|noun|the interest rate that is set by law	be observed|注意すべきである|verb|be noticed or perceived	ought to be|あるべきだ|auxiliary verb|should be	somewhat above|多少高く|adverb|to some extent or degree	ought not to be|あるべきではない|auxiliary verb|should not be	much above|あまり高く|adverb|to a great extent or degree
If the legal rate of interest in Great Britain, for example, was fixed so high as eight or ten per cent.	例えば、イギリスの法定利率が八パーセントや一〇パーセントという高さに固定されたとしたら、	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	eight|八|numeral|the number 8	ten|十|numeral|the number 10	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar, euro, or other decimal currency
the greater part of the money which was to be lent, would be lent to prodigals and projectors, who alone would be willing to give this high interest.	貸し付けられるべき資金の大部分は、この高利を喜んで支払う放蕩者や投機家に貸し付けられるだろう。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	prodigal|放蕩者|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in the hope of making large profits	alone|喜んで|adverb|only; solely	give|支払う|verb|transfer something to someone	high interest|高利|noun|a large amount of money that is charged for borrowing money
Sober people, who will give for the use of money no more than a part of what they are likely to make by the use of it, would not venture into the competition.	資金の使用によって得られる利益の一部しか支払わない堅実な人々は、この競争に乗り出すことはないだろう。	sober|堅実な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	give|支払う|verb|transfer money to someone	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	venture|乗り出す|verb|do something new or dangerous	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
A great part of the capital of the country would thus be kept out of the hands which were most likely to make a profitable and advantageous use of it, and thrown into those which were most likely to waste and destroy it.	こうして、国の資本の大部分は、それを有益に利用しうる者の手から遠ざけられ、それを浪費し破壊する者の手に渡されることになる。	a great part of|大部分|noun|a large part of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be kept out of|遠ざけられる|verb|be prevented from entering	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	make a profitable and advantageous use of|有益に利用する|verb|use something in a way that makes money or gains an advantage	be thrown into|渡される|verb|be given to	waste|浪費する|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
Where the legal rate of interest, on the contrary, is fixed but a very little above the lowest market rate, sober people are universally preferred, as borrowers, to prodigals and projectors.	逆に、法定利率が市場最低利率をわずかに上回る程度に固定されている場合には、借り手としては放蕩者や投機家よりも堅実な人々が普遍的に好まれる。	legal rate of interest|法定利率|noun|the maximum rate of interest that may be charged on a loan	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	fixed|固定されている|adjective|not changing or varying	very little|わずかに|adverb|to a small extent	lowest market rate|市場最低利率|noun|the lowest interest rate available in the market	sober|堅実な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in all cases or places	preferred|好まれる|verb|like (someone or something) better than another or others	prodigal|放蕩者|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	projector|投機家|noun|a person who makes risky investments in the hope of quick or considerable gain
The person who lends money gets nearly as much interest from the former as he dares to take from the latter, and his money is much safer in the hands of the one set of people than in those of the other.	貸し手は、前者から後者から得る利子とほぼ同じだけの利子を得ることができ、前者の手元にある資金は後者の手元にある資金よりもはるかに安全である。	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	lend|貸す|verb|give someone or something temporarily	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	as much|同じだけ|adverb|to the same extent	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	dare|あえて|verb|have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting	take|取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	safe|安全|adjective|not likely to cause or lead to harm, injury, or loss	hand|手元|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	set|集団|noun|a group of things that belong together or are thought of as a unit	other|他方|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned or known about
A great part of the capital of the country is thus thrown into the hands in which it is most likely to be employed with advantage.	こうして、国の資本の大部分は、有益に利用される可能性が最も高い人々の手に渡されることになる。	a great part of|大部分|noun|a large part of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be thrown into|渡される|verb|be given to	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	be employed|利用される|verb|be used	advantage|有益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position

No law can reduce the common rate of interest below the lowest ordinary market rate at the time when that law is made.	どんな法律も、その法律が制定された時点での市場最低利率を下回る利率にすることはできない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	reduce|下回る|verb|make or become smaller or less	common rate of interest|利率|noun|the rate of interest that is charged on a loan	lowest ordinary market rate|市場最低利率|noun|the lowest interest rate that is charged on a loan in the market	at the time when|時点で|noun|at the moment that	is made|制定される|verb|be created or produced
Notwithstanding the edict of 1766, by which the French king attempted to reduce the rate of interest from five to four per cent.	フランス国王が利子率を5%から4%に引き下げようとした1766年の勅令にもかかわらず、	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	edict|勅令|noun|an official order or command	1766|1766年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	attempt|試みる|verb|to try to do something	reduce|引き下げる|verb|to make smaller or less	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	five|5|noun|the number 5	four|4|noun|the number 4	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
money continued to be lent in France at five per cent.	フランスでは5%で貸し付けられ続けた。	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	lend|貸す|verb|give someone or something temporarily for use or in return for a fee	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
the law being evaded in several different ways.	法律はさまざまな方法で回避された。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery

The ordinary market price of land, it is to be observed, depends everywhere upon the ordinary market rate of interest.	土地の通常の市場価格は、どこでも市場の通常の利子率に依存していることに注意すべきである。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	ordinary market rate of interest|市場の通常の利子率|noun|the rate of interest that is typically charged on loans in the open market
The person who has a capital from which he wishes to derive a revenue, without taking the trouble to employ it himself, deliberates whether he should buy land with it, or lend it out at interest.	自分で労働せずに収入を得たいと考える資本を持つ人は、それで土地を買うか、利子をつけて貸し出すかを考える。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	trouble|労働|noun|difficulty or problems	employ|使う|verb|use something as a means of achieving something	deliberate|考える|verb|think carefully about something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else that belongs to you, expecting it to be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
The superior security of land, together with some other advantages which almost everywhere attend upon this species of property, will generally dispose him to content himself with a smaller revenue from land, than what he might have by lending out his money at interest.	土地の優れた安全性と、ほとんどどこでもこの種の財産に伴う他のいくつかの利点と相まって、一般的に彼は、利子をつけてお金を貸し出すことで得られる収入よりも、土地からの収入が少ないことに満足するようになる。	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	together with|相まって|adverb|in addition to	some other|いくつかの他の|determiner|some additional	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	almost everywhere|ほとんどどこでも|adverb|in nearly all places	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	dispose|するようになる|verb|make someone likely to do something	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	himself|彼は|pronoun|he	smaller|少ない|adjective|of a more limited size, amount, or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	what|得られる収入|pronoun|that which	might|得られる収入|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	have|得られる収入|verb|possess, own, or hold	lend|貸し出す|verb|give someone or something temporarily	out|貸し出す|adverb|away from a place	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money
These advantages are sufficient to compensate a certain difference of revenue;	これらの利点は、一定の収入の差を補うのに十分である。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
but they will compensate a certain difference only;	しかし、それらは一定の差を補うだけである。	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar
and if the rent of land should fall short of the interest of money by a greater difference, nobody would buy land, which would soon reduce its ordinary price.	そして、もし地代が金利よりも大きな差で下回れば、誰も土地を買わなくなり、すぐに通常価格が下がるだろう。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	fall short of|下回る|verb|be less than or fail to reach	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	greater|大きな|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less
On the contrary, if the advantages should much more than compensate the difference, everybody would buy land, which again would soon raise its ordinary price.	逆に、もし利点がその差を補う以上のものであれば、誰もが土地を買うようになり、すぐに通常価格が上昇するだろう。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	everybody|誰もが|pronoun|every person	buy|買う|verb|acquire in exchange for money	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	raise|上昇する|verb|go up	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
When interest was at ten per cent.	利子が一〇パーセントだったとき、	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	ten|一〇|numeral|the number 10	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
land was commonly sold for ten or twelve years purchase.	土地は普通、一〇年または一二年分の地代で売られた。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; generally	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	ten|一〇|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	twelve|一二|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	purchase|地代|noun|the price paid for something
As interest sunk to six, five, and four per cent.	利子が六、五、四パーセントと下がるにつれて、	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	sink|下がる|verb|go down	six|六|noun|the number 6	five|五|noun|the number 5	four|四|noun|the number 4	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
the price of land rose to twenty, five-and-twenty, and thirty years purchase.	土地の価格は二〇年、二五年、三〇年分の地代に上昇した。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	twenty|二〇|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	five-and-twenty|二五|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-four and one	thirty|三〇|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-nine and one	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	purchase|地代|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it
The market rate of interest is higher in France than in England, and the common price of land is lower.	市場の利子率はフランスではイギリスよりも高く、土地の一般価格は低い。	market rate|市場の利子率|noun|the rate of interest paid on a loan or other financial instrument that is traded in a financial market	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	common price|一般価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in the open market	lower|低い|adjective|of lesser vertical extent
In England it commonly sells at thirty, in France at twenty years purchase.	イギリスでは普通三〇年分、フランスでは二〇年分の地代で売られる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; generally	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	twenty|二〇|numeral|the number 20	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	purchase|地代|noun|the price paid for something


## CHAPTER V: OF THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS OF CAPITALS.	第五章: 資本のさまざまな用途について	CHAPTER V|第五章|noun|the fifth chapter	DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS|さまざまな用途|noun|various uses	CAPITALS|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

Though all capitals are destined for the maintenance of productive labour only, yet the quantity of that labour which equal capitals are capable of putting into motion, varies extremely according to the diversity of their employment;	すべての資本は生産的労働の維持だけに使われることになっているが、同じ資本が動かすことのできる労働の量は、その用途の多様性によって非常に異なる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	motion|動かす|noun|the action or process of moving or being moved	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	diversity|多様性|noun|the state of being diverse; variety	employment|用途|noun|the condition of having paid work
as does likewise the value which that employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country.	その用途が国の土地と労働の年産物に加える価値も同様に異なる。	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年産物|adjective|happening or produced once a year	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

A capital may be employed in four different ways;	資本は四つの異なる方法で使用することができる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	be employed|使用される|verb|be used	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
either, first, in procuring the rude produce annually required for the use and consumption of the society;	第一に、社会の使用と消費のために毎年必要とされる未加工の生産物を調達すること。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	procure|調達する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
or, secondly, in manufacturing and preparing that rude produce for immediate use and consumption;	第二に、その未加工の生産物を即時の使用と消費のために製造し準備すること。	second|第二に|adverb|next after the first	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
or, thirdly in transporting either the rude or manufactured produce from the places where they abound to those where they are wanted;	第三に、未加工の生産物または製造された生産物を、豊富にある場所から必要とされている場所へ輸送すること。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	transporting|輸送すること|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products
or, lastly, in dividing particular portions of either into such small parcels as suit the occasional demands of those who want them.	第四に、未加工の生産物または製造された生産物の特定の部分を、必要とする人々の時折の要求に合うように小さな小包に分割することである。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	parcel|小包|noun|a package	suit|合う|verb|be right or appropriate for	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right
In the first way are employed the capitals of all those who undertake improvement or cultivation of lands, mines, or fisheries;	第一の方法では、土地、鉱山、漁場の改良や耕作に従事するすべての人々の資本が投入される。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	undertake|従事する|verb|take on a task or job	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	fishery|漁場|noun|a place where fish are caught in large quantities
in the second, those of all master manufacturers;	第二の方法では、すべての製造業者の資本が投入される。	in the second|第二の方法では|noun|the second one	those of|投入される|verb|be put into	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	master|製造業者|noun|a person who has control over something	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale
in the third, those of all wholesale merchants;	第三の方法では、すべての卸売商の資本が投入される。	in the third|第三の方法では|noun|the third way	those of|投入される|verb|be put into	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	wholesale|卸売|adjective|of or relating to the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
and in the fourth, those of all retailers.	第四の方法では、すべての小売商の資本が投入される。	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after the third and before the fifth in position	retailer|小売商|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the general public
It is difficult to conceive that a capital should be employed in any way which may not be classed under some one or other of those four.	資本がこの四つのいずれかに分類されない方法で投入されることは考えにくい。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	conceive|考えにくい|verb|imagine or understand	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	class|分類する|verb|put into a category	four|四つ|noun|the number 4

Each of those four methods of employing a capital is essentially necessary, either to the existence or extension of the other three, or to the general conveniency of the society.	資本を投入するこの四つの方法はそれぞれ、他の三つの存在や拡大、あるいは社会の一般的な利便性にとって本質的に必要である。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	four|四つ|adjective|the number 4	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	employ|投入する|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	essentially|本質的に|adverb|in or relating to the essential nature of something	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed

Unless a capital was employed in furnishing rude produce to a certain degree of abundance, neither manufactures nor trade of any kind could exist.	資本が投入されて、ある程度の豊富な原材料が供給されない限り、いかなる種類の製造業も商業も存在しえない。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	rude|原材料|adjective|in a natural or unrefined state	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	neither|～も～も|conjunction|not either; not one and not the other	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine especially on a large scale	trade|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

Unless a capital was employed in manufacturing that part of the rude produce which requires a good deal of preparation before it can be fit for use and consumption, it either would never be produced, because there could be no demand for it;	資本が投入されて、使用や消費に適するまでにかなりの準備を必要とする原材料の部分を製造しない限り、それは決して生産されないか、あるいは、需要がないので、生産されてもすぐに消費されてしまう。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	rude|原材料|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	preparation|準備|noun|the action or process of making ready or being made ready for use or consideration	fit|適する|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
or if it was produced spontaneously, it would be of no value in exchange, and could add nothing to the wealth of the society.	あるいは、自発的に生産されたとしても、交換価値がなく、社会の富に何も加えることができない。	spontaneously|自発的に|adverb|without being caused by an external force	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

Unless a capital was employed in transporting either the rude or manufactured produce from the places where it abounds to those where it is wanted, no more of either could be produced than was necessary for the consumption of the neighbourhood.	資本が投入されて、原材料や製造品を豊富な場所から必要とされる場所に輸送しない限り、近隣の消費に必要な量しか生産できない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	rude|原材料|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured|製造品|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|生産する|verb|make or create	abound|豊富な|verb|be plentiful or very common	want|必要とされる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place
The capital of the merchant exchanges the surplus produce of one place for that of another, and thus encourages the industry, and increases the enjoyments of both.	商人の資本は、ある場所の余剰生産物を別の場所の余剰生産物と交換し、こうして産業を奨励し、両者の楽しみを増やす。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities for profit	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to (someone)	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something

Unless a capital was employed in breaking and dividing certain portions either of the rude or manufactured produce into such small parcels as suit the occasional demands of those who want them, every man would be obliged to purchase a greater quantity of the goods he wanted than his immediate occasions required.	資本が投入されて、原材料や製造品の一部を、必要とする人の時々の需要に合うように小さな小包に分割しない限り、誰もが自分の当面の必要量よりも多くの商品を購入せざるを得なくなる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	break|分割する|verb|separate into pieces as a result of impact or force	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	certain|一部の|adjective|particular but not explicitly identified	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	rude|原材料|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	parcel|小包|noun|a package	suit|合う|verb|be convenient or acceptable to	occasional|時々の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	goods|商品|noun|merchandise	want|欲しい|verb|feel a need or a wish for	immediate|当面の|adjective|happening or done without delay	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event
If there was no such trade as a butcher, for example, every man would be obliged to purchase a whole ox or a whole sheep at a time.	例えば、肉屋のような商売がなければ、誰もが一度に牛一頭や羊一頭を購入せざるを得なくなる。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	whole|一頭|adjective|complete; entire	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal with horns	sheep|羊|noun|a domesticated ruminant mammal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced or compelled to do something	at a time|一度に|adverb|on one occasion; at one time
This would generally be inconvenient to the rich, and much more so to the poor.	これは一般的に金持ちにとって不便であり、貧乏人にとってはもっと不便である。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	rich|金持ち|noun|a person with a great deal of money or property	poor|貧乏人|noun|a person who has little or no money and few or no possessions
If a poor workman was obliged to purchase a month’s or six months’ provisions at a time, a great part of the stock which he employs as a capital in the instruments of his trade, or in the furniture of his shop, and which yields him a revenue, he would be forced to place in that part of his stock which is reserved for immediate consumption, and which yields him no revenue.	貧しい労働者が一度に一ヶ月分や六ヶ月分の食料を購入せざるを得ないとしたら、彼が自分の商売道具や店の家具に資本として投入し、収入を得ている資産の大部分を、即時消費のために取っておき、収入を生み出さない資産の部分に投入せざるを得なくなる。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced or compelled to do something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	month|月|noun|a period of time of about 30 days	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time of about 180 days	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	stock|資産|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house, or other area	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	force|投入せざるを得なくなる|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	immediate|即時|adjective|occurring or done at once	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	reserve|取っておく|verb|keep or save for a particular purpose or time	yield|生み出さない|verb|produce or provide
Nothing can be more convenient for such a person than to be able to purchase his subsistence from day to day, or even from hour to hour, as he wants it.	そのような人にとって、日々、あるいは時間ごとに、必要に応じて生活必需品を購入できることほど便利なことはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	be more convenient|より便利である|verb|be more useful or helpful	such a person|そのような人|noun|a person of the type mentioned	be able to|できる|verb|have the ability to	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	from day to day|日々|adverb|every day	from hour to hour|時間ごとに|adverb|every hour	as|必要に応じて|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	want|欲する|verb|feel a need or a wish for
He is thereby enabled to employ almost his whole stock as a capital.	それによって、彼はほとんどすべての資産を資本として投入することができるようになる。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	employ|投入する|verb|use	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	whole|すべての|adjective|all of; the entire	stock|資産|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
He is thus enabled to furnish work to a greater value;	こうして彼はより大きな価値の仕事を提供することができるようになる。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; like this	enable|できる|verb|make possible	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and the profit which he makes by it in this way much more than compensates the additional price which the profit of the retailer imposes upon the goods.	そして、彼がこのようにして得る利益は、小売業者の利益が商品に課す追加価格を補って余りある。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	this way|このように|adverb|in this manner	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
The prejudices of some political writers against shopkeepers and tradesmen are altogether without foundation.	店主や商人に対する一部の政治作家の偏見は、まったく根拠がない。	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who is engaged in trade or commerce	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	foundation|根拠|noun|a basis on which something is founded or built
So far is it from being necessary either to tax them, or to restrict their numbers, that they can never be multiplied so as to hurt the public, though they may so as to hurt one another.	彼らに課税したり、その数を制限したりする必要はまったくなく、彼らが互いに傷つけ合うほどに増殖することはあっても、公衆を傷つけるほどに増殖することはありえない。	so far|まったく|adverb|to a great extent; very much	be necessary|必要である|verb|be required or essential	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	restrict|制限する|verb|limit or control	number|数|noun|a quantity that can be counted	multiply|増殖する|verb|increase in number	hurt|傷つける|verb|cause pain or injury to	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
The quantity of grocery goods, for example, which can be sold in a particular town, is limited by the demand of that town and its neighbourhood.	たとえば、特定の町で販売できる食料雑貨の量は、その町とその周辺の需要によって制限される。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	grocery|食料雑貨|noun|a retail store that primarily sells food	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	limit|制限する|verb|set or serve as a boundary to	demand|需要|noun|an expressed need for a particular good or service
The capital, therefore, which can be employed in the grocery trade, cannot exceed what is sufficient to purchase that quantity.	したがって、食料雑貨業に投入できる資本は、その量を購入するのに十分な量を超えることはできない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	grocery|食料雑貨|noun|a retail store that primarily sells food	trade|業|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	purchase|購入する|verb|buy or obtain by paying money
If this capital is divided between two different grocers, their competition will tend to make both of them sell cheaper than if it were in the hands of one only;	この資本が2人の食料雑貨商の間で分割された場合、彼らの競争は、それが1人の手に渡った場合よりも、両者とも安く販売する傾向がある。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	two|2|numeral|one more than one	grocer|食料雑貨商|noun|a retail trader in food	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	tend|する傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	both|両者とも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	one|1|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two
and if it were divided among twenty, their competition would be just so much the greater, and the chance of their combining together, in order to raise the price, just so much the less.	そして、それが20人に分割された場合、彼らの競争はさらに激しくなり、価格を上げるために彼らが結託する可能性はさらに低くなる。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, degree, or value	chance|可能性|noun|the possibility of something happening	combine|結託する|verb|join or merge together	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Their competition might, perhaps, ruin some of themselves;	彼らの競争は、おそらく、彼ら自身の一部を破滅させるかもしれない。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction
but to take care of this, is the business of the parties concerned, and it may safely be trusted to their discretion.	しかし、これに注意を払うことは、関係者の事業であり、彼らの裁量に安全に信頼できる。	take care of|注意を払う|verb|be careful or cautious about	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	concerned|関係する|adjective|involved or interested in something	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation
It can never hurt either the consumer or the producer;	それは消費者にも生産者にも決して損害を与えることはできない。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	producer|生産者|noun|a person who creates or produces goods or services	hurt|損害を与える|verb|cause damage to
on the contrary, it must tend to make the retailers both sell cheaper and buy dearer, than if the whole trade was monopolised by one or two persons.	それどころか、小売業者が全体の取引を1人か2人で独占した場合よりも、安く売り、高く買う傾向があるはずだ。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the general public	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	dearer|高く|adjective|costing a lot of money	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	monopolise|独占する|verb|have or obtain exclusive possession or control of	one|1人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	two|2人|noun|a number equal to one plus one
Some of them, perhaps, may sometimes decoy a weak customer to buy what he has no occasion for.	彼らの一部は、おそらく、弱い顧客を誘惑して、必要のないものを買わせるかもしれない。	some of|一部の|determiner|a portion of	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	decoy|誘惑する|verb|lure or entice	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	occasion|必要|noun|a time or event when something happens or is done
This evil, however, is of too little importance to deserve the public attention, nor would it necessarily be prevented by restricting their numbers.	しかし、この悪は、世間の注目に値するほど重要ではなく、また、その数を制限することによって必ずしも防ぐことができるわけではない。	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	little|あまり|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	public|世間|noun|the people as a whole	attention|注目|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
It is not the multitude of alehouses, to give the must suspicious example, that occasions a general disposition to drunkenness among the common people;	最も疑わしい例を挙げると、一般の人々の間で酔っ払いになる一般的な傾向を引き起こすのは、居酒屋の多さではない。	multitude|多さ|noun|a large number of people or things	alehouse|居酒屋|noun|a place where beer and other drinks are sold and drunk	give|挙げる|verb|provide as an example	suspicious|疑わしい|adjective|doubtful as to the truth of something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	general disposition|一般的な傾向|noun|a general tendency	drunkenness|酔っ払い|noun|the state of being drunk	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general
but that disposition, arising from other causes, necessarily gives employment to a multitude of alehouses.	しかし、他の原因から生じるその傾向は、必然的に多くの居酒屋に仕事を与える。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	disposition|傾向|noun|a tendency to behave in a particular way	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work	multitude|多く|noun|a large number of people or things	alehouse|居酒屋|noun|a place where beer and other drinks are sold and drunk

The persons whose capitals are employed in any of those four ways, are themselves productive labourers.	これらの四つの方法のいずれかで資本が使用されている人々は、彼ら自身が生産的労働者である。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使用される|verb|use or engage	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
Their labour, when properly directed, fixes and realizes itself in the subject or vendible commodity upon which it is bestowed, and generally adds to its price the value at least of their own maintenance and consumption.	彼らの労働は、適切に指示された場合、それが与えられる対象物や販売可能な商品に固定され、実現され、一般的に少なくとも彼ら自身の維持と消費の価値をその価格に追加する。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	direct|指示する|verb|control the operations of	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	realize|実現する|verb|achieve or make real	subject|対象物|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	vendible|販売可能な|adjective|capable of being sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	add|追加する|verb|join or combine two or more things together or with something else	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
The profits of the farmer, of the manufacturer, of the merchant, and retailer, are all drawn from the price of the goods which the two first produce, and the two last buy and sell.	農民、製造業者、商人、小売業者の利益はすべて、最初の二つが生産し、最後の二つが売買する商品の価格から得られる。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or company that sells goods to the public	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	good|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
Equal capitals, however, employed in each of those four different ways, will immediately put into motion very different quantities of productive labour;	しかし、これらの四つの異なる方法のそれぞれに使用される等しい資本は、すぐに非常に異なる量の生産的労働を動かすだろう。	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使用される|verb|use	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
and augment, too, in very different proportions, the value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the society to which they belong.	そして、彼らが属する社会の土地と労働の年間生産物の価値を、非常に異なる比率で増加させる。	augment|増加させる|verb|make or become greater	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

The capital of the retailer replaces, together with its profits, that of the merchant of whom he purchases goods, and thereby enables him to continue his business.	小売業者の資本は、その利益とともに、彼が商品を購入する商人の資本を置き換え、それによって彼が事業を継続することを可能にする。	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the general public	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who trades with foreign countries	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process
The retailer himself is the only productive labourer whom it immediately employs.	小売業者自身が、それが直接雇用する唯一の生産的労働者である。	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public	himself|自身|pronoun|the male person or animal previously mentioned	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	whom|誰|pronoun|the person or people previously mentioned	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time; instantly	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to and pay wages to
In his profit consists the whole value which its employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	彼の利益は、その雇用が社会の土地と労働の年間生産物に加える全価値からなる。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a manufacturing process	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

The capital of the wholesale merchant replaces, together with their profits, the capitals of the farmers and manufacturers of whom he purchases the rude and manufactured produce which he deals in, and thereby enables them to continue their respective trades.	卸売商人の資本は、その利益とともに、彼が扱う粗製品や製造製品を購入する農民や製造業者の資本を置き換え、それによって彼らがそれぞれの取引を継続することを可能にする。	wholesale merchant|卸売商人|noun|a person who buys goods in large quantities and sells them to retailers	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	rude|粗製品|adjective|lacking good manners or respect; impolite	manufactured|製造製品|adjective|made or produced by a machine or factory	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	deal|扱う|verb|do business with	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
It is by this service chiefly that he contributes indirectly to support the productive labour of the society, and to increase the value of its annual produce.	彼が社会の生産的労働を支え、その年間生産物の価値を増大させるのに間接的に貢献するのは、主にこの奉仕によってである。	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products
His capital employs, too, the sailors and carriers who transport his goods from one place to another;	彼の資本はまた、彼の商品をある場所から別の場所に運ぶ船員や運送業者を雇用している。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store
and it augments the price of those goods by the value, not only of his profits, but of their wages.	そして、彼の利益だけでなく、彼らの賃金の価値によって、それらの商品の価格を増大させる。	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
This is all the productive labour which it immediately puts into motion, and all the value which it immediately adds to the annual produce.	これが、それが即座に動かすすべての生産的労働であり、それが即座に年間生産物に加えるすべての価値である。	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together or with something else
Its operation in both these respects is a good deal superior to that of the capital of the retailer.	これらの両方の点で、その運営は小売業者の資本の運営よりもかなり優れている。	operation|運営|noun|the act of operating or functioning	both|両方|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale

Part of the capital of the master manufacturer is employed as a fixed capital in the instruments of his trade, and replaces, together with its profits, that of some other artificer of whom he purchases them.	親方製造業者の資本の一部は、彼の貿易の道具に固定資本として使われ、その利益とともに、彼がそれらを購入する他の職人の資本を置き換える。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	master manufacturer|親方製造業者|noun|a person who owns and runs a factory	employ|使う|verb|use	fixed capital|固定資本|noun|capital invested in assets that are not easily converted into cash	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the activity or business of buying and selling goods and services	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	purchase|購入する|verb|buy
Part of his circulating capital is employed in purchasing materials, and replaces, with their profits, the capitals of the farmers and miners of whom he purchases them.	彼の流動資本の一部は、材料の購入に使われ、その利益とともに、彼がそれらを購入する農民や鉱夫の資本を置き換える。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	circulating capital|流動資本|noun|the capital of a business which is used to finance its day-to-day operations	employ|使う|verb|use or engage	purchase|購入|verb|buy	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	miner|鉱夫|noun|a person who works in a mine
But a great part of it is always, either annually, or in a much shorter period, distributed among the different workmen whom he employs.	しかし、その大部分は常に、年単位か、あるいはもっと短い期間で、彼が雇っている様々な労働者に分配される。	a great part of|大部分|noun|a large part of	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	annually|年単位|adverb|once a year	a much shorter period|もっと短い期間|noun|a period of time that is much shorter than a year	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	the different workmen|様々な労働者|noun|the various workers	whom|彼が|relative pronoun|the person that	employ|雇う|verb|give work to someone in return for payment
It augments the value of those materials by their wages, and by their masters’ profits upon the whole stock of wages, materials, and instruments of trade employed in the business.	それは、彼らの賃金と、事業に使用される賃金、材料、および貿易手段の全ストックに対する彼らの主人たちの利益によって、それらの材料の価値を増大させる。	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|ストック|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
It puts immediately into motion, therefore, a much greater quantity of productive labour, and adds a much greater value to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society, than an equal capital in the hands of any wholesale merchant.	したがって、それは、卸売商人の手にある同等の資本よりも、はるかに多くの生産的労働を即座に動かし、社会の土地と労働の年間生産物にはるかに大きな価値を加える。	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	add|加える|verb|join or combine	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	wholesale merchant|卸売商人|noun|a merchant who sells goods in large quantities to be retailed by others

No equal capital puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than that of the farmer.	農民の資本よりも多くの生産的労働を動かす同等の資本はない。	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
Not only his labouring servants, but his labouring cattle, are productive labourers.	彼の労働する使用人だけでなく、彼の労働する家畜も生産的労働者である。	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	labouring|労働する|adjective|doing work	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	labouring|労働する|adjective|doing work	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
In agriculture, too, Nature labours along with man;	農業においても、自然は人間と共に働く。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	labour|働く|verb|work hard
and though her labour costs no expense, its produce has its value, as well as that of the most expensive workmen.	そして、彼女の労働には費用がかからないが、その生産物には、最も高価な労働者の生産物と同様に価値がある。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cost|かかる|verb|require to be paid for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
The most important operations of agriculture seem intended, not so much to increase, though they do that too, as to direct the fertility of Nature towards the production of the plants most profitable to man.	農業の最も重要な作業は、増加させることではなく、自然の豊穣を人間にとって最も有益な植物の生産に向けることであるように思われる。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical nature	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	fertility|豊穣|noun|the quality or state of being fertile	direct|向ける|verb|control the course of; guide	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	profitable|有益な|adjective|yielding a financial gain
A field overgrown with briars and brambles, may frequently produce as great a quantity of vegetables as the best cultivated vineyard or corn field.	イバラや茨が生い茂った畑は、よく耕されたブドウ畑やトウモロコシ畑と同じくらい多くの野菜を生産することがある。	briar|イバラ|noun|a prickly plant	bramble|茨|noun|a prickly plant	overgrown|生い茂った|adjective|covered with plants	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant used as food	cultivated|耕された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	vineyard|ブドウ畑|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for wine	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds
Planting and tillage frequently regulate more than they animate the active fertility of Nature; and after all their labour, a great part of the work always remains to be done by her.	植栽や耕作は、自然の活発な豊穣を活気づけるというよりは、むしろそれを調整することが多い。そして、彼らの労働のすべてが終わった後も、仕事の大部分は常に彼女によって行われなければならない。	planting|植栽|noun|the action of planting	tillage|耕作|noun|the action of tilling	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	animate|活気づける|verb|give life to	active|活発な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	fertility|豊穣|noun|the quality or state of being fertile	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	be done|行われなければならない|verb|be finished or completed
The labourers and labouring cattle, therefore, employed in agriculture, not only occasion, like the workmen in manufactures, the reproduction of a value equal to their own consumption, or to the capital which employs them, together with its owner’s profits, but of a much greater value.	したがって、農業に従事する労働者と労働牛は、製造業の労働者と同様に、自分たちの消費量や、彼らを雇用している資本とその所有者の利益を合わせた価値の再生産だけでなく、はるかに大きな価値の再生産をもたらす。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	labouring cattle|労働牛|noun|a cow or bull used for work	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Over and above the capital of the farmer, and all its profits, they regularly occasion the reproduction of the rent of the landlord.	農民の資本とそのすべての利益に加えて、彼らは定期的に地主の地代の再生産をもたらす。	over and above|に加えて|adverb|in addition to	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	reproduction|再生産|noun|the action or process of reproducing something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
This rent may be considered as the produce of those powers of Nature, the use of which the landlord lends to the farmer.	この地代は、地主が農民に貸し付ける自然の力の産物と考えることができる。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	Nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that they agree to pay back later	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
It is greater or smaller, according to the supposed extent of those powers, or, in other words, according to the supposed natural or improved fertility of the land.	それは、それらの力の想定される範囲、言い換えれば、土地の想定される自然の豊穣性または改良された豊穣性に応じて、より大きくなったり小さくなったりする。	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger	smaller|より小さい|adjective|less large	according to|応じて|preposition|as stated or reported by	supposed|想定される|adjective|assumed to exist or be true without proof	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	fertility|豊穣性|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit
It is the work of Nature which remains, after deducting or compensating every thing which can be regarded as the work of man.	それは、人間の仕事と見なせるすべてのものを差し引いたり補償したりした後に残る自然の仕事である。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	Nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	every thing|すべてのもの|noun|all things	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as being	human|人間|noun|a human being
It is seldom less than a fourth, and frequently more than a third, of the whole produce.	それが全生産物の4分の1未満になることはめったになく、3分の1以上になることはよくある。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	frequently|よくある|adverb|often; many times	more than|以上|preposition|greater in number or amount than	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
No equal quantity of productive labour employed in manufactures, can ever occasion so great reproduction.	製造業に従事する生産労働の同量が、これほど大きな再生産をもたらすことは決してない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible product	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labour or by machinery especially on a large scale	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	reproduction|再生産|noun|the process of making a copy of something
In them Nature does nothing; man does all; and the reproduction must always be in proportion to the strength of the agents that occasion it.	製造業では自然は何もせず、人間がすべてを行う。そして再生産は常にそれを生み出す行為者の強さに比例する。	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	do nothing|何もしない|verb|not do anything	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	do all|すべてを行う|verb|do everything	reproduction|再生産|noun|the process of making a copy of something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be in proportion to|比例する|verb|be related to something in a way that is correct or suitable	occasion|生み出す|verb|cause or produce
The capital employed in agriculture, therefore, not only puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than any equal capital employed in manufactures;	したがって、農業に投下される資本は、製造業に投下される同量の資本よりも多くの生産労働を動かすだけでなく、	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下される|verb|use or engage	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
but in proportion, too, to the quantity of productive labour which it employs, it adds a much greater value to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, to the real wealth and revenue of its inhabitants.	それが雇用する生産労働の量に比例して、その国の土地と労働の年産物、住民の真の富と収入に、はるかに大きな価値を付加する。	in proportion|比例して|adverb|in a way that is directly related to something else	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	add|付加する|verb|join or combine	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年産物|adjective|happening once a year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization
Of all the ways in which a capital can be employed, it is by far the most advantageous to society.	資本が投入されるあらゆる方法の中で、農業は社会にとって最も有利である。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or utilize	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

The capitals employed in the agriculture and in the retail trade of any society, must always reside within that society.	どんな社会でも、農業と小売業に投下される資本は、常にその社会内に存在しなければならない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下される|verb|use or engage	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	retail trade|小売業|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	reside|存在する|verb|live in a particular place permanently, especially as a legal resident or citizen
Their employment is confined almost to a precise spot, to the farm, and to the shop of the retailer.	その雇用は、農場や小売店など、ほぼ正確な場所に限定されている。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	precise|正確な|adjective|exact or accurate	spot|場所|noun|a particular place or location	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	retailer|小売店|noun|a business or person that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale
They must generally, too, though there are some exceptions to this, belong to resident members of the society.	例外はあるものの、それらは一般的に社会の居住者に属していなければならない。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations

The capital of a wholesale merchant, on the contrary, seems to have no fixed or necessary residence anywhere, but may wander about from place to place, according as it can either buy cheap or sell dear.	逆に、卸売商人の資本は、どこにも固定した、あるいは必要な住居を持たないように思われるが、安く買うか、高く売るかによって、場所から場所へとさまようことがある。	wholesale merchant|卸売商人|noun|a person who buys goods in large quantities and sells them to retailers	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	fixed|固定した|adjective|not changing or able to be changed	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	residence|住居|noun|the place where someone lives	wander|さまよう|verb|move about or travel aimlessly or unsystematically	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value

The capital of the manufacturer must, no doubt, reside where the manufacture is carried on;	製造業者の資本は、間違いなく、製造が行われている場所に存在しなければならない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	reside|存在する|verb|live in a particular place permanently, especially as a legal resident or citizen	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something
but where this shall be, is not always necessarily determined.	しかし、それがどこであるかは、必ずしも決定されるわけではない。	where|どこ|adverb|in or to what place	be|である|verb|exist or occur	not always|必ずしも|adverb|not in every case	necessarily|必ず|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner
It may frequently be at a great distance, both from the place where the materials grow, and from that where the complete manufacture is consumed.	それは、材料が生産される場所と、完成品が消費される場所の両方から、かなり離れていることが多い。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	grow|生産される|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	complete|完成品|adjective|having all the necessary parts	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	consume|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
Lyons is very distant, both from the places which afford the materials of its manufactures, and from those which consume them.	リヨンは、その製品の材料を供給する場所と、それを消費する場所の両方から非常に離れている。	Lyons|リヨン|noun|a city in east-central France	distant|離れている|adjective|far away in space or time	afford|供給する|verb|to be able to do or have something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	consume|消費する|verb|to eat or drink something
The people of fashion in Sicily are clothed in silks made in other countries, from the materials which their own produces.	シチリアの流行に敏感な人々は、自国で生産された材料から、他国で作られた絹を身にまとっている。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	Sicily|シチリア|noun|the largest island in the Mediterranean	clothe|身にまとっている|verb|put clothes on	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	produce|生産された|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
Part of the wool of Spain is manufactured in Great Britain, and some part of that cloth is afterwards sent back to Spain.	スペインの羊毛の一部はイギリスで製造され、その布の一部はその後スペインに送り返される。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	send back|送り返す|verb|return something to the sender

Whether the merchant whose capital exports the surplus produce of any society, be a native or a foreigner, is of very little importance.	資本が社会の余剰生産物を輸出する商人が、自国民であるか外国人であるかは、ほとんど重要ではない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	native|自国民|noun|a person born in a particular place	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person born in or coming from a country other than one's own	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important
If he is a foreigner, the number of their productive labourers is necessarily less than if he had been a native, by one man only;	もし彼が外国人なら、生産労働者の数は、彼が自国民であった場合よりも、必然的に一人だけ少ない。	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	native|自国民|noun|a person born in a particular place	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else
and the value of their annual produce, by the profits of that one man.	そして、その一人の利益によって、彼らの年間生産物の価値は下がる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	the value of|価値|noun|the worth of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	by|によって|preposition|used to show how something is done or achieved	the profits of|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	that one man|一人|noun|a single person
The sailors or carriers whom he employs, may still belong indifferently either to his country, or to their country, or to some third country, in the same manner as if he had been a native.	彼が雇う船員や運送業者は、彼が自国民であった場合と同じように、彼の国、彼らの国、あるいは第三国に属しているかもしれない。	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	employ|雇う|verb|give work to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	native|自国民|noun|a person born in a particular place
The capital of a foreigner gives a value to their surplus produce equally with that of a native, by exchanging it for something for which there is a demand at home.	外国人の資本は、自国民の資本と同様に、彼らの余剰生産物を国内で需要のあるものと交換することで、その余剰生産物に価値を与える。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	equally|等しく|adverb|in a way that is the same in amount or value	native|自国民|noun|a person born in a particular place	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
It as effectually replaces the capital of the person who produces that surplus, and as effectually enables him to continue his business, the service by which the capital of a wholesale merchant chiefly contributes to support the productive labour, and to augment the value of the annual produce of the society to which he belongs.	それは、その余剰を生産する人の資本を効果的に置き換え、彼が事業を継続することを効果的に可能にする。卸売商人の資本が主に生産労働を支え、彼が属する社会の年間生産物の価値を増大させるのに貢献するサービスである。	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or help to give something to a common purpose	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products

It is of more consequence that the capital of the manufacturer should reside within the country.	製造業者の資本が国内にあることがより重要である。	consequence|重要性|noun|the effect or result of an action or condition	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	reside|ある|verb|live in a particular place permanently, especially as a citizen or legal resident
It necessarily puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour, and adds a greater value to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	それは必然的に、より多くの生産労働を動かし、社会の土地と労働の年間生産物に大きな価値を付加する。	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	add|加える|verb|join or combine	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It may, however, be very useful to the country, though it should not reside within it.	しかし、国内に存在しなくても、国にとって非常に有益な場合がある。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	be useful to|にとって有益である|verb|be of service to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The capitals of the British manufacturers who work up the flax and hemp annually imported from the coasts of the Baltic, are surely very useful to the countries which produce them.	バルト海沿岸から毎年輸入される亜麻や麻を加工するイギリスの製造業者の資本は、それらを生産する国々にとって確かに非常に有益である。	Baltic|バルト海|noun|a sea in northern Europe	coast|沿岸|noun|the land next to the sea	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	work up|加工する|verb|to make something from raw materials	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	useful|有益な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Those materials are a part of the surplus produce of those countries, which, unless it was annually exchanged for something which is in demand here, would be of no value, and would soon cease to be produced.	これらの材料は、これらの国々の余剰生産物の一部であり、毎年ここで需要のあるものと交換されない限り、価値がなく、すぐに生産されなくなるだろう。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for a good or service	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end
The merchants who export it, replace the capitals of the people who produce it, and thereby encourage them to continue the production;	それを輸出する商人は、それを生産する人々の資本を補充し、それによって彼らが生産を続けることを奨励する。	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured
and the British manufacturers replace the capitals of those merchants.	そしてイギリスの製造業者はそれらの商人の資本を補充する。	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

A particular country, in the same manner as a particular person, may frequently not have capital sufficient both to improve and cultivate all its lands, to manufacture and prepare their whole rude produce for immediate use and consumption, and to transport the surplus part either of the rude or manufactured produce to those distant markets, where it can be exchanged for something for which there is a demand at home.	特定の国は、特定の人と同様の方法で、すべての土地を改良して耕作し、その粗野な生産物全体を即座に使用して消費するために製造して準備し、余剰部分を輸送するのに十分な資本をしばしば持っていないかもしれない。粗野な製品または製造された製品のいずれかを、国内で需要のあるものと交換できる遠方の市場に運ぶ。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	prepare|準備する|verb|make (something) ready for use or consideration	immediate|即座の|adjective|occurring or done without delay	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	distant|遠方の|adjective|far away in space or time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
The inhabitants of many different parts of Great Britain have not capital sufficient to improve and cultivate all their lands.	イギリスの多くの異なる地域の住民は、すべての土地を改良して耕作するのに十分な資本を持っていない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	have not|持っていない|verb|do not have	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening
The wool of the southern counties of Scotland is, a great part of it, after a long land carriage through very bad roads, manufactured in Yorkshire, for want of a capital to manufacture it at home.	スコットランドの南部諸郡の羊毛は、その大部分が、非常に悪い道路を通って長い陸路で運ばれた後、国内で製造するための資本がないため、ヨークシャー地方で製造されている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	southern|南部|adjective|of or in the south	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a country	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great physical length	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	carriage|運搬|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	Yorkshire|ヨークシャー|noun|a county in northern England	manufacture|製造|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
There are many little manufacturing towns in Great Britain, of which the inhabitants have not capital sufficient to transport the produce of their own industry to those distant markets where there is demand and consumption for it.	イギリスには多くの小さな製造業の町があり、その住民は自分の産業の生産物を需要と消費がある遠方の市場に輸送するのに十分な資本を持っていない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	distant|遠方の|adjective|far away in space or time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for and consume a good or service	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
If there are any merchants among them, they are, properly, only the agents of wealthier merchants who reside in some of the great commercial cities.	もし彼らの中に商人がいたとしても、彼らは、適切には、いくつかの偉大な商業都市に住む裕福な商人の代理人にすぎない。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	among|中に|preposition|in the middle of	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement

When the capital of any country is not sufficient for all those three purposes, in proportion as a greater share of it is employed in agriculture, the greater will be the quantity of productive labour which it puts into motion within the country;	ある国の資本がこれら三つの目的すべてに十分でない場合、その大部分が農業に使われれば使われるほど、その国の中で生産的な労働の量は大きくなる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	employ|使う|verb|use	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved
as will likewise be the value which its employment adds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	その雇用が社会の土地と労働の年間生産物に加える価値も同様に大きくなる。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
After agriculture, the capital employed in manufactures puts into motion the greatest quantity of productive labour, and adds the greatest value to the annual produce.	農業に次いで、製造業に投入された資本は、生産的労働の量を最大にし、年間生産物に最大の価値を付加する。	after|次いで|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage (a person or thing) for a particular purpose	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine especially on a large scale	put into motion|最大にする|verb|cause to start moving	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible or intangible good or service	add|付加する|verb|join or combine (something) with something else so as to increase the size, amount, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
That which is employed in the trade of exportation has the least effect of any of the three.	輸出貿易に投入される資本は、三つのうちで最も効果が小さい。	be employed in|投入される|verb|be used for	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	have the least effect|最も効果が小さい|verb|be the least effective	three|三つ|noun|the number 3

The country, indeed, which has not capital sufficient for all those three purposes, has not arrived at that degree of opulence for which it seems naturally destined.	実際、これら三つの目的すべてに十分な資本を持たない国は、自然に運命づけられていると思われる豊かさの程度に達していない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	have not|持っていない|verb|not have	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	arrive|達する|verb|reach a destination	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	opulence|豊かさ|noun|the state of being extremely rich	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression of being	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	destined|運命づけられている|verb|(of a person or thing) intended for a particular purpose or end
To attempt, however, prematurely, and with an insufficient capital, to do all the three, is certainly not the shortest way for a society, no more than it would be for an individual, to acquire a sufficient one.	しかし、時期尚早に、また不十分な資本で、三つすべてを行おうとすることは、個人にとっても社会にとっても、十分な資本を獲得するための最短の道ではない。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	prematurely|時期尚早に|adverb|before the usual or proper time	insufficient|不十分な|adjective|not enough	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The capital of all the individuals of a nation has its limits, in the same manner as that of a single individual, and is capable of executing only certain purposes.	一国のすべての個人の資本は、一人の個人の資本と同じように限界があり、特定の目的を遂行することしかできない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	limit|限界|noun|a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	execute|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
The capital of all the individuals of a nation is increased in the same manner as that of a single individual, by their continually accumulating and adding to it whatever they save out of their revenue.	一国のすべての個人の資本は、一人の個人の資本と同じように、収入から貯蓄したものを継続的に蓄積し、それに追加することで増加する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	single|一人の|adjective|only one; not one of several	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
It is likely to increase the fastest, therefore, when it is employed in the way that affords the greatest revenue to all the inhabitants or the country, as they will thus be enabled to make the greatest savings.	したがって、それは、すべての住民や国に最大の収入をもたらす方法で使われるとき、最も速く増加する可能性が高い。なぜなら、そうすれば、彼らは最大の貯蓄をすることができるからである。	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	fastest|最も速く|adverb|at the highest speed	afford|もたらす|verb|be able to do or have something	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation, excise, etc.	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	enable|することができる|verb|make possible	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money that you have saved
But the revenue of all the inhabitants of the country is necessarily in proportion to the value of the annual produce of their land and labour.	しかし、その国のすべての住民の収入は、必然的に彼らの土地と労働の年間生産物の価値に比例する。	revenue|収入|noun|income	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced

It has been the principal cause of the rapid progress of our American colonies towards wealth and greatness, that almost their whole capitals have hitherto been employed in agriculture.	アメリカの植民地が富と偉大さに向かって急速に進歩した主な原因は、これまでほとんどすべての資本が農業に使われてきたことである。	principal cause|主な原因|noun|the most important reason for something	rapid progress|急速な進歩|noun|a fast development	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	American colonies|アメリカの植民地|noun|the British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now or until the point mentioned	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
They have no manufactures, those household and coarser manufactures excepted, which necessarily accompany the progress of agriculture, and which are the work of the women and children in every private family.	彼らには、農業の進歩に必然的に伴う家庭用や粗悪な製造業以外に製造業はなく、それはどの家庭でも女性や子供たちの仕事である。	have no|ない|verb|not have	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	household|家庭用|adjective|of or relating to a house and the people who live in it	coarser|粗悪な|adjective|of inferior quality	except|除いて|verb|not include	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	accompany|伴う|verb|go with	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
The greater part, both of the exportation and coasting trade of America, is carried on by the capitals of merchants who reside in Great Britain.	アメリカの輸出と沿岸貿易の大部分は、イギリスに住む商人の資本によって行われている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	coasting trade|沿岸貿易|noun|trade between ports of the same country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Even the stores and warehouses from which goods are retailed in some provinces, particularly in Virginia and Maryland, belong many of them to merchants who reside in the mother country, and afford one of the few instances of the retail trade of a society being carried on by the capitals of those who are not resident members of it.	特にバージニアやメリーランドなど一部の州では、商品を小売りする店舗や倉庫でさえ、その多くが母国に住む商人の所有であり、その社会の住人ではない人々の資本によって小売業が行われている数少ない例の1つとなっている。	store|店舗|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	retail|小売りする|verb|sell goods in small quantities directly to the consumer	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	belong|所有である|verb|be owned by	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	afford|1つとなっている|verb|provide or supply	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	retail trade|小売業|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	resident|住人|noun|a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term basis	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
Were the Americans, either by combination, or by any other sort of violence, to stop the importation of European manufactures, and, by thus giving a monopoly to such of their own countrymen as could manufacture the like goods, divert any considerable part of their capital into this employment, they would retard, instead of accelerating, the further increase in the value of their annual produce, and would obstruct, instead of promoting, the progress of their country towards real wealth and greatness.	アメリカ人が、連合やその他の暴力によってヨーロッパの製造品の輸入を阻止し、同様の商品を製造できる自国の人々に独占権を与え、資本のかなりの部分をこの雇用に振り向けたとしたら、彼らは年産物の価値のさらなる増加を加速させるどころか遅らせ、自国が真の富と偉大さに向かって進歩するのを促進するどころか妨害することになるだろう。	American|アメリカ人|noun|a citizen of the United States	combination|連合|noun|the act of combining or the state of being combined	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or kill	stop|阻止する|verb|prevent from happening	importation|輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country from abroad	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	monopoly|独占権|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	countryman|自国の人々|noun|a person from one's own country	manufacture|製造できる|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	divert|振り向ける|verb|cause to change direction	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	accelerate|加速させる|verb|cause to move or happen more quickly	further|さらなる|adjective|more or greater in addition to what has already been mentioned	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年産物の|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or put an obstacle in the way of	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great or distinguished
This would be still more the case, were they to attempt, in the same manner, to monopolize to themselves their whole exportation trade.	彼らが同じように輸出貿易全体を独占しようとすれば、さらにそうなるだろう。	be the case|そうである|verb|be true or correct	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	monopolize|独占する|verb|have or obtain exclusive possession or control of	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

The course of human prosperity, indeed, seems scarce ever to have been of so long continuance as to unable any great country to acquire capital sufficient for all those three purposes;	実際、人間の繁栄の道は、これまでに大国がこれら3つの目的すべてに十分な資本を獲得できないほど長く続いたことはないようである。	course|道|noun|a series of events or actions	human|人間|noun|a human being	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	scarce|ないようである|adjective|not enough; insufficient	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	continuance|続いたこと|noun|the state of continuing	unable|できない|adjective|not able; lacking the power	great|大国|adjective|of major significance or importance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
unless, perhaps, we give credit to the wonderful accounts of the wealth and cultivation of China, of those of ancient Egypt, and of the ancient state of Indostan.	おそらく、中国、古代エジプト、古代インドの富と開拓に関する素晴らしい記述を信じない限り、そうはならないだろう。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	give credit to|信じる|verb|believe in the truth of	wonderful|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good; marvelous	account|記述|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	ancient state of Indostan|古代インド|noun|the civilization of ancient India
Even those three countries, the wealthiest, according to all accounts, that ever were in the world, are chiefly renowned for their superiority in agriculture and manufactures.	あらゆる記述によれば、世界で最も裕福だったこの3か国でさえ、主に農業と製造業の優位性で有名である。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	three|3|numeral|the number 3	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	account|記述|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part	renowned|有名な|adjective|known or talked about by many people	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
They do not appear to have been eminent for foreign trade.	彼らは対外貿易で著名だったようには見えない。	appear|見えない|verb|seem	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
The ancient Egyptians had a superstitious antipathy to the sea;	古代エジプト人は海に対して迷信的な反感を抱いていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egyptian|エジプト人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Egypt	have|抱く|verb|experience or feel	superstitious|迷信的な|adjective|having or showing a belief in superstitions	antipathy|反感|noun|a feeling of intense dislike
a superstition nearly of the same kind prevails among the Indians;	インド人の間にもほぼ同じ種類の迷信が広まっている。	superstition|迷信|noun|an irrational belief that some action not logically related to a course of events influences its outcome	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current	Indian|インド人|noun|a native or inhabitant of India
and the Chinese have never excelled in foreign commerce.	そして中国人は対外貿易で優れたことはなかった。	Chinese|中国人|noun|a person from China	excel|優れる|verb|be exceptionally good at something
The greater part of the surplus produce of all those three countries seems to have been always exported by foreigners, who gave in exchange for it something else, for which they found a demand there, frequently gold and silver.	これら三国の余剰生産物の大部分は、常に外国人によって輸出されていたようであり、外国人はそれを交換に、そこで需要のある何か、しばしば金や銀を与えた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	three countries|三国|noun|three nations	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	something else|何か|noun|an unspecified thing	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal of high economic value

It is thus that the same capital will in any country put into motion a greater or smaller quantity of productive labour, and add a greater or smaller value to the annual produce of its land and labour, according to the different proportions in which it is employed in agriculture, manufactures, and wholesale trade.	こうして、同じ資本がどの国でも、農業、製造業、卸売業に投入される割合の違いに応じて、多かれ少なかれ生産労働を動かし、その土地と労働の年間生産物に多かれ少なかれ価値を付加することになる。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	same|同じ|adjective|not different	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	any|どの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to start moving	greater|多かれ|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	smaller|少なかれ|adjective|less in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間の|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	wholesale|卸売業|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others
The difference, too, is very great, according to the different sorts of wholesale trade in which any part of it is employed.	その差も、その一部が従事する卸売業の種類によって非常に大きい。	difference|差|noun|the state or relation of being different	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	according to|によって|preposition|as stated or reported by	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	wholesale|卸売|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	trade|業|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services

All wholesale trade, all buying in order to sell again by wholesale, maybe reduced to three different sorts: the home trade, the foreign trade of consumption, and the carrying trade.	すべての卸売業、卸売りで再び売るために買うすべてのことは、三つの異なる種類に分けられるかもしれない。国内貿易、消費のための貿易、運送貿易である。	wholesale trade|卸売業|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	wholesale|卸売り|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	buy|買う|verb|acquire in exchange for money	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	foreign trade|貿易|noun|trade between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|trade involving the transportation of goods
The home trade is employed in purchasing in one part of the same country, and selling in another, the produce of the industry of that country.	国内貿易は、同じ国の一部で購入し、別の場所で販売する際に用いられる、その国の産業の産物である。	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	employ|用いる|verb|use	same country|同じ国|noun|a country that is the same as another	purchase|購入|verb|buy	another|別の|adjective|different	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It comprehends both the inland and the coasting trade.	それは内陸貿易と沿岸貿易の両方を含む。	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	coasting|沿岸|adjective|moving along a coast	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The foreign trade of consumption is employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption.	消費のための貿易は、国内消費のために外国製品を購入する際に用いられる。	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a country other than one's own	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the consumption of goods and services within a country
The carrying trade is employed in transacting the commerce of foreign countries, or in carrying the surplus produce of one to another.	運送貿易は、外国の商業取引や、余剰生産物を運ぶ際に用いられる。	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another

The capital which is employed in purchasing in one part of the country, in order to sell in another, the produce of the industry of that country, generally replaces, by every such operation, two distinct capitals, that had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures of that country, and thereby enables them to continue that employment.	国内の一部で購入し、別の場所で販売するために用いられる資本は、その国の産業の産物であり、一般的に、そのような取引のたびに、その国の農業や製造業に使われていた二つの異なる資本に取って代わり、それによってその雇用を継続することができる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|用いる|verb|use or engage	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	distinct|異なる|adjective|not the same	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process
When it sends out from the residence of the merchant a certain value of commodities, it generally brings hack in return at least an equal value of other commodities.	商人の住居から一定の価値のある商品を送り出すとき、それは一般的に少なくとも同等の価値のある他の商品を返送する。	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	bring back|返送する|verb|cause to return	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
When both are the produce of domestic industry, it necessarily replaces, by every such operation, two distinct capitals, which had both been employed in supporting productive labour, and thereby enables them to continue that support.	両方とも国内産業の生産物である場合、そのような取引のたびに、生産労働を支えるために使われていた二つの異なる資本に取って代わり、それによってその支えを継続することができる。	both|両方とも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	every such operation|そのような取引のたびに|noun|every time such an operation is performed	two distinct capitals|二つの異なる資本|noun|two different capitals	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	support|支え|noun|something that provides assistance or backing	continue|継続する|verb|keep doing something
The capital which sends Scotch manufactures to London, and brings back English corn and manufactures to Edinburgh, necessarily replaces, by every such operation, two British capitals, which had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures of Great Britain.	スコットランドの製品をロンドンに送り、イギリスの穀物や製品をエジンバラに持ち帰る資本は、そのような取引のたびに、イギリスの農業や製造業に使われていた二つのイギリスの資本に取って代わることになる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced by manufacturing	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|cause to return to a previous state or condition	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize, grown for its seed	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital city of Scotland	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	operation|取引|noun|a business or financial transaction	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale

The capital employed in purchasing foreign goods for home consumption, when this purchase is made with the produce of domestic industry, replaces, too, by every such operation, two distinct capitals;	国内消費のために外国製品を購入するために用いられる資本は、この購入が国内産業の産物で行われる場合、そのような取引のたびに二つの異なる資本に取って代わる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|用いる|verb|use	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	operation|取引|noun|a financial transaction	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical or similar	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
but one of them only is employed in supporting domestic industry.	しかし、そのうちの一つだけが国内産業を支えるために使われている。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	employ|使う|verb|use or engage	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country
The capital which sends British goods to Portugal, and brings back Portuguese goods to Great Britain, replaces, by every such operation, only one British capital.	イギリス製品をポルトガルに送り、ポルトガル製品をイギリスに持ち帰る資本は、そのような取引のたびに、イギリスの資本を一つだけ置き換える。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	Portuguese|ポルトガル|adjective|of or relating to Portugal or its people or language	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Europe	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	operation|取引|noun|a business or financial transaction	only|一つだけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else; solely
The other is a Portuguese one.	もう一つはポルトガルのものである。	other|もう一つ|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	Portuguese|ポルトガル|adjective|of or relating to Portugal or its people or language
Though the returns, therefore, of the foreign trade of consumption, should be as quick as those of the home trade, the capital employed in it will give but one half of the encouragement to the industry or productive labour of the country.	したがって、消費のための対外貿易の収益は、国内貿易の収益と同じくらい迅速であるべきだが、それに投入される資本は、その国の産業や生産労働に対する奨励の半分しか与えない。	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or utilize	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services

But the returns of the foreign trade of consumption are very seldom so quick as those of the home trade.	しかし、消費のための対外貿易の収益が、国内貿易の収益と同じくらい迅速になることはめったにない。	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country
The returns of the home trade generally come in before the end of the year, and sometimes three or four times in the year.	国内貿易の収益は、通常、年末までに入ってくるし、時には年に三、四回入ってくる。	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	come in|入ってくる|verb|arrive	end of the year|年末|noun|the last day of the year	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	three or four|三、四|numeral|three or four	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days
The returns of the foreign trade of consumption seldom come in before the end of the year, and sometimes not till after two or three years.	消費のための対外貿易の収益は、年末までに入ってくる事はめったになく、時には二、三年後まで入ってこない。	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	come in|入ってくる|verb|arrive	end of the year|年末|noun|the last day of the year	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally	two or three years|二、三年|noun|a period of time
A capital, therefore, employed in the home trade, will sometimes make twelve operations, or be sent out and returned twelve times, before a capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption has made one.	したがって、国内貿易に投入される資本は、消費のための対外貿易に投入される資本が一度回転する前に、時には十二回転する、つまり十二回送り出され、十二回戻ってくる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	make|回転する|verb|cause to happen or exist	twelve|十二|numeral|the number 12	operation|回転|noun|the action or process of working or functioning	be sent out|送り出され|verb|be dispatched	return|戻ってくる|verb|go or come back to a place or person	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	make|回転する|verb|cause to happen or exist
If the capitals are equal, therefore, the one will give four-and-twenty times more encouragement and support to the industry of the country than the other.	したがって、資本が同じであれば、前者は後者よりも国内産業に24倍の奨励と支援を与えることになる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	four-and-twenty|24|noun|the number 24	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way

The foreign goods for home consumption may sometimes be purchased, not with the produce of domestic industry but with some other foreign goods.	国内消費のための外国製品は、国内産業で生産された製品ではなく、他の外国製品で購入されることもある。	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a foreign country	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used by the residents of a country	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	other foreign goods|他の外国製品|noun|goods produced in a foreign country other than the one mentioned
These last, however, must have been purchased, either immediately with the produce of domestic industry, or with something else that had been purchased with it;	しかし、これらの後者は、国内産業の生産物で直接購入されたか、またはそれで購入された何か他のもので購入されたに違いない。	these last|これらの後者|noun|the last ones	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	must have been purchased|購入されたに違いない|verb|be obliged to buy	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or intervention	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	something else|何か他の物|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing
for, the case of war and conquest excepted, foreign goods can never be acquired, but in exchange for something that had been produced at home, either immediately, or after two or more different exchanges.	なぜなら、戦争と征服の場合を除いて、外国製品は、直接に、あるいは二回以上の異なる交換を経て、国内で生産されたものと交換する以外に、決して入手することはできないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	acquire|入手する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time; instantly	two|二回|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
The effects, therefore, of a capital employed in such a round-about foreign trade of consumption, are, in every respect, the same as those of one employed in the most direct trade of the same kind, except that the final returns are likely to be still more distant, as they must depend upon the returns of two or three distinct foreign trades.	したがって、このような遠回りの消費のための対外貿易に投下された資本の効果は、あらゆる点で、同じ種類の最も直接的な貿易に投下された資本の効果と同じであるが、最終的な収益は、二つか三つの異なる対外貿易の収益に依存しなければならないため、さらに遠くなる可能性が高いという点が異なる。	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	same|同じ|adjective|not different	kind|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	return|収益|noun|a profit from an investment	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	distinct|異なる|adjective|not the same
If the hemp and flax of Riga are purchased with the tobacco of Virginia, which had been purchased with British manufactures, the merchant must wait for the returns of two distinct foreign trades, before he can employ the same capital in repurchasing a like quantity of British manufactures.	リガの麻と亜麻が、イギリスの製品で購入されたバージニアのタバコで購入される場合、商人は同じ資本を同じ量のイギリス製品の再購入に投入する前に、二つの異なる対外貿易の収益を待たなければならない。	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	Riga|リガ|noun|the capital of Latvia	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the U.S.	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	wait|待つ|verb|to stay in one place until someone or something arrives or happens	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company makes after deducting all costs	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	employ|投入する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory
If the tobacco of Virginia had been purchased, not with British manufactures, but with the sugar and rum of Jamaica, which had been purchased with those manufactures, he must wait for the returns of three.	バージニアのタバコがイギリスの製品ではなく、それらの製品で購入されたジャマイカの砂糖とラム酒で購入された場合、彼は三つの収益を待たなければならない。	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of North America	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been manufactured	Jamaica|ジャマイカ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane	return|収益|noun|the value of a good or service sold	three|三つ|noun|the number 3
If those two or three distinct foreign trades should happen to be carried on by two or three distinct merchants, of whom the second buys the goods imported by the first, and the third buys those imported by the second, in order to export them again, each merchant, indeed, will, in this case, receive the returns of his own capital more quickly;	もし、二つか三つの異なる対外貿易が、二つか三つの異なる商人によって行われ、そのうちの二番目の商人が最初の商人が輸入した商品を買い、三番目の商人が二番目の商人が輸入した商品を買い、再び輸出する場合、この場合、各商人は確かに自分の資本の収益をより早く受け取ることになる。	two or three|二つか三つ|noun|a small number	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical or similar	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	happen to|行われ|verb|take place or occur	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	two or three|二つか三つ|noun|a small number	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical or similar	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	third|三番目|adjective|coming after the second in position	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	this case|この場合|noun|the situation that exists now	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	return|収益|noun|the profit from an investment	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
but the final returns of the whole capital employed in the trade will be just as slow as ever.	しかし、貿易に投下された資本全体の最終的な収益は、これまでと同じように遅くなるだろう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	whole|全体の|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employed|投下された|verb|use or engage	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	slow|遅くなる|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion
Whether the whole capital employed in such a round about trade belong to one merchant or to three, can make no difference with regard to the country, though it may with regard to the particular merchants.	このような迂回貿易に投下された資本全体が一人の商人のものであろうと三人の商人のものであろうと、特定の商人にとっては違いがあるかもしれないが、国にとっては違いはない。	round about|迂回|adjective|not direct	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	make no difference|違いはない|verb|have no effect	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
Three times a greater capital must in both cases be employed, in order to exchange a certain value of British manufactures for a certain quantity of flax and hemp, than would have been necessary, had the manufactures and the flax and hemp been directly exchanged for one another.	どちらの場合も、一定の価値のイギリス製品を一定量の亜麻と麻と交換するためには、製品と亜麻と麻を直接交換した場合に必要とされるよりも、三倍の資本を投入しなければならない。	three times|三倍|noun|three times as much or as many	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things previously mentioned	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	order|ために|noun|a state of peace, law, and justice	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt about something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or substance that has been manufactured	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its seed and fiber	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
The whole capital employed, therefore, in such a round-about foreign trade of consumption, will generally give less encouragement and support to the productive labour of the country, than an equal capital employed in a more direct trade of the same kind.	したがって、このような迂回的な対外消費貿易に投下された資本全体は、同種のより直接的な貿易に投下された同額の資本に比べて、一般的に国内の生産労働に対する奨励や支援が少ない。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下する|verb|use or engage	round-about|迂回的な|adjective|not direct; circuitous	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	equal|同額の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	direct|直接的な|adjective|involving no intermediary; straight	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

Whatever be the foreign commodity with which the foreign goods for home consumption are purchased, it can occasion no essential difference, either in the nature of the trade, or in the encouragement and support which it can give to the productive labour of the country from which it is carried on.	国内消費用の外国製品を購入する際に使用される外国製品が何であれ、貿易の性質や、貿易が行われている国の生産労働に対する奨励や支援において、本質的な違いは生じない。	Whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commodity|製品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	be purchased|購入される|verb|be bought	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	essential|本質的な|adjective|of the utmost importance	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be carried on|行われる|verb|be done or performed
If they are purchased with the gold of Brazil, for example, or with the silver of Peru, this gold and silver, like the tobacco of Virginia, must have been purchased with something that either was the produce of the industry of the country, or that had been purchased with something else that was so.	例えば、ブラジルの金やペルーの銀で購入された場合、この金や銀はバージニアのタバコと同様に、その国の産業で生産されたもの、またはその国の産業で生産されたもので購入されたもので購入されたに違いない。	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the U.S.	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	purchase|購入|verb|buy	produce|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
So far, therefore, as the productive labour of the country is concerned, the foreign trade of consumption, which is carried on by means of gold and silver, has all the advantages and all the inconveniencies of any other equally round-about foreign trade of consumption;	したがって、国の生産労働に関する限り、金や銀によって行われる対外消費貿易は、他の同様に迂回的な対外消費貿易のすべての利点と不便さを備えている。	So far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	concerned|関する|adjective|involved or interested in	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between different countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	inconvenience|不便|noun|a cause of trouble or difficulty
and will replace, just as fast, or just as slow, the capital which is immediately employed in supporting that productive labour.	そして、その生産労働を支援するために即座に投入される資本を、同じくらい速く、あるいは同じくらいゆっくりと置き換えるだろう。	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed	slow|ゆっくり|adverb|at low speed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	employ|投入される|verb|use	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
It seems even to have one advantage over any other equally round-about foreign trade.	他の同様に迂回的な対外貿易よりも有利な点が1つあるように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	advantage|有利な点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same manner	round-about|迂回的な|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
The transportation of those metals from one place to another, on account of their small bulk and great value, is less expensive than that of almost any other foreign goods of equal value.	これらの金属は、かさばらず価値が高いため、同等の価値を持つ他のほとんどの外国製品よりも輸送費が安い。	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	one place to another|ある場所から別の場所へ|noun phrase|from one place to another	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	small bulk|かさばらず|noun phrase|not taking up much space	great value|価値が高い|noun phrase|having a high value	less expensive|安い|adjective|costing less	almost any other|他のほとんどの|noun phrase|almost all other	foreign goods|外国製品|noun phrase|goods produced in a foreign country	equal value|同等の価値|noun phrase|the same value
Their freight is much less, and their insurance not greater;	運賃ははるかに安く、保険料も高くない。	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	less|安く|adjective|not as much	insurance|保険料|noun|a contract by which one party undertakes to indemnify or pay another for loss or damages	not greater|高くない|adjective|not more
and no goods, besides, are less liable to suffer by the carriage.	そのうえ、輸送によって損害を被る可能性が低い商品はない。	no goods|商品はない|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	be liable to|可能性が高い|verb|be likely to do or suffer from something	suffer|損害を被る|verb|experience something bad or unpleasant	carriage|輸送|noun|the action of transporting people or goods
An equal quantity of foreign goods, therefore, may frequently be purchased with a smaller quantity of the produce of domestic industry, by the intervention of gold and silver, than by that of any other foreign goods.	したがって、金銀を介在させることによって、他の外国製品を介在させる場合よりも、より少ない量の国内産業生産物で同量の外国製品を購入できることが多い。	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of less size, amount, or value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	intervention|介在|noun|the action or process of intervening	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced
The demand of the country may frequently, in this manner, be supplied more completely, and at a smaller expense, than in any other.	このようにして、国内の需要は他の方法よりもより完全に、より少ない費用で満たされることが多い。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
Whether, by the continual exportation of those metals, a trade of this kind is likely to impoverish the country from which it is carried on in any other way, I shall have occasion to examine at great length hereafter.	これらの金属の継続的な輸出によって、この種の貿易が他の方法で行われていた国を貧困にする可能性があるかどうかについては、今後詳細に検討する機会があるだろう。	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	continual|継続的な|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	impoverish|貧困にする|verb|make poor	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or could happen	hereafter|今後|adverb|from now on

That part of the capital of any country which is employed in the carrying trade, is altogether withdrawn from supporting the productive labour of that particular country, to support that of some foreign countries.	運送業に従事している資本の部分は、その国の生産労働を支えることから完全に撤退し、いくつかの外国の生産労働を支えることになる。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	employed|従事している|verb|have a job	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	withdrawn|撤退する|verb|remove or take away	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	productive labour|生産労働|noun|work that produces something	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	foreign countries|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
Though it may replace, by every operation, two distinct capitals, yet neither of them belongs to that particular country.	あらゆる取引で二つの異なる資本を置き換えるかもしれないが、どちらもその国に属していない。	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	operation|取引|noun|a business or financial transaction	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The capital of the Dutch merchant, which carries the corn of Poland to Portugal, and brings back the fruits and wines of Portugal to Poland, replaces by every such operation two capitals, neither of which had been employed in supporting the productive labour of Holland; but one of them in supporting that of Poland, and the other that of Portugal.	ポーランドの穀物をポルトガルに運び、ポルトガルの果物やワインをポーランドに持ち帰るオランダ商人の資本は、そのような取引のたびに二つの資本を置き換えるが、どちらもオランダの生産労働を支えるために使われていたわけではなく、一方はポーランドのそれを支え、もう一方はポルトガルのそれを支える。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Dutch|オランダの|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in central Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	operation|取引|noun|a business or financial transaction	two|二つの|adjective|the number 2	Holland|オランダ|noun|the Netherlands	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in central Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe
The profits only return regularly to Holland, and constitute the whole addition which this trade necessarily makes to the annual produce of the land and labour of that country.	利益だけが定期的にオランダに戻り、この貿易が必然的にその国の土地と労働の年間生産物に加える全体の増加を構成する。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	addition|増加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural, chemical, or manufacturing process
When, indeed, the carrying trade of any particular country is carried on with the ships and sailors of that country, that part of the capital employed in it which pays the freight is distributed among, and puts into motion, a certain number of productive labourers of that country.	実際、ある国の運送業がその国の船と船員によって行われるとき、運賃を支払うために使われる資本の部分は、その国の一定数の生産労働者に分配され、動かされる。	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really; truly	particular|ある|adjective|specific; definite; particular	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carry on|行われる|verb|continue	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使われる|verb|use	freight|運賃|noun|the cost of transporting goods	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	put into motion|動かされる|verb|cause to move	certain|一定|adjective|particular; specific	productive|生産|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages
Almost all nations that have had any considerable share of the carrying trade have, in fact, carried it on in this manner.	運送業でかなりのシェアを占めてきたほとんどすべての国は、実際にはこの方法で運送業を営んできた。	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	have had|占めてきた|verb|have possessed or owned	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	share|シェア|noun|a portion of something	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods	in fact|実際には|adverb|in reality; actually	carry on|営んできた|verb|continue doing something	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way
The trade itself has probably derived its name from it, the people of such countries being the carriers to other countries.	貿易そのものも、おそらくその名の由来は、そうした国の人々が他国への運送業者であることに由来しているのだろう。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	derive|由来する|verb|obtain something from a specified source	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports people or goods
It does not, however, seem essential to the nature of the trade that it should be so.	しかし、貿易の本質からして、そうである必要はないと思われる。	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
A Dutch merchant may, for example, employ his capital in transacting the commerce of Poland and Portugal, by carrying part of the surplus produce of the one to the other, not in Dutch, but in British bottoms.	たとえば、オランダの商人は、オランダ船ではなくイギリス船で、ポーランドとポルトガルの余剰生産物の一部を運び、両国の貿易に資本を投入するかもしれない。	Dutch|オランダの|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	employ|投入する|verb|use or apply	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in central Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	bottom|船|noun|the lowest part of a ship
It maybe presumed, that he actually does so upon some particular occasions.	実際にそうした特別な機会にそうしているのではないかと推測される。	presume|推測する|verb|suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
It is upon this account, however, that the carrying trade has been supposed peculiarly advantageous to such a country as Great Britain, of which the defence and security depend upon the number of its sailors and shipping.	しかし、このため、運送業は、防衛と安全が船員と船の数に依存するイギリスのような国にとって、特に有利であると考えられている。	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	shipping|船|noun|the transport of people or goods by ship
But the same capital may employ as many sailors and shipping, either in the foreign trade of consumption, or even in the home trade, when carried on by coasting vessels, as it could in the carrying trade.	しかし、同じ資本で、運送業と同じように、消費のための外国貿易や、沿岸船による国内貿易でも、多くの船員や船舶を雇用することができる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	shipping|船舶|noun|the transport of people or goods by ship	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	coasting vessel|沿岸船|noun|a ship that travels along the coast	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods or people
The number of sailors and shipping which any particular capital can employ, does not depend upon the nature of the trade, but partly upon the bulk of the goods, in proportion to their value, and partly upon the distance of the ports between which they are to be carried;	特定の資本が雇用できる船員や船舶の数は、貿易の性質に依存するのではなく、一部は商品の価値に比例した量に、一部は輸送される港間の距離に依存する。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	shipping|船舶|noun|the transportation of goods by sea	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent	bulk|量|noun|a large mass or quantity of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload
chiefly upon the former of those two circumstances.	主にこの二つの状況の前の方に依存する。	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	upon|依存する|preposition|on	former|前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
The coal trade from Newcastle to London, for example, employs more shipping than all the carrying trade of England, though the ports are at no great distance.	例えば、ニューカッスルからロンドンへの石炭貿易は、港がそれほど離れていないにもかかわらず、イギリスのすべての運送業よりも多くの船舶を雇用している。	Newcastle|ニューカッスル|noun|a city in England	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	coal trade|石炭貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling coal	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	shipping|船舶|noun|the business of transporting people or goods by ship	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points
To force, therefore, by extraordinary encouragements, a larger share of the capital of any country into the carrying trade, than what would naturally go to it, will not always necessarily increase the shipping of that country.	したがって、特別な奨励によって、ある国の資本の自然に運送業に流れ込むよりも大きな部分を運送業に流し込むことは、必ずしもその国の船舶を増やすことにつながらない。	force|流し込む|verb|make someone do something	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous

The capital, therefore, employed in the home trade of any country, will generally give encouragement and support to a greater quantity of productive labour in that country, and increase the value of its annual produce, more than an equal capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption;	したがって、ある国の国内貿易に投下された資本は、一般的に、その国の生産的労働のより多くの量を奨励し、支援し、消費の外国貿易に投下された同等の資本よりも、その国の年間生産物の価値を増加させる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下される|verb|use or engage	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	give encouragement|奨励する|verb|make someone more likely to do something	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	greater quantity|より多くの量|noun phrase|a larger amount	productive labour|生産的労働|noun phrase|labour that produces goods or services	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	annual produce|年間生産物|noun phrase|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	more than|よりも|preposition|to a greater degree or extent than	equal capital|同等の資本|noun phrase|the same amount of capital	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between different countries
and the capital employed in this latter trade has, in both these respects, a still greater advantage over an equal capital employed in the carrying trade.	そして、この後者の貿易に投下された資本は、これらの両方の点で、運送業に投下された同等の資本よりもさらに大きな利点がある。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下される|verb|use or engage	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	carry|運送業|verb|take or bring from one place to another
The riches, and so far as power depends upon riches, the power of every country must always be in proportion to the value of its annual produce, the fund from which all taxes must ultimately be paid.	富、そして権力が富に依存する限り、あらゆる国の権力は常にその国の年産物の価値に比例し、その基金からすべての税金が最終的に支払われなければならない。	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	annual|年|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|finally; in the end
But the great object of the political economy of every country, is to increase the riches and power of that country.	しかし、あらゆる国の政治経済の大きな目的は、その国の富と権力を増大させることである。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act
It ought, therefore, to give no preference nor superior encouragement to the foreign trade of consumption above the home trade, nor to the carrying trade above either of the other two.	したがって、国内貿易よりも消費の外国貿易を優先したり、より強く奨励したり、他の二つよりも運送業を優先したり、より強く奨励したりすべきではない。	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	preference|優先|noun|the action of preferring one thing or person to another	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods or people	other two|他の二つ|noun|the other two things
It ought neither to force nor to allure into either of those two channels a greater share of the capital of the country, than what would naturally flow into them of its own accord.	国内の資本のより大きな部分を、自然に流入する量よりも、この二つの経路のどちらかに強制したり、誘い込んだりしてはならない。	ought|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	allure|誘い込む|verb|attract or tempt by offering some pleasure or advantage	either|どちらか|determiner|one or the other of two people or things	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size or amount	share|部分|noun|a portion of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	flow|流入する|verb|move or cause to move freely and easily	accord|合意|noun|an agreement

Each of those different branches of trade, however, is not only advantageous, but necessary and unavoidable, when the course of things, without any constraint or violence, naturally introduces it.	しかし、これらの異なる貿易の各部門は、何の制約も暴力もなく、物事の流れが自然にそれを導入するときには、有利であるだけでなく、必要不可欠で避けられないものである。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented	constraint|制約|noun|a limitation or restriction	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish

When the produce of any particular branch of industry exceeds what the demand of the country requires, the surplus must be sent abroad, and exchanged for something for which there is a demand at home.	産業の特定部門の生産量が国内の需要量を超えると、余剰分は海外に送られ、国内で需要のあるものと交換されなければならない。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
Without such exportation, a part of the productive labour of the country must cease, and the value of its annual produce diminish.	そのような輸出がなければ、国の生産労働の一部は停止し、その年間生産物の価値は減少する。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
The land and labour of Great Britain produce generally more corn, woollens, and hardware, than the demand of the home market requires.	イギリスの土地と労働は、一般的に国内市場の需要よりも多くの穀物、毛織物、金物類を生産している。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	hardware|金物類|noun|tools, implements, and other articles made of metal	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
The surplus part of them, therefore, must be sent abroad, and exchanged for something for which there is a demand at home.	したがって、それらの余剰部分は海外に送られ、国内で需要のあるものと交換されなければならない。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
It is only by means of such exportation, that this surplus can acquired value sufficient to compensate the labour and expense of producing it.	このような輸出によってのみ、この余剰分はそれを産み出す労働と費用を補償するのに十分な価値を獲得できる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	compensate|補償する|verb|to make up for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The neighbourhood of the sea-coast, and the banks of all navigable rivers, are advantageous situations for industry, only because they facilitate the exportation and exchange of such surplus produce for something else which is more in demand there.	海岸の近隣や、すべての航行可能な川の岸辺は、産業にとって有利な立地であるが、それは、そのような余剰生産物を輸出し、そこでより需要のある他のものと交換するのを容易にするからにすぎない。	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	sea-coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	bank|岸辺|noun|the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it

When the foreign goods which are thus purchased with the surplus produce of domestic industry exceed the demand of the home market, the surplus part of them must be sent abroad again, and exchanged for something more in demand at home.	このように国内産業の余剰生産物で購入された外国製品が国内市場の需要を上回る場合、その余剰部分は再び海外に送られ、国内でより需要のあるものと交換されなければならない。	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	surplus produce|余剰生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced in excess of what is needed	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a foreign country	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a particular country	surplus part|余剰部分|noun|the amount of something that is left over after the rest has been used or sold	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
About 96,000 hogsheads of tobacco are annually purchased in Virginia and Maryland with a part of the surplus produce of British industry.	バージニアとメリーランドでは、イギリス産業の余剰生産物の一部で、年間約96,000ホッグスヘッドのたばこが購入されている。	about|約|adverb|approximately	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the U.S.	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a state in the U.S.	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
But the demand of Great Britain does not require, perhaps, more than 14,000.	しかし、イギリスの需要はおそらく14,000を超えることはない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to own a particular good or service	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	14,000|14,000|noun|the number fourteen thousand
If the remaining 82,000, therefore, could not be sent abroad, and exchanged for something more in demand at home, the importation of them must cease immediately, and with it the productive labour of all those inhabitants of Great Britain who are at present employed in preparing the goods with which these 82,000 hogsheads are annually purchased.	したがって、残りの82,000を海外に送って、国内でより需要のあるものと交換することができなければ、それらの輸入は直ちに停止しなければならず、それに伴って、現在これらの82,000ホッグスヘッドが毎年購入されている商品の準備に従事しているイギリスのすべての住民の生産労働も停止しなければならない。	remaining|残りの|adjective|still existing	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country	exchanged|交換される|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	immediately|直ちに|adverb|at once; instantly	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	with it|それに伴って|adverb|in addition to that	productive labour|生産労働|noun|the labour that produces goods or services	inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	employed|従事している|verb|have a paid job	preparing|準備|verb|make ready or suitable for a particular purpose or for some use, event, or action	goods|商品|noun|an article that is bought or sold	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year
Those goods, which are part of the produce of the land and labour of Great Britain, having no market at home, and being deprived of that which they had abroad, must cease to be produced.	イギリスの土地と労働の生産物の一部であるこれらの商品は、国内に市場がなく、海外にある市場を奪われているため、生産を停止しなければならない。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end
The most round-about foreign trade of consumption, therefore, may, upon some occasions, be as necessary for supporting the productive labour of the country, and the value of its annual produce, as the most direct.	したがって、最も遠回りの消費のための対外貿易は、場合によっては、最も直接的な貿易と同じように、その国の生産労働とその年間生産物の価値を支えるために必要であるかもしれない。	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labor that produces a good or service	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary

When the capital stock of any country is increased to such a degree that it cannot be all employed in supplying the consumption, and supporting the productive labour of that particular country, the surplus part of it naturally disgorges itself into the carrying trade, and is employed in performing the same offices to other countries.	ある国の資本ストックが、その国の消費を供給し、生産労働を支えるのにすべてを投入できないほど増加すると、その余剰部分は自然に運送業に流れ込み、他の国々に対して同じ役割を果たすために投入される。	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is left over when requirements have been met	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	disgorge|流れ込む|verb|discharge or cause to discharge	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods	perform|果たす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	office|役割|noun|a position of authority or responsibility
The carrying trade is the natural effect and symptom of great national wealth;	運送業は、国家の富が大きいことの自然な結果であり、兆候である。	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	natural effect|自然な結果|noun|something that happens as a result of something else	symptom|兆候|noun|a sign of something that is wrong or not right
but it does not seem to be the natural cause of it.	しかし、それが自然な原因であるとは思えない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	seem|思える|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
Those statesmen who have been disposed to favour it with particular encouragement, seem to have mistaken the effect and symptom for the cause.	特別な奨励を与えてそれを支持しようとする政治家は、原因と結果を取り違えているように思われる。	those|それらの|determiner|the; those	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the government of a country	have been disposed to|しようとする|verb|be inclined or willing to do something	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	particular|特別な|adjective|specific; special	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	mistaken|取り違える|verb|identify wrongly	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	symptom|徴候|noun|a sign of something	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
Holland, in proportion to the extent of the land and the number of its inhabitants, by far the richest country in Europe, has accordingly the greatest share of the carrying trade of Europe.	オランダは、国土の広さと住民の数に比例して、ヨーロッパで群を抜いて最も豊かな国であり、それに応じてヨーロッパの運送業で最大のシェアを占めている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a manner that is directly related to	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	land|国土|noun|the solid surface of the earth	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	by far|群を抜いて|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	share|シェア|noun|a portion of something owned, held, or controlled	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another
England, perhaps the second richest country of Europe, is likewise supposed to have a considerable share in it;	おそらくヨーロッパで二番目に豊かな国であるイギリスも、同様にかなりのシェアを持っていると考えられている。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|it is possible that	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	richest|最も豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	supposed|考えられている|verb|generally regarded as having done something or having a particular characteristic	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	share|シェア|noun|a portion of something owned, held, or produced by one person or group of people
though what commonly passes for the carrying trade of England will frequently, perhaps, be found to be no more than a round-about foreign trade of consumption.	イギリスの運送業として一般的に通用しているものは、おそらく、消費のための遠回りの外国貿易にすぎないことがよくあるだろう。	pass for|通用する|verb|be accepted as	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	frequently|よく|adverb|often	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
Such are, in a great measure, the trades which carry the goods of the East and West Indies and of America to the different European markets.	東西インドやアメリカの産物をヨーロッパのさまざまな市場に運ぶ貿易は、大体においてそうしたものだ。	such|そうした|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	in a great measure|大体において|adverb|to a large extent	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	goods|産物|noun|a thing produced for sale	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Those goods are generally purchased, either immediately with the produce of British industry, or with something else which had been purchased with that produce, and the final returns of those trades are generally used or consumed in Great Britain.	これらの商品は、通常、イギリスの産業製品で直接購入されるか、その産業製品で購入された他の何かで購入され、これらの貿易の最終的な収益は、通常、イギリスで使用または消費される。	those goods|これらの商品|noun|the goods that are being discussed	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	purchase|購入される|verb|buy	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or intervention	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	produce|製品|noun|agricultural or natural products	something else|他の何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization makes in a particular period of time	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	use|使用|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consume|消費|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
The trade which is carried on in British bottoms between the different ports of the Mediterranean, and some trade of the same kind carried on by British merchants between the different ports of India, make, perhaps, the principal branches of what is properly the carrying trade of Great Britain.	地中海のさまざまな港の間でイギリス船籍の船で行われ、インドのさまざまな港の間でイギリス商人によって行われる同種の貿易は、おそらく、イギリスの運送業にふさわしい主要な部門を形成している。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	bottom|船籍|noun|the lowest part of a ship's hull	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a large sea that lies between Europe, North Africa, and Asia	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	make|形成する|verb|to form or create something	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	branch|部門|noun|a division or subdivision of a large group or organization	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe

The extent of the home trade, and of the capital which can be employed in it, is necessarily limited by the value of the surplus produce of all those distant places within the country which have occasion to exchange their respective productions with one another;	国内貿易の規模とそれに投入できる資本の規模は、必然的に、国内の遠隔地同士がそれぞれの生産物を交換する機会がある場合の、それらの遠隔地の余剰生産物の価値によって制限される。	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	be employed|投入される|verb|be used for a particular purpose	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or could happen	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	distant|遠隔|adjective|far away in space or time	place|地|noun|a particular position or point in space	within|国内|preposition|inside; in the interior of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
that of the foreign trade of consumption, by the value of the surplus produce of the whole country, and of what can be purchased with it;	消費のための対外貿易の規模は、国全体の余剰生産物の価値と、それで購入できるものの価値によって制限される。	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	purchase|購入|verb|buy
that of the carrying trade, by the value of the surplus produce of all the different countries in the world.	運送貿易の規模は、世界のすべての国々の余剰生産物の価値によって制限される。	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
Its possible extent, therefore, is in a manner infinite in comparison of that of the other two, and is capable of absorbing the greatest capitals.	したがって、その可能な規模は、他の二つと比べてある意味無限であり、最大の資本を吸収することができる。	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something	possible|可能な|adjective|that may be done, achieved, or dealt with	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	manner|ある意味|noun|a way of doing something	infinite|無限|adjective|having no limits or end	comparison|比べて|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

The consideration of his own private profit is the sole motive which determines the owner of any capital to employ it either in agriculture, in manufactures, or in some particular branch of the wholesale or retail trade.	自分の私的利益の考慮が、資本の所有者がそれを農業、製造業、または卸売業や小売業の特定の部門に投入するかどうかを決定する唯一の動機である。	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	wholesale|卸売業|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be resold by others	retail|小売業|noun|the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale
The different quantities of productive labour which it may put into motion, and the different values which it may add to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society, according as it is employed in one or other of those different ways, never enter into his thoughts.	資本がこれらの異なる方法のいずれかに投入されることによって、それが動かす生産的労働の量や、社会の土地と労働の年産物に加える価値の違いは、彼の考えには決して入ってこない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible product	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country during one year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	different ways|異なる方法|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something that is different from the usual or traditional method	enter into|入る|verb|become involved in	thought|考え|noun|an idea or opinion produced by thinking or occurring suddenly in the mind
In countries, therefore, where agriculture is the most profitable of all employments, and farming and improving the most direct roads to a splendid fortune, the capitals of individuals will naturally be employed in the manner most advantageous to the whole society.	したがって、農業があらゆる雇用の中で最も収益性が高く、農業と改良が素晴らしい富への最も直接的な道である国では、個人の資本は当然、社会全体にとって最も有利な方法で使われることになる。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	profitable|収益性が高い|adjective|yielding a financial profit	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	farming|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	improving|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better	splendid|素晴らしい|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
The profits of agriculture, however, seem to have no superiority over those of other employments in any part of Europe.	しかし、農業の利益は、ヨーロッパのどの地域でも他の雇用に比べて優位性はないようだ。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another in position, rank, degree, or value	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
Projectors, indeed, in every corner of it, have, within these few years, amused the public with most magnificent accounts of the profits to be made by the cultivation and improvement of land.	実際、この数年間、ヨーロッパのあらゆる場所で、土地の耕作と改良によって得られる利益について、壮大な説明で人々を楽しませてきた。	projector|投機家|noun|a person who devises and sets up a project	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	every corner|あらゆる場所|noun|every part	within these few years|この数年間|noun|the period of time that is within a few years of the present	amuse|楽しませる|verb|cause to laugh or smile	public|人々|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	magnificent|壮大な|adjective|very impressive or very good	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better
Without entering into any particular discussion of their calculations, a very simple observation may satisfy us that the result of them must be false.	彼らの計算について特に議論することはしないが、非常に単純な観察で、その結果が間違っているに違いないと納得できる。	enter into|議論する|verb|to take part in	calculation|計算|noun|the action of calculating	particular|特に|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or situation	observation|観察|noun|the action of observing	satisfy|納得させる|verb|to make someone happy or pleased	result|結果|noun|the final consequence of a sequence of events	false|間違っている|adjective|not true or correct
We see, every day, the most splendid fortunes, that have been acquired in the course of a single life, by trade and manufactures, frequently from a very small capital, sometimes from no capital.	私たちは毎日、貿易や製造業によって、しばしば非常に小さな資本から、時には無資本から、一世代の間に獲得された最も素晴らしい富を見ている。	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes	every day|毎日|adverb|on a daily basis	splendid|素晴らしい|adjective|magnificent; impressive	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	acquire|獲得する|verb|gain or obtain	single|一世代|adjective|only one	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	small|小さな|adjective|not big; little	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	no|無|determiner|not any
A single instance of such a fortune, acquired by agriculture in the same time, and from such a capital, has not, perhaps, occurred in Europe, during the course of the present century.	同じ時期に農業によって、またそのような資本から獲得されたそのような富の単一の例は、おそらく、今世紀の間にヨーロッパでは起こっていない。	a single instance|単一の例|noun|a single occurrence	such a fortune|そのような富|noun|a large amount of money or property	acquired|獲得された|verb|to gain or obtain	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	same time|同じ時期|noun|the same period of time	such a capital|そのような資本|noun|a large amount of money or property	has not|起こっていない|verb|to not have	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	occurred|起こった|verb|to happen or take place	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	during the course of|間に|noun|the period of time during which something happens	present century|今世紀|noun|the current century
In all the great countries of Europe, however, much good land still remains uncultivated;	しかし、ヨーロッパのすべての大国では、多くの良い土地が未開拓のまま残っている。	In all|すべての|adverb|in or into every part of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	countries|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	much|多くの|adverb|many or much; lots of	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	still|まだ|adverb|up to and including the present time	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	uncultivated|未開拓|adjective|not used for growing crops
and the greater part of what is cultivated, is far from being improved to the degree of which it is capable.	そして、耕作されているものの大部分は、それが可能な程度に改善されるには程遠い。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	cultivated|耕作されている|adjective|prepared for crops	far from|程遠い|adverb|not at all; not nearly	improved|改善される|verb|make or become better	capable|可能な|adjective|having the ability to do something
Agriculture, therefore, is almost everywhere capable of absorbing a much greater capital than has ever yet been employed in it.	したがって、農業は、ほとんどどこでも、これまでに投入されたよりもはるかに大きな資本を吸収することができる。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	almost everywhere|ほとんどどこでも|adverb|in almost all places	capable of|することができる|adjective|having the ability to do something	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	much greater|はるかに大きな|adjective|much more	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ever yet|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize
What circumstances in the policy of Europe have given the trades which are carried on in towns so great an advantage over that which is carried on in the country, that private persons frequently find it more for their advantage to employ their capitals in the most distant carrying trades of Asia and America than in the improvement and cultivation of the most fertile fields in their own neighbourhood, I shall endeavour to explain at full length in the two following books.	ヨーロッパの政策のどのような状況が、町で営まれている商売に、田舎で営まれている商売よりも大きな優位性を与え、個人が自分の近所の最も肥沃な畑の改良や耕作よりも、アジアやアメリカの最も遠い運搬業に資本を投入する方が有利だと感じることがよくあるのか、私は次の二冊の本で十分に説明するよう努力するつもりだ。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not in the military, the police, or another public service	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	employ|投入する|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	trade|運搬業|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	neighbourhood|近所|noun|the area or region around or near a place	two|二冊|numeral|one more than one	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers


## BOOK III: OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS	第三篇諸国民の富の進歩の相違について	book|篇|noun|a set of written, printed, or blank sheets bound together between two covers	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	difference|相違|noun|the state or fact of being unlike or dissimilar


## CHAPTER I: OF THE NATURAL PROGRESS OF OPULENCE.	第一章: 富の自然的進歩について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	natural|自然的|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination

The great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country.	あらゆる文明社会の偉大な商業は、町の住民と田舎の住民との間で営まれている。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something
It consists in the exchange of rude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money.	それは、直接に、あるいは貨幣や貨幣に代わる紙幣を介在させて、未加工品と加工品を交換することにある。	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	rude|未加工の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	manufactured|加工された|adjective|made by a manufacturing process	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	intervention|介在|noun|the action or process of intervening	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money
The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture.	田舎は町に生活手段と製造材料を供給する。	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made
The town repays this supply, by sending back a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country.	町は、製造された生産物の一部を田舎の住民に送り返すことで、この供給に報いる。	repay|報いる|verb|pay back	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	send back|送り返す|verb|return something to the sender	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The town, in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances, may very properly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country.	物質の再生産が存在せず、また存在し得ない町は、その富と生存のすべてを田舎から得ていると言っても過言ではないだろう。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	reproduction|再生産|noun|the process of making a copy of something	substance|物質|noun|a particular kind of matter with uniform properties	country|田舎|noun|the land and scenery of a rural area
We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country.	しかし、このことから、町の利益が田舎の損失であると考えるべきではない。	must not|いけない|auxiliary verb|be not allowed to	upon this account|このことから|adverb|for this reason	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image of something	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided.	両者の利益は相互的であり、また、他のすべての場合と同様に、分業は、細分化されたさまざまな職業に従事するすべての人々にとって有利である。	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	mutual|相互的|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	reciprocal|相互的|adjective|given or done in return	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity	advantageous|有利|adjective|favourable to success or to any desired end	various|さまざまな|adjective|different from one another	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts
The inhabitants of the country purchase of the town a greater quantity of manufactured goods with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labour, than they must have employed had they attempted to prepare them themselves.	田舎の住民は、自分たちで製造しようとした場合に必要となる労働量よりもはるかに少ない労働量で、町からより多くの工業製品を購入している。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	manufactured goods|工業製品|noun|goods that are produced in a factory	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	attempt|試みる|verb|try to do something	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to people or things previously mentioned or easily identified
The town affords a market for the surplus produce of the country, or what is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators;	町は、田舎の余剰生産物、つまり耕作者の維持に必要な量を超えた生産物の市場を提供している。	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|田舎|noun|an area of land that is not a town or city	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops
and it is there that the inhabitants of the country exchange it for something else which is in demand among them.	そして、田舎の住民はそこで、彼らの間で需要のある何かとそれを交換する。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a large area of land that is not a town or city	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
The greater the number and revenue of the inhabitants of the town, the more extensive is the market which it affords to those of the country;	町の住民の数と収入が多ければ多いほど、田舎の住民に提供される市場はより広範囲になる。	the greater|多いほど|adjective|larger in size or amount	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	revenue|収入|noun|income	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
and the more extensive that market, it is always the more advantageous to a great number.	そして、その市場が広範囲であればあるほど、それは常に多くの人にとってより有利になる。	extensive|広範囲な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	great number|多くの人|noun|a large quantity or amount
The corn which grows within a mile of the town, sells there for the same price with that which comes from twenty miles distance.	町から一マイル以内で栽培される穀物は、そこでは二十マイル離れた場所から運ばれてくる穀物と同じ価格で売られる。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	grow|栽培される|verb|cause to grow or cultivate	mile|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	sell|売られる|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	come|運ばれてくる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	twenty|二十|adjective|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten	distance|離れた場所|noun|the space between two points
But the price of the latter must, generally, not only pay the expense of raising it and bringing it to market, but afford, too, the ordinary profits of agriculture to the farmer.	しかし、後者の価格は、一般的に、それを育てて市場に出す費用を支払うだけでなく、農民に農業の通常の利益をもたらすものでなければならない。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals
The proprietors and cultivators of the country, therefore, which lies in the neighbourhood of the town, over and above the ordinary profits of agriculture, gain, in the price of what they sell, the whole value of the carriage of the like produce that is brought from more distant parts;	したがって、町の近隣にある田舎の所有者や耕作者は、農業の通常の利益を超えて、彼らが販売する価格で、より遠い場所から運ばれてくる同様の生産物の運送の全価値を得る。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	over and above|を超えて|adverb|in addition to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	carriage|運送|noun|the action of transporting people or goods	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and they save, besides, the whole value of this carriage in the price of what they buy.	そして、彼らはさらに、この運送の全価値を彼らが買う価格で節約する。	save|節約する|verb|keep and store up	besides|さらに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	carriage|運送|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Compare the cultivation of the lands in the neighbourhood of any considerable town, with that of those which lie at some distance from it, and you will easily satisfy yourself bow much the country is benefited by the commerce of the town.	かなり大きな町の近隣の土地の耕作と、そこから少し離れた土地の耕作を比べてみれば、町の商業によって田舎がどれほど恩恵を受けているか、すぐに納得できるだろう。	compare|比べる|verb|examine the similarities and differences of	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	satisfy|納得する|verb|be content with	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	benefit|恩恵を受ける|verb|receive an advantage or profit from	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Among all the absurd speculations that have been propagated concerning the balance of trade, it has never been pretended that either the country loses by its commerce with the town, or the town by that with the country which maintains it.	貿易収支に関して広められたすべてのばかげた憶測の中で、田舎が町との商業によって損をしたり、町がそれを維持している田舎との商業によって損をしたりすることは決してなかった。	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous	speculation|憶測|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	propagate|広める|verb|cause to increase or spread	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	lose|損をする|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state

As subsistence is, in the nature of things, prior to conveniency and luxury, so the industry which procures the former, must necessarily be prior to that which ministers to the latter.	生存は、物事の性質上、利便性や贅沢に先行するものであるから、前者を獲得する産業は、必然的に後者に奉仕する産業に先行しなければならない。	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	conveniency|利便性|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	prior|先行する|adjective|coming before in time, order, or importance	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	minister|奉仕する|verb|give help, care, or aid to	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned
The cultivation and improvement of the country, therefore, which affords subsistence, must, necessarily, be prior to the increase of the town, which furnishes only the means of conveniency and luxury.	したがって、生存を可能にする田舎の耕作と改良は、必然的に、利便性と贅沢の手段を提供するだけの町の増加に先行しなければならない。	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	afford|可能にする|verb|to be able to do something	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	prior to|先行する|adjective|earlier than	increase|増加|noun|the act of becoming greater or more	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	furnish|提供する|verb|to provide something	means|手段|noun|a method of doing something	conveniency|利便性|noun|the quality of being convenient	luxury|贅沢|noun|something that is not essential but provides pleasure
It is the surplus produce of the country only, or what is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators, that constitutes the subsistence of the town, which can therefore increase only with the increase of the surplus produce.	町の生存を支えているのは、田舎の余剰生産物だけであり、耕作者の維持費を超えるものであるため、余剰生産物の増加に伴ってしか増加できない。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous
The town, indeed, may not always derive its whole subsistence from the country in its neighbourhood, or even from the territory to which it belongs, but from very distant countries;	確かに、町は常にその生存のすべてを近隣の田舎から、あるいはそれが属する領土からではなく、非常に遠い国から得ているわけではない。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	not always|常にではない|adverb|not on all occasions	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	subsistence|生存|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	even|あるいは|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
and this, though it forms no exception from the general rule, has occasioned considerable variations in the progress of opulence in different ages and nations.	そして、これは一般的なルールの例外ではないが、異なる時代や国における富の進歩にかなりの変化をもたらした。	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule	general rule|一般的なルール|noun|a rule that applies to most cases	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	variation|変化|noun|a change in the form, state, quality, or degree of something	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth or luxuriousness	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and things change	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory

That order of things which necessity imposes, in general, though not in every particular country, is in every particular country promoted by the natural inclinations of man.	必要性が課す物事の順序は、一般的に、すべての特定の国ではないが、すべての特定の国で人間の自然な傾向によって促進される。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something; not specialized or limited	particular|特定|adjective|relating to a single, specific thing or part	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	inclination|傾向|noun|a person's natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way	promote|促進|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage
If human institutions had never thwarted those natural inclinations, the towns could nowhere have increased beyond what the improvement and cultivation of the territory in which they were situated could support;	人間の制度がこれらの自然な傾向を妨害したことがなければ、町はどこもそれが位置する領土の改善と耕作が支えることができる範囲を超えて増加することはできなかった。	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	thwart|妨害する|verb|oppose successfully	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	inclination|傾向|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	nowhere|どこも|adverb|not anywhere	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the farther side of	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially
till such time, at least, as the whole of that territory was completely cultivated and improved.	少なくとも、その領土全体が完全に耕作され、改善されるまでは。	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	such time|その時|noun|the time in question	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	whole|全体|noun|all of something	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better
Upon equal, or nearly equal profits, most men will choose to employ their capitals, rather in the improvement and cultivation of land, than either in manufactures or in foreign trade.	同等、またはほぼ同等の利益であれば、ほとんどの人は、製造業や外国貿易よりも、土地の改良や耕作に資本を投入することを選択するだろう。	equal|同等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	employ|投入する|verb|use or utilize	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries
The man who employs his capital in land, has it more under his view and command;	土地に資本を投入する人は、それをより自分の視界と指揮下においている。	employ|投入する|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	view|視界|noun|the ability to see something or the area that can be seen from a particular place	command|指揮下|noun|the authority to give orders
and his fortune is much less liable to accidents than that of the trader, who is obliged frequently to commit it, not only to the winds and the waves, but to the more uncertain elements of human folly and injustice, by giving great credits, in distant countries, to men with whose character and situation he can seldom be thoroughly acquainted.	そして彼の財産は、風や波だけでなく、人間の愚かさや不正義というより不確実な要素に、遠い国で、その性格や状況を十分に知ることができない人間に対して大きな信用を与えることによって、それを犯さざるを得ない商人の財産よりも、事故に遭う可能性がはるかに低い。	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	liable|起こりうる|adjective|likely to happen or to be the case	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	wind|風|noun|a natural movement of air	wave|波|noun|a wall of water that moves towards the shore	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	injustice|不正義|noun|lack of fairness or justice	element|要素|noun|a part or aspect of something	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not known or definite; unsure	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	credit|信用|noun|trust in the ability of someone to pay a debt	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	thoroughly|十分に|adverb|completely; fully	acquainted|知る|verb|have knowledge of; be familiar with
The capital of the landlord, on the contrary, which is fixed in the improvement of his land, seems to be as well secured as the nature of human affairs can admit of.	それとは対照的に、地主の資本は、土地の改良に固定されているため、人間の営みの性質が許す限り、安全に守られているように思われる。	on the contrary|それとは対照的に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	admit|許す|verb|allow to enter; allow to be a member of	affair|営み|noun|an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been mentioned
The beauty of the country, besides, the pleasure of a country life, the tranquillity of mind which it promises, and, wherever the injustice of human laws does not disturb it, the independency which it really affords, have charms that, more or less, attract everybody;	そのうえ、田舎の美しさ、田舎暮らしの楽しみ、それが約束する心の安らぎ、そして人間の法律の不正がそれを妨害しない限り、それが実際にもたらす独立性は、多かれ少なかれ誰もが惹きつけられる魅力を持っている。	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	beauty|美しさ|noun|a combination of qualities that pleases the aesthetic senses	pleasure|楽しみ|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	tranquillity|安らぎ|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	mind|心|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	promise|約束する|verb|assure someone that one will definitely do, give, or arrange something; undertake or declare that one will do something	wherever|どこであれ|adverb|in or to whatever place	injustice|不正|noun|lack of fairness or justice	disturb|妨害する|verb|interfere with the normal progress or functioning of	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for	independency|独立性|noun|the quality or state of being independent	charm|魅力|noun|the power or quality of delighting or attracting	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	attract|惹きつける|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself, as by magnetic or gravitational force
and as to cultivate the ground was the original destination of man, so, in every stage of his existence, he seems to retain a predilection for this primitive employment.	そして、土地を耕すことが人間の本来の運命であったように、人間は存在のあらゆる段階において、この原始的な仕事に対する偏愛を保っているように思われる。	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	original|本来の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	destination|運命|noun|the place to which someone or something is going or being sent	existence|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing	stage|段階|noun|a period or phase in a process of change or development	retain|保つ|verb|keep or continue to have	predilection|偏愛|noun|a special liking or preference for something	primitive|原始的な|adjective|relating to the earliest times in history	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work

Without the assistance of some artificers, indeed, the cultivation of land cannot be carried on, but with great inconveniency and continual interruption.	実際、職人の助けがなければ、土地の耕作は続けられないが、大きな不便と絶え間ない中断を伴う。	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	inconveniency|不便|noun|the state of being inconvenient	continual|絶え間ない|adjective|happening or done without interruption	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity or process
Smiths, carpenters, wheelwrights and ploughwrights, masons and bricklayers, tanners, shoemakers, and tailors, are people whose service the farmer has frequent occasion for.	鍛冶屋、大工、車大工、鋤大工、石工、れんが職人、皮なめし職人、靴職人、仕立屋は、農民が頻繁に世話になる人々である。	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wooden structures	wheelwright|車大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs wheels	ploughwright|鋤大工|noun|a person who makes and repairs ploughs	mason|石工|noun|a person who builds with stone	bricklayer|れんが職人|noun|a person who builds with bricks	tanner|皮なめし職人|noun|a person who tans hides	shoemaker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	tailor|仕立屋|noun|a person who makes clothes	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens
Such artificers, too, stand occasionally in need of the assistance of one another;	そのような職人もまた、時折互いの助けを必要とする。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	stand in need of|必要とする|verb|require or need	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	one another|互い|pronoun|each other
and as their residence is not, like that of the farmer, necessarily tied down to a precise spot, they naturally settle in the neighbourhood of one another, and thus form a small town or village.	そして、彼らの住居は農民の住居のように、必ずしも特定の場所に縛られているわけではないので、彼らは自然と互いの近所に住み着き、小さな町や村を形成する。	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	precise|特定の|adjective|exact; accurate	spot|場所|noun|a particular place	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	neighbourhood|近所|noun|the area around one's home	small|小さな|adjective|not big; little	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area
The butcher, the brewer, and the baker, soon join them, together with many other artificers and retailers, necessary or useful for supplying their occasional wants, and who contribute still further to augment the town.	肉屋、醸造業者、パン屋は、彼らの臨時の欲求を満たすために必要または有用な他の多くの職人や小売業者と一緒にすぐに彼らに加わり、町をさらに拡大するのに貢献する。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	join|加わる|verb|become a member of	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person who sells goods to the public	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	useful|有用|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	want|欲求|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	augment|拡大する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
The inhabitants of the town, and those of the country, are mutually the servants of one another.	町の住民と田舎の住民は、互いに互いの召使である。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	mutually|互いに|adverb|in a reciprocal manner	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
The town is a continual fair or market, to which the inhabitants of the country resort, in order to exchange their rude for manufactured produce.	町は、田舎の住民が粗野な製品を製造された製品と交換するために訪れる、継続的な見本市または市場である。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	resort|訪れる|verb|go to a place frequently or habitually	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a manufacturing process	produce|製品|noun|something that is produced
It is this commerce which supplies the inhabitants of the town, both with the materials of their work, and the means of their subsistence.	町の住民に仕事の材料と生計の手段を供給しているのは、この商業である。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	material|材料|noun|a thing that is used to make or produce something else	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with something
The quantity of the finished work which they sell to the inhabitants of the country, necessarily regulates the quantity of the materials and provisions which they buy.	彼らが田舎の住民に販売する完成品の量は、必然的に彼らが購入する材料と食料の量を調整する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	finished work|完成品|noun|a product that is ready for sale	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary logical consequence	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise (something) by means of rules and regulations
Neither their employment nor subsistence, therefore, can augment, but in proportion to the augmentation of the demand from the country for finished work;	したがって、彼らの雇用も生計も増加することはできないが、完成品に対する田舎からの需要の増加に比例して増加する。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having a paid job	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to keep a person alive	augment|増加する|verb|become greater in size, amount, or degree	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	finished|完成品|adjective|having been completed or ended
and this demand can augment only in proportion to the extension of improvement and cultivation.	そして、この需要は、改良と耕作の拡大に比例してのみ増加する。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|この|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a manner that is directly related to	extension|拡大|noun|the action of increasing in size, amount, or scope	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
Had human institutions, therefore, never disturbed the natural course of things, the progressive wealth and increase of the towns would, in every political society, be consequential, and in proportion to the improvement and cultivation of the territory of country.	したがって、人間の制度が物事の自然な流れを乱すことがなければ、あらゆる政治社会において、町の富の増大と増加は、国土の改良と耕作に比例して、必然的なものとなるだろう。	human institution|人間の制度|noun|a social arrangement that creates or structures social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human community	disturb|乱す|verb|interfere with the normal progress or functioning of	natural course|自然な流れ|noun|the way that things would happen if they were not influenced by people	progressive|増大する|adjective|happening or developing gradually or in stages	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable material possessions or resources	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of growing or making greater	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	political society|政治社会|noun|a society that is organized politically	consequential|必然的|adjective|significant or important	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	country|国土|noun|the territory of a nation or state

In our North American colonies, where uncultivated land is still to be had upon easy terms, no manufactures for distant sale have ever yet been established in any of their towns.	未開墾地がまだ容易に手に入る我が国の北米植民地では、遠隔地販売のための製造業は、どの町にもまだ確立されていない。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	uncultivated land|未開墾地|noun|land that has not been prepared for growing crops	easy terms|容易な条件|noun|conditions that are not difficult to meet	distant sale|遠隔地販売|noun|the sale of goods to a customer who is not physically present at the place of sale	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
When an artificer has acquired a little more stock than is necessary for carrying on his own business in supplying the neighbouring country, he does not, in North America, attempt to establish with it a manufacture for more distant sale, but employs it in the purchase and improvement of uncultivated land.	職人が近隣の田舎に供給する自分の事業を営むのに必要な資本を少しでも獲得したとき、北米では、それを使ってより遠隔地で販売するための製造業を確立しようとはせず、未開墾地の購入と改良にそれを用いる。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	carry on|営む|verb|to continue doing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	supply|供給する|verb|to provide or furnish with	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|next to or very near	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	attempt|試みる|verb|to try to do something	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	employ|用いる|verb|to use or utilize	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better	uncultivated|未開墾の|adjective|not used for growing crops
From artificer he becomes planter;	職人から農園主になる。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or operates a plantation
and neither the large wages nor the easy subsistence which that country affords to artificers, can bribe him rather to work for other people than for himself.	そして、その国が職人に与える高賃金も安楽な生活も、彼を自分のために働くよりも他人のために働くように誘惑することはできない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	large|高い|adjective|of great size or extent	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	easy|安楽な|adjective|achieved without great effort	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	afford|与える|verb|be able to pay for	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	bribe|誘惑する|verb|persuade someone to act in one's favour, typically illegally or dishonestly, by a gift of money or other inducement	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	other|他人|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
He feels that an artificer is the servant of his customers, from whom he derives his subsistence;	彼は、職人は顧客の召使であり、そこから生計を立てていると感じている。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
but that a planter who cultivates his own land, and derives his necessary subsistence from the labour of his own family, is really a master, and independent of all the world.	しかし、自分の土地を耕し、自分の家族の労働から必要な生計を立てている農園主は、本当に主人であり、全世界から独立している。	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	independent|独立している|adjective|free from outside control; not depending on another person or thing

In countries, on the contrary, where there is either no uncultivated land, or none that can be had upon easy terms, every artificer who has acquired more stock than he can employ in the occasional jobs of the neighbourhood, endeavours to prepare work for more distant sale.	逆に、未開墾地がないか、容易な条件で手に入れられる土地がない国では、近隣の臨時の仕事に従事できるよりも多くの資本を獲得した職人はみな、より遠くで販売するための仕事を準備しようとする。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	uncultivated land|未開墾地|noun|land that has not been prepared for growing crops	easy terms|容易な条件|noun|terms that are not difficult to meet	acquire|獲得する|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|従事する|verb|to use or engage the services of	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	endeavour|努力する|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	prepare|準備する|verb|to make or get ready for use or consideration	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money
The smith erects some sort of iron, the weaver some sort of linen or woollen manufactory.	鍛冶屋は鉄工所を建て、織工は麻や毛織物の工場を建てる。	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	erect|建てる|verb|construct or build	iron|鉄工所|noun|a metal with atomic number 26	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory or workshop
Those different manufactures come, in process of time, to be gradually subdivided, and thereby improved and refined in a great variety of ways, which may easily be conceived, and which it is therefore unnecessary to explain any farther.	これらのさまざまな製造業は、時の経過とともに徐々に細分化され、それによってさまざまな方法で改善され洗練されていくが、それは容易に理解できるため、これ以上説明する必要はない。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	come|なる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	process|経過|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; by degrees	subdivided|細分化|verb|divide into smaller parts	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	improved|改善|verb|make or become better	refined|洗練|verb|make or become more polished or elegant	variety|さまざまな|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	conceived|理解|verb|become pregnant with	unnecessary|不要|adjective|not needed	explain|説明|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand

In seeking for employment to a capital, manufactures are, upon equal or nearly equal profits, naturally preferred to foreign commerce, for the same reason that agriculture is naturally preferred to manufactures.	資本の用途を探す場合、農業が製造業よりも当然好まれるのと同じ理由で、製造業は同等またはほぼ同等の利益であれば、当然、外国貿易よりも好まれる。	seek|探す|verb|try to find	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
As the capital of the landlord or farmer is more secure than that of the manufacturer, so the capital of the manufacturer, being at all times more within his view and command, is more secure than that of the foreign merchant.	地主や農民の資本が製造業者の資本よりも安全であるように、製造業者の資本は常に彼の視界と指揮の範囲内にあるため、外国商人の資本よりも安全である。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	view|視界|noun|the ability to see something or the area that can be seen from a particular place	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
In every period, indeed, of every society, the surplus part both of the rude and manufactured produce, or that for which there is no demand at home, must be sent abroad, in order to be exchanged for something for which there is some demand at home.	実際、あらゆる社会のあらゆる時期において、粗製品と製造製品の両方の余剰部分、または国内で需要のないものは、国内で需要のあるものと交換するために海外に送らなければならない。	every period|あらゆる時期|noun|all the time	every society|あらゆる社会|noun|all the people	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	rude|粗製品|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	manufactured|製造製品|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
But whether the capital which carries this surplus produce abroad be a foreign or a domestic one, is of very little importance.	しかし、この余剰生産物を海外に運ぶ資本が外国資本か国内資本かは、ほとんど重要ではない。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important
If the society has not acquired sufficient capital, both to cultivate all its lands, and to manufacture in the completest manner the whole of its rude produce, there is even a considerable advantage that the rude produce should be exported by a foreign capital, in order that the whole stock of the society may be employed in more useful purposes.	もし社会が、その土地をすべて耕作し、その粗製品のすべてを最も完全な方法で製造するのに十分な資本を獲得していないならば、社会の全資本をより有用な目的に使用するために、粗製品を外国資本によって輸出することは、かなりの利点さえある。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or get as one's own	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	completest|最も完全な|adjective|most complete	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage (someone or something) for a particular purpose	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways
The wealth of ancient Egypt, that of China and Indostan, sufficiently demonstrate that a nation may attain a very high degree of opulence, though the greater part of its exportation trade be carried on by foreigners.	古代エジプトの富、中国やインドの富は、輸出貿易の大部分が外国人によって行われていても、一国が非常に高度な富を獲得できることを十分に示している。	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	demonstrate|示す|verb|show or make clear how something works or is done	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	attain|獲得する|verb|reach or achieve a goal	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person who comes from a country that is not your own
The progress of our North American and West Indian colonies, would have been much less rapid, had no capital but what belonged to themselves been employed in exporting their surplus produce.	我が国の北米と西インドの植民地の進歩は、もし彼ら自身の余剰生産物を輸出するために彼ら自身の資本以外が使われていなかったら、はるかに遅かっただろう。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	West Indian|西インド|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	much less|はるかに少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent or degree	rapid|速い|adjective|moving or acting with great speed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products

According to the natural course of things, therefore, the greater part of the capital of every growing society is, first, directed to agriculture, afterwards to manufactures, and, last of all, to foreign commerce.	したがって、物事の自然な流れに従って、成長する社会の資本の大部分は、まず農業に向けられ、次に製造業に向けられ、最後に外国貿易に向けられる。	according to|従って|preposition|as stated or reported by	natural course|自然な流れ|noun|the way things happen naturally	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	growing society|成長する社会|noun|a society that is increasing in size or population	first|最初|adverb|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade or business between different countries
This order of things is so very natural, that in every society that had any territory, it has always, I believe, been in some degree observed.	この物事の順序は非常に自然なので、領土を持つすべての社会では、常に、ある程度は守られてきたと私は信じる。	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; invariably	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	some degree|ある程度|noun|to some extent; in some measure
Some of their lands must have been cultivated before any considerable towns could be established, and some sort of coarse industry of the manufacturing kind must have been carried on in those towns, before they could well think of employing themselves in foreign commerce.	彼らの土地の一部は、かなりの町が建設される前に耕作されていたに違いないし、彼らが外国貿易に従事することを十分に考える前に、それらの町で製造業のような粗雑な産業が営まれていたに違いない。	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	must have been|違いない|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong belief that something is the case	cultivated|耕作される|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	before|前に|conjunction|during the period of time preceding	any|かなりの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	could be established|建設される|verb|be founded or organized	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	some sort of|ある種の|determiner|a particular kind of	coarse|粗雑な|adjective|rough or harsh in texture or quality	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	of the manufacturing kind|製造業のような|noun phrase|a kind of industry that produces goods	must have been carried on|営まれていたに違いない|verb|continue doing something	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a group of people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	before|前に|conjunction|during the period of time preceding	they|彼ら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	could well think of|十分に考える|verb|be able to think of something	employing|従事する|verb|give work to	themselves|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to the person or thing mentioned as the subject of the sentence	in|で|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be inside something else	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

But though this natural order of things must have taken place in some degree in every such society, it has, in all the modern states of Europe, been in many respects entirely inverted.	しかし、この自然な物事の順序は、そのような社会のすべてである程度は起こったに違いないが、ヨーロッパのすべての近代国家では、多くの点で完全に逆転している。	natural order|自然な順序|noun|the arrangement of things in the world according to their natural relationships	take place|起こる|verb|happen	some degree|ある程度|noun|to some extent	every such society|そのような社会のすべて|noun|all societies of that kind	modern state|近代国家|noun|a state that has achieved a high level of social and economic development	many respect|多くの点|noun|a lot of ways	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	invert|逆転する|verb|turn upside down
The foreign commerce of some of their cities has introduced all their finer manufactures, or such as were fit for distant sale;	彼らの都市のいくつかの外国貿易は、彼らのすべてのより良い製造業、または遠隔地での販売に適したものを導入した。	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	their|彼らの|determiner|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	their|彼らの|determiner|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	finer|より良い|adjective|of high quality	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	such as|のような|determiner|of the type or kind that	fit|適した|adjective|in good health	distant|遠隔地での|adjective|far away in space or time
and manufactures and foreign commerce together have given birth to the principal improvements of agriculture.	そして、製造業と外国貿易が相まって、農業の主要な改良を生み出した。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade or exchange of goods and services between nations	together|相まって|adverb|in a group or in a combined effort	give birth to|生み出す|verb|cause to be born	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
The manners and customs which the nature of their original government introduced, and which remained after that government was greatly altered, necessarily forced them into this unnatural and retrograde order.	彼らの元々の政府の性質が導入し、その政府が大きく変わった後も残っていた風習や習慣は、必然的に彼らをこの不自然で逆行的な秩序に追い込んだ。	manner|風習|noun|a way of behaving	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving that is usual and traditional among a group of people	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	greatly|大きく|adverb|very much; to a great extent	alter|変わる|verb|make or become different	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	force|追い込む|verb|make someone do something	unnatural|不自然な|adjective|not natural; artificial	retrograde|逆行的な|adjective|going backward	order|秩序|noun|a state in which everything is in its correct place


## CHAPTER II: OF THE DISCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ANCIENT STATE OF EUROPE, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.	第二章: ローマ帝国滅亡後のヨーロッパ古代国家における農業の衰退について	CHAPTER II|第二章|noun|the second chapter	DISCOURAGEMENT|衰退|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	AGRICULTURE|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	ANCIENT STATE|古代国家|noun|a state that existed in ancient times	EUROPE|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	FALL|滅亡|noun|the action of falling	ROMAN EMPIRE|ローマ帝国|noun|the ancient Roman state

When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution lasted for several centuries.	ドイツとスキタイの諸民族がローマ帝国の西部諸州を席巻したとき、そのような大革命に続く混乱は数世紀続いた。	German|ドイツ|noun|a person from Germany	Scythian|スキタイ|noun|a member of a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in Scythia from about the 7th century BC to the 3rd century AD	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	overrun|席巻する|verb|spread over or occupy to excess	western|西部|adjective|of or relating to the west	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the ancient empire of Rome	confusion|混乱|noun|a state of being uncertain about something	follow|続く|verb|come after in time	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time
The rapine and violence which the barbarians exercised against the ancient inhabitants, interrupted the commerce between the towns and the country.	野蛮人が古代住民に対して行った略奪と暴力は、都市と地方の間の商業を妨害した。	rapine|略奪|noun|the violent seizure of property	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy	barbarian|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	interrupt|妨害する|verb|to stop or hinder by breaking in upon	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The towns were deserted, and the country was left uncultivated;	町は見捨てられ、国は未開のままにされた。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	desert|見捨てる|verb|leave someone who needs or deserves help	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	leave|ままにする|verb|go away from a place	uncultivated|未開|adjective|not used for growing crops
and the western provinces of Europe, which had enjoyed a considerable degree of opulence under the Roman empire, sunk into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism.	そして、ローマ帝国のもとでかなりの富を享受していたヨーロッパの西部諸州は、貧困と野蛮の最も低い状態に沈んだ。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	western|西部|adjective|of or relating to the west	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the empire founded by Augustus and ruled by emperors	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	sink|沈む|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least height	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|野蛮|noun|the state of being uncivilized
During the continuance of those confusions, the chiefs and principal leaders of those nations acquired, or usurped to themselves, the greater part of the lands of those countries.	これらの混乱が続く間に、これらの諸民族の首長や主要な指導者たちは、これらの国の土地の大部分を獲得したり、自分たちのものにしたりした。	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	confusion|混乱|noun|a state of disorder	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	leader|指導者|noun|a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	usurp|横領する|verb|to take or assume power or authority illegally or by force	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
A great part of them was uncultivated;	その大部分は未開墾だった。	a great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	uncultivated|未開墾|adjective|not cultivated; not tilled
but no part of them, whether cultivated or uncultivated, was left without a proprietor.	しかし、耕作されているか否かにかかわらず、そのいずれの部分も所有者なしに残されることはなかった。	no part|いずれの部分も|noun|not any part	cultivated|耕作されている|adjective|prepared for crops	uncultivated|耕作されていない|adjective|not prepared for crops	left|残される|verb|remain after the departure of others	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business
All of them were engrossed, and the greater part by a few great proprietors.	それらのすべてが占領され、その大部分は少数の大所有者によって占領された。	all of|すべて|determiner|the whole of	be engrossed|占領される|verb|occupy all of someone's attention or time	the greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business

This original engrossing of uncultivated lands, though a great, might have been but a transitory evil.	この未開墾地の独占は、大きな悪ではあるが、一時的な悪にすぎなかったかもしれない。	original|最初の|adjective|existing from the beginning	engrossing|独占|noun|the state of being engrossed	uncultivated land|未開墾地|noun|land that has not been prepared for growing crops	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	might have been|～かもしれない|auxiliary verb|used to express a possibility in the past	transitory|一時的な|adjective|lasting only for a short time
They might soon have been divided again, and broke into small parcels, either by succession or by alienation.	それらはすぐに再び分割され、相続または譲渡によって小さな区画に分割されたかもしれない。	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	break|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	parcel|区画|noun|a piece of land	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	alienation|譲渡|noun|the action of transferring property to another person
The law of primogeniture hindered them from being divided by succession;	長子相続の法は、それらが相続によって分割されるのを妨げた。	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of the firstborn child to inherit the family estate	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.
the introduction of entails prevented their being broke into small parcels by alienation.	限嗣相続の導入は、それらが譲渡によって小さな区画に分割されるのを防いだ。	introduction|導入|noun|the act of introducing something	entail|限嗣相続|noun|the settlement of the succession of landed property so that it cannot be bequeathed at pleasure	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	being broke|分割される|verb|be divided into parts	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	parcel|区画|noun|a piece of land	alienation|譲渡|noun|the action of transferring property to another

When land, like moveables, is considered as the means only of subsistence and enjoyment, the natural law of succession divides it, like them, among all the children of the family;	土地が動産のように、生存と享受の手段としてのみ考えられるとき、相続の自然法は、動産と同じように、それを家族のすべての子供たちの間で分割する。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	moveable|動産|noun|a piece of property that can be moved	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	natural law|自然法|noun|a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage
of all of whom the subsistence and enjoyment may be supposed equally dear to the father.	父親にとって、その全員の生存と享受が等しく大切であると考えられる。	of all of whom|その全員にとって|preposition|for all of whom	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or fact of taking delight or pleasure in something	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same manner or degree	dear|大切|adjective|regarded with deep affection
This natural law of succession, accordingly, took place among the Romans who made no more distinction between elder and younger, between male and female, in the inheritance of lands, than we do in the distribution of moveables.	したがって、この相続の自然法は、ローマ人の間で行われ、彼らは土地の相続において、私たちが動産の分配において行うのと同じように、年長者と年少者、男性と女性を区別しなかった。	natural law|自然法|noun|a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	take place|行われる|verb|happen	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	make distinction|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	elder|年長者|noun|a person who is older than another	younger|年少者|noun|a person who is younger than another	male|男性|noun|a person who belongs to the sex that produces small, typically motile gametes, especially spermatozoa, with which a female may be fertilized or inseminated to produce offspring	female|女性|noun|a person who belongs to the sex that produces large, typically immobile gametes, especially ova, that are fertilized by male gametes	inheritance|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	distribution|分配|noun|the action or process of sharing something out among a number of recipients	moveable|動産|noun|a piece of property that can be moved from one place to another
But when land was considered as the means, not of subsistence merely, but of power and protection, it was thought better that it should descend undivided to one.	しかし、土地が単に生存の手段ではなく、権力と保護の手段と考えられたとき、それは分割されずに一人に相続されるべきだと考えられるようになった。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	merely|単に|adverb|only; no more than	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	descend|相続される|verb|be passed on from an ancestor	undivided|分割されない|adjective|not divided or separated	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two
In those disorderly times, every great landlord was a sort of petty prince.	このような無秩序な時代には、大地主はみな一種の小領主だった。	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	petty|小|adjective|of little importance; minor	prince|領主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king
His tenants were his subjects.	彼の小作人は彼の臣民だった。	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
He was their judge, and in some respects their legislator in peace and their leader in war.	彼は彼らの裁判官であり、ある意味、平和時の立法者であり、戦争時の指導者でもあった。	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
He made war according to his own discretion, frequently against his neighbours, and sometimes against his sovereign.	彼は自分の裁量で戦争をし、しばしば隣人と戦い、時には君主と戦った。	make war|戦争をする|verb|engage in a war	according to|従って|preposition|in accordance with	discretion|裁量|noun|the quality of being discreet	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler
The security of a landed estate, therefore, the protection which its owner could afford to those who dwelt on it, depended upon its greatness.	したがって、土地の安全性、つまりその所有者がそこに住む人々に与えることのできる保護は、その土地の偉大さにかかっていた。	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	landed estate|土地|noun|a large area of land, usually with a house, owned by one person	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do something or have something	depend|かかっている|verb|to be controlled or determined by	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great
To divide it was to ruin it, and to expose every part of it to be oppressed and swallowed up by the incursions of its neighbours.	それを分割することは、それを破壊し、そのすべての部分を隣人の侵略によって抑圧され、飲み込まれるようにさらすことだった。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	ruin|破壊する|verb|destroy or damage something beyond repair	expose|さらすこと|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	incursion|侵略|noun|an invasion or attack
The law of primogeniture, therefore, came to take place, not immediately indeed, but in process of time, in the succession of landed estates, for the same reason that it has generally taken place in that of monarchies, though not always at their first institution.	したがって、長子相続の法は、すぐにではなく、時の経過とともに、土地の相続において、君主制の相続において一般的に起こったのと同じ理由で、常に最初の制度ではなかったが、起こるようになった。	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of the firstborn child to inherit the family estate	take place|起こる|verb|happen	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	in process of time|時の経過とともに|adverb|as time passes	landed estate|土地|noun|an area of land that is owned by someone	succession|相続|noun|the act of inheriting something	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which one person, usually a king or queen, has all the power	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
That the power, and consequently the security of the monarchy, may not be weakened by division, it must descend entire to one of the children.	権力、そして結果的に君主制の安全が分割によって弱められないように、それは子供たちの一人に完全に受け継がれなければならない。	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	consequently|結果的に|adverb|as a result	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which one person, usually a king or queen, rules over a country	weaken|弱める|verb|make or become weaker	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts	descend|受け継ぐ|verb|pass down from an ancestor	entire|完全に|adjective|with no part left out; whole	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty
To which of them so important a preference shall be given, must be determined by some general rule, founded not upon the doubtful distinctions of personal merit, but upon some plain and evident difference which can admit of no dispute.	どちらにそれほど重要な優先権を与えるかは、個人の功績の疑わしい区別ではなく、論争の余地のない明白で明白な違いに基づいた、何らかの一般的な規則によって決定されなければならない。	preference|優先権|noun|the right to be considered or treated before others	general rule|一般的な規則|noun|a rule that applies to all or most cases	personal merit|個人の功績|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	plain|明白な|adjective|clear and easy to understand	evident|明白な|adjective|clear and obvious	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups
Among the children of the same family there can be no indisputable difference but that of sex, and that of age.	同じ家族の子供たちの間には、性別と年齢以外に議論の余地のない違いはない。	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	sex|性別|noun|the property or quality by which organisms are classified into two distinct groups	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived
The male sex is universally preferred to the female;	男性は普遍的に女性よりも好まれる。	male|男性|noun|an adult human being of the sex that is typically capable of producing small, usually motile gametes (spermatozoa) which fertilize the eggs of a female	sex|性|noun|the property or quality by which organisms are classified according to their reproductive functions	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all members of a group or class	prefer|好む|verb|like (someone or something) better than another or others; tend to choose
and when all other things are equal, the elder everywhere takes place of the younger.	そして、他のすべてのことが等しい場合、年長者はどこでも年少者に優先される。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	elder|年長者|noun|a person who is older than another	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	younger|年少者|noun|a person who is younger than another
Hence the origin of the right of primogeniture, and of what is called lineal succession.	これが長子相続権と直系相続と呼ばれるものの起源である。	hence|これが|adverb|for this reason; therefore	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of the firstborn to inherit the entire estate	lineal succession|直系相続|noun|the passing of an estate from one generation to the next in a direct line

Laws frequently continue in force long after the circumstances which first gave occasion to them, and which could alone render them reasonable, are no more.	法律は、最初にそれを生み出し、それだけがそれを合理的なものにする状況がなくなった後も、しばしば効力を持ち続ける。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	continue|持ち続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	force|効力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	long|後も|adverb|for a long time	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	give occasion to|生み出す|verb|cause or produce	alone|だけが|adverb|without any other people or things	render|ものにする|verb|cause to be or become	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic
In the present state of Europe, the proprietor of a single acre of land is as perfectly secure in his possession as the proprietor of 100,000.	ヨーロッパの現状では、1エーカーの土地の所有者は、10万エーカーの所有者と同じように、その所有を完全に保証されている。	In the present state of|現状では|noun|the current situation	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	single|1つの|adjective|only one	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	secure|保証されている|adjective|free from danger or threat	100,000|10万|numeral|the number that is represented as a one followed by five zeros
The right of primogeniture, however, still continues to be respected;	しかし、長子相続権は依然として尊重され続けている。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of the firstborn to inherit the entire estate	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	be respected|尊重される|verb|be held in high esteem
and as of all institutions it is the fittest to support the pride of family distinctions, it is still likely to endure for many centuries.	そして、あらゆる制度の中で、家柄の誇りを支えるのに最も適しているため、今後何世紀も続く可能性が高い。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	as of|現在|preposition|on and after	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	fittest|最も適している|adjective|most suitable	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	pride|誇り|noun|a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements	family|家柄|noun|a group of people who are closely related to each other	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	endure|続く|verb|continue to exist or last	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years
In every other respect, nothing can be more contrary to the real interest of a numerous family, than a right which, in order to enrich one, beggars all the rest of the children.	他のあらゆる点で、一人を富ませるために残りの子供たちをすべて乞食にする権利ほど、大家族の真の利益に反するものはない。	in every other respect|他のあらゆる点で|adverb|in all other ways	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	be contrary to|反する|verb|be opposed to	real interest|真の利益|noun|the true benefit	numerous family|大家族|noun|a family with many members	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	enrich|富ませる|verb|make rich or richer	beggar|乞食にする|verb|reduce to poverty	children|子供たち|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority

Entails are the natural consequences of the law of primogeniture.	限嗣相続は長子相続法の当然の帰結である。	entail|限嗣相続|noun|the settlement of a succession of property so that it cannot be bequeathed at will	natural consequence|当然の帰結|noun|something that happens as a result of something else	law of primogeniture|長子相続法|noun|the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child
They were introduced to preserve a certain lineal succession, of which the law of primogeniture first gave the idea, and to hinder any part of the original estate from being carried out of the proposed line, either by gift, or device, or alienation;	限嗣相続は、長子相続法が最初に考え出した、ある直系相続を維持し、贈与、遺言、譲渡などによって、元の財産の一部が提案された系統から外れるのを防ぐために導入された。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	lineal succession|直系相続|noun|the inheritance of property by a person's direct descendants	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of the firstborn child to inherit the family estate	give the idea|考え出す|verb|come up with an idea	hinder|防ぐ|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	original estate|元の財産|noun|the property that someone owns when they die	carry out|外れる|verb|take or bring something from one place to another	proposed line|提案された系統|noun|the line of descent that is proposed	gift|贈与|noun|something that is given	device|遺言|noun|a piece of equipment made for a particular purpose	alienation|譲渡|noun|the transfer of property to another person
either by the folly, or by the misfortune of any of its successive owners.	愚行によってであれ、不幸によってであれ、その相続人のいずれかによってである。	either|いずれか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	successive|相続人|adjective|following one after another in succession	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something
They were altogether unknown to the Romans.	限嗣相続はローマ人には全く知られていなかった。	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known or familiar	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome
Neither their substitutions, nor fidei commisses, bear any resemblance to entails, though some French lawyers have thought proper to dress the modern institution in the language and garb of those ancient ones.	彼らの代替制度も信託制度も限嗣相続とは似ても似つかないものだが、フランスの法律家の中には、現代の制度を古代のものの言葉や衣装で飾るのが適切だと考える人もいる。	substitution|代替制度|noun|the act of replacing someone or something with another person or thing	fidei commisses|信託制度|noun|a legal arrangement in which property is held in trust for a beneficiary	bear|似ても似つかない|verb|to be similar to	entail|限嗣相続|noun|the settlement of an estate so that it cannot be bequeathed at will	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	lawyer|法律家|noun|a person who is a member of the legal profession	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	dress|飾る|verb|to put clothes on	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice

When great landed estates were a sort of principalities, entails might not be unreasonable.	大土地所有が一種の公国だった時代には、限嗣相続は不合理ではなかったかもしれない。	great landed estate|大土地所有|noun|a large area of land owned by one person or family	principality|公国|noun|a country that is ruled by a prince	entail|限嗣相続|noun|a legal restriction on the inheritance of property	unreasonable|不合理|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense
Like what are called the fundamental laws of some monarchies, they might frequently hinder the security of thousands from being endangered by the caprice or extravagance of one man.	一部の君主国のいわゆる基本法のように、限嗣相続はしばしば、一人の気まぐれや浪費によって何千人もの人々の安全が危険にさらされるのを防ぐことができたかもしれない。	monarchy|君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a king or queen	fundamental law|基本法|noun|a law that is basic to a system of laws	caprice|気まぐれ|noun|a sudden and unaccountable change of mood or behavior	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money in a careless or wasteful way	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	endanger|危険にさらす|verb|put at risk or in danger	thousand|何千|noun|the number 1000	one|一人|noun|the number 1
But in the present state of Europe, when small as well as great estates derive their security from the laws of their country, nothing can be more completely absurd.	しかし、ヨーロッパの現状では、大小の土地が自国の法律から安全保障を得ているため、これほど完全に不合理なものはない。	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	small|小|adjective|of a size that is less than average	great|大|adjective|of a size that is greater than average	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	security|安全保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	nothing|何も|noun|not a single thing	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	absurd|不合理|adjective|wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate
They are founded upon the most absurd of all suppositions, the supposition that every successive generation of men have not an equal right to the earth, and to all that it possesses;	限嗣相続は、あらゆる仮定の中で最も不合理な仮定、つまり、人間のすべての世代が地球とその所有物に対して平等な権利を持っていないという仮定に基づいている。	be founded upon|に基づく|verb|be based on	absurd|不合理な|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	supposition|仮定|noun|a belief or theory that is not necessarily true	every successive generation|すべての世代|noun|all the people born and living at about the same time	equal|平等な|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others
but that the property of the present generation should be restrained and regulated according to the fancy of those who died, perhaps five hundred years ago.	しかし、現世代の財産は、おそらく五百年前に亡くなった人々の気まぐれによって制限され、規制されるべきである。	present generation|現世代|noun|the people who are alive at the same time	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	fancy|気まぐれ|noun|a sudden and unaccountable liking for something	five hundred years ago|五百年前|noun|the time five hundred years before the present
Entails, however, are still respected, through the greater part of Europe;	しかし、限嗣相続はヨーロッパの大部分で依然として尊重されている。	entail|限嗣相続|noun|the settlement of the succession of landed property so that it cannot be bequeathed at pleasure	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	respect|尊重する|verb|to have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent; the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia
In those countries, particularly, in which noble birth is a necessary qualification for the enjoyment either of civil or military honours.	特に、高貴な生まれが文官や武官の栄誉を得るために必要な資格となっている国々ではそうである。	in those countries|これらの国々では|noun phrase|in the countries mentioned	noble birth|高貴な生まれ|noun phrase|being born into a family of high social status	necessary qualification|必要な資格|noun phrase|a qualification that is required	enjoyment|得る|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	civil|文官|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|武官|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	honour|栄誉|noun|high respect; great esteem
Entails are thought necessary for maintaining this exclusive privilege of the nobility to the great offices and honours of their country;	限嗣相続は、貴族が自国の高官や栄誉を独占する特権を維持するために必要と考えられている。	entail|限嗣相続|noun|the settlement of the succession of landed property so that it cannot be bequeathed at pleasure	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	exclusive|独占する|adjective|not shared with others	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and that order having usurped one unjust advantage over the rest of their fellow-citizens, lest their poverty should render it ridiculous, it is thought reasonable that they should have another.	そして、その階級が他の市民に対して不当な優位性を奪い取ったため、彼らの貧困がそれを馬鹿げたものにしないために、彼らが別の優位性を持つべきだと考えられているのは理にかなっている。	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	usurp|奪い取る|verb|take (something) for oneself by force or without right	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	fellow-citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of the same country or state	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	ridiculous|馬鹿げた|adjective|causing laughter because of being foolish or absurd	reasonable|理にかなっている|adjective|being in accordance with reason or logic
The common law of England, indeed, is said to abhor perpetuities, and they are accordingly more restricted there than in any other European monarchy;	確かに、イギリスの慣習法は永続性を忌み嫌うと言われており、それに応じて他のヨーロッパの君主制よりも制限されている。	common law|慣習法|noun|the body of law derived from judicial decisions	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	abhor|忌み嫌う|verb|detest utterly	perpetuity|永続性|noun|the quality or state of lasting forever	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a monarch rules over a state or part of a state
though even England is not altogether without them.	イギリスでさえ、それらが全く存在しないわけではないが。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	without|存在しない|preposition|not having or not accompanied by
In Scotland, more than one fifth, perhaps more than one third part of the whole lands in the country, are at present supposed to be under strict entail.	スコットランドでは、現在、国土全体の5分の1以上、おそらく3分の1以上が厳格な限嗣相続の下にあると考えられている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater degree or extent than	one fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater degree or extent than	one third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	land|国土|noun|the ground surface of the earth	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at present|現在|adverb|at the moment; now	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	be under|下にある|verb|be controlled or dominated by	strict|厳格な|adjective|following rules or standards strictly	entail|限嗣相続|noun|the settlement of an estate so that it cannot be bequeathed to anyone other than a specified line of heirs

Great tracts of uncultivated land were in this manner not only engrossed by particular families, but the possibility of their being divided again was as much as possible precluded for ever.	このように、広大な未開地は特定の家族に独占されただけでなく、再び分割される可能性も可能な限り永久に排除された。	great tract|広大な土地|noun|a large area of land	uncultivated land|未開地|noun|land that is not used for growing crops	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	particular family|特定の家族|noun|a specific family	be engrossed by|独占される|verb|to be completely occupied with something	possibility|可能性|noun|the chance that something might happen	be divided|分割される|verb|to be split into two or more parts	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent possible	be precluded|排除される|verb|to be prevented from happening	for ever|永久に|adverb|for all time; forever
It seldom happens, however, that a great proprietor is a great improver.	しかし、大地主が偉大な改良者であることはめったにない。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	proprietor|地主|noun|the owner of a business	improver|改良者|noun|a person who makes improvements
In the disorderly times which gave birth to those barbarous institutions, the great proprietor was sufficiently employed in defending his own territories, or in extending his jurisdiction and authority over those of his neighbours.	これらの野蛮な制度を生み出した無秩序な時代には、大地主は自分の領土を守ったり、隣人の領土に対する管轄権や権限を拡大したりするのに十分に忙しかった。	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	give birth to|生み出す|verb|produce or create	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized or uncultured	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	proprietor|地主|noun|the owner of a business	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	employ|忙しい|verb|keep occupied	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
He had no leisure to attend to the cultivation and improvement of land.	彼には土地の耕作や改良に取り組む余裕がなかった。	have no leisure|余裕がない|verb|have no free time	attend to|取り組む|verb|deal with or take care of	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better
When the establishment of law and order afforded him this leisure, he often wanted the inclination, and almost always the requisite abilities.	法と秩序の確立によって彼にこの余裕ができたとき、彼はしばしばその意欲を欠き、ほとんど常に必要な能力を欠いていた。	law and order|法と秩序|noun|the condition of a society in which laws are obeyed and enforced	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	leisure|余裕|noun|time free from the demands of work or duty	want|欠く|verb|feel a need or a wish for	inclination|意欲|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	requisite|必要な|adjective|required or necessary	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
If the expense of his house and person either equalled or exceeded his revenue, as it did very frequently, he had no stock to employ in this manner.	彼の家や個人の支出が収入に等しいか、またはそれを上回る場合、それは非常に頻繁に起こることだが、彼にはそのように使うための資金がなかった。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	person|個人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	equal|等しい|verb|be the same as or equivalent to	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater or better than	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	manner|ように|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	employ|使う|verb|use or utilize	stock|資金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares
If he was an economist, he generally found it more profitable to employ his annual savings in new purchases than in the improvement of his old estate.	もし彼が経済学者なら、彼は通常、年間の貯蓄を古い土地の改良よりも新しい購入に使う方がより利益になると気づいた。	economist|経済学者|noun|a person who studies economics	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	savings|貯蓄|noun|money that is saved	employ|使う|verb|use	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house on it	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, created, or produced	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something
To improve land with profit, like all other commercial projects, requires an exact attention to small savings and small gains, of which a man born to a great fortune, even though naturally frugal, is very seldom capable.	他のすべての商業プロジェクトと同様に、利益を伴って土地を改良するには、小さな貯蓄と小さな利益に正確な注意を払う必要があり、大金持ちに生まれた人は、たとえ生まれつき質素であっても、ほとんどそれができない。	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	exact|正確な|adjective|not approximated in any way; precise	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money that a person has saved	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	born|生まれる|verb|come into existence as a living being	frugal|質素な|adjective|sparing or economical with regard to money or food	capable|有能な|adjective|having the ability to do something well
The situation of such a person naturally disposes him to attend rather to ornament, which pleases his fancy, than to profit, for which he has so little occasion.	そのような人の状況は、当然のことながら、彼がほとんど必要としていない利益よりも、彼の空想を喜ばせる装飾に注意を向けるようにさせる。	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|させる|verb|make someone inclined to do something	attend|注意を向ける|verb|take care of or deal with	ornament|装飾|noun|something that decorates or embellishes	please|喜ばせる|verb|cause to feel happy or satisfied	fancy|空想|noun|a mental image or representation of something that is not real or has not yet happened	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event
The elegance of his dress, of his equipage, of his house and household furniture, are objects which, from his infancy, he has been accustomed to have some anxiety about.	彼の服装、馬車、家、家具の優雅さは、幼い頃から彼が多少の不安を抱くことに慣れてきた対象である。	dress|服装|noun|the way that someone dresses	equipage|馬車|noun|a carriage and its horses and attendants	house|家|noun|a place where people live	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	elegance|優雅さ|noun|the quality of being graceful and stylish	infancy|幼少期|noun|the earliest stage of development	be accustomed to|慣れる|verb|be used to something	have some anxiety about|不安を抱く|verb|feel fear, worry, or nervousness
The turn of mind which this habit naturally forms, follows him when he comes to think of the improvement of land.	この習慣が自然に形成する心の転換は、彼が土地の改良を考えるときにも彼に従う。	turn of mind|心の転換|noun|a change in one's way of thinking	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	come to think of|考える|verb|to begin to think of something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something
He embellishes, perhaps, four or five hundred acres in the neighbourhood of his house, at ten times the expense which the land is worth after all his improvements;	彼は、おそらく、彼の家の近所の400エーカーか500エーカーを、彼のすべての改良の後で土地の価値がある費用の10倍で装飾する。	embellish|装飾する|verb|make more attractive by adding decorative details or features	four or five hundred|400エーカーか500エーカー|noun|a number between 400 and 500	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	neighbourhood|近所|noun|the area around a place	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	ten times|10倍|noun|ten multiplied by a number	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
and finds, that if he was to improve his whole estate in the same manner, and he has little taste for any other, he would be a bankrupt before he had finished the tenth part of it.	そして、もし彼が自分の全財産を同じように改善しようとしたら、そして彼は他の方法にほとんど興味がなければ、彼はその10分の1を終える前に破産してしまうだろうと気づく。	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or organization	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	taste|興味|noun|a liking for something	bankrupt|破産|noun|a person who has been declared in law as unable to pay their debts	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts into which something is or can be divided
There still remain, in both parts of the united kingdom, some great estates which have continued, without interruption, in the hands of the same family since the times of feudal anarchy.	連合王国の両地域には、封建無政府時代以来、中断することなく同じ家族の手中に残っている大規模な私有地がまだ残っている。	still remain|まだ残っている|verb|be still present	united kingdom|連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland	both|両方|adjective|the two	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	estate|私有地|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	continue|残っている|verb|persist in an activity or process	without interruption|中断することなく|adverb|without a break	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration
Compare the present condition of those estates with the possessions of the small proprietors in their neighbourhood, and you will require no other argument to convince you how unfavourable such extensive property is to improvement.	これらの私有地の現状を、近隣の小規模所有者の所有物と比較すれば、そのような広大な私有地が改良にどれほど不利であるかを納得させるために、他の議論は必要ないだろう。	compare|比較する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	present condition|現状|noun|the current state of affairs	estate|私有地|noun|a large piece of land in the country, usually with a large house on it	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	small proprietor|小規模所有者|noun|a person who owns a small business	possession|所有物|noun|something that is owned by someone	require|必要とする|verb|need	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	convince|納得させる|verb|cause someone to believe something	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|not favourable; adverse	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	property|私有地|noun|a piece of land	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something

If little improvement was to be expected from such great proprietors, still less was to be hoped for from those who occupied the land under them.	そのような大所有者からほとんど改善が期待できないのであれば、彼らの下で土地を占有している人々からはさらに期待できない。	little|ほとんど|adjective|not much; small in quantity or degree	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	still|さらに|adverb|to an even greater extent	less|期待できない|adjective|not as much or as many	hope|期待する|verb|want something to happen or be the case	occupy|占有する|verb|take up all or a lot of space	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
In the ancient state of Europe, the occupiers of land were all tenants at will.	ヨーロッパの古代国家では、土地の占有者はすべて自由に借地人だった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent in the northern hemisphere	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	at will|自由に|adverb|as one wishes; without restriction
They were all, or almost all, slaves, but their slavery was of a milder kind than that known among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or even in our West Indian colonies.	彼らはすべて、あるいはほとんどすべてが奴隷だったが、彼らの奴隷制度は古代ギリシャ人やローマ人、あるいは西インド諸島の植民地で知られていたものよりも穏やかなものだった。	all|すべて|adjective|the whole amount of	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	slavery|奴隷制度|noun|the state of being a slave	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	West Indian|西インド諸島|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
They were supposed to belong more directly to the land than to their master.	彼らは主人よりも土地に直接属していると考えられた。	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing
They could, therefore, be sold with it, but not separately.	したがって、彼らは土地と一緒に売られる可能性はあるが、別々に売られることはない。	could|可能性がある|auxiliary verb|be able to	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	be sold|売られる|verb|be bought by someone	with|一緒に|preposition|in the company of	separately|別々に|adverb|not together
They could marry, provided it was with the consent of their master;	彼らは主人の同意があれば結婚することができた。	marry|結婚する|verb|get in a relationship with someone in a ceremony	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
and he could not afterwards dissolve the marriage by selling the man and wife to different persons.	そして、主人はその後、夫と妻を別々の人に売って結婚を解消することはできなかった。	dissolve|解消する|verb|bring to an end	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman)	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
If he maimed or murdered any of them, he was liable to some penalty, though generally but to a small one.	もし主人が彼らの誰かを傷つけたり殺害したりしたら、一般的には軽い罰ではあるが、何らかの罰を受けることになった。	maim|傷つける|verb|inflict a violent and disfiguring injury on	murder|殺害する|verb|kill (someone) unlawfully and with premeditation	liable|受けることになる|adjective|responsible by law; legally answerable	penalty|罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	small|軽い|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
They were not, however, capable of acquiring property.	しかし、彼らは財産を取得することはできなかった。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	be capable of|できる|verb|have the ability to do something	acquire|取得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions
Whatever they acquired was acquired to their master, and he could take it from them at pleasure.	彼らが取得したものは何であれ、主人が取得したものであり、主人はそれを自由に奪うことができた。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	acquire|取得する|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	take|奪う|verb|to get into one's possession by force, theft, or deceit	pleasure|自由|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
Whatever cultivation and improvement could be carried on by means of such slaves, was properly carried on by their master.	そのような奴隷によって耕作や改良が行えたとしても、それは主人によって適切に行われていた。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or appropriate way	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him
It was at his expense.	それは主人の費用で行われた。	at one's expense|人の費用で|adverb|paid for by someone else	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The seed, the cattle, and the instruments of husbandry, were all his.	種、家畜、農具はすべて主人のものだった。	seed|種|noun|a small object produced by a plant that can develop into a new plant	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products	all|すべて|adverb|completely; totally
It was for his benefit.	それは主人の利益のためだった。	for|のため|preposition|with the object or purpose of	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
Such slaves could acquire nothing but their daily maintenance.	そのような奴隷は日々の維持以外に何も得ることができなかった。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or kind described	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	daily|日々の|adjective|happening or done every day	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something
It was properly the proprietor himself, therefore, that in this case occupied his own lands, and cultivated them by his own bondmen.	したがって、この場合、自分の土地を占有し、自分の奴隷によって耕作したのは、まさに所有者自身だった。	properly|まさに|adverb|in a correct manner	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	occupy|占有する|verb|take up all or a lot of space	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	bondman|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
This species of slavery still subsists in Russia, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and other parts of Germany.	この種の奴隷制は、ロシア、ポーランド、ハンガリー、ボヘミア、モラビア、ドイツの他の地域で依然として存続している。	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; now as before	subsist|存続する|verb|to continue to exist or live	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in central Europe	Hungary|ハンガリー|noun|a country in central Europe	Bohemia|ボヘミア|noun|a historical country in central Europe	Moravia|モラビア|noun|a historical region in central Europe	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in central Europe
It is only in the western and south-western provinces of Europe that it has gradually been abolished altogether.	それが徐々に完全に廃止されたのは、ヨーロッパの西部と南西部の地域だけである。	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	western|西部|adjective|of or relating to the west	south-western|南西部|adjective|of or relating to the southwest	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	gradually|徐々に|adverb|taking place or changing slowly by degrees	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally

But if great improvements are seldom to be expected from great proprietors, they are least of all to be expected when they employ slaves for their workmen.	しかし、大地主から大きな改善が期待されることはめったにないとしても、彼らが労働者に奴隷を雇っている場合には、改善はほとんど期待できない。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	employ|雇う|verb|give work to	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially in a manual or industrial job
The experience of all ages and nations, I believe, demonstrates that the work done by slaves, though it appears to cost only their maintenance, is in the end the dearest of any.	あらゆる時代と国家の経験が、奴隷によってなされる労働は、彼らの維持費しかかかっていないように見えるが、結局は最も高くつくことを示していると思う。	all ages|あらゆる時代|noun|all the time that has ever existed	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	work|労働|noun|effort exerted to do or accomplish something	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	end|結局|noun|the final part of something	dear|高くつく|adjective|costing a lot of money
A person who can acquire no property can have no other interest but to eat as much and to labour as little as possible.	財産を取得できない人は、できるだけ多く食べて、できるだけ労働を少なくすること以外に興味を持つことはできない。	acquire|取得する|verb|to gain or obtain	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	have no other interest|興味を持つことはできない|verb|to be interested in something	eat|食べる|verb|to take in food	as much|できるだけ多く|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree
Whatever work he does beyond what is sufficient to purchase his own maintenance, can be squeezed out of him by violence only, and not by any interest of his own.	自分の生活費を稼ぐのに十分な労働を超えて彼が行う労働は、彼自身の利益によってではなく、暴力によってのみ彼から搾り取ることができる。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	work|労働|noun|effort exerted to do or accomplish something	beyond|超えて|preposition|on the farther side of	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	purchase|稼ぐ|verb|acquire by paying for	maintenance|生活費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	squeeze|搾り取る|verb|extract juice or liquid from by applying pressure	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
In ancient Italy, how much the cultivation of corn degenerated, how unprofitable it became to the master, when it fell under the management of slaves, is remarked both by Pliny and Columella.	古代イタリアでは、奴隷の管理下におかれたとき、穀物の栽培がどれほど退化し、主人にとってどれほど不利益になったかについては、プリニウスとコルメラがともに述べている。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	degenerate|退化する|verb|become worse or deteriorate	unprofitable|不利益な|adjective|not yielding a profit	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	remark|述べる|verb|say something as a comment	Pliny|プリニウス|noun|a Roman author and natural philosopher	Columella|コルメラ|noun|a Roman writer on agriculture
In the time of Aristotle, it had not been much better in ancient Greece.	アリストテレスの時代には、古代ギリシャでもそれほど良い状況ではなかった。	in the time of|の時代に|preposition|during the life of	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th–11th centuries BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC
Speaking of the ideal republic described in the laws of Plato, to maintain 5000 idle men (the number of warriors supposed necessary for its defence), together with their women and servants, would require, he says, a territory of boundless extent and fertility, like the plains of Babylon.	プラトンの法典に記述されている理想的な共和国について言えば、5000人の怠惰な男(その防衛に必要とされる戦士の数)を彼らの女性や召使と一緒に維持するには、バビロニアの平原のような無限の広がりと肥沃な土地が必要だと彼は言う。	speak of|言えば|verb|talk about	ideal|理想的な|adjective|perfect or most suitable	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	describe|記述されている|verb|give an account of something	law|法典|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens where Aristotle studied	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	man|男|noun|an adult male human being	warrior|戦士|noun|a person who fights in battles and is known for being brave	necessary|必要とされる|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	together|一緒に|adverb|with or in proximity to another person or thing	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	require|必要だ|verb|need for a particular purpose	territory|土地|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	boundless|無限の|adjective|unlimited or infinite	extent|広がりと|noun|the area covered by something	fertility|肥沃な|noun|the quality of being fertile; productiveness	plain|平原|noun|a large area of flat land with only a few trees on it	Babylon|バビロニア|noun|an ancient city in Mesopotamia, the capital of Babylonia

The pride of man makes him love to domineer, and nothing mortifies him so much as to be obliged to condescend to persuade his inferiors.	人間のプライドは、彼を支配欲の強い人間にし、部下を説得するために自分を低くしなければならないことほど、彼を悔しがらせるものはない。	pride|プライド|noun|a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	love|好む|verb|be extremely fond of	domineer|支配する|verb|exercise arbitrary or overbearing control over	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	mortify|悔しがらせる|verb|cause a severe loss in the dignity of	so much as|ほど|adverb|to the extent or degree that	be obliged to|しなければならない|verb|be required to	condescend|自分を低くする|verb|deign to do something	persuade|説得する|verb|cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument	inferior|部下|noun|a person lower than another in rank, status, or quality
Wherever the law allows it, and the nature of the work can afford it, therefore, he will generally prefer the service of slaves to that of freemen.	法律が許し、仕事の性質が許す限り、彼は一般に自由人の奉仕よりも奴隷の奉仕を好むだろう。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	afford|許す|verb|have enough money to pay for	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	freeman|自由人|noun|a person who is not a slave
The planting of sugar and tobacco can afford the expense of slave cultivation.	砂糖やタバコの栽培は、奴隷栽培の費用を賄うことができる。	planting|栽培|noun|the activity of growing plants	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	afford|賄う|verb|have enough money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
The raising of corn, it seems, in the present times, cannot.	トウモロコシの栽培は、現時点ではできないようだ。	raising|栽培|noun|the activity of growing plants	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	present|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to
In the English colonies, of which the principal produce is corn, the far greater part of the work is done by freemen.	主な産物がトウモロコシであるイギリスの植民地では、仕事の大部分は自由人によって行われている。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large seed heads that contain many small seeds	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	freeman|自由人|noun|a person who is not a slave
The late resolution of the Quakers in Pennsylvania, to set at liberty all their negro slaves, may satisfy us that their number cannot be very great.	ペンシルバニアのクエーカー教徒が最近、すべての黒人奴隷を解放するという決議をしたことからも、その数はそれほど多くはないと考えられる。	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	resolution|決議|noun|a formal decision	Quaker|クエーカー教徒|noun|a member of the Religious Society of Friends	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of North America	set at liberty|解放する|verb|release from captivity or slavery	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	satisfy|納得させる|verb|cause to be pleased or contented	number|数|noun|a quantity representing the count of a set of objects	great|多い|adjective|of major significance or importance
Had they made any considerable part of their property, such a resolution could never have been agreed to.	もし彼らが財産のかなり大きな部分を占めていたら、そのような決議は決して合意されなかっただろう。	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	considerable|かなり大きな|adjective|large in size or amount	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	resolution|決議|noun|a firm decision to do or not to do something	agree|合意する|verb|have the same opinion about something
In our sugar colonies., on the contrary, the whole work is done by slaves, and in our tobacco colonies a very great part of it.	逆に、我々の砂糖植民地では、すべての仕事が奴隷によって行われ、タバコ植民地では、その大部分が奴隷によって行われている。	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	whole|すべての|adjective|all of	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	tobacco colony|タバコ植民地|noun|a colony that produces tobacco	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion
The profits of a sugar plantation in any of our West Indian colonies, are generally much greater than those of any other cultivation that is known either in Europe or America;	西インド諸島の植民地のいずれにおいても、砂糖農園の利益は、ヨーロッパでもアメリカでも知られている他のどの農園の利益よりも、一般的にはるかに大きい。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	sugar plantation|砂糖農園|noun|a large farm where sugar is grown	West Indian|西インド諸島|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America
and the profits of a tobacco plantation, though inferior to those of sugar, are superior to those of corn, as has already been observed.	そして、タバコ農園の利益は、砂糖の利益には劣るものの、すでに述べたように、トウモロコシの利益よりは優れている。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar are grown	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food and to make alcohol	inferior|劣る|adjective|of lower standard or quality	superior|優れている|adjective|of higher standard or quality	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive
Both can afford the expense of slave cultivation but sugar can afford it still better than tobacco.	どちらも奴隷栽培の費用を賄うことができるが、砂糖はタバコよりもそれを賄うことができる。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	afford|賄う|verb|have enough money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed
The number of negroes, accordingly, is much greater, in proportion to that of whites, in our sugar than in our tobacco colonies.	したがって、黒人の数は、タバコ植民地よりも砂糖植民地において、白人の数に比べてずっと多い。	number|数|noun|the total amount of something	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	white|白人|noun|a member of a light-skinned group of peoples originally native to Europe, North Africa, or southwest Asia	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and to a lesser extent for use as snuff or chewing tobacco	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

To the slave cultivators of ancient times gradually succeeded a species of farmers, known at present in France by the name of metayers.	古代の奴隷耕作者は、現在フランスでメタヤーという名で知られる農民の一種に徐々に取って代わられた。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Middle East and Mediterranean until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the West and the end of the Han dynasty in China	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	succeed|取って代わる|verb|come after in time	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	species|一種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	metayer|メタヤー|noun|a tenant farmer who pays a share of the produce as rent
They are called in Latin Coloni Partiarii.	彼らはラテン語でコロニ・パルティアリイと呼ばれる。	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	Coloni Partiarii|コロニ・パルティアリイ|noun|a type of tenant farmer in ancient Rome
They have been so long in disuse in England, that at present I know no English name for them.	彼らはイギリスでは長い間使われていなかったので、現在私は彼らの英語名を知らない。	so long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	disuse|使われていない|noun|the state of not being used	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	English name|英語名|noun|a name in the English language
The proprietor furnished them with the seed, cattle, and instruments of husbandry, the whole stock, in short, necessary for cultivating the farm.	所有者は彼らに種、家畜、農具、要するに農場を耕作するのに必要なすべての資材を提供した。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	seed|種|noun|a small hard object produced by a plant that can grow into a new plant	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	husbandry|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	stock|資材|noun|the goods or materials that a business has for sale	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
The produce was divided equally between the proprietor and the farmer, after setting aside what was judged necessary for keeping up the stock, which was restored to the proprietor, when the farmer either quitted or was turned out of the farm.	農産物は、農場主と農民の間で均等に分割され、農民が農場を辞めたり、農場から追い出されたりした場合に、農場主に返還される資材を維持するために必要と判断されたものを除いた。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	equally|均等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	proprietor|農場主|noun|the owner of a business	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	set aside|除く|verb|to keep or reserve for a special purpose	keep up|維持する|verb|to maintain or continue at a certain level	stock|資材|noun|the goods or materials that a business has for sale	restore|返還される|verb|to return something to its original condition	quit|辞める|verb|to leave a job or position	turn out|追い出される|verb|to force someone to leave a place

Land occupied by such tenants is properly cultivated at the expense of the proprietors, as much as that occupied by slaves.	そのような小作人が占有する土地は、奴隷が占有する土地と同じように、所有者の費用で適切に耕作される。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	occupy|占有する|verb|take up or fill	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening
There is, however, one very essential difference between them.	しかし、両者には非常に重要な違いが1つある。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	essential|重要な|adjective|of the utmost importance; absolutely necessary	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different; dissimilarity
Such tenants, being freemen, are capable of acquiring property;	そのような小作人は自由人なので、財産を取得することができる。	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	freeman|自由人|noun|a person who is not a slave	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	acquire|取得する|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions belonging to a person or group
and having a certain proportion of the produce of the land, they have a plain interest that the whole produce should be as great as possible, in order that their own proportion may be so.	そして、土地の産物の一定の割合を占めているので、彼らは自分の割合がそうであるように、全体の産物ができるだけ大きくなるように、明白な利害関係を持っている。	have a certain proportion|一定の割合を占める|verb|make up a certain percentage	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	have a plain interest|明白な利害関係を持つ|verb|have a clear interest	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	as great as possible|できるだけ大きく|adjective|as large or as much as possible	in order that|ように|conjunction|with the intention that; so that	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
A slave, on the contrary, who can acquire nothing but his maintenance, consults his own ease, by making the land produce as little as possible over and above that maintenance.	逆に、自分の維持費以外は何も得られない奴隷は、土地の産物をその維持費以上にできるだけ少なくすることで、自分の安楽を図る。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	consult|図る|verb|seek information or advice from	ease|安楽|noun|freedom from pain or worry	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree possible	over and above|以上に|adverb|in addition to; more than
It is probable that it was partly upon account of this advantage, and partly upon account of the encroachments which the sovereigns, always jealous of the great lords, gradually encouraged their villains to make upon their authority, and which seem, at least, to have been such as rendered this species of servitude altogether inconvenient, that tenure in villanage gradually wore out through the greater part of Europe.	おそらく、一部にはこの利点のため、また一部には、常に大領主を妬む君主が、徐々に農奴に彼らの権威を侵害するよう仕向けたことによる侵害のため、少なくとも、この種の隷属を全く不都合なものにしたように思われるため、農奴制はヨーロッパの大部分で徐々に廃れていった。	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial situation of a business or person over a period of time	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	encroachment|侵害|noun|the gradual intrusion of something into another area	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	jealous|妬む|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages	lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	villain|農奴|noun|a person who is guilty of a crime	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	servitude|隷属|noun|the state of being a slave or completely subject to someone more powerful	inconvenient|不都合な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	tenure|農奴制|noun|the holding of an office or property for a period of time	wear out|廃れる|verb|become used up or worn out
The time and manner, however, in which so important a revolution was brought about, is one of the most obscure points in modern history.	しかし、このような重要な革命が起こった時期と方法は、近代史の中で最も不明瞭な点の一つである。	time|時期|noun|the space or span of time	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order	bring about|起こる|verb|cause to happen	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	obscure|不明瞭な|adjective|not discovered or known about; uncertain	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose
The church of Rome claims great merit in it;	ローマ教会は、その中で大きな功績を主張している。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	merit|功績|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise
and it is certain, that so early as the twelfth century, Alexander III. published a bull for the general emancipation of slaves.	そして、12世紀という早い時期に、アレクサンダー三世が奴隷の一般解放のための教皇勅書を発布したことは確かである。	as early as|早くも|adverb|at or before a time in the past	twelfth century|12世紀|noun|the period from 1101 to 1200	Alexander III|アレクサンダー三世|noun|Pope from 7 September 1159 to 30 August 1181	publish|発布する|verb|prepare and issue for public distribution	bull|教皇勅書|noun|a formal papal letter	general emancipation|一般解放|noun|the act of setting someone free from legal, social, or political restrictions
It seems, however, to have been rather a pious exhortation, than a law to which exact obedience was required from the faithful.	しかし、それは信者から厳密な服従を要求される法律というよりは、むしろ敬虔な勧告であったように思われる。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	pious|敬虔な|adjective|devoutly religious	exhortation|勧告|noun|an urgent appeal or warning	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	faithful|信者|noun|a person who believes in a particular religion	exact|厳密な|adjective|not approximate; precise	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient
Slavery continued to take place almost universally for several centuries afterwards, till it was gradually abolished by the joint operation of the two interests above mentioned;	奴隷制度は、その後数世紀にわたってほぼ普遍的に行われ続け、上記の二つの利害の共同作業によって徐々に廃止されていった。	slavery|奴隷制度|noun|the condition of a slave; bondage	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly; all but	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all members of a group or set	several centuries|数世紀|noun|a period of time from one century to the next	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner; slowly	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	joint|共同の|adjective|shared by or done with two or more people or groups	operation|作業|noun|the action or process of working or functioning	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
that of the proprietor on the one hand, and that of the sovereign on the other.	一方では所有者の利益、他方では君主の利益である。	on the one hand|一方では|adverb|from one point of view	on the other hand|他方では|adverb|from another point of view	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
A villain, enfranchised, and at the same time allowed to continue in possession of the land, having no stock of his own, could cultivate it only by means of what the landlord advanced to him, and must therefore have been what the French call a metayer.	解放され、同時に土地の所有を続けることを許された農奴は、自分の資本を持たず、地主が彼に貸し付けたものによってのみ土地を耕作することができたので、フランス人がメタヤーと呼ぶものであったに違いない。	villain|農奴|noun|a person who is guilty of a crime	enfranchise|解放する|verb|to give the right to vote to	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	allow|許す|verb|to give permission to	continue|続ける|verb|to keep doing something	possession|所有|noun|the state of having something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	have no stock|資本を持たない|verb|to not have any capital	cultivate|耕作する|verb|to prepare and use land for growing crops	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property	advance|貸し付ける|verb|to give or lend money	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	call|呼ぶ|verb|to give a name to	metayer|メタヤー|noun|a tenant farmer who pays rent in kind

It could never, however, be the interest even of this last species of cultivators, to lay out, in the further improvement of the land, any part of the little stock which they might save from their own share of the produce;	しかし、この最後の種類の耕作者でさえ、土地のさらなる改良に、彼らが自分たちの生産物の分け前から貯蓄できるわずかな資本の一部を投入することは、決して利益にはならなかった。	It could never, however, be the interest even of this last species of cultivators, to lay out, in the further improvement of the land, any part of the little stock which they might save from their own share of the produce;|しかし、この最後の種類の耕作者でさえ、土地のさらなる改良に、彼らが自分たちの生産物の分け前から貯蓄できるわずかな資本の一部を投入することは、決して利益にはならなかった。|phrase|the whole sentence	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
because the landlord, who laid out nothing, was to get one half of whatever it produced.	なぜなら、何も投資していない地主が、生産物の半分を得ることになっていたからである。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	lay out|投資する|verb|spend money on something	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	get|得る|verb|receive or be given something	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a manufacturing process
The tithe, which is but a tenth of the produce, is found to be a very great hindrance to improvement.	生産物のわずか10分の1にすぎない十分の一税は、改良の大きな妨害となっている。	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	hindrance|妨害|noun|something that makes it difficult to do something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something
A tax, therefore, which amounted to one half, must have been an effectual bar to it.	したがって、半分に相当する税は、改良の有効な障害となったに違いない。	amount to|相当する|verb|be equal to	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	bar|障害|noun|an obstacle or barrier
It might be the interest of a metayer to make the land produce as much as could be brought out of it by means of the stock furnished by the proprietor;	小作人にとって、地主が提供する資本によって土地から生産できる限りのものを土地に生産させることは利益になるかもしれない。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	metayer|小作人|noun|a tenant farmer who pays a share of the produce as rent	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	as much as|できる限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	be brought out of|生産できる|verb|be made available	by means of|によって|preposition|using	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	furnished|提供する|verb|supply or provide	proprietor|地主|noun|the owner of a business
but it could never be his interest to mix any part of his own with it.	しかし、自分の資本をそれに混ぜることは、決して彼の利益にはならない。	mix|混ぜる|verb|combine or blend	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever
In France, where five parts out of six of the whole kingdom are said to be still occupied by this species of cultivators, the proprietors complain, that their metayers take every opportunity of employing their master’s cattle rather in carriage than in cultivation;	フランスでは、王国全体の6分の5が依然としてこの種の耕作者によって占められていると言われているが、地主は、小作人が主人の家畜を耕作よりも運搬に利用しようとあらゆる機会を狙っていると不満を漏らしている。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	five|5|noun|the number 5	six|6|noun|the number 6	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	proprietor|地主|noun|a person who owns a business or property	complain|不満を漏らす|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance	metayer|小作人|noun|a tenant farmer who pays a share of the produce as rent	take|狙う|verb|grasp, grip, or seize	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	employ|利用する|verb|use or engage the services of	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	carriage|運搬|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
because, in the one case, they get the whole profits to themselves, in the other they share them with their landlord.	なぜなら、前者では彼らは利益をすべて自分たちのものにし、後者では地主と分け合うからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	in the one case|前者では|noun phrase|in the first situation	get|得る|verb|receive	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	themselves|自分たちの|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the object of the action	in the other|後者では|noun phrase|in the second situation	share|分け合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to other people
This species of tenants still subsists in some parts of Scotland.	この種の小作人は、スコットランドの一部にまだ存在している。	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	subsist|存在する|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
They are called steel-bow tenants.	彼らはスティールボウ小作人と呼ばれている。	be called|呼ばれる|verb|to be given a name or title	steel-bow tenant|スティールボウ小作人|noun|a tenant who is required to provide a steel bow and arrows for the defense of the kingdom
Those ancient English tenants, who are said by Chief-Baron Gilbert and Dr Blackstone to have been rather bailiffs of the landlord than farmers, properly so called, were probably of the same kind.	ギルバート男爵とブラックストン博士が、農民というよりは地主の執行吏であったと述べている古代イギリスの小作人も、おそらく同じ種類のものだったのだろう。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	Chief-Baron Gilbert|ギルバート男爵|noun|an English judge and legal writer	Dr Blackstone|ブラックストン博士|noun|an English jurist and professor	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer who executes writs and processes and makes arrests	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

To this species of tenantry succeeded, though by very slow degrees, farmers, properly so called, who cultivated the land with their own stock, paying a rent certain to the landlord.	この種の小作人に、非常にゆっくりとではあるが、農民が続いた。農民は、地主に一定の地代を払って、自分の株で土地を耕作した。	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	tenantry|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	succeed|続く|verb|come after in time	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	slow|ゆっくり|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	degree|度|noun|a unit of measurement of angles	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	so called|いわゆる|adjective|commonly designated by the name or term specified	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented or leased to others
When such farmers have a lease for a term of years, they may sometimes find it for their interest to lay out part of their capital in the further improvement of the farm;	そのような農民が数年間の賃借権を持っている場合、彼らは農場のさらなる改善のために資本の一部を投入することが利益になると考えることがある。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	have a lease|賃借権を持っている|verb|have a contract that allows you to use a building or land for a period of time	term of years|数年間|noun|a period of time that is fixed in advance	find it for one's interest|利益になると考える|verb|find something to be beneficial or advantageous	lay out|投入する|verb|spend or invest	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	further improvement|さらなる改善|noun|the process of making something better
because they may sometimes expect to recover it, with a large profit, before the expiration of the lease.	なぜなら、彼らは賃借権の満了前に、大きな利益を伴ってそれを回収できると期待することがあるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	recover|回収する|verb|get back	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	expiration|満了|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment
The possession, even of such farmers, however, was long extremely precarious, and still is so in many parts of Europe.	しかし、そのような農民でさえ、その所有は長い間非常に不安定であり、ヨーロッパの多くの地域では依然としてそうである。	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	long|長い間|adjective|having a great distance or duration	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position; unstable	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
They could, before the expiration of their term, be legally ousted of their leases by a new purchaser;	彼らは、任期が満了する前に、新しい購入者によって合法的に賃借権を奪われる可能性がある。	expiration|満了|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	term|任期|noun|a fixed period of time	legally|合法的に|adverb|in a way that is allowed by the law	oust|奪う|verb|force (someone) out of a position or place	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something
in England, even, by the fictitious action of a common recovery.	イギリスでは、普通回復の架空の行動によってさえ。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected	fictitious|架空の|adjective|not real or true	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	recovery|回復|noun|the return to health or normal life
If they were turned out illegally by the violence of their master, the action by which they obtained redress was extremely imperfect.	彼らが主人の暴力によって違法に追い出された場合、彼らが救済を得るための行動は非常に不完全だった。	turn out|追い出す|verb|expel or eject	illegally|違法に|adverb|in a way that is against the law	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or kill	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong or grievance	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	imperfect|不完全な|adjective|not perfect; having a defect or weakness
It did not always reinstate them in the possession of the land, but gave them damages, which never amounted to a real loss.	それは常に彼らを土地の所有に戻すわけではなく、彼らに損害を与えたが、それは決して実際の損失にはならなかった。	reinstate|戻す|verb|restore to a former position or state	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a present	damage|損害|noun|physical or mental harm	amount to|なる|verb|be equivalent to	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
Even in England, the country, perhaps of Europe, where the yeomanry has always been most respected, it was not till about the 14th of Henry VII. that the action of ejectment was invented, by which the tenant recovers, not damages only, but possession, and in which his claim is not necessarily concluded by the uncertain decision of a single assize.	イギリスでさえ、おそらくヨーロッパで、ヨーマンリーが常に最も尊敬されてきた国では、ヘンリー七世の十四年頃までそうではありませんでした。追い立ての行動が発明され、それによって借主は損害だけでなく所有権も回復し、その請求は必ずしも単一の巡回裁判の不確かな決定によって結論付けられるわけではない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	yeomanry|ヨーマンリー|noun|a class of small freeholders in England	Henry VII|ヘンリー七世|noun|King of England and Lord of Ireland from 22 August 1485 until his death	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	recover|回復する|verb|return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength	damage|損害|noun|physical or mental harm	possession|所有権|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	claim|請求|noun|an assertion of the truth of something	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	assize|巡回裁判|noun|a court which sits periodically in each county of England and Wales to try civil and criminal cases
This action has been found so effectual a remedy, that, in the modern practice, when the landlord has occasion to sue for the possession of the land, he seldom makes use of the actions which properly belong to him as a landlord, the writ of right or the writ of entry, but sues in the name of his tenant, by the writ of ejectment.	この行動は非常に効果的な救済策であることが判明しており、現代の慣行では、家主が土地の所有権を訴える機会がある場合、家主として適切に属する行動、権利の令状または入国令状をめったに利用せず、追い立ての令状によって借主の名前で訴訟を起こす。	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as opposed to theories about such application or use	landlord|家主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	sue|訴える|verb|institute legal proceedings against a person or organization	possession|所有権|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	make use of|利用する|verb|to put to use; to utilize	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	belong to|属する|verb|to be a part of or connected to	writ|令状|noun|a form of written command in the name of a court or other legal authority to do or not to do a specified act	entry|入国|noun|the action of going or coming in	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	writ of ejectment|追い立ての令状|noun|a writ requiring a person to leave land that they have been occupying
In England, therefore the security of the tenant is equal to that of the proprietor.	したがって、イギリスでは、借主の安全性は所有者の安全性と等しい。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization
In England, besides, a lease for life of forty shillings a-year value is a freehold, and entitles the lessee to a vote for a member of parliament;	その上、イギリスでは、年間40シリングの生涯賃借権は自由保有権であり、賃借人は国会議員の投票権を持つ。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	life|生涯|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	forty shillings|40シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-year|年間|adjective|per year	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	freehold|自由保有権|noun|an estate in land held in fee simple or fee tail	entitle|持つ|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to something	lessee|賃借人|noun|a person who holds a lease	vote|投票権|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals
and as a great part of the yeomanry have freeholds of this kind, the whole order becomes respectable to their landlords, on account of the political consideration which this gives them.	そして、ヨーマンリーの大部分がこの種の自由保有権を持っているので、これが彼らに与える政治的考慮のために、全体の秩序は彼らの家主にとって尊敬に値するようになる。	yeomanry|ヨーマンリー|noun|the class of small freeholders	freehold|自由保有権|noun|a tenure of land in fee simple	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	consideration|考慮|noun|careful thought, typically over a period of time, about something	landlord|家主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
There is, I believe, nowhere in Europe, except in England, any instance of the tenant building upon the land of which he had no lease, and trusting that the honour of his landlord would take no advantage of so important an improvement.	イギリスを除いてヨーロッパのどこにも、借地人が賃借権のない土地に建物を建て、家主の名誉がそれほど重要な改良を活用しないことを信頼している例はないと私は信じる。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	landlord|家主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other property that is rented to others	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
Those laws and customs, so favourable to the yeomanry, have perhaps contributed more to the present grandeur of England, than all their boasted regulations of commerce taken together.	ヨーマンリーに非常に有利なこれらの法律や慣習は、おそらくイギリスの現在の壮大さに、彼らが自慢するすべての商業規制を合わせたよりも大きく貢献している。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority	custom|慣習|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	favourable|有利な|adjective|giving an advantage	yeomanry|ヨーマンリー|noun|the class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|the quality or state of being grand	boast|自慢する|verb|speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

The law which secures the longest leases against successors of every kind, is, so far as I know, peculiar to Great Britain.	あらゆる種類の後継者に対して最長の賃借権を保証する法律は、私の知る限り、イギリス独特のものだ。	secure|保証する|verb|make safe; make certain	successor|後継者|noun|a person who takes over a position or role from someone else	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
It was introduced into Scotland so early as 1449, by a law of James II.	それは1449年という早い時期にジェームズ2世の法律によってスコットランドに導入された。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	early|早い|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	James II|ジェームズ2世|noun|King of England and Scotland and Ireland from 1685 to 1688
Its beneficial influence, however, has been much obstructed by entails;	しかし、その有益な影響は、相続によって大きく妨げられた。	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand; yet	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of; block	entail|相続|noun|the legal right to inherit the property of someone who has died
the heirs of entail being generally restrained from letting leases for any long term of years, frequently for more than one year.	相続人は、一般的に長期間の賃貸を制限されており、しばしば1年以上賃貸することができない。	heir|相続人|noun|a person who inherits and continues the legacy of a predecessor	entail|制限する|verb|involve or imply as a necessary logical consequence	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	long term|長期|noun|a period of time in the future	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	more than|以上|preposition|greater in number or amount than	one|1|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
A late act of parliament has, in this respect, somewhat slackened their fetters, though they are still by much too strait.	この点に関して、最近の国会法は、彼らの足かせを幾分緩めたが、それでもまだあまりに厳しい。	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	act of parliament|国会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	this respect|この点に関して|noun|this particular aspect	somewhat|幾分|adverb|to some extent; slightly	slacken|緩める|verb|make or become less tight or less tense	fetter|足かせ|noun|a chain or manacle used to restrain a prisoner	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	much|あまりに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	strait|厳しい|adjective|(of a place) narrow and confined
In Scotland, besides, as no leasehold gives a vote for a member of parliament, the yeomanry are upon this account less respectable to their landlords than in England.	その上、スコットランドでは、賃借権は国会議員の投票権を与えないので、この点で自作農はイングランドよりも地主から尊敬されていない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	leasehold|賃借権|noun|a right to hold property by lease	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	vote|投票権|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	member of parliament|国会議員|noun|a person who is a member of a parliament	yeomanry|自作農|noun|a class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land	upon this account|この点で|adverb|for this reason	less respectable|尊敬されていない|adjective|not regarded with respect	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom

In other parts of Europe, after it was found convenient to secure tenants both against heirs and purchasers, the term of their security was still limited to a very short period;	ヨーロッパの他の地域では、相続人や購入者の両方に対して借主の権利を保証することが便利だとわかった後でも、その保証期間は非常に短い期間に限定されていた。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	secure|保証する|verb|make certain of; ensure	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	heir|相続人|noun|a person who inherits and continues the legacy of a predecessor	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	limited|限定される|verb|set or serve as a limit to	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration
in France, for example, to nine years from the commencement of the lease.	例えばフランスでは、賃貸借契約の開始から9年間である。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	nine years|9年間|noun|a period of nine years	commencement|開始|noun|the beginning of something	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment
It has in that country, indeed, been lately extended to twentyseven, a period still too short to encourage the tenant to make the most important improvements.	実際、その国では最近27年に延長されたが、借主が最も重要な改良を行うには短すぎる期間である。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	lately|最近|adverb|recently; not long ago	extend|延長する|verb|make longer	twentyseven|27|noun|the number 27	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	too short|短すぎる|adjective|not long enough	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	make|行う|verb|perform; carry out	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
The proprietors of land were anciently the legislators of every part of Europe.	古代には、土地所有者がヨーロッパのあらゆる地域の立法者だった。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The laws relating to land, therefore, were all calculated for what they supposed the interest of the proprietor.	したがって、土地に関する法律はすべて、所有者の利益になると想定されるもののために計算された。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	relate to|関する|verb|be connected with	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	calculate|計算する|verb|determine the amount or number of	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property
It was for his interest, they had imagined, that no lease granted by any of his predecessors should hinder him from enjoying, during a long term of years, the full value of his land.	彼らは、先代が許可した賃貸借契約によって、長い年月の間に土地の全価値を享受することが妨げられないようにすることが、彼の利益になると考えていた。	for one's interest|利益になる|verb|be beneficial to	predecessor|先代|noun|a person who held a job or office before the current holder	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	long term|長い年月|noun|a period of time that is long	full value|全価値|noun|the total worth of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Avarice and injustice are always short-sighted, and they did not foresee how much this regulation must obstruct improvement, and thereby hurt, in the long-run, the real interest of the landlord.	貪欲と不正は常に近視眼的で、彼らはこの規制がどれほど改善を妨げ、それによって長期的には地主の真の利益を損なうかを予見していなかった。	avarice|貪欲|noun|an extreme greed for wealth or material possessions	injustice|不正|noun|an unjust act or occurrence	short-sighted|近視眼的|adjective|lacking foresight or discernment	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	hurt|損なう|verb|cause damage to	long-run|長期的|adjective|occurring over or involving a long period of time	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant

The farmers, too, besides paying the rent, were anciently, it was supposed, bound to perform a great number of services to the landlord, which were seldom either specified in the lease, or regulated by any precise rule, but by the use and wont of the manor or barony.	農民もまた、地代を支払う以外に、古代には地主に対して多くの奉仕を行う義務があったと考えられているが、それは賃貸借契約書に明記されたり、厳密な規則によって規制されることはほとんどなく、荘園や男爵領の慣習によって行われていた。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	suppose|考えられている|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	bound|義務があった|adjective|obliged or compelled	perform|行う|verb|carry out or accomplish	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	lease|賃貸借契約書|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	specify|明記されたり|verb|state or express clearly and definitely	regulate|規制される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	precise|厳密な|adjective|exact or accurate	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do	use|慣習|noun|the action of using something	wont|慣習|noun|a usual or habitual practice
These services, therefore, being almost entirely arbitrary, subjected the tenant to many vexations.	したがって、これらの奉仕はほとんど完全に恣意的なものであり、借地人は多くの悩みの種となった。	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	entirely|完全に|adverb|wholly; completely	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	vexation|悩みの種|noun|a source of irritation or annoyance
In Scotland the abolition of all services not precisely stipulated in the lease, has, in the course of a few years, very much altered for the better the condition of the yeomanry of that country.	スコットランドでは、賃貸借契約書に明記されていないすべての奉仕が廃止されたことで、数年のうちにその国の自作農の状況が大きく改善された。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	abolition|廃止|noun|the action of officially ending something	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	lease|賃貸借契約書|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	stipulate|明記する|verb|demand or specify as a condition of agreement	course|うちに|noun|the passage of time	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	alter|改善される|verb|change in character, condition, or quality	yeomanry|自作農|noun|a class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land

The public services to which the yeomanry were bound, were not less arbitrary than the private ones.	自作農が従事させられた公共奉仕は、私的な奉仕に劣らず恣意的なものだった。	public service|公共奉仕|noun|a service that is provided by the government for the benefit of the public	be bound to|従事させられる|verb|be forced or obliged to do something	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
To make and maintain the high roads, a servitude which still subsists, I believe, everywhere, though with different degrees of oppression in different countries, was not the only one.	国によって抑圧の程度は異なるが、至る所で依然として存続していると思われる、幹線道路の建設と維持は、唯一の奉仕ではなかった。	make|建設|verb|construct or create	maintain|維持|verb|keep in good condition	high road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	servitude|奉仕|noun|the state of being a slave	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist	everywhere|至る所|adverb|in all places	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	oppression|抑圧|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one
When the king’s troops, when his household, or his officers of any kind, passed through any part of the country, the yeomanry were bound to provide them with horses, carriages, and provisions, at a price regulated by the purveyor.	国王の軍隊、国王の家臣、あるいは国王の役人が国のどの部分を通過する時でも、自作農は彼らに馬、馬車、食料を調達業者が定めた価格で提供しなければならなかった。	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army	household|家臣|noun|a group of people living in the same residence	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	pass through|通過する|verb|go through or across	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	yeomanry|自作農|noun|a class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land	bind|～しなければならなかった|verb|make or cause to make a commitment	horse|馬|noun|a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	carriage|馬車|noun|a wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	purveyor|調達業者|noun|a person or company that supplies goods or services
Great Britain is, I believe, the only monarchy in Europe where the oppression of purveyance has been entirely abolished.	イギリスは、ヨーロッパで唯一、調達の抑圧が完全に廃止された君主制国家であると思う。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the 2nd smallest continent	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a monarch rules	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	purveyance|調達|noun|the act of providing or supplying something	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to
It still subsists in France and Germany.	フランスやドイツでは、いまだに存続している。	still|いまだに|adverb|up to this or that time; as before; yet	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to live or exist

The public taxes, to which they were subject, were as irregular and oppressive as the services.	彼らが課せられた公租公課は、奉仕と同じように不規則で抑圧的だった。	public tax|公租公課|noun|a tax that is paid by the general public	be subject to|課せられる|verb|be exposed or liable to	irregular|不規則な|adjective|not regular; not following a regular pattern	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
The ancient lords, though extremely unwilling to grant, themselves, any pecuniary aid to their sovereign, easily allowed him to tallage, as they called it, their tenants, and had not knowledge enough to foresee how much this must, in the end, affect their own revenue.	古代領主は、自分たちで主君に金銭的援助を与えるのは非常に嫌だったが、彼らが言うところの借地人への課税を簡単に許し、これが最終的に自分たちの収入にどれほど影響を与えるかを予測する知識がなかった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority, control, or power over others	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the verb	any|どれほど|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	aid|援助|noun|help, typically of a practical nature	sovereign|主君|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	allow|許す|verb|let or permit	tallage|課税|noun|a tax levied by a feudal lord on his tenants	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	have not|なかった|verb|not have	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	enough|十分|determiner|as much or as many as required	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	must|影響を与える|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	in the end|最終的に|adverb|at the end of a period of time or of a series of events	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	own|自分たちの|determiner|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
The taille, as it still subsists in France may serve as an example of those ancient tallages.	フランスではまだ存続しているタイヤは、古代のタイヤの例として役立つかもしれない。	taille|タイヤ|noun|a tax levied on the third estate in France before the Revolution	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist	serve as|役立つ|verb|be used as	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule
It is a tax upon the supposed profits of the farmer, which they estimate by the stock that he has upon the farm.	それは農民の想定利益に対する税であり、農民が農場にある株で推定する。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	estimate|推定する|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	stock|株|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution
It is his interest, therefore, to appear to have as little as possible, and consequently to employ as little as possible in its cultivation, and none in its improvement.	したがって、できるだけ少なく持っているように見せかけ、その結果、耕作にできるだけ少なく、改良には何も使わないようにすることが彼の利益になる。	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree possible	appear|見せかける|verb|seem or give the impression of being	employ|使う|verb|use or utilize	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better
Should any stock happen to accumulate in the hands of a French farmer, the taille is almost equal to a prohibition of its ever being employed upon the land.	フランスの農民の手に株がたまったとしても、その株を土地に投入することを禁止するのとほぼ同じである。	happen to|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	accumulate|たまる|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	taille|タイユ|noun|a direct land tax in France before the Revolution	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
This tax, besides, is supposed to dishonour whoever is subject to it, and to degrade him below, not only the rank of a gentleman, but that of a burgher;	その上、この税は、課税される者を不名誉にし、紳士の階級だけでなく、市民の階級よりも下に落とすと考えられている。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	subject|課税される|adjective|liable to a particular tax	dishonour|不名誉にする|verb|bring shame or disgrace to	degrade|落とす|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality of	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town
and whoever rents the lands of another becomes subject to it.	そして、他人の土地を借りる人は誰でも課税される。	whoever|誰でも|pronoun|no matter who	rent|借りる|verb|pay money for the temporary use of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	become|なる|verb|come to be	subject to|課税される|adjective|liable to be affected by
No gentleman, nor even any burgher, who has stock, will submit to this degradation.	株を持っている紳士も市民も、この劣化に従うことはない。	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	submit|従う|verb|to yield to the control or authority of another	degradation|劣化|noun|the state of being degraded or reduced in rank or status
This tax, therefore, not only hinders the stock which accumulates upon the land from being employed in its improvement, but drives away all other stock from it.	したがって、この税は、土地に蓄積された資本がその改良に使われるのを妨げるだけでなく、他のすべての資本をそこから追い払う。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	drive away|追い払う|verb|make someone or something go away
The ancient tenths and fifteenths, so usual in England in former times, seem, so far as they affected the land, to have been taxes of the same nature with the taille.	昔イギリスでとても一般的だった古代十分の一税と十五分の一税は、土地に影響を与えた限りでは、テイルと同じ性質の税だったように思われる。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts	fifteenth|十五分の一|noun|one of fifteen equal parts	usual|一般的|adjective|commonly or normally occurring or done	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	former|昔|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	taille|テイル|noun|a direct tax on land or property in France before the Revolution

Under all these discouragements, little improvement could be expected from the occupiers of land.	これらすべての妨害のもとでは、土地の占有者からほとんど改善は期待できない。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	discouragement|妨害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen
That order of people, with all the liberty and security which law can give, must always improve under great disadvantage.	法律が与えることができるすべての自由と安全を備えた、この階級の人々は、常に大きな不利な状況のもとで改善しなければならない。	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	disadvantage|不利|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness
The farmer, compared with the proprietor, is as a merchant who trades with burrowed money, compared with one who trades with his own.	農場主は、所有者と比べると、自分の資金で商売する商人と比べて、借金で商売する商人のようなものである。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business	burrow|借金|noun|a hole in the ground made by an animal	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade or commerce
The stock of both may improve;	両者の資本は増加するかもしれない。	stock|資本|noun|the total amount of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose	improve|増加する|verb|become better
but that of the one, with only equal good conduct, must always improve more slowly than that of the other, on account of the large share of the profits which is consumed by the interest of the loan.	しかし、一方の資本は、同じ程度の善い経営をしても、利益の大部分が借入金の利子に消費されるため、他方の資本よりも常にゆっくりと増加する。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	that|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	one|一方|noun|the number 1	with|で|preposition|using or having	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	conduct|経営|noun|the way in which someone behaves	must|常に|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	improve|増加する|verb|become better	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	slowly|ゆっくりと|adverb|not quickly; slowly	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	that|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	on|で|preposition|using or having	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial transactions over a period of time	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	large|大部分|adjective|of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity	share|部分|noun|a part or portion of a whole	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	profits|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	which|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	is|が|verb|be	consumed|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	by|で|preposition|using or having	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	loan|借入金|noun|a sum of money that is borrowed, especially from a bank
The lands cultivated by the farmer must, in the same manner, with only equal good conduct, be improved more slowly than those cultivated by the proprietor, on account of the large share of the produce which is consumed in the rent, and which, had the farmer been proprietor, he might have employed in the further improvement of the land.	農場主が耕作する土地も、同じように、同じ程度の善い経営をしても、生産物の大部分が地代に消費されるため、所有者が耕作する土地よりもゆっくりと改良されるに違いない。農場主が所有者であれば、その生産物を土地のさらなる改良に用いたかもしれない。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	equal|同じ程度の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	conduct|経営|noun|the way in which something is managed or done	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making something better	consume|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial goods
The station of a farmer, besides, is, from the nature of things, inferior to that of a proprietor.	その上、農場主の地位は、物事の性質上、所有者の地位よりも劣っている。	station|地位|noun|a person's social or professional position	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	inferior|劣っている|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality
Through the greater part of Europe, the yeomanry are regarded as an inferior rank of people, even to the better sort of tradesmen and mechanics, and in all parts of Europe to the great merchants and master manufacturers.	ヨーロッパの大部分では、自作農は、より良い種類の商人や職人よりも、またヨーロッパのすべての地域では大商人や親方よりも、劣った階級の人々と見なされている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	yeomanry|自作農|noun|a class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land	inferior|劣った|adjective|of lower status or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	even|よりも|adverb|to an even greater extent	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	mechanic|職人|noun|a skilled manual worker who makes or repairs machinery	all parts|すべての地域|noun|the whole of something	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	merchant|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	master|親方|noun|a skilled worker who has completed an apprenticeship and is qualified to teach others
It can seldom happen, therefore, that a man of any considerable stock should quit the superior, in order to place himself in an inferior station.	したがって、かなりの資産を持つ人が、自分を劣った地位に置くために、優れた地位を捨てることはめったに起こり得ない。	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	stock|資産|noun|the total amount of goods or materials that a business has	quit|捨てる|verb|leave or go away from	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	inferior|劣った|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality
Even in the present state of Europe, therefore, little stock is likely to go from any other profession to the improvement of land in the way of farming.	したがって、ヨーロッパの現状においてさえ、他の職業から農業によって土地の改良に回される資本はほとんどない。	even in|においてさえ|adverb|also; as well; in addition	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	go|回される|verb|move or travel	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires a prolonged course of specialized training	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	way|によって|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	farming|農業|noun|the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock
More does, perhaps, in Great Britain than in any other country, though even there the great stocks which are in some places employed in farming, have generally been acquired by fanning, the trade, perhaps, in which, of all others, stock is commonly acquired most slowly.	おそらく、イギリスでは他のどの国よりも多くがそうであるだろうが、そこでさえ、農業に従事している場所にある大きな資本は、一般的に農業によって獲得されたものであり、おそらく、他のすべての業種の中で、資本が最もゆっくりと獲得される業種である。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more	farming|農業|noun|the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	trade|業種|noun|a business or occupation
After small proprietors, however, rich and great farmers are in every country the principal improvers.	しかし、小規模な所有者に次いで、どの国でも富裕で大規模な農場主が主な改良者である。	after|次いで|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	small|小規模な|adjective|little in size	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	rich|富裕な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	every|どの|determiner|each and all of a group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	improver|改良者|noun|a person who makes something better
There are more such, perhaps, in England than in any other European monarchy.	おそらく、イギリスには他のどのヨーロッパの君主国よりもそうした人が多い。	more|より多い|adjective|greater in number	such|そうした|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe	monarchy|君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a monarch
In the republican governments of Holland, and of Berne in Switzerland, the farmers are said to be not inferior to those of England.	オランダやスイスのベルンの共和国政府では、農場主はイギリスの農場主に劣らないといわれている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a country in western Europe	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	republican|共和制の|adjective|of or relating to a republic	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe

The ancient policy of Europe was, over and above all this, unfavourable to the improvement and cultivation of land, whether carried on by the proprietor or by the farmer;	ヨーロッパの古代政策は、これらすべてに加えて、所有者によって行われるか農場主によって行われるかを問わず、土地の改良や耕作に不利だった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	all this|これらすべて|pronoun|all of the things mentioned	unfavourable|不利|adjective|adverse	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm
first, by the general prohibition of the exportation of corn, without a special licence, which seems to have been a very universal regulation;	第一に、特別な許可証なしに穀物を輸出することを全面的に禁止したことで、これは非常に普遍的な規制だったようである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	general prohibition|全面的禁止|noun|a ban on something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	special licence|特別な許可証|noun|a permit that allows someone to do something that is not normally allowed	universal regulation|普遍的な規制|noun|a rule that applies to everyone
and, secondly, by the restraints which were laid upon the inland commerce, not only of corn, but of almost every other part of the produce of the farm, by the absurd laws against engrossers, regraters, and forestallers, and by the privileges of fairs and markets.	第二に、穀物だけでなく農産物の他のほとんどすべての部分の国内商業に課せられた制限、独占者、転売者、先買者に対するばかげた法律、見本市や市場の特権によってである。	inland|国内|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	fair|見本市|noun|a gathering of people for the buying and selling of goods	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
It has already been observed in what manner the prohibition of the exportation of corn, together with some encouragement given to the importation of foreign corn, obstructed the cultivation of ancient Italy, naturally the most fertile country in Europe, and at that time the seat of the greatest empire in the world.	穀物の輸出禁止と外国産穀物の輸入奨励が、ヨーロッパで最も肥沃な国であり、当時世界最大の帝国の所在地でもあった古代イタリアの耕作をどのように妨害したかについては、すでに述べた。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing something	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent in the northern hemisphere	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	the greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or eminence	empire|帝国|noun|an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
To what degree such restraints upon the inland commerce of this commodity, joined to the general prohibition of exportation, must have discouraged the cultivation of countries less fertile, and less favourably circumstanced, it is not, perhaps, very easy to imagine.	この商品の国内商業に対するこのような制限が、輸出の全面禁止と相まって、どれほど肥沃度が低く、環境に恵まれない国の耕作意欲を挫いたかは、おそらく想像しにくいだろう。	inland|国内|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	join|相まって|verb|connect or fasten together	prohibition|禁止|noun|an official order or law that forbids or restricts something	discourage|挫く|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many crops or much fruit	favourably|恵まれた|adverb|in a way that is beneficial or advantageous	circumstance|環境|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case


## CHAPTER III: OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF CITIES AND TOWNS, AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.	第三章: ローマ帝国滅亡後の都市の興隆と発展について	CHAPTER III|第三章|noun|the third chapter	RISE AND PROGRESS|興隆と発展|noun|the process of increasing in size, amount, or value	CITIES AND TOWNS|都市|noun|a large human settlement	FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE|ローマ帝国滅亡|noun|the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire

The inhabitants of cities and towns were, after the fall of the Roman empire, not more favoured than those of the country.	ローマ帝国滅亡後、都市の住民は農村の住民よりも恵まれていなかった。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of becoming lower or less	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the post-Republican period of ancient Rome	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	favour|恵まれる|verb|regard with favour; approve of
They consisted, indeed, of a very different order of people from the first inhabitants of the ancient republics of Greece and Italy.	実際、彼らは古代ギリシャやイタリアの共和国の最初の住民とは非常に異なる階層の人々で構成されていた。	consist of|～で構成される|verb|be made up of	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	order|階層|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe on the Mediterranean Sea	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe on the Mediterranean Sea
These last were composed chiefly of the proprietors of lands, among whom the public territory was originally divided, and who found it convenient to build their houses in the neighbourhood of one another, and to surround them with a wall, for the sake of common defence.	後者は主に土地の所有者で構成され、その間で公有地が元々分割され、共通の防衛のために互いに近隣に家を建て、壁で囲むのが便利だとわかった。	be composed of|で構成される|verb|be made up of	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	among whom|その間で|preposition|in the middle of	public territory|公有地|noun|land owned by the government	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	convenient|便利な|adjective|easy to use or deal with	build|建てる|verb|construct	house|家|noun|a place where people live	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	surround|囲む|verb|be around something on all sides	wall|壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land	sake|ため|noun|purpose; reason
After the fall of the Roman empire, on the contrary, the proprietors of land seem generally to have lived in fortified castles on their own estates, and in the midst of their own tenants and dependants.	対照的に、ローマ帝国滅亡後、土地の所有者は一般的に自分の領地の要塞化された城に住み、自分の小作人や従属者の真ん中に住んでいたようだ。	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of becoming lower or less	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the ancient Roman state	on the contrary|対照的に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	fortified castle|要塞化された城|noun|a castle that has been strengthened against attack	estate|領地|noun|a large piece of land in the country, usually with a large house on it	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	dependant|従属者|noun|a person who depends on another for financial support
The towns were chiefly inhabited by tradesmen and mechanics, who seem, in those days, to have been of servile, or very nearly of servile condition.	町には主に商人や職人が住んでおり、当時は奴隷のような、あるいは奴隷に近い状態だったようだ。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	mechanic|職人|noun|a skilled manual worker who makes or repairs machinery	those days|当時|noun|a time in the past	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	servile|奴隷のような|adjective|of or characteristic of a slave or slaves	condition|状態|noun|the state of something
The privileges which we find granted by ancient charters to the inhabitants of some of the principal towns in Europe, sufficiently show what they were before those grants.	ヨーロッパの主要都市のいくつかの住民に古代の憲章によって与えられた特権は、それらの交付金の前に彼らが何であったかを十分に示している。	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	grant|与える|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	charter|憲章|noun|a written constitution or description of an organization's functions	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	show|示す|verb|make visible or noticeable	grant|交付金|noun|a sum of money given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose
The people to whom it is granted as a privilege, that they might give away their own daughters in marriage without the consent of their lord, that upon their death their own children, and not their lord, should succeed to their goods, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, must, before those grants, have been either altogether, or very nearly, in the same state of villanage with the occupiers of land in the country.	領主の同意なしに自分の娘を結婚させ、死後には領主ではなく自分の子供が財産を相続し、遺言で自分の財産を処分できるという特権を与えられた人々は、これらの交付金の前に、田舎の土地の占有者と全く同じか、あるいはほとんど同じ農奴の状態にあったに違いない。	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority, control, or power over others	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	daughter|娘|noun|a female offspring of a human being	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman)	death|死|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	succeed|相続する|verb|take over a position or title from someone	goods|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else	effect|財産|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	will|遺言|noun|a legal document containing instructions for the distribution of one's property after death	grant|交付金|noun|a sum of money given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who lives in a building or area of land	villanage|農奴|noun|the state of being a villein	state|状態|noun|the condition of something or someone at a particular time

They seem, indeed, to have been a very poor, mean set of people, who seemed to travel about with their goods from place to place, and from fair to fair, like the hawkers and pedlars of the present times.	彼らは実際、非常に貧しく、卑劣な集団だったようで、現代の行商人や行商人のように、品物を抱えてあちこちを旅していたようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or wealth	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or unfair	set|集団|noun|a group of people	travel|旅する|verb|go from one place to another	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	fair|市|noun|a gathering of people for the buying and selling of goods	hawker|行商人|noun|a person who travels about selling goods	pedlar|行商人|noun|a person who travels about selling small goods
In all the different countries of Europe then, in the same manner as in several of the Tartar governments of Asia at present, taxes used to be levied upon the persons and goods of travellers, when they passed through certain manors, when they went over certain bridges, when they carried about their goods from place to place in a fair, when they erected in it a booth or stall to sell them in.	当時のヨーロッパのあらゆる国では、現在のアジアのいくつかのタタール政府と同じように、旅行者が特定の荘園を通過したとき、特定の橋を渡ったとき、品物を運んだときに、旅行者の身体や品物に税金が課せられていた。品物を売るためにブースや屋台を設置したとき、品物をあちこちに運んだ。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Tartar|タタール|noun|a member of any of the Turkic peoples of southern Russia and Central Asia	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	manor|荘園|noun|a large country house with lands	bridge|橋|noun|a structure making it possible to cross a river, road, railroad track, or other obstacle	fair|見本市|noun|a gathering of people for the buying and selling of goods	booth|ブース|noun|a small enclosure, such as a tent, for selling goods or for use as a polling station	stall|屋台|noun|a booth or stand where goods are sold
These different taxes were known in England by the names of passage, pontage, lastage, and stallage.	これらのさまざまな税金は、イギリスでは通行税、橋税、荷役税、屋台税という名称で知られていた。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	name|名称|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	passage|通行税|noun|the action or process of moving through a place	pontage|橋税|noun|a tax for the maintenance of bridges	lastage|荷役税|noun|a tax on the lading of a ship	stallage|屋台税|noun|a tax for the right to set up a stall in a market
Sometimes the king, sometimes a great lord, who had, it seems, upon some occasions, authority to do this, would grant to particular traders, to such particularly as lived in their own demesnes, a general exemption from such taxes.	時折、王や大領主が、時折、そうする権限を持っていたようで、特定の商人、特に自分たちの領地に住んでいる商人に対して、そうした税金の一般的な免除を認めていた。	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally; at times	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	upon some occasions|時折|adverb|occasionally; at times	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	grant|認める|verb|allow or give	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	demesnes|領地|noun|the land attached to a manor and retained by the lord for his own use	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability
Such traders, though in other respects of servile, or very nearly of servile condition, were upon this account called free traders.	そのような商人は、他の点では奴隷的、あるいはほとんど奴隷的な状態にあるにもかかわらず、この理由から自由貿易商と呼ばれていた。	trader|商人|noun|a person who trades	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	servile|奴隷的|adjective|of or characteristic of a slave or slaves	very|ほとんど|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	upon|この理由から|preposition|on	call|呼ばれていた|verb|give a name to	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
They, in return, usually paid to their protector a sort of annual poll-tax.	その見返りに、彼らは通常、保護者に一種の年額人頭税を支払っていた。	in return|見返りに|adverb|as a return for something	usually|通常|adverb|under normal conditions	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	protector|保護者|noun|someone who protects	sort|一種|noun|a category of things	annual|年額|adjective|happening or done once a year	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax of a fixed amount per person
In those days protection was seldom granted without a valuable consideration, and this tax might perhaps be considered as compensation for what their patrons might lose by their exemption from other taxes.	当時、保護は価値ある対価なしに与えられることはめったになく、この税はおそらく、彼らの庇護者が他の税金の免除によって失うかもしれないものの代償と考えられたかもしれない。	those days|当時|noun|a time in the past	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	valuable|価値ある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	consideration|対価|noun|a payment or reward	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	compensation|代償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	patron|庇護者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	lose|失う|verb|no longer have something	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability
At first, both those poll-taxes and those exemptions seem to have been altogether personal, and to have affected only particular individuals, during either their lives, or the pleasure of their protectors.	当初、これらの人頭税と免除は、いずれも全く個人的なものであり、特定の個人の一生の間、あるいは保護者の意向によってのみ影響を与えていたようである。	at first|当初|adverb|in the beginning; initially	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax of a fixed amount levied on every adult	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	personal|個人的|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	life|一生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	pleasure|意向|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	protector|保護者|noun|a person who protects someone or something
In the very imperfect accounts which have been published from Doomsday-book, of several of the towns of England, mention is frequently made, sometimes of the tax which particular burghers paid, each of them, either to the king, or to some other great lord, for this sort of protection, and sometimes of the general amount only of all those taxes. {see Brady’s Historical Treatise of Cities and Boroughs, p. 3. etc.}	ドゥームズデイ・ブックから出版された、イングランドのいくつかの町の非常に不完全な記録には、特定の市民がこの種の保護のために国王や他の大領主に支払った税金や、そうした税金の総額だけが頻繁に言及されている。{ブレイディの『都市と自治区の歴史論』3ページなどを参照のこと。}	Doomsday-book|ドゥームズデイ・ブック|noun|a record of the lands of England, their value, ownership, and liabilities made by order of William the Conqueror	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	mention|言及|noun|a reference to something	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth	lord|大領主|noun|someone who has power and authority over others	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something, or the state of being protected	amount|総額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of two or more quantities	Brady’s Historical Treatise of Cities and Boroughs|ブレイディの『都市と自治区の歴史論』|noun|a book by Robert Brady	page|ページ|noun|one side of a sheet of paper in a book, magazine, or newspaper

But how servile soever may have been originally the condition of the inhabitants of the towns, it appears evidently, that they arrived at liberty and independency much earlier than the occupiers of land in the country.	しかし、町の住民の状態が元々どれほど卑屈なものであったとしても、彼らが田舎の土地の占有者よりもはるかに早く自由と独立を獲得したことは明らかである。	servile|卑屈な|adjective|having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	independency|独立|noun|the state or quality of being independent	earlier|より早く|adverb|before the usual or expected time	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
That part of the king’s revenue which arose from such poll-taxes in any particular town, used commonly to be let in farm, during a term of years, for a rent certain, sometimes to the sheriff of the county, and sometimes to other persons.	特定の町でそのような人頭税から生じた国王の収入の一部は、一定期間、一定の地代で、時には郡の保安官に、時には他の人に、農場に貸し付けられるのが一般的だった。	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	revenue|収入|noun|income	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on every person	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually	let|貸す|verb|allow to have or use	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	sheriff|保安官|noun|a law enforcement officer	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or implied
The burghers themselves frequently got credit enough to be admitted to farm the revenues of this sort which arose out of their own town, they becoming jointly and severally answerable for the whole rent. {See Madox, Firma Burgi, p. 18; also History of the Exchequer, chap.	市民自身も、自分たちの町から生じたこの種の収入を農場に貸し付けられるだけの信用を得ることが多く、彼らは連帯して、また個別に全地代に責任を負うようになった。{マドックス『Firma Burgi』18ページ、また『History of the Exchequer』第12章を参照のこと。	burgher|市民|noun|a freeman of a borough	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	admit|認める|verb|to allow to enter	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	revenue|収入|noun|income	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	arise|生じる|verb|to come into being or existence	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	jointly|連帯して|adverb|in a combined action	severally|個別に|adverb|separately	answerable|責任を負う|adjective|responsible	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	Madox|マドックス|noun|Thomas Madox, an English antiquary and historian	Firma Burgi|Firma Burgi|noun|a book by Thomas Madox	History of the Exchequer|History of the Exchequer|noun|a book by Thomas Madox
10, sect. v, p. 223, first edition.}	10、第5節、223ページ、初版。}	10|10|noun|the number ten	sect.|節|noun|a section of a book	v|第5|noun|the Roman numeral for five	p.|ページ|noun|a single sheet of paper in a book	223|223|noun|the number two hundred twenty-three	first edition|初版|noun|the first version of a book
To let a farm in this manner, was quite agreeable to the usual economy of, I believe, the sovereigns of all the different countries of Europe, who used frequently to let whole manors to all the tenants of those manors, they becoming jointly and severally answerable for the whole rent;	このような方法で農場を貸し付けることは、ヨーロッパのあらゆる国の君主の通常の経済にかなり適合していたと思うが、彼らはしばしば荘園全体をその荘園のすべての借地人に貸し付け、彼らは連帯して、また個別に全地代に責任を負うようになった。	let|貸し付ける|verb|allow to have or use	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	quite|かなり|adverb|to a certain extent; fairly	agreeable|適合する|adjective|able to be accepted	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	economy|経済|noun|the wealth and resources of a country or region	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	different|あらゆる|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	manor|荘園|noun|a large country house with lands	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	jointly|連帯して|adverb|together with another or others	severally|個別に|adverb|separately	answerable|責任を負う|adjective|responsible	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
but in return being allowed to collect it in their own way, and to pay it into the king’s exchequer by the hands of their own bailiff, and being thus altogether freed from the insolence of the king’s officers;	しかしその見返りとして、彼らはそれを自分たちのやり方で徴収し、自分たちの執行吏の手で国王の歳入庁に支払うことを許され、こうして国王の役人の横柄さから完全に解放された。	in return|その見返りとして|adverb|as a return for something	allow|許す|verb|to give permission to	collect|徴収する|verb|to gather together	own|自分たちの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	way|やり方|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	pay|支払う|verb|to give (money) in exchange for a good or service	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	exchequer|歳入庁|noun|a government department responsible for collecting and managing the national revenue	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer who executes writs and processes and makes arrests	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	free|解放する|verb|to release from captivity or slavery	insolence|横柄さ|noun|rude and disrespectful behavior	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command
a circumstance in those days regarded as of the greatest importance.	当時はそれが最も重要なことと考えられた。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	those days|当時|noun|a period of time in the past	regard|考える|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	greatest|最も|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	importance|重要性|noun|the state or fact of having great worth or significance

At first, the farm of the town was probably let to the burghers, in the same manner as it had been to other farmers, for a term of years only.	当初、町の農場はおそらく他の農場と同じように、一定期間だけ市民に貸し付けられていたのだろう。	at first|当初|adverb|in the beginning; initially	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	let|貸し付ける|verb|allow to have or use for a time	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	farmer|農場|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	term|一定期間|noun|a fixed period of time	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else
In process of time, however, it seems to have become the general practice to grant it to them in fee, that is for ever, reserving a rent certain, never afterwards to be augmented.	しかし、時が経つにつれて、一定の地代を保留して、その後は決して増額しないという条件で、永久に彼らにそれを貸し付けることが一般的な慣行になったようである。	in process of time|時が経つにつれて|adverb|as time passes	grant|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow something to someone	fee|料金|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	forever|永久に|adverb|for all time; eternally	reserve|保留する|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt about something	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree
The payment having thus become perpetual, the exemptions, in return, for which it was made, naturally became perpetual too.	こうして支払いが永続的になったので、その見返りとして与えられた免除も当然永続的になった。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	become|なる|verb|come to be	perpetual|永続的|adjective|never ending or changing	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	return|見返り|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	too|も|adverb|also; as well
Those exemptions, therefore, ceased to be personal, and could not afterwards be considered as belonging to individuals, as individuals, but as burghers of a particular burgh, which, upon this account, was called a free burgh, for the same reason that they had been called free burghers or free traders.	したがって、これらの免除は個人的なものではなくなり、その後は個人としての個人に属するものではなく、特定の自治都市の市民に属するものと考えられるようになった。このため、彼らが自由市民や自由貿易業者と呼ばれたのと同じ理由で、この自治都市は自由都市と呼ばれた。	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	personal|個人的|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	particular|特定|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	burgh|自治都市|noun|a town or city with its own local government	burgher|市民|noun|a citizen of a town or city	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades in a specified commodity

Along with this grant, the important privileges, above mentioned, that they might give away their own daughters in marriage, that their children should succeed to them, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, were generally bestowed upon the burghers of the town to whom it was given.	この許可証とともに、上記の重要な特権、つまり自分の娘を結婚させ、子供が跡を継ぎ、自分の財産を遺言で処分できるという特権は、一般的にそれが与えられた町の市民に与えられていた。	along with|とともに|preposition|in addition to	grant|許可証|noun|a sum of money that is given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	give away|結婚させる|verb|give as a present	daughter|娘|noun|a female offspring	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship (historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union between a man and a woman)	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	succeed|跡を継ぐ|verb|achieve success	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	effect|財産|noun|a result or outcome	will|遺言|noun|a legal document containing instructions for the disposition of one's property after death	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honor, or responsibility	burgher|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a town or city, especially a member of the middle class
Whether such privileges had before been usually granted, along with the freedom of trade, to particular burghers, as individuals, I know not.	そのような特権が、以前は貿易の自由とともに、個人としての特定の市民に通常与えられていたかどうかは、私にはわからない。	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	know|わかる|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
I reckon it not improbable that they were, though I cannot produce any direct evidence of it.	私はその直接的な証拠を提出することはできないが、そうであったとしても不思議ではないと思う。	reckon|思う|verb|to think or suppose	improbable|ありそうもない|adjective|not likely to happen or be true	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	evidence|証拠|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
But however this may have been, the principal attributes of villanage and slavery being thus taken away from them, they now at least became really free, in our present sense of the word freedom.	しかし、いずれにせよ、農奴制と奴隷制の主な属性がこのように彼らから取り去られたので、彼らは今や少なくとも、私たちの現在の自由という言葉の意味で、本当に自由になった。	however|いずれにせよ|adverb|in any case; at any rate	villanage|農奴制|noun|the condition of a villein	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the condition of a slave	principal|主な|adjective|most important	attribute|属性|noun|a quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	take away|取り去る|verb|remove or carry away	now|今や|adverb|at the present time	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	really|本当に|adverb|in fact; actually	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

Nor was this all.	それだけではない。	nor|それだけではない|conjunction|and not; not either	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of; the entire number of
They were generally at the same time erected into a commonalty or corporation, with the privilege of having magistrates and a town-council of their own, of making bye-laws for their own government, of building walls for their own defence, and of reducing all their inhabitants under a sort of military discipline, by obliging them to watch and ward;	彼らは一般に同時に、自分たちの治安判事や町議会を持つ特権、自分たちの政府のための条例を作る特権、自分たちの防衛のための城壁を築く特権、そしてすべての住民を監視と監視を義務付けることで一種の軍事的規律の下に置く特権を持つ、コモンウェルスまたは法人に昇格させられた。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	erect|昇格させる|verb|construct or build	commonalty|コモンウェルス|noun|the common people	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	town-council|町議会|noun|a local government body	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	bye-law|条例|noun|a regulation made by a local authority or corporation	defense|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	military|軍事的|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	watch|監視|verb|look at or observe attentively or carefully	ward|監視|verb|keep watch over; guard
that is, as anciently understood, to guard and defend those walls against all attacks and surprises, by night as well as by day.	つまり、古代に理解されていたように、夜も昼もあらゆる攻撃や奇襲に対して城壁を守り、防御することである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	anciently|古代に|adverb|in ancient times	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	guard|守る|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	defend|防御する|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	wall|城壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place	surprise|奇襲|noun|an unexpected event	night|夜|noun|the period of darkness in each twenty-four hours	day|昼|noun|the period of light in each twenty-four hours
In England they were generally exempted from suit to the hundred and county courts: and all such pleas as should arise among them, the pleas of the crown excepted, were left to the decision of their own magistrates.	イングランドでは、彼らは一般に百人裁判所や郡裁判所への提訴を免除され、彼らの間で起こりうるすべての訴訟は、国王の訴訟を除いて、彼ら自身の治安判事の裁定に委ねられた。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone from an obligation or requirement	hundred|百人裁判所|noun|a division of a county in England	county|郡|noun|a division of a state in the U.S.	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	arise|起こる|verb|come into being or existence	crown|国王|noun|the monarch	except|除く|verb|not include	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law	decision|裁定|noun|a determination arrived at after consideration
In other countries, much greater and more extensive jurisdictions were frequently granted to them. {See Madox, Firma Burgi. See also Pfeffel in the Remarkable events under Frederick II. and his Successors of the House of Suabia.}	他の国では、はるかに大きく広範な管轄権がしばしば彼らに与えられた。{マドックス、Firma Burgiを参照。また、フリードリヒ二世とシュヴァーベン家の後継者たちの下での注目すべき出来事については、Pfeffelを参照のこと。}	other countries|他の国|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	much greater|はるかに大きい|adjective|much more	more extensive|より広範な|adjective|more comprehensive	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the power or right to exercise authority	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	Madox|マドックス|noun|a surname	Firma Burgi|Firma Burgi|noun|a book by Thomas Madox	Pfeffel|Pfeffel|noun|a surname	Frederick II|フリードリヒ二世|noun|King of Sicily from 1197 to 1250	House of Suabia|シュヴァーベン家|noun|a German royal dynasty

It might, probably, be necessary to grant to such towns as were admitted to farm their own revenues, some sort of compulsive jurisdiction to oblige their own citizens to make payment.	おそらく、自分たちの収入を農業に充てることを認められた町には、自分たちの市民に支払いを義務付ける何らかの強制的な管轄権を与える必要があるかもしれない。	be admitted|認められる|verb|be allowed to enter	farm|農業に充てる|verb|use land for growing crops	revenue|収入|noun|income	grant|与える|verb|give	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
In those disorderly times, it might have been extremely inconvenient to have left them to seek this sort of justice from any other tribunal.	このような無秩序な時代に、彼らが他の裁判所からこの種の正義を求めるのを放置しておくのは、非常に不便だったかもしれない。	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	leave|放置する|verb|go away from	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice
But it must seem extraordinary, that the sovereigns of all the different countries of Europe should have exchanged in this manner for a rent certain, never more to be augmented, that branch of their revenue, which was, perhaps, of all others, the most likely to be improved by the natural course of things, without either expense or attention of their own;	しかし、ヨーロッパのあらゆる国の君主が、おそらく他のどの収入よりも、自分たちの出費や注意を払うことなく、物事の自然な成り行きによって改善される可能性が最も高い収入の一部を、決して増額されることのない一定の地代と交換したことは、異常なことに思われるに違いない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	certain|一定|adjective|having or showing no doubt	augment|増額|verb|make or become greater	revenue|収入|noun|income	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	course|成り行き|noun|the way in which something progresses or develops	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
and that they should, besides, have in this manner voluntarily erected a sort of independent republics in the heart of their own dominions.	その上、彼らが自らの領土の中心部に、このような方法で自発的に独立した共和国のようなものを建設したことは、異常なことに思われるに違いない。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or controlled by another	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them

In order to understand this, it must be remembered, that, in those days, the sovereign of perhaps no country in Europe was able to protect, through the whole extent of his dominions, the weaker part of his subjects from the oppression of the great lords.	これを理解するためには、当時、ヨーロッパのどの国の君主も、その領土全体にわたって、臣下の弱い部分を大領主の圧制から守ることができなかったことを思い出さなければならない。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the purpose of	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	it must be remembered|思い出さなければならない|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of	in those days|当時|adverb|at that time	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	no country|どの国も|noun|not any country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability, power, or skill to do something	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	through the whole extent of|全体にわたって|adverb|in every part of	dominion|領土|noun|a territory over which a sovereign exercises power	weaker part|弱い部分|noun|the part that is not as strong as the other parts	subject|臣下|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	oppression|圧制|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence
Those whom the law could not protect, and who were not strong enough to defend themselves, were obliged either to have recourse to the protection of some great lord, and in order to obtain it, to become either his slaves or vassals;	法律で守ることができず、自分を守る力が弱い者は、大領主の保護を頼るか、それを得るためにその大領主の奴隷や家臣になるしかなかった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to perform well or to withstand	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	obliged|義務づけられる|verb|be required to do something	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or achieve	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	vassal|家臣|noun|a person who has promised to give service to a lord in return for land
or to enter into a league of mutual defence for the common protection of one another.	あるいは、互いに共通の保護のために相互防衛の同盟を結ぶしかなかった。	enter into|結ぶ|verb|to make or become a participant in	league|同盟|noun|an association of people or groups united by a common interest or goal	mutual|相互|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something
The inhabitants of cities and burghs, considered as single individuals, had no power to defend themselves;	都市や自治都市の住民は、一個人として考えると、自分を守る力がなかった。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	burgh|自治都市|noun|a town with a charter of incorporation	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	single|一個人|adjective|only one	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger
but by entering into a league of mutual defence with their neighbours, they were capable of making no contemptible resistance.	しかし、隣人と相互防衛の同盟を結ぶことで、彼らは軽視できない抵抗をすることができた。	enter into|結ぶ|verb|to make or become a participant in	league|同盟|noun|a group of people or countries that have joined together for a particular purpose	mutual|相互|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	contemptible|軽視できない|adjective|deserving contempt	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or comply with something
The lords despised the burghers, whom they considered not only as a different order, but as a parcel of emancipated slaves, almost of a different species from themselves.	領主たちは、自分たちとは異なる階級であるだけでなく、解放された奴隷の集団であり、ほとんど自分たちとは異なる種であると考えていた都市住民を軽蔑していた。	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority, control, or power over others	despise|軽蔑する|verb|to look down on with intense aversion	burgher|都市住民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	order|階級|noun|a rank or position in a social hierarchy	emancipated|解放された|adjective|freed from legal, social, or political restrictions	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	parcel|集団|noun|a group of people	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
The wealth of the burghers never failed to provoke their envy and indignation, and they plundered them upon every occasion without mercy or remorse.	都市住民の富は、彼らの嫉妬と憤慨を招き、彼らはあらゆる機会に情け容赦なく略奪した。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	burgher|都市住民|noun|a citizen of a town or city	envy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust, unworthy, or mean	plunder|略奪|verb|steal goods from a place or person by force, especially in a war or riot	mercy|情け|noun|compassion or forgiveness shown toward someone whom it is within one's power to punish or harm	remorse|容赦|noun|a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done
The burghers naturally hated and feared the lords.	都市住民は当然、領主を憎み、恐れていた。	burgher|都市住民|noun|a citizen of a town or city	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	hate|憎む|verb|feel intense or passionate dislike for	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of
The king hated and feared them too;	王も彼らを憎み、恐れていた。	hate|憎む|verb|dislike intensely	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of
but though, perhaps, he might despise, he had no reason either to hate or fear the burghers.	しかし、王は都市住民を軽蔑していたかもしれないが、憎んだり恐れたりする理由はなかった。	despise|軽蔑する|verb|to look down on with intense aversion	hate|憎む|verb|to dislike somebody or something very much	fear|恐れる|verb|to be afraid of something or somebody
Mutual interest, therefore, disposed them to support the king, and the king to support them against the lords.	したがって、相互利益は、彼らが王を支持し、王が領主に対して彼らを支持するようにした。	mutual|相互の|adjective|shared by two or more people or things	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	dispose|～するようにする|verb|make someone inclined to do something	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	lord|領主|noun|someone who has power and authority over others
They were the enemies of his enemies, and it was his interest to render them as secure and independent of those enemies as he could.	彼らは王の敵の敵であり、王は彼らをできるだけ安全にし、敵から独立させることが利益だった。	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become; make	secure|安全にする|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.	independent|独立させる|adjective|not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
By granting them magistrates of their own, the privilege of making bye-laws for their own government, that of building walls for their own defence, and that of reducing all their inhabitants under a sort of military discipline, he gave them all the means of security and independency of the barons which it was in his power to bestow.	王は彼らに独自の行政官、独自の統治のための条例を制定する特権、自衛のための城壁を建設する特権、そしてすべての住民を一種の軍事的規律の下に置く特権を与えることで、王が授与できる範囲で、彼らに安全と男爵からの独立のためのあらゆる手段を与えた。	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	grant|与える|verb|give, especially officially or formally	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	make|制定する|verb|create or produce	bye-law|条例|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	government|統治|noun|the action or manner of governing	defence|自衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	wall|城壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	reduce|置く|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	military|軍事的|adjective|relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces	discipline|規律|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using punishment to correct disobedience	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	independence|独立|noun|the fact or state of being independent	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest order of the British nobility	power|権限|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	bestow|授与する|verb|confer or present as an honour or gift
Without the establishment of some regular government of this kind, without some authority to compel their inhabitants to act according to some certain plan or system, no voluntary league of mutual defence could either have afforded them any permanent security, or have enabled them to give the king any considerable support.	このような正規の政府が成立せず、住民に一定の計画や制度に従って行動するよう強制する権限がなければ、相互防衛の任意の同盟は彼らに永続的な安全保障を与えることも、王に相当な支援を与えることもできなかっただろう。	establishment|成立|noun|the act of establishing something	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	act|行動する|verb|do something	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	voluntary|任意の|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	league|同盟|noun|an association of people or groups united by a common interest or goal	mutual|相互の|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	security|安全保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	give|与える|verb|provide or supply	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth	considerable|相当な|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	support|支援|noun|a thing that provides assistance to something else
By granting them the farm of their own town in fee, he took away from those whom he wished to have for his friends, and, if one may say so, for his allies, all ground of jealousy and suspicion, that he was ever afterwards to oppress them, either by raising the farm-rent of their town, or by granting it to some other farmer.	王は彼らに自分たちの町の農場を有料で貸し出すことで、友人にしたいと思っていた人々から、また、そう言うことができるならば、同盟国から、嫉妬や疑念の根拠をすべて取り除き、その後、町の農場賃料を上げたり、他の農場主に貸し出したりすることで、彼らを抑圧しようとした。	grant|貸し出す|verb|give or allow something to someone	fee|有料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	take away|取り除く|verb|remove something from someone or something	wish|望む|verb|want something to happen or be the case	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	ally|同盟国|noun|a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages	suspicion|疑念|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	ground|根拠|noun|a reason or cause for something	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	raise|上げる|verb|lift something to a higher position	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land, a building, or other property	grant|貸し出す|verb|give or allow something to someone	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm

The princes who lived upon the worst terms with their barons, seem accordingly to have been the most liberal in grants of this kind to their burghs.	男爵との関係が最も悪かった君主は、それに応じて、この種の権利を自由都市に最も多く与えたようである。	live upon|生活する|verb|to depend on for a living	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	grant|与える|verb|to give or allow something to someone	burgh|自由都市|noun|a town in Scotland with a charter of rights from the king
King John of England, for example, appears to have been a most munificent benefactor to his towns. {See Madox.}	例えば、イングランド王ジョンは、彼の町に最も気前の良い恩人だったようである。{マドックスを参照。}	King John|ジョン王|noun|King of England from 6 April 1199	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	appear|ようである|verb|seem to be; give the impression of being	munificent|気前の良い|adjective|very generous	benefactor|恩人|noun|a person who gives money or other help to a person or cause
Philip I. of France lost all authority over his barons.	フランスのフィリップ一世は、男爵に対するすべての権限を失った。	Philip I.|フィリップ一世|noun|King of France from 1060 to 1108	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage
Towards the end of his reign, his son Lewis, known afterwards by the name of Lewis the Fat, consulted, according to Father Daniel, with the bishops of the royal demesnes, concerning the most proper means of restraining the violence of the great lords.	彼の治世の終わりにかけて、後にルイ肥満王として知られる息子のルイは、ダニエル神父によれば、大領主の暴力を抑制する最も適切な手段について、王領の司教たちと相談した。	towards the end of|終わりにかけて|preposition|near the end of	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	son|息子|noun|a male child	Lewis|ルイ|noun|a male given name	known|知られる|verb|be familiar with	afterwards|後に|adverb|later; subsequently	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	Lewis the Fat|ルイ肥満王|noun|a male given name	consult|相談する|verb|seek information or advice from	Father Daniel|ダニエル神父|noun|a male given name	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	royal demesnes|王領|noun|land that is owned by a king or queen	concerning|について|preposition|about	most proper|最も適切な|adjective|most suitable	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	restraining|抑制する|verb|hold back; keep under control	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence
Their advice consisted of two different proposals.	彼らの助言は二つの異なる提案から成っていた。	advice|助言|noun|an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct, etc.	consist of|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion
One was to erect a new order of jurisdiction, by establishing magistrates and a town-council in every considerable town of his demesnes.	一つは、彼の領地のすべての重要な町に治安判事と町議会を設立することによって、新しい管轄秩序を構築することだった。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	erect|構築する|verb|construct or build	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	order|秩序|noun|a state of peace, lawfulness, and social stability	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	town-council|町議会|noun|a local government body that makes decisions for a town	demesnes|領地|noun|the land attached to a manor and retained by the lord for his own use
The other was to form a new militia, by making the inhabitants of those towns, under the command of their own magistrates, march out upon proper occasions to the assistance of the king.	もう一つは、これらの町の住民を、彼ら自身の治安判事の指揮のもと、適切な機会に王の援助のために出動させることによって、新しい民兵を形成することだった。	the other|もう一つ|noun|the remaining item of a pair or of two	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders	march|行進|verb|walk in a military manner with a regular measured tread	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
It is from this period, according to the French antiquarians, that we are to date the institution of the magistrates and councils of cities in France.	フランスの古代史家によれば、フランスの都市の治安判事と議会の制度は、この時期から始まったとされている。	this period|この時期|noun|the time that is happening now	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	antiquarian|古代史家|noun|a student or collector of antiquities	date|始まったとされている|verb|assign a date to	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer with power to administer and enforce law	council|議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area
It was during the unprosperous reigns of the princes of the house of Suabia, that the greater part of the free towns of Germany received the first grants of their privileges, and that the famous Hanseatic league first became formidable. {See Pfeffel.}	ドイツの自由都市の大部分が特権の最初の許可を受け、有名なハンザ同盟が最初に強大になったのは、シュヴァーベン家の王子たちの不幸な治世の間だった。{Pfeffelを参照。}	Suabia|シュヴァーベン|noun|a region in southwestern Germany	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	free town|自由都市|noun|a city that is not subject to the authority of a state or monarch	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	Hanseatic league|ハンザ同盟|noun|a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas	formidable|強大な|adjective|inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable	Pfeffel|Pfeffel|noun|a German historian

The militia of the cities seems, in those times, not to have been inferior to that of the country;	当時、都市の民兵は国の民兵に劣っていなかったようである。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	time|当時|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes past midnight or noon	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and as they could be more readily assembled upon any sudden occasion, they frequently had the advantage in their disputes with the neighbouring lords.	そして、彼らはどんな突然の機会にもより容易に集結することができたので、彼らはしばしば近隣の領主との争いで優位に立った。	assemble|集結する|verb|come together as a group	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	readily|容易に|adverb|easily	dispute|争い|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|next to or very near another place
In countries such as Italy or Switzerland, in which, on account either of their distance from the principal seat of government, of the natural strength of the country itself, or of some other reason, the sovereign came to lose the whole of his authority;	イタリアやスイスのような国では、政府の主要な所在地からの距離、国自体の自然の強さ、あるいはその他の理由で、主権者が権威のすべてを失うことになった。	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a republic in central Europe	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	seat|所在地|noun|a place where someone or something is located	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
the cities generally became independent republics, and conquered all the nobility in their neighbourhood;	都市は一般に独立した共和国となり、近隣のすべての貴族を征服した。	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	become|なる|verb|come to be	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force
obliging them to pull down their castles in the country, and to live, like other peaceable inhabitants, in the city.	彼らに田舎の城を解体し、他の平和な住民のように都市で生活することを義務付けた。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	pull down|解体する|verb|demolish	castle|城|noun|a large building, typically made of stone, with towers and high walls, built in the past as a place of defence	country|田舎|noun|the land and scenery of a rural area	live|生活する|verb|be alive	city|都市|noun|a large town
This is the short history of the republic of Berne, as well as of several other cities in Switzerland.	これがベルン共和国の短い歴史であり、スイスの他のいくつかの都市の歴史でもある。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a landlocked country in western Europe
If you except Venice, for of that city the history is somewhat different, it is the history of all the considerable Italian republics, of which so great a number arose and perished between the end of the twelfth and the beginning of the sixteenth century.	ヴェネツィアを除けば、その都市の歴史は多少異なるが、それはすべての重要なイタリア共和国の歴史であり、そのうちの非常に多くのものが十二世紀の終わりから十六世紀の初めの間に興亡した。	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	except|除く|verb|not include; leave out	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	considerable|重要な|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	Italian|イタリアの|adjective|of or relating to Italy or its people or language	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	great|非常に多くの|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	number|もの|noun|a unit belonging to an abstract mathematical system and subject to specified laws of succession, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division	arise|興る|verb|come into existence or prominence	perish|亡ぶ|verb|suffer death, typically in a violent, sudden, or untimely way	between|間に|preposition|at a point in time or space intermediate to two others	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something

In countries such as France and England, where the authority of the sovereign, though frequently very low, never was destroyed altogether, the cities had no opportunity of becoming entirely independent.	フランスやイギリスのような国では、主権者の権威はしばしば非常に低かったが、決して完全に破壊されることはなかったため、都市は完全に独立する機会がなかった。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	low|低い|adjective|not high	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	opportunity|機会|noun|a chance to do something	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence
They became, however, so considerable, that the sovereign could impose no tax upon them, besides the stated farm-rent of the town, without their own consent.	しかし、彼らは非常に重要になったので、主権者は彼ら自身の同意なしに、町の定められた農場賃料以外に彼らに税金を課すことができなかった。	become|なる|verb|come to be	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; as well as	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
They were, therefore, called upon to send deputies to the general assembly of the states of the kingdom, where they might join with the clergy and the barons in granting, upon urgent occasions, some extraordinary aid to the king.	そのため、彼らは王国の州の総会に代議員を派遣するよう求められ、そこで彼らは聖職者や男爵と協力して、緊急の場合には国王に特別な援助を与えることができた。	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	call upon|求められる|verb|to ask for help or support	send|派遣する|verb|to cause to go or be taken to a destination; to dispatch	deputy|代議員|noun|a person appointed to act for or represent another	general assembly|総会|noun|the highest deliberative body of an organization	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	join|協力する|verb|to come together or unite	grant|与える|verb|to give or allow something	urgent|緊急の|adjective|requiring immediate action or attention	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	aid|援助|noun|help, typically of a practical nature
Being generally, too, more favourable to his power, their deputies seem sometimes to have been employed by him as a counterbalance in those assemblies to the authority of the great lords.	一般に、彼の権力にもっと好意的だったので、彼らの代議員は、これらの集会で大領主の権威に対する釣り合いとして、彼によって雇われたことがあるようである。	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	favourable|好意的|adjective|expressing approval or support	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	deputy|代議員|noun|a person appointed to act on behalf of another	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	employ|雇う|verb|give work to (someone) in return for regular or agreed wages	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose	counterbalance|釣り合い|noun|a weight that balances another weight	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence
Hence the origin of the representation of burghs in the states-general of all great monarchies in Europe.	これが、ヨーロッパのすべての大君主国の三部会における都市の代表の起源である。	Hence|これが|adverb|for this reason; therefore	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	representation|代表|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	burgh|都市|noun|a town or city, especially in Scotland	state-general|三部会|noun|the legislative body of the Netherlands	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

Order and good government, and along with them the liberty and security of individuals, were in this manner established in cities, at a time when the occupiers of land in the country, were exposed to every sort of violence.	秩序と善政、そしてそれに伴う個人の自由と安全は、このようにして都市に確立されたが、当時、地方の土地の占有者はあらゆる種類の暴力にさらされていた。	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	good government|善政|noun|a government that is honest, efficient, and fair	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	time|当時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone
But men in this defenceless state naturally content themselves with their necessary subsistence;	しかし、この無防備な状態にある人々は、当然のことながら、必要な生計を立てることに満足している。	defenceless|無防備な|adjective|without protection or defence	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive
because, to acquire more, might only tempt the injustice of their oppressors.	なぜなら、それ以上を獲得することは、彼らの抑圧者の不正を誘惑するだけかもしれないからである。	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	more|それ以上|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	tempt|誘惑する|verb|to entice or allure	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjustness	oppressor|抑圧者|noun|a person or group that oppresses
On the contrary, when they are secure of enjoying the fruits of their industry, they naturally exert it to better their condition, and to acquire not only the necessaries, but the conveniencies and elegancies of life.	逆に、彼らが自分の産業の成果を享受することが確実な場合、彼らは当然、自分の状態を改善し、必需品だけでなく、生活の便利さや優雅さを獲得するためにそれを発揮する。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	secure|確実な|adjective|free from danger or threat	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	fruit|成果|noun|the result of an action or effort	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	exert|発揮する|verb|apply or bring to bear	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	convenience|便利さ|noun|the quality of being easy to use or to reach	elegance|優雅さ|noun|the quality of being graceful and stylish
That industry, therefore, which aims at something more than necessary subsistence, was established in cities long before it was commonly practised by the occupiers of land in the country.	したがって、必要な生計以上のものを目的とする産業は、地方の土地の占有者が一般的に実践するずっと前から都市に確立されていた。	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	aim|目的とする|verb|direct or point at a target	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	long before|ずっと前から|adverb|a long time before	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	practise|実践する|verb|perform or work at repeatedly so as to become proficient	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
If, in the hands of a poor cultivator, oppressed with the servitude of villanage, some little stock should accumulate, he would naturally conceal it with great care from his master, to whom it would otherwise have belonged, and take the first opportunity of running away to a town.	貧しい耕作者の手で、農奴の奴隷制に圧迫されて、少しの株が蓄積されるならば、彼は当然、それを主人から細心の注意を払って隠すだろう。	in the hands of|の手で|preposition|in the possession or control of	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	oppressed|圧迫される|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	servitude|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	villanage|農奴|noun|a member of the lowest class of serfs	accumulate|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	great care|細心の注意|noun|a lot of attention or thought	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	take the first opportunity|最初の機会をつかむ|verb|do something as soon as it is possible	run away|逃げる|verb|leave a place or person quickly, especially in order to escape from danger
The law was at that time so indulgent to the inhabitants of towns, and so desirous of diminishing the authority of the lords over those of the country, that if he could conceal himself there from the pursuit of his lord for a year, he was free for ever.	当時の法律は町の住民にとても寛大で、地方の住民に対する領主の権限を弱めることを強く望んでいたので、もし彼が領主の追跡から1年間身を隠すことができれば、彼は永遠に自由だった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	so indulgent|とても寛大|adjective|lenient or tolerant	so desirous|強く望む|adjective|having or showing a strong desire for something	diminish|弱める|verb|make or become less	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority, control, or power over others	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	pursuit|追跡|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
Whatever stock, therefore, accumulated in the hands of the industrious part of the inhabitants of the country, naturally took refuge in cities, as the only sanctuaries in which it could be secure to the person that acquired it.	したがって、国の住民の勤勉な部分の手に蓄積されたどんな株も、それを取得した人にとって安全である唯一の聖域として、当然都市に避難した。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	take refuge|避難する|verb|go to a place of safety	city|都市|noun|a large town	sanctuary|聖域|noun|a place of refuge or safety	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat	person|人|noun|a human being	acquire|取得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of

The inhabitants of a city, it is true, must always ultimately derive their subsistence, and the whole materials and means of their industry, from the country.	確かに、都市の住民は常に最終的には生計を立て、産業のすべての材料と手段を国から得なければならない。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	true|確かに|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally; in the end	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	whole|すべての|adjective|all of; the entire	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
But those of a city, situated near either the sea-coast or the banks of a navigable river, are not necessarily confined to derive them from the country in their neighbourhood.	しかし、海岸や航行可能な川のほとりの近くに位置する都市の住民は、必ずしも近隣の国からそれらを得ることに限定されているわけではない。	sea-coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	bank|ほとり|noun|the land alongside or sloping down to a river or lake	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place
They have a much wider range, and may draw them from the most remote corners of the world, either in exchange for the manufactured produce of their own industry, or by performing the office of carriers between distant countries, and exchanging the produce of one for that of another.	彼らははるかに広い範囲を持ち、自分たちの産業の製造品と引き換えに、あるいは遠く離れた国々の間の運送業者の仕事を遂行し、一方の産物を他方の産物と交換することによって、世界の最も遠い隅からそれらを引き寄せることができる。	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	range|範囲|noun|the extent to which something can be reached, seen, or affected	draw|引き寄せる|verb|to move or cause to move toward or into a place	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	corner|隅|noun|the point where two or more lines or edges meet	exchange|引き換え|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	manufacture|製造|verb|to make or produce by hand or machinery, especially on a large scale	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	perform|遂行する|verb|to carry out or execute	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports people or goods	exchange|交換する|verb|to give one thing and receive another in return
A city might, in this manner, grow up to great wealth and splendour, while not only the country in its neighbourhood, but all those to which it traded, were in poverty and wretchedness.	このように、都市は、近隣の国だけでなく、貿易相手国すべてが貧困と悲惨な状況にある中で、大いに富み、栄華を極めるかもしれない。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	splendour|栄華|noun|great wealth or luxury	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	wretchedness|悲惨|noun|a state of great suffering or misfortune
Each of those countries, perhaps, taken singly, could afford it but a small part, either of its subsistence or of its employment;	これらの国々のそれぞれは、おそらく単独で考えると、その生計や雇用のごく一部しか賄えないだろう。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	singly|単独で|adverb|alone; by oneself	afford|賄える|verb|have enough money to pay for	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter that is necessary to keep someone alive	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work
but all of them taken together, could afford it both a great subsistence and a great employment.	しかし、それらをすべて合わせれば、大きな生計と大きな雇用の両方を賄うことができる。	all of|すべて|noun|the whole of	taken together|合わせれば|verb|combine or join	afford|賄う|verb|have enough money to pay for	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work
There were, however, within the narrow circle of the commerce of those times, some countries that were opulent and industrious.	しかし、当時の狭い商業圏内には、豊かで勤勉な国もいくつかあった。	narrow circle|狭い範囲|noun|a small group of people	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past that is being discussed	opulent|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or possessions	industrious|勤勉|adjective|working hard and steadily
Such was the Greek empire as long as it subsisted, and that of the Saracens during the reigns of the Abassides.	ギリシャ帝国は存続している間はそうだったし、サラセン帝国もアッバース朝の治世にはそうだった。	Greek empire|ギリシャ帝国|noun|the empire of the Greeks	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	it subsisted|存続している|verb|continue to live or exist	Saracens|サラセン帝国|noun|a member of a nomadic people of the Arabian peninsula who conquered the Middle East and North Africa in the 7th century	Abassides|アッバース朝|noun|the third of the Islamic caliphates of the Islamic Golden Age
Such, too, was Egypt till it was conquered by the Turks, some part of the coast of Barbary, and all those provinces of Spain which were under the government of the Moors.	エジプトもトルコ人に征服されるまではそうだったし、バーバリー海岸の一部や、ムーア人の支配下にあったスペインのすべての州もそうだった。	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	Turk|トルコ人|noun|a member of the Turkic peoples	Barbary|バーバリー|noun|a region in North Africa	Moor|ムーア人|noun|a member of a Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent

The cities of Italy seem to have been the first in Europe which were raised by commerce to any considerable degree of opulence.	イタリアの都市は、ヨーロッパで最初に商業によってかなりの富を築いた都市のようだ。	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	raise|築く|verb|build or construct	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth or luxuriousness
Italy lay in the centre of what was at that time the improved and civilized part of the world.	イタリアは、当時世界の進歩した文明的な部分の中心にあった。	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	centre|中心|noun|the middle point of something	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	improved|進歩した|adjective|made better	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
The crusades, too, though, by the great waste of stock and destruction of inhabitants which they occasioned, they must necessarily have retarded the progress of the greater part of Europe, were extremely favourable to that of some Italian cities.	十字軍もまた、資産の浪費と住民の破壊によって、ヨーロッパの大部分の進歩を必然的に遅らせたに違いないが、一部のイタリアの都市の進歩には非常に好都合だった。	crusade|十字軍|noun|any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims	waste|浪費|noun|the act of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower; delay or impede	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree; very much	favourable|好都合|adjective|giving approval to; approving	Italian|イタリアの|adjective|of or relating to Italy, its people, or its language	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement
The great armies which marched from all parts to the conquest of the Holy Land, gave extraordinary encouragement to the shipping of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa, sometimes in transporting them thither, and always in supplying them with provisions.	聖地征服のために各地から進軍した大軍は、ヴェネツィア、ジェノヴァ、ピサの船舶に、時には彼らをそこまで輸送し、常に食料を供給するという、並々ならぬ励ましを与えた。	march|進軍する|verb|walk with regular and measured tread	great army|大軍|noun|a large military force	all part|各地|noun|every part	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	Holy Land|聖地|noun|the land that was the scene of the life and death of Jesus	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	extraordinary|並々ならぬ|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|励まし|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	shipping|船舶|noun|the commercial transportation of goods by sea	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a seaport in northwestern Italy	Pisa|ピサ|noun|a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the Arno River	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
They were the commissaries, if one may say so, of those armies;	彼らは、いわば、それらの軍隊の補給部隊だった。	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	commissary|補給部隊|noun|a store that sells food and supplies to military personnel
and the most destructive frenzy that ever befel the European nations, was a source of opulence to those republics.	そして、ヨーロッパ諸国を襲った最も破壊的な狂乱は、これらの共和国の富の源泉だった。	befall|襲う|verb|happen to	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	frenzy|狂乱|noun|a state or period of uncontrolled excitement or wild behavior	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth or luxuriousness

The inhabitants of trading cities, by importing the improved manufactures and expensive luxuries of richer countries, afforded some food to the vanity of the great proprietors, who eagerly purchased them with great quantities of the rude produce of their own lands.	貿易都市の住民は、より豊かな国の改良された製品や高価な贅沢品を輸入することで、大地主の虚栄心を満たすための食料をいくらか提供し、大地主は自分の土地の粗野な生産物を大量に使ってそれらを熱心に購入した。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	trading city|貿易都市|noun|a city that is a center of trade	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	improved manufacture|改良された製品|noun|a product that has been made better	expensive luxury|高価な贅沢品|noun|a luxury item that is very costly	richer country|より豊かな国|noun|a country that is more wealthy	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance or achievements	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	eagerly|熱心に|adverb|in a very enthusiastic manner	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	rude produce|粗野な生産物|noun|a product that is of low quality	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount
The commerce of a great part of Europe in those times, accordingly, consisted chiefly in the exchange of their own rude, for the manufactured produce of more civilized nations.	したがって、当時のヨーロッパの大部分の商業は、主に自国の粗野な製品をより文明的な国の製品と交換することから成り立っていた。	a great part of|大部分の|noun|a large part of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by hand or machine	produce|製品|noun|something that is produced	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
Thus the wool of England used to be exchanged for the wines of France, and the fine cloths of Flanders, in the same manner as the corn in Poland is at this day, exchanged for the wines and brandies of France, and for the silks and velvets of France and Italy.	このように、イギリスの羊毛はフランスのワインやフランドルの良質な布と交換されていたが、これは今日のポーランドのトウモロコシがフランスのワインやブランデー、フランスやイタリアのシルクやビロードと交換されているのと同じである。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	fine|良質な|adjective|of high quality	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Europe	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	brandy|ブランデー|noun|a strong alcoholic drink made from distilled wine or fermented fruit juice	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in Europe	silk|シルク|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make cloth	velvet|ビロード|noun|a fabric with a thick, soft, smooth surface

A taste for the finer and more improved manufactures was, in this manner, introduced by foreign commerce into countries where no such works were carried on.	このように、より精巧で改良された製品に対する嗜好は、外国貿易によって、そのような製品が作られていない国に持ち込まれた。	taste|嗜好|noun|a person's liking for something	finer|より精巧な|adjective|of high quality	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between countries	work|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something
But when this taste became so general as to occasion a considerable demand, the merchants, in order to save the expense of carriage, naturally endeavoured to establish some manufactures of the same kind in their own country.	しかし、この嗜好が一般化してかなりの需要が生じるようになると、商人は輸送費を節約するために、当然のことながら自国に同じ種類の製造業を設立しようと努力した。	become general|一般化する|verb|become widespread or common	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	save|節約する|verb|keep from being lost or wasted	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	carriage|輸送|noun|the action of transporting people or goods	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine
Hence the origin of the first manufactures for distant sale, that seem to have been established in the western provinces of Europe, after the fall of the Roman empire.	これが、ローマ帝国滅亡後にヨーロッパの西部諸州で確立されたと思われる、遠隔地販売のための最初の製造業の起源である。	Hence|これが|adverb|for this reason; therefore	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of becoming lower or less	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the ancient empire of Rome

No large country, it must be observed, ever did or could subsist without some sort of manufactures being carried on in it;	注目すべきは、大国はいずれも、何らかの製造業が営まれることなしに存続したことも、存続できたこともないということである。	large country|大国|noun|a country with a large population or area	be observed|注目すべき|verb|be noticed or perceived	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	subsist|存続する|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	some sort of|何らかの|determiner|a kind of; a type of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	be carried on|営まれる|verb|be continued or maintained
and when it is said of any such country that it has no manufactures, it must always be understood of the finer and more improved, or of such as are fit for distant sale.	そして、そのような国に製造業がないと言われる場合は、常に、より精巧で改良されたもの、あるいは遠隔地販売に適したものが存在しないという意味に理解されなければならない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	finer|より精巧な|adjective|of superior quality	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money
In every large country both the clothing and household furniture or the far greater part of the people, are the produce of their own industry.	どの大国でも、衣服と家庭用家具の両方、あるいは国民の大部分は、自国の産業によって生産されている。	large country|大国|noun|a country with a large population or area	clothing|衣服|noun|the things that people wear	household furniture|家庭用家具|noun|the furniture in a house	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	own industry|自国の産業|noun|the industry of one's own country
This is even more universally the case in those poor countries which are commonly said to have no manufactures, than in those rich ones that are said to abound in them.	これは、製造業が豊富だと言われる豊かな国よりも、製造業がないと言われる貧しい国において、より普遍的に当てはまる。	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	abound|豊富だ|verb|be plentiful or numerous
In the latter you will generally find, both in the clothes and household furniture of the lowest rank of people, a much greater proportion of foreign productions than in the former.	後者では、一般に、最下層の人々の衣服と家庭用家具の両方において、前者よりも外国製品の割合がはるかに大きいことがわかるだろう。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	both|両方|determiner|the two	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or rank	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned

Those manufactures which are fit for distant sale, seem to have been introduced into different countries in two different ways.	遠隔地販売に適した製造業は、二つの異なる方法で様々な国に導入されたようである。	fit for|適した|adjective|suitable for	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish in a place or area	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens

Sometimes they have been introduced in the manner above mentioned, by the violent operation, if one may say so, of the stocks of particular merchants and undertakers, who established them in imitation of some foreign manufactures of the same kind.	時には、上記のような方法で、同じ種類の外国の製造業を模倣して設立した特定の商人や事業者の株の、いわば暴力的な操作によって導入された。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	above mentioned|上記のような|adjective|mentioned earlier in the text	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	violent|暴力的な|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	undertaker|事業者|noun|a person who organizes and manages a business or enterprise	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	imitation|模倣|noun|the action of copying something	establish|設立する|verb|to set up or start something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
Such manufactures, therefore, are the offspring of foreign commerce;	したがって、そのような製造業は、外国貿易の産物である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	offspring|産物|noun|a child or young of an animal	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and such seem to have been the ancient manufactures of silks, velvets, and brocades, which flourished in Lucca during the thirteenth century.	そして、そのようなものが、十三世紀にルッカで栄えた絹、ビロード、錦の古代製造業であったようである。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	have been|であった|auxiliary verb|used to describe a past state or action	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	velvet|ビロード|noun|a fabric with a thick, soft, smooth surface	brocade|錦|noun|a rich fabric woven with a raised design in gold or silver thread	flourish|栄える|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	Lucca|ルッカ|noun|a city in Tuscany, central Italy	thirteenth century|十三世紀|noun|the period from 1201 to 1300
They were banished from thence by the tyranny of one of Machiavel’s heroes, Castruccio Castracani.	彼らは、マキアヴェリの英雄の一人、カストルッチョ・カストラカーニの暴政によって、そこから追放された。	banish|追放する|verb|send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place	tyranny|暴政|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	hero|英雄|noun|a person who is admired for their courage or noble qualities	Castruccio Castracani|カストルッチョ・カストラカーニ|noun|an Italian condottiero and duke of Lucca
In 1310, nine hundred families were driven out of Lucca, of whom thirty-one retired to Venice, and offered to introduce there the silk manufacture. {See Sandi Istoria civile de Vinezia, part 2 vol.	一三一〇年、九百家族がルッカから追い出され、そのうち三十一家族がヴェネツィアに退去し、そこで絹の製造業を紹介することを申し出た。	1310|一三一〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	nine hundred|九百|numeral|nine times one hundred	family|家族|noun|a group of people who live together and are related to each other	drive out|追い出す|verb|force to leave	Lucca|ルッカ|noun|a city in Tuscany, central Italy	thirty-one|三十一|numeral|thirty plus one	retire|退去する|verb|withdraw or go away from a place	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy	offer|申し出る|verb|present or suggest something for consideration or discussion	introduce|紹介する|verb|make known to someone	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
i, page 247 and 256.}	サンディ『ヴェネツィア市民史』第二部第一巻二四七頁、二五六頁参照。	i|第一巻|noun|the first volume of a book	page|頁|noun|one side of a sheet of paper in a book	247|二四七|numeral|two hundred forty seven	256|二五六|numeral|two hundred fifty six
Their offer was accepted, many privileges were conferred upon them, and they began the manufacture with three hundred workmen.	彼らの申し出は受け入れられ、多くの特権が彼らに与えられ、彼らは三百人の労働者を抱えて製造を開始した。	offer|申し出|noun|a proposal or bid	accept|受け入れる|verb|to receive something willingly	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	confer|与える|verb|to give or grant	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker
Such, too, seem to have been the manufactures of fine cloths that anciently flourished in Flanders, and which were introduced into England in the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, and such are the present silk manufactures of Lyons and Spitalfields.	古代にフランドルで栄え、エリザベス女王の治世の初めにイギリスに導入された上質な布の製造もそうだったようであり、現在のリヨンとスピタルフィールズの絹織物もそうである。	such|そう|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	have been|だった|auxiliary verb|used to describe a past state or action	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	fine cloth|上質な布|noun|a cloth of high quality	anciently|古代に|adverb|in ancient times	flourish|栄える|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	which|-|relative pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	be introduced|導入される|verb|bring (something) into use or operation for the first time	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Elizabeth I, Queen of England from 1558 to 1603	such|そう|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	silk manufacture|絹織物|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the cocoons of silkworms	Lyons|リヨン|noun|a city in east-central France	Spitalfields|スピタルフィールズ|noun|a district in London
Manufactures introduced in this manner are generally employed upon foreign materials, being imitations of foreign manufactures.	このような方法で導入された製造業は、一般的に外国の材料に使われ、外国の製造業の模倣である。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	imitation|模倣|noun|a copy of something
When the Venetian manufacture was first established, the materials were all brought from Sicily and the Levant.	ヴェネツィアの製造業が最初に確立されたとき、材料はすべてシチリアとレヴァントから運ばれた。	Venetian|ヴェネツィアの|adjective|of or relating to Venice	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	Sicily|シチリア|noun|the largest island in the Mediterranean	Levant|レヴァント|noun|the countries along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea
The more ancient manufacture of Lucca was likewise carried on with foreign materials.	ルッカのより古い製造業も同様に外国の材料で行われていた。	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Lucca|ルッカ|noun|a city in Tuscany, central Italy	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made
The cultivation of mulberry trees, and the breeding of silk-worms, seem not to have been common in the northern parts of Italy before the sixteenth century.	桑の栽培と蚕の飼育は、16世紀以前のイタリア北部では一般的ではなかったようである。	cultivation|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	mulberry tree|桑|noun|a tree that produces edible fruit	breeding|飼育|noun|the process of keeping and raising animals	silk-worm|蚕|noun|the larva of the silk moth	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	not to have been|ではなかったようである|verb|to not have been	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600
Those arts were not introduced into France till the reign of Charles IX.	これらの技術は、シャルル9世の治世までフランスに導入されなかった。	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	Charles IX|シャルル9世|noun|King of France from 5 December 1560
The manufactures of Flanders were carried on chiefly with Spanish and English wool.	フランドルの製造業は、主にスペインとイギリスの羊毛で行われていた。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	Spanish|スペイン|noun|the language of Spain	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal
Spanish wool was the material, not of the first woollen manufacture of England, but of the first that was fit for distant sale.	スペイン産の羊毛は、イギリスで最初に製造された毛織物ではなく、遠隔地での販売に適した最初の毛織物の材料だった。	Spanish|スペイン産の|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	fit|適した|adjective|in good health	distant|遠隔地での|adjective|far away in space or time
More than one half the materials of the Lyons manufacture is at this day foreign silk;	リヨンの製造業の材料の半分以上は、今日では外国産の絹である。	more than|半分以上|adverb|in excess of	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	Lyons|リヨン|noun|a city in east-central France	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	this day|今日|noun|the present time	foreign|外国産|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing
when it was first established, the whole, or very nearly the whole, was so.	それが最初に確立されたとき、全体、またはほぼ全体がそうだった。	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	whole|全体|noun|all of something	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost
No part of the materials of the Spitalfields manufacture is ever likely to be the produce of England.	スピタルフィールズ製造業の材料のどの部分も、イギリスの産物である可能性は低い。	Spitalfields|スピタルフィールズ|noun|a district in London	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	part|部分|noun|a piece or portion of something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
The seat of such manufactures, as they are generally introduced by the scheme and project of a few individuals, is sometimes established in a maritime city, and sometimes in an inland town, according as their interest, judgment, or caprice, happen to determine.	そのような製造業の拠点は、一般的に少数の個人の計画やプロジェクトによって導入されるため、彼らの利害、判断、気まぐれによって、たまたま海岸都市に設立されることもあれば、内陸の町に設立されることもある。	seat|拠点|noun|a place where something is located	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	introduce|導入される|verb|bring into use or operation	scheme|計画|noun|a systematic plan of future action	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	caprice|気まぐれ|noun|a sudden and unaccountable change of mood or behavior	happen to|たまたま|verb|do or occur by chance	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in

At other times, manufactures for distant sale grow up naturally, and as it were of their own accord, by the gradual refinement of those household and coarser manufactures which must at all times be carried on even in the poorest and rudest countries.	他の場合には、遠隔地販売のための製造業は、最も貧しく最も粗野な国でさえ常に行われなければならない家庭用や粗悪な製造業の段階的な洗練によって、自然に、そして自発的に成長する。	at other times|他の場合には|adverb|on other occasions	distant sale|遠隔地販売|noun|the sale of goods to a distant location	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	of one's own accord|自発的に|adverb|without being asked or forced	gradual refinement|段階的な洗練|noun|the process of becoming more refined or polished	household|家庭用|adjective|relating to a house or family	coarser|粗悪な|adjective|of low quality or value	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion	be carried on|行われる|verb|be continued or maintained	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or possessions	rudest|最も粗野な|adjective|most lacking in good manners or taste
Such manufactures are generally employed upon the materials which the country produces, and they seem frequently to have been first refined and improved in such inland countries as were not, indeed, at a very great, but at a considerable distance from the sea-coast, and sometimes even from all water carriage.	そのような製造業は、一般的にその国の生産する材料に使われ、海岸からそれほど遠くないが、かなり離れた内陸の国々で最初に洗練され、改良されたように思われる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	first|最初に|adverb|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	refine|洗練される|verb|make more elegant, cultured, or polished	improve|改良される|verb|make or become better	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	very|とても|adverb|to a great degree or extent	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	sea-coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent than before	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	carriage|運搬|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something
An inland country, naturally fertile and easily cultivated, produces a great surplus of provisions beyond what is necessary for maintaining the cultivators;	内陸の国は、自然に肥沃で耕作しやすく、耕作者を維持するために必要な量をはるかに超える食料を生産する。	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	cultivated|耕作される|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops
and on account of the expense of land carriage, and inconveniency of river navigation, it may frequently be difficult to send this surplus abroad.	そして、陸上輸送の費用と河川航行の不便さのために、この余剰分を海外に送ることが困難な場合が多い。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	expense|費用|noun|cost	land carriage|陸上輸送|noun|transportation by land	inconveniency|不便|noun|lack of convenience	river navigation|河川航行|noun|the activity or business of transporting people or goods by boat	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country
Abundance, therefore, renders provisions cheap, and encourages a great number of workmen to settle in the neighbourhood, who find that their industry can there procure them more of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than in other places.	したがって、豊富な食料は食料を安価にし、多くの労働者が近隣に定住することを奨励し、彼らはそこでの労働が他の場所よりも生活必需品や便利品をより多く手に入れることができることを知る。	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	cheap|安価|adjective|low in price or value	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a place	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place	industry|労働|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	procure|手に入れる|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful
They work up the materials of manufacture which the land produces, and exchange their finished work, or, what is the same thing, the price of it, for more materials and provisions.	彼らはその土地が生産する製造材料を加工し、完成した製品、あるいは同じことだが、その価格をより多くの材料や食料と交換する。	work up|加工する|verb|to make something from raw materials	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産する|verb|to make or create something	exchange|交換する|verb|to give and receive something in return	finished|完成した|adjective|having been completed or ended	work|製品|noun|the result of an effort	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
They give a new value to the surplus part of the rude produce, by saving the expense of carrying it to the water-side, or to some distant market;	彼らは、粗野な生産物の余剰部分を水辺や遠くの市場に運ぶ費用を節約することで、その余剰部分に新たな価値を与える。	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	new|新たな|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect; ill-mannered	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	save|節約する|verb|keep and store up (money) for future use	water-side|水辺|noun|the edge of a body of water	distant|遠くの|adjective|far away in space or time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
and they furnish the cultivators with something in exchange for it that is either useful or agreeable to them, upon easier terms than they could have obtained it before.	そして、彼らは耕作者に、彼らにとって有用であるか、あるいは好ましいものを、以前に得ることができたよりも容易な条件で、それと引き換えに提供する。	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	exchange|引き換え|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	useful|有用な|adjective|capable of being used	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase with a precise meaning in a given context	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously
The cultivators get a better price for their surplus produce, and can purchase cheaper other conveniencies which they have occasion for.	耕作者は余剰生産物をより良い価格で販売することができ、必要に応じて他の便利品をより安く購入することができる。	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	cheaper|より安い|adjective|low in price or value	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	convenience|便利品|noun|the quality of being able to be used easily and quickly
They are thus both encouraged and enabled to increase this surplus produce by a further improvement and better cultivation of the land;	こうして彼らは、土地のさらなる改良とより良い耕作によって、この余剰生産物を増やすことを奨励され、また可能になる。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	further|さらなる|adjective|more or greater in addition to what has already been done, said, or experienced	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land
and as the fertility of she land had given birth to the manufacture, so the progress of the manufacture reacts upon the land, and increases still further its fertility.	そして、土地の肥沃さが製造業を生み出したように、製造業の進歩は土地に影響を与え、その肥沃さをさらに増大させる。	fertility|肥沃さ|noun|the quality of being fertile	give birth to|生み出す|verb|produce or create	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	react|影響を与える|verb|act in response to something	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous
The manufacturers first supply the neighbourhood, and afterwards, as their work improves and refines, more distant markets.	製造業者はまず近隣に供給し、その後、仕事が改善され洗練されるにつれて、より遠くの市場に供給するようになる。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	improve|改善される|verb|make or become better	refine|洗練される|verb|make or become more polished or elegant	distant|遠くの|adjective|far away in space or time
For though neither the rude produce, nor even the coarse manufacture, could, without the greatest difficulty, support the expense of a considerable land-carriage, the refined and improved manufacture easily may.	粗野な生産物も粗悪な製品も、かなりの陸上輸送費を負担することは、非常に困難でなければ不可能だが、洗練され改良された製品ならば容易に可能である。	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|of low quality	manufacture|製品|noun|something that is manufactured	greatest|非常に|adjective|of the highest quality	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	support|負担する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	land-carriage|陸上輸送費|noun|the cost of transporting goods by land	refined|洗練された|adjective|having or showing good taste, good manners, or good education	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty
In a small bulk it frequently contains the price of a great quantity of rude produce.	小さな容積の中に、しばしば大量の粗野な生産物の価格が含まれている。	small bulk|小さな容積|noun|a small volume	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount	rude produce|粗野な生産物|noun|a product that is not finished or refined
A piece of fine cloth, for example which weighs only eighty pounds, contains in it the price, not only of eighty pounds weight of wool, but sometimes of several thousand weight of corn, the maintenance of the different working people, and of their immediate employers.	例えば、重さわずか八十ポンドの上質な布一枚には、八十ポンドの羊毛の価格だけでなく、時には数千ポンドの穀物の価格や、さまざまな労働者とその直接の雇用者の維持費が含まれている。	piece|一枚|noun|a portion of something	fine cloth|上質な布|noun|a piece of cloth of high quality	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	weigh|重さ|verb|have a specified weight	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	eighty pounds|八十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	several thousand|数千|noun|a large but indefinite number	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	working people|労働者|noun|a person who works	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people
The corn which could with difficulty have been carried abroad in its own shape, is in this manner virtually exported in that of the complete manufacture, and may easily be sent to the remotest corners of the world.	穀物は、そのままの形で海外に運ぶのは困難だが、この方法では完成品として事実上輸出され、世界の最も遠い場所にも簡単に送ることができる。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	this manner|この方法|noun|this way	virtually|事実上|adverb|almost or nearly	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	complete|完成品|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	remotest|最も遠い|adjective|furthest away in space or time	corner|場所|noun|a place or area, especially one that is remote or secluded
In this manner have grown up naturally, and, as it were, of their own accord, the manufactures of Leeds, Halifax, Sheffield, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton.	このように、リーズ、ハリファックス、シェフィールド、バーミンガム、ウルヴァーハンプトンの製造業は、自然に、そしていわば自発的に成長してきた。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural way	of one's own accord|自発的に|adverb|without being asked or forced to do so	Leeds|リーズ|noun|a city in West Yorkshire, England	Halifax|ハリファックス|noun|the capital of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia	Sheffield|シェフィールド|noun|a city in South Yorkshire, England	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England	Wolverhampton|ウルヴァーハンプトン|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England
Such manufactures are the offspring of agriculture.	このような製造業は農業の産物である。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	offspring|産物|noun|a person's child or children	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
In the modern history of Europe, their extension and improvement have generally been posterior to those which were the offspring of foreign commerce.	ヨーロッパの近代史において、それらの拡大と改善は、一般的に、外国貿易の産物であるものよりも遅れていた。	modern history|近代史|noun|the period of history from the end of the Middle Ages to the present day	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	posterior|遅れていた|adjective|coming after something in time; later	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries
England was noted for the manufacture of fine cloths made of Spanish wool, more than a century before any of those which now flourish in the places above mentioned were fit for foreign sale.	イギリスは、スペイン産の羊毛で作った上質な布の製造で有名だったが、それは、現在上記の場所にある工場が外国向けに販売できる品質の布を製造するようになる1世紀以上も前のことだった。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	be noted for|有名である|verb|be well known for	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	fine cloth|上質な布|noun|a cloth of high quality	Spanish wool|スペイン産の羊毛|noun|wool from Spain	more than a century|1世紀以上も前|noun|a period of 100 years	before|前|preposition|earlier than	any of those|どれも|noun|any of the things mentioned	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	flourish|製造するようになる|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	the places above mentioned|上記の場所|noun|the places mentioned above	fit for|に適している|adjective|suitable for	foreign sale|外国向けの販売|noun|the sale of goods to a foreign country
The extension and improvement of these last could not take place but in consequence of the extension and improvement of agriculture, the last and greatest effect of foreign commerce, and of the manufactures immediately introduced by it, and which I shall now proceed to explain.	これらの後者の拡大と改善は、農業の拡大と改善、外国貿易の最後のそして最大の効果、そしてそれによって即座に導入された製造業の拡大と改善の結果としてしか起こり得なかった。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	take place|起こる|verb|happen	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between different countries	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	proceed|進む|verb|continue a course of action


## CHAPTER IV: HOW THE COMMERCE OF TOWNS CONTRIBUTED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE COUNTRY.	第四章: 都市の商業がどのように農村の改善に貢献したか	CHAPTER IV|第四章|noun|the fourth chapter	COMMERCE|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	TOWN|都市|noun|a large human settlement	COUNTRY|農村|noun|a large human settlement

The increase and riches of commercial and manufacturing towns contributed to the improvement and cultivation of the countries to which they belonged, in three different ways.	商業と製造業の都市の増加と富は、三つの異なる方法で、それらが属する国の改善と耕作に貢献した。	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens

First, by affording a great and ready market for the rude produce of the country, they gave encouragement to its cultivation and further improvement.	第一に、農村の粗野な産物のための大きくて即座に利用できる市場を提供することで、農村の耕作とさらなる改善を促進した。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something	great|大きくて|adjective|of major significance or importance	ready|即座に利用できる|adjective|prepared or available for use	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	give|与える|verb|to cause someone or something to have or receive something	encouragement|促進|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	further|さらなる|adjective|more or greater in addition to what has already been mentioned	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something
This benefit was not even confined to the countries in which they were situated, but extended more or less to all those with which they had any dealings.	この利益は、それらが位置する国に限定されるものではなく、多かれ少なかれ、それらが取引を行ったすべての国に及んだ。	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	deal|取引|noun|a transaction or an agreement
To all of them they afforded a market for some part either of their rude or manufactured produce, and, consequently, gave some encouragement to the industry and improvement of all.	それらのすべてに対して、都市は、粗野な産物または製造された産物のいずれかの一部のための市場を提供し、その結果、すべての産業の勤勉さと改善を促進した。	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	give|与える|verb|to cause someone or something to have or receive something	encouragement|促進|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|a particular branch of economic or commercial activity	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something
Their own country, however, on account of its neighbourhood, necessarily derived the greatest benefit from this market.	しかし、自国は、近隣にあるため、必然的にこの市場から最大の利益を得た。	own country|自国|noun|the country where one is a citizen	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Its rude produce being charged with less carriage, the traders could pay the growers a better price for it, and yet afford it as cheap to the consumers as that of more distant countries.	その粗野な産物は、運賃が安いため、商人は生産者にそれに対してより良い価格を支払うことができ、しかも、より遠い国の産物と同じくらい安く消費者に提供することができた。	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	carriage|運賃|noun|the cost of transporting people or goods	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises livestock	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods or services	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to pay for something	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time

Secondly, the wealth acquired by the inhabitants of cities was frequently employed in purchasing such lands as were to be sold, of which a great part would frequently be uncultivated.	第二に、都市の住民が獲得した富は、売りに出されていた土地の購入に使われることが多く、その大部分は未開墾であることが多かった。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	employ|使う|verb|to use	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sell|売る|verb|to give or hand over in exchange for money	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	uncultivated|未開墾|adjective|not used for growing crops
Merchants are commonly ambitious of becoming country gentlemen, and, when they do, they are generally the best of all improvers.	商人は普通、田舎の紳士になることを熱望しており、そうなると、彼らは一般にすべての改良者の中で最も優れている。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; normally	ambitious|熱望している|adjective|having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man who lives in the country and has a lot of money and land	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	best|最も優れている|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	improver|改良者|noun|a person who makes something better
A merchant is accustomed to employ his money chiefly in profitable projects;	商人は、主に利益のある事業に自分の資金を投入することに慣れている。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to	employ|投入する|verb|use	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	profitable|利益のある|adjective|yielding a financial gain	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking
whereas a mere country gentleman is accustomed to employ it chiefly in expense.	一方、単なる田舎の紳士は、主に支出にそれを投入することに慣れている。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man of good family who lives in the country	employ|投入する|verb|use	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The one often sees his money go from him, and return to him again with a profit;	商人は、自分の資金が手元から離れ、利益を伴って再び手元に戻ってくるのをよく目にする。	one|商人|noun|a person who is involved in trade or commerce	often|よく|adverb|frequently; many times	see|目にする|verb|perceive with the eyes; observe visually	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	go|離れる|verb|move or travel	return|戻ってくる|verb|go or come back to a place or person	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
the other, when once he parts with it, very seldom expects to see any more of it.	一方、田舎の紳士は、いったん資金を手放すと、それが戻ってくることはほとんど期待していない。	the other|一方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	when once|いったん|conjunction|as soon as	part with|手放す|verb|give up possession of	very seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen
Those different habits naturally affect their temper and disposition in every sort of business.	これらの異なる習慣は、当然のことながら、あらゆる種類の事業において彼らの気分や性質に影響を与える。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	temper|気分|noun|a state of mind or feelings	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character
The merchant is commonly a bold, a country gentleman a timid undertaker.	商人は普通大胆で、田舎の紳士は臆病な事業家である。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; generally	bold|大胆|adjective|not afraid to do or say things that other people might not approve of	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man who lives in the country and has a lot of money and land	timid|臆病|adjective|not brave; easily frightened	undertaker|事業家|noun|a person who starts or manages a business
The one is not afraid to lay out at once a large capital upon the improvement of his land, when he has a probable prospect of raising the value of it in proportion to the expense;	商人は、費用に比例して土地の価値が上昇する見込みがある場合、土地の改良に大金を投じることを恐れない。	be afraid to|恐れない|verb|be unwilling to do something because of fear	lay out|投じる|verb|spend	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately	large capital|大金|noun|a lot of money	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
the other, if he has any capital, which is not always the case, seldom ventures to employ it in this manner.	一方、田舎の紳士は、常にそうとは限らないが、もし資金があったとしても、このような方法でそれを利用することはほとんどない。	the other|一方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	capital|資金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	seldom|ほとんどない|adverb|not often; rarely	venture|利用|verb|do something new or dangerous	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens
If he improves at all, it is commonly not with a capital, but with what he can save out or his annual revenue.	田舎の紳士が土地を改良する場合、それは通常、資本ではなく、年間収入から貯蓄できる金額で行う。	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	at all|全く|adverb|to the slightest extent	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Whoever has had the fortune to live in a mercantile town, situated in an unimproved country, must have frequently observed how much more spirited the operations of merchants were in this way, than those of mere country gentlemen.	未開拓の田舎にある商業都市に住む幸運に恵まれた人は誰でも、この点で商人の活動が単なる田舎の紳士の活動よりもどれほど活発であるかを頻繁に観察したに違いない。	have the fortune to|幸運に恵まれる|verb|be lucky enough to	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	mercantile town|商業都市|noun|a town that is a center of trade and commerce	unimproved country|未開拓の田舎|noun|a rural area that has not been developed	must have|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be certain or very likely to	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	spirited|活発な|adjective|full of energy and life	operation|活動|noun|a planned activity involving many people	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	country gentleman|田舎の紳士|noun|a man who lives in the country and has a high social position
The habits, besides, of order, economy, and attention, to which mercantile business naturally forms a merchant, render him much fitter to execute, with profit and success, any project of improvement.	そのうえ、商売が自然と商人に身につけさせる秩序、節約、注意深さといった習慣は、商人がどんな改良計画も利益を上げて成功裏に実行するのに大いに役立つ。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	economy|節約|noun|the careful management of available resources	attention|注意深さ|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	mercantile|商売|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	business|商売|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	form|身につけさせる|verb|bring into existence	render|役立つ|verb|cause to be or become	fitter|適した|adjective|more suitable or appropriate	execute|実行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better

Thirdly, and lastly, commerce and manufactures gradually introduced order and good government, and with them the liberty and security of individuals, among the inhabitants of the country, who had before lived almost in a continual state of war with their neighbours, and of servile dependency upon their superiors.	三番目、そして最後に、商業と製造業は、以前は隣国との戦争が絶えず、上位者に卑屈に依存していた国の住民の間に、秩序と善政を徐々に導入し、それに伴って個人の自由と安全をもたらした。	thirdly|三番目に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	good government|善政|noun|government that is honest, efficient, and fair	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	continual|絶え間ない|adjective|never stopping or ending	servile|卑屈な|adjective|having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others	dependency|依存|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like
This, though it has been the least observed, is by far the most important of all their effects.	これは、あまり注目されていないが、商業と製造業のすべての効果の中で群を抜いて最も重要である。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	least|あまり|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	observe|注目する|verb|notice or perceive	far|群を抜いて|adverb|by a great distance	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value
Mr Hume is the only writer who, so far as I know, has hitherto taken notice of it.	私の知る限り、ヒューム氏はこれまでのところこのことに注目した唯一の著述家である。	Mr Hume|ヒューム氏|noun|a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|up to this time; until now	take notice of|注目する|verb|to become aware of or pay attention to

In a country which has neither foreign commerce nor any of the finer manufactures, a great proprietor, having nothing for which he can exchange the greater part of the produce of his lands which is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators, consumes the whole in rustic hospitality at home.	外国貿易も精密な製造業もない国では、大地主は、耕作者の維持に必要な分を超える土地の産物の大部分を交換できるものが何もないので、そのすべてを自宅での田舎風のもてなしに使ってしまう。	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	finer manufacture|精密な製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	rustic|田舎風の|adjective|of or relating to the country or country life	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers
If this surplus produce is sufficient to maintain a hundred or a thousand men, he can make use of it in no other way than by maintaining a hundred or a thousand men.	この余剰生産物が百人または千人の人間を維持するのに十分であるならば、彼は百人または千人の人間を維持する以外にそれを利用することはできない。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	no other way|他に方法がない|noun|no alternative	than|以外に|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	by|によって|preposition|used to indicate the means by which something is done	make use of|利用する|verb|use something for a particular purpose
He is at all times, therefore, surrounded with a multitude of retainers and dependants, who, having no equivalent to give in return for their maintenance, but being fed entirely by his bounty, must obey him, for the same reason that soldiers must obey the prince who pays them.	そのため、彼は常に多くの家臣や従属者に囲まれており、彼らは生活の見返りに与える同等の価値のあるものを何も持たず、彼の恩恵によってのみ養われているため、兵士が給料を支払う君主に従わなければならないのと同じ理由で、彼に従わなければならない。	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	be surrounded with|囲まれている|verb|be around something on all sides	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis	dependant|従属者|noun|a person who depends on another for financial support	have no equivalent|同等の価値のあるものを何も持たない|verb|not have anything of equal value	in return|見返りに|noun|something given in return for something else	maintenance|生活|noun|the process of maintaining something	be fed|養われている|verb|be given food	bounty|恩恵|noun|something that is given freely	obey|従う|verb|do what someone says or orders	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen
Before the extension of commerce and manufactures in Europe, the hospitality of the rich and the great, from the sovereign down to the smallest baron, exceeded every thing which, in the present times, we can easily form a notion of Westminster-hall was the dining-room of William Rufus, and might frequently, perhaps, not be too large for his company.	ヨーロッパで商業と製造業が拡大する前は、君主から最小の男爵に至るまで、富裕層や偉人のもてなしは、現代ではウェストミンスターホールがウィリアム・ルーファスの食堂であり、おそらく彼の会社にとって大きすぎることはなかっただろうという考えを簡単に形成できるあらゆるものを上回っていた。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	great|偉人|adjective|of major significance or importance	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest order of the British nobility	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	present time|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	notion|考え|noun|a conception of or belief about something	Westminster-hall|ウェストミンスターホール|noun|a large hall in the Palace of Westminster in London	dining-room|食堂|noun|a room in which meals are eaten	William Rufus|ウィリアム・ルーファス|noun|the second son of William the Conqueror	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	too large|大きすぎる|adjective|of a size that is too big	company|会社|noun|a business organization
It was reckoned a piece of magnificence in Thomas Becket, that he strewed the floor of his hall with clean hay or rushes in the season, in order that the knights and squires, who could not get seats, might not spoil their fine clothes when they sat down on the floor to eat their dinner.	トーマス・ベケットは、席に座れなかった騎士や従者が床に座って食事をしても上等な服を汚さないように、季節になるとホールの床にきれいな干し草やイグサを敷き詰めたという壮大な話が残っている。	Thomas Becket|トーマス・ベケット|noun|Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170	a piece of magnificence|壮大な話|noun|a story that is impressive or impressive in scope or effect	strew|敷き詰める|verb|spread or scatter something over an area	hall|ホール|noun|a large room in a public building	clean|きれいな|adjective|free from dirt, marks, or stains	hay|干し草|noun|grass that has been cut and dried for use as fodder	rush|イグサ|noun|a plant with a slender stem and a tuft of small flowers	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year	knight|騎士|noun|a man who has been given a knighthood	squire|従者|noun|a young man who is training to be a knight	seat|席|noun|a place where someone can sit	spoil|汚す|verb|damage or harm something	fine|上等な|adjective|of high quality	clothes|服|noun|things that people wear	sit down|座る|verb|take a seat	eat|食べる|verb|take food into the body by chewing and swallowing it
The great Earl of Warwick is said to have entertained every day, at his different manors, 30,000 people;	偉大なウォリック伯爵は、毎日、彼の様々な荘園で3万人の人々をもてなしたと言われている。	Earl of Warwick|ウォリック伯爵|noun|a title of nobility in the Peerage of England	entertain|もてなす|verb|provide with amusement or enjoyment	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day; daily	manor|荘園|noun|the principal house of a landed estate	30,000|3万人|numeral|the number 30,000
and though the number here may have been exaggerated, it must, however, have been very great to admit of such exaggeration.	ここでの数は誇張されているかもしれないが、しかし、そのような誇張を認めるにはとても大きかったに違いない。	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	exaggerate|誇張する|verb|represent something as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	exaggeration|誇張|noun|a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is
A hospitality nearly of the same kind was exercised not many years ago in many different parts of the Highlands of Scotland.	ほぼ同じ種類のもてなしが、数年前までスコットランドの高原の多くの異なる地域で行われていた。	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	many years ago|数年前|noun|a long time ago	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
It seems to be common in all nations to whom commerce and manufactures are little known.	商業や製造業があまり知られていない国では、どこでも共通していることのようだ。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	be common|共通している|verb|be shared by or be characteristic of two or more people or things	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
I have seen, says Doctor Pocock, an Arabian chief dine in the streets of a town where he had come to sell his cattle, and invite all passengers, even common beggars, to sit down with him and partake of his banquet.	ポコック博士は、アラビアの酋長が牛を売りに来た町の通りで食事をし、すべての通行人、普通の乞食でさえも、一緒に座って宴会に参加するよう招待するのを見たと語っている。	Doctor Pocock|ポコック博士|noun|a doctor	Arabian|アラビアの|adjective|of or relating to Arabia or its people	chief|酋長|noun|the head of a tribe or clan	dine|食事をする|verb|eat dinner	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	street|通り|noun|a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	cattle|牛|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	invite|招待する|verb|ask (someone) to come to an event or to do something	passenger|通行人|noun|a person who is traveling in a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food	sit down|座る|verb|be in or move into a sitting position	banquet|宴会|noun|a large formal dinner party

The occupiers of land were in every respect as dependent upon the great proprietor as his retainers.	土地の占有者は、あらゆる点で、大地主の従者と同じように大地主に依存していた。	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	retainer|従者|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis
Even such of them as were not in a state of villanage, were tenants at will, who paid a rent in no respect equivalent to the subsistence which the land afforded them.	農奴の身分ではなかった者でさえ、土地が彼らに与えた生計に相当する地代を支払うことのない、自由意志の借地人だった。	villanage|農奴|noun|the state of being a villain	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	will|自由意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	afford|与える|verb|have enough money to pay for
A crown, half a crown, a sheep, a lamb, was some years ago, in the Highlands of Scotland, a common rent for lands which maintained a family.	数年前、スコットランドの高原地方では、家族を養う土地の一般的な地代は、王冠、半クラウン、羊、子羊だった。	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament made of precious metals and jewels and worn by a monarch	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	lamb|子羊|noun|a young sheep	some years ago|数年前|noun|a period of time in the past	the Highlands of Scotland|スコットランドの高原地方|noun|the mountainous region of northern Scotland	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
In some places it is so at this day;	ある場所では、今日でもそうである。	in some places|ある場所では|adverb|in some locations	at this day|今日でも|adverb|at the present time
nor will money at present purchase a greater quantity of commodities there than in other places.	現時点では、他の場所よりも多くの商品を購入することはできない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	will|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing the future tense	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	at present|現時点で|adverb|now; at this time	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	there|そこで|adverb|in or at that place	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison
In a country where the surplus produce of a large estate must be consumed upon the estate itself, it will frequently be more convenient for the proprietor, that part of it be consumed at a distance from his own house, provided they who consume it are as dependent upon him as either his retainers or his menial servants.	大農園の余剰生産物が農園内で消費されなければならない国では、それを消費する人々が家臣や下私と同じように農園主に依存しているならば、その一部を自宅から離れた場所で消費する方が農園主にとって都合がよいことが多い。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	estate|農園|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	proprietor|農園主|noun|the owner of a business	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	convenient|都合がよい|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	retainer|家臣|noun|a servant who is employed in a house on a permanent basis	menial|下僕|noun|a person who does work that is not important or requires little skill
He is thereby saved from the embarrassment of either too large a company, or too large a family.	それによって、彼は会社が大きすぎる、あるいは家族が大きすぎるという困惑から救われる。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	save|救う|verb|prevent from being lost, wasted, or destroyed	embarrassment|困惑|noun|a feeling of self-consciousness, shame, or awkwardness
A tenant at will, who possesses land sufficient to maintain his family for little more than a quit-rent, is as dependent upon the proprietor as any servant or retainer whatever, and must obey him with as little reserve.	家族を養うのに十分な土地を所有している自由借地人は、使用人や家臣と同じように地主に依存しており、ほとんど無条件に従わなければならない。	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	at will|自由に|adverb|as one chooses; freely	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	little more than|ほとんど|adverb|not much more than	quit-rent|永代借地料|noun|a fixed rent paid by a freeholder in lieu of services to a lord	dependent|依存する|adjective|unable to do without	proprietor|地主|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	retainer|家臣|noun|a person attached to a person of importance as a follower or employee	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of	little|ほとんど|adverb|not much; only a small amount	reserve|条件|noun|a condition or qualification
Such a proprietor, as he feeds his servants and retainers at his own house, so he feeds his tenants at their houses.	そのような地主は、自分の家で使用人や家臣を養うように、借地人の家で借地人を養う。	proprietor|地主|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	feed|養う|verb|give food to	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	retainer|家臣|noun|a person attached to a person of importance as a follower or dependent	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
The subsistence of both is derived from his bounty, and its continuance depends upon his good pleasure.	両者の生計は彼の恩恵に由来し、その継続は彼の喜びにかかっている。	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things previously mentioned	bounty|恩恵|noun|something that is given freely	continuance|継続|noun|the act of continuing	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	good pleasure|喜び|noun|something that gives enjoyment or satisfaction

Upon the authority which the great proprietors necessarily had, in such a state of things, over their tenants and retainers, was founded the power of the ancient barons.	このような状況下で、大地主が必然的に持っていた借地人や家臣に対する権限に基づいて、古代男爵の権力が確立された。	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a household	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest order of the British nobility
They necessarily became the judges in peace, and the leaders in war, of all who dwelt upon their estates.	彼らは必然的に、平和時には裁判官となり、戦争時には領地に住むすべての人々の指導者となった。	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	leader|指導者|noun|a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	estate|領地|noun|a large piece of land in the country, usually with a large house on it
They could maintain order, and execute the law, within their respective demesnes, because each of them could there turn the whole force of all the inhabitants against the injustice of anyone.	彼らはそれぞれの領地内で秩序を維持し、法を執行することができた。なぜなら、彼らはそれぞれ、誰かの不正に対してすべての住民の全力を向けることができたからである。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	demesnes|領地|noun|the land attached to a manor and held in demesne	turn|向ける|verb|change direction	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	force|力|noun|strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	injustice|不正|noun|lack of fairness or justice
No other person had sufficient authority to do this.	他の誰もこれを行うのに十分な権限を持っていなかった。	no other|他の誰も|determiner|no other person	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	do|行う|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish
The king, in particular, had not.	特に王はそうしなかった。	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	in particular|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average
In those ancient times, he was little more than the greatest proprietor in his dominions, to whom, for the sake of common defence against their common enemies, the other great proprietors paid certain respects.	これらの古代において、彼は自分の領土で最大の所有者にすぎず、他の大所有者は共通の敵に対する共通の防衛のために、ある程度の敬意を払っていた。	ancient time|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Middle East and Mediterranean until the fall of the Western Roman Empire	little more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of a ruler or government	sake|ため|noun|purpose; reason	common defence|共通の防衛|noun|the defence of a group of people or things	common enemy|共通の敵|noun|an enemy of a group of people or things	pay respect|敬意を払う|verb|show respect for someone or something
To have enforced payment of a small debt within the lands of a great proprietor, where all the inhabitants were armed, and accustomed to stand by one another, would have cost the king, had he attempted it by his own authority, almost the same effort as to extinguish a civil war.	すべての住民が武装し、互いに助け合うことに慣れている大所有者の土地内で、小さな借金の支払いを強制することは、王が自分の権限でそれを試みた場合、内戦を終わらせるのとほぼ同じ努力を要したであろう。	enforce|強制する|verb|compel observance of or compliance with	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	arm|武装する|verb|equip with or as if with weapons	stand by|助け合う|verb|be loyal to or supportive of	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	extinguish|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop burning or existing
He was, therefore, obliged to abandon the administration of justice, through the greater part of the country, to those who were capable of administering it;	そのため、彼は国の大部分で司法の執行を、それを執行できる人々に委ねざるを得なかった。	be obliged to|せざるを得ない|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	abandon|委ねる|verb|give up or leave behind	administration of justice|司法の執行|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are enforced and justice is done	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	those who|人々|noun|the people who	be capable of|できる|verb|have the ability or skill to do something
and, for the same reason, to leave the command of the country militia to those whom that militia would obey.	そして、同じ理由で、国の民兵の指揮をその民兵が従う人々に任せざるを得なかった。	for the same reason|同じ理由で|adverb|for the same cause or purpose	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the command or direction of

It is a mistake to imagine that those territorial jurisdictions took their origin from the feudal law.	これらの地域管轄権が封建法に由来すると想像するのは間違いである。	territorial jurisdiction|地域管轄権|noun|the power of a court to adjudicate cases within a particular geographical area	feudal law|封建法|noun|the law of the feudal system
Not only the highest jurisdictions, both civil and criminal, but the power of levying troops, of coining money, and even that of making bye-laws for the government of their own people, were all rights possessed allodially by the great proprietors of land, several centuries before even the name of the feudal law was known in Europe.	封建法の名前すらヨーロッパで知られるようになる数世紀も前から、民事・刑事両方の最高裁判権だけでなく、軍隊の徴募、貨幣の鋳造、さらには自分の領民を統治するための条例制定権まで、すべて大土地所有者が自由保有地として所有する権利だった。	jurisdiction|裁判権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	civil|民事|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	criminal|刑事|adjective|relating to a crime or its punishment	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	levy|徴募|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of a cavalry regiment	coin|鋳造|verb|make coins out of metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bye-law|条例|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	people|領民|noun|the inhabitants of a territory or country	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	allodially|自由保有地として|adverb|in a way that is not subject to any feudal superior	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	before|前|preposition|earlier than; prior to	feudal|封建|adjective|relating to the feudal system	law|法|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The authority and jurisdiction of the Saxon lords in England appear to have been as great before the Conquest as that of any of the Norman lords after it.	イングランドにおけるサクソン人の領主の権威と管轄権は、征服前には征服後のノルマン人の領主の権威と管轄権と同じくらい大きかったようである。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the power or right to exercise authority	Saxon|サクソン人|noun|a member of a Germanic people who conquered and settled in England from the 5th century	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	appear|ようである|verb|seem	Conquest|征服|noun|the act of conquering	Norman|ノルマン人|noun|a member of the people who conquered England in 1066	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)
But the feudal law is not supposed to have become the common law of England till after the Conquest.	しかし、封建法は征服後までイングランドの慣習法にはならなかったと考えられている。	feudal law|封建法|noun|the legal system of feudalism	common law|慣習法|noun|the body of law derived from judicial decisions	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation of a country or territory by military force
That the most extensive authority and jurisdictions were possessed by the great lords in France allodially, long before the feudal law was introduced into that country, is a matter of fact that admits of no doubt.	封建法がフランスに導入されるずっと前から、最も広範な権威と管轄権がフランスの大領主によって自由保有地として所有されていたことは、疑いの余地のない事実である。	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the power or right to exercise authority	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	allodially|自由保有地として|adverb|in a way that is not subject to feudal duties or services	long before|ずっと前に|adverb|a long time before	feudal law|封建法|noun|the law of the feudal system	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	matter of fact|事実|noun|something that is true	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something
That authority, and those jurisdictions, all necessarily flowed from the state of property and manners just now described.	その権威と管轄権はすべて、今述べた財産と風習の状態から必然的に生じたものである。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the power or right to exercise authority	flow|生じる|verb|move or cause to move freely and easily	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	manner|風習|noun|a way of behaving	describe|述べる|verb|give an account of something
Without remounting to the remote antiquities of either the French or English monarchies, we may find, in much later times, many proofs that such effects must always flow from such causes.	フランスやイギリスの君主制の遠い古代にまで遡らなくても、ずっと後の時代に、そのような結果は常にそのような原因から生じなければならないという多くの証拠を見つけることができる。	French|フランス|noun|a Romance language spoken in France and in other countries	English|イギリス|noun|a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in the United Kingdom and in the United States	monarchy|君主制|noun|a form of government with a monarch at the head	remount|遡る|verb|go back in time	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	antiquity|古代|noun|the ancient world	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	later|後の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
It is not thirty years ago since Mr Cameron of Lochiel, a gentleman of Lochaber in Scotland, without any legal warrant whatever, not being what was then called a lord of regality, nor even a tenant in chief, but a vassal of the Duke of Argyll, and with out being so much as a justice of peace, used, notwithstanding, to exercise the highest criminal jurisdictions over his own people.	スコットランドのロカバーの紳士であるロキエルのミスター・キャメロンが、何の法的根拠もなく、当時は王権の領主と呼ばれていたわけではなく、また、首長でさえなく、アーガイル公爵の家臣であり、治安判事であるにもかかわらず、自分の民に対して最高の刑事管轄権を行使していたのは、30年前のことではない。	Mr Cameron of Lochiel|ロキエルのミスター・キャメロン|noun|a gentleman of Lochaber in Scotland	Lochaber|ロカバー|noun|a region of Scotland	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	legal warrant|法的根拠|noun|a document issued by a court that authorizes law enforcement to take a specific action	lord of regality|王権の領主|noun|a lord who has the right to exercise royal authority within a particular territory	tenant in chief|首長|noun|a person who holds land directly from the king or queen	Duke of Argyll|アーガイル公爵|noun|a title of nobility in the Peerage of Scotland	justice of peace|治安判事|noun|a local magistrate who has the power to try minor offenses and to hold preliminary hearings for more serious offenses	exercise|行使する|verb|to use or put into effect	highest criminal jurisdiction|最高の刑事管轄権|noun|the power to hear and decide criminal cases	own people|自分の民|noun|the people of one's own country or group
He is said to have done so with great equity, though without any of the formalities of justice;	彼は、正義の形式を一切とらずに、非常に公平にそうしたと言われている。	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	great equity|非常に公平に|noun|the difference between the value of a property and the amount of any outstanding mortgages or other liens on the property	without any of|一切～ない|preposition|not having any of	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment
and it is not improbable that the state of that part of the country at that time made it necessary for him to assume this authority, in order to maintain the public peace.	そして、当時のその地方の状況から、彼が公共の平和を維持するためにこの権限を掌握する必要があったことはあり得ないことではない。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
That gentleman, whose rent never exceeded £500 a-year, carried, in 1745, 800 of his own people into the rebellion with him.	年収が500ポンドを超えたことのないこの紳士は、1745年に800人の部下を率いて反乱を起こした。	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	rent|年収|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	carry|率いる|verb|take or bring with one	people|部下|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	rebellion|反乱|noun|an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler

The introduction of the feudal law, so far from extending, may be regarded as an attempt to moderate, the authority of the great allodial lords.	封建法の導入は、拡大するどころか、大封建領主の権限を緩和する試みと見ることができる。	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	feudal law|封建法|noun|the legal system of feudalism	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	extending|拡大する|verb|become or make larger or more extensive	may be regarded as|見ることができる|verb|be able to be considered as	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to achieve something	moderate|緩和する|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	allodial|封建|adjective|held in absolute ownership without recognizing any superior to whom service is due
It established a regular subordination, accompanied with a long train of services and duties, from the king down to the smallest proprietor.	それは、国王から最小の所有者に至るまで、長い奉仕と義務の列を伴う、規則的な従属関係を確立した。	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundation for	regular|規則的な|adjective|done or happening frequently	subordination|従属関係|noun|the state of being subordinate	accompany|伴う|verb|go together with	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	train|列|noun|a series of connected vehicles that is pulled by a locomotive and runs on a track	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	down to|至るまで|preposition|all the way to	smallest|最小の|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something
During the minority of the proprietor, the rent, together with the management of his lands, fell into the hands of his immediate superior;	所有者が未成年の間、地代は彼の土地の管理とともに、彼の直属の上司の手に渡った。	minority|未成年|noun|the state or period of being under the legal age	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	fall into|渡る|verb|come into the possession of	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	immediate|直属|adjective|happening or done without delay	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person
and, consequently, those of all great proprietors into the hands of the king, who was charged with the maintenance and education of the pupil, and who, from his authority as guardian, was supposed to have a right of disposing of him in marriage, provided it was in a manner not unsuitable to his rank.	その結果、すべての大所有者の地代は、生徒の維持と教育を担当し、後見人としての権限から、彼の身分にふさわしくない方法でなければ、結婚で彼を処分する権利を持つとされていた国王の手に渡った。	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	those|それら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	charge|担当する|verb|be responsible for	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	guardian|後見人|noun|a person who has legal authority and responsibility for the care of another person	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	dispose|処分する|verb|deal with in a particular way	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship	rank|身分|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces
But though this institution necessarily tended to strengthen the authority of the king, and to weaken that of the great proprietors, it could not do either sufficiently for establishing order and good government among the inhabitants of the country;	しかし、この制度は必然的に国王の権限を強化し、大所有者の権限を弱める傾向があったが、国の住民の間に秩序と良い政府を確立するのに十分なことはできなかった。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	strengthen|強化する|verb|make or become stronger	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	weaken|弱める|verb|make or become weaker	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
because it could not alter sufficiently that state of property and manners from which the disorders arose.	なぜなら、それは無秩序の原因となった財産や風習の状態を十分に変えることができなかったからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	could not|できなかった|auxiliary verb|be unable to	alter|変える|verb|make or become different	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	manners|風習|noun|a way of behaving	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement
The authority of government still continued to be, as before, too weak in the head, and too strong in the inferior members;	政府の権限は、以前と変わらず、頭部では弱すぎ、下位の構成員では強すぎた。	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	head|頭部|noun|the upper or anterior division of the human body	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to perform	inferior|下位|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	member|構成員|noun|a person belonging to a group or an organization
and the excessive strength of the inferior members was the cause of the weakness of the head.	そして、下位の構成員の過度の強さが頭部の弱さの原因だった。	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual or proper	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	member|構成員|noun|a person belonging to a group or an organization	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	weakness|弱さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically weak
After the institution of feudal subordination, the king was as incapable of restraining the violence of the great lords as before.	封建的従属制度の成立後も、国王は大領主の暴力を抑えることはできなかった。	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	feudal|封建的|adjective|relating to the feudal system	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being subordinate	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	restrain|抑える|verb|hold back from doing something	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence
They still continued to make war according to their own discretion, almost continually upon one another, and very frequently upon the king;	彼らは依然として、ほとんど絶えず互いに、そして非常に頻繁に国王に対して、自分たちの裁量で戦争を続けた。	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	make war|戦争をする|verb|engage in a war	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	continually|絶えず|adverb|without stopping	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom
and the open country still continued to be a scene of violence, rapine, and disorder.	そして、開けた国は依然として暴力、強奪、無秩序の舞台であり続けた。	open country|開けた国|noun|a country with few or no barriers to trade	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or in a certain state	scene|舞台|noun|the place where an event occurs	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	rapine|強奪|noun|the violent seizure of property	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement

But what all the violence of the feudal institutions could never have effected, the silent and insensible operation of foreign commerce and manufactures gradually brought about.	しかし、封建制度のあらゆる暴力では決して成し遂げることができなかったことを、外国貿易と製造業の静かで無感覚な運営が徐々に実現した。	feudal institution|封建制度|noun|the social system in medieval Europe	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	silent|静かな|adjective|making no sound	insensible|無感覚な|adjective|not aware of or not reacting to something	operation|運営|noun|the action or fact of functioning or being active	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees
These gradually furnished the great proprietors with something for which they could exchange the whole surplus produce of their lands, and which they could consume themselves, without sharing it either with tenants or retainers.	これらは徐々に大地主に、彼らが土地の余剰生産物全部と交換できるもの、そして彼らが小作人や家臣と分け合うことなく自分たちで消費できるものを提供した。	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	something|何か|noun|an unspecified thing	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	whole|全部|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to the speaker and one or more other people as the object of a verb or preposition	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis
All for ourselves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind.	すべては自分のために、他人には何も、というのが、世界のどの時代においても、人類の支配者たちの卑劣な格言だったように思われる。	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	ourselves|自分|pronoun|the person or thing that is being discussed	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	other people|他人|noun|a person other than oneself	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	every age|どの時代|noun|all the time	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people living on it	vile|卑劣な|adjective|extremely unpleasant	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively
As soon, therefore, as they could find a method of consuming the whole value of their rents themselves, they had no disposition to share them with any other persons.	したがって、彼らは地代の全価値を自分たちで消費する方法を見つけるとすぐに、それを他の人と分かち合おうとする気持ちはなくなった。	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|at the moment that; immediately after	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as another person	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
For a pair of diamond buckles, perhaps, or for something as frivolous and useless, they exchanged the maintenance, or, what is the same thing, the price of the maintenance of 1000 men for a year, and with it the whole weight and authority which it could give them.	彼らは、おそらく一対のダイヤモンドのバックルや、それと同じくらい軽薄で無用なものと、1000人の人間の一年分の生活費、あるいは同じことだがその生活費に相当する金額と、それによって得られるすべての重みと権威を交換した。	pair|一対|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	diamond|ダイヤモンド|noun|a hard, transparent, precious stone	buckle|バックル|noun|a device with a clasp for fastening two parts of a belt, strap, or garment	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|not having any serious purpose or value	useless|無用な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	maintenance|生活費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	price|金額|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	weight|重み|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
The buckles, however, were to be all their own, and no other human creature was to have any share of them;	しかし、バックルはすべて彼ら自身のものであり、他の人間は誰もそれらを分け合うことはできなかった。	buckle|バックル|noun|a device with a clasp that fastens two parts of a belt, strap, or garment together	be to|である|auxiliary verb|be supposed to; be expected to	own|自分自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	no other|他の誰も|determiner|no one else	human creature|人間|noun|a human being	have any share of|分け合う|verb|have a portion of something
whereas, in the more ancient method of expense, they must have shared with at least 1000 people.	一方、より古い支出方法では、彼らは少なくとも1000人と分かち合っていたに違いない。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something in common with others	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	1000|1000|numeral|the number that is represented as a one followed by three zeros
With the judges that were to determine the preference, this difference was perfectly decisive;	優先順位を決定する裁判官にとって、この違いは完全に決定的だった。	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular manner; settle or decide	preference|優先順位|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is complete	decisive|決定的|adjective|having the power or quality of deciding; conclusive
and thus, for the gratification of the most childish, the meanest, and the most sordid of all vanities they gradually bartered their whole power and authority.	こうして、最も子供じみた、最も卑劣で、最も下品な虚栄心を満足させるために、彼らは次第に全権力と権威を交換していった。	gratification|満足|noun|the feeling of being satisfied	childish|子供じみた|adjective|of or like a child	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or unfair	sordid|下品な|adjective|dirty or unpleasant	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	barter|交換する|verb|exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience

In a country where there is no foreign commerce, nor any of the finer manufactures, a man of £10,000 a-year cannot well employ his revenue in any other way than in maintaining, perhaps, 1000 families, who are all of them necessarily at his command.	外国貿易も精密な製造業もない国では、年収1万ポンドの人は、おそらく1000家族を養う以外に収入を有効に活用することはできない。	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	finer manufactures|精密な製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	10,000|1万|numeral|the number 10,000	a-year|年収|noun|the amount of money that a person earns in a year	employ|活用する|verb|make use of	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	1000|1000|numeral|the number 1000	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order
In the present state of Europe, a man of £10,000 a-year can spend his whole revenue, and he generally does so, without directly maintaining twenty people, or being able to command more than ten footmen, not worth the commanding.	ヨーロッパの現状では、年収1万ポンドの人は、20人を直接養ったり、10人以上の従私を雇ったりせずに、収入のすべてを費やすことができるし、実際にそうしている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	10,000|1万|numeral|ten thousand	a-year|年|noun|a period of time	whole revenue|収入のすべて|noun|all of the income	generally|実際に|adverb|in most cases; usually	twenty|20|numeral|twenty	ten|10|numeral|ten	footman|従僕|noun|a male servant who waits at table	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a particular value
Indirectly, perhaps, he maintains as great, or even a greater number of people, than he could have done by the ancient method of expense.	間接的には、おそらく、彼は古代の方法で支出していたよりも多くの人々を養っている。	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	great|多くの|adjective|of major significance or importance	number|数|noun|a quantity of people or things	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
For though the quantity of precious productions for which he exchanges his whole revenue be very small, the number of workmen employed in collecting and preparing it must necessarily have been very great.	彼が全収入を交換する貴重な生産物の量は非常に少ないが、それを収集し準備するのに雇われた労働者の数は必然的に非常に多かったに違いない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	precious|貴重な|adjective|of high worth or value	production|生産物|noun|the creation of value	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	revenue|収入|noun|income	collect|収集する|verb|bring or gather together	prepare|準備する|verb|make (something) ready for use or consideration	employ|雇う|verb|provide work for (someone) in return for regular pay	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance
Its great price generally arises from the wages of their labour, and the profits of all their immediate employers.	その高価格は、一般的に彼らの労働賃金と、彼らの直接の雇用主の利益から生じる。	great price|高価格|noun|a high price	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
By paying that price, he indirectly pays all those wages and profits, and thus indirectly contributes to the maintenance of all the workmen and their employers.	その価格を支払うことで、彼は間接的にそれらの賃金と利益をすべて支払い、こうして間接的にすべての労働者とその雇用主の維持に貢献する。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something
He generally contributes, however, but a very small proportion to that of each;	しかし、彼は一般的に、それぞれに非常に小さな割合しか貢献していない。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things
to a very few, perhaps, not a tenth, to many not a hundredth, and to some not a thousandth, or even a ten thousandth part of their whole annual maintenance.	ごく少数の人には、おそらく10分の1にも満たず、多くの人には100分の1にも満たず、一部の人には1000分の1にも満たず、あるいは年間維持費の1万分の1にも満たない。	very few|ごく少数の|adjective|a small number of	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	hundredth|100分の1|noun|one of a hundred equal parts	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	thousandth|1000分の1|noun|one of a thousand equal parts	ten thousandth|1万分の1|noun|one of ten thousand equal parts	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something
Though he contributes, therefore, to the maintenance of them all, they are all more or less independent of him, because generally they can all be maintained without him.	したがって、彼は彼ら全員の維持に貢献しているが、彼らは多かれ少なかれ彼から独立している。なぜなら、一般的に彼らは彼なしでも維持できるからである。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	independent|独立している|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	without|なしで|preposition|not having or not accompanied by

When the great proprietors of land spend their rents in maintaining their tenants and retainers, each of them maintains entirely all his own tenants and all his own retainers.	大土地所有者が地代を小作人や家臣の維持に費やす場合、彼らはそれぞれ自分の小作人や家臣をすべて維持している。	great proprietor|大土地所有者|noun|a person who owns a lot of land	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	retainer|家臣|noun|a servant in a wealthy household	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	each|それぞれ|determiner|every one of two or more people or things
But when they spend them in maintaining tradesmen and artificers, they may, all of them taken together, perhaps maintain as great, or, on account of the waste which attends rustic hospitality, a greater number of people than before.	しかし、彼らが商人や職人の維持に費やす場合、彼らはすべて合わせると、おそらく以前と同じくらい多くの人々を維持するか、あるいは田舎の歓待に伴う無駄のために、以前よりも多くの人々を維持するかもしれない。	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	rustic|田舎の|adjective|of or relating to the country or country life	hospitality|歓待|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers
Each of them, however, taken singly, contributes often but a very small share to the maintenance of any individual of this greater number.	しかし、彼らのそれぞれは、単独で考えると、このより多くの人々のいずれかの個人の維持に非常に小さな割合しか貢献していないことが多い。	each of|それぞれ|noun|every one of	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	taken singly|単独で考えると|verb|considered individually	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	often|多い|adverb|frequently; many times	very small|非常に小さな|adjective|extremely little	share|割合|noun|a portion of something	maintenance|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in good condition	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	number|人々|noun|a large quantity or amount
Each tradesman or artificer derives his subsistence from the employment, not of one, but of a hundred or a thousand different customers.	商人や職人はそれぞれ、一人ではなく、百人、あるいは千人の異なる顧客の雇用から生計を立てている。	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who is engaged in trade or commerce	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	hundred|百人|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to ten times ten	thousand|千人|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to ten times one hundred	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business
Though in some measure obliged to them all, therefore, he is not absolutely dependent upon any one of them.	ある程度は彼ら全員に恩義を感じているとはいえ、彼は彼らの誰か一人に絶対的に依存しているわけではない。	in some measure|ある程度|adverb|to some extent	obliged|恩義を感じる|adjective|grateful	all|全員|pronoun|the whole amount or number of	absolutely|絶対的に|adverb|completely; totally	dependent|依存している|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like

The personal expense of the great proprietors having in this manner gradually increased, it was impossible that the number of their retainers should not as gradually diminish, till they were at last dismissed altogether.	大地主の個人的な出費がこのように徐々に増加したため、家臣の数も徐々に減少し、ついには完全に解雇されるまでになった。	personal expense|個人的な出費|noun|the cost of something that is paid for by an individual	great proprietor|大地主|noun|a person who owns a large amount of land	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a slow and steady way	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed by a person of high rank or status	dismiss|解雇する|verb|order or allow to leave
The same cause gradually led them to dismiss the unnecessary part of their tenants.	同じ原因で、彼らは徐々に小作人の不要な部分を解雇するようになった。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	cause|原因|noun|something that makes something else happen	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a slow and steady way	lead|導く|verb|cause to go in a particular direction	dismiss|解雇する|verb|order or allow to leave	unnecessary|不要な|adjective|not needed	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
Farms were enlarged, and the occupiers of land, notwithstanding the complaints of depopulation, reduced to the number necessary for cultivating it, according to the imperfect state of cultivation and improvement in those times.	農場は拡大され、過疎化の不満にもかかわらず、当時の不完全な耕作と改良の状態に応じて、土地の占有者は耕作に必要な数に減らされた。	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	enlarge|拡大する|verb|make or become bigger or more extensive	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something	depopulation|過疎化|noun|the action of reducing the population of an area	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	imperfect|不完全な|adjective|not perfect; having a defect or weakness	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
By the removal of the unnecessary mouths, and by exacting from the farmer the full value of the farm, a greater surplus, or, what is the same thing, the price of a greater surplus, was obtained for the proprietor, which the merchants and manufacturers soon furnished him with a method of spending upon his own person, in the same manner as he had done the rest.	不要な口を減らし、農場主から農場の全価値を徴収することで、より大きな余剰、あるいは同じことだが、より大きな余剰の価格が地主に得られ、商人や製造業者はすぐに、彼が残りの部分を行ったように、彼自身の人格に費やす方法を彼に提供した。	removal|削減|noun|the action of taking away something	unnecessary|不要な|adjective|not needed	mouth|口|noun|the opening and cavity in the lower part of the human face, surrounded by the lips, through which food is taken in and vocal sounds are emitted	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	proprietor|地主|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who trades with foreign countries	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something
The cause continuing to operate, he was desirous to raise his rents above what his lands, in the actual state of their improvement, could afford.	その原因が続いているため、彼は自分の土地が実際に改良された状態で支払える額以上に地代を上げたいと望んでいた。	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	operate|作用する|verb|perform a surgical operation on	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time
His tenants could agree to this upon one condition only, that they should be secured in their possession for such a term of years as might give them time to recover, with profit, whatever they should lay not in the further improvement of the land.	彼の小作人は、土地のさらなる改良に投資しなかったものを利益をつけて回収する時間を与えられるような年数の間、彼らの所有が保証されるというただ一つの条件でこれに同意することができた。	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	secure|保証される|verb|make certain of; ensure	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	term|年数|noun|a period of time	recover|回収する|verb|get back	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth that is not covered by water
The expensive vanity of the landlord made him willing to accept of this condition;	地主の浪費的な虚栄心が、彼にこの条件を受け入れさせた。	expensive|浪費的な|adjective|costing a lot of money	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	make|受け入れさせる|verb|cause to be or become	condition|条件|noun|a statement of what must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done
and hence the origin of long leases.	これが長期賃貸借の起源である。	hence|これが|adverb|for this reason; therefore	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived

Even a tenant at will, who pays the full value of the land, is not altogether dependent upon the landlord.	土地の全価値を支払う自由契約の小作人でさえ、地主に完全に依存しているわけではない。	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	at will|自由契約|adjective|able to be dismissed or terminated at the employer's discretion	full value|全価値|noun|the total worth of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
The pecuniary advantages which they receive from one another are mutual and equal, and such a tenant will expose neither his life nor his fortune in the service of the proprietor.	彼らが互いに受け取る金銭的利益は相互的で平等であり、そのような小作人は所有者に奉仕するために自分の命も財産もさらけ出すことはない。	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	advantage|利益|noun|a benefit or gain	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	mutual|相互的|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	expose|さらけ出す|verb|make (something) visible, known, or vulnerable	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or assets	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
But if he has a lease for along term of years, he is altogether independent;	しかし、もし彼が長期の賃貸借契約を結んでいるなら、彼は完全に独立している。	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	along term of years|長期|noun|a period of time that is long	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	independent|独立している|adjective|not dependent on another
and his landlord must not expect from him even the most trifling service, beyond what is either expressly stipulated in the lease, or imposed upon him by the common and known law of the country.	そして、彼の地主は、賃貸借契約書に明示的に規定されているか、またはその国の一般に知られた法律によって彼に課せられているものを超えて、彼から最も些細な奉仕さえも期待してはならない。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	beyond|超えて|preposition|at or to the further side of	lease|賃貸借契約書|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	expressly|明示的に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	stipulate|規定する|verb|require as a condition of an agreement	common|一般の|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties

The tenants having in this manner become independent, and the retainers being dismissed, the great proprietors were no longer capable of interrupting the regular execution of justice, or of disturbing the peace of the country.	こうして小作人が独立し、家臣が解雇されたので、大地主はもはや正義の通常の執行を妨害したり、国の平和を乱したりすることができなくなった。	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	become|なる|verb|come to be	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis	dismiss|解雇する|verb|order or allow to leave	proprietor|地主|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	no longer|もはや～ない|adverb|not anymore	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	interrupt|妨害する|verb|to stop or hinder by breaking in upon	regular|通常の|adjective|done or happening frequently or at regular intervals	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	disturb|乱す|verb|to interfere with the peace or quiet of	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
Having sold their birth-right, not like Esau, for a mess of pottage in time of hunger and necessity, but, in the wantonness of plenty, for trinkets and baubles, fitter to be the playthings of children than the serious pursuits of men, they became as insignificant as any substantial burgher or tradesmen in a city.	彼らは、エサウのように飢えと必要に迫られて一杯の粥のためにではなく、豊かさのゆえに、人間の真面目な追求よりも子供の玩具にふさわしい小物や安物の宝石のために、自分たちの生得権を売り渡してしまったので、都市の裕福な市民や商人と同じくらい取るに足らない存在になってしまった。	birth-right|生得権|noun|a right or privilege that you have because of your birth	Esau|エサウ|noun|the elder son of Isaac and Rebekah and the twin brother of Jacob	hunger|飢え|noun|a state of having a strong desire or need for food	necessity|必要|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	mess|一杯|noun|a quantity of food	pottage|粥|noun|a thick soup or stew of vegetables, especially beans or lentils	wantonness|豊かさ|noun|the quality or state of being unrestrained or excessive	plenty|豊かさ|noun|a state or condition of abundance	trinket|小物|noun|a small ornament or item of jewelry that is of little value	bauble|安物の宝石|noun|a small, showy ornament or trinket	fitter|ふさわしい|adjective|more suitable or appropriate	plaything|玩具|noun|a thing that is used for playing	pursuit|追求|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|of minor importance	substantial|裕福な|adjective|of considerable importance, size, or worth	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who runs a small shop or business
A regular government was established in the country as well as in the city, nobody having sufficient power to disturb its operations in the one, any more than in the other.	都市部と同様に農村部にも正規の政府が設立され、どちらにおいてもその運営を妨害する十分な権力を持つ者はいなかった。	country|農村部|noun|the land and scenery of a rural area	city|都市部|noun|a large human settlement	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the groundwork for	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	operation|運営|noun|the state of being in effect or in force	disturb|妨害する|verb|interfere with the normal progress or functioning of	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act

It does not, perhaps, relate to the present subject, but I cannot help remarking it, that very old families, such as have possessed some considerable estate from father to son for many successive generations, are very rare in commercial countries.	おそらく、現在の主題とは関係がないかもしれないが、私は、何代にもわたって父から息子へとかなりの財産を所有してきたような非常に古い家系は、商業国では非常にまれであることに注目せざるを得ない。	relate to|関係する|verb|be connected with	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	subject|主題|noun|the main topic of a text	cannot help|せざるを得ない|verb|be unable to refrain from	remark|注目する|verb|say something as a comment	very old|非常に古い|adjective|of great age	family|家系|noun|a group of people who are closely related	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	estate|財産|noun|a large house with a lot of land	many successive generations|何代にもわたって|noun|a series of people in a family who are descended from one another	very rare|非常にまれ|adjective|not common or frequent
In countries which have little commerce, on the contrary, such as Wales, or the Highlands of Scotland, they are very common.	逆に、ウェールズやスコットランドの高原など、商業がほとんど行われていない国では、非常に一般的である。	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	Wales|ウェールズ|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	the Highlands of Scotland|スコットランドの高原|noun|the mountainous region of northern Scotland	common|一般的|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent
The Arabian histories seem to be all full of genealogies;	アラビアの歴史はすべて系図でいっぱいのようだ。	Arabian|アラビアの|adjective|of or relating to Arabia or its people	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	full|いっぱい|adjective|containing or holding as much or as many as possible	genealogy|系図|noun|a record of the descent of a person, family, or group from an ancestor or ancestors
and there is a history written by a Tartar Khan, which has been translated into several European languages, and which contains scarce any thing else;	タタール・カーンによって書かれた歴史書があり、それはヨーロッパのいくつかの言語に翻訳されているが、それ以外にはほとんど何も含まれていない。	Tartar Khan|タタール・カーン|noun|a historical title for the supreme ruler of the Mongols and the Tatars	history|歴史書|noun|the study of past events	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	anything|何も|noun|something, no matter what
a proof that ancient families are very common among those nations.	これらの国々では古代家族が非常に一般的であることの証拠である。	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are closely related	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
In countries where a rich man can spend his revenue in no other way than by maintaining as many people as it can maintain, he is apt to run out, and his benevolence, it seems, is seldom so violent as to attempt to maintain more than he can afford.	金持ちが自分の収入を、できるだけ多くの人を養う以外に使い道がない国では、金持ちはすぐに使い果たしてしまうし、彼の慈悲心は、自分の資力以上のものを養おうとするほど激しいものになることはめったにないようだ。	rich man|金持ち|noun|a person with a great deal of money	spend|使う|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	run out|使い果たす|verb|use up all of something	benevolence|慈悲心|noun|the quality of being kind and generous	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	afford|資力がある|verb|have enough money to pay for
But where he can spend the greatest revenue upon his own person, he frequently has no bounds to his expense, because he frequently has no bounds to his vanity, or to his affection for his own person.	しかし、彼が自分の人格に最大の収入を費やすことができるところでは、彼はしばしば自分の虚栄心や自分の人格への愛情に限界がないので、彼の支出に限界がないことが多い。	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	have no bounds|限界がない|verb|be limitless	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something
In commercial countries, therefore, riches, in spite of the most violent regulations of law to prevent their dissipation, very seldom remain long in the same family.	したがって、商業国では、富の散逸を防ぐための最も厳しい法律の規制にもかかわらず、富が同じ家族に長く残ることはめったにない。	commercial|商業の|adjective|of or relating to commerce	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	violent|厳しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	dissipation|散逸|noun|the process of dissipating or being dissipated	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
Among simple nations, on the contrary, they frequently do, without any regulations of law;	反対に、単純な国々では、法律の規制なしに、富が同じ家族に長く残ることがよくある。	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	do|する|verb|perform an action	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
for among nations of shepherds, such as the Tartars and Arabs, the consumable nature of their property necessarily renders all such regulations impossible.	というのも、タタール人やアラブ人のような羊飼いの国々では、彼らの財産の消費可能な性質が、必然的にそのような規制をすべて不可能にしているからである。	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	Arabs|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	consumable|消費可能な|adjective|able to be used up	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	render|不可能にする|verb|cause to be or become	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority

A revolution of the greatest importance to the public happiness, was in this manner brought about by two different orders of people, who had not the least intention to serve the public.	公共の幸福にとって最も重要な革命は、このようにして、公共に奉仕する意図を少しも持たない二つの異なる階級の人々によってもたらされた。	public happiness|公共の幸福|noun|the happiness of the general public	greatest importance|最も重要な|adjective|of the highest importance	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	in this manner|このようにして|adverb|in this way	two different orders of people|二つの異なる階級の人々|noun|two different classes of people	not the least intention|少しも持たない|noun|not the smallest intention	serve the public|公共に奉仕する|verb|to work for the government or a public institution
To gratify the most childish vanity was the sole motive of the great proprietors.	最も子供じみた虚栄心を満足させることが、大地主たちの唯一の動機だった。	gratify|満足させる|verb|give (someone) pleasure or satisfaction	childish|子供じみた|adjective|of or like a child	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something
The merchants and artificers, much less ridiculous, acted merely from a view to their own interest, and in pursuit of their own pedlar principle of turning a penny wherever a penny was to be got.	商人や職人は、それほど馬鹿げたことはせず、単に自分の利益を追求し、一銭でも稼げるところがあれば稼ぐという行商人の原則に従って行動した。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	ridiculous|馬鹿げた|adjective|causing laughter because of being foolish or absurd	act|行動する|verb|do something	view|見解|noun|a way of thinking about something	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	pursuit|追求|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	turn|稼ぐ|verb|earn	penny|一銭|noun|a small amount of money
Neither of them had either knowledge or foresight of that great revolution which the folly of the one, and the industry of the other, was gradually bringing about.	どちらも、一方の愚行と他方の勤勉さが徐々にもたらしている大革命について、知識も予見も持っていなかった。	neither|どちらも|determiner|not either	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	foresight|予見|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	folly|愚行|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen

It was thus, that, through the greater part of Europe, the commerce and manufactures of cities, instead of being the effect, have been the cause and occasion of the improvement and cultivation of the country.	こうして、ヨーロッパの大部分では、都市の商業や製造業は、その結果であるどころか、農村の改良や耕作の原因や機会となってきたのである。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or is done	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the raising of plants or animals

This order, however, being contrary to the natural course of things, is necessarily both slow and uncertain.	しかし、この順序は物事の自然な流れに反しているため、必然的に遅く不確実なものとなる。	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	course|流れ|noun|the general direction in which something progresses or develops	contrary|反している|adjective|opposite in nature, direction, or meaning	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating, or designed to move or operate, only at a low speed; not fast or quick	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
Compare the slow progress of those European countries of which the wealth depends very much upon their commerce and manufactures, with the rapid advances of our North American colonies, of which the wealth is founded altogether in agriculture.	富が商業や製造業に大きく依存しているヨーロッパ諸国のゆっくりとした進歩と、富がすべて農業に依存している北米植民地の急速な進歩を比較してみよう。	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	slow|ゆっくりとした|adjective|taking a long time	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its peoples, languages, or cultures	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	rapid|急速な|adjective|very fast or quick	advance|進歩|noun|a forward movement	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America or its peoples, languages, or cultures	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	found|依存する|verb|base or establish
Through the greater part of Europe, the number of inhabitants is not supposed to double in less than five hundred years.	ヨーロッパの大部分では、住民の数は500年以上経たないと倍にならないと考えられている。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	less than|以上|preposition|not as much as	five hundred years|500年|noun|a period of time equal to 500 years	double|倍になる|verb|become twice as great or as many	suppose|考えられている|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable
In several of our North American colonies, it is found to double in twenty or five-and-twenty years.	北米の植民地のいくつかでは、20年から25年で倍増していることがわかっている。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	double|倍増する|verb|become twice as great or as many	twenty|20年|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten	five-and-twenty|25年|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and five
In Europe, the law of primogeniture, and perpetuities of different kinds, prevent the division of great estates, and thereby hinder the multiplication of small proprietors.	ヨーロッパでは、長子相続法やさまざまな種類の永続性が大地所の分割を阻止し、それによって小規模所有者の増加を妨げている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	law|法律|noun|a system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child	perpetuity|永続性|noun|the state or quality of lasting forever	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	great estate|大地所|noun|a large piece of land	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number	small proprietor|小規模所有者|noun|a person who owns a small business
A small proprietor, however, who knows every part of his little territory, views it with all the affection which property, especially small property, naturally inspires, and who upon that account takes pleasure, not only in cultivating, but in adorning it, is generally of all improvers the most industrious, the most intelligent, and the most successful.	しかし、自分の小さな領土のあらゆる部分を知っている小規模所有者は、財産、特に小さな財産が自然に抱く愛情をもってそれを眺め、その上で耕作するだけでなく、それを飾ることに喜びを感じ、一般的にすべての改良者の中で最も勤勉で、最も知的で、最も成功している。	small proprietor|小規模所有者|noun|a person who owns a small business	little territory|小さな領土|noun|a small area of land	view|眺める|verb|look at or inspect	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of love or strong or constant liking	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	small property|小さな財産|noun|a small amount of money or assets	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	inspire|抱く|verb|fill with a feeling or emotion	take pleasure|喜びを感じる|verb|enjoy something	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	adorn|飾る|verb|decorate	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	improver|改良者|noun|a person who makes something better	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard	intelligent|知的な|adjective|having or showing intelligence	successful|成功した|adjective|having achieved success
The same regulations, besides, keep so much land out of the market, that there are always more capitals to buy than there is land to sell, so that what is sold always sells at a monopoly price.	そのうえ、同じ規制によって多くの土地が市場から締め出されているため、売却される土地よりも購入する資本が常に多く、売却される土地は常に独占価格で売却される。	keep|締め出す|verb|prevent from entering	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sell|売却される|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
The rent never pays the interest of the purchase-money, and is, besides, burdened with repairs and other occasional charges, to which the interest of money is not liable.	地代は決して購入資金の利子を支払うことはなく、そのうえ、修理やその他の臨時費用の負担があり、金利は負担されない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	purchase-money|購入資金|noun|money paid for a purchase	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	burden|負担|noun|a responsibility or duty that is difficult to bear	repair|修理|noun|the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	charge|費用|noun|a price asked for a service or a product	liable|負担されない|adjective|responsible by law; legally responsible
To purchase land, is, everywhere in Europe, a most unprofitable employment of a small capital.	土地を購入することは、ヨーロッパのどこでも、小資本の最も不採算な用途である。	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	most|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent	unprofitable|不採算な|adjective|not yielding a profit	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	small capital|小資本|noun|a small amount of money
For the sake of the superior security, indeed, a man of moderate circumstances, when he retires from business, will sometimes choose to lay out his little capital in land.	確かに、中流階級の人は、事業から引退するときに、より優れた安全性のために、自分の小さな資本を土地に投資することを選択することがある。	for the sake of|のために|preposition|with the aim or intention of	superior security|より優れた安全性|noun|a state of being free from danger or threat	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	moderate circumstances|中流階級|noun|a social class between the upper and working classes	when|ときに|conjunction|at or during the time that	retire|引退する|verb|withdraw from one's position or occupation	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	sometimes|ときどき|adverb|occasionally; at times	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	lay out|投資する|verb|spend or invest	little|小さな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
A man of profession, too whose revenue is derived from another source often loves to secure his savings in the same way.	収入が別の源泉から得られる専門職の人も、同じように貯蓄を確保したいと思うことが多い。	profession|専門職|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	revenue|収入|noun|income	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach securely	saving|貯蓄|noun|money that is saved
But a young man, who, instead of applying to trade or to some profession, should employ a capital of two or three thousand pounds in the purchase and cultivation of a small piece of land, might indeed expect to live very happily and very independently, but must bid adieu for ever to all hope of either great fortune or great illustration, which, by a different employment of his stock, he might have had the same chance of acquiring with other people.	しかし、貿易や職業に従事する代わりに、2、3千ポンドの資本を小規模な土地の購入と耕作に費やす若者は、確かに非常に幸せに、非常に独立して生活することを期待できるかもしれないが、大金持ちになるか、大いに名を上げるか、どちらかの希望に永遠に別れを告げなければならない。それは、彼の資本を別の用途に用いたら、他の人々と同じように獲得する機会があったかもしれない。	apply|従事する|verb|devote oneself to a particular activity	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	happily|幸せに|adverb|in a happy way	independently|独立して|adverb|without being influenced or controlled by others	bid adieu|別れを告げる|verb|say goodbye	forever|永遠に|adverb|for all future time; for always	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	fortune|大金持ち|noun|a large amount of money or assets	illustration|名を上げる|noun|a picture or diagram that explains or decorates a book, magazine, etc.	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	different|別の|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	employment|用途|noun|the condition of having paid work	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of
Such a person, too, though he cannot aspire at being a proprietor, will often disdain to be a farmer.	そのような人も、所有者になることを熱望することはできないが、農民になることを軽蔑することが多い。	such a person|そのような人|noun|a person of the type just described	too|も|adverb|also; as well	aspire|熱望する|verb|direct one's hopes or ambitions toward achieving something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
The small quantity of land, therefore, which is brought to market, and the high price of what is brought thither, prevents a great number of capitals from being employed in its cultivation and improvement, which would otherwise have taken that direction.	したがって、市場に出される土地の量が少なく、また市場に出される土地の価格が高いため、多くの資本がその耕作や改良に使われるのを妨げている。	small quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening	great number|多数|noun|a large number	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better
In North America, on the contrary, fifty or sixty pounds is often found a sufficient stock to begin a plantation with.	逆に北アメリカでは、五十ポンドか六十ポンドで農園を始めるのに十分な資本となることが多い。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	fifty or sixty pounds|五十ポンドか六十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar are grown
The purchase and improvement of uncultivated land is there the most profitable employment of the smallest as well as of the greatest capitals, and the most direct road to all the fortune and illustration which can be required in that country.	未開地の購入と改良は、そこでは最大の資本と同様に最小の資本の最も収益性の高い用途であり、その国で必要とされるすべての富と名声への最も直接的な道である。	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	uncultivated land|未開地|noun|land that is not used for growing crops	the most profitable employment|最も収益性の高い用途|noun phrase|the use of something that yields the most profit	the smallest as well as of the greatest capitals|最大の資本と同様に最小の資本|noun phrase|the smallest and largest amounts of money that are invested in a business	the most direct road|最も直接的な道|noun phrase|the shortest or most direct route	all the fortune and illustration|すべての富と名声|noun phrase|all the money and fame	can be required|必要とされる|verb phrase|be needed or wanted
Such land, indeed, is in North America to be had almost for nothing, or at a price much below the value of the natural produce;	実際、北アメリカではそのような土地はほとんどただ同然で、あるいは天然産物の価値をはるかに下回る価格で手に入れることができる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	be had|手に入れることができる|verb|be obtained	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	nothing|ただ同然|noun|not anything; no single thing	at a price|価格で|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	below|下回る|preposition|in a lower position than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
a thing impossible in Europe, or indeed in any country where all lands have long been private property.	ヨーロッパでは、あるいはすべての土地が長い間私有財産であった国では、不可能なことである。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private individual or group
If landed estates, however, were divided equally among all the children, upon the death of any proprietor who left a numerous family, the estate would generally be sold.	しかし、もし土地所有者が大家族を残して死亡したときに、その土地をすべての子供たちに平等に分割するとしたら、その土地は通常売却されるだろう。	landed estate|土地|noun|a large area of land owned by one person or family	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	death|死亡|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other by blood or marriage	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land owned by one person or family	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
So much land would come to market, that it could no longer sell at a monopoly price.	市場に多くの土地が出回り、もはや独占価格では売れなくなるだろう。	come to market|市場に出る|verb|be offered for sale	monopoly price|独占価格|noun|the price that a monopolist charges
The free rent of the land would go no nearer to pay the interest of the purchase-money, and a small capital might be employed in purchasing land as profitable as in any other way.	土地の自由地代は、購入資金の利子を支払うには十分ではなく、小額の資本を他の方法と同じように収益性の高い土地の購入に充てることができるだろう。	free rent|自由地代|noun|rent that is not paid	go no nearer|十分ではない|verb|not be enough	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	purchase-money|購入資金|noun|money used to buy something	small capital|小額の資本|noun|a small amount of money that is used to start or operate a business	employ|充てる|verb|use for a particular purpose	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|making a profit	land|土地|noun|the surface of the earth that is not covered by water

England, on account of the natural fertility of the soil, of the great extent of the sea-coast in proportion to that of the whole country, and of the many navigable rivers which run through it, and afford the conveniency of water carriage to some of the most inland parts of it, is perhaps as well fitted by nature as any large country in Europe to be the seat of foreign commerce, of manufactures for distant sale, and of all the improvements which these can occasion.	イギリスは、土壌が天然に肥沃で、国土全体に比べて海岸線が長く、また、国土を流れる多くの河川が航行可能で、内陸部の一部まで水運の便がよいことから、ヨーロッパのどの大国にも劣らず、対外貿易、遠隔地販売のための製造業、およびこれらによってもたらされるあらゆる改良の拠点となるのに適している。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	natural|天然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	fertility|肥沃|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	great extent|長い|noun|a large amount or range	sea-coast|海岸線|noun|the land next to the sea	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a way that is related to the size or amount of something else	whole country|国土全体|noun|the entire territory of a country	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	navigable|航行可能|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel along	river|河川|noun|a large natural stream of water that flows through a particular area of land	run through|流れる|verb|flow through	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	conveniency|便|noun|something that is helpful or useful	water carriage|水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by water	some of|一部|noun|a part of something	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	part|部|noun|a piece of something	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	as well|劣らず|adverb|to the same degree	fitted|適している|verb|be suitable for	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	as|として|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that describes someone or something	any|どの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	large|大|adjective|of great size or extent	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	in|で|preposition|used to indicate a place	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	to be|となる|verb|to exist or occur	seat|拠点|noun|a place where something is located or where an activity is centered	foreign|対外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a relationship between a part and a whole	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	for|のための|preposition|with the purpose of	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	and|および|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, or clauses	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a relationship between a part and a whole	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	the|その|determiner|used to point forward to a following noun
From the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, too, the English legislature has been peculiarly attentive to the interest of commerce and manufactures, and in reality there is no country in Europe, Holland itself not excepted, of which the law is, upon the whole, more favourable to this sort of industry.	また、エリザベス女王の治世の初めから、イギリスの立法府は商業と製造業の利益に特に関心を払っており、実際にはヨーロッパには、オランダも含めて、この種の産業にこれほど有利な法律を持つ国はない。	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Queen of England from 17 November 1558 until her death	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	peculiarly|特に関心を払って|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	attentive|関心を払って|adjective|paying attention	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery	reality|実際には|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the continent of Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	except|含めて|verb|not include	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	upon the whole|これほど有利な|adverb|in general	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Commerce and manufactures have accordingly been continually advancing during all this period.	それに応じて、この期間中、商業と製造業は絶えず進歩してきた。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result; consequently	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward
The cultivation and improvement of the country has, no doubt, been gradually advancing too;	国の開拓と改良も、間違いなく徐々に進歩してきた。	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward
but it seems to have followed slowly, and at a distance, the more rapid progress of commerce and manufactures.	しかし、それは商業と製造業の急速な進歩に比べて、ゆっくりと、そして遠くからついてきたように思われる。	follow|ついてくる|verb|go after someone or something	slowly|ゆっくりと|adverb|not fast	at a distance|遠くから|adverb|far away	rapid|急速な|adjective|very fast	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement
The greater part of the country must probably have been cultivated before the reign of Elizabeth; and a very great part of it still remains uncultivated, and the cultivation of the far greater part much inferior to what it might be,	国の大部分は、おそらくエリザベス女王の治世以前に開拓されていたに違いない。そして、その非常に大きな部分が未開拓のままであり、はるかに大きな部分の開拓は、本来あるべき姿よりもはるかに劣っている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	cultivated|開拓された|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	before|以前|preposition|earlier than; prior to	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Elizabeth I, Queen of England from 1558 to 1603	very great part|非常に大きな部分|noun|the majority of something	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; even then	uncultivated|未開拓|adjective|not used for growing crops	far greater part|はるかに大きな部分|noun|the majority of something	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land	much inferior|はるかに劣っている|adjective|far worse or lower in quality	what it might be|本来あるべき姿|noun|the potential of something
The law of England, however, favours agriculture, not only indirectly, by the protection of commerce, but by several direct encouragements.	しかし、イギリスの法律は、商業の保護によって間接的に農業を優遇するだけでなく、いくつかの直接的な奨励によっても農業を優遇している。	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	favour|優遇する|verb|prefer one thing over another	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	direct|直接的な|adjective|involving no intermediary	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something
Except in times of scarcity, the exportation of corn is not only free, but encouraged by a bounty.	不足している時期を除いて、穀物の輸出は自由であるだけでなく、賞金によって奨励されている。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	time|時期|noun|a period of time	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal
In times of moderate plenty, the importation of foreign corn is loaded with duties that amount to a prohibition.	適度に豊富な時期には、外国産穀物の輸入には禁止に相当する関税が課せられる。	time|時期|noun|a period of time	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	load|課する|verb|put a load on or in	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	amount|相当する|verb|be equal to in number, value, or effect	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law
The importation of live cattle, except from Ireland, is prohibited at all times;	アイルランドを除く生きた牛の輸入は常に禁止されている。	importation|輸入|noun|the act of bringing something into a country	live cattle|生きた牛|noun|cattle that are alive	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in Europe	prohibited|禁止されている|verb|not allowed; forbidden	at all times|常に|adverb|always; on all occasions
and it is but of late that it was permitted from thence.	そして、それが許されたのはつい最近のことである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it is but of late|つい最近のことである|phrase|it is only recently	that|それは|pronoun|the thing that	it|それ|pronoun|the thing that	was permitted|許された|verb|allow (something) to happen
Those who cultivate the land, therefore, have a monopoly against their countrymen for the two greatest and most important articles of land produce, bread and butcher’s meat.	したがって、土地を耕す人々は、土地生産物の中で最も大きく最も重要な二品目、パンと食肉について、同胞に対して独占権を持っている。	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	countryman|同胞|noun|a person from one's own country	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water	butcher's meat|食肉|noun|meat that is sold by a butcher
These encouragements, although at bottom, perhaps, as I shall endeavour to show hereafter, altogether illusory, sufficiently demonstrate at least the good intention of the legislature to favour agriculture.	これらの奨励は、おそらく、私がこれから示すように、根本的にはまったく幻想的なものではあるが、少なくとも農業を優遇しようとする立法府の善意を十分に示している。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	bottom|根本|noun|the lowest part of something	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	illusory|幻想的|adjective|based on or having the nature of an illusion	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	favour|優遇|verb|prefer one person or thing to another
But what is of much more importance than all of them, the yeomanry of England are rendered as secure, as independent, and as respectable, as law can make them.	しかし、それらすべてよりもはるかに重要なのは、イギリスの自作農は法律が許す限り、安全で、独立しており、尊敬されているということである。	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	all of them|それらすべて|pronoun|the whole of the people or things previously mentioned	yeomanry|自作農|noun|a class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat	independent|独立|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	respectable|尊敬|adjective|worthy of respect	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
No country, therefore, which the right of primogeniture takes place, which pays tithes, and where perpetuities, though contrary to the spirit of the law, are admitted in some cases, can give more encouragement to agriculture than England.	したがって、長子相続権が存在し、十分の一税を支払い、法律の精神に反するにもかかわらず永続性が認められる国は、イギリス以上に農業を奨励することはできない。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	take place|存在する|verb|happen	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	perpetuity|永続性|noun|the state or quality of lasting forever	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
Such, however, notwithstanding, is the state of its cultivation.	しかし、それにもかかわらず、それが耕作の状態である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; even so; in spite of that	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of; without being influenced by	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
What would it have been, had the law given no direct encouragement to agriculture besides what arises indirectly from the progress of commerce, and had left the yeomanry in the same condition as in most other countries of Europe?	法律が農業に直接的な奨励を与えず、商業の進歩から間接的に生じるもの以外に、ヨーロッパの他のほとんどの国と同じ状態に自作農を残していたら、どうなっていただろうか?	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intervening medium or agent	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; as well as	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	leave|残す|verb|go away from	yeomanry|自作農|noun|a class of small freeholders who cultivated their own land	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of; more than half of	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It is now more than two hundred years since the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, a period as long as the course of human prosperity usually endures.	エリザベス女王の治世が始まってから200年以上経ったが、これは人間の繁栄が通常続く期間と同じくらい長い。	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|Queen of England from 17 November 1558 to 24 March 1603	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	beginning|始まり|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	two hundred years|200年|noun|a period of time equal to two hundred calendar years	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great physical extent or duration from end to end	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	course|経過|noun|the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river	human|人間|noun|a human being	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	endure|続く|verb|remain in existence; last

France seems to have had a considerable share of foreign commerce, near a century before England was distinguished as a commercial country.	フランスは、イギリスが商業国として名を馳せる1世紀近く前に、外国貿易でかなりのシェアを占めていたようだ。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	share|シェア|noun|a portion of something	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between countries	near|近く|preposition|close to	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	be distinguished|名を馳せる|verb|be famous or well known
The marine of France was considerable, according to the notions of the times, before the expedition of Charles VIII. to Naples.	シャルル八世のナポリ遠征以前の当時の考え方によると、フランスの海軍はかなりのものだった。	marine|海軍|noun|the military branch of a country that is responsible for fighting at sea	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	the notions of the times|当時の考え方|noun|the ideas that were popular at a particular time	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	the expedition of Charles VIII|シャルル八世の遠征|noun|the military campaign of Charles VIII	to Naples|ナポリへ|preposition|to the city of Naples
The cultivation and improvement of France, however, is, upon the whole, inferior to that of England.	しかし、フランスの耕作と改良は、全体的に見てイギリスに劣っている。	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
The law of the country has never given the same direct encouragement to agriculture.	フランスの法律は、農業に対してイギリスのような直接的な奨励を与えたことは一度もない。	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming

The foreign commerce of Spain and Portual to the other parts of Europe, though chiefly carried on in foreign ships, is very considerable.	スペインとポルトガルのヨーロッパの他の地域との外国貿易は、主に外国船で行われているが、非常に大きい。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portual|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	foreign ship|外国船|noun|a ship that is registered in a country other than the one in which it is currently located	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	considerable|大きい|adjective|large in size, amount, or extent
That to their colonies is carried on in their own, and is much greater, on account of the great riches and extent of those colonies.	植民地との貿易は、自国の船で行われており、植民地の富と規模が大きいため、はるかに大きい。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	much greater|はるかに大きい|adjective|much larger	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial situation of a business or person over a period of time	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something
But it has never introduced any considerable manufactures for distant sale into either of those countries, and the greater part of both still remains uncultivated.	しかし、これらの国々のどちらにも、遠隔地で販売するための重要な製造業が導入されたことはなく、両国の大部分は未開のままである。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	uncultivated|未開|adjective|not used for growing crops
The foreign commerce of Portugal is of older standing than that of any great country in Europe, except Italy.	ポルトガルの外国貿易は、イタリアを除くヨーロッパのどの大国よりも古い歴史を持つ。	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	older|より古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a longer period of time	standing|歴史|noun|the length of time something has existed	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula

Italy is the only great country of Europe which seems to have been cultivated and improved in every part, by means of foreign commerce and manufactures for distant sale.	イタリアは、ヨーロッパで唯一、外国貿易と遠隔地販売のための製造業によって、あらゆる部分で開拓され、改善されたように見える大国である。	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	cultivate|開拓する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of something	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	distant sale|遠隔地販売|noun|the sale of goods or services to customers who are not physically present at the point of sale
Before the invasion of Charles VIII., Italy, according to Guicciardini, was cultivated not less in the most mountainous and barren parts of the country, than in the plainest and most fertile.	グイチャルディーニによれば、シャルル八世の侵略前、イタリアは、国土の最も山がちで不毛な地域でも、最も平坦で肥沃な地域と同じくらい開拓されていた。	Charles VIII|シャルル八世|noun|King of France from 30 August 1483	invasion|侵略|noun|an act or instance of invading	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	Guicciardini|グイチャルディーニ|noun|an Italian historian and statesman	mountainous|山がち|adjective|having many mountains	barren|不毛|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	plainest|最も平坦|adjective|most simple or ordinary	fertile|肥沃|adjective|capable of producing offspring
The advantageous situation of the country, and the great number of independent status which at that time subsisted in it, probably contributed not a little to this general cultivation.	国の有利な状況と、当時そこに存在していた多数の独立した地位は、おそらくこの一般的な開拓に少なからず貢献した。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	great number|多数|noun|a large quantity or amount	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	status|地位|noun|the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	subsist|存在する|verb|to be supplied with the necessities of life	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	not a little|少なからず|adverb|to a significant extent	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land
It is not impossible, too, notwithstanding this general expression of one of the most judicious and reserved of modern historians, that Italy was not at that time better cultivated than England is at present.	現代の歴史家の中で最も賢明で控えめな人の一人であるこの一般的な表現にもかかわらず、当時のイタリアが現在のイギリスよりも開拓されていなかったということは不可能ではない。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	historian|歴史家|noun|a person who studies or writes about history	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	at that time|当時|noun|at the time in question	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	at present|現在|noun|at the present time; now

The capital, however, that is acquired to any country by commerce and manufactures, is always a very precarious and uncertain possession, till some part of it has been secured and realized in the cultivation and improvement of its lands.	しかし、商業や製造業によってどの国でも獲得される資本は、その一部がその国の土地の開拓と改良によって確保され、実現されるまでは、常に非常に不安定で不確実な所有物である。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe or certain	realize|実現する|verb|to achieve or make real	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
A merchant, it has been said very properly, is not necessarily the citizen of any particular country.	商人は、非常に適切に言われるように、必ずしも特定の国の市民ではない。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It is in a great measure indifferent to him from what place he carries on his trade;	彼にとって、どこで商売をするかは大した問題ではない。	in a great measure|大した|adverb|to a great extent	indifferent|問題ではない|adjective|not interested or concerned	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services
and a very trifling disgust will make him remove his capital, and, together with it, all the industry which it supports, from one country to another.	そして、ごく些細な嫌悪感から、彼は自分の資本を、そしてそれと共に、それが支えるすべての産業を、ある国から別の国へと移してしまう。	disgust|嫌悪感|noun|a strong feeling of dislike	make|移す|verb|cause to happen or exist	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	together|共に|adverb|with each other	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
No part of it can be said to belong to any particular country, till it has been spread, as it were, over the face of that country, either in buildings, or in the lasting improvement of lands.	建物や土地の永続的な改良によって、その国の表面に広がるまで、その一部が特定の国に属しているとは言えない。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	spread|広がる|verb|stretch out over a wide area	face|表面|noun|the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	lasting|永続的な|adjective|continuing for a long time	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
No vestige now remains of the great wealth said to have been possessed by the greater part of the Hanse Towns, except in the obscure histories of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.	ハンザ同盟の都市の大部分が所有していたと言われる莫大な富は、13世紀と14世紀の不明瞭な歴史を除いて、今では跡形もない。	Hanse Towns|ハンザ同盟の都市|noun|a medieval confederation of north German and Baltic cities	thirteenth|13世紀|noun|the number 13	fourteenth|14世紀|noun|the number 14
It is even uncertain where some of them were situated, or to what towns in Europe the Latin names given to some of them belong.	それらの都市のいくつかがどこにあったのか、あるいはそれらの都市のいくつかに付けられたラテン語の名前がヨーロッパのどの都市に属しているのかさえ不明である。	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	uncertain|不明|adjective|not known or definite	some|いくつか|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	situated|位置する|verb|be located in a particular place	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with
But though the misfortunes of Italy, in the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries, greatly diminished the commerce and manufactures of the cities of Lombardy and Tuscany, those countries still continue to be among the most populous and best cultivated in Europe.	しかし、15世紀末から16世紀初頭にかけてのイタリアの不幸は、ロンバルディアやトスカーナの都市の商業や製造業を大きく衰退させたが、これらの国々は依然としてヨーロッパで最も人口が多く、最も開拓された国々の一つであり続けている。	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	fifteenth|15番目|adjective|coming after fourteen others in a series; 15th	beginning|始まり|noun|the first part of something	sixteenth|16番目|adjective|coming after fifteen others in a series; 16th	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	greatly|大きく|adverb|to a large extent	diminish|衰退させる|verb|make or become less	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	Lombardy|ロンバルディア|noun|a region of northern Italy	Tuscany|トスカーナ|noun|a region of central Italy	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	cultivated|開拓された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops
The civil wars of Flanders, and the Spanish government which succeeded them, chased away the great commerce of Antwerp, Ghent, and Bruges.	フランドルの内戦とそれに続くスペイン政府は、アントワープ、ゲント、ブルージュの偉大な商業を追い払った。	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between citizens of the same country	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	Spanish government|スペイン政府|noun|the government of Spain	chase away|追い払う|verb|cause to go away	Antwerp|アントワープ|noun|a city in northern Belgium	Ghent|ゲント|noun|a city in northern Belgium	Bruges|ブルージュ|noun|a city in northern Belgium
But Flanders still continues to be one of the richest, best cultivated, and most populous provinces of Europe.	しかし、フランドルは依然としてヨーロッパで最も豊かで、最も開拓され、最も人口の多い地域の一つであり続けている。	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	continue|あり続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	richest|最も豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	best cultivated|最も開拓され|adjective|most improved by education and training	most populous|最も人口が多い|adjective|having a large population
The ordinary revolutions of war and government easily dry up the sources of that wealth which arises from commerce only.	戦争や政府の通常の革命は、商業だけから生じる富の源泉を簡単に枯渇させる。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	dry up|枯渇させる|verb|to make or become dry	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	arise|生じる|verb|to come into being or existence
That which arises from the more solid improvements of agriculture is much more durable, and cannot be destroyed but by those more violent convulsions occasioned by the depredations of hostile and barbarous nations continued for a century or two together;	農業のより堅固な改良から生じるものは、はるかに耐久性があり、1世紀か2世紀にわたって続いた敵対的で野蛮な国家の略奪によって引き起こされた、より激しい激動によってしか破壊することはできない。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	solid|堅固な|adjective|firm or strong in structure	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	durable|耐久性がある|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	convulsion|激動|noun|a violent uncontrollable shaking of the body	occasion|引き起こす|verb|be the cause of	hostile|敵対的な|adjective|showing or feeling opposition or dislike	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized or primitive	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	depredation|略奪|noun|the action of attacking and robbing a place	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	two|2|numeral|one more than one
such as those that happened for some time before and after the fall of the Roman empire in the western provinces of Europe.	ヨーロッパの西部地域でローマ帝国が崩壊する前後に起こったような激動である。	such as|のような|preposition|for example	those|それら|pronoun|the ones	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	for some time|しばらくの間|noun|a period of time	before and after|前後|noun|the time before and the time after	the fall of the Roman empire|ローマ帝国の崩壊|noun|the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire	in the western provinces of Europe|ヨーロッパの西部地域で|noun|the western part of Europe


## BOOK IV: OF SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY.	第四篇政治経済学体系について	BOOK IV|第四篇|noun|the fourth book	OF SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY|政治経済学体系について|noun|the systems of political economy

Political economy, considered as a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator, proposes two distinct objects;	政治経済学は、政治家や立法者の科学の一分野と考えられるが、二つの異なる目的を掲げている。	political economy|政治経済学|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a larger group	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the management of state affairs	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	propose|掲げる|verb|put forward for consideration or discussion	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal
first, to provide a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people, or, more properly, to enable them to provide such a revenue or subsistence for themselves;	第一に、国民に豊かな収入や生計を提供すること、より正確に言えば、国民が自らそのような収入や生計を得られるようにすることである。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others in time or order	provide|提供すること|verb|make available for use; supply	plentiful|豊かな|adjective|more than enough; abundant	revenue|収入|noun|income	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (or slightly above) level of food, shelter, and other necessities required for life	more properly|より正確に言えば|adverb|more accurately	enable|得られるようにすること|verb|make possible or easy	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	themselves|自ら|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the action
and, secondly, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue sufficient for the public services.	第二に、国家や連邦に公共サービスに十分な収入を提供することである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	supply|提供する|verb|provide or furnish with	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	public service|公共サービス|noun|a service provided by a government to its citizens
It proposes to enrich both the people and the sovereign.	国民と君主の両方を豊かにすることを提案している。	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler

The different progress of opulence in different ages and nations, has given occasion to two different systems of political economy, with regard to enriching the people.	時代や国によって富の進歩が異なるため、国民を豊かにするという点で、二つの異なる政治経済システムが生まれた。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	give occasion to|生む|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
The one may be called the system of commerce, the other that of agriculture.	一つは商業システム、もう一つは農業システムと呼ぶことができる。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
I shall endeavour to explain both as fully and distinctly as I can, and shall begin with the system of commerce.	私はできるだけ完全に、また明確に両者を説明するよう努力するつもりであり、商業システムから始める。	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	both|両者|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	begin|始める|verb|start to do something
It is the modern system, and is best understood in our own country and in our own times.	それは近代的なシステムであり、我が国や我々の時代に最もよく理解されている。	modern|近代的な|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network	best|最もよく|adverb|to the highest degree or extent	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)


## CHAPTER I: OF THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMERCIAL OR MERCANTILE SYSTEM.	第一章: 商業システムまたは重商主義システムの原理について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	mercantile|重商主義|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	system|システム|noun|a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular

That wealth consists in money, or in gold and silver, is a popular notion which naturally arises from the double function of money, as the instrument of commerce, and as the measure of value.	富は貨幣、あるいは金銀にあるという考えは、貨幣が商業の道具であり、価値の尺度であるという二重の機能から自然に生じる一般的な考えである。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	popular|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	function|機能|noun|the action that something is designed to perform	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring something
In consequence of its being the instrument of commerce, when we have money we can more readily obtain whatever else we have occasion for, than by means of any other commodity.	貨幣が商業の道具である結果として、我々が貨幣を持っているとき、他のどんな商品よりも、我々が必要とする他のどんなものでもより容易に手に入れることができる。	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	readily|容易に|adverb|easily or quickly	obtain|手に入れることができる|verb|get, acquire, or secure	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
The great affair, we always find, is to get money.	我々がいつも気づくのは、大事なのはお金を手に入れることだ。	great affair|大事なこと|noun|a matter of great importance	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	get|手に入れる|verb|come into possession of
When that is obtained, there is no difficulty in making any subsequent purchase.	それを手に入れれば、その後の購入に困難はない。	obtain|手に入れる|verb|get, acquire, or secure	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something
In consequence of its being the measure of value, we estimate that of all other commodities by the quantity of money which they will exchange for.	貨幣が価値の尺度である結果として、我々は他のすべての商品の価値を、それらが交換される貨幣の量によって見積もる。	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
We say of a rich man, that he is worth a great deal, and of a poor man, that he is worth very little money.	我々は金持ちについて、彼は大いに価値があると言い、貧乏人については、彼はほとんど価値がないと言う。	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧乏人|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	a great deal|大いに|noun|a lot; a large amount	very little|ほとんどない|adjective|not very much; a small amount
A frugal man, or a man eager to be rich, is said to love money;	倹約家や金持ちになりたがっている人は、お金が大好きだと言われている。	frugal|倹約家|adjective|sparing or economical with regard to money or food	eager|熱望している|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	love|大好き|verb|have a strong feeling of affection for
and a careless, a generous, or a profuse man, is said to be indifferent about it.	そして、無頓着な人、気前がいい人、浪費家は、お金に無関心だと言われている。	careless|無頓着な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	generous|気前のいい|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	profuse|浪費家の|adjective|giving or producing something in large quantities; abundant	indifferent|無関心な|adjective|having no particular interest in or feeling about something
To grow rich is to get money;	金持ちになることは、お金を得ることである。	grow rich|金持ちになる|verb|become wealthy	get money|お金を得る|verb|receive money
and wealth and money, in short, are, in common language, considered as in every respect synonymous.	要するに、富と貨幣は、日常語では、あらゆる点で同義語と見なされている。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	in short|要するに|adverb|briefly	common language|日常語|noun|the language of everyday speech	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	synonymous|同義語|adjective|having the same meaning

A rich country, in the same manner as a rich man, is supposed to be a country abounding in money;	金持ちの国は、金持ちの人と同じように、お金が豊富な国だと考えられている。	rich|金持ちの|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
and to heap up gold and silver in any country is supposed to be the readiest way to enrich it.	そして、どの国でも金銀を蓄積することが、その国を豊かにする最も手っ取り早い方法だと考えられている。	heap up|蓄積する|verb|to collect or gather together in a large amount	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	any country|どの国でも|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	enrich|豊かにする|verb|to improve the quality of something	readiest|最も手っ取り早い|adjective|most quickly and easily done
For some time after the discovery of America, the first inquiry of the Spaniards, when they arrived upon any unknown coast, used to be, if there was any gold or silver to be found in the neighbourhood?	アメリカ大陸発見後しばらくの間、スペイン人が未知の海岸に到着したとき、最初に尋ねたのは、近隣に金や銀が見つかるかどうかだった。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	some time|しばらく|noun|a period of time	Spaniards|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	inquiry|尋ねる|noun|a request for information	unknown|未知の|adjective|not known or familiar	coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place
By the information which they received, they judged whether it was worth while to make a settlement there, or if the country was worth the conquering.	彼らは得た情報によって、そこに居住地を作る価値があるか、あるいはその国を征服する価値があるかを判断した。	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	receive|得る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	worth|価値がある|adjective|meriting attention or effort	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Plano Carpino, a monk sent ambassador from the king of France to one of the sons of the famous Gengis Khan, says, that the Tartars used frequently to ask him, if there was plenty of sheep and oxen in the kingdom of France?	フランス王から有名なチンギス・ハーンの息子の一人に大使として派遣された修道士、プラノ・カルピノは、タタール人はよく彼にフランス王国に羊や牛がたくさんいるかと尋ねていたと述べている。	Plano Carpino|プラノ・カルピノ|noun|a monk sent ambassador from the king of France to one of the sons of the famous Gengis Khan	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Gengis Khan|チンギス・ハーン|noun|the founder of the Mongol Empire	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe
Their inquiry had the same object with that of the Spaniards.	彼らの質問はスペイン人の質問と同じ目的だった。	inquiry|質問|noun|a request for information	have the same object|同じ目的を持つ|verb|have the same goal or purpose	Spaniards|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain
They wanted to know if the country was rich enough to be worth the conquering.	彼らはその国が征服に値するほど豊かかどうかを知りたいと思った。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	worth|値する|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, worthy, or valuable
Among the Tartars, as among all other nations of shepherds, who are generally ignorant of the use of money, cattle are the instruments of commerce and the measures of value.	タタール人の間では、他のすべての羊飼いの国々と同じく、一般に貨幣の使用を知らないため、家畜は商業の道具であり、価値の尺度である。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	nation|国々|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	ignorant|知らない|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	measure|尺度|noun|a standard or unit for measuring something
Wealth, therefore, according to them, consisted in cattle, as, according to the Spaniards, it consisted in gold and silver.	したがって、彼らによれば富は家畜であり、スペイン人によれば富は金と銀である。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Of the two, the Tartar notion, perhaps, was the nearest to the truth.	二つのうち、タタール人の考えは、おそらく真実に近かった。	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	truth|真実|noun|the true or actual state of a matter

Mr Locke remarks a distinction between money and other moveable goods.	ロック氏は貨幣と他の動産との区別を指摘している。	Mr Locke|ロック氏|noun|John Locke, an English philosopher and physician	remark|指摘する|verb|say something as a comment	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	moveable goods|動産|noun|property that can be moved from one place to another
All other moveable goods, he says, are of so consumable a nature, that the wealth which consists in them cannot be much depended on;	彼は、他のすべての動産は、本質的に消費されるものなので、それらからなる富はあまり頼りにならないと述べている。	all other|他のすべての|determiner|the remaining ones	moveable|動産|adjective|capable of being moved	goods|動産|noun|a thing or things	so|とても|adverb|to a great extent or degree	consumable|消費される|adjective|capable of being used up	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	depend on|頼りになる|verb|be controlled or determined by
and a nation which abounds in them one year may, without any exportation, but merely by their own waste and extravagance, be in great want of them the next.	そして、ある年にそれらが豊富にある国は、輸出せずとも、単に自国の浪費と贅沢によって、翌年には大きく不足するかもしれない。	abound|豊富にある|verb|be plentiful	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	without|せずとも|preposition|not having or not doing something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	waste|浪費|noun|the action of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	extravagance|贅沢|noun|the action of spending money or resources freely and recklessly; lavish expenditure	be in great want of|大きく不足する|verb|be in need of something
Money, on the contrary, is a steady friend, which, though it may travel about from hand to hand, yet if it can be kept from going out of the country, is not very liable to be wasted and consumed.	反対に、貨幣は頼りになる友人であり、手から手へと渡り歩くかもしれないが、国外に出ないようにしておけば、浪費されたり消費されたりすることはあまりない。	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	steady|頼りになる|adjective|not shaking or moving	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	waste|浪費する|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
Gold and silver, therefore, are, according to him, the must solid and substantial part of the moveable wealth of a nation;	したがって、彼によれば、金と銀は国家の動産の中で最も堅固で実質的な部分である。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	him|彼|pronoun|the male person being talked about	must|最も|adverb|to the highest degree or extent	solid|堅固な|adjective|firm or strong in structure	substantial|実質的な|adjective|of considerable importance or value	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and to multiply those metals ought, he thinks, upon that account, to be the great object of its political economy.	そして、彼は、これらの金属を増やすことが、その理由から、その政治経済の大きな目的であるべきだと考えている。	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	ought|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal

Others admit, that if a nation could be separated from all the world, it would be of no consequence how much or how little money circulated in it.	他の人は、もし一国が全世界から分離できるなら、その国でどれだけ多くの貨幣が流通していようと、どれだけ少なかろうと、問題ではないと認めている。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	admit|認める|verb|to accept that something is true	nation|一国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	separate|分離する|verb|to cause to be apart	world|全世界|noun|the earth and all the people living on it	consequence|問題|noun|the result or effect of some action or condition	circulate|流通する|verb|to move or cause to move freely or widely
The consumable goods, which were circulated by means of this money, would only be exchanged for a greater or a smaller number of pieces;	この貨幣によって流通していた消費財は、より多くの貨幣と交換されるか、より少ない貨幣と交換されるだけである。	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	goods|財|noun|a thing or things	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	smaller|より少ない|adjective|less in size, amount, or degree
but the real wealth or poverty of the country, they allow, would depend altogether upon the abundance or scarcity of those consumable goods.	しかし、彼らは、その国の本当の富や貧困は、それらの消費財の豊富さや希少性に完全に依存するだろうと認めている。	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to do something	depend|依存する|verb|to be controlled or determined by	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply
But it is otherwise, they think, with countries which have connections with foreign nations, and which are obliged to carry on foreign wars, and to maintain fleets and armies in distant countries.	しかし、彼らは、外国と関係を持ち、外国との戦争を遂行し、遠い国で艦隊や軍隊を維持する義務を負っている国では、そうではないと考えている。	connection|関係|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	foreign war|外国との戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	fleet|艦隊|noun|a group of ships traveling together	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
This, they say, cannot be done, but by sending abroad money to pay them with;	彼らは、これは、支払いに充てる貨幣を海外に送る以外にはできないと言う。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed or referred to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	cannot be done|できない|verb|be not possible	but|以外には|conjunction|except	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work or goods
and a nation cannot send much money abroad, unless it has a good deal at home.	そして、国内に十分な貨幣がなければ、国は海外に多くの貨幣を送ることはできない。	a nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	unless|～でなければ|conjunction|except if; if not
Every such nation, therefore, must endeavour, in time of peace, to accumulate gold and silver, that when occasion requires, it may have wherewithal to carry on foreign wars.	したがって、そのような国はすべて、平和な時期に金銀を蓄積するよう努力しなければならず、必要に応じて、外国との戦争を遂行するための資金を調達することができる。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	time|時期|noun|a period of time	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	occasion|必要に応じて|noun|a particular time or event	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

In consequence of those popular notions, all the different nations of Europe have studied, though to little purpose, every possible means of accumulating gold and silver in their respective countries.	これらの通俗的な考えの結果として、ヨーロッパのすべての国々は、ほとんど目的はないものの、それぞれの国で金銀を蓄積するためのあらゆる可能な手段を研究してきた。	in consequence of|の結果として|preposition|as a result of	popular|通俗的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship
Spain and Portugal, the proprietors of the principal mines which supply Europe with those metals, have either prohibited their exportation under the severest penalties, or subjected it to a considerable duty.	ヨーロッパにこれらの金属を供給する主要鉱山の所有者であるスペインとポルトガルは、最も厳しい罰則のもとで輸出を禁止するか、かなりの関税を課している。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
The like prohibition seems anciently to have made a part of the policy of most other European nations.	同様の禁止は、古代には他のほとんどのヨーロッパ諸国の政策の一部をなしていたようである。	like|同様の|adjective|having the same characteristics or qualities as some other person or thing	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|relating to or characteristic of Europe or its inhabitants	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
It is even to be found, where we should least of all expect to find it, in some old Scotch acts of Parliament, which forbid, under heavy penalties, the carrying gold or silver forth of the kingdom.	最も期待できないところでさえ、スコットランド議会の古い法令の中に、重い罰則のもとで王国から金や銀を持ち出すことを禁じているものがある。	be to be found|見いだされる|verb|be able to be found	least|最も少なく|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	Parliament|議会|noun|the national legislative body of a country	forbid|禁じる|verb|order (someone) not to do something	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
The like policy anciently took place both in France and England.	同様の政策は、古代にはフランスとイギリスの両方で行われていた。	like|同様の|adjective|having a similar characteristic or quality	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	take place|行われる|verb|happen; occur	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe

When those countries became commercial, the merchants found this prohibition, upon many occasions, extremely inconvenient.	これらの国が商業的になると、商人はこの禁止が多くの機会に非常に不便であることに気づいた。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	become|なる|verb|come to be	commercial|商業的|adjective|of or relating to commerce	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	inconvenient|不便|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort
They could frequently buy more advantageously with gold and silver, than with any other commodity, the foreign goods which they wanted, either to import into their own, or to carry to some other foreign country.	彼らは、自国に輸入したり、他の外国に運んだりするために、金や銀で他のどの商品よりも有利に外国製品を購入することができた。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	advantageously|有利に|adverb|in a way that is to one's advantage	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another
They remonstrated, therefore, against this prohibition as hurtful to trade.	そのため、彼らはこの禁止が貿易に有害であると抗議した。	remonstrate|抗議する|verb|express strong disapproval or objection	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage

They represented, first, that the exportation of gold and silver, in order to purchase foreign goods, did not always diminish the quantity of those metals in the kingdom;	彼らはまず、外国製品を購入するための金銀の輸出は、王国におけるこれらの金属の量を常に減少させるわけではないと主張した。	represent|主張する|verb|state or express something in words	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|購入|verb|buy	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
that, on the contrary, it might frequently increase the quantity;	それどころか、むしろ量を増やすかもしれない。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	frequently|むしろ|adverb|often; many times	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous
because, if the consumption of foreign goods was not thereby increased in the country, those goods might be re-exported to foreign countries, and being there sold for a large profit, might bring back much more treasure than was originally sent out to purchase them.	なぜなら、それによって国内で外国製品の消費が増加しなければ、それらの製品は外国に再輸出され、そこで大きな利益を得て販売され、当初それらを購入するために送り出されたよりもはるかに多くの宝物を持ち帰るかもしれないからである。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	re-export|再輸出|verb|export something that has been imported	foreign countries|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	originally|当初|adverb|at or from the beginning	purchase|購入|verb|buy something
Mr Mun compares this operation of foreign trade to the seed-time and harvest of agriculture.	マン氏は、この対外貿易の運営を農業の種まきと収穫に例えている。	Mr Mun|マン氏|noun|Thomas Mun, an English writer on economics	compare|例える|verb|represent as similar or having a likeness to	operation|運営|noun|the running of a business or organization	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	seed-time|種まき|noun|the time of year for sowing seed	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of ripe crops
“If we only behold,” says he, “the actions of the husbandman in the seed time, when he casteth away much good corn into the ground, we shall account him rather a madman than a husbandman.	「もし種まきの時期に農夫が多くの良い穀物を地面に投げ捨てる行動をただ眺めているだけなら、彼を農夫というよりは狂人だと思うだろう。	behold|眺める|verb|to look at or see	husbandman|農夫|noun|a farmer	seed time|種まきの時期|noun|the time of year when seeds are planted	casteth away|投げ捨てる|verb|to throw away	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	ground|地面|noun|the surface of the earth	account|思う|verb|to consider or regard	madman|狂人|noun|a person who is insane
But when we consider his labours in the harvest, which is the end of his endeavours, we shall find the worth and plentiful increase of his actions.”	しかし、彼の努力の終わりである収穫期の労働を考えると、彼の行動の価値と豊かな増加を見出すだろう。」	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of crops	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable	plentiful|豊かな|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous

They represented, secondly, that this prohibition could not hinder the exportation of gold and silver, which, on account of the smallness of their bulk in proportion to their value, could easily be smuggled abroad.	第二に、彼らはこの禁止は金銀の輸出を妨げることはできないと主張した。金銀は価値に比べて容積が小さいため、簡単に海外に密輸できるからである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	represent|主張する|verb|state or express in words	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial transactions over a period of time	smallness|小ささ|noun|the state or quality of being small	bulk|容積|noun|the mass or volume of something large	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country
That this exportation could only be prevented by a proper attention to what they called the balance of trade.	この輸出は、彼らが貿易収支と呼ぶものに適切な注意を払うことによってのみ防ぐことができると。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports
That when the country exported to a greater value than it imported, a balance became due to it from foreign nations, which was necessarily paid to it in gold and silver, and thereby increased the quantity of those metals in the kingdom.	国が輸入するよりも大きな価値を輸出したとき、外国から差額を受け取ることになり、それは必然的に金銀で支払われ、それによって王国におけるこれらの金属の量が増加する。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	import|輸入する|verb|bring in goods or services from another country for sale	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	balance|差額|noun|the difference between two amounts or quantities	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
But that when it imported to a greater value than it exported, a contrary balance became due to foreign nations, which was necessarily paid to them in the same manner, and thereby diminished that quantity: that in this case, to prohibit the exportation of those metals, could not prevent it, but only, by making it more dangerous, render it more expensive: that the exchange was thereby turned more against the country which owed the balance, than it otherwise might have been;	しかし、輸出するよりも大きな価値を輸入すると、逆に外国から差額を支払うことになり、それは必然的に同じ方法で支払われ、それによってその量が減少する。この場合、これらの金属の輸出を禁止しても、それを防ぐことはできず、ただ、より危険にすることで、より高価にするだけである。それによって、為替は、そうでなければそうであったかもしれないよりも、差額を負っている国に対してより不利になった。	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to a foreign country	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	balance|差額|noun|the difference between two amounts or quantities	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep or stop from happening	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	exchange|為替|noun|the action or process of exchanging one thing for another	owe|負っている|verb|have a debt or obligation to pay or repay	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	might have been|そうであったかもしれない|verb|a possibility that something was true or real in the past
the merchant who purchased a bill upon the foreign country being obliged to pay the banker who sold it, not only for the natural risk, trouble, and expense of sending the money thither, but for the extraordinary risk arising from the prohibition;	外国為替手形を購入した商人は、それを売った銀行家に、資金を送金する際の通常のリスク、手間、費用だけでなく、禁止によって生じる特別なリスクに対しても支払う義務を負う。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	natural risk|通常のリスク|noun|the risk that is inherent in an activity	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	send|送金する|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something
but that the more the exchange was against any country, the more the balance of trade became necessarily against it;	しかし、為替がどの国に対しても不利であればあるほど、貿易収支は必然的にその国に対して不利になる。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	exchange|為替|noun|the action of exchanging one thing for another	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	balance|収支|noun|the difference between credits and debits in an account	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result
the money of that country becoming necessarily of so much less value, in comparison with that of the country to which the balance was due.	その国の通貨は、差額を支払うべき国の通貨と比較して、必然的に価値が低くなる。	money|通貨|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	become|なる|verb|come to be	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	balance|差額|noun|the difference between two amounts	due|支払うべき|adjective|owed or payable
That if the exchange between England and Holland, for example, was five per cent.	例えば、イギリスとオランダの為替が5パーセントだとすると、	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	exchange|為替|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	five|5|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
against England, it would require 105 ounces of silver in England to purchase a bill for 100 ounces of silver in Holland: that 105 ounces of silver in England, therefore, would be worth only 100 ounces of silver in Holland, and would purchase only a proportionable quantity of Dutch goods;	イギリスに不利だとすると、イギリスで105オンスの銀を支払って、オランダで100オンスの銀を受け取る手形を購入することになる。つまり、イギリスの105オンスの銀は、オランダでは100オンスの銀の価値しかなく、それに見合う量のオランダ製品しか購入できない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	105 ounces|105オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 437.5 grains	100 ounces|100オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 437.5 grains	105 ounces|105オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 437.5 grains	100 ounces|100オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 437.5 grains	Dutch|オランダの|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise; a commodity
but that 100 ounces of silver in Holland, on the contrary, would be worth 105 ounces in England, and would purchase a proportionable quantity of English goods;	逆に、オランダの100オンスの銀は、イギリスでは105オンスの価値があり、それに見合う量のイギリス製品を購入できる。	100 ounces|100オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 480 grains	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	105 ounces|105オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 drams or 480 grains	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise; a commodity
that the English goods which were sold to Holland would be sold so much cheaper, and the Dutch goods which were sold to England so much dearer, by the difference of the exchange: that the one would draw so much less Dutch money to England, and the other so much more English money to Holland, as this difference amounted to: and that the balance of trade, therefore, would necessarily be so much more against England, and would require a greater balance of gold and silver to be exported to Holland.	オランダに売られるイギリス製品は、為替差によってそれだけ安く売られ、イギリスに売られるオランダ製品はそれだけ高く売られる。この差額の分だけ、前者はオランダの貨幣をイギリスに引き寄せ、後者はイギリスの貨幣をオランダに引き寄せる。したがって、貿易収支は必然的にイギリスに不利になり、オランダに輸出される金銀の収支がより大きくなる。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|a thing produced for sale	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	dearer|高く|adjective|high in price or value	exchange|為替|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return, especially of the same kind or value	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward or into a place	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale

Those arguments were partly solid and partly sophistical.	これらの議論は、一部は堅固で、一部は詭弁的だった。	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	solid|堅固|adjective|strong and stable in shape	sophistical|詭弁的|adjective|using clever but false arguments
They were solid, so far as they asserted that the exportation of gold and silver in trade might frequently be advantageous to the country.	貿易における金銀の輸出が国にとって有利になることが多いと主張する限り、それらは堅固だった。	solid|堅固な|adjective|strong and firm	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	assert|主張する|verb|state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
They were solid, too, in asserting that no prohibition could prevent their exportation, when private people found any advantage in exporting them.	民間人が金銀の輸出に利益を見いだすなら、どんな禁止もその輸出を阻止できないと主張する点でも、それらは堅固だった。	solid|堅固な|adjective|strong and firm	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	private|民間の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	find|見いだす|verb|discover or notice	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
But they were sophistical, in supposing, that either to preserve or to augment the quantity of those metals required more the attention of government, than to preserve or to augment the quantity of any other useful commodities, which the freedom of trade, without any such attention, never fails to supply in the proper quantity.	しかし、これらの金属の量を維持したり増加させたりするには、他の有用な商品の量を維持したり増加させたりする場合よりも、政府の注意が必要であると仮定している点では、詭弁的だった。他の有用な商品は、そのような注意を払わなくても、貿易の自由によって適切な量が供給される。	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	augment|増加させる|verb|make or become greater	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	sophistical|詭弁的|adjective|using clever but false arguments	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	supply|供給する|verb|make available for use; provide
They were sophistical, too, perhaps, in asserting that the high price of exchange necessarily increased what they called the unfavourable balance of trade, or occasioned the exportation of a greater quantity of gold and silver.	彼らはまた、為替相場が高ければ、貿易収支の不均衡が増大したり、金銀の輸出量が増加したりすると主張している点でも、詭弁的だった。	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than average	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	increase|増大|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	unfavourable balance|不均衡|noun|a state of imbalance	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	occasion|増加|verb|cause or produce	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
That high price, indeed, was extremely disadvantageous to the merchants who had any money to pay in foreign countries.	確かに、その高価格は、外国で支払うべきお金を持っている商人にとって非常に不利だった。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
They paid so much dearer for the bills which their bankers granted them upon those countries.	彼らは、銀行家がそれらの国々で彼らに与えた手形に対して、とても高額を支払った。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	dear|高額|adjective|costing a lot of money	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone
But though the risk arising from the prohibition might occasion some extraordinary expense to the bankers, it would not necessarily carry any more money out of the country.	しかし、禁止によって生じるリスクは銀行家に特別な出費をもたらすかもしれないが、必ずしも国外にそれ以上の資金を持ち出すわけではない。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	banker|銀行家|noun|a person who works in a bank	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	carry|持ち出す|verb|take or bring with oneself	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
This expense would generally be all laid out in the country, in smuggling the money out of it, and could seldom occasion the exportation of a single sixpence beyond the precise sum drawn for.	この費用は、通常、国内ですべて支払われ、そこから資金を密輸する際に支払われるものであり、引き出された正確な金額を超えて、六ペンス硬貨一枚を輸出することはめったにない。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	be laid out|支払われる|verb|be spent	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	occasion|輸出|noun|a particular time or event	single|一枚|adjective|only one	sixpence|六ペンス硬貨|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the further side of	precise|正確な|adjective|exact; accurate	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	drawn|引き出された|verb|take out or remove
The high price of exchange, too, would naturally dispose the merchants to endeavour to make their exports nearly balance their imports, in order that they might have this high exchange to pay upon as small a sum as possible.	為替相場が高ければ、商人は輸出と輸入のバランスをとるように努力するようになるだろう。そうすれば、この高い為替相場をできるだけ少額で支払うことができるからだ。	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than average	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|努力する|verb|make someone inclined to do something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	export|輸出|noun|the act of sending goods to another country for sale	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	balance|バランスをとる|verb|keep or put (something) in a state of equilibrium	import|輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country from another country	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	exchange|為替相場|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	small|少額|adjective|of a size that is less than average	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
The high price of exchange, besides, must necessarily have operated as a tax, in raising the price of foreign goods, and thereby diminishing their consumption.	その上、為替相場が高ければ、必然的に外国製品の価格が上昇し、その消費が減少するという点で、税金として機能したに違いない。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a country other than the one in which they are sold	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
It would tend, therefore, not to increase, but to diminish, what they called the unfavourable balance of trade, and consequently the exportation of gold and silver.	したがって、彼らが貿易不均衡と呼ぶもの、そしてその結果としての金銀の輸出は増加するのではなく減少する傾向にある。	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|adverse or disadvantageous	balance|均衡|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something

Such as they were, however, those arguments convinced the people to whom they were addressed.	しかし、そういった議論は、その対象となった人々を説得した。	such as|そういった|adjective|of the type or kind mentioned	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	convince|説得する|verb|cause to believe or accept something	address|対象とする|verb|direct one's attention to
They were addressed by merchants to parliaments and to the councils of princes, to nobles, and to country gentlemen;	商人たちは議会や君主の評議会、貴族、地方紳士に訴えた。	address|訴える|verb|to direct one's attention to	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws	noble|貴族|noun|a person of high rank or birth	country|地方|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable
by those who were supposed to understand trade, to those who were conscious to them selves that they knew nothing about the matter.	貿易を理解していると思われる者から、その問題について何も知らないと自覚している者まで。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	suppose|思う|verb|think or believe that something is true or probable	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern, discussion, or dispute
That foreign trade enriched the country, experience demonstrated to the nobles and country gentlemen, as well as to the merchants;	外国貿易が国を豊かにしたことは、商人だけでなく貴族や地方紳士にも経験が示した。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	enrich|豊かにする|verb|make rich or richer	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	demonstrate|示す|verb|show or make clear how something works or is done	noble|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	country gentleman|地方紳士|noun|a man of good family who lives in the country	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
but how, or in what manner, none of them well knew.	しかし、どのように、あるいはどのような方法で、誰もよく知らなかった。	how|どのように|adverb|in what way or manner	in what manner|どのような方法で|adverb|in what way or manner	none of|誰も|pronoun|not one of	well|よく|adverb|to a high standard; very well	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
The merchants knew perfectly in what manner it enriched themselves, it was their business to know it.	商人たちは、それがどのように自分たちを豊かにしたかを完全に知っていた。それを知るのが彼らの仕事だった。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	know|知る|verb|be aware of	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	enrich|豊かにする|verb|make rich or richer	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
But to know in what manner it enriched the country, was no part of their business.	しかし、それがどのように国を豊かにしたかを知ることは、彼らの仕事の一部ではなかった。	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
The subject never came into their consideration, but when they had occasion to apply to their country for some change in the laws relating to foreign trade.	外国貿易に関する法律の変更を国に申請する機会があったとき以外、この問題は彼らの考慮の対象にはならなかった。	come into consideration|考慮の対象になる|verb|be taken into account	subject|問題|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
It then became necessary to say something about the beneficial effects of foreign trade, and the manner in which those effects were obstructed by the laws as they then stood.	そのため、外国貿易の有益な効果と、当時の法律によってその効果がどのように妨げられたかという点について、何かを述べる必要が生じた。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	beneficial effect|有益な効果|noun|a positive or good effect	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	obstruct|妨げる|verb|block or be in the way of	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country or area
To the judges who were to decide the business, it appeared a most satisfactory account of the matter, when they were told that foreign trade brought money into the country, but that the laws in question hindered it from bringing so much as it otherwise would do.	外国貿易は国に貨幣をもたらすが、問題の法律はそうしなければもたらされるであろうほど多くの貨幣をもたらすことを妨げると聞かされたとき、その問題を決定する裁判官には、それがその問題の最も満足のいく説明であるように思われた。	decide|決定する|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	do|する|verb|perform an action or deed
Those arguments, therefore, produced the wished-for effect.	したがって、これらの議論は望ましい効果を生み出した。	those|これらの|determiner|the; those	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	produce|生み出す|verb|cause to happen or exist	wished-for|望ましい|adjective|desired or hoped for
The prohibition of exporting gold and silver was, in France and England, confined to the coin of those respective countries.	金銀の輸出禁止は、フランスとイギリスでは、それぞれの国の貨幣に限定されていた。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, scope, quantity, or time	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The exportation of foreign coin and of bullion was made free.	外国貨幣と地金の輸出は自由化された。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
In Holland, and in some other places, this liberty was extended even to the coin of the country.	オランダや他のいくつかの場所では、この自由はその国の貨幣にまで拡大された。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	some other places|他のいくつかの場所|noun|some other places	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The attention of government was turned away from guarding against the exportation of gold and silver, to watch over the balance of trade, as the only cause which could occasion any augmentation or diminution of those metals.	政府の注意は、金銀の輸出を防ぐことから、貿易収支を監視することへと移り、それがこれらの金属の増減を引き起こす唯一の原因となった。	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	turn away|移る|verb|change direction	guard against|防ぐ|verb|take precautions in order to prevent	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	watch over|監視する|verb|supervise	balance|収支|noun|the difference between credits and debits	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen	augmentation|増加|noun|an increase	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)
From one fruitless care, it was turned away to another care much more intricate, much more embarrassing, and just equally fruitless.	一つの無益な心配から、はるかに複雑で、はるかに厄介で、同じように無益な別の心配へと移行した。	one|一つの|determiner|the number 1	fruitless|無益な|adjective|not producing any good result	care|心配|noun|worry or anxiety	another|別の|determiner|an additional one	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	intricate|複雑な|adjective|very complicated or detailed	embarrassing|厄介な|adjective|causing one to feel awkward or ashamed	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same manner or to the same extent
The title of Mun’s book, England’s Treasure in Foreign Trade, became a fundamental maxim in the political economy, not of England only, but of all other commercial countries.	マンの著書の題名である『イングランドの外国貿易における宝』は、イングランドだけでなく、他のすべての商業国の政治経済における基本的な格言となった。	Mun|マン|noun|Thomas Mun, an English writer on economics	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	Foreign Trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	fundamental|基本的な|adjective|forming a necessary base or core; of central importance	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
The inland or home trade, the most important of all, the trade in which an equal capital affords the greatest revenue, and creates the greatest employment to the people of the country, was considered as subsidiary only to foreign trade.	内陸貿易、つまり国内貿易は、すべての中で最も重要であり、同額の資本で最大の収入をもたらし、国民に最大の雇用を生み出す貿易であるが、外国貿易の補助的なものにすぎないと考えられていた。	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	home|国内|adjective|of or relating to your own country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	most|最も|adjective|the majority of	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	equal|同額|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	create|生み出す|verb|bring into existence	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	subsidiary|補助的な|adjective|less important than the main thing	foreign|外国|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own
It neither brought money into the country, it was said, nor carried any out of it.	それは国内に資金をもたらすことも、国外に持ち出すこともないと言われた。	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or occur	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carry|持ち出す|verb|take or bring from one place to another
The country, therefore, could never become either richer or poorer by means of it, except so far as its prosperity or decay might indirectly influence the state of foreign trade.	したがって、その繁栄や衰退が間接的に外国貿易の状態に影響を与える場合を除いて、国はそれによって豊かになることも貧しくなることも決してあり得なかった。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	become|なる|verb|come to be	richer|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few assets	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	decay|衰退|noun|the state of decaying	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries

A country that has no mines of its own, must undoubtedly draw its gold and silver from foreign countries, in the same manner as one that has no vineyards of its own must draw its wines.	自国に鉱山のない国は、自国にブドウ園のない国がワインを輸入しなければならないのと同じように、間違いなく金銀を外国から輸入しなければならない。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	draw|輸入する|verb|bring or take in from an outside source	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
It does not seem necessary, however, that the attention of government should be more turned towards the one than towards the other object.	しかし、政府の注意が他の対象よりも一方の対象に向けられるべきである必要はないようだ。	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	turn|向ける|verb|change direction, position, or course	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed
A country that has wherewithal to buy wine, will always get the wine which it has occasion for;	ワインを買うための資金がある国は、いつでも必要なワインを手に入れることができる。	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	get|手に入れる|verb|come to have in one's possession, power, or control	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
and a country that has wherewithal to buy gold and silver, will never be in want of those metals.	そして、金や銀を買うための資金がある国は、決してそれらの金属を必要とすることはないだろう。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for
They are to be bought for a certain price, like all other commodities;	それらは他のすべての商品と同じように、一定の価格で購入される。	be to be|される|auxiliary verb|be going to be	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
and as they are the price of all other commodities, so all other commodities are the price of those metals.	そして、それらが他のすべての商品の価格であるように、他のすべての商品はそれらの金属の価格である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	as|ように|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that shows the way in which something happens or is done	they|それら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	are|である|verb|be	the price of|の価格|noun phrase|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from the one already mentioned	commodities|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	so|そう|adverb|to the degree or extent indicated	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from the one already mentioned	commodities|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	are|である|verb|be	the price of|の価格|noun phrase|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	metals|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)
We trust, with perfect security, that the freedom of trade, without any attention of government, will always supply us with the wine which we have occasion for;	我々は、政府の干渉なしに、貿易の自由が常に我々が必要とするワインを供給してくれると、完全に確信している。	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	perfect security|完全な安心|noun|a state of being free from danger or threat	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
and we may trust, with equal security, that it will always supply us with all the gold and silver which we can afford to purchase or to employ, either in circulating our commodities or in other uses.	そして、我々は、貿易の自由が、我々が購入したり、商品の流通や他の用途に使用できるすべての金や銀を常に供給してくれると、同様に確信して信頼することができる。	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	security|確信|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used

The quantity of every commodity which human industry can either purchase or produce, naturally regulates itself in every country according to the effectual demand, or according to the demand of those who are willing to pay the whole rent, labour, and profits, which must be paid in order to prepare and bring it to market.	人間の産業が購入または生産できるあらゆる商品の量は、どの国でも、効果的な需要、つまり、それを準備して市場に出すために支払わなければならない地代、労働、利潤のすべてを支払う意思のある人々の需要に応じて、自然に調整される。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind or to a human being	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	produce|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to refer to the thing mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities
But no commodities regulate themselves more easily or more exactly, according to this effectual demand, than gold and silver;	しかし、金や銀ほど、この効果的な需要に応じて、より簡単に、より正確に自己調整する商品はない。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
because, on account of the small bulk and great value of those metals, no commodities can be more easily transported from one place to another;	なぜなら、これらの金属はかさばらず、価値が高いため、他のどの商品よりも簡単に運搬できるからである。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	small bulk|かさばらず|noun|small size or volume	great value|価値が高い|noun|high worth or importance	no commodities|他のどの商品よりも|noun|no goods or merchandise	more easily|簡単に|adverb|in a simpler manner	transported|運搬できる|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
from the places where they are cheap, to those where they are dear;	安い場所から高いところへ。	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value
from the places where they exceed, to those where they fall short of this effectual demand.	需要を超えている場所から、需要に満たない場所へ。	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	fall short of|満たない|verb|fail to reach or be as good as (something)	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
If there were in England, for example, an effectual demand for an additional quantity of gold, a packet-boat could bring from Lisbon, or from wherever else it was to be had, fifty tons of gold, which could be coined into more than five millions of guineas.	たとえば、イギリスで金の追加量に対する効果的な需要があった場合、パケットボートはリスボンや他のどこからでも50トンの金を運び、500万ギニー以上を鋳造することができる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	for example|たとえば|adverb|as an example	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	packet-boat|パケットボート|noun|a boat that carries mail, passengers, and goods on a regular route	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	fifty|50|numeral|the number 50	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	coin|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of metal	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	five|5|numeral|the number 5	million|100万|numeral|the number 1,000,000	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling
But if there were an effectual demand for grain to the same value, to import it would require, at five guineas a-ton, a million of tons of shipping, or a thousand ships of a thousand tons each.	しかし、同じ価値の穀物に対する効果的な需要があった場合、それを輸入するには、1トンあたり5ギニーで、100万トンの輸送、またはそれぞれ1000トンの1000隻の船が必要になる。	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	five guineas|5ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of five pounds	a-ton|1トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	a million of tons|100万トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	a thousand ships|1000隻の船|noun|a large seagoing vessel
The navy of England would not be sufficient.	イギリス海軍では足りないだろう。	navy|海軍|noun|the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for conducting military operations at sea	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	be sufficient|足りる|verb|be enough; be adequate

When the quantity of gold and silver imported into any country exceeds the effectual demand, no vigilance of government can prevent their exportation.	どの国に輸入される金銀の量も、有効需要を超えると、政府の警戒がどれほど厳重であっても、その輸出を阻止することはできない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	vigilance|警戒|noun|the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep or stop from happening or arising	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
All the sanguinary laws of Spain and Portugal are not able to keep their gold and silver at home.	スペインとポルトガルのすべての血なまぐさい法律は、金銀を自国に留めることができない。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	sanguinary|血なまぐさい|adjective|involving or causing bloodshed	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
The continual importations from Peru and Brazil exceed the effectual demand of those countries, and sink the price of those metals there below that in the neighbouring countries.	ペルーやブラジルからの継続的な輸入は、これらの国の有効需要を超え、これらの金属の価格を近隣諸国よりも低下させている。	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|the largest country in both South America and Latin America	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for a particular good or service	sink|低下させる|verb|go down below the surface of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|next to or very near another place
If, on the contrary, in any particular country, their quantity fell short of the effectual demand, so as to raise their price above that of the neighbouring countries, the government would have no occasion to take any pains to import them.	逆に、ある特定の国で、その量が有効需要を下回り、その価格が近隣諸国の価格を上回った場合、政府はそれを輸入するために苦労する必要はないだろう。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	fall short of|下回る|verb|fail to reach or attain	effectual|有効な|adjective|producing or capable of producing a desired effect	demand|需要|noun|an expressed desire for a particular commodity	raise|上回る|verb|cause to rise	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|living or situated near or next to	government|政府|noun|the body with the authority to govern a state or country	have no occasion to|する必要がない|verb|not have a reason to	take pains to|苦労する|verb|make a great effort to do something	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
If it were even to take pains to prevent their importation, it would not be able to effectuate it.	輸入を阻止するために苦労したとしても、それを実現することはできないだろう。	take pains|苦労する|verb|make a great effort	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	importation|輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country	effectuate|実現する|verb|cause to happen; bring about
Those metals, when the Spartans had got wherewithal to purchase them, broke through all the barriers which the laws of Lycurgus opposed to their entrance into Lacedaemon.	スパルタ人がそれらを購入する資金を得たとき、これらの金属は、リュクルゴスの法律がラケダイモンへの侵入を阻止するために設けたすべての障壁を突破した。	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	Spartan|スパルタ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	break through|突破する|verb|go through or beyond	barrier|障壁|noun|something that prevents or hinders progress or access	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	entrance|侵入|noun|an opening allowing access and vision
All the sanguinary laws of the customs are not able to prevent the importation of the teas of the Dutch and Gottenburg East India companies;	税関のあらゆる血なまぐさい法律も、オランダやヨーテボリの東インド会社の茶の輸入を阻止することはできない。	sanguinary|血なまぐさい|adjective|involving or causing bloodshed	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	Dutch|オランダ|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	Gottenburg|ヨーテボリ|noun|a city in Sweden	East India companies|東インド会社|noun|a company formed for trade with the East Indies
because somewhat cheaper than those of the British company.	なぜなら、イギリスの会社のものより多少安いからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	those|もの|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	company|会社|noun|a business organization
A pound of tea, however, is about a hundred times the bulk of one of the highest prices, sixteen shillings, that is commonly paid for it in silver, and more than two thousand times the bulk of the same price in gold, and, consequently, just so many times more difficult to smuggle.	しかし、一ポンドの茶は、通常銀で支払われる最高価格の1つである16シリングと比べて約100倍の容積であり、金で支払われる同じ価格と比べると2000倍以上の容積であるため、密輸は非常に困難である。	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	tea|茶|noun|a hot drink made by infusing the dried, cured leaves of the tea plant in boiling water	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest value, amount, or importance	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sixteen|16|noun|the number 16	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	more than|2000倍以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	gold|金|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 79	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally

It is partly owing to the easy transportation of gold and silver, from the places where they abound to those where they are wanted, that the price of those metals does not fluctuate continually, like that of the greater part of other commodities, which are hindered by their bulk from shifting their situation, when the market happens to be either over or under-stocked with them.	金や銀が豊富な場所から不足している場所への輸送が容易であることもあって、これらの金属の価格は、市場に過剰または過少に供給されたときに、その量によって状況の変化が妨げられる他のほとんどの商品のように、絶えず変動することがない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	easy|容易|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	abound|豊富|verb|be plentiful	want|不足|verb|feel a need or a wish for	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	fluctuate|変動|verb|vary or change irregularly	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	bulk|量|noun|a large mass or quantity of something	shift|変化|verb|change from one thing to another	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	over|過剰|adjective|more than is usual or expected	under|過少|adjective|less than is usual or expected	stock|供給|noun|a supply of goods or materials
The price of those metals, indeed, is not altogether exempted from variation;	確かに、これらの金属の価格は変動から完全に免れているわけではない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally; wholly	exempt|免れる|verb|free or release from an obligation or liability imposed on others
but the changes to which it is liable are generally slow, gradual, and uniform.	しかし、その変化は一般的にゆっくりと、段階的に、そして一様に起こる。	liable|起こりやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	slow|ゆっくり|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	gradual|段階的|adjective|taking place or changing slowly by degrees	uniform|一様|adjective|not varying; the same throughout
In Europe, for example, it is supposed, without much foundation, perhaps, that during the course of the present and preceding century, they have been constantly, but gradually, sinking in their value, on account of the continual importations from the Spanish West Indies.	例えばヨーロッパでは、今世紀と前世紀の間に、スペイン領西インド諸島からの継続的な輸入によって、金銀の価値が絶えず、しかし徐々に低下してきたと考えられているが、これにはあまり根拠がない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	without much foundation|あまり根拠がない|adverb|without a good reason	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	during the course of|間に|preposition|in or throughout the duration of	present|今|adjective|existing or happening now	preceding|前|adjective|coming before something in time	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	constantly|絶えず|adverb|continuously over a period of time	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	sink|低下する|verb|go down below the surface of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	on account of|によって|preposition|because of	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	Spanish West Indies|スペイン領西インド諸島|noun|the Spanish colonial territories in the Caribbean
But to make any sudden change in the price of gold and silver, so as to raise or lower at once, sensibly and remarkably, the money price of all other commodities, requires such a revolution in commerce as that occasioned by the discovery of America.	しかし、金や銀の価格に急激な変化を起こして、他のすべての商品の貨幣価格を一度に、著しく、著しく上下させるには、アメリカ大陸の発見によって引き起こされたような商業革命が必要である。	make|起こす|verb|cause to happen	sudden|急激な|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	once|一度に|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	sensibly|著しく|adverb|to a noticeable degree	remarkably|著しく|adverb|very much	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	occasion|引き起こされる|verb|cause to happen	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered

If, not withstanding all this, gold and silver should at any time fall short in a country which has wherewithal to purchase them, there are more expedients for supplying their place, than that of almost any other commodity.	これらすべてにもかかわらず、金や銀を購入する資金のある国で、金や銀が不足するようなことがあっても、他のほとんどの商品よりも、その不足を補うための方策は多い。	not withstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any time	fall short|不足する|verb|be insufficient or inadequate	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	supply|補う|verb|provide or furnish with	place|不足|noun|a particular position, point, or area in space	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
If the materials of manufacture are wanted, industry must stop.	製造材料が不足すれば、産業は停止せざるを得ない。	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	want|不足する|verb|feel a need or a wish for	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	stop|停止する|verb|cease moving, operating, or functioning
If provisions are wanted, the people must starve.	食料が不足すれば、人々は飢えなければならない。	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	want|不足する|verb|be lacking or in short supply	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	starve|飢える|verb|suffer or die from hunger
But if money is wanted, barter will supply its place, though with a good deal of inconveniency.	しかし、貨幣が不足すれば、かなり不便ではあるが、物々交換がその代わりを務める。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	want|不足する|verb|feel a need or a wish for	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money	supply|務める|verb|provide or furnish with	place|代わり|noun|a particular position, point, or area in space	inconveniency|不便|noun|lack of ease or comfort
Buying and selling upon credit, and the different dealers compensating their credits with one another, once a-month, or once a-year, will supply it with less inconveniency.	信用取引で売買し、各業者が月に一度、あるいは年に一度、互いに信用を相殺し合えば、不便は少なくなる。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods or assets	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	month|月|noun|one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one's personal requirements or comfort
A well-regulated paper-money will supply it not only without any inconveniency, but, in some cases, with some advantages.	適切に管理された紙幣は、不便を伴わないだけでなく、場合によってはいくつかの利点を伴って、貨幣の代わりを務める。	well-regulated|適切に管理された|adjective|properly controlled or supervised	paper-money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	supply|代わりを務める|verb|provide or furnish with	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	without|伴わない|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble or difficulty	but|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	in some cases|場合によっては|adverb|sometimes	with|伴って|preposition|having or accompanied by	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
Upon every account, therefore, the attention of government never was so unnecessarily employed, as when directed to watch over the preservation or increase of the quantity of money in any country.	したがって、あらゆる点で、政府の注意が、国内の貨幣量の維持や増加を監視するほど不必要に使われることはなかった。	upon every account|あらゆる点で|adverb|in every respect	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	so|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	unnecessarily|不必要に|adverb|in an unnecessary manner	employed|使われる|verb|have a job	watch over|監視する|verb|to look after and protect	preservation|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	increase|増加|noun|the act of becoming greater or more	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing

No complaint, however, is more common than that of a scarcity of money.	しかし、貨幣不足ほどよくある不満はない。	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something	common|よくある|adjective|happening often or frequently	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something
Money, like wine, must always be scarce with those who have neither wherewithal to buy it, nor credit to borrow it.	貨幣は、ワインと同じく、それを買う資力も、借りる信用もない人には、常に不足しているに違いない。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	scarce|不足している|adjective|insufficient for the demand	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future
Those who have either, will seldom be in want either of the money, or of the wine which they have occasion for.	どちらかを持っている人は、必要な貨幣やワインが不足することはめったにない。	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	want|不足する|verb|feel a need or a wish for	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
This complaint, however, of the scarcity of money, is not always confined to improvident spendthrifts.	しかし、この貨幣不足の不満は、必ずしも無計画な浪費家だけに限られるものではない。	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	confine|限られる|verb|be limited to	improvident|無計画な|adjective|lacking care for the future	spendthrift|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way
It is sometimes general through a whole mercantile town and the country in its neighbourhood.	時には、商業都市全体やその周辺の田舎にまで広がることもある。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	general|広がる|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	neighbourhood|周辺|noun|the area around a place
Over-trading is the common cause of it.	その一般的な原因は、過剰取引である。	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|the act of trading beyond one's means	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	cause|原因|noun|the reason for which something is done or created or for which something happens
Sober men, whose projects have been disproportioned to their capitals, are as likely to have neither wherewithal to buy money, nor credit to borrow it, as prodigals, whose expense has been disproportioned to their revenue.	計画が資本に不釣り合いな堅実な人は、支出が収入に不釣り合いな浪費家と同じく、貨幣を買うための資金も、それを借りるための信用も持ち合わせていないことが多い。	sober|堅実な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	disproportion|不釣り合い|noun|a lack of proportion	prodigal|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or extravagant way	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Before their projects can be brought to bear, their stock is gone, and their credit with it.	計画が実現する前に、彼らの資金は底をつき、信用も失われる。	before|前に|conjunction|earlier than the time that	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	be brought to bear|実現する|verb|be made to have an effect	stock|資金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	be gone|底をつく|verb|be no longer present	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later
They run about everywhere to borrow money, and everybody tells them that they have none to lend.	彼らは金策に走り回るが、誰も貸せる金はないと答える。	run about|走り回る|verb|move quickly and busily from one place to another	everywhere|至る所|adverb|in all places or in all parts	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	everybody|誰も|pronoun|every person	tell|答える|verb|communicate information, news, or a story to someone in spoken or written words
Even such general complaints of the scarcity of money do not always prove that the usual number of gold and silver pieces are not circulating in the country, but that many people want those pieces who have nothing to give for them.	このような貨幣不足に対する一般的な不満でさえ、いつもいつも、国内で通常の量の金貨や銀貨が流通していないことを証明するのではなく、多くの人々が、それらの貨幣と交換できるものを何も持っていないのに、それらの貨幣を欲しがっていることを証明する。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	prove|証明する|verb|to demonstrate the truth or existence of (something) by evidence or argument	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or habitually	number|量|noun|a quantity or amount	gold|金貨|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	silver|銀貨|noun|a white precious metal of great value	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part or portion of something	circulate|流通する|verb|to move or cause to move continuously or freely	country|国内|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	want|欲しがる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	give|交換できる|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)
When the profits of trade happen to be greater than ordinary over-trading becomes a general error, both among great and small dealers.	貿易の利益が通常より大きくなると、過剰取引は大小の業者の間で一般的な過ちとなる。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	happen|なる|verb|take place; occur	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|the act of trading beyond one's financial capacity	become|なる|verb|come to be	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	error|過ち|noun|a mistake	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods or services
They do not always send more money abroad than usual, but they buy upon credit, both at home and abroad, an unusual quantity of goods, which they send to some distant market, in hopes that the returns will come in before the demand for payment.	彼らはいつもいつも通常より多くの貨幣を海外に送るわけではないが、国内外で信用で異常な量の商品を買い、支払い要求の前に収益が上がることを期待して、遠くの市場に送る。	always|いつも|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done frequently or ordinarily	buy|買う|verb|acquire in exchange for payment	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	unusual|異常な|adjective|not usual or common or ordinary	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	distant|遠くの|adjective|far away in space or time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization makes as a profit	come in|入る|verb|arrive	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
The demand comes before the returns, and they have nothing at hand with which they can either purchase money or give solid security for borrowing.	支払い要求は収益が上がってくる前にやってくるが、彼らの手元には貨幣を購入したり、借入の確かな担保にできるものが何も残っていない。	demand|支払い要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	come|やってくる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	have|残っていない|verb|possess, own, or hold	hand|手元|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	give|できる|verb|transfer to another as a gift	solid|確かな|adjective|firm or strong in structure	security|担保|noun|something given or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an obligation	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something
It is not any scarcity of gold and silver, but the difficulty which such people find in borrowing, and which their creditor find in getting payment, that occasions the general complaint of the scarcity of money.	貨幣不足に対する一般的な不満の原因は、金や銀の不足ではなく、そういった人々が借り入れに直面する困難と、債権者が支払いを受ける際に直面する困難である。	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem	find|直面する|verb|encounter or experience	borrowing|借り入れ|noun|the action of borrowing something	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something

It would be too ridiculous to go about seriously to prove, that wealth does not consist in money, or in gold and silver;	富が貨幣や金銀にあるのではないことを真面目に証明しようとするのはあまりに馬鹿げている。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
but in what money purchases, and is valuable only for purchasing.	富は貨幣で買えるものにあり、貨幣は購入のためにのみ価値がある。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money
Money, no doubt, makes always a part of the national capital;	貨幣は、疑いなく、常に国民資本の一部をなす。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	national capital|国民資本|noun|the capital of a nation
but it has already been shown that it generally makes but a small part, and always the most unprofitable part of it.	しかし、すでに示したように、貨幣は一般的に国民資本のごく一部をなすにすぎず、常に最も利益を生まない部分である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time; previously	show|示す|verb|to make known or clear	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	make|なす|verb|to form or constitute	small|ごく一部|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent or degree	unprofitable|利益を生まない|adjective|not yielding a profit

It is not because wealth consists more essentially in money than in goods, that the merchant finds it generally more easy to buy goods with money, than to buy money with goods;	商人が、貨幣で商品を買う方が商品で貨幣を買うよりも一般的に簡単だと感じるのは、富が商品よりも貨幣に本質的に存在するからではない。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist|存在する|verb|be composed or made up of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	find|感じる|verb|discover or notice	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort
but because money is the known and established instrument of commerce, for which every thing is readily given in exchange, but which is not always with equal readiness to be got in exchange for every thing.	貨幣は、あらゆるものと交換できる、既知の確立された商業の道具であるが、あらゆるものと交換できるわけではないからである。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	known|既知の|adjective|familiar; well-known	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	exchange|交換|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another in return, especially of the same kind or value	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	readiness|用意|noun|the state of being ready or prepared	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
The greater part of goods, besides, are more perishable than money, and he may frequently sustain a much greater loss by keeping them.	その上、商品の大部分は貨幣よりも腐りやすく、商人は商品を保管することでより大きな損失を被ることが多い。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	perishable|腐りやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
When his goods are upon hand, too, he is more liable to such demands for money as he may not be able to answer, than when he has got their price in his coffers.	また、商品を保管している場合、その代金を金庫に保管している場合よりも、支払いに応じられないほどの貨幣の要求を受ける可能性が高くなる。	upon hand|手元にある|adjective|in one's possession	liable|受けやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	answer|応じる|verb|respond to a question or request	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
Over and above all this, his profit arises more directly from selling than from buying;	これらすべてに加えて、商人の利益は、買うことよりも売ることから直接生じる。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	selling|売ること|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	buying|買うこと|noun|the exchange of money for goods or services
and he is, upon all these accounts, generally much more anxious to exchange his goods for money than his money for goods.	これらすべての理由から、商人は一般的に、貨幣を商品と交換するよりも、商品を貨幣と交換することに熱心である。	upon all these accounts|これらすべての理由から|adverb|for all these reasons	anxious|熱心である|adjective|wanting to do or have something very much	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
But though a particular merchant, with abundance of goods in his warehouse, may sometimes be ruined by not being able to sell them in time, a nation or country is not liable to the same accident,	しかし、倉庫に豊富な商品を抱えた特定の商人が、時にそれらを適時売却できないことで破産することがあるとしても、国家や国は同じ事故に遭うことはない。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	sometimes|時に|adverb|occasionally; at times	be ruined|破産する|verb|be destroyed or spoiled	not being able to|できない|verb|be unable to	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	time|適時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	not liable to|遭うことはない|verb|not likely to suffer from or be affected by
The whole capital of a merchant frequently consists in perishable goods destined for purchasing money.	商人の資本全体は、しばしば貨幣を購入するための腐敗しやすい商品からなる。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	perishable|腐敗しやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	destined|運命づけられた|adjective|intended for a particular purpose or end	purchase|購入|verb|buy	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
But it is but a very small part of the annual produce of the land and labour of a country, which can ever be destined for purchasing gold and silver from their neighbours.	しかし、隣国から金銀を購入するために充てられることができるのは、一国の土地と労働の年間生産物のごく一部にすぎない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	very small part|ごく一部|noun phrase|a tiny portion	annual produce|年間生産物|noun phrase|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	purchase|購入|verb|buy	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	neighbour|隣国|noun|a country next to another
The far greater part is circulated and consumed among themselves;	はるかに大きな部分は、国内で流通され消費される。	far greater part|はるかに大きな部分|noun|a much larger portion	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
and even of the surplus which is sent abroad, the greater part is generally destined for the purchase of other foreign goods.	そして、海外に送られる余剰分のうち、大部分は通常、他の外国製品の購入に充てられる。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	destined|充てられる|verb|be intended for a particular purpose	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it
Though gold and silver, therefore, could not be had in exchange for the goods destined to purchase them, the nation would not be ruined.	したがって、金銀を購入するための商品と引き換えに金銀を得ることができなかったとしても、国は破滅することはない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exchange|引き換え|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	purchase|購入|verb|buy	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
It might, indeed, suffer some loss and inconveniency, and be forced upon some of those expedients which are necessary for supplying the place of money.	確かに、多少の損失や不便を被り、貨幣の代わりを補うために必要な便法のいくつかを強いられるかもしれない。	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	be forced upon|強いられる|verb|be imposed on	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	supplying|補う|verb|provide or furnish with (something)
The annual produce of its land and labour, however, would be the same, or very nearly the same as usual;	しかし、その土地と労働の年間生産量は、通常と同じか、ほぼ同じになるだろう。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done frequently or regularly
because the same, or very nearly the same consumable capital would be employed in maintaining it.	なぜなら、それを維持するために、同じか、ほぼ同じ消費可能資本が投入されるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	consumable|消費可能|adjective|able to be used up	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state
And though goods do not always draw money so readily as money draws goods, in the long-run they draw it more necessarily than even it draws them.	そして、貨幣が商品を引き寄せるほど、商品が貨幣を引き寄せるわけではないが、長期的には、貨幣が商品を引き寄せるよりも、商品が貨幣を引き寄せる方がより必然的である。	draw|引き寄せる|verb|attract or cause to come	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	long-run|長期的|adjective|occurring over or involving a long period of time	necessarily|必然的|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably
Goods can serve many other purposes besides purchasing money, but money can serve no other purpose besides purchasing goods.	商品は貨幣を購入する以外にも多くの目的に役立つが、貨幣は商品を購入する以外には何の役にも立たない。	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for
Money, therefore, necessarily runs after goods, but goods do not always or necessarily run after money.	したがって、貨幣は必然的に商品を追いかけるが、商品は常に、あるいは必然的に貨幣を追いかけるわけではない。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	run after|追いかける|verb|follow in order to catch or overtake	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public
The man who buys, does not always mean to sell again, but frequently to use or to consume;	買う人は、いつも再び売ることを意味するのではなく、しばしば使用したり消費したりすることを意味する。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
whereas he who sells always means to buy again.	一方、売る人はいつも再び買うことを意味する。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	buy|買う|verb|acquire in exchange for money
The one may frequently have done the whole, but the other can never have done more than the one half of his business.	一方はしばしば全体を終えているかもしれないが、他方は決して自分の仕事の半分以上を終えることはできない。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	whole|全体|noun|all of something	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
It is not for its own sake that men desire money, but for the sake of what they can purchase with it.	人々が貨幣を欲しがるのは、貨幣そのもののためではなく、貨幣で購入できるもののためである。	for its own sake|それ自体のために|adverb|for the sake of itself	desire|欲しがる|verb|want strongly	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	for the sake of|のために|preposition|for the purpose of	purchase|購入|verb|buy

Consumable commodities, it is said, are soon destroyed;	消費財はすぐに破壊されるという。	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause to be ruined or devastated
whereas gold and silver are of a more durable nature, and were it not for this continual exportation, might be accumulated for ages together, to the incredible augmentation of the real wealth of the country.	一方、金や銀はより耐久性のある性質のものであり、この継続的な輸出がなければ、何世代にもわたって蓄積され、国の真の富が信じられないほど増大するかもしれない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	durable|耐久性のある|adjective|able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	were it not for|なければ|conjunction|if it were not for	continual|継続的な|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be accumulated|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	ages|何世代にもわたって|noun|a period of time in which events occur	together|共に|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people	incredible|信じられないほど|adjective|too extraordinary or improbable to be believed	augmentation|増大|noun|the action or process of making or becoming greater
Nothing, therefore, it is pretended, can be more disadvantageous to any country, than the trade which consists in the exchange of such lasting for such perishable commodities.	したがって、このような耐久性のある商品と腐敗しやすい商品を交換する貿易ほど、どの国にとっても不利なものはないと考えられている。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	pretend|考える|verb|to act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	can be|ありうる|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	lasting|耐久性のある|adjective|able to exist or continue for a long time	perishable|腐敗しやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil
We do not, however, reckon that trade disadvantageous, which consists in the exchange of the hardware of England for the wines of France, and yet hardware is a very durable commodity, and were it not for this continual exportation, might too be accumulated for ages together, to the incredible augmentation of the pots and pans of the country.	しかし、イギリスの金物とフランスのワインを交換する貿易は不利だとは考えていないが、金物は非常に耐久性のある商品であり、この継続的な輸出がなければ、何世代にもわたって蓄積され、国の鍋やフライパンが信じられないほど増加するかもしれない。	reckon|考える|verb|to think or suppose	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	hardware|金物|noun|the metal parts of a machine	durable|耐久性のある|adjective|able to last for a long time	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	continual|継続的な|adjective|continuing without interruption	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	together|一緒に|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people	augmentation|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing	pot|鍋|noun|a round, deep container with a handle, used for cooking	pan|フライパン|noun|a flat, round metal dish with a long handle, used for cooking
But it readily occurs, that the number of such utensils is in every country necessarily limited by the use which there is for them;	しかし、そのような道具の数は、どの国でも必然的にその用途によって制限されていることがすぐにわかる。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	utensil|道具|noun|a tool or implement	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	limit|制限する|verb|set or serve as a limit to	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation; easily
that it would be absurd to have more pots and pans than were necessary for cooking the victuals usually consumed there;	通常そこで消費される食料を調理するのに必要な鍋やフライパンよりも多く持つのはばかげているだろう。	absurd|ばかげている|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	pot|鍋|noun|a round, deep container with a handle, used for cooking	pan|フライパン|noun|a flat, round metal dish with a handle, used for cooking	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	victual|食料|noun|food or other provisions
and that, if the quantity of victuals were to increase, the number of pots and pans would readily increase along with it;	そして、食料の量が増えれば、鍋やフライパンの数もそれに伴ってすぐに増えるだろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	increase|増える|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	pot|鍋|noun|a vessel used for cooking	pan|フライパン|noun|a flat, round dish with a handle, used for cooking food
a part of the increased quantity of victuals being employed in purchasing them, or in maintaining an additional number of workmen whose business it was to make them.	食料の増加量の一部は、それらを購入したり、それらを作ることを仕事とする労働者の数を増やすために使われることになる。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	victual|食料|noun|food or other provisions	employ|使う|verb|use or engage for a particular purpose	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
It should as readily occur, that the quantity of gold and silver is, in every country, limited by the use which there is for those metals;	金と銀の量は、どの国でもその金属の用途によって制限されていることがすぐにわかるはずだ。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny solids that are good conductors of heat and electricity and can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wires and that are typically hard, heavy, and durable
that their use consists in circulating commodities, as coin, and in affording a species of household furniture, as plate;	その用途は、貨幣として商品を流通させることと、食器として家庭用家具の一種を提供することにある。	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	afford|提供する|verb|provide or supply	species|一種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	household furniture|家庭用家具|noun|furniture that is used in a house	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten or served
that the quantity of coin in every country is regulated by the value of the commodities which are to be circulated by it;	どの国でも貨幣の量は、それによって流通される商品の価値によって調整されている。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area
increase that value, and immediately a part of it will be sent abroad to purchase, wherever it is to be had, the additional quantity of coin requisite for circulating them: that the quantity of plate is regulated by the number and wealth of those private families who choose to indulge themselves in that sort of magnificence;	その価値を増大させれば、すぐにその一部が海外に送られ、どこで手に入れようとも、それらを流通させるために必要な追加の貨幣を購入することになる。食器の量は、そういった贅沢にふけることを選んだ個人家庭の数と富によって調整される。	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	be sent|送られる|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	wherever|どこで|adverb|in or to whatever place	be to be had|手に入れられる|verb|be able to be obtained	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	requisite|必要な|adjective|made or done as a condition of something else	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten or served	be regulated|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	number|数|noun|a quantity representing the total of a collection of items	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker	private|個人の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	family|家庭|noun|a group of one or more parents and their children living together as a unit	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	indulge|ふける|verb|allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	magnificence|贅沢|noun|the state or quality of being magnificent; splendor
increase the number and wealth of such families, and a part of this increased wealth will most probably be employed in purchasing, wherever it is to be found, an additional quantity of plate;	そのような家族の数と富を増大させれば、この増大した富の一部は、どこで見つけようとも、追加の食器を購入するために使われる可能性が最も高い。	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	employ|使われる|verb|use	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	wherever|どこで|adverb|in or to whatever place	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
that to attempt to increase the wealth of any country, either by introducing or by detaining in it an unnecessary quantity of gold and silver, is as absurd as it would be to attempt to increase the good cheer of private families, by obliging them to keep an unnecessary number of kitchen utensils.	不必要な量の金銀を導入したり、国内に留め置いたりして、一国の富を増大させようとするのは、不必要な数の台所用品を保管することを義務づけて、個人家庭の歓待を増大させようとするのと同じくらい馬鹿げたことである。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something) into use or operation for the first time	detain|留め置く|verb|keep in confinement or under restraint	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	private|個人の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	family|家庭|noun|a group of one or more parents and their children living together as a unit	cheer|歓待|noun|a shout of encouragement, praise, or joy	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	oblige|義務づける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	number|数|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	kitchen|台所|noun|a room or area where food is prepared and cooked	utensil|用品|noun|an implement, container, or other article that is used in a particular activity
As the expense of purchasing those unnecessary utensils would diminish, instead of increasing, either the quantity or goodness of the family provisions;	これらの不必要な道具を購入する費用は、家族の食料の量や質を増やすどころか減らすことになる。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	utensil|道具|noun|an implement, container, or other article that is used in a household and especially a kitchen	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	goodness|質|noun|the state or quality of being good	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other by blood, marriage, or adoption	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
so the expense of purchasing an unnecessary quantity of gold and silver must, in every country, as necessarily diminish the wealth which feeds, clothes, and lodges, which maintains and employs the people.	同様に、不必要な量の金銀を購入する費用は、どの国においても、人々を養い、衣服を与え、住居を与え、維持し、雇用する富を必然的に減少させる。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	must|必然的に|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	feed|養う|verb|give food to	clothe|衣服を与える|verb|provide with clothes	lodge|住居を与える|verb|provide with accommodation	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for
Gold and silver, whether in the shape of coin or of plate, are utensils, it must be remembered, as much as the furniture of the kitchen.	金や銀は、硬貨の形であれ食器の形であれ、台所の道具と同じように道具であることを忘れてはならない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten or served	utensil|道具|noun|a tool, especially for domestic or culinary use	kitchen|台所|noun|a room or area where food is prepared and cooked
Increase the use of them, increase the consumable commodities which are to be circulated, managed, and prepared by means of them, and you will infallibly increase the quantity;	金銀の使用を増やし、金銀によって流通、管理、準備される消費財を増やせば、間違いなく金銀の量は増える。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	circulate|流通|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	manage|管理|verb|be in charge of; administer	prepare|準備|verb|make ready for use or consideration	consumable|消費|adjective|able to be used up	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
but if you attempt by extraordinary means to increase the quantity, you will as infallibly diminish the use, and even the quantity too, which in those metals can never be greater than what the use requires.	しかし、もし特別な手段で量を増やそうとすれば、間違いなく使用量は減り、量も減ってしまうだろう。これらの金属は、使用量以上に増えることは決してない。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	use|使用量|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
Were they ever to be accumulated beyond this quantity, their transportation is so easy, and the loss which attends their lying idle and unemployed so great, that no law could prevent their being immediately sent out of the country.	もしこの量を超えて蓄積されたとしても、金銀の輸送は非常に簡単であり、遊休して使われずに放置されることによる損失は非常に大きいので、どんな法律も金銀がすぐに国外に送られるのを防ぐことはできない。	be accumulated|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	beyond|超えて|preposition|on or to the further side of	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	idle|遊休|adjective|not working or active	unemployed|使われない|adjective|not having a paid job	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep or stop from happening	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of

It is not always necessary to accumulate gold and silver, in order to enable a country to carry on foreign wars, and to maintain fleets and armies in distant countries.	一国が対外戦争を遂行し、遠方の国々で艦隊や軍隊を維持するためには、必ずしも金銀を蓄積する必要はない。	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	foreign war|対外戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
Fleets and armies are maintained, not with gold and silver, but with consumable goods.	艦隊や軍隊は金銀ではなく、消費財で維持される。	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	army|軍隊|noun|a large organized military force equipped for fighting on land	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	consumable|消費財|noun|a thing that is used up or consumed in the process of being used
The nation which, from the annual produce of its domestic industry, from the annual revenue arising out of its lands, and labour, and consumable stock, has wherewithal to purchase those consumable goods in distant countries, can maintain foreign wars there.	国内産業の年産物、土地、労働、消費財から生じる年収から、遠方の国々でこれらの消費財を購入する資金がある国は、そこで対外戦争を維持することができる。	annual|年|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to the home	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	annual revenue|年収|noun|the income of a person or organization over a period of one year	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	consumable goods|消費財|noun|goods that are used up in the process of consumption	distant|遠方の|adjective|far away in space or time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue	foreign|対外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

A nation may purchase the pay and provisions of an army in a distant country three different ways;	一国は、遠方の国で軍隊の給与や食料を三つの異なる方法で購入することができる。	nation|一国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	pay|給与|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	distant|遠方の|adjective|far away in space or time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
by sending abroad either, first, some part of its accumulated gold and silver;	第一に、蓄積した金銀の一部を海外に送ること。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	accumulated|蓄積した|adjective|gathered together or acquired over a period of time	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	send abroad|海外に送る|verb|send to a foreign country
or, secondly, some part of the annual produce of its manufactures;	第二に、その製造業の年産物の一部を送ること。	second|第二に|adverb|next after the first	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	annual|年産|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
or, last of all, some part of its annual rude produce.	第三に、その年産の未加工生産物の一部を送ることである。	last of all|第三に|adverb|finally	annual|年産の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	rude|未加工の|adjective|in a natural state; not processed or refined	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process

The gold and silver which can properly be considered as accumulated, or stored up in any country, may be distinguished into three parts;	適切に蓄積されたと見なせる金銀、あるいはどの国でも貯蔵されている金銀は、三つの部分に分けられる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being	accumulated|蓄積された|adjective|gathered together or acquired over a period of time	stored|貯蔵されている|adjective|kept in a place for future use	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	distinguished|分けられる|verb|recognize or treat as different
first, the circulating money;	第一に、流通貨幣である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; in the first place	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in circulation
secondly, the plate of private families;	第二に、私家庭の食器である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
and, last of all, the money which may have been collected by many years parsimony, and laid up in the treasury of the prince.	第三に、長年の倹約によって集められ、君主の宝庫に蓄えられた貨幣である。	last of all|第三に|adverb|finally	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thrift	treasury|宝庫|noun|a place where money or valuables are kept	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family

It can seldom happen that much can be spared from the circulating money of the country;	国の流通貨幣から多くを割くことができることはめったに起こりえない。	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	much|多く|determiner|a large amount or quantity of	spare|割く|verb|give up or do without something	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in use	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
because in that there can seldom be much redundancy.	なぜなら、流通貨幣に余剰があまり生じることはめったにないからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	redundancy|余剰|noun|the state of being redundant; superfluity
The value of goods annually bought and sold in any country requires a certain quantity of money to circulate and distribute them to their proper consumers, and can give employment to no more.	どの国でも、毎年売買される商品の価値は、それらを流通させ、適切な消費者に配布するために一定量の貨幣を必要とし、それ以上の貨幣を雇用することはできない。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	distribute|配布する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
The channel of circulation necessarily draws to itself a sum sufficient to fill it, and never admits any more.	流通経路は、必然的にそれを満たすのに十分な量を引き寄せ、それ以上は決して受け入れない。	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	admit|受け入れる|verb|allow to enter
Something, however, is generally withdrawn from this channel in the case of foreign war.	しかし、対外戦争の場合には、通常、この経路から何かが引き出される。	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take out or away	foreign war|対外戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries
By the great number of people who are maintained abroad, fewer are maintained at home.	海外で維持される人々の数が多いため、国内で維持される人々の数は少なくなる。	great number|多数|noun|a large number	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	fewer|より少ない|adjective|a smaller number of	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
Fewer goods are circulated there, and less money becomes necessary to circulate them.	国内で流通する商品は少なくなり、流通に必要な貨幣も少なくなる。	fewer|より少ない|adjective|a smaller number of	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	there|国内で|adverb|in or to that place	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
An extraordinary quantity of paper money of some sort or other, too, such as exchequer notes, navy bills, and bank bills, in England, is generally issued upon such occasions, and, by supplying the place of circulating gold and silver, gives an opportunity of sending a greater quantity of it abroad.	イギリスでは、そのような場合には、通常、国庫証券、海軍手形、銀行手形など、何らかの紙幣が大量に発行され、金や銀の流通に代わることで、より多くの金や銀を海外に送る機会を与えている。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	some sort or other|何らかの|noun|some kind or other	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	exchequer note|国庫証券|noun|a bill of credit issued by the British Treasury	navy bill|海軍手形|noun|a bill of credit issued by the British Navy	bank bill|銀行手形|noun|a bill of credit issued by a bank	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	by supplying|代わることで|verb|provide or replace	circulating|流通|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country
All this, however, could afford but a poor resource for maintaining a foreign war, of great expense, and several years duration.	しかし、これらすべてをもってしても、多大な費用と数年間に及ぶ対外戦争を維持するには、貧弱な資源しか提供できない。	all this|これらすべて|noun|all of the things mentioned	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	poor|貧弱な|adjective|lacking in quality or value	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	foreign war|対外戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	great expense|多大な費用|noun|a large amount of money spent	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time lasting for more than two years but not many years

The melting down of the plate of private families has, upon every occasion, been found a still more insignificant one.	私有の銀食器を溶かすことは、あらゆる場合に、さらに取るに足らないものであることがわかった。	melt down|溶かす|verb|to change from a solid to a liquid state	private|私有の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish with raised edges that is used to hold food	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance
The French, in the beginning of the last war, did not derive so much advantage from this expedient as to compensate the loss of the fashion.	フランス人は、前回の戦争の初めに、この方策からファッションの損失を補うほどの利益を得ることはできなかった。	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	last|前回の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	fashion|ファッション|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior

The accumulated treasures of the prince have in former times afforded a much greater and more lasting resource.	王侯の蓄積した宝は、かつてははるかに大きく、より永続的な資源を提供していた。	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	prince|王侯|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	former|かつての|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	afford|提供する|verb|provide or supply	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed
In the present times, if you except the king of Prussia, to accumulate treasure seems to be no part of the policy of European princes.	現代では、プロイセン王を除いて、宝を蓄積することはヨーロッパの王侯の政策の一部ではないようだ。	present time|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	except|除いて|verb|not including; other than	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	Prussia|プロイセン|noun|a former kingdom in north-central Europe	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	prince|王侯|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the monarch

The funds which maintained the foreign wars of the present century, the most expensive perhaps which history records, seem to have had little dependency upon the exportation either of the circulating money, or of the plate of private families, or of the treasure of the prince.	今世紀の外国戦争を維持した資金は、おそらく歴史上最も高額なものだが、流通貨幣、私有の銀食器、王侯の宝のいずれの輸出にもほとんど依存していなかったようだ。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	foreign war|外国戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	record|記録|noun|a permanent account of something	have little dependency upon|ほとんど依存していない|verb|not be dependent on	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	circulating money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in use	private family|私有の銀食器|noun|a family that is not part of the government or military	prince|王侯|noun|a male member of a royal family
The last French war cost Great Britain upwards of £90,000,000, including not only the £75,000,000 of new debt that was contracted, but the additional 2s. in the pound land-tax, and what was annually borrowed of the sinking fund.	前回のフランス戦争は、イギリスに9000万ポンドの費用がかかったが、これには7500万ポンドの新規債務だけでなく、1ポンドの地租につき2シリング増額分、および償却基金から毎年借り入れた分も含まれている。	last|前回の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	upwards|以上|adverb|to a higher place, position, or level	90,000,000|9000万|numeral|nine million	including|含む|verb|comprise or contain as part of a whole	75,000,000|7500万|numeral|seven million five hundred thousand	new|新規|adjective|recently made, grown, or created	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	contracted|契約した|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	additional|増額分|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	2s.|2シリング|numeral|two shillings	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	land-tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	borrowed|借り入れた|verb|take and use temporarily	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset
More than two-thirds of this expense were laid out in distant countries;	この費用の3分の2以上は遠い国で支出された。	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	two-thirds|3分の2|noun|a fraction equal to two divided by three	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lay out|支出する|verb|spend money	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
in Germany, Portugal, America, in the ports of the Mediterranean, in the East and West Indies.	ドイツ、ポルトガル、アメリカ、地中海の港、東西インド諸島である。	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in Europe	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia	East|東|noun|the direction toward which the Earth rotates	West|西|noun|the direction toward which the Earth rotates	Indies|インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea
The kings of England had no accumulated treasure.	イギリスの王は蓄積した宝を持っていなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	no|ない|determiner|not any	accumulated|蓄積した|adjective|gathered together or acquired over a period of time	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems
We never heard of any extraordinary quantity of plate being melted down.	異常な量の銀食器が溶かされたという話は聞いたことがない。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	melt down|溶かされる|verb|to be melted down
The circulating gold and silver of the country had not been supposed to exceed £18,000,000.	国内で流通している金銀は1800万ポンドを超えないと考えられていた。	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
Since the late recoinage of the gold, however, it is believed to have been a good deal under-rated.	しかし、最近の金の改鋳以来、かなり過小評価されていると考えられている。	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the re-minting of coins	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	however|しかし|conjunction|used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously	believe|考えられている|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	under-rated|過小評価されている|adjective|rated or valued too low
Let us suppose, therefore, according to the most exaggerated computation which I remember to have either seen or heard of, that, gold and silver together, it amounted to £30,000,000.	したがって、私が見たり聞いたりした中で最も誇張された計算によると、金と銀を合わせると3000万ポンドに達したとしよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	exaggerated|誇張された|adjective|too much; too great	computation|計算|noun|the action of calculating	remember|覚えている|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of something that has been forgotten	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	£30,000,000|3000万ポンド|noun|thirty million pounds
Had the war been carried on by means of our money, the whole of it must, even according to this computation, have been sent out and returned again, at least twice in a period of between six and seven years.	戦争が我々の貨幣によって遂行されていたとしたら、この計算によれば、そのすべてが、六年から七年の間に少なくとも二度は送り出され、また戻ってきたに違いない。	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	computation|計算|noun|the action of mathematical calculation	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	twice|二度|adverb|two times	between|間に|preposition|in the interval separating (two points in time or space)	six|六年|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	seven|七年|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one
Should this be supposed, it would afford the most decisive argument, to demonstrate how unnecessary it is for government to watch over the preservation of money, since, upon this supposition, the whole money of the country must have gone from it, and returned to it again, two different times in so short a period, without any body’s knowing any thing of the matter.	これが仮定されるならば、政府が貨幣の保全を監視することがいかに不必要であるかを示す最も決定的な議論になるだろう。なぜなら、この仮定によれば、国の貨幣のすべてが、誰もそのことを知らないうちに、短期間のうちに二度も国から出て行き、また戻ってきたに違いないからである。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	decisive|決定的な|adjective|having the power or quality of deciding	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	watch over|監視する|verb|supervise; oversee	preservation|保全|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	matter|事|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered
The channel of circulation, however, never appeared more empty than usual during any part of this period.	しかし、流通経路は、この期間のどの部分においても、通常よりも空になったようには見えなかった。	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	appear|見える|verb|to come into sight; to become visible	empty|空|adjective|containing nothing	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done frequently or regularly	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time
Few people wanted money who had wherewithal to pay for it.	それを支払うための資金を持っている人はほとんどいなかった。	few|ほとんどいない|adjective|a small number of	people|人|noun|a human being	want|欲しい|verb|feel a need or a wish for	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other means needed for a particular purpose
The profits of foreign trade, indeed, were greater than usual during the whole war, but especially towards the end of it.	実際、対外貿易の利益は、戦争中ずっと、特に終戦に向けて、通常よりも大きかった。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	whole|ずっと|adjective|complete; entire	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	especially|特に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something
This occasioned, what it always occasions, a general over-trading in all the ports of Great Britain; and this again occasioned the usual complaint of the scarcity of money, which always follows over-trading.	これが原因で、いつものことだが、イギリスのすべての港で過剰取引が起こり、これがまた、過剰取引につきものの貨幣不足に対するいつもの不満を引き起こした。	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|trading beyond one's financial resources	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	follow|引き起こす|verb|come after in time; come next after
Many people wanted it, who had neither wherewithal to buy it, nor credit to borrow it;	それを買うための資金も、借りるための信用もない多くの人々がそれを欲しがった。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	want|欲しがる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use temporarily
and because the debtors found it difficult to borrow, the creditors found it difficult to get payment.	そして、債務者が借り入れを困難にしたため、債権者は支払いを受けるのが困難になった。	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	find|思う|verb|to discover or notice	difficult|困難|adjective|hard to do or understand	borrow|借りる|verb|to take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	creditor|債権者|noun|a person to whom money is owed	find|思う|verb|to discover or notice	difficult|困難|adjective|hard to do or understand	get|得る|verb|to receive or obtain
Gold and silver, however, were generally to be had for their value, by those who had that value to give for them.	しかし、金や銀は、一般的に、その価値を支払うだけの価値がある人々によって、その価値で手に入れられるものだった。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as a payment

The enormous expense of the late war, therefore, must have been chiefly defrayed, not by the exportation of gold and silver, but by that of British commodities of some kind or other.	したがって、前回の戦争の莫大な費用は、金や銀の輸出ではなく、何らかの英国商品の輸出によって主に賄われたに違いない。	enormous|莫大な|adjective|extremely large or great	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
When the government, or those who acted under them, contracted with a merchant for a remittance to some foreign country, he would naturally endeavour to pay his foreign correspondent, upon whom he granted a bill, by sending abroad rather commodities than gold and silver.	政府やその下で活動する人々が、外国への送金のために商人と契約したとき、彼は当然、金や銀よりも商品を海外に送ることで、手形を交付した外国特派員に支払うよう努力するだろう。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	act|活動する|verb|do something	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade or commerce	remittance|送金|noun|the transfer of money	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	foreign correspondent|外国特派員|noun|a journalist who reports on news from a foreign country	grant|交付する|verb|give or allow (something) formally or officially	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
If the commodities of Great Britain were not in demand in that country, he would endeavour to send them to some other country in which he could purchase a bill upon that country.	もしイギリスの商品がその国で需要がなければ、彼はそれらをその国で手形を購入できる他の国に送るように努力するだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	demand|需要|noun|the desire to purchase goods or services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	some other country|他の国|noun|a country other than the one being discussed	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	that country|その国|noun|the country being discussed
The transportation of commodities, when properly suited to the market, is always attended with a considerable profit;	商品の輸送は、市場に適切に適合していれば、常にかなりの利益を伴う。	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or appropriate way	suit|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
whereas that of gold and silver is scarce ever attended with any.	一方、金や銀の輸送はほとんど利益を伴わない。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	scarce|ほとんど|adverb|not enough; insufficient	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	attend|伴う|verb|go with or accompany	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
When those metals are sent abroad in order to purchase foreign commodities, the merchant’s profit arises, not from the purchase, but from the sale of the returns.	これらの金属が外国の商品を購入するために海外に送られる場合、商人の利益は購入からではなく、返品の販売から生じる。	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	return|返品|noun|an act of returning something
But when they are sent abroad merely to pay a debt, he gets no returns, and consequently no profit.	しかし、それらが単に借金を支払うために海外に送られる場合、彼は返品を得ることができず、結果として利益を得ることができない。	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	return|返品|noun|the action of returning something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
He naturally, therefore, exerts his invention to find out a way of paying his foreign debts, rather by the exportation of commodities, than by that of gold and silver.	したがって、彼は当然、金や銀の輸出よりも、商品の輸出によって、海外の負債を支払う方法を見つけるために、彼の発明を活用する。	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	exert|活用する|verb|apply or bring to bear	invention|発明|noun|the creation of something that has never existed before	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	foreign|海外の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a greater extent or more properly	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics
The great quantity of British goods, exported during the course of the late war, without bringing back any returns, is accordingly remarked by the author of the Present State of the Nation.	したがって、最近の戦争中に輸出された大量の英国製品は、返品されることなく、国家の現状の著者によって注目されている。	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	course|経過|noun|the development of events	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	bring back|返品される|verb|cause to return	return|返品|noun|the act of returning something	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	Present State of the Nation|国家の現状|noun|the current situation of a country

Besides the three sorts of gold and silver above mentioned, there is in all great commercial countries a good deal of bullion alternately imported and exported, for the purposes of foreign trade.	上記の三種類の金銀のほかに、すべての大商業国では、外国貿易のために、かなりの量の金銀が交互に輸出入されている。	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	three|三|numeral|the number 3	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	mention|述べる|verb|refer to briefly	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	a good deal of|かなりの量の|noun|a large amount of	bullion|金銀|noun|gold or silver in bulk	alternately|交互に|adverb|one after the other	imported|輸入される|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	exported|輸出される|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
This bullion, as it circulates among different commercial countries, in the same manner as the national coin circulates in every country, may be considered as the money of the great mercantile republic.	この地金は、各国で国産貨幣が流通するのと同じように、さまざまな商業国の間でも流通しているので、大商業共和国の貨幣と考えることができる。	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	commercial|商業の|adjective|of or relating to commerce	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	national|国産の|adjective|of or relating to a nation	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to commerce	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
The national coin receives its movement and direction from the commodities circulated within the precincts of each particular country;	国産貨幣は、各国の境界内で流通する商品からその動きと方向性を受けている。	national coin|国産貨幣|noun|a coin produced by a country	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	movement|動き|noun|a change of position or location	direction|方向性|noun|the course along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	precinct|境界|noun|a district of a city or town as defined for police purposes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
the money in the mercantile republic, from those circulated between different countries.	商業共和国の貨幣は、異なる国々の間で流通しているものからその動きと方向性を受けている。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	mercantile republic|商業共和国|noun|a state in which the majority of its citizens are engaged in trade and commerce	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	different countries|異なる国々|noun|countries that are not the same
Both are employed in facilitating exchanges, the one between different individuals of the same, the other between those of different nations.	どちらも交換を促進するために使われており、一方は同じ国の異なる個人間で、もう一方は異なる国の個人間で行われる。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	employ|使われる|verb|use or engage	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	one|一方|determiner|the first of two or more people or things	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	between|間で|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	other|もう一方|determiner|the remaining one of two or more people or things	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
Part of this money of the great mercantile republic may have been, and probably was, employed in carrying on the late war.	この大商業共和国の貨幣の一部は、最近の戦争を遂行するために使われていたかもしれないし、おそらく使われていただろう。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	may have been|使われていたかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
In time of a general war, it is natural to suppose that a movement and direction should be impressed upon it, different from what it usually follows in profound peace, that it should circulate more about the seat of the war, and be more employed in purchasing there, and in the neighbouring countries, the pay and provisions of the different armies.	全面戦争の時には、平和な時とは違った動きや方向性が示されるはずであり、戦地周辺でより多く流通し、そこでの購入や近隣諸国での購入、各軍の給与や食料の購入にもっと使われるようになると考えるのが自然である。	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	general war|全面戦争|noun|a war involving many or most of the principal nations of the world	movement|動き|noun|a change of position or location	direction|方向性|noun|the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	impress|示される|verb|to affect strongly or deeply	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	circulate|流通する|verb|to move or cause to move freely or widely	seat|周辺|noun|a place where someone or something is located	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|being or situated near or next to	army|軍|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
But whatever part of this money of the mercantile republic Great Britain may have annually employed in this manner, it must have been annually purchased, either with British commodities, or with something else that had been purchased with them;	しかし、この商業共和国イギリスの貨幣のどの部分が毎年この方法で使われていたとしても、それはイギリスの商品か、イギリスの商品で購入された何かで毎年購入されていたに違いない。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	mercantile republic|商業共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	employ|使う|verb|use	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	something|何か|noun|an unspecified thing
which still brings us back to commodities, to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, as the ultimate resources which enabled us to carry on the war.	それでも、戦争を遂行するための究極の資源として、商品、つまり国の土地と労働の年間生産物に立ち返ることになる。	bring back|立ち返る|verb|return to a previous state or condition	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	ultimate|究極の|adjective|being or happening at the end of a process; final	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something
It is natural, indeed, to suppose, that so great an annual expense must have been defrayed from a great annual produce.	実際、これほど大きな年間支出は、大きな年間生産物から賄われていたに違いないと考えるのは自然なことである。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year
The expense of 1761, for example, amounted to more than £19,000,000.	例えば、1761年の支出は1900万ポンド以上にのぼった。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	amount to|のぼる|verb|to be equal to or the same as	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	19,000,000|1900万|numeral|nineteen million	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
No accumulation could have supported so great an annual profusion.	どんな蓄積も、これほど大きな年間支出を支えることはできなかっただろう。	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	profusion|支出|noun|a large or excessive amount of something
There is no annual produce, even of gold and silver, which could have supported it.	金や銀でさえ、それを支えることができる年間生産物はない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
The whole gold and silver annually imported into both Spain and Portugal, according to the best accounts, does not commonly much exceed £6,000,000 sterling, which, in some years, would scarce have paid four months expense of the late war.	最も信頼できる計算によると、スペインとポルトガルの両国に毎年輸入される金と銀の総量は、通常600万ポンドをあまり上回らず、これは、ある年には、前回の戦争の4ヶ月分の費用を支払うのにもほとんど足りなかった。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	whole|総量|noun|all of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	best|最も信頼できる|adjective|of the most excellent, effective, or desirable type or quality	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	some years|ある年|noun|a period of time	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

The commodities most proper for being transported to distant countries, in order to purchase there either the pay and provisions of an army, or some part of the money of the mercantile republic to be employed in purchasing them, seem to be the finer and more improved manufactures;	遠い国に運んで、そこで軍隊の給与や食料を購入したり、それらを購入するために商業共和国の貨幣の一部を購入するのに最も適した商品は、より精巧で改良された製品であるように思われる。	proper|適した|adjective|suitable or appropriate	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	army|軍隊|noun|a large organized military force equipped for fighting on land	pay|給与|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	finer|より精巧な|adjective|of high quality	improved|改良された|adjective|made or become better	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory
such as contain a great value in a small bulk, and can therefore be exported to a great distance at little expense.	小さな容積に大きな価値を内包し、そのためにわずかな費用で遠くへ輸出できるものである。	contain|内包する|verb|have or hold within	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	bulk|容積|noun|the main mass or majority of something	therefore|そのために|adverb|for that reason; consequently	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
A country whose industry produces a great annual surplus of such manufactures, which are usually exported to foreign countries, may carry on for many years a very expensive foreign war, without either exporting any considerable quantity of gold and silver, or even having any such quantity to export.	産業がそのような製品の年間余剰を大量に生産し、通常は外国に輸出している国は、金や銀を大量に輸出することも、輸出できるほどの量を保有することもなく、長年にわたって非常に高額な対外戦争を続けることができる。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been manufactured	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	foreign war|対外戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	export|輸出する|verb|send goods or services to another country for sale
A considerable part of the annual surplus of its manufactures must, indeed, in this case, be exported without bringing back any returns to the country, though it does to the merchant;	実際、この場合、その製品の年間余剰のかなり大きな部分は、商人には利益をもたらすものの、国には何の利益ももたらすことなく輸出されなければならない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly	case|場合|noun|a situation or event	bring back|もたらす|verb|cause to return	return|利益|noun|a profit from an investment	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
the government purchasing of the merchant his bills upon foreign countries, in order to purchase there the pay and provisions of an army.	政府は、軍隊の給与や食料を購入するために、商人から外国の為替手形を購入する。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	bill|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
Some part of this surplus, however, may still continue to bring back a return.	しかし、この余剰の一部は、依然として利益をもたらし続けるかもしれない。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	bring back|もたらす|verb|cause to return	return|利益|noun|the value of money that comes back to an investor after an investment is made
The manufacturers during; the war will have a double demand upon them, and be called upon first to work up goods to be sent abroad, for paying the bills drawn upon foreign countries for the pay and provisions of the army: and, secondly, to work up such as are necessary for purchasing the common returns that had usually been consumed in the country.	戦争中の製造業者は、二重の需要を抱え、まず、軍隊の給与や食料のために外国に振り出された手形を支払うために、海外に送られる商品を加工するよう求められ、次に、通常国内で消費されていた一般的な収益を購入するために必要なものを加工するよう求められる。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	have a double demand|二重の需要がある|verb|have two demands	first|最初に|adverb|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	work up|加工する|verb|to make from raw materials	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	draw|振り出す|verb|to take or receive (money) from a particular source	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	secondly|次に|adverb|coming after the first in time or order; second; 2nd	work up|加工する|verb|to make from raw materials	such as|のような|conjunction|for example	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	common return|一般的な収益|noun|the profit from an investment	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
In the midst of the most destructive foreign war, therefore, the greater part of manufactures may frequently flourish greatly;	したがって、最も破壊的な対外戦争の最中に、製造業の大部分はしばしば大いに繁栄するかもしれない。	in the midst of|最中に|preposition|in the middle of	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	foreign war|対外戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	flourish|繁栄する|verb|to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way
and, on the contrary, they may decline on the return of peace.	そして、逆に、平和が戻ると衰退するかもしれない。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	decline|衰退する|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less
They may flourish amidst the ruin of their country, and begin to decay upon the return of its prosperity.	彼らは国の破滅の中で繁栄し、繁栄が戻ると衰退し始めるかもしれない。	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	amidst|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	decay|衰退|noun|the state or process of rotting or decomposition
The different state of many different branches of the British manufactures during the late war, and for some time after the peace, may serve as an illustration of what has been just now said.	先の戦争中、そして和平後しばらくの間、イギリスの製造業の多くの異なる部門の異なる状態は、今述べたことの例証として役立つかもしれない。	different state|異なる状態|noun|a state that is not the same as another	many different branches|多くの異なる部門|noun|a large number of different departments	British manufactures|イギリスの製造業|noun|the manufacturing industry of the United Kingdom	during the late war|先の戦争中|noun|during the war that ended recently	for some time|しばらくの間|noun|for a period of time	after the peace|和平後|noun|after the end of the war	may serve as|役立つかもしれない|verb|be useful or helpful	illustration|例証|noun|a picture or drawing that explains or decorates a book, magazine, etc.	what has been just now said|今述べたこと|noun|what has been said just now

No foreign war, of great expense or duration, could conveniently be carried on by the exportation of the rude produce of the soil.	多大な費用や期間を要する対外戦争は、土壌の粗野な産物の輸出によって都合よく遂行することはできない。	foreign war|対外戦争|noun|a war between two or more countries	great expense|多大な費用|noun|a large amount of money spent	duration|期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	rude produce|粗野な産物|noun|a product that is not refined or processed	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	conveniently|都合よく|adverb|in a way that is easy or convenient	carry on|遂行する|verb|to continue doing something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
The expense of sending such a quantity of it into a foreign country as might purchase the pay and provisions of an army would be too great.	軍隊の給与や食料を購入できるほどの量を外国に送る費用は、あまりにも大きい。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
Few countries, too, produce much more rude produce than what is sufficient for the subsistence of their own inhabitants.	また、自国の住民の生活に十分な量よりもはるかに多くの粗野な産物を生産している国はほとんどない。	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	much more|はるかに多い|adverb|to a much greater extent or degree	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
To send abroad any great quantity of it, therefore, would be to send abroad a part of the necessary subsistence of the people.	したがって、それを大量に海外に送ることは、国民の生活に必要なものの一部を海外に送ることになる。	send abroad|海外に送る|verb|send to a foreign country	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
It is otherwise with the exportation of manufactures.	工業製品の輸出はそうではない。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	manufacture|工業製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
The maintenance of the people employed in them is kept at home, and only the surplus part of their work is exported.	工業製品に従事する人々の生活は国内で維持され、彼らの労働の余剰部分だけが輸出される。	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	employed|従事する|verb|have a paid job	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
Mr Hume frequently takes notice of the inability of the ancient kings of England to carry on, without interruption, any foreign war of long duration.	ヒューム氏は、古代イングランド王が長期間の中断なく対外戦争を遂行できなかったことにしばしば注目している。	Mr Hume|ヒューム氏|noun|a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	take notice of|注目する|verb|become aware of	inability|できないこと|noun|the state of being unable to do something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity	foreign|対外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	long duration|長期間|noun|a long period of time
The English in those days had nothing wherewithal to purchase the pay and provisions of their armies in foreign countries, but either the rude produce of the soil, of which no considerable part could be spared from the home consumption, or a few manufactures of the coarsest kind, of which, as well as of the rude produce, the transportation was too expensive.	当時のイギリス人は、外国で軍隊の給与や食料を購入するための資金を持ち合わせていなかったが、国内消費からかなりの部分を割くことができず、粗野な農産物や、粗野な農産物と同様に輸送費がかかりすぎる粗悪な工業製品しかなかった。	in those days|当時|adverb|at that time	English|イギリス人|noun|a person from England	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	pay|給与|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	provision|食料|noun|a supply of food, water, or other necessities	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement, good taste, or good manners	produce|農産物|noun|agricultural or horticultural products	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	spare|割く|verb|give up or do without	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services bought by households	coarsest|粗悪な|adjective|lacking refinement or good taste	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	manufacture|工業製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of transporting someone or something	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
This inability did not arise from the want of money, but of the finer and more improved manufactures.	この無能さは、金銭の不足からではなく、より精巧でより改良された工業製品の不足から生じた。	inability|無能さ|noun|the quality or state of being unable to do something	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	want|不足|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	finer|より精巧な|adjective|of superior quality	improved|より改良された|adjective|made or become better	manufacture|工業製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory
Buying and selling was transacted by means of money in England then as well as now.	当時も今もイギリスでは、売買は金銭によって行われていた。	buying and selling|売買|noun|the action of buying and selling	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	by means of|によって|preposition|using something as a method or a way to do something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	then|当時|adverb|at that time; at the time in question	as well as|も|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	now|今|adverb|at the present time; at this moment
The quantity of circulating money must have borne the same proportion, to the number and value of purchases and sales usually transacted at that time, which it does to those transacted at present;	流通する貨幣の量は、当時通常行われていた売買の数と価値に対して、現在行われるものに対してと同じ割合を占めていたに違いない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bear|占める|verb|be produced or give birth to	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	purchase|売買|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	sale|売買|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	transact|行われる|verb|carry out or conduct	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	at present|現在|adverb|at the time being; now
or, rather, it must have borne a greater proportion, because there was then no paper, which now occupies a great part of the employment of gold and silver.	あるいは、むしろ、現在金銀の使用の大部分を占めている紙幣が当時は存在しなかったので、より大きな割合を占めていたに違いない。	bear|占める|verb|to carry or support	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	paper|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	occupy|占める|verb|to take up or fill	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Among nations to whom commerce and manufactures are little known, the sovereign, upon extraordinary occasions, can seldom draw any considerable aid from his subjects, for reasons which shall be explained hereafter.	商業や製造業がほとんど知られていない国々では、後述する理由により、君主は特別な機会に臣下からかなりの援助を得ることはめったにできない。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	little|ほとんど～ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	nation|国々|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	aid|援助|noun|help, typically of a practical nature	hereafter|後述する|adverb|in the future
It is in such countries, therefore, that he generally endeavours to accumulate a treasure, as the only resource against such emergencies.	したがって、そのような国々では、君主はそのような緊急事態に対する唯一の資源として、一般的に宝を蓄積しようと努力する。	It is in|～にある|verb|be located in	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	that|～ということ|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that expresses a statement or hypothesis	he|君主|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	as|として|conjunction|used to indicate that something is the same as or similar to something else	the only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	against|に対する|preposition|in opposition to	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	emergency|緊急事態|noun|a serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action
Independent of this necessity, he is, in such a situation, naturally disposed to the parsimony requisite for accumulation.	この必要性とは別に、君主はそのような状況では、蓄積に必要な倹約に自然と向かいやすい。	independent of|とは別に|adjective|not connected with	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|向かいやすい|verb|make someone inclined to do something	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	requisite|必要な|adjective|required as a condition or necessary for success	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating
In that simple state, the expense even of a sovereign is not directed by the vanity which delights in the gaudy finery of a court, but is employed in bounty to his tenants, and hospitality to his retainers.	そのような単純な状態では、君主の支出でさえ、宮廷の派手な装飾を喜ぶ虚栄心によってではなく、小作人への施しや家臣へのもてなしに使われる。	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	delight|喜ぶ|verb|to give great pleasure to	gaudy|派手な|adjective|excessively bright or showy	finery|装飾|noun|showy clothes or decoration	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign	bounty|施し|noun|something that is given freely	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis
But bounty and hospitality very seldom lead to extravagance;	しかし、施しやもてなしが浪費につながることはめったにない。	bounty|施し|noun|something that is given freely	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	lead to|つながる|verb|to cause or result in	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources in a careless or wasteful way
though vanity almost always does.	虚栄心はほとんどいつも浪費につながる。	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	almost always|ほとんどいつも|adverb|very frequently	do|つながる|verb|cause to happen or occur
Every Tartar chief, accordingly, has a treasure.	したがって、すべてのタタール人の首長は宝を持っている。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or clan	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold
The treasures of Mazepa, chief of the Cossacks in the Ukraine, the famous ally of Charles XII., are said to have been very great.	ウクライナのコサックの首長で、カール12世の有名な同盟者であるマゼッパの宝は、非常に大きかったと言われている。	Mazepa|マゼッパ|noun|Hetman of Zaporizhian Host	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or clan	Cossacks|コサック|noun|a member of a people of southern Russia and Ukraine	Ukraine|ウクライナ|noun|a country in Eastern Europe	ally|同盟者|noun|a person or country that is joined with another in an agreement	Charles XII|カール12世|noun|King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718	treasure|宝|noun|a collection of valuable things	great|大きかった|adjective|of major significance or importance
The French kings of the Merovingian race had all treasures.	メロヴィング朝のフランス王はすべて宝を持っていた。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	Merovingian|メロヴィング朝|adjective|of or relating to the first Frankish dynasty	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems
When they divided their kingdom among their different children, they divided their treasures too.	彼らが王国を子供たちに分割したとき、宝も分割した。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects
The Saxon princes, and the first kings after the Conquest, seem likewise to have accumulated treasures.	サクソン人の王子たちや征服後の最初の王たちも同様に宝を蓄積していたようだ。	Saxon|サクソン人|noun|a member of a Germanic people who conquered and settled in England from the 5th century	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	Conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
The first exploit of every new reign was commonly to seize the treasure of the preceding king, as the most essential measure for securing the succession.	新しい王の最初の仕事は、通常、前王の宝を奪うことであり、これは王位継承を確保するための最も重要な手段だった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	exploit|仕事|noun|a deed or act	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	reign|王|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	seize|奪う|verb|take hold of suddenly and forcibly	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	preceding|前|adjective|coming before in time or order	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	succession|継承|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.
The sovereigns of improved and commercial countries are not under the same necessity of accumulating treasures, because they can generally draw from their subjects extraordinary aids upon extraordinary occasions.	先進国や商業国の君主は、通常、特別な機会に臣下から特別な援助を得ることができるので、宝を蓄積する必要はない。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	improved|先進国|adjective|made better	commercial|商業国|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	under the same necessity|必要はない|noun phrase|not required or compulsory	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	draw|得る|verb|obtain from a specified source	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
They are likewise less disposed to do so.	彼らは同様にそうする傾向が少ない。	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition; too	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as before	disposed|傾向がある|adjective|inclined or willing
They naturally, perhaps necessarily, follow the mode of the times;	彼らは当然、おそらく必然的に、時代のモードに従う。	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	mode|モード|noun|a way or manner in which something occurs or is done
and their expense comes to be regulated by the same extravagant vanity which directs that of all the other great proprietors in their dominions.	そして、彼らの支出は、彼らの支配下にある他のすべての大所有者の支出を支配しているのと同じ贅沢な虚栄心によって調整されるようになる。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	come to be|～になる|verb|become	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	extravagant|贅沢な|adjective|costing a lot of money	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	direct|支配する|verb|control the operations of	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control
The insignificant pageantry of their court becomes every day more brilliant;	彼らの宮廷の取るに足らない見世物は日々ますます華やかになる。	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|of minor importance	pageantry|見世物|noun|a showy display	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	every day|日々|adverb|daily	brilliant|華やか|adjective|very bright or vivid
and the expense of it not only prevents accumulation, but frequently encroaches upon the funds destined for more necessary expenses.	そして、その費用は蓄積を妨げるだけでなく、より必要な費用に充てられる資金をしばしば侵害する。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
What Dercyllidas said of the court of Persia, may be applied to that of several European princes, that he saw there much splendour, but little strength, and many servants, but few soldiers.	デルキリダスがペルシア宮廷について語ったことは、ヨーロッパのいくつかの君主の宮廷にも当てはまるかもしれない。彼はそこでは多くの壮麗さを見たが、強さはほとんどなく、召使は多かったが、兵士は少なかった。	Dercyllidas|デルキリダス|noun|a Spartan general	Persia|ペルシア|noun|an ancient empire in the Middle East	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	splendour|壮麗さ|noun|the state or quality of being splendid; magnificence	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army

The importation of gold and silver is not the principal, much less the sole benefit, which a nation derives from its foreign trade.	金銀の輸入は、一国がその対外貿易から得る主要な利益ではなく、ましてや唯一の利益ではない。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	much less|ましてや|adverb|to a much smaller extent	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	nation|一国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
Between whatever places foreign trade is carried on, they all of them derive two distinct benefits from it.	対外貿易が行なわれる場所がどこであれ、それらの場所はすべて、対外貿易から二つの異なる利益を得る。	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	carry on|行なわれる|verb|continue doing something	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	whatever|どこであれ|pronoun|no matter what	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
It carries out that surplus part of the produce of their land and labour for which there is no demand among them, and brings back in return for it something else for which there is a demand.	対外貿易は、彼らの土地と労働の生産物のうち、彼らの間に需要のない余剰部分を運び出し、その見返りとして需要のある何かを持ち帰る。	carry out|運び出す|verb|take or bring something from inside to outside	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something	return|見返り|noun|something given in exchange for something else	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|take or bring something back to a place
It gives a value to their superfluities, by exchanging them for something else, which may satisfy a part of their wants and increase their enjoyments.	対外貿易は、彼らの余剰物を、彼らの欲求の一部を満たし、彼らの楽しみを増やすかもしれない何かと交換することによって、それらに価値を与える。	give a value|価値を与える|verb|make something more valuable	superfluity|余剰物|noun|something that is more than is needed	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return	satisfy|満たす|verb|meet the requirements of	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous
By means of it, the narrowness of the home market does not hinder the division of labour in any particular branch of art or manufacture from being carried to the highest perfection.	対外貿易によって、国内市場の狭さは、芸術や製造業の特定の分野における分業が最高の完成度に達するのを妨げない。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	narrowness|狭さ|noun|the quality of being narrow	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of people	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods on a large scale using machinery	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a river, road, or railway	highest perfection|最高の完成度|noun|the state of being complete and correct in every way
By opening a more extensive market for whatever part of the produce of their labour may exceed the home consumption, it encourages them to improve its productive power, and to augment its annual produce to the utmost, and thereby to increase the real revenue and wealth of the society.	彼らの労働の生産物のどの部分が国内消費を上回るとしても、より広範な市場を開くことによって、対外貿易は彼らに生産力を向上させ、年間生産量を最大限に増加させ、それによって社会の実質収入と富を増加させるよう奨励する。	open|開く|verb|make or become open	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	improve|向上させる|verb|make or become better	productive|生産|adjective|having the power to produce	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	augment|増加させる|verb|make or become greater	utmost|最大限|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	increase|増加|verb|make or become greater	revenue|収入|noun|income	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
These great and important services foreign trade is continually occupied in performing to all the different countries between which it is carried on.	対外貿易は、これらの偉大で重要なサービスを、それが行われているすべての異なる国々に対して継続的に行っている。	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
They all derive great benefit from it, though that in which the merchant resides generally derives the greatest, as he is generally more employed in supplying the wants, and carrying out the superfluities of his own, than of any other particular country.	彼らは皆、対外貿易から大きな利益を得ているが、商人が住んでいる国は、他のどの国よりも自国の余剰物を供給し、輸出することに従事しているため、一般的に最も大きな利益を得ている。	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	want|不足|noun|a lack or deficiency	superfluity|余剰|noun|something that is more than is needed	carry out|輸出する|verb|take or bring something from one place to another
To import the gold and silver which may be wanted into the countries which have no mines, is, no doubt a part of the business of foreign commerce.	鉱山のない国に必要とされる金銀を輸入することは、間違いなく対外貿易の一部である。	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	foreign commerce|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
It is, however, a most insignificant part of it.	しかし、それは対外貿易の最も重要でない部分である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	insignificant|重要でない|adjective|of minor importance or significance
A country which carried on foreign trade merely upon this account, could scarce have occasion to freight a ship in a century.	単にこの理由で対外貿易を行っている国は、1世紀に1度も船を運行する機会がほとんどない。	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	this account|この理由|noun|this reason	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	have occasion to|機会がある|verb|have a chance to	freight|運行する|verb|transport goods by land, sea, or air	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years

It is not by the importation of gold and silver that the discovery of America has enriched Europe.	アメリカ大陸の発見がヨーロッパを豊かにしたのは、金銀の輸入によってではない。	America|アメリカ大陸|noun|the United States of America	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country
By the abundance of the American mines, those metals have become cheaper.	アメリカの鉱山の豊富さによって、これらの金属は安価になった。	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its inhabitants	mine|鉱山|noun|a large excavation in the earth for extracting coal or other minerals	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances that are usually shiny, hard, and good conductors of heat and electricity	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
A service of plate can now be purchased for about a third part of the corn, or a third part of the labour, which it would have cost in the fifteenth century.	銀食器は、15世紀に比べて、約3分の1の穀物、または3分の1の労働で購入できる。	service|食器|noun|a set of dishes	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish with raised edges that you eat or serve food from	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	fifteenth century|15世紀|noun|the period from 1401 to 1500
With the same annual expense of labour and commodities, Europe can annually purchase about three times the quantity of plate which it could have purchased at that time.	ヨーロッパは、同じ労働と商品の年間支出で、当時購入できた銀食器の約3倍の量を毎年購入できる。	with|で|preposition|using	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	purchase|購入|verb|buy	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
But when a commodity comes to be sold for a third part of what bad been its usual price, not only those who purchased it before can purchase three times their former quantity, but it is brought down to the level of a much greater number of purchasers, perhaps to more than ten, perhaps to more than twenty times the former number.	しかし、ある商品が通常価格の3分の1で販売されるようになると、以前に購入した人は以前の3倍の量を購入できるだけでなく、はるかに多くの購入者のレベルにまで下がり、おそらく10倍以上、おそらく20倍以上になる。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	come to be sold|販売されるようになる|verb|become available for purchase	third part|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	usual price|通常価格|noun|the price that is normally charged for a good or service	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	those who|人|noun|the people who	purchase|購入|verb|buy	three times|3倍|noun|three times as much or as many	former quantity|以前の量|noun|the amount that was previously available	bring down|下がる|verb|cause to fall or come down	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	much greater number|はるかに多い数|noun|a number that is much larger than another	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	more than ten|10倍以上|noun|ten times as much or as many	more than twenty|20倍以上|noun|twenty times as much or as many	former number|以前の数|noun|the number that was previously available
So that there may be in Europe at present, not only more than three times, but more than twenty or thirty times the quantity of plate which would have been in it, even in its present state of improvement, had the discovery of the American mines never been made.	そのため、アメリカの鉱山が発見されなかったとしても、現在のヨーロッパには、現在の改善された状態でさえ、3倍以上ではなく、20倍または30倍以上の銀食器があるかもしれない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	three|3|numeral|the number 3	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	thirty|30|numeral|the number 30	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
So far Europe has, no doubt, gained a real conveniency, though surely a very trifling one.	これまでのところ、ヨーロッパは確かに非常に些細なことではあるが、間違いなく真の利便性を得ている。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	conveniency|利便性|noun|the quality of being convenient	surely|確かに|adverb|certainly; without doubt	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance
The cheapness of gold and silver renders those metals rather less fit for the purposes of money than they were before.	金と銀の安さは、これらの金属を以前よりも貨幣の目的には適さないものにしている。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
In order to make the same purchases, we must load ourselves with a greater quantity of them, and carry about a shilling in our pocket, where a groat would have done before.	同じ買い物をするためには、より多くの量を持ち歩き、以前はグロート貨で済んだところを、ポケットにシリング貨を入れて持ち歩かなければならない。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the intention of	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	purchase|買い物|noun|the act of buying something	load|持ち歩く|verb|carry a heavy or bulky object	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	carry|持ち歩く|verb|take or bring with oneself	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	groat|グロート|noun|a former British silver coin worth four pennies
It is difficult to say which is most trifling, this inconveniency, or the opposite conveniency.	この不便さと、その反対の利便性と、どちらがより些細なことか言うのは難しい。	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	opposite|反対|adjective|being the other of a pair of opposite things	conveniency|利便性|noun|the quality of being convenient
Neither the one nor the other could have made any very essential change in the state of Europe.	どちらもヨーロッパの状況に本質的な変化をもたらすことはできなかっただろう。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	could have|できただろう|auxiliary verb|be able to	make|もたらす|verb|cause to happen or exist	any|本質的な|adjective|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	essential|本質的な|adjective|of, relating to, or constituting the essence of something	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	state|状況|noun|the condition of a person or thing
The discovery of America, however, certainly made a most essential one.	しかし、アメリカの発見は確かに最も本質的な変化をもたらした。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	essential|本質的な|adjective|of the utmost importance
By opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art, which in the narrow circle of the ancient commerce could never have taken place, for want of a market to take off the greater part of their produce.	ヨーロッパのあらゆる商品に新しく無尽蔵の市場を開くことで、新たな分業と技術の改良をもたらしたが、これは古代商業の狭い範囲では、生産物の大部分を売りさばく市場がなかったために、決して起こり得なかったことである。	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	inexhaustible|無尽蔵の|adjective|too large or too numerous to be used up	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	give occasion to|もたらす|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	new|新たな|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	narrow|狭い|adjective|of small width or breadth	circle|範囲|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the centre)	take place|起こる|verb|happen	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	take off|売りさばく|verb|sell or be sold quickly	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
The productive powers of labour were improved, and its produce increased in all the different countries of Europe, and together with it the real revenue and wealth of the inhabitants.	労働の生産力が向上し、ヨーロッパのあらゆる国で生産物が増加し、それに伴って住民の実質収入と富も増加した。	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improve|向上する|verb|become better	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	real revenue|実質収入|noun|the income of a person or organization after deducting all costs and expenses	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
The commodities of Europe were almost all new to America, and many of those of America were new to Europe.	ヨーロッパの商品はほとんどすべてアメリカにとって新しく、アメリカの商品の多くはヨーロッパにとって新しいものだった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	new|新しい|adjective|having recently come into existence or use	many|多く|adjective|a large number of
A new set of exchanges, therefore, began to take place, which had never been thought of before, and which should naturally have proved as advantageous to the new, as it certainly did to the old continent.	そのため、これまで考えられなかった新たな交換が始まり、当然のことながら、旧大陸にとってそうであったように、新大陸にとっても有利であることが証明された。	set|一連|noun|a group of things of the same type	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	take place|起こる|verb|happen	new|新たな|adjective|recently created or having started recently	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth
The savage injustice of the Europeans rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.	ヨーロッパ人の野蛮な不正は、すべての人にとって有益であるはずの出来事を、これらの不幸な国々のいくつかにとって破滅的で破壊的なものにしてしまった。	savage|野蛮な|adjective|fierce, ferocious, or cruel; untamed	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjust or dishonest behavior	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Europe	render|してしまう|verb|cause to be or become	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favorable or advantageous	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The discovery of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, which happened much about the same time, opened perhaps a still more extensive range to foreign commerce, than even that of America, notwithstanding the greater distance.	ほぼ同じ時期に起こった喜望峰を経由する東インドへの航路の発見は、距離が長いにもかかわらず、アメリカよりもさらに広範囲にわたる対外貿易を可能にした。	the discovery of|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	the Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa	the East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	about the same time|ほぼ同じ時期|noun|at approximately the same time	opened|可能にした|verb|make possible	a still more extensive range|さらに広範囲|noun|a wider area	foreign commerce|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	the greater distance|距離が長い|noun|the longer distance
There were but two nations in America, in any respect, superior to the savages, and these were destroyed almost as soon as discovered.	アメリカには、あらゆる点で野蛮人より優れた国は二つしかなく、これらは発見されるやいなや滅ぼされてしまった。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	destroy|滅ぼす|verb|cause (something) to cease to exist or be in a usable condition
The rest were mere savages.	残りは単なる野蛮人だった。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	mere|単なる|adjective|that is nothing more than what is specified	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized
But the empires of China, Indostan, Japan, as well as several others in the East Indies, without having richer mines of gold or silver, were, in every other respect, much richer, better cultivated, and more advanced in all arts and manufactures, than either Mexico or Peru, even though we should credit, what plainly deserves no credit, the exaggerated accounts of the Spanish writers concerning the ancient state of those empires.	しかし、中国、インド、日本、東インドの他のいくつかの帝国は、金や銀の豊富な鉱山を持たずとも、他のあらゆる点で、メキシコやペルーよりもはるかに豊かで、よりよく耕され、あらゆる芸術や製造業においてより進歩していた。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	Japan|日本|noun|a country in East Asia	East Indies|東インド|noun|a region in Asia	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under one ruler	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
But rich and civilized nations can always exchange to a much greater value with one another, than with savages and barbarians.	しかし、豊かで文明的な国々は、野蛮人や未開人とよりも、互いにずっと大きな価値を交換することができる。	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized	barbarian|未開人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized
Europe, however, has hitherto derived much less advantage from its commerce with the East Indies, than from that with America.	しかし、ヨーロッパはこれまでのところ、東インドとの貿易から得られる利益は、アメリカとの貿易から得られる利益よりもはるかに少ない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up to this time	derive|得る|verb|obtain or receive from a source	advantage|利益|noun|a benefit or gain	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
The Portuguese monopolised the East India trade to themselves for about a century;	ポルトガル人は約一世紀にわたって東インド貿易を独占した。	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	monopolise|独占する|verb|have or obtain exclusive possession or control of	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and it was only indirectly, and through them, that the other nations of Europe could either send out or receive any goods from that country.	そして、ヨーロッパの他の国々がその国から商品を送ったり受け取ったりできるのは、間接的に、そして彼らを通してのみだった。	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	through|通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something
When the Dutch, in the beginning of the last century, began to encroach upon them, they vested their whole East India commerce in an exclusive company.	前世紀の初めにオランダ人が彼らを侵略し始めたとき、彼らは東インド貿易全体を独占会社に委ねた。	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	encroach|侵略する|verb|intrude on	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things
The English, French, Swedes, and Danes, have all followed their example;	イギリス、フランス、スウェーデン、デンマークはすべて彼らの先例に従った。	English|イギリス|noun|the people of England	French|フランス|noun|the people of France	Swedes|スウェーデン|noun|the people of Sweden	Danes|デンマーク|noun|the people of Denmark	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	example|先例|noun|a previous instance or case that is taken as a model
so that no great nation of Europe has ever yet had the benefit of a free commerce to the East Indies.	そのため、ヨーロッパのどの大国も東インドとの自由貿易の恩恵を享受したことがない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	benefit|恩恵|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	free commerce|自由貿易|noun|trade without restrictions or tariffs
No other reason need be assigned why it has never been so advantageous as the trade to America, which, between almost every nation of Europe and its own colonies, is free to all its subjects.	ヨーロッパのほとんどすべての国とその植民地の間で、すべての臣民に自由に認められているアメリカ貿易ほど有利でなかった理由は、他にはない。	no other|他にはない|adjective|not any other	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	need|必要である|verb|require (something) because it is essential or very important rather than just desirable	be assigned|認められている|verb|be given or allocated to	why|理由|conjunction|for what reason or purpose	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	has never been|なかった|verb|not ever be	so|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	as|ほど|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that indicates the extent or degree of something	the trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	to|への|preposition|expressing motion toward a place, person, or thing reached	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	which|それは|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	between|間で|preposition|at a point in time or space intermediate to two others	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	every|すべての|determiner|each of a group of people or things	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	of|の|preposition|expressing the relationship between a part and a whole	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected	its|その|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	colonies|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	is|である|verb|be	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	to|に|preposition|expressing motion toward a place, person, or thing reached	all|すべての|determiner|each of a group of people or things	its|その|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	subjects|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
The exclusive privileges of those East India companies, their great riches, the great favour and protection which these have procured them from their respective governments, have excited much envy against them.	これらの東インド会社の独占的特権、その莫大な富、それによって各国政府から得た大きな恩恵と保護は、彼らに対して多くの羨望を抱かせた。	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or benefit that is given to only one person or group	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a company formed for trade with East and Southeast Asia and India	great riches|莫大な富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	great favour|大きな恩恵|noun|a kind or helpful act that you do for someone	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	excite|抱かせる|verb|cause someone to feel a strong emotion
This envy has frequently represented their trade as altogether pernicious, on account of the great quantities of silver which it every year exports from the countries from which it is carried on.	この羨望は、彼らの貿易が毎年大量の銀を輸出している国から輸出していることを理由に、彼らの貿易を全く有害なものとして表現することが多かった。	envy|羨望|noun|a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck	represent|表現する|verb|to serve as a symbol of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm; highly injurious or destructive	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	export|輸出|verb|to send or carry abroad, especially for trade or sale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something
The parties concerned have replied, that their trade by this continual exportation of silver, might indeed tend to impoverish Europe in general, but not the particular country from which it was carried on;	関係者は、この銀の継続的な輸出による貿易は、確かにヨーロッパ全体を貧困化させる傾向があるかもしれないが、それが行われた特定の国を貧困化させるわけではないと答えている。	party|関係者|noun|a person or group of people taking part in an action or event	concerned|関係する|adjective|involved in or affected by something	reply|答える|verb|say something in response	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	tend|傾向がある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	impoverish|貧困化する|verb|make poor	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, or matter	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
because, by the exportation of a part of the returns to other European countries, it annually brought home a much greater quantity of that metal than it carried out.	なぜなら、収益の一部を他のヨーロッパ諸国に輸出することで、毎年、輸出するよりもはるかに多くの量の金属を国内に持ち帰っていたからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or organization receives	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	bring home|持ち帰る|verb|to take or carry something to one's home	much greater|はるかに多い|adjective|a lot more	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)
Both the objection and the reply are founded in the popular notion which I have been just now examining.	異議申し立てと返答はどちらも、私が今調べた一般的な考えに基づいている。	objection|異議申し立て|noun|an expression of opposition to something	reply|返答|noun|a response to a question or remark	found|基づく|verb|base or establish on	popular notion|一般的な考え|noun|a generally held idea or opinion	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly
It is therefore unnecessary to say any thing further about either.	したがって、どちらについてもこれ以上言う必要はない。	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	further|これ以上|adverb|to a greater extent or degree
By the annual exportation of silver to the East Indies, plate is probably somewhat dearer in Europe than it otherwise might have been;	銀を毎年東インドに輸出することで、ヨーロッパでは銀食器がそうでない場合よりも多少高価になっている可能性がある。	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening or done once a year	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	might have been|そうでない場合|verb|a possible situation that did not happen in the past
and coined silver probably purchases a larger quantity both of labour and commodities.	そして、鋳造された銀は、おそらく労働と商品の両方をより多く購入する。	coined|鋳造された|adjective|made into coins	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
The former of these two effects is a very small loss, the latter a very small advantage;	これら二つの効果のうち、前者は非常に小さな損失であり、後者は非常に小さな利益である。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
both too insignificant to deserve any part of the public attention.	どちらもあまりに些細なことなので、世間の注目を集めるに値しない。	both|どちらも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	too|あまりに|adverb|to a higher degree than is desirable, permissible, or possible	insignificant|些細な|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	public|世間|noun|the people as a whole	attention|注目|noun|notice taken of someone or something; the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
The trade to the East Indies, by opening a market to the commodities of Europe, or, what comes nearly to the same thing, to the gold and silver which is purchased with those commodities, must necessarily tend to increase the annual production of European commodities, and consequently the real wealth and revenue of Europe.	東インド貿易は、ヨーロッパの商品、あるいはほぼ同じことだが、それらの商品で購入される金銀の市場を開くことで、必然的にヨーロッパの商品の年間生産量を増加させ、その結果としてヨーロッパの実質的な富と収入を増加させる傾向にある。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	production|生産量|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	real|実質的な|adjective|not imagined or supposed	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
That it has hitherto increased them so little, is probably owing to the restraints which it everywhere labours under.	それがこれまでほとんど増加しなかったのは、おそらくそれが至る所で苦労している制約のためであろう。	hitherto|これまで|adverb|up to this time; until now	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	little|ほとんど|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	owing to|～のため|preposition|because of	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	labour|苦労する|verb|work hard; make great effort

I thought it necessary, though at the hazard of being tedious, to examine at full length this popular notion, that wealth consists in money or in gold and silver.	退屈になる危険を冒してでも、富とは貨幣や金銀にあるというこの通俗的な考えを十分に検討することが必要だと思った。	at the hazard of|危険を冒して|noun|at the risk of	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	full length|十分に|noun|the whole extent	popular|通俗的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Money, in common language, as I have already observed, frequently signifies wealth;	すでに述べたように、日常語では貨幣はしばしば富を意味する。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	common language|日常語|noun|the language that people usually speak	observe|述べる|verb|say or mention	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	signify|意味する|verb|be a sign of; indicate
and this ambiguity of expression has rendered this popular notion so familiar to us, that even they who are convinced of its absurdity, are very apt to forget their own principles, and, in the course of their reasonings, to take it for granted as a certain and undeniable truth.	そして、この表現の曖昧さは、この通俗的な考えを私たちにとても身近なものにしてしまったので、その不条理さを確信している人でさえ、自分の原則を忘れてしまい、推論の過程で、それを確実で否定できない真理として当然のことと考えてしまう傾向がある。	ambiguity|曖昧さ|noun|the quality of being open to more than one interpretation	expression|表現|noun|the process of making known one's thoughts or feelings	popular|通俗的な|adjective|of or relating to the general public	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	familiar|身近な|adjective|well known	absurdity|不条理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	convince|確信する|verb|cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	forget|忘れる|verb|not be able to remember	reasoning|推論|noun|the process of giving reasons for or against something	take for granted|当然のことと考えてしまう|verb|assume that something is true or will happen without questioning it	certain|確実な|adjective|known or proved to be true	undeniable|否定できない|adjective|impossible to deny or disprove	truth|真理|noun|the body of real things, events, and facts
Some of the best English writers upon commerce set out with observing, that the wealth of a country consists, not in its gold and silver only, but in its lands, houses, and consumable goods of all different kinds.	商業に関するイギリスの優れた著述家の中には、一国の富は金銀だけでなく、土地、家屋、あらゆる種類の消費財にあると述べた人もいる。	some of|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	best|優れた|adjective|of the highest quality	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	writer|著述家|noun|a person who writes	upon|～に関する|preposition|on	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	set out|述べる|verb|to express or state	observing|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	consist|ある|verb|to be composed or made up of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	good|財|noun|a tangible item that is manufactured or produced
In the course of their reasonings, however, the lands, houses, and consumable goods, seem to slip out of their memory;	しかし、彼らの推論の過程で、土地、家屋、消費財は彼らの記憶から抜け落ちてしまったようである。	in the course of|過程で|preposition|during	reasoning|推論|noun|the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	slip out of|抜け落ちる|verb|to leave or escape from something or someone accidentally or unnoticed	memory|記憶|noun|the ability to remember things
and the strain of their argument frequently supposes that all wealth consists in gold and silver, and that to multiply those metals is the great object of national industry and commerce.	そして、彼らの議論の流れは、しばしばすべての富が金と銀にあると仮定し、これらの金属を増やすことが国家の産業と商業の大きな目的であるとする。	strain|流れ|noun|a force or influence that tends to distort or change	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale

The two principles being established, however, that wealth consisted in gold and silver, and that those metals could be brought into a country which had no mines, only by the balance of trade, or by exporting to a greater value than it imported;	しかし、富は金と銀にあるということと、これらの金属は貿易収支によってのみ、あるいは輸入額よりも輸出額を大きくすることによってのみ、鉱山のない国に持ち込むことができるという二つの原則が確立された。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consist|ある|verb|to be composed or made up of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	bring|持ち込む|verb|to cause to come to a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, precious metals, or other minerals are extracted from the ground	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	export|輸出|verb|to send or take goods or services out of a country for sale in another country	import|輸入|verb|to bring or cause to be brought into a country from abroad
it necessarily became the great object of political economy to diminish as much as possible the importation of foreign goods for home consumption, and to increase as much as possible the exportation of the produce of domestic industry.	必然的に、国内消費のための外国製品の輸入を可能な限り減らし、国内産業の生産物の輸出を可能な限り増やすことが、政治経済の大きな目的となった。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services used in a country	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	exportation|輸出|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industries of a particular country
Its two great engines for enriching the country, therefore, were restraints upon importation, and encouragement to exportation.	したがって、国を豊かにするための二つの大きな原動力は、輸入の制限と輸出の奨励であった。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	engine|原動力|noun|a machine that provides power for a vehicle or for some other device with moving parts	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services out of a country for sale

The restraints upon importation were of two kinds.	輸入制限には二種類あった。	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods and services produced in one country into another	two|二|numeral|one more than one

First, restraints upon the importation of such foreign goods for home consumption as could be produced at home, from whatever country they were imported.	第一に、国内で生産できるような外国製品の輸入を、どの国から輸入されるかに関わらず、国内消費のために制限することである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used up by a country's population	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what; of any kind at all	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

Secondly, restraints upon the importation of goods of almost all kinds, from those particular countries with which the balance of trade was supposed to be disadvantageous.	第二に、貿易収支が不利であると考えられる特定の国からの、ほとんどすべての種類の製品の輸入を制限することである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, group, or instance	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value over a period of time between a country's imports and exports	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage or harm

Those different restraints consisted sometimes in high duties, and sometimes in absolute prohibitions.	これらの異なる制限は、時には高関税、時には絶対禁止という形をとった。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	prohibition|禁止|noun|an official order or rule that forbids or restricts something

Exportation was encouraged sometimes by drawbacks, sometimes by bounties, sometimes by advantageous treaties of commerce with foreign states, and sometimes by the establishment of colonies in distant countries.	輸出は、時には払い戻し、時には賞金、時には外国との有利な通商条約、時には遠い国への植民地の設立によって奨励された。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	foreign state|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling	distant country|遠い国|noun|a country that is far away	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

Drawbacks were given upon two different occasions.	払い戻しは二つの異なる機会に与えられた。	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a refund of duties paid on imported goods that are subsequently exported	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or could happen
When the home manufactures were subject to any duty or excise, either the whole or a part of it was frequently drawn back upon their exportation;	国内の製造業者が関税や物品税を課せられた場合、その全部または一部が輸出時に払い戻されることが多かった。	home manufacture|国内の製造業者|noun|a company that makes goods in the country where it is based	be subject to|課せられる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	either the whole or a part of it|その全部または一部|noun phrase|all or some of something	be drawn back|払い戻される|verb|be paid back	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale
and when foreign goods liable to a duty were imported, in order to be exported again, either the whole or a part of this duty was sometimes given back upon such exportation.	また、関税の対象となる外国製品を再輸出するために輸入した場合、その関税の全部または一部が再輸出時に返還されることもあった。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|a thing produced for sale	liable|対象となる|adjective|legally responsible for something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to a foreign country	whole|全部|noun|all of something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	give back|返還する|verb|return something to someone

Bounties were given for the encouragement, either of some beginning manufactures, or of such sorts of industry of other kinds as were supposed to deserve particular favour.	賞金は、いくつかの初期の製造業や、特別な恩恵に値すると思われる他の種類の産業の奨励のために与えられた。	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	beginning|初期|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	favour|恩恵|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected

By advantageous treaties of commerce, particular privileges were procured in some foreign state for the goods and merchants of the country, beyond what were granted to those of other countries.	有利な通商条約によって、他の国の商人や商品に与えられたものを超えた、特別な特権が、いくつかの外国で、その国の商人や商品のために獲得された。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	good|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale

By the establishment of colonies in distant countries, not only particular privileges, but a monopoly was frequently procured for the goods and merchants of the country which established them.	遠い国に植民地を設立することで、特別な特権だけでなく、独占権が、植民地を設立した国の商人や商品のために獲得されることが多かった。	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means

The two sorts of restraints upon importation above mentioned, together with these four encouragements to exportation, constitute the six principal means by which the commercial system proposes to increase the quantity of gold and silver in any country, by turning the balance of trade in its favour.	上記の二種類の輸入制限と、これら四つの輸出奨励策は、貿易収支を有利にすることで、どの国でも金銀の量を増やすことを商業システムが提案する六つの主要な手段を構成している。	two sorts of|二種類の|noun|two kinds of	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	upon|に対する|preposition|on	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	together with|と共に|preposition|in addition to	these four|これら四つの|determiner|these four	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something or the state of being encouraged	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	six|六つの|determiner|six	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	by which|によって|relative pronoun|by	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, tableware, and photography	any|どの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	by|によって|preposition|by	turning|有利にする|verb|change or cause to change direction, position, or course	balance|収支|noun|an even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
I shall consider each of them in a particular chapter, and, without taking much farther notice of their supposed tendency to bring money into the country, I shall examine chiefly what are likely to be the effects of each of them upon the annual produce of its industry.	私は、それぞれを特定の章で検討し、国内に貨幣をもたらすと考えられる傾向についてあまり深く言及せずに、主に、それぞれがその産業の年間生産にどのような影響を及ぼす可能性があるかを検討する。	consider|検討する|verb|think carefully about	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	take notice of|言及する|verb|to pay attention to	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or occur	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	examine|検討する|verb|to study or inspect closely and thoroughly	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産|noun|agricultural or industrial products
According as they tend either to increase or diminish the value of this annual produce, they must evidently tend either to increase or diminish the real wealth and revenue of the country.	これらの政策がこの年間生産物の価値を増加させるか減少させる傾向にあるかによって、明らかにその国の真の富と収入を増加させるか減少させる傾向にあるに違いない。	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature


## CHAPTER II: OF RESTRAINTS UPON IMPORTATION FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES OF SUCH GOODS AS CAN BE PRODUCED AT HOME.	第二章: 自国で生産できるような商品の外国からの輸入制限について	CHAPTER II|第二章|noun|the second chapter	RESTRAINT|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	IMPORTATION|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	FOREIGN COUNTRIES|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	SUCH GOODS AS CAN BE PRODUCED AT HOME|自国で生産できるような商品|noun|goods that can be produced in one's own country

By restraining, either by high duties, or by absolute prohibitions, the importation of such goods from foreign countries as can be produced at home, the monopoly of the home market is more or less secured to the domestic industry employed in producing them.	高関税または絶対的禁止によって、自国で生産できるような商品の外国からの輸入を制限することで、国内市場の独占は、それらの生産に従事する国内産業に多かれ少なかれ保証される。	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	absolute prohibition|絶対的禁止|noun|a law or rule that completely forbids something	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	home|自国|noun|the country where one was born or has legal citizenship	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad for sale	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
Thus the prohibition of importing either live cattle or salt provisions from foreign countries, secures to the graziers of Great Britain the monopoly of the home market for butcher’s meat.	このように、生きた牛や塩漬け食料品の外国からの輸入を禁止することで、イギリスの牧畜業者は食肉の国内市場を独占できる。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach (something) firmly	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who grazes cattle or sheep	butcher's meat|食肉|noun|the flesh of animals slaughtered for food	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service in the country in which it is produced	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
The high duties upon the importation of corn, which, in times of moderate plenty, amount to a prohibition, give a like advantage to the growers of that commodity.	穀物の輸入に対する高関税は、適度に豊富な時期には禁止に相当し、その商品の生産者に同様の利益をもたらす。	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax or fee that is charged on goods when they are imported into a country	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad for sale	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	moderate plenty|適度に豊富|noun|a state of having enough of something, but not too much	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	like|同様の|adjective|having the same characteristics or qualities as another person or thing	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows plants or crops	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
The prohibition of the importation of foreign woollen is equally favourable to the woollen manufacturers.	外国製毛織物の輸入禁止は、毛織物製造業者にとっても同様に有利である。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad for sale	foreign|外国製|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
The silk manufacture, though altogether employed upon foreign materials, has lately obtained the same advantage.	絹織物製造業は、すべて外国の材料を使用しているにもかかわらず、最近同じ利益を得ている。	silk manufacture|絹織物製造業|noun|the manufacture of silk	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	foreign material|外国の材料|noun|material from a foreign country	lately|最近|adverb|recently; not long ago	same advantage|同じ利益|noun|the same benefit or gain
The linen manufacture has not yet obtained it, but is making great strides towards it.	麻織物製造業は、まだそれを獲得していないが、それに向かって大きく前進している。	linen|麻織物|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	obtain|獲得する|verb|get, acquire, or secure	make great strides|大きく前進する|verb|make a lot of progress
Many other sorts of manufactures have, in the same manner obtained in Great Britain, either altogether, or very nearly, a monopoly against their countrymen.	他の多くの種類の製造業も、同じようにイギリスで、自国民に対して独占を獲得しているか、あるいはそれに近い状態にある。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	obtain|獲得する|verb|get, acquire, or secure	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	nearly|ほとんど|adverb|almost	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	countryman|自国民|noun|a person from one's own country
The variety of goods, of which the importation into Great Britain is prohibited, either absolutely, or under certain circumstances, greatly exceeds what can easily be suspected by those who are not well acquainted with the laws of the customs.	イギリスへの輸入が絶対的に、あるいは一定の状況下で禁止されている品物の種類は、関税法に精通していない人々が容易に想像できる範囲をはるかに超えている。	variety|種類|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	goods|品物|noun|a thing or things	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods into a country from abroad for sale	prohibited|禁止されている|verb|formally or legally forbid	absolutely|絶対的に|adverb|completely and totally	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	greatly|はるかに|adverb|very much; to a great extent	exceed|超える|verb|be greater or better than	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	suspected|想像できる|verb|have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof	acquainted|精通している|verb|have knowledge or experience of	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	custom|関税|noun|a tax levied on imported or exported goods

That this monopoly of the home market frequently gives great encouragement to that particular species of industry which enjoys it, and frequently turns towards that employment a greater share of both the labour and stock of the society than would otherwise have gone to it, cannot be doubted.	国内市場のこの独占が、それを享受する特定の産業に大きな励みを与え、社会の労働と資本の両方のより大きな部分を、そうでなければその産業に投入されるよりも多くその産業に向けることは疑いようがない。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	encouragement|励み|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	turn|向ける|verb|change direction	employment|産業|noun|the condition of having paid work	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	gone|投入される|verb|move or travel to a place	doubt|疑う|verb|feel uncertain about
But whether it tends either to increase the general industry of the society, or to give it the most advantageous direction, is not, perhaps, altogether so evident.	しかし、それが社会の一般産業を増大させる傾向にあるのか、あるいはそれに最も有利な方向を与える傾向にあるのかは、おそらく、それほど明らかではない。	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	general industry|一般産業|noun|the industry as a whole	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves or faces	evident|明らか|adjective|obvious to the eye or mind

The general industry of the society can never exceed what the capital of the society can employ.	社会の一般産業は、社会の資本が雇用できる量を超えることはできない。	general industry|一般産業|noun|the industry of a society as a whole	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it
As the number of workmen that can be kept in employment by any particular person must bear a certain proportion to his capital, so the number of those that can be continually employed by all the members of a great society must bear a certain proportion to the whole capital of the society, and never can exceed that proportion.	特定の個人が雇用し続けることができる労働者の数は、その人の資本に対して一定の割合を占めなければならないのと同様に、大社会のすべての構成員が継続的に雇用できる労働者の数は、社会の資本全体に対して一定の割合を占めなければならず、その割合を超えることはできない。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	keep|保つ|verb|to continue to have or do something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	bear|占める|verb|to have or show	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	so|そのように|adverb|in the way mentioned	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	exceed|超える|verb|to be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
No regulation of commerce can increase the quantity of industry in any society beyond what its capital can maintain.	いかなる商業規制も、いかなる社会においても、その資本が維持できる量を超えて産業の量を増加させることはできない。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in existence; keep in force or operation
It can only divert a part of it into a direction into which it might not otherwise have gone;	それができることは、その一部を、そうでなければ行かなかったかもしれない方向に転換することだけである。	divert|転換する|verb|change the direction or course of	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves or faces	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	go|行く|verb|move or travel from one place to another
and it is by no means certain that this artificial direction is likely to be more advantageous to the society, than that into which it would have gone of its own accord.	そして、この人工的な方向が、社会にとって、自らの意志で進んだ方向よりも有利であるかどうかは、決して確かではない。	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	certain|確か|adjective|known or proved to be true	artificial|人工的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	of one's own accord|自らの意志で|adverb|voluntarily; without being asked or forced

Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command.	誰もが、自分が自由にできる資本を最も有利に活用する方法を見つけようと絶えず努力している。	every individual|誰もが|noun|each person	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	exert|努力する|verb|make a physical or mental effort	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	employment|活用|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view.	確かに、彼が念頭に置いているのは、社会の利益ではなく、彼自身の利益である。	his own|彼自身の|adjective|belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	which|もの|relative pronoun|the thing that	he|彼|pronoun|the man or boy previously mentioned	has in view|念頭に置く|verb|have as one's aim or intention
But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society.	しかし、彼自身の利益の研究は、当然のことながら、あるいはむしろ必然的に、彼を社会にとって最も有利な雇用を好むように導く。	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	lead|導く|verb|to cause to go or come	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit

First, every individual endeavours to employ his capital as near home as he can, and consequently as much as he can in the support of domestic industry, provided always that he can thereby obtain the ordinary, or not a great deal less than the ordinary profits of stock.	第一に、誰もが自分の資本をできるだけ自宅の近くで、つまり国内産業を支援するためにできるだけ多く利用しようと努力するが、その結果として、常に普通の利益を得ることができるか、あるいは普通の利益よりも大幅に少なくならないことが条件となる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	every individual|誰もが|noun|each person	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	as near as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	home|自宅|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consequently|つまり|adverb|as a result or consequence	as much as|できるだけ多く|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	provided|条件となる|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; without exception	ordinary|普通の|adjective|of the usual or common type; normal	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|利益|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution

Thus, upon equal, or nearly equal profits, every wholesale merchant naturally prefers the home trade to the foreign trade of consumption, and the foreign trade of consumption to the carrying trade.	このように、同等またはほぼ同等の利益を得られる場合、すべての卸売業者は当然、国内貿易を消費の外国貿易よりも好み、消費の外国貿易を運送貿易よりも好む。	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	wholesale merchant|卸売業者|noun|a person or company that sells goods in large quantities to be resold by others	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|trade that involves transporting goods from one place to another
In the home trade, his capital is never so long out of his sight as it frequently is in the foreign trade of consumption.	国内貿易では、彼の資本は消費の外国貿易でしばしばそうであるように、彼の視界からそれほど長く離れることはない。	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sight|視界|noun|the ability to see	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between different countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
He can know better the character and situation of the persons whom he trusts;	彼は信頼する人の性格や状況をよりよく知ることができる。	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	better|よりよく|adverb|to a higher standard or more effectively
and if he should happen to be deceived, he knows better the laws of the country from which he must seek redress.	そして、もし彼が騙されたとしても、彼は救済を求めなければならない国の法律をよりよく知っている。	happen to|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	be deceived|騙される|verb|be tricked or misled	know better|よく知っている|verb|be aware of the truth	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong
In the carrying trade, the capital of the merchant is, as it were, divided between two foreign countries, and no part of it is ever necessarily brought home, or placed under his own immediate view and command.	運送貿易では、商人の資本は、いわば二つの外国に分割され、その一部が必ずしも本国に持ち帰られたり、彼自身の直接の視界や指揮下に置かれたりすることはない。	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	part|一部|noun|a piece or section of something	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	bring home|持ち帰る|verb|take or carry something to one's home	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	view|視界|noun|the ability to see something	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders and enforce obedience
The capital which an Amsterdam merchant employs in carrying corn from Koningsberg to Lisbon, and fruit and wine from Lisbon to Koningsberg, must generally be the one half of it at Koningsberg, and the other half at Lisbon.	アムステルダムの商人がケーニヒスベルクからリスボンへ穀物を運び、リスボンからケーニヒスベルクへ果物とワインを運ぶのに用いる資本は、通常、その半分がケーニヒスベルクにあり、残りの半分がリスボンにある。	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	employ|用いる|verb|use	Koningsberg|ケーニヒスベルク|noun|a city in Russia	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital city of Portugal	fruit|果物|noun|the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	Koningsberg|ケーニヒスベルク|noun|a city in Russia	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital city of Portugal
No part of it need ever come to Amsterdam.	その一部がアムステルダムに来る必要はまったくない。	no part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	ever|まったく|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital and largest city of the Netherlands
The natural residence of such a merchant should either be at Koningsberg or Lisbon; and it can only be some very particular circumstances which can make him prefer the residence of Amsterdam.	そのような商人の自然な居住地は、ケーニヒスベルクかリスボンのどちらかであるべきであり、彼がアムステルダムの居住地を好むようになるのは、非常に特殊な状況だけである。	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	residence|居住地|noun|the place where one lives	Koningsberg|ケーニヒスベルク|noun|a city in Russia	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital of the Netherlands
The uneasiness, however, which he feels at being separated so far from his capital, generally determines him to bring part both of the Koningsberg goods which he destines for the market of Lisbon, and of the Lisbon goods which he destines for that of Koningsberg, to Amsterdam;	しかし、彼が自分の資本から遠く離れていることに感じる不安は、通常、彼がリスボンの市場に運ぶケーニヒスベルクの品物と、ケーニヒスベルクの市場に運ぶリスボンの品物の両方の一部をアムステルダムに運ぶことを決意させる。	uneasiness|不安|noun|a feeling of worry or nervousness	feel|感じる|verb|experience (an emotion or sensation)	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	separate|離れる|verb|move or cause to move apart	Koningsberg|ケーニヒスベルク|noun|a city in Russia	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital of the Netherlands
and though this necessarily subjects him to a double charge of loading and unloading as well as to the payment of some duties and customs, yet, for the sake of having some part of his capital always under his own view and command, he willingly submits to this extraordinary charge;	そして、これによって彼は必然的に積み下ろしの二重の費用と、関税や税金の支払いにさらされることになるが、それでも、彼の資本の一部を常に自分の目と指揮下におきたいために、彼は喜んでこの特別な費用を負担する。	subject|さらされる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	charge|費用|noun|the price asked for something	unloading|積み下ろし|noun|the action of removing goods from a vehicle, ship, etc.	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	custom|税金|noun|a tax levied on a particular class of goods or services	sake|ために|noun|purpose or reason	view|目|noun|the ability to see	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders	willingly|喜んで|adverb|with a glad or happy heart	submit|負担する|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person
and it is in this manner that every country which has any considerable share of the carrying trade, becomes always the emporium, or general market, for the goods of all the different countries whose trade it carries on.	そして、このようにして、運送業でかなりのシェアを持つ国はすべて、貿易を行っているすべての異なる国の品物の市場、または一般市場になる。	in this manner|このようにして|adverb|in this way	every country|すべての国|noun|each country	considerable share|かなりのシェア|noun|a large part of something	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods	becomes|なる|verb|come to be	emporium|市場|noun|a large store stocking a wide range of goods	general market|一般市場|noun|a market where a wide range of goods are sold	goods|品物|noun|an article of trade	different countries|異なる国|noun|countries that are not the same	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The merchant, in order to save a second loading and unloading, endeavours always to sell in the home market, as much of the goods of all those different countries as he can;	商人は、二度目の積み下ろしを省くために、できるだけ多くの異なる国の品物を国内市場で売るように常に努力している。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	save|省く|verb|avoid the need to spend or use	second|二度目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or place or order or importance	loading|積み下ろし|noun|the action of putting a load on or in a vehicle, ship, aircraft, etc.	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a country	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
and thus, so far as he can, to convert his carrying trade into a foreign trade of consumption.	そして、そうすることで、できる限り、運送業を消費のための貿易に変えようとしている。	so far as|できる限り|adverb|to the extent or degree that	convert|変える|verb|change from one form or use to another	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries
A merchant, in the same manner, who is engaged in the foreign trade of consumption, when he collects goods for foreign markets, will always be glad, upon equal or nearly equal profits, to sell as great a part of them at home as he can.	同様に、消費のための貿易に従事している商人は、外国市場向けに品物を集めるとき、利益が同等またはほぼ同等であれば、できるだけ多くの品物を国内で販売することを常に喜ぶだろう。	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	be engaged in|従事している|verb|be occupied or busy with	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	be glad|喜ぶ|verb|feel pleased or happy	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	great|多くの|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	at home|国内|adverb|in one's own country	as he can|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible
He saves himself the risk and trouble of exportation, when, so far as he can, he thus converts his foreign trade of consumption into a home trade.	彼は、できる限り、消費のための貿易を国内貿易に変えることで、輸出のリスクと手間を省くことができる。	save|省く|verb|avoid the need to spend	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	so far as|できる限り|adverb|to the extent or degree that	convert|変える|verb|change from one form or state to another	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	home trade|国内貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services within a country
Home is in this manner the centre, if I may say so, round which the capitals of the inhabitants of every country are continually circulating, and towards which they are always tending, though, by particular causes, they may sometimes be driven off and repelled from it towards more distant employments.	このように、本国は、いわば中心であり、その周囲をあらゆる国の住民の資本が絶えず循環しており、常にその方向に向かっているが、特別な原因によって、時にはそこから追い出され、より遠い用途に向かって反発することもある。	home|本国|noun|the country where one was born or has legal residence	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	centre|中心|noun|the middle point of something	if I may say so|いわば|adverb|if I may be so bold as to say so	round|周囲|noun|a circular or curved shape	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	circulate|循環する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	towards|向かって|preposition|in the direction of	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	tend|向かう|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	drive off|追い出す|verb|cause to leave	repel|反発する|verb|force or drive away; repulse	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed
But a capital employed in the home trade, it has already been shown, necessarily puts into motion a greater quantity of domestic industry, and gives revenue and employment to a greater number of the inhabitants of the country, than an equal capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption;	しかし、すでに示したように、国内貿易に投下された資本は、消費のための貿易に投下された同額の資本よりも、必然的に国内産業の量を増やし、より多くの国民に収入と雇用を与える。	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下する|verb|use or engage	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	show|示す|verb|demonstrate or make clear how something works or is done	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	put into motion|増やす|verb|cause to start moving	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|industry within a country	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	inhabitant|国民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	foreign trade|貿易|noun|trade between different countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
and one employed in the foreign trade of consumption has the same advantage over an equal capital employed in the carrying trade.	そして、消費のための貿易に投下された資本は、運送貿易に投下された同額の資本に対しても同じ利点を持つ。	one|資本|noun|the number 1	employ|投下される|verb|use or engage	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	equal|同額の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Upon equal, or only nearly equal profits, therefore, every individual naturally inclines to employ his capital in the manner in which it is likely to afford the greatest support to domestic industry, and to give revenue and employment to the greatest number of people of his own country.	したがって、利益が同等、あるいはほぼ同等であれば、誰もが自分の資本を国内産業を最大限に支援し、自国の国民に最大限の収入と雇用を与える方法で運用しようとする。	equal|同等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	incline|傾向がある|verb|be likely or disposed to	employ|運用する|verb|make use of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work

Secondly, every individual who employs his capital in the support of domestic industry, necessarily endeavours so to direct that industry, that its produce may be of the greatest possible value.	第二に、国内産業を支援するために資本を投下する人は誰でも、必然的にその産業を指導して、その生産物が可能な限り最大の価値を持つように努力する。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	every individual|誰でも|noun|each person	employ|投下する|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	direct|指導する|verb|control the operations of	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial goods	greatest possible value|可能な限り最大の価値|noun|the highest value that is possible

The produce of industry is what it adds to the subject or materials upon which it is employed.	産業の生産物とは、それが投下された対象や材料に付加されるものである。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	add|付加する|verb|join or combine	subject|対象|noun|the person or thing that is being discussed	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	employ|投下する|verb|use or utilize
In proportion as the value of this produce is great or small, so will likewise be the profits of the employer.	この生産物の価値が大きいか小さいかに応じて、雇用者の利益も同様に大きくなったり小さくなったりする。	in proportion as|に応じて|adverb|in the same ratio as	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	small|小さい|adjective|of minor significance or importance	so|同様に|adverb|in the same way	will|なる|auxiliary verb|have something already planned or arranged; have something that is bound to happen	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people
But it is only for the sake of profit that any man employs a capital in the support of industry;	しかし、誰もが産業を支援するために資本を投下するのは、利益のためだけである。	for the sake of|のために|preposition|with the aim or intention of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	employ|投下する|verb|use or utilize	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
and he will always, therefore, endeavour to employ it in the support of that industry of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, or to exchange for the greatest quantity either of money or of other goods.	したがって、彼は常に、生産物が最大の価値を持つ可能性のある産業を支援するためにそれを使用したり、お金や他の財の最大量と交換したりしようとする。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	employ|使用する|verb|use	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial products	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	goods|財|noun|merchandise or possessions

But the annual revenue of every society is always precisely equal to the exchangeable value of the whole annual produce of its industry, or rather is precisely the same thing with that exchangeable value.	しかし、あらゆる社会の年間収入は、常にその産業の年間生産物全体の交換価値と正確に等しいか、むしろその交換価値と正確に同じものである。	annual revenue|年間収入|noun|the income of a person or organization over a period of one year	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	precisely|正確に|adverb|in exact terms; without vagueness	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced by a country in one year	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a greater extent or more properly	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned
As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can, both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce maybe of the greatest value;	したがって、すべての個人が、国内産業を支援するために資本を投入し、その産業が生産物が最大の価値を持つように指示するために、できる限り努力する。	every individual|すべての個人|noun|each person	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	as much as|できる限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	direct|指示する|verb|give instructions to; supervise	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can.	すべての個人は、必然的に社会の年間収入をできるだけ大きくするために労働する。	every individual|すべての個人|noun|each person	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	labour|労働する|verb|work hard	annual revenue|年間収入|noun|the income of a person or organization over a period of one year	as great as|できるだけ大きく|adverb|to the highest degree possible
He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it.	実際、彼は一般的に公益を促進するつもりもなければ、どれだけ公益を促進しているかも知らない。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	intend|つもりである|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage	public interest|公益|noun|the well-being of the general public	know|知っている|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security;	外国産業よりも国内産業の支援を優先することで、彼は自分の安全だけを意図している。	prefer|優先する|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	support|支援|noun|the action of helping or encouraging someone or something	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat
and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain;	そして、その産業が生産物が最大の価値を持つように指示することで、彼は自分の利益だけを意図している。	direct|指示する|verb|give instructions to; supervise	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention
and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.	そして、彼は他の多くの場合と同様に、目に見えない手によって導かれ、彼の意図の一部ではない目的を促進する。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in this|この中で|adverb|in this situation	as in|と同様に|preposition|in the same way as	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	lead|導く|verb|show the way to someone or something by going in front of or beside them	invisible|目に見えない|adjective|unable to be seen	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	intention|意図|noun|a determination to act in a certain way
Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it.	また、それが社会の一部ではなかったことが、社会にとって常に悪いことではない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	worse|悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.	彼は自分の利益を追求することで、実際に社会の利益を促進しようとする時よりも、より効果的に社会の利益を促進することが多い。	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations
I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good.	私は、公共の利益のために貿易に影響を与えた人々によってなされた多くの善を知らなかった。	public good|公共の利益|noun|something that is beneficial for the public as a whole	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It is an affectation, indeed, not very common among merchants, and very few words need be employed in dissuading them from it.	それは、実際、商人の間ではあまり一般的ではなく、彼らを説得するのにほとんど言葉を必要としない。	affectation|気取り|noun|a pretentious display of manners or sentiments	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	common|一般的|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	dissuade|説得する|verb|persuade someone not to do something	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify

What is the species of domestic industry which his capital can employ, and of which the produce is likely to be of the greatest value, every individual, it is evident, can in his local situation judge much better than any statesman or lawgiver can do for him.	彼の資本が雇用できる国内産業の種類は何か、そしてその生産物が最も価値があると思われるものは何か、すべての個人は、彼の地域の状況で、どの政治家や立法者よりもはるかによく判断できることは明らかである。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	local situation|地域の状況|noun|the situation in a particular area	statesman|政治家|noun|a skilled, experienced, and respected political leader or figure	lawgiver|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws
The statesman, who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted, not only to no single person, but to no council or senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise it.	民間人がどのように資本を投入すべきかを指導しようとする政治家は、最も不必要な注意を払うだけでなく、一人の人間にだけでなく、いかなる評議会や上院にも安全に信頼できる権限を持ち、それを行使するのに適していると考えるほどの愚かさと傲慢さを持った人間の手に渡るほど危険なものはないだろう。	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the government of a country	attempt|試みる|verb|to try to do something	direct|指導する|verb|to control or guide	private people|民間人|noun|people who are not in the military or government	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	employ|投入する|verb|to use something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	load|払う|verb|to put a burden on someone or something	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed or wanted	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	assume|持つ|verb|to take on or undertake	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	safely|安全に|adverb|in a way that is not likely to cause harm or damage	trust|信頼する|verb|to have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	single|一人の|adjective|only one	person|人間|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected or appointed to make decisions or give advice	senate|上院|noun|the upper house of a bicameral legislature	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not in any place	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or damage	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	presumption|傲慢さ|noun|the quality or state of being arrogant	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	fancy|考える|verb|to imagine or suppose	fit|適している|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	exercise|行使する|verb|to use or put into effect

To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must in almost all cases be either a useless or a hurtful regulation.	国内市場の独占を、特定の技術や製造業において国内産業の生産物に与えることはある程度、民間人がどのように資本を投入すべきかを指導することであり、ほとんどすべての場合、無用な規制か有害な規制のいずれかであるに違いない。	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a particular country	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	direct|指導する|verb|control the operations of	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the armed forces or a government official	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	almost all|ほとんどすべて|noun|nearly all	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	useless|無用な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing or likely to cause harm
If the produce of domestic can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless.	国内産業の生産物を外国産業と同じくらい安くそこに持ち込むことができるなら、その規制は明らかに無用である。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the home	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is issued by an authority and has the force of law	useless|無用な|adjective|not serving any purpose or not having any value
If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful.	それができないなら、それは一般的に有害であるに違いない。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage
It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy.	賢明な家長の格言は、買うよりも作るのにお金がかかるものは家で作ろうとしないことだ。	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	master|家長|noun|the head of a household	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	attempt|しようとする|verb|make an effort to achieve something	home|家|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of (a specified sum) in order to be bought or obtained	make|作る|verb|create or produce something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment
The tailor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them of the shoemaker.	仕立て屋は自分の靴を作ろうとはせず、靴屋から買う。	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes clothes	attempt|試みない|verb|try to do something	shoe|靴|noun|a covering for the foot	shoemaker|靴屋|noun|a person who makes or repairs shoes
The shoemaker does not attempt to make his own clothes, but employs a tailor.	靴屋は自分の服を作ろうとはせず、仕立て屋を雇う。	shoemaker|靴屋|noun|a person who makes or repairs shoes	attempt|試みない|verb|make an effort to achieve something	make|作る|verb|create or produce something	clothes|服|noun|things that people wear	employ|雇う|verb|give work to someone in return for regular pay
The farmer attempts to make neither the one nor the other, but employs those different artificers.	農夫はどちらも作ろうとはせず、それらの異なる職人を雇う。	farmer|農夫|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	other|他|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	employ|雇う|verb|give work to	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
All of them find it for their interest to employ their whole industry in a way in which they have some advantage over their neighbours, and to purchase with a part of its produce, or, what is the same thing, with the price of a part of it, whatever else they have occasion for.	彼らは皆、自分の労働力をすべて、隣人よりも有利な方法で使用し、その生産物の一部、あるいは同じことだが、その一部の価格で、必要なものを何でも購入することが自分の利益になることを知っている。	all of them|彼らは皆|pronoun|every one of them	find it for their interest|自分の利益になることを知っている|verb|discover that something is beneficial to oneself	employ|使用し|verb|use	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	industry|労働力|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	in a way|方法で|adverb|to some extent; in some manner	have some advantage|有利な|verb|be more favorable to	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	with|で|preposition|using	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial products	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to link alternatives	what is the same thing|同じことだが|noun|something that is identical to something else	with|で|preposition|using	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	whatever|必要なもの何でも|pronoun|anything or everything that	have occasion for|必要な|verb|need

What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom.	すべての個人家庭の行動において賢明なことは、大王国の行動において愚かなことであるはずがない。	prudence|賢明|noun|the quality of being prudent; care and foresight in the management of resources	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	private|個人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	family|家庭|noun|a group of people living together in one house, such as parents and children	scarce|はずがない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	folly|愚か|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense or judgment	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage.	もし外国が、我々が自分で作ることができるよりも安い商品を供給できるなら、我々が有利な方法で用いた自国の産業の生産物の一部でそれを買った方が良い。	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	make|作る|verb|create or produce	better|良い|adjective|of a higher quality	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	employ|用いる|verb|use or utilize	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
The general industry of the country being always in proportion to the capital which employs it, will not thereby be diminished, no more than that of the abovementioned artificers;	国の一般産業は、常にそれを用いる資本に比例しているので、それによって減少することはなく、前述の職人の産業も減少することはない。	general industry|一般産業|noun|the industry of a country as a whole	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be in proportion to|比例する|verb|be related to something else in a way that is correct or suitable	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|用いる|verb|use something as a means of achieving something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	no more than|それ以上ない|adverb|only; merely	abovementioned|前述の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
but only left to find out the way in which it can be employed with the greatest advantage.	しかし、最大の利益を得られる方法を見つけ出すだけである。	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	employ|用いる|verb|use	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
It is certainly not employed to the greatest advantage, when it is thus directed towards an object which it can buy cheaper than it can make.	作ることができるよりも安く買える対象に向けられている場合、それは確かに最大の利益を得るために使われていない。	be employed|使われる|verb|be used	greatest advantage|最大の利益|noun|the most favorable or advantageous situation	be directed towards|向けられる|verb|be aimed at	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	can buy|買える|verb|be able to buy	cheaper|安く|adjective|less expensive	can make|作ることができる|verb|be able to make
The value of its annual produce is certainly more or less diminished, when it is thus turned away from producing commodities evidently of more value than the commodity which it is directed to produce.	生産しようとしている商品よりも明らかに価値のある商品の生産から遠ざかると、その年間生産物の価値は確かに多かれ少なかれ減少する。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	turn away|遠ざかる|verb|move or cause to move in a different direction	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	direct|向ける|verb|control the course of; guide
According to the supposition, that commodity could be purchased from foreign countries cheaper than it can be made at home;	仮定によれば、その商品は国内で生産するよりも安く外国から購入できる。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated by or in	supposition|仮定|noun|a belief or theory that is not necessarily true	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	at home|国内で|adverb|in one's own country
it could therefore have been purchased with a part only of the commodities, or, what is the same thing, with a part only of the price of the commodities, which the industry employed by an equal capital would have produced at home, had it been left to follow its natural course.	したがって、それは商品の一部だけで購入できたはずであり、あるいは同じことだが、同等の資本によって雇用された産業が自然な経過をたどれば国内で生産したであろう商品の価格の一部だけで購入できたはずである。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	course|経過|noun|the way in which something progresses or develops
The industry of the country, therefore, is thus turned away from a more to a less advantageous employment;	したがって、その国の産業は、より有利な雇用からより不利な雇用へと転換される。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	turn away|転換される|verb|change direction	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work
and the exchangeable value of its annual produce, instead of being increased, according to the intention of the lawgiver, must necessarily be diminished by every such regulation.	そして、その年間生産物の交換価値は、立法者の意図に従って増加するどころか、そのような規制によって必然的に減少する。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	instead of|どころか|conjunction|as an alternative to; rather than	being increased|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	intention|意図|noun|a determination to act in a certain way	lawgiver|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	diminished|減少する|verb|make or become less

By means of such regulations, indeed, a particular manufacture may sometimes be acquired sooner than it could have been otherwise, and after a certain time may be made at home as cheap, or cheaper, than in the foreign country.	確かに、そのような規制によって、特定の製造業が他の方法よりも早く獲得される場合があり、一定期間後には外国よりも安く、あるいはより安く国内で製造されるようになるかもしれない。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	sooner|より早く|adverb|earlier	otherwise|他の方法|adverb|in a different way	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt; confident	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be made|製造される|verb|be manufactured	at home|国内で|adverb|in one's own country	as cheap|同じくらい安く|adverb|to the same degree or extent	cheaper|より安く|adverb|at a lower price	in the foreign country|外国で|adverb|in a country other than one's own
But though the industry of the society may be thus carried with advantage into a particular channel sooner than it could have been otherwise, it will by no means follow that the sum-total, either of its industry, or of its revenue, can ever be augmented by any such regulation.	しかし、社会の産業が他の方法よりも早く特定の流通経路に有利に運ばれるとしても、その産業や収入の総額がそのような規制によって増加するということは決してない。	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	channel|流通経路|noun|a means of communication or access	sooner|より早く|adverb|earlier or before the usual or expected time	otherwise|他の方法|adverb|in a different way	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	sum-total|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree
The industry of the society can augment only in proportion as its capital augments, and its capital can augment only in proportion to what can be gradually saved out of its revenue.	社会の産業は、その資本が増加するにつれてのみ増加することができ、その資本は、その収入から徐々に貯蓄できるものに比例してのみ増加することができる。	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
But the immediate effect of every such regulation is to diminish its revenue;	しかし、そのような規制の即時の効果は、その収入を減少させることである。	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
and what diminishes its revenue is certainly not very likely to augment its capital faster than it would have augmented of its own accord, had both capital and industry been left to find out their natural employments.	そして、その収入を減少させるものは、資本と産業の両方が自然な雇用を見つけるために残されていたならば、自らの合意によって増加したであろうよりも速く資本を増加させる可能性は確かにあまりない。	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	augment|増加させる|verb|make or become greater	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work

Though, for want of such regulations, the society should never acquire the proposed manufacture, it would not upon that account necessarily be the poorer in anyone period of its duration.	そのような規制がないため、社会は提案された製造業を決して獲得するべきではないが、その理由で、その存続期間のいずれかの期間に必ずしも貧しくなるわけではなかった。	for want of|ないため|preposition|because of the lack of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	acquire|獲得する|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	poorer|貧しくなる|adjective|having little money or few possessions
In every period of its duration its whole capital and industry might still have been employed, though upon different objects, in the manner that was most advantageous at the time.	その存続期間のどの期間においても、その資本と産業全体は、当時最も有利な方法で、異なる対象にではあるが、依然として雇用されていたかもしれない。	period|期間|noun|a length of time	duration|存続期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit
In every period its revenue might have been the greatest which its capital could afford, and both capital and revenue might have been augmented with the greatest possible rapidity.	どの期間においても、その収入はその資本が支払える最大のものであったかもしれず、資本と収入の両方が可能な限り急速に増加したかもしれない。	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	revenue|収入|noun|income	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	revenue|収入|noun|income	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality or importance	rapidity|急速|noun|the quality of being fast or quick

The natural advantages which one country has over another, in producing particular commodities, are sometimes so great, that it is acknowledged by all the world to be in vain to struggle with them.	ある国が特定の商品を生産する上で他の国よりも優れている自然の利点は、時には非常に大きく、世界中でそれらと闘うのは無駄であると認められている。	natural advantage|自然の利点|noun|a benefit that is inherent to a person or thing	one country|ある国|noun|a sovereign state	another|他の国|noun|a different one	particular commodity|特定の商品|noun|a good or service that is produced and sold in the market	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	so great|非常に大きい|adjective|very large	all the world|世界中|noun|the entire world	in vain|無駄である|adjective|producing no result or effect
By means of glasses, hot-beds, and hot-walls, very good grapes can be raised in Scotland, and very good wine, too, can be made of them, at about thirty times the expense for which at least equally good can be brought from foreign countries.	ガラス、温床、温室のおかげで、スコットランドでは非常に良いブドウを育てることができ、また、それらから非常に良いワインを作ることができるが、その費用は、少なくとも同等の品質のものを外国から輸入する場合の約30倍である。	by means of|おかげで|preposition|with the help of	glass|ガラス|noun|a hard and brittle substance	hot-bed|温床|noun|a place or environment that encourages the growth of something	hot-wall|温室|noun|a building with glass walls and roof for growing plants	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or come about	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	bring|輸入する|verb|take or carry with oneself
Would it be a reasonable law to prohibit the importation of all foreign wines, merely to encourage the making of claret and Burgundy in Scotland?	スコットランドでクラレットやブルゴーニュの製造を奨励するためだけに、すべての外国産ワインの輸入を禁止する法律は合理的だろうか?	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	making|製造|noun|the process of making something	claret|クラレット|noun|a red wine from Bordeaux	Burgundy|ブルゴーニュ|noun|a historical region and former duchy in east-central France
But if there would be a manifest absurdity in turning towards any employment thirty times more of the capital and industry of the country than would be necessary to purchase from foreign countries an equal quantity of the commodities wanted, there must be an absurdity, though not altogether so glaring, yet exactly of the same kind, in turning towards any such employment a thirtieth, or even a three hundredth part more of either.	しかし、もし必要とされる商品を同量外国から購入するのに必要な資本と産業の30倍を国内の雇用に向けることが明らかに不合理であるならば、そのような雇用に30分の1、あるいは300分の1を向けることは、それほど明白ではないにしても、まったく同じ種類の不合理であるに違いない。	thirty|30|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	foreign countries|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	equal|同量|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying money	absurdity|不合理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	glaring|明白|adjective|very obvious or noticeable	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	thirtieth|30分の1|numeral|the ordinal number of thirty in counting order	three hundredth|300分の1|numeral|the ordinal number of three hundred in counting order
Whether the advantages which one country has over another be natural or acquired, is in this respect of no consequence.	ある国が他の国よりも優れている利点が自然のものであるか後天的に獲得されたものであるかは、この点では重要ではない。	one country|ある国|noun|a nation or its territory	another|他の国|noun|a different one	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	natural|自然のもの|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	acquired|後天的に獲得されたもの|adjective|gained or learned after birth	consequence|重要ではない|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something
As long as the one country has those advantages, and the other wants them, it will always be more advantageous for the latter rather to buy of the former than to make.	一方の国がそうした利点を持ち、他方がそれを欲しがる限り、後者にとっては、前者から買う方が作るよりは常に有利である。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	one|一方|adjective|being a single unit or thing	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	those|そうした|adjective|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	the other|他方|adjective|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	want|欲しがる|verb|feel a need or a wish for	it|それ|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	will|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing the future tense	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be|である|verb|exist or live	more|より|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	for|にとって|preposition|used to indicate the person or thing affected by an action or event	the latter|後者|adjective|used to refer to the second of two things mentioned	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	to buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	of|の|preposition|used to indicate the object or recipient of a verb	the former|前者|adjective|used to refer to the first of two things mentioned	than|より|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	to make|作る|verb|cause to exist or come about
It is an acquired advantage only, which one artificer has over his neighbour, who exercises another trade;	ある職人が別の仕事をしている隣人よりも優れているのは、後天的に獲得された利点にすぎない。	It is|それは|pronoun|that thing	acquired|後天的に獲得された|adjective|obtained or learned by one's own efforts	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	one|ある|determiner|a single person or thing	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	has|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	over|よりも|preposition|above or higher than	his|彼の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living next door or very close	who|もの|relative pronoun|that which; the thing that	exercises|している|verb|use or apply	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	trade|仕事|noun|a skilled job, especially one requiring manual skills
and yet they both find it more advantageous to buy of one another, than to make what does not belong to their particular trades.	それでも、彼らはどちらも、自分の専門分野に属さないものを作るよりも、互いに買う方が有利だと気づいている。	and yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	make|作る|verb|create or produce	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	particular|専門|adjective|relating to a particular subject

Merchants and manufacturers are the people who derive the greatest advantage from this monopoly of the home market.	商人や製造業者は、この国内市場の独占から最大の利益を得る人々である。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a good or service within a country
The prohibition of the importation of foreign cattle and of salt provisions, together with the high duties upon foreign corn, which in times of moderate plenty amount to a prohibition, are not near so advantageous to the graziers and farmers of Great Britain, as other regulations of the same kind are to its merchants and manufacturers.	外国産の牛や塩漬け食料品の輸入禁止は、外国産の穀物に課せられる高関税と相まって、適度に豊富な時期には禁止に等しいが、イギリスの牧畜業者や農民にとって、同種の他の規制が商人や製造業者にとって有利であるほどには有利ではない。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	together with|相まって|adverb|in addition to; along with	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	which|それは|relative pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	in times of|時期には|preposition|at the time of	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	amount to|等しい|verb|be equivalent to	are not near so|ほどには有利ではない|verb|be not nearly as	advantageous|有利|adjective|to the advantage of	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who grazes cattle or sheep	farmer|農民|noun|a person who farms	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	as|にとって|conjunction|used to indicate a comparison	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority	of the same kind|同種の|adjective|of the same type or category	are to|にとって|verb|be to	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one dealing with foreign countries	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
Manufactures, those of the finer kind especially, are more easily transported from one country to another than corn or cattle.	製造品は、特に高級品は、穀物や牛よりも国から国へと運びやすい。	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	finer|高級な|adjective|of superior quality	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	cattle|牛|noun|an adult female mammal of a domesticated breed of ox, kept for milk or beef
It is in the fetching and carrying manufactures, accordingly, that foreign trade is chiefly employed.	したがって、外国貿易は主に製造品を運搬することに従事している。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	employ|従事する|verb|have a job or work
In manufactures, a very small advantage will enable foreigners to undersell our own workmen, even in the home market.	製造業では、ごくわずかな優位性で、外国人は国内市場でさえ、自国の労働者よりも安く売ることができる。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	very small|ごくわずかな|adjective|extremely small	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	enable|できる|verb|to make possible, practical, or easy	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person born in or belonging to a country other than one's own	undersell|安く売る|verb|to sell at a lower price than	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country
It will require a very great one to enable them to do so in the rude produce of the soil.	彼らが土壌の粗野な産物でそうすることができるようにするには、非常に大きなものが必要になるだろう。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow
If the free importation of foreign manufactures were permitted, several of the home manufactures would probably suffer, and some of them perhaps go to ruin altogether, and a considerable part of the stock and industry at present employed in them, would be forced to find out some other employment.	外国製品の自由な輸入が許可されれば、国内の製造業の多くがおそらく打撃を受け、そのうちのいくつかはおそらく完全に破綻し、現在それらに従事している資本と産業のかなりの部分が、他の雇用先を見つけることを余儀なくされるだろう。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	permit|許可する|verb|allow (something) to occur	several|多くの|adjective|more than two but not very many	home|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the place where one lives	suffer|打撃を受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; in total	ruin|破綻|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	present|現在|noun|the period of time that is happening now	employ|従事する|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it	force|余儀なくされる|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice (something)	out|見つける|adverb|away from one's home or place of work	some|他の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	employment|雇用先|noun|the condition of having paid work
But the freest importation of the rude produce of the soil could have no such effect upon the agriculture of the country.	しかし、土壌の粗野な産物の最も自由な輸入は、その国の農業にそのような影響を及ぼすことはできない。	freest|最も自由な|adjective|most free	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

If the importation of foreign cattle, for example, were made ever so free, so few could be imported, that the grazing trade of Great Britain could be little affected by it.	例えば、外国産牛の輸入が自由化されたとしても、輸入量はごくわずかであり、イギリスの放牧業にほとんど影響を与えることはないだろう。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	ever so|とても|adverb|to a very great extent	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	few|わずかな|adjective|a small number of	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to
Live cattle are, perhaps, the only commodity of which the transportation is more expensive by sea than by land.	生きた牛は、おそらく、陸路よりも海路で運ぶ方が高くつく唯一の商品であろう。	live cattle|生きた牛|noun|cattle that are alive	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	expensive|高くつく|adjective|costing a lot of money	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
By land they carry themselves to market.	陸路では、牛は自分で市場まで歩いていく。	by land|陸路では|adverb|by way of land	carry|歩いていく|verb|move while supporting	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods
By sea, not only the cattle, but their food and their water too, must be carried at no small expense and inconveniency.	海路では、牛だけでなく、その餌や水も運ばなければならず、少なからぬ費用と不便を伴う。	by sea|海路で|adverb|by means of a ship	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated ungulate	food|餌|noun|any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	must|運ばなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; have to	no small|少なからぬ|adjective|considerable	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance
The short sea between Ireland and Great Britain, indeed, renders the importation of Irish cattle more easy.	アイルランドとイギリスの間の短い海路は、確かにアイルランド産牛の輸入をより容易にしている。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	Irish|アイルランドの|adjective|of or relating to Ireland or its people or language	cattle|牛|noun|an adult female mammal of a domesticated breed of ox	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent
But though the free importation of them, which was lately permitted only for a limited time, were rendered perpetual, it could have no considerable effect upon the interest of the graziers of Great Britain.	しかし、最近、限られた期間だけ許可された牛の無制限輸入が永続的になったとしても、イギリスの牧畜業者の利益に大きな影響を与えることはないだろう。	free importation|無制限輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country without paying taxes or duties	lately|最近|adverb|recently; not long ago	limited time|限られた期間|noun|a period of time that is not long	perpetual|永続的|adjective|continuing forever	considerable effect|大きな影響|noun|a large or important effect	interest|利益|noun|the money that is paid for using money that you have borrowed	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises cattle or sheep for sale
Those parts of Great Britain which border upon the Irish sea are all grazing countries.	アイルランド海に面したイギリスの地域は、すべて牧畜国である。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	border upon|面する|verb|be adjacent to	Irish sea|アイルランド海|noun|a sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland	grazing country|牧畜国|noun|a country where grazing is the main economic activity
Irish cattle could never be imported for their use, but must be drove through those very extensive countries, at no small expense and inconveniency, before they could arrive at their proper market.	アイルランド産牛は、彼らの使用のために輸入されることは決してなく、適切な市場に到着するまで、少なからぬ費用と不便を伴って、これらの非常に広大な国々を通過しなければならない。	Irish|アイルランドの|adjective|of or relating to Ireland or its people	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	be imported|輸入される|verb|be brought into a country from abroad for sale	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	be drove|通過する|verb|be moved or carried in a specified way	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	no small|少なからぬ|adjective|considerable	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	inconveniency|不便|noun|a lack of ease or comfort	arrive|到着する|verb|reach a destination	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Fat cattle could not be drove so far.	肥えた牛はそこまで運転できなかった。	fat|肥えた|adjective|having a lot of fat	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	could not|できなかった|auxiliary verb|be unable to	drive|運転する|verb|operate and control the course of a vehicle, such as a car or train
Lean cattle, therefore, could only be imported;	そのため、痩せた牛しか輸入できなかった。	lean|痩せた|adjective|having little or no fat	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is raised for milk or meat	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	could|できた|auxiliary verb|be able to	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	be imported|輸入される|verb|be brought into a country from abroad for sale
and such importation could interfere not with the interest of the feeding or fattening countries, to which, by reducing the price of lean cattle it would rather be advantageous, but with that of the breeding countries only.	そして、そのような輸入は、痩せた牛の価格を下げることによってむしろ有利になる、飼育や肥育国の利益を妨げるものではなく、繁殖国の利益だけを妨げるものだった。	interfere|妨げる|verb|prevent or obstruct	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to animals	fattening|肥育|noun|the action of making animals fat	lean|痩せた|adjective|having little or no fat	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	breeding|繁殖|noun|the action of producing offspring	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else
The small number of Irish cattle imported since their importation was permitted, together with the good price at which lean cattle still continue to sell, seem to demonstrate, that even the breeding countries of Great Britain are never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle.	輸入が許可されて以来輸入されたアイルランド産牛の数が少なく、痩せた牛が依然として売れ続けている好価格であることから、イギリスの繁殖国でさえアイルランド産牛の自由輸入によって大きな影響を受ける可能性は低いことが示されているようだ。	Irish cattle|アイルランド産牛|noun|cattle from Ireland	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	permitted|許可される|verb|allow (something) to happen	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount	together with|とともに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	good price|好価格|noun|a price that is considered to be fair or reasonable	lean cattle|痩せた牛|noun|cattle that are not fat	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by giving proof or evidence	even|さえ|adverb|used to emphasize the more extreme of two things	breeding country|繁殖国|noun|a country where animals are bred	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	likely|ありそうな|adjective|probable; expected	much|大きな|adjective|great in quantity, amount, or degree	affected|影響を受ける|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	free importation|自由輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale without paying import duties
The common people of Ireland, indeed, are said to have sometimes opposed with violence the exportation of their cattle.	実際、アイルランドの一般の人々は、時々暴力で牛の輸出に反対したと言われている。	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	oppose|反対する|verb|be against something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
But if the exporters had found any great advantage in continuing the trade, they could easily, when the law was on their side, have conquered this mobbish opposition.	しかし、輸出業者が貿易を続けることで大きな利益を得ていたなら、法律が味方しているときに、この暴徒の反対を簡単に克服できただろう。	exporter|輸出業者|noun|a person or company that exports goods or services	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	side|味方|noun|a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point	conquer|克服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something or someone

Feeding and fattening countries, besides, must always be highly improved, whereas breeding countries are generally uncultivated.	その上、飼育や肥育国は常に高度に改良されなければならないが、繁殖国は一般的に未開拓である。	feeding|飼育|noun|the action of giving food to animals	fattening|肥育|noun|the action of making animals fat	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	highly|高度に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	whereas|一方で|conjunction|on the other hand; in contrast	breeding|繁殖|noun|the action of producing offspring	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	uncultivated|未開拓|adjective|not used for growing crops
The high price of lean cattle, by augmenting the value of uncultivated land, is like a bounty against improvement.	痩せた牛の高価格は、未開拓地の価値を増大させることで、改良に対する報奨金のようなものだ。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	lean cattle|痩せた牛|noun|cattle that are not fat	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	uncultivated land|未開拓地|noun|land that is not used for growing crops	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved
To any country which was highly improved throughout, it would be more advantageous to import its lean cattle than to breed them.	全体的に高度に改良された国にとって、痩せた牛を繁殖させるよりも輸入する方が有利だろう。	highly|高度に|adverb|to a high degree or level	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	throughout|全体的に|adverb|in or to every part of	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	lean|痩せた|adjective|having little or no fat	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	breed|繁殖させる|verb|produce offspring
The province of Holland, accordingly, is said to follow this maxim at present.	したがって、ホランド州は現在この格言に従っていると言われている。	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	Holland|ホランド|noun|a country in western Europe	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
The mountains of Scotland, Wales, and Northumberland, indeed, are countries not capable of much improvement, and seem destined by nature to be the breeding countries of Great Britain.	スコットランド、ウェールズ、ノーサンバーランドの山々は、確かにあまり改良の余地のない国々であり、イギリスの繁殖国となる運命にあるようだ。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Wales|ウェールズ|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Northumberland|ノーサンバーランド|noun|a county in England	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	capable|可能|adjective|having the ability to do something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	destined|運命にある|verb|(of a person or thing) intended for a particular purpose or end	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
The freest importation of foreign cattle could have no other effect than to hinder those breeding countries from taking advantage of the increasing population and improvement of the rest of the kingdom, from raising their price to an exorbitant height, and from laying a real tax upon all the more improved and cultivated parts of the country.	外国産牛の自由な輸入は、繁殖国が人口増加や王国の他の地域の改善を利用して価格を法外な高さに引き上げたり、国内のより改善され耕作された地域すべてに実質的な税金を課したりするのを妨げる以外に効果はない。	freest|最も自由な|adjective|most free	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	have no other effect than to|の効果しかない|verb|have no other effect than to	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	those|それらの|adjective|the	breeding|繁殖|noun|the action of producing offspring	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	take advantage of|を利用する|verb|use something to gain an advantage	increasing|増加する|adjective|becoming or making greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|(of a price or amount charged) much too high	height|高さ|noun|the measurement from base to top or from top to bottom	lay|課す|verb|put or place (something) on a surface	real|実質的な|adjective|not imagined or supposed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	upon|に|preposition|on	all|すべて|adjective|the whole quantity or extent of	more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	improved|改善された|adjective|made or become better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole

The freest importation of salt provisions, in the same manner, could have as little effect upon the interest of the graziers of Great Britain as that of live cattle.	同様に、塩漬け食料の自由な輸入は、生きた牛の輸入と同じく、イギリスの牧畜業者の利益にほとんど影響を与えない。	freest|最も自由な|adjective|superlative form of free	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	salt provision|塩漬け食料|noun|food that has been preserved in salt	same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	little effect|ほとんど影響を与えない|noun|not much effect	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises livestock for a living	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	live cattle|生きた牛|noun|cattle that are alive
Salt provisions are not only a very bulky commodity, but when compared with fresh meat they are a commodity both of worse quality, and, as they cost more labour and expense, of higher price.	塩漬け食料は非常にかさばる商品であるだけでなく、生肉と比較すると品質が悪く、労働力や費用がかかるため価格も高くなる。	salt provision|塩漬け食料|noun|food that has been preserved with salt	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and heavy or awkward to carry or use	fresh meat|生肉|noun|meat that has not been preserved by freezing, canning, or other methods	worse quality|品質が悪い|noun|the degree of excellence of something	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	higher price|価格が高い|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
They could never, therefore, come into competition with the fresh meat, though they might with the salt provisions of the country.	したがって、国内の塩漬け食料とは競合するかもしれないが、生肉とは競合することはできない。	come into competition|競合する|verb|be in a state of rivalry with	fresh meat|生肉|noun|meat that has not been preserved by freezing, canning, or other methods	salt provision|塩漬け食料|noun|food that has been preserved by being treated with salt	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
They might be used for victualling ships for distant voyages, and such like uses, but could never make any considerable part of the food of the people.	遠洋航海の船の食料や、そういった用途に使われるかもしれないが、人々の食料の大部分を占めることはできない。	be used for|～に使用される|verb|be used for a particular purpose	victualling|食料|noun|food	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in size or amount	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
The small quantity of salt provisions imported from Ireland since their importation was rendered free, is an experimental proof that our graziers have nothing to apprehend from it.	塩漬け食料の輸入が自由化されて以来、アイルランドから輸入される塩漬け食料の量が少ないことは、我が国の牧畜業者が塩漬け食料の輸入を心配する必要がないことを示す実験的証拠である。	small quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	salt provision|塩漬け食料|noun|food that has been preserved in salt	import|輸入|verb|bring in from a foreign country	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises livestock for a living	apprehend|心配する|verb|be worried or anxious about	experimental|実験的|adjective|based on or derived from experiment	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement
It does not appear that the price of butcher’s meat has ever been sensibly affected by it.	肉屋の肉の価格がそれによって著しく影響を受けたようには見えない。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	sensibly|著しく|adverb|to a noticeable degree	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to

Even the free importation of foreign corn could very little affect the interest of the farmers of Great Britain.	外国産穀物の自由輸入でさえ、イギリスの農民の利益にほとんど影響を与えることはできない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to the extent of; including	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Corn is a much more bulky commodity than butcher’s meat.	穀物は肉屋の肉よりもはるかにかさばる商品である。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and awkward to carry or use	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold
A pound of wheat at a penny is as dear as a pound of butcher’s meat at fourpence.	一ペニーの小麦一ポンドは、四ペニーの肉屋の肉一ポンドと同じくらい高価である。	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	fourpence|四ペンス|noun|a sum of four pence
The small quantity of foreign corn imported even in times of the greatest scarcity, may satisfy our farmers that they can have nothing to fear from the freest importation.	最も不足している時期でさえ輸入される外国産穀物の量は少なく、農民は最も自由な輸入を恐れる必要がないと安心できる。	small quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	foreign corn|外国産穀物|noun|corn grown in a foreign country	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	even in times of|でさえ|adverb|even at the time of	greatest scarcity|最も不足している時期|noun|a time when there is not enough of something	satisfy|安心できる|verb|make happy or content	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	have nothing to fear|恐れる必要がない|verb|not be afraid of anything	freest importation|最も自由な輸入|noun|the act of bringing in goods from a foreign country without any restrictions
The average quantity imported, one year with another, amounts only, according to the very well informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade, to 23,728 quarters of all sorts of grain, and does not exceed the five hundredth and seventy-one part of the annual consumption.	穀物貿易に関する論文の非常に博識な著者によると、一年間の平均輸入量は、あらゆる種類の穀物で23,728クォーターに過ぎず、年間消費量の571分の1を超えない。	average quantity|平均量|noun|the mean of a set of quantities	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	one year with another|一年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	very well informed|非常に博識な|adjective|having a lot of knowledge	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	tract|論文|noun|a short piece of writing on a religious or moral subject	corn trade|穀物貿易|noun|the buying and selling of corn	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	quarter|クォーター|noun|a unit of volume or mass equal to a quarter of a hundredweight	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	not exceed|超えない|verb|be not more than	five hundredth|500分の1|noun|one of five hundred equal parts	seventy-one|71|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of seventy and one	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that has been divided	annual consumption|年間消費量|noun|the amount of something that is used or consumed in a year
But as the bounty upon corn occasions a greater exportation in years of plenty, so it must, of consequence, occasion a greater importation in years of scarcity, than in the actual state of tillage would otherwise take place.	しかし、穀物に対する奨励金は豊作の年に輸出を増やすので、その結果、不作の年には、耕作の実際の状態で起こるよりも、輸入を増やすことになる。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	occasion|増やす|verb|cause or produce	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	scarcity|不作|noun|a state or condition of having little or no food, money, or other resources	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing	take place|起こる|verb|happen or occur
By means of it, the plenty of one year does not compensate the scarcity of another;	その結果、ある年の豊作が別の年の不作を補うことはない。	by means of|によって|preposition|by the use of; by the agency of	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	scarcity|不作|noun|a state or condition of insufficiency
and as the average quantity exported is necessarily augmented by it, so must likewise, in the actual state of tillage, the average quantity imported.	そして、輸出される平均量は必然的にそれによって増加するので、耕作の実際の状態では、輸入される平均量も同様に増加する。	average quantity|平均量|noun|the mean of a set of quantities	exported|輸出される|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	augmented|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	actual state|実際の状態|noun|the state of affairs that exists at the present time	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	imported|輸入される|verb|bring or cause to be brought into a country from abroad for sale
If there were no bounty, as less corn would be exported, so it is probable that, one year with another, less would be imported than at present.	もし奨励金がなければ、輸出される穀物は少なくなるだろうから、一年を通して、現在よりも輸入量は少なくなるだろう。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	less|少なくなる|adjective|a smaller amount of	import|輸入|verb|bring in goods or services from another country for sale
The corn-merchants, the fetchers and carriers of corn between Great Britain and foreign countries, would have much less employment, and might suffer considerably;	穀物商人、イギリスと外国との間の穀物の運搬業者は、仕事がはるかに減り、かなりの損害を被るかもしれない。	corn-merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who trades in corn	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	have much less|はるかに減る|verb|be much smaller in amount or extent	suffer|被る|verb|undergo or experience something bad
but the country gentlemen and farmers could suffer very little.	しかし、地方の紳士や農民はほとんど損害を被らないだろう。	country|地方|noun|the land of a nation	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man of good breeding, education, and refinement	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	suffer|損害を被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant
It is in the corn-merchants, accordingly, rather than the country gentlemen and farmers, that I have observed the greatest anxiety for the renewal and continuation of the bounty.	私が観察したところでは、奨励金の更新と継続を最も心配しているのは、地方の紳士や農民よりもむしろ穀物商人である。	corn-merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who trades in corn	country gentleman|地方の紳士|noun|a man of good breeding who lives in the country	farmer|農民|noun|a person who farms	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy

Country gentlemen and farmers are, to their great honour, of all people, the least subject to the wretched spirit of monopoly.	地方の紳士や農民は、あらゆる人々の中で、独占という惨めな精神に最もとらわれていないという点で、非常に名誉なことである。	country gentleman|地方の紳士|noun|a man of good family who lives in the country	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	all people|あらゆる人々|noun|everyone	least|最も|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree	subject|とらわれていない|adjective|exposed or liable to	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
The undertaker of a great manufactory is sometimes alarmed if another work of the same kind is established within twenty miles of him;	大工場の経営者は、同じ種類の別の工場が自分の工場から20マイル以内に建設されると、時々警戒する。	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	manufactory|工場|noun|a factory	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	alarmed|警戒する|verb|to be frightened or worried	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	work|工場|noun|a factory	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	established|建設される|verb|to be founded or set up	twenty miles|20マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers
the Dutch undertaker of the woollen manufacture at Abbeville, stipulated that no work of the same kind should be established within thirty leagues of that city.	アブヴィルの毛織物工場の経営者であるオランダ人は、その都市の30リーグ以内に同じ種類の工場を建設してはならないと規定した。	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	manufacture|工場|noun|a place where goods are made	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	Abbeville|アブヴィル|noun|a commune in northern France	stipulate|規定する|verb|specify as a condition or requirement	no work|工場を建設してはならない|noun phrase|a prohibition on building a factory	same kind|同じ種類の|noun phrase|of the same type	within|以内に|preposition|inside the limits of	thirty leagues|30リーグ|noun phrase|a unit of distance equal to about three miles
Farmers and country gentlemen, on the contrary, are generally disposed rather to promote, than to obstruct, the cultivation and improvement of their neighbours farms and estates.	反対に、農民や地方の紳士は、一般的に隣人の農場や私有地の耕作や改良を妨害するよりもむしろ促進する傾向がある。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	country gentleman|地方の紳士|noun|a man of good breeding who lives in the country	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make someone inclined to do something	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living next door or very close	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	estate|私有地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by one person or family
They have no secrets, such as those of the greater part of manufacturers, but are generally rather fond of communicating to their neighbours, and of extending as far as possible any new practice which they may have found to be advantageous.	彼らは、製造業者の大部分が持っているような秘密を何も持っていないが、一般的にむしろ隣人とコミュニケーションをとり、有利だとわかった新しい慣行を可能な限り広めることを好む。	have no secrets|秘密がない|verb|not have any secrets	such as|のような|conjunction|for example	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	rather|むしろ|adverb|to some extent; slightly	fond of|好む|adjective|having a liking for	communicate|コミュニケーションをとる|verb|share or exchange information	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	extend|広める|verb|make or become longer or wider	as far as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent possible	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	advantageous|有利|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit
“Pius quaestus”, says old Cato, “stabilissimusque, minimeque invidiosus;	「最も敬虔で、最も安定し、最も妬まれない収入は、」と老カトーは言う。	pius|敬虔な|adjective|devoutly religious	quaestus|収入|noun|a gain or profit	stabilissimusque|最も安定した|adjective|most stable	minimeque|最も妬まれない|adjective|least envied	invidiosus|妬まれない|adjective|envied	old Cato|老カトー|noun|Cato the Elder
minimeque male cogitantes sunt, qui in eo studio occupati sunt.”	その仕事に従事している人々は、最も敬虔で、最も安定し、最も妬まれない収入を得ている。」	minimeque|最も|adverb|to the least extent	male|敬虔な|adjective|having or showing a deep respect for God	cogitantes|安定した|adjective|not likely to change or fail	sunt|妬まれない|verb|be	qui|人々|noun|people	in|従事している|preposition|engaged in	eo|その|pronoun|that	studio|仕事|noun|a place where people work, especially in a creative or artistic field	occupati|得ている|verb|be in possession of
Country gentlemen and farmers, dispersed in different parts of the country, cannot so easily combine as merchants and manufacturers, who being collected into towns, and accustomed to that exclusive corporation spirit which prevails in them, naturally endeavour to obtain, against all their countrymen, the same exclusive privilege which they generally possess against the inhabitants of their respective towns.	地方の紳士や農民は、国のさまざまな場所に散らばっているため、商人や製造業者ほど簡単には団結できない。商人や製造業者は、町に集まって、そこで優勢な排他的な法人精神に慣れており、当然のことながら、すべての同胞に対して、それぞれの町の住民に対して一般的に持っているのと同じ排他的な特権を得ようと努力する。	country gentleman|地方の紳士|noun|a man who owns a large house and a lot of land in the country	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	town|町|noun|a large human settlement	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
They accordingly seem to have been the original inventors of those restraints upon the importation of foreign goods, which secure to them the monopoly of the home market.	したがって、彼らは、国内市場の独占を確保する外国製品の輸入に対する制限の最初の発明者であったように思われる。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	original|最初の|adjective|existing from the beginning	inventor|発明者|noun|a person who invents something	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	secure|確保する|verb|make safe; make certain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
It was probably in imitation of them, and to put themselves upon a level with those who, they found, were disposed to oppress them, that the country gentlemen and farmers of Great Britain so far forgot the generosity which is natural to their station, as to demand the exclusive privilege of supplying their countrymen with corn and butcher’s meat.	おそらく彼らを真似て、また、自分たちを抑圧しようとしている人々と同等の立場に立とうとしたため、イギリスの地方紳士や農民は、同胞に穀物や肉を供給する独占的特権を要求するほど、自分たちの立場にふさわしい寛大さを忘れてしまったのだろう。	in imitation of|真似て|noun|the action of imitating	put oneself upon a level with|同等の立場に立とう|verb|to make oneself equal to	dispose|しようとしている|verb|to put in a certain place or arrangement	oppress|抑圧する|verb|to keep down by unjust use of force or authority	country gentleman|地方紳士|noun|a man who owns a country estate and lives there	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	so far|これまで|adverb|to the extent or degree that	forget|忘れる|verb|to not be able to remember	generosity|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being kind and generous	station|立場|noun|a person's social or professional position	demand|要求する|verb|to ask for something forcefully	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is available only to a particular person or group	supply|供給する|verb|to provide or give something	countrymen|同胞|noun|a person from one's own country	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	butcher's meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal that is slaughtered for food
They did not, perhaps, take time to consider how much less their interest could be affected by the freedom of trade, than that of the people whose example they followed.	彼らは、おそらく、自分たちの利益が、彼らが手本とした人々の利益よりも、貿易の自由によってどれほど影響を受けにくいかを考える時間をとらなかったのだろう。	take time|時間をかける|verb|use a lot of time	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about something	interest|利益|noun|money that is paid for using money that you have borrowed	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

To prohibit, by a perpetual law, the importation of foreign corn and cattle, is in reality to enact, that the population and industry of the country shall, at no time, exceed what the rude produce of its own soil can maintain.	永続的な法律によって外国の穀物や家畜の輸入を禁止することは、実際には、その国の人口と産業が、いかなる時期においても、自国の土壌の粗野な生産物が維持できる量を超えてはならないことを制定することである。	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue in existence

There seem, however, to be two cases, in which it will generally be advantageous to lay some burden upon foreign, for the encouragement of domestic industry.	しかし、国内産業を奨励するために、外国に何らかの負担を課すことが一般的に有利になると思われるケースが二つある。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	case|ケース|noun|an instance of something occurring	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	lay|課す|verb|put or set down	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity

The first is, when some particular sort of industry is necessary for the defence of the country.	一つ目は、国防のために特定の産業が必要とされる場合である。	first|一つ目|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	defence|国防|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The defence of Great Britain, for example, depends very much upon the number of its sailors and shipping.	例えば、イギリスの国防は、船員と船の数に大きく依存している。	defence|国防|noun|the military action of defending a country against an enemy	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	shipping|船|noun|the commercial transport of goods by sea
The act of navigation, therefore, very properly endeavours to give the sailors and shipping of Great Britain the monopoly of the trade of their own country, in some cases, by absolute prohibitions, and in others, by heavy burdens upon the shipping of foreign countries.	そのため、航海条例は、イギリスの船員と船舶に、場合によっては絶対的な禁止によって、また、他の場合には外国の船舶に重い負担を課すことによって、自国の貿易の独占権を与えようとしている。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (later Great Britain) and its colonies	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	sailor|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	shipping|船舶|noun|the commercial transportation of goods by sea	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	absolute prohibition|絶対的な禁止|noun|a ban on something that is not allowed under any circumstances	foreign country|外国|noun|a country that is not your own
The following are the principal dispositions of this act.	以下はこの条例の主な内容である。	following|以下|adjective|coming after something in time; next	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	disposition|内容|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character

First, All ships, of which the owners, masters, and three-fourths of the mariners, are not British subjects, are prohibited, upon pain of forfeiting ship and cargo, from trading to the British settlements and plantations, or from being employed in the coasting trade of Great Britain.	第一に、所有者、船長、船員の四分の三がイギリス臣民ではない船はすべて、船と貨物を没収されるという罰則を課せられて、イギリスの居留地や農園との貿易や、イギリスの沿岸貿易に従事することを禁じられている。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	master|船長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	mariner|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	three-fourths|四分の三|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	prohibited|禁じられる|verb|not allowed; forbidden	pain|罰則|noun|a penalty for a crime or offense	forfeiting|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of something as a penalty	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	settlement|居留地|noun|a place where people have settled	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm	employed|従事する|verb|have a paid job	coasting|沿岸|adjective|moving along the coast	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

Secondly, A great variety of the most bulky articles of importation can be brought into Great Britain only, either in such ships as are above described, or in ships of the country where those goods are produced, and of which the owners, masters, and three-fourths of the mariners, are of that particular country;	第二に、輸入される最もかさばる品物の多くは、上記のような船か、その品物が生産された国の船でのみイギリスに持ち込むことができ、その船の所有者、船長、船員の四分の三はその特定の国の国民でなければならない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	great variety|多く|noun|a large number of different things	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and heavy or awkward to carry or use	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from a foreign country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	above|上記|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	master|船長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	mariner|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	three-fourths|四分の三|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; precise
and when imported even in ships of this latter kind, they are subject to double aliens duty.	そして、後者の船で輸入された場合でも、二重の外国人関税が課せられる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	when|場合|conjunction|at or during the time that	imported|輸入される|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	even|でも|adverb|used to emphasize something unexpected or surprising	in|で|preposition|used to indicate the place, time, or circumstances in which something happens	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a particular thing belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	this|この|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	they|それら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	are|である|linking verb|be	subject to|課せられる|verb|be likely or liable to suffer from	double|二重の|adjective|consisting of two parts, things, or layers	aliens|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living	duty|関税|noun|a tax on goods or services that are imported
If imported in ships of any other country, the penalty is forfeiture of ship and goods.	他の国の船で輸入された場合、船と貨物は没収される。	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	penalty|罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of a right or property as a penalty for a crime or other offense
When this act was made, the Dutch were, what they still are, the great carriers of Europe; and by this regulation they were entirely excluded from being the carriers to Great Britain, or from importing to us the goods of any other European country.	この法律が制定された当時、オランダは今もそうであるように、ヨーロッパの偉大な運送業者であったが、この規制によって、彼らはイギリスへの運送業者になることも、他のヨーロッパ諸国の品物をイギリスに輸入することも完全に排除された。	this act|この法律|noun|the law in question	be made|制定される|verb|be created or established	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the people of the Netherlands	still|今も|adverb|even now; even then	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from being included	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country

Thirdly, A great variety of the most bulky articles of importation are prohibited from being imported, even in British ships, from any country but that in which they are produced, under pain of forfeiting ship and cargo.	第三に、輸入される最もかさばる品物の多くは、イギリスの船であっても、生産国以外の国から輸入することは禁止されており、船と貨物は没収される。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	great|多くの|adjective|of major significance or importance	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	bulky|かさばる|adjective|taking up much space	article|品物|noun|a particular item	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	prohibited|禁止されている|verb|formally or legally forbid	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle
This regulation, too, was probably intended against the Dutch.	この規制も、おそらくオランダを対象としたものだったのだろう。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	intend|対象とする|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands
Holland was then, as now, the great emporium for all European goods;	オランダは当時も今も、あらゆるヨーロッパ製品の一大市場であり、	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	then|当時|adverb|at that time	now|今|adverb|at the present time	great|一大|adjective|of major significance or importance	emporium|市場|noun|a large store stocking a wide range of goods
and by this regulation, British ships were hindered from loading in Holland the goods of any other European country.	この規制によって、イギリスの船はオランダで他のヨーロッパ諸国の品物を積み込むことができなくなった。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	load|積み込む|verb|put a load on or in a vehicle, ship, aircraft, etc.	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

Fourthly, Salt fish of all kinds, whale fins, whalebone, oil, and blubber, not caught by and cured on board British vessels, when imported into Great Britain, are subject to double aliens duty.	第四に、あらゆる種類の塩漬け魚、鯨のヒレ、鯨の骨、油、脂肪は、イギリスの船で捕獲され、船上で塩漬けにされたものでなければ、イギリスに輸入される際には、二重の外国人関税が課せられる。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	salt fish|塩漬け魚|noun|fish preserved with salt	whale fin|鯨のヒレ|noun|the fin of a whale	whalebone|鯨の骨|noun|the bone of a whale	oil|油|noun|a greasy liquid obtained from animals or plants	blubber|脂肪|noun|the fat of a sea mammal	British vessel|イギリスの船|noun|a ship that is registered in the United Kingdom	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or layers	alien|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods
The Dutch, as they are still the principal, were then the only fishers in Europe that attempted to supply foreign nations with fish.	オランダ人は、今でも主要な漁師であるが、当時はヨーロッパで唯一、外国に魚を供給しようとした漁師だった。	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water
By this regulation, a very heavy burden was laid upon their supplying Great Britain.	この規制によって、イギリスへの供給に非常に重い負担がかかった。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	burden|負担|noun|a load, typically a heavy one	supply|供給|verb|make available for use; provide	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe

When the act of navigation was made, though England and Holland were not actually at war, the most violent animosity subsisted between the two nations.	航海条例が制定されたとき、イギリスとオランダは実際には戦争状態にはなかったが、両国の間には最も激しい敵意が存在していた。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (and later Britain) and its colonies	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike	subsist|存在する|verb|to exist or continue to exist
It had begun during the government of the long parliament, which first framed this act, and it broke out soon after in the Dutch wars, during that of the Protector and of Charles II.	それは、この条例を最初に制定した長期議会の政権下で始まり、その後まもなく、プロテクターとチャールズ二世の治世下でオランダ戦争が勃発した。	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	long parliament|長期議会|noun|the English Parliament that sat from 1640 until 1660	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	frame|制定する|verb|put together the parts of	soon|まもなく|adverb|in a short time	break out|勃発する|verb|start suddenly	Dutch war|オランダ戦争|noun|any of the wars between England and the Netherlands in the 17th century	Protector|プロテクター|noun|the head of state of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653 to 1659	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1660 to 1685
It is not impossible, therefore, that some of the regulations of this famous act may have proceeded from national animosity.	したがって、この有名な条例の規制の一部が国家間の敵意から生じた可能性は否定できない。	It is not impossible|否定できない|verb|it is possible	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	some of|一部の|determiner|a portion of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	act|条例|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	proceed|生じる|verb|come from; arise from	national|国家間の|adjective|of or relating to a nation or country	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike
They are as wise, however, as if they had all been dictated by the most deliberate wisdom.	しかし、それらはすべて最も慎重な知恵によって指示されたかのように賢明である。	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	as if|まるで|conjunction|as though	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	most|最も|determiner|the greatest or highest degree of	deliberate|慎重な|adjective|done or acting with careful thought and planning	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment
National animosity, at that particular time, aimed at the very same object which the most deliberate wisdom would have recommended, the diminution of the naval power of Holland, the only naval power which could endanger the security of England.	当時の国家間の敵意は、最も慎重な知恵が推奨するであろうまさに同じ目的、つまりイギリスの安全を脅かす唯一の海軍力であるオランダの海軍力の低下を目的としていた。	national|国家間の|adjective|of or relating to a nation or country	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike or hatred	at that particular time|当時|adverb|at that time	aim|目的|noun|the intention to do something	the very same|まさに同じ|adjective|exactly the same	object|目的|noun|the purpose of an action	the most deliberate wisdom|最も慎重な知恵|noun|the most careful and thoughtful wisdom	recommend|推奨する|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role	diminution|低下|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	naval power|海軍力|noun|the military strength of a nation's navy	the only naval power|唯一の海軍力|noun|the only military strength of a nation's navy	endanger|脅かす|verb|put at risk or in danger	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe

The act of navigation is not favourable to foreign commerce, or to the growth of that opulence which can arise from it.	航海条例は、外国貿易や、そこから生じる富の成長に有利ではない。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (later Great Britain) and its colonies	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence
The interest of a nation, in its commercial relations to foreign nations, is, like that of a merchant with regard to the different people with whom he deals, to buy as cheap, and to sell as dear as possible.	外国との通商関係における一国の利益は、商人が取引相手に対して持つ利益と同じく、できるだけ安く買い、できるだけ高く売ることである。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	commercial|通商|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	deal|取引|verb|do business with	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value
But it will be most likely to buy cheap, when, by the most perfect freedom of trade, it encourages all nations to bring to it the goods which it has occasion to purchase;	しかし、最も完全な貿易の自由によって、すべての国が購入する機会のある商品を持ち込むように奨励するならば、安く買う可能性が最も高くなるだろう。	most likely|最も可能性が高い|adjective|having the greatest chance of happening	buy cheap|安く買う|verb|purchase something at a low price	most perfect|最も完全な|adjective|having no flaws or defects	freedom of trade|貿易の自由|noun|the right to engage in economic transactions without government restrictions	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	all nations|すべての国|noun|the countries of the world	bring to|持ち込む|verb|cause to come to a place	have occasion to|機会がある|verb|have the opportunity to	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something
and, for the same reason, it will be most likely to sell dear, when its markets are thus filled with the greatest number of buyers.	そして、同じ理由で、市場がこのように最も多くの買い手で満たされるとき、高く売れる可能性が最も高くなるだろう。	for the same reason|同じ理由で|adverb|for the same cause or purpose	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something
The act of navigation, it is true, lays no burden upon foreign ships that come to export the produce of British industry.	確かに、航海条例は、イギリス産業の生産物を輸出するためにやってくる外国船に負担をかけていない。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of laws passed by the English Parliament between 1651 and 1673 that aimed to protect English shipping and trade	lay no burden upon|負担をかけない|verb|not cause any difficulty or hardship for	foreign ship|外国船|noun|a ship that is not from one's own country	come to export|輸出するためにやってくる|verb|come to a place in order to sell goods to another country	British industry|イギリス産業|noun|the industry of the United Kingdom
Even the ancient aliens duty, which used to be paid upon all goods, exported as well as imported, has, by several subsequent acts, been taken off from the greater part of the articles of exportation.	輸入品だけでなく輸出品にも課せられていた古代外国人税でさえ、その後のいくつかの法律によって、輸出品目の大部分から撤廃された。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	aliens|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods	used to|かつて|auxiliary verb|did or was in the past	pay|課する|verb|give money that is owed or due	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	goods|品目|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	several|いくつかの|determiner|more than two but not many	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	taken off|撤廃される|verb|remove or get rid of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
But if foreigners, either by prohibitions or high duties, are hindered from coming to sell, they cannot always afford to come to buy;	しかし、禁止や高関税によって外国人が売りに来るのを妨げられたなら、彼らは買いに来ることができなくなる。	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment
because, coming without a cargo, they must lose the freight from their own country to Great Britain.	なぜなら、貨物なしで来ると、彼らは自国からイギリスへの運賃を失うからである。	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	freight|運賃|noun|the cost of transporting goods	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
By diminishing the number of sellers, therefore, we necessarily diminish that of buyers, and are thus likely not only to buy foreign goods dearer, but to sell our own cheaper, than if there was a more perfect freedom of trade.	したがって、売り手の数が減れば、必然的に買い手の数も減り、より完全な貿易の自由があった場合よりも、外国製品をより高く買うだけでなく、自国製品をより安く売る可能性が高くなる。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	number|数|noun|a quantity that can be counted	seller|売り手|noun|a person who sells something	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	good|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	dearer|より高く|adjective|more expensive	cheaper|より安く|adjective|less expensive	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
As defence, however, is of much more importance than opulence, the act of navigation is, perhaps, the wisest of all the commercial regulations of England.	しかし、防衛は富よりもはるかに重要であるため、航海条例はおそらくイギリスのすべての商業規制の中で最も賢明なものである。	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	opulence|富|noun|a state of great wealth	act|条例|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe

The second case, in which it will generally be advantageous to lay some burden upon foreign for the encouragement of domestic industry, is when some tax is imposed at home upon the produce of the latter.	国内産業の奨励のために外国産業に何らかの負担を課すことが一般的に有利になる第二のケースは、後者の生産物に国内で何らかの税が課せられる場合である。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	lay|課す|verb|put or set down	burden|負担|noun|a load, especially a heavy one	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; of benefit	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
In this case, it seems reasonable that an equal tax should be imposed upon the like produce of the former.	この場合、前者の同様の生産物に同等の税を課すのが合理的であるように思われる。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
This would not give the monopoly of the borne market to domestic industry, nor turn towards a particular employment a greater share of the stock and labour of the country, than what would naturally go to it.	これによって国内産業が国内市場を独占することも、国内の資本や労働の自然な流れよりも大きな部分が特定の産業に流れ込むこともない。	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	borne market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industries within a country	turn|流れ込む|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	particular employment|特定の産業|noun|a specific industry	greater share|大きな部分|noun|a larger portion	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	naturally|自然な流れ|adverb|in a natural manner	go to|向かう|verb|move or travel toward
It would only hinder any part of what would naturally go to it from being turned away by the tax into a less natural direction, and would leave the competition between foreign and domestic industry, after the tax, as nearly as possible upon the same footing as before it.	それは、自然に流入する部分が税によって不自然な方向に流されるのを妨げるだけで、課税後も外国産業と国内産業の競争を可能な限り課税前と同じ条件にするだろう。	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	turn away|流される|verb|move or cause to move in a different direction	less|不自然な|adjective|not as much or as many	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves	leave|するだろう|verb|go away from a place	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
In Great Britain, when any such tax is laid upon the produce of domestic industry, it is usual, at the same time, in order to stop the clamorous complaints of our merchants and manufacturers, that they will be undersold at home, to lay a much heavier duty upon the importation of all foreign goods of the same kind.	イギリスでは、国内産業の生産物にそのような税が課せられると、同時に、国内で安く売られるという商人や製造業者の騒がしい苦情を止めるために、同じ種類のすべての外国製品の輸入にもっと重い関税を課すのが普通である。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	lay|課する|verb|put or set down	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|an industry that is located in the same country as the person who is talking about it	usual|普通|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	clamorous|騒がしい|adjective|making a lot of noise	complaint|苦情|noun|a statement that you are unhappy about something	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell something at a lower price than someone else	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	lay|課する|verb|put or set down	duty|関税|noun|a tax on goods coming into or going out of a country	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|merchandise or possessions

This second limitation of the freedom of trade, according to some people, should, upon most occasions, be extended much farther than to the precise foreign commodities which could come into competition with those which had been taxed at home.	一部の人々によると、この貿易の自由に対する第二の制限は、ほとんどの場合、国内で課税されたものと競合する可能性のある正確な外国製品よりもはるかに拡大されるべきである。	second|2番目の|adjective|coming after the first in position	limitation|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	some people|一部の人々|noun|an unspecified number of people	most occasions|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of cases	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	precise|正確な|adjective|exact or accurate	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	commodity|製品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	come into competition|競合する|verb|be in rivalry with	those|もの|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
When the necessaries of life have been taxed in any country, it becomes proper, they pretend, to tax not only the like necessaries of life imported from other countries, but all sorts of foreign goods which can come into competition with any thing that is the produce of domestic industry.	生活必需品が課税された国では、他の国から輸入された生活必需品だけでなく、国内産業で生産されたものと競合する可能性のあるあらゆる種類の外国製品にも課税することが適切であると彼らは主張する。	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living	have been taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	any country|国|noun|a sovereign state	it becomes proper|適切になる|verb|become right or fitting	they pretend|彼らは主張する|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	like necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living	imported|輸入される|verb|bring in from a foreign country	other countries|他の国|noun|a sovereign state other than the one being considered	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary	all sorts of|あらゆる種類の|determiner|of many different types	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a foreign country	can come into competition with|競合する|verb|be in a state of rivalry with	any thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	is the produce of|生産される|verb|be the result of	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country
Subsistence, they say, becomes necessarily dearer in consequence of such taxes;	彼らは、そのような税金の結果として、生活必需品は必然的に高価になると述べている。	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to maintain life	become|なる|verb|come to be	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
and the price of labour must always rise with the price of the labourer’s subsistence.	そして労働の価格は、常に労働者の生活必需品の価格とともに上昇しなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing that is necessary to keep a person alive
Every commodity, therefore, which is the produce of domestic industry, though not immediately taxed itself, becomes dearer in consequence of such taxes, because the labour which produces it becomes so.	したがって、国内産業の産物であるすべての商品は、それ自体に直接課税されるわけではないが、そのような税金の結果として高価になる。なぜなら、それを生産する労働が高価になるからである。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	though|わけではない|conjunction|despite the fact that	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or intervention	taxed|課税される|verb|impose a tax on	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	dearer|高価になる|adjective|costing a lot of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Such taxes, therefore, are really equivalent, they say, to a tax upon every particular commodity produced at home.	したがって、そのような税金は、国内で生産されるすべての特定の商品に対する税金と実際に同等であると彼らは言う。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	equivalent|同等|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	they say|彼らは言う|verb|it is said	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
In order to put domestic upon the same footing with foreign industry, therefore, it becomes necessary, they think, to lay some duty upon every foreign commodity, equal to this enhancement of the price of the home commodities with which it can come into competition.	したがって、国内産業を外国産業と同等の立場に置くためには、競合する可能性のある国内商品の価格の上昇に等しい、すべての外国商品に何らかの関税を課すことが必要になると彼らは考えている。	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the home or family	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	footing|立場|noun|the basis on which something is established or operates	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	lay|課す|verb|put or set down	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase or improvement in quality, value, or extent	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing

Whether taxes upon the necessaries of life, such as those in Great Britain upon soap, salt, leather, candles, etc.	イギリスの石鹸、塩、皮革、ろうそくなど生活必需品に課せられる税金が、	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making clothes, shoes, furniture, etc.	candle|ろうそく|noun|a stick of wax with a wick inside that is lit to produce light	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera
necessarily raise the price of labour, and consequently that of all other commodities, I shall consider hereafter, when I come to treat of taxes.	必然的に労働の価格を上げ、その結果、他のすべての商品の価格を上げるかどうかについては、税金について論じるときに後で検討する。	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	shall|する|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about something	hereafter|後で|adverb|in the future	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	treat|論じる|verb|discuss or deal with in a certain way
Supposing, however, in the mean time, that they have this effect, and they have it undoubtedly, this general enhancement of the price of all commodities, in consequence of that labour, is a case which differs in the two following respects from that of a particular commodity, of which the price was enhanced by a particular tax immediately imposed upon it.	しかし、その間に、それらがこの効果を持ち、間違いなくそれを持っていると仮定すると、その労働の結果としてのすべての商品の価格のこの一般的な上昇は、次の2つの点で特定の商品のそれとは異なるケースであり、その価格はそれに直接課せられた特定の税金によって上昇した。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	mean time|その間に|noun|the time between two events	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	immediately|直接|adverb|at once; instantly

First, It might always be known with great exactness, how far the price of such a commodity could be enhanced by such a tax;	第一に、そのような商品の価格がそのような税金によってどれだけ上昇するかは、常に非常に正確に知ることができる。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	might|できる|auxiliary verb|have the power or ability to do something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; ever; continually	be known|知られる|verb|be familiar with	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	exactness|正確に|noun|the quality of being exact	how far|どれだけ|adverb|to what extent or degree	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	be enhanced|上昇する|verb|be increased or improved	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
but how far the general enhancement of the price of labour might affect that of every different commodity about which labour was employed, could never be known with any tolerable exactness.	しかし、労働価格の一般的な上昇が、労働が投入されたあらゆる異なる商品の価格にどれだけ影響するかは、決して許容できるほどの正確さでは知ることができない。	how far|どれだけ|adverb|to what extent or degree	general enhancement|一般的な上昇|noun|a general increase	price of labour|労働価格|noun|the cost of labour	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	every different commodity|あらゆる異なる商品|noun|all the different goods	labour was employed|労働が投入された|verb|labour was used	could never be known|決して知ることができない|verb|could never be found out	tolerable exactness|許容できるほどの正確さ|noun|an acceptable level of accuracy
It would be impossible, therefore, to proportion, with any tolerable exactness, the tax of every foreign, to the enhancement of the price of every home commodity.	したがって、すべての外国の税金を、すべての国内商品の価格の上昇に、許容できるほどの正確さで比例させることは不可能であろう。	proportion|比例させる|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation to	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being exact	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	home|国内の|adjective|of or relating to one's own country	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

Secondly, Taxes upon the necessaries of life have nearly the same effect upon the circumstances of the people as a poor soil and a bad climate.	第二に、生活必需品に対する税金は、貧弱な土壌や悪天候と同じように、人々の状況にほぼ同じ影響を及ぼす。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	poor|貧弱な|adjective|lacking in quality or value	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	bad|悪天候|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Provisions are thereby rendered dearer, in the same manner as if it required extraordinary labour and expense to raise them.	それによって、食料は、それを育てるのに並外れた労働と費用を要するのと同じように、より高価になる。	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	render|なる|verb|cause to be or become	dearer|より高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	manner|ように|noun|a way of doing something	require|要する|verb|need for a particular purpose	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
As, in the natural scarcity arising from soil and climate, it would be absurd to direct the people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals and industry, so is it likewise in the artificial scarcity arising from such taxes.	土壌や気候から生じる自然の希少性において、人々が資本や産業をどのように使うべきかを指導するのは馬鹿げているように、そのような税金から生じる人工的な希少性においても同様である。	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	climate|気候|noun|the weather averaged over a period of time	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	direct|指導する|verb|control the operations of; manage or govern	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	artificial|人工的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally, especially as a copy of something natural	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
To be left to accommodate, as well as they could, their industry to their situation, and to find out those employments in which, notwithstanding their unfavourable circumstances, they might have some advantage either in the home or in the foreign market, is what, in both cases, would evidently be most for their advantage.	彼らの産業を彼らの状況にできるだけ適応させ、彼らの不利な状況にもかかわらず、国内市場または海外市場のいずれかで何らかの利点を得ることができる職業を見つけることは、どちらの場合も明らかに彼らの利益になるだろう。	accommodate|適応させる|verb|provide with lodging or space	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|not favourable	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	foreign|海外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived	most|最も|adjective|the majority of; the largest part of
To lay a new-tax upon them, because they are already overburdened with taxes, and because they already pay too dear for the necessaries of life, to make them likewise pay too dear for the greater part of other commodities, is certainly a most absurd way of making amends.	彼らはすでに税金で過重な負担を負っており、生活必需品にすでに高額を支払っているため、彼らに新しい税金を課して、他のほとんどの商品にも高額を支払わせるのは、確かに償いをする最も馬鹿げた方法である。	lay a new-tax|新しい税金を課す|verb|impose a new tax	overburdened|過重な負担を負っている|adjective|having too much of a load	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	make amends|償いをする|verb|compensate for a wrong or injury

Such taxes, when they have grown up to a certain height, are a curse equal to the barrenness of the earth, and the inclemency of the heavens, and yet it is in the richest and most industrious countries that they have been most generally imposed.	そのような税金は、ある程度まで高くなると、地球の不毛と天の厳しさに等しい呪いとなるが、最も一般的に課せられているのは、最も豊かで最も勤勉な国々である。	grow up|高くなる|verb|become taller	certain|ある程度|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	curse|呪い|noun|a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment on someone or something	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	barrenness|不毛|noun|the state of being unable to produce offspring	earth|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	inclemency|厳しさ|noun|the quality of being severe or harsh	heaven|天|noun|the sky or the universe as seen from the earth	richest|最も豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	industrious|勤勉|adjective|working hard and steadily	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
No other countries could support so great a disorder.	他の国では、これほど大きな混乱を支えることはできない。	no other|他の～はない|determiner|not any other	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement
As the strongest bodies only can live and enjoy health under an unwholesome regimen, so the nations only, that in every sort of industry have the greatest natural and acquired advantages, can subsist and prosper under such taxes.	最も強靭な肉体だけが不健康な養生法のもとで健康に生きることができるように、あらゆる産業において最大の自然的・後天的優位性を持つ国だけが、そのような税制のもとで存続し、繁栄することができる。	strongest|最も強靭な|adjective|of great physical power	body|肉体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	live|生きる|verb|be alive	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	health|健康|noun|a state of physical and mental well-being	unwholesome|不健康な|adjective|not good for one's health	regimen|養生法|noun|a systematic plan for therapy	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history and usually a territory	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	natural|自然的|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	acquired|後天的|adjective|gained or developed after birth	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	subsist|存続する|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level	prosper|繁栄する|verb|flourish or be successful
Holland is the country in Europe in which they abound most, and which, from peculiar circumstances, continues to prosper, not by means of them, as has been most absurdly supposed, but in spite of them.	オランダはヨーロッパで最も税金が多い国であり、特殊な事情から、最も馬鹿げた想定であるが、税金によってではなく、税金にもかかわらず繁栄し続けている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	abound|多い|verb|be plentiful or numerous	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	circumstance|事情|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	prosper|繁栄する|verb|flourish or be successful	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	spite|にもかかわらず|noun|a desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone

As there are two cases in which it will generally be advantageous to lay some burden upon foreign for the encouragement of domestic industry, so there are two others in which it may sometimes be a matter of deliberation, in the one, how far it is proper to continue the free importation of certain foreign goods;	国内産業の奨励のために外国産業に何らかの負担を課すことが一般的に有利な場合が二つあるように、ある特定の外国製品の自由輸入をどこまで続けることが適切か、また、ある特定の国内製品の輸出をどこまで奨励することが適切か、という二つの問題が議論の対象となることがある。	lay some burden upon|負担を課す|verb|impose a burden on	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable to success or to any desired end	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	matter|問題|noun|a question or problem to be resolved	deliberation|議論|noun|careful consideration before decision	one|一つ|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from a foreign country	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	export|輸出|noun|a commodity, article, or service sold abroad	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances
and, in the other, how far, or in what manner, it may be proper to restore that free importation, after it has been for some time interrupted.	そして、もう一つは、自由輸入がしばらく中断された後、どこまで、あるいはどのような方法で、自由輸入を復活させることが適切かということである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in the other|もう一つは|noun|the remaining item of two	how far|どこまで|adverb|to what extent or degree	in what manner|どのような方法で|adverb|in what way	it may be proper to|ことが適切か|verb|be right or appropriate	restore|復活させる|verb|bring back to a former condition	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	for some time|しばらく|adverb|for a period of time	interrupted|中断された|verb|cause a break in the continuity of

The case in which it may sometimes be a matter of deliberation how far it is proper to continue the free importation of certain foreign goods, is when some foreign nation restrains, by high duties or prohibitions, the importation of some of our manufactures into their country.	ある特定の外国製品の自由輸入をどこまで続けることが適切か、という問題が議論の対象となることがあるのは、ある外国が、高関税や輸入禁止によって、我が国の製品の一部を自国に輸入することを制限している場合である。	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	deliberation|議論|noun|careful consideration of all the facts and arguments involved in a situation	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	foreign|外国|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	restrain|制限する|verb|keep under control or within limits	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	manufacture|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Revenge, in this case, naturally dictates retaliation, and that we should impose the like duties and prohibitions upon the importation of some or all of their manufactures into ours.	この場合、報復は当然、報復を命じ、我々は彼らの製品の一部または全部を我が国に輸入することに対して、同様の関税や禁止を課すべきである。	revenge|報復|noun|the action of hurting someone for a wrong suffered at their hands	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	dictate|命じる|verb|say or read aloud (words to be typed, written down, or recorded)	retaliation|報復|noun|the action of returning a military attack, or counterattacking	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|an official order or rule that forbids something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory
Nations, accordingly, seldom fail to retaliate in this manner.	したがって、国家はめったにこのような方法で報復を怠らない。	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	fail|怠る|verb|be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something	retaliate|報復する|verb|make an attack in return for a similar attack
The French have been particularly forward to favour their own manufactures, by restraining the importation of such foreign goods as could come into competition with them.	フランスは、特に自国の製品と競合する可能性のある外国製品の輸入を制限することで、自国の製品を優遇することに熱心だった。	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	forward|熱心|adjective|eager or willing	favour|優遇|verb|to prefer or like more than another	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	restrain|制限|verb|to hold back from doing something	importation|輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country from another country	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise; a commodity
In this consisted a great part of the policy of Mr Colbert, who, notwithstanding his great abilities, seems in this case to have been imposed upon by the sophistry of merchants and manufacturers, who are always demanding a monopoly against their countrymen.	コルベール氏の政策の大部分はこれに由来するが、彼は優れた能力にもかかわらず、この場合には、常に同胞に対して独占を要求する商人や製造業者の詭弁に惑わされたようである。	consist in|由来する|verb|be composed or made up of	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	Mr Colbert|コルベール氏|noun|Jean-Baptiste Colbert, a French politician	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	great ability|優れた能力|noun|a high level of skill or expertise	in this case|この場合には|adverb|in this situation	impose upon|惑わす|verb|take advantage of	sophistry|詭弁|noun|the use of clever but false arguments	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade or commerce	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a particular market
It is at present the opinion of the most intelligent men in France, that his operations of this kind have not been beneficial to his country.	現在、フランスで最も知的な人々の意見では、彼のこの種の活動は彼の国に利益をもたらさなかったということである。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	intelligent|知的な|adjective|having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	operation|活動|noun|an action or series of actions performed in a certain manner	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	beneficial|利益をもたらす|adjective|favourable or advantageous	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
That minister, by the tariff of 1667, imposed very high duties upon a great number of foreign manufactures.	この大臣は、1667年の税率で、多数の外国製品に非常に高い関税を課した。	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	tariff|税率|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	1667|1667年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	very high|非常に高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	great number|多数|noun|a large number	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory
Upon his refusing to moderate them in favour of the Dutch, they, in 1671, prohibited the importation of the wines, brandies, and manufactures of France.	彼がオランダ人に有利にそれらを緩和することを拒否すると、彼らは1671年にフランスのワイン、ブランデー、および製品の輸入を禁止した。	refuse|拒否する|verb|express unwillingness to do or accept something	moderate|緩和する|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	brandy|ブランデー|noun|a strong alcoholic drink made from distilled wine or fermented fruit juice	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory
The war of 1672 seems to have been in part occasioned by this commercial dispute.	1672年の戦争は、この商業紛争によって部分的に引き起こされたようである。	1672|1672年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	part|部分的に|noun|a piece of something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	dispute|紛争|noun|a disagreement between two or more people or groups
The peace of Nimeguen put an end to it in 1678, by moderating some of those duties in favour of the Dutch, who in consequence took off their prohibition.	ナイメーヘンの和約は、1678年にオランダ人に有利にこれらの関税の一部を緩和することでそれに終止符を打ち、その結果、オランダ人は禁止を解除した。	peace|和約|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	put an end to|終止符を打つ|verb|cause to stop	1678|1678年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	moderate|緩和する|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	take off|解除する|verb|remove or get rid of
It was about the same time that the French and English began mutually to oppress each other’s industry, by the like duties and prohibitions, of which the French, however, seem to have set the first example,	フランスとイギリスが、同じような関税や禁止によって互いの産業を相互に圧迫し始めたのは、ほぼ同じ時期だったが、その最初の例を示したのはフランスだったようである。	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	mutually|相互に|adverb|in a reciprocal manner	oppress|圧迫する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|an official order or law that forbids something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule
The spirit of hostility which has subsisted between the two nations ever since, has hitherto hindered them from being moderated on either side.	それ以来、両国の間に存在してきた敵意の精神は、これまでのところ、どちらの側でも緩和されることを妨げてきた。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	hostility|敵意|noun|unfriendliness or opposition	two nations|両国|noun|two countries	ever since|それ以来|adverb|continuously or repeatedly from a particular past time	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up until the present	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	moderate|緩和する|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent
In 1697, the Ehglish prohibited the importation of bone lace, the manufacture of Flanders.	1697年、イギリスはフランドル製のボーンレースの輸入を禁止した。	1697|1697年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	bone lace|ボーンレース|noun|a lace made with bobbins on a pillow	manufacture|製|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a historical region of northwestern Europe
The government of that country, at that time under the dominion of Spain, prohibited, in return, the importation of English woollens.	当時スペインの支配下にあったその国の政府は、その見返りにイギリスの毛織物の輸入を禁止した。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	under the dominion of|支配下にある|noun|under the control of	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	in return|見返りに|adverb|in exchange	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool
In 1700, the prohibition of importing bone lace into England was taken oft;	1700年、イギリスへのボーンレースの輸入禁止が解除された。	1700|1700年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	bone lace|ボーンレース|noun|a type of lace made with bobbins	take off|解除される|verb|to remove or get rid of something
upon condition that the importation of English woollens into Flanders should be put on the same footing as before.	フランドルへのイギリス製毛織物の輸入が以前と同じ条件に置かれるという条件のもとで。	upon condition that|という条件のもとで|conjunction|on the condition that	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	English|イギリス製|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	should be put on|置かれる|verb|be placed on	the same footing|同じ条件|noun|the same basis or position	as before|以前と同じ|adverb|in the same way as before

There may be good policy in retaliations of this kind, when there is a probability that they will procure the repeal of the high duties or prohibitions complained of.	不満のある高関税や禁止の撤廃を獲得する可能性がある場合、この種の報復には良い政策があるかもしれない。	retaliation|報復|noun|the action of returning a military attack, or counterattacking	this kind|この種の|determiner|of this type	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|an official order or rule that forbids something	repeal|撤廃|noun|the action of revoking or annulling a law or congressional act	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
The recovery of a great foreign market will generally more than compensate the transitory inconveniency of paying dearer during a short time for some sorts of goods.	大きな海外市場の回復は、一般的に、ある種の商品に対して短期間の間に高額を支払うという一時的な不便を補って余りあるだろう。	recovery|回復|noun|the return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength	foreign market|海外市場|noun|a market outside of one's home country	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	transitory|一時的な|adjective|not permanent; lasting only for a short time	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance	short time|短期間|noun|a period of time that is brief	some sorts of goods|ある種の商品|noun|a particular type of product
To judge whether such retaliations are likely to produce such an effect, does not, perhaps, belong so much to the science of a legislator, whose deliberations ought to be governed by general principles, which are always the same, as to the skill of that insidious and crafty animal vulgarly called a statesman or politician, whose councils are directed by the momentary fluctuations of affairs.	そのような報復がそのような効果を生み出す可能性があるかどうかを判断することは、おそらく、その審議は常に同じである一般原則によって支配されるべきである立法者の科学に属するものではなく、その審議は事柄の瞬間的な変動によって指示される、俗に政治家と呼ばれる陰険で狡猾な動物の技能に属するものであろう。	retaliation|報復|noun|the action of returning a military attack, or counterattacking	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration of all the facts and arguments in a case	govern|支配する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	general principle|一般原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; without exception	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	insidious|陰険な|adjective|proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects	crafty|狡猾な|adjective|skilled in deception or evasion	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia, differing from plants in having cells without cellulose walls, in having the power of voluntary movement, and in having special sense organs and nervous systems	vulgarly|俗に|adverb|in a vulgar manner	statesman|政治家|noun|a skilled, experienced, and respected political leader or figure	politician|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in politics, especially as a holder of or a candidate for an elected office	council|審議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly to advise, govern, or legislate	momentary|瞬間的な|adjective|lasting for a very short time	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the size, amount, or value of something
When there is no probability that any such repeal can be procured, it seems a bad method of compensating the injury done to certain classes of our people, to do another injury ourselves, not only to those classes, but to almost all the other classes of them.	そのような撤廃が獲得できる可能性がない場合、国民のある階級に与えた損害を補償するために、その階級だけでなく、他のほとんどすべての階級にも損害を与えることは、悪い方法であるように思われる。	probability|可能性|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	repeal|撤廃|noun|the action of revoking or annulling a law or congressional act	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	injury|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality; unsatisfactory; inadequate	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
When our neighbours prohibit some manufacture of ours, we generally prohibit, not only the same, for that alone would seldom affect them considerably, but some other manufacture of theirs.	隣国が我が国の製造品を禁止すると、我々は一般的に、同じものだけでなく、それだけでは彼らに大きな影響を与えることはめったにないので、彼らの他の製造品を禁止する。	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person or country next to or near another	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
This may, no doubt, give encouragement to some particular class of workmen among ourselves, and, by excluding some of their rivals, may enable them to raise their price in the home market.	これは、疑いなく、我々自身の中の特定の階級の労働者に励ましを与え、彼らのライバルの一部を排除することによって、彼らが国内市場で価格を上げることができるようにするかもしれない。	give encouragement|励ましを与える|verb|to make someone more likely to do something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	ourselves|我々自身|pronoun|we or us	exclude|排除する|verb|to shut or keep out	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal	raise|上げる|verb|to move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
Those workmen however, who suffered by our neighbours prohibition, will not be benefited by ours.	しかし、隣国の禁止によって苦しんだ労働者は、我が国の禁止によって利益を得ることはできない。	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	benefit|利益を得る|verb|receive an advantage or profit from
On the contrary, they, and almost all the other classes of our citizens, will thereby be obliged to pay dearer than before for certain goods.	それどころか、彼らや国民の他のほとんどすべての階級は、それによって特定の商品に対して以前よりも高額を支払う義務を負うことになる。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adverb|nearly all	other|他の|adjective|not the same	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	citizen|国民|noun|a person who legally belongs to a country and has the rights and protection of that country	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	be obliged to|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for a good or service	dearer|高額|adjective|more expensive	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	certain|特定の|adjective|specific but not mentioned	goods|商品|noun|an article that is bought or sold
Every such law, therefore, imposes a real tax upon the whole country, not in favour of that particular class of workmen who were injured by our neighbours prohibitions, but of some other class.	したがって、そのような法律はすべて、隣国の禁止によって被害を受けた特定の階級の労働者のためではなく、他の階級のために、国全体に実質的な税金を課すことになる。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	favour|ため|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker	injure|被害を受ける|verb|physically or mentally harm	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about

The case in which it may sometimes be a matter of deliberation, how far, or in what manner, it is proper to restore the free importation of foreign goods, after it has been for some time interrupted, is when particular manufactures, by means of high duties or prohibitions upon all foreign goods which can come into competition with them, have been so far extended as to employ a great multitude of hands.	外国製品の自由輸入がしばらく中断された後、どこまで、あるいはどのような方法で自由輸入を復活させるのが適切か、時には審議の対象となることがあるのは、特定の製造業が、競合する可能性のあるすべての外国製品に高関税や禁止を課すことで、非常に多くの労働者を雇用するまでに拡大した場合である。	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or causing to be brought into a country or region	restore|復活させる|verb|bring back to a former or original state	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	interrupt|中断する|verb|break the continuity of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	come into|になる|verb|start to be in a particular state or condition	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things
Humanity may in this case require that the freedom of trade should be restored only by slow gradations, and with a good deal of reserve and circumspection.	この場合、人道的な観点から、貿易の自由はゆっくりと段階的に、かなりの留保と慎重さをもって回復されるべきであると考えられる。	humanity|人道的な観点|noun|the quality of being humane; kindness	require|考える|verb|need for a particular purpose	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	restore|回復する|verb|bring back to a former or original state	slow|ゆっくりと|adjective|moving or operating or done without speed or in a leisurely manner	gradation|段階的に|noun|a gradual passing from one state to another	reserve|留保|noun|a supply of something kept in store for future use	circumspection|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences before taking action
Were those high duties and prohibitions taken away all at once, cheaper foreign goods of the same kind might be poured so fast into the home market, as to deprive all at once many thousands of our people of their ordinary employment and means of subsistence.	もしこれらの高関税や禁止が一挙に撤廃されれば、同じ種類のより安価な外国製品が国内市場に急速に流入し、何千人もの国民が日常の仕事や生計手段を一挙に奪われることになるかもしれない。	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	take away|撤廃する|verb|remove or abolish	at once|一挙に|adverb|immediately	cheaper|より安価な|adjective|less expensive	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a country other than one's own	pour|流入する|verb|flow or cause to flow in a steady stream	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	deprive|奪う|verb|take away or withhold something from	at once|一挙に|adverb|immediately	thousands|何千|noun|the product of a thousand and another number	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	ordinary employment|日常の仕事|noun|a job that is done on a regular basis	means of subsistence|生計手段|noun|a source of income that provides the necessities of life
The disorder which this would occasion might no doubt be very considerable.	これが引き起こす混乱は、間違いなく非常に大きなものになるだろう。	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	considerable|大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent
It would in all probability, however, be much less than is commonly imagined, for the two following reasons.	しかし、次の二つの理由から、おそらく一般に想像されているよりもはるかに小さいだろう。	in all probability|おそらく|adverb|very likely	much less|はるかに小さい|adjective|to a much smaller extent	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

First, All those manufactures of which any part is commonly exported to other European countries without a bounty, could be very little affected by the freest importation of foreign goods.	第一に、その一部が通常、賞金なしに他のヨーロッパ諸国に輸出されているすべての製造品は、外国製品の最も自由な輸入によってほとんど影響を受けない。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	those|それらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people, languages, or cultures	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|merchandise or possessions
Such manufactures must be sold as cheap abroad as any other foreign goods of the same quality and kind, and consequently must be sold cheaper at home.	そのような製品は、同じ品質と種類の他の外国製品と同じくらい安く海外で販売されなければならず、その結果、国内ではより安く販売されなければならない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
They would still, therefore, keep possession of the home market;	したがって、彼らは依然として国内市場を占有するだろう。	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	keep possession of|占有する|verb|to have or keep as one's own	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service in the country in which it is produced or provided
and though a capricious man of fashion might sometimes prefer foreign wares, merely because they were foreign, to cheaper and better goods of the same kind that were made at home, this folly could, from the nature of things, extend to so few, that it could make no sensible impression upon the general employment of the people.	そして、気まぐれな流行人が、単に外国製であるという理由だけで、国内で作られた同じ種類のより安くてより良い品物よりも外国製の品物を好むことがあるかもしれないが、この愚行は、物事の性質上、ごく少数の人にしか及ばず、人々の一般的な雇用に大きな影響を与えることはできない。	capricious|気まぐれな|adjective|showing sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	wares|品物|noun|articles of merchandise; goods	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	cheaper|より安い|adjective|low in price or cost	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	goods|品物|noun|articles of merchandise; wares	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	few|少数の|adjective|a small number of	sensible|大きな|adjective|having or showing good judgment or reason	impression|影響|noun|an effect, influence, or action	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
But a great part of all the different branches of our woollen manufacture, of our tanned leather, and of our hardware, are annually exported to other European countries without any bounty, and these are the manufactures which employ the greatest number of hands.	しかし、わが国の毛織物製造業、なめし革、金物などのさまざまな分野の大部分は、毎年、賞金なしに他のヨーロッパ諸国に輸出されており、これらは最も多くの労働者を雇用している製造業である。	woollen manufacture|毛織物製造業|noun|the industry of making woollen products	tanned leather|なめし革|noun|leather that has been tanned	hardware|金物|noun|metal goods	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	European countries|ヨーロッパ諸国|noun|the countries of Europe	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	manufacture|製造業|noun|the industry of making things
The silk, perhaps, is the manufacture which would suffer the most by this freedom of trade, and after it the linen, though the latter much less than the former.	おそらく、絹はこの貿易の自由によって最も被害を受ける製造業であり、その後に麻布が続くが、後者は前者よりもはるかに少ない。	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	suffer|被害を受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth woven from flax yarn	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned

Secondly, Though a great number of people should, by thus restoring the freedom of trade, be thrown all at once out of their ordinary employment and common method of subsistence, it would by no means follow that they would thereby be deprived either of employment or subsistence.	第二に、このように貿易の自由を回復させることによって、多くの人々が通常の雇用と生計の一般的な方法から一挙に放り出されるとしても、それによって彼らが雇用や生計を奪われることには決してならない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	great number of|多くの|noun|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	should|するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	thus|このように|adverb|in this way	restoring|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former condition	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	be thrown|放り出される|verb|be forced to leave a place	all at once|一挙に|adverb|suddenly	out of|から|preposition|from inside	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	it would by no means follow that|決してならない|verb|it would not be the case that	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express the future tense	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	be deprived|奪われる|verb|be prevented from having or doing something
By the reduction of the army and navy at the end of the late war, more than 100,000 soldiers and seamen, a number equal to what is employed in the greatest manufactures, were all at once thrown out of their ordinary employment: but though they no doubt suffered some inconveniency, they were not thereby deprived of all employment and subsistence.	前回の戦争の終わりに陸海軍が縮小されたことで、10万人以上の兵士と船員、つまり最大の製造業で雇用されている数に等しい数が、一挙に通常の雇用から放り出されたが、彼らは間違いなく多少の不便を被ったとはいえ、それによってすべての雇用と生計を奪われたわけではない。	reduction|縮小|noun|the act of reducing something	army|陸軍|noun|the military land forces of a nation	navy|海軍|noun|the military branch of a nation that is responsible for conducting military operations at sea	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	seaman|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	all at once|一挙に|adverb|suddenly; all of a sudden	thrown out|放り出される|verb|to be forced to leave a place or situation	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	suffer|被る|verb|to experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	some|多少の|adjective|a small amount of	inconvenience|不便|noun|something that causes trouble or difficulty	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	deprive|奪う|verb|to take something away from someone or something	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	subsistence|生計|noun|the means of supporting life
The greater part of the seamen, it is probable, gradually betook themselves to the merchant service as they could find occasion, and in the mean time both they and the soldiers were absorbed in the great mass of the people, and employed in a great variety of occupations.	船員の大部分は、機会を見つけるにつれて徐々に商船に乗り込み、その間に彼らと兵士の両方が大衆に吸収され、さまざまな職業に従事したと考えられる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	seaman|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	probable|考えられる|adjective|likely to happen or be true	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	betake oneself|乗り込む|verb|go to a place	merchant service|商船|noun|a ship that is used for trade	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	mean time|その間に|noun|the time between two events	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	great mass|大衆|noun|a large number of people	absorb|吸収される|verb|take in or soak up	variety|さまざまな|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work
Not only no great convulsion, but no sensible disorder, arose from so great a change in the situation of more than 100,000 men, all accustomed to the use of arms, and many of them to rapine and plunder.	10万人以上の男性の状況に大きな変化が生じたにもかかわらず、大きな混乱は起こらなかっただけでなく、目に見える混乱も起こらなかった。彼らは皆、武器の使用に慣れており、その多くは強奪や略奪に慣れていた。	no great convulsion|大きな混乱は起こらなかった|noun phrase|no big confusion	no sensible disorder|目に見える混乱も起こらなかった|noun phrase|no visible confusion	arose|起こった|verb|come into being or existence	so great a change|大きな変化|noun phrase|a big change	more than 100,000 men|10万人以上の男性|noun phrase|more than 100,000 men	accustomed|慣れていた|adjective|familiar with something through use or experience	arms|武器|noun|a means of offense or defense	rapine|強奪|noun|the violent seizure of another's property	plunder|略奪|noun|the violent and dishonest acquisition of property
The number of vagrants was scarce anywhere sensibly increased by it;	浮浪者の数は、どこでもそれによって著しく増加することはほとんどなかった。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things or people	vagrant|浮浪者|noun|a person who has no permanent home and wanders from place to place	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place	sensibly|著しく|adverb|to a noticeable degree	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree
even the wages of labour were not reduced by it in any occupation, so far as I have been able to learn, except in that of seamen in the merchant service.	私の知る限り、商船の船員を除いて、どの職業でも労働賃金が下がることはなかった。	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	so far as|知る限り|adverb|to the extent that	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	learn|知る|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	merchant service|商船|noun|the commercial shipping industry
But if we compare together the habits of a soldier and of any sort of manufacturer, we shall find that those of the latter do not tend so much to disqualify him from being employed in a new trade, as those of the former from being employed in any.	しかし、兵士と製造業者の習慣を比較してみると、後者の習慣は、前者の習慣がどんな仕事にも就けなくなるほど、新しい仕事に就けなくなる傾向はないことがわかる。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other in time, space, or position	disqualify|資格を失わせる|verb|to make ineligible	employed|雇用される|verb|have a paid job	trade|仕事|noun|a job or line of work
The manufacturer has always been accustomed to look for his subsistence from his labour only;	製造業者は、常に自分の労働だけから生計を立てることに慣れている。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|be used to something	look for|求める|verb|try to find	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter that is necessary to keep someone alive	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
the soldier to expect it from his pay.	兵士は給料からそれを期待する。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen; think probable
Application and industry have been familiar to the one;	勤勉と勤勉は、一方にはなじみ深いものだった。	application|勤勉|noun|the act of putting something into operation	industry|勤勉|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
idleness and dissipation to the other.	怠惰と放蕩は、もう一方には馴染み深いものだった。	idleness|怠惰|noun|the trait of being idle	dissipation|放蕩|noun|the trait of being dissipated
But it is surely much easier to change the direction of industry from one sort of labour to another, than to turn idleness and dissipation to any.	しかし、怠惰と放蕩を何らかの労働に変えてしまうよりも、勤勉の方向をある種の労働から別の労働に変えてしまう方が、はるかに簡単であるのは確かである。	change|変える|verb|make or become different	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	idleness|怠惰|noun|the quality of being lazy	dissipation|放蕩|noun|unrestrained indulgence in sensual pleasures	turn|変える|verb|make or become different
To the greater part of manufactures, besides, it has already been observed, there are other collateral manufactures of so similar a nature, that a workman can easily transfer his industry from one of them to another.	その上、すでに述べたように、製造業の大部分には、性質が非常に似通った他の副次的製造業があり、労働者は自分の労働をそのうちの1つから別のものに簡単に移すことができる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	collateral|副次的|adjective|additional but subordinate	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	similar|似通った|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	transfer|移す|verb|move from one place to another
The greater part of such workmen, too, are occasionally employed in country labour.	そのような労働者の大部分も、時折、田舎の労働に従事している。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; at times; sometimes	employed|従事している|verb|have a job; be in work	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The stock which employed them in a particular manufacture before, will still remain in the country, to employ an equal number of people in some other way.	以前に特定の製造業で彼らを雇用していた資本は、国内に残り、他の方法で同数の人々を雇用するだろう。	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	stock|資本|noun|the total amount of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
The capital of the country remaining the same, the demand for labour will likewise be the same, or very nearly the same, though it may be exerted in different places, and for different occupations.	国の資本が同じままであれば、労働需要も同じか、ほぼ同じになるだろうが、それは異なる場所や異なる職業で発揮されるかもしれない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	exert|発揮する|verb|apply or bring to bear	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work
Soldiers and seamen, indeed, when discharged from the king’s service, are at liberty to exercise any trade within any town or place of Great Britain or Ireland.	実際、兵士や船員は、国王の軍務から解放されると、イギリスやアイルランドのどの町や場所でも自由に商売をすることができる。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	seaman|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	discharge|解放される|verb|to release from an obligation, liability, or responsibility	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	service|軍務|noun|the work performed by a person or group in the armed forces	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	exercise|行う|verb|to use or apply	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth
Let the same natural liberty of exercising what species of industry they please, be restored to all his Majesty’s subjects, in the same manner as to soldiers and seamen;	兵士や船員と同じように、陛下の臣民すべてに、彼らが望む産業を営むという同じ自然の自由を取り戻させよう。	let|取り戻させよう|verb|allow or permit	natural liberty|自然の自由|noun|the freedom to do what one wants	exercise|営む|verb|perform or carry out	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	please|望む|verb|want or wish	be restored to|取り戻す|verb|return to a former condition	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	Majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address or refer to a sovereign	manner|ように|noun|a way of doing something	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	seaman|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship
that is, break down the exclusive privileges of corporations, and repeal the statute of apprenticeship, both which are really encroachments upon natural Liberty, and add to those the repeal of the law of settlements, so that a poor workman, when thrown out of employment, either in one trade or in one place, may seek for it in another trade or in another place, without the fear either of a prosecution or of a removal;	つまり、法人の独占的特権を打ち破り、徒弟制度を廃止し、その両方が実際には自然の自由を侵害するものであり、それに定住法の廃止を加え、貧しい労働者が、ある職業やある場所で失業したときに、起訴や退去の恐れなしに、別の職業や別の場所で職を求めることができるようにする。	break down|打ち破る|verb|cause to fall apart	exclusive|独占的|adjective|not shared with others	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	repeal|廃止する|verb|revoke or annul (a law or congressional act)	statute|制度|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	add to|加える|verb|increase the amount or number of	repeal|廃止|noun|the action of revoking or annulling a law or congressional act	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	poor|貧しい|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	throw out|追い出す|verb|expel or eject (someone) from a place	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	trade|職業|noun|a skilled job, especially one requiring manual skills	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	prosecution|起訴|noun|the institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge	removal|退去|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another
and neither the public nor the individuals will suffer much more from the occasional disbanding some particular classes of manufacturers, than from that of the soldiers.	そして、国民も個人も、兵士の解散よりも、時折起こる特定の階級の製造業者の解散によって、それほど苦しむことはないであろう。	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	disband|解散する|verb|break up or cause to break up	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army
Our manufacturers have no doubt great merit with their country, but they cannot have more than those who defend it with their blood, nor deserve to be treated with more delicacy.	我が国の製造業者は、間違いなく国に対して大きな功績を残しているが、彼らは血を流して国を守る人々よりも多くの功績を残すことはできないし、より繊細に扱われるに値するわけでもない。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	have no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; surely	great merit|大きな功績|noun|a very good quality or feature	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	more than|よりも|preposition|to a greater extent than	defend|守る|verb|to protect from harm or danger	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	delicacy|繊細さ|noun|the quality of being delicate

To expect, indeed, that the freedom of trade should ever be entirely restored in Great Britain, is as absurd as to expect that an Oceana or Utopia should ever be established in it.	実際、イギリスで貿易の自由が完全に回復することを期待するのは、そこにオセアナやユートピアが成立することを期待するのと同じくらい馬鹿げている。	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; wholly	restore|回復する|verb|bring back to a former or original state	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	absurd|馬鹿げている|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	Oceana|オセアナ|noun|a political tract by James Harrington	Utopia|ユートピア|noun|an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect
Not only the prejudices of the public, but, what is much more unconquerable, the private interests of many individuals, irresistibly oppose it.	国民の偏見だけでなく、もっと征服しがたいのは、多くの個人の私利が、それに抵抗しがたく反対している。	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	much more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	unconquerable|征服しがたい|adjective|not able to be conquered	private|私利|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	irresistibly|抵抗しがたく|adverb|in a way that is too strong or too attractive to be resisted	oppose|反対する|verb|be against something
Were the officers of the army to oppose, with the same zeal and unanimity, any reduction in the number of forces, with which master manufacturers set themselves against every law that is likely to increase the number of their rivals in the home market;	軍の将校たちが、国内市場における競争相手の数を増やす可能性のあるあらゆる法律に反対する親方製造業者たちと同じ熱意と全会一致で、軍隊数の削減に反対するならば、	army|軍|noun|the military forces of a country	officer|将校|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	oppose|反対する|verb|be against	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	unanimity|全会一致|noun|complete agreement by all people involved	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	force|軍隊|noun|the military forces of a country	master manufacturer|親方製造業者|noun|a person who owns and runs a factory	set oneself against|反対する|verb|be against	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one	rival|競争相手|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
were the former to animate their soldiers.	前者が兵士を鼓舞するならば。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	animate|鼓舞する|verb|make lively or vigorous
In the same manner as the latter inflame their workmen, to attack with violence and outrage the proposers of any such regulation;	後者が労働者を扇動して、そのような規制の提案者を暴力で攻撃し、暴行するのと同じように、	in the same manner as|と同じように|adverb|in the same way that	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	inflame|扇動する|verb|to make more intense or violent	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation of considerable magnitude	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone, or to damage or destroy something	outrage|暴行する|verb|to do something that is extremely shocking or offensive	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done
to attempt to reduce the army would be as dangerous as it has now become to attempt to diminish, in any respect, the monopoly which our manufacturers have obtained against us.	軍隊を削減しようとすることは、我々の製造業者が我々に対して獲得した独占を、いかなる点においても縮小しようとすることと同じくらい危険であろう。	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to do something	reduce|削減する|verb|make or become smaller or less	army|軍隊|noun|the military forces of a country	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	diminish|縮小する|verb|make or become smaller or less	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	obtain|獲得する|verb|get, acquire, or achieve
This monopoly has so much increased the number of some particular tribes of them, that, like an overgrown standing army, they have become formidable to the government, and, upon many occasions, intimidate the legislature.	この独占は、彼らの特定の部族の数を非常に増加させたので、肥大化した常備軍のように、彼らは政府にとって手強い存在となり、多くの場合、立法府を脅迫している。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	overgrown|肥大化した|adjective|having grown too large	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army of paid soldiers	formidable|手強い|adjective|inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	many occasions|多くの場合|noun|a particular time or instance of something happening or being done	intimidate|脅迫する|verb|frighten or overawe (someone), or force (someone) to do something by using threats or violence
The member of parliament who supports every proposal for strengthening this monopoly, is sure to acquire not only the reputation of understanding trade, but great popularity and influence with an order of men whose numbers and wealth render them of great importance.	この独占を強化するためのあらゆる提案を支持する国会議員は、貿易を理解しているという評判だけでなく、その数と富が彼らを非常に重要にしている人々の階級に大きな人気と影響力を持つようになることは間違いない。	member of parliament|国会議員|noun|a person who is a member of a parliament	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	strengthen|強化する|verb|make or become stronger	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	understanding|理解|noun|a mental process of comprehension	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	popularity|人気|noun|the state or condition of being liked, admired, or supported by many people	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	render|している|verb|cause to be or become
If he opposes them, on the contrary, and still more, if he has authority enough to be able to thwart them, neither the most acknowledged probity, nor the highest rank, nor the greatest public services, can protect him from the most infamous abuse and detraction, from personal insults, nor sometimes from real danger, arising from the insolent outrage of furious and disappointed monopolists.	逆に、もし彼が彼らに反対し、さらに、もし彼が彼らを阻止できるだけの権限を持っているならば、最も認められた誠実さも、最高の地位も、最大の公共サービスも、彼を最も悪名高い虐待や中傷、個人的な侮辱、時には激怒し失望した独占者の横柄な暴行から生じる本当の危険から守ることはできない。	oppose|反対する|verb|be against	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	still more|さらに|adverb|to an even greater extent	have authority|権限を持つ|verb|have the power to give orders or make decisions	thwart|阻止する|verb|prevent from accomplishing a goal	neither|～も～もない|conjunction|not either	most acknowledged|最も認められた|adjective|most recognized	probity|誠実さ|noun|honesty and decency	highest rank|最高の地位|noun|the highest position in a hierarchy	greatest public service|最大の公共サービス|noun|the most important service provided by the government	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	most infamous|最も悪名高い|adjective|most well-known for being bad	abuse|虐待|noun|cruel or violent treatment	detraction|中傷|noun|a statement that criticizes someone or something	personal insult|個人的な侮辱|noun|a remark that is rude and offensive	real danger|本当の危険|noun|a danger that is likely to happen	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	insolent outrage|横柄な暴行|noun|an act of violence that is done in a rude and disrespectful way	furious|激怒した|adjective|very angry	disappointed|失望した|adjective|unhappy because something has not happened or is not as good as you hoped	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person or company that has exclusive control over the supply of or trade in a commodity or service

The undertaker of a great manufacture, who, by the home markets being suddenly laid open to the competition of foreigners, should be obliged to abandon his trade, would no doubt suffer very considerably.	国内市場が突然外国人の競争にさらされたために、自分の商売を放棄せざるを得なくなった大手製造業者は、間違いなく非常に大きな損害を被るだろう。	undertaker|製造業者|noun|a person who undertakes or agrees to do something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a country	suddenly|突然|adverb|quickly and unexpectedly	lay open|さらされる|verb|to make accessible or available	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	abandon|放棄する|verb|to give up or renounce	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	suffer|被る|verb|to experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	considerably|非常に|adverb|to a large extent or degree
That part of his capital which had usually been employed in purchasing materials, and in paying his workmen, might, without much difficulty, perhaps, find another employment;	彼の資本のうち、通常は材料の購入や労働者の支払いに使われていた部分は、おそらくそれほど困難なく別の用途が見つかるだろう。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	employ|使う|verb|use	material|材料|noun|a substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume	purchase|購入|verb|buy	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work	pay|支払い|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem; a situation that is hard to deal with	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|用途|noun|the state of having paid work
but that part of it which was fixed in workhouses, and in the instruments of trade, could scarce be disposed of without considerable loss.	しかし、工場や貿易の道具に固定されていた部分は、かなりの損失を出さずに処分することはできないだろう。	workhouse|工場|noun|a place where people are employed to do work	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	scarce|できない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
The equitable regard, therefore, to his interest, requires that changes of this kind should never be introduced suddenly, but slowly, gradually, and after a very long warning.	したがって、彼の利益に対する公正な配慮は、この種の変化は決して突然に導入されるべきではなく、ゆっくりと、徐々に、そして非常に長い警告の後に導入されるべきである。	equitable|公正な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	suddenly|突然|adverb|quickly and without warning	slowly|ゆっくり|adverb|taking a long time	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end
The legislature, were it possible that its deliberations could be always directed, not by the clamorous importunity of partial interests, but by an extensive view of the general good, ought, upon this very account, perhaps, to be particularly careful, neither to establish any new monopolies of this kind, nor to extend further those which are already established.	立法府は、その審議が常に部分的利益の騒々しい強要によってではなく、一般善の広範な見解によって行われるとしたら、おそらくこの理由から、この種の新しい独占を成立させたり、すでに成立している独占をさらに拡大したりしないように、特に注意を払うべきである。	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision	direct|行う|verb|control the course of; manage or guide	partial interest|部分的利益|noun|a financial interest in a company that is less than 50 percent	clamorous importunity|騒々しい強要|noun|a noisy and urgent demand	general good|一般善|noun|the good of the general public	extensive view|広範な見解|noun|a view that is broad in scope or range	this very account|この理由|noun|this particular reason	particularly careful|特に注意を払う|adjective|taking special care	establish|成立させる|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	new monopoly|新しい独占|noun|a monopoly that has not existed before	further extend|さらに拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive
Every such regulation introduces some degree of real disorder into the constitution of the state, which it will be difficult afterwards to cure without occasioning another disorder.	そのような規制はすべて、国家の体制にある程度の真の混乱をもたらし、その後、別の混乱を起こさずに治すことは困難になる。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	introduce|もたらす|verb|bring in or establish	some degree|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	constitution|体制|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	cure|治す|verb|restore to health	occasion|起こす|verb|cause or produce

How far it may be proper to impose taxes upon the importation of foreign goods, in order not to prevent their importation, but to raise a revenue for government, I shall consider hereafter when I come to treat of taxes.	外国製品の輸入を阻止するためではなく、政府の歳入を増やすために、外国製品の輸入に課税することがどこまで適切であるかについては、今後、税制について論じる際に検討する。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from a foreign country	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	hereafter|今後|adverb|from now on	treat|論じる|verb|discuss or deal with in a certain way	tax|税制|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Taxes imposed with a view to prevent, or even to diminish importation, are evidently as destructive of the revenue of the customs as of the freedom of trade.	輸入を阻止したり、あるいは輸入を減らすことを目的として課せられる税は、明らかに貿易の自由と同様に税関の収入を破壊する。	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation, excise, etc.	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint


## CHAPTER III: OF THE EXTRAORDINARY RESTRAINTS UPON THE IMPORTATION OF GOODS OF ALMOST ALL KINDS, FROM THOSE COUNTRIES WITH WHICH THE BALANCE IS SUPPOSED TO BE DISADVANTAGEOUS.	第3章: 貿易収支が不利とされる国々からの、ほとんどすべての種類の物品の輸入に対する異常な制限について	CHAPTER III|第3章|noun|the third chapter	OF THE EXTRAORDINARY RESTRAINTS|異常な制限について|noun|of the extraordinary restraints	UPON THE IMPORTATION OF GOODS|物品の輸入に対する|noun|upon the importation of goods	OF ALMOST ALL KINDS|ほとんどすべての種類の|noun|of almost all kinds	FROM THOSE COUNTRIES|国々からの|noun|from those countries	WITH WHICH THE BALANCE IS SUPPOSED TO BE DISADVANTAGEOUS|貿易収支が不利とされる|noun|with which the balance is supposed to be disadvantageous

Part I—Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints, even upon the Principles of the Commercial System.	第一部商業システムの原則に照らしても、これらの制限の不合理性について	part|部|noun|a piece of something	unreasonableness|不合理性|noun|the quality or state of being unreasonable	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	commercial system|商業システム|noun|a system of economics based on private property and free enterprise

To lay extraordinary restraints upon the importation of goods of almost all kinds, from those particular countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous, is the second expedient by which the commercial system proposes to increase the quantity of gold and silver.	貿易収支が不利とされる特定の国々からの、ほとんどすべての種類の物品の輸入に異常な制限を課すことは、商業システムが金銀の量を増やすために提案する第二の方便である。	lay extraordinary restraints upon|異常な制限を課す|verb|impose extraordinary restrictions on	the importation of|輸入|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from another country	goods|物品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold	almost all kinds|ほとんどすべての種類|noun|nearly all types	those particular countries|特定の国々|noun|those specific countries	with which|～と|preposition|with	the balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	is supposed to be|～とされる|verb|be considered to be	disadvantageous|不利|adjective|unfavorable	is the second expedient|第二の方便である|noun|is the second means	by which|～によって|preposition|by	the commercial system|商業システム|noun|the system of commerce	proposes to increase|増やすために提案する|verb|propose to increase	the quantity of|量|noun|the amount of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	and|と|conjunction|and	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Thus, in Great Britain, Silesia lawns may be imported for home consumption, upon paying certain duties;	たとえば、イギリスでは、シレジア製の芝生は、一定の関税を支払えば、国内消費のために輸入することができる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Silesia|シレジア|noun|a historical region of central Europe	lawn|芝生|noun|an area of short, regularly mown grass in the garden of a house or park	be imported|輸入される|verb|be brought into a country from abroad for sale	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services bought by households	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods
but French cambrics and lawns are prohibited to be imported, except into the port of London, there to be warehoused for exportation.	しかし、フランス製のカンブリックや芝生は、ロンドン港を除いて輸入が禁止されており、そこで輸出用に保管されている。	French|フランス製の|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	cambric|カンブリック|noun|a fine white linen fabric	lawn|芝生|noun|an area of short, regularly mown grass in the garden of a house or park	be prohibited|禁止されている|verb|formally or legally forbid	be imported|輸入される|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	the port of London|ロンドン港|noun|a port on the River Thames in London	there|そこで|adverb|in, at, or to that place	be warehoused|保管される|verb|store in a warehouse	for exportation|輸出用に|noun|the action of exporting something
Higher duties are imposed upon the wines of France than upon those of Portugal, or indeed of any other country.	フランスのワインには、ポルトガルや他のどの国のワインよりも高い関税が課せられている。	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered
By what is called the impost 1692, a duty of five and-twenty per cent.	1692年の関税と呼ばれるもので、25パーセントの関税が課せられた。	impost|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	five and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
of the rate or value, was laid upon all French goods;	すべてのフランス製品に、そのレートまたは価値の25パーセントの関税が課せられた。	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	rate|レート|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	lay|課する|verb|put or set down	upon|に|preposition|on top of	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|merchandise or possessions
while the goods of other nations were, the greater part of them, subjected to much lighter duties, seldom exceeding five per cent.	一方、他の国々の製品は、その大部分が5パーセントを超えることはめったになく、はるかに軽い関税が課せられていた。	while|一方|conjunction|at the same time that	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	good|製品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	much lighter|はるかに軽い|adjective|much less in weight	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
The wine, brandy, salt, and vinegar of France, were indeed excepted;	フランスのワイン、ブランデー、塩、酢は確かに例外だった。	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	brandy|ブランデー|noun|a strong alcoholic drink made from distilled wine or fermented fruit juice	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	vinegar|酢|noun|a sour liquid containing acetic acid, obtained by fermenting dilute alcoholic liquids, typically wine, cider, or beer, and used as a condiment or for pickling	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe
these commodities being subjected to other heavy duties, either by other laws, or by particular clauses of the same law.	これらの商品は、他の法律または同じ法律の特定の条項によって、他の重い関税が課せられていた。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	be subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	either|または|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; special	clause|条項|noun|a part of a legal document that deals with a particular point
In 1696, a second duty of twenty-five per cent.	1696年には、25パーセントの第二の関税が課せられた。	In 1696|1696年には|noun|the year 1696	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	twenty-five|25|noun|the number 25	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
the first not having been thought a sufficient discouragement, was imposed upon all French goods, except brandy;	最初の関税では十分に阻止できないと考えられたため、ブランデーを除くすべてのフランス製品に課せられた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	not having been thought|考えられなかった|verb|not have been thought	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	discouragement|阻止|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	except|除く|preposition|not including; other than	brandy|ブランデー|noun|a strong alcoholic drink made from distilled wine
together with a new duty of five-and-twenty pounds upon the ton of French wine, and another of fifteen pounds upon the ton of French vinegar.	フランスワインのトン当たり25ポンドの新しい関税と、フランス酢のトン当たり15ポンドの新しい関税も同時に課せられた。	together with|同時に|adverb|in addition to	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	fifteen|15|noun|the number 15	vinegar|酢|noun|a sour liquid obtained by acetic fermentation of dilute alcoholic liquids and used as a condiment or preservative
French goods have never been omitted in any of those general subsidies or duties of five per cent.	フランス製品は、これらの一般的な補助金や5パーセントの関税のいずれからも除外されたことはなかった。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	omit|除外する|verb|leave out or exclude	general|一般的な|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
which have been imposed upon all, or the greater part, of the goods enumerated in the book of rates.	関税率表に列挙されているすべての、あるいはその大部分の商品に課せられてきた。	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of	enumerate|列挙する|verb|to count or list one by one	book of rates|関税率表|noun|a book that lists the rates of customs duties
If we count the one-third and two-third subsidies as making a complete subsidy between them, there have been five of these general subsidies;	三分の一と三分の二の補助金を合わせると完全な補助金となるので、これらの一般的な補助金は5つあったことになる。	one-third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	two-third|三分の二|noun|two of three equal parts	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	five|5つ|noun|the number 5	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
so that, before the commencement of the present war, seventy-five per cent.	そのため、現在の戦争が始まる前には、フランス製品の75パーセントが、	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	seventy-five|75|numeral|the number 75	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
may be considered as the lowest duty to which the greater part of the goods of the growth, produce, or manufacture of France, were liable.	フランスの成長、生産、または製造品目の大部分が課せられた最低関税と見なすことができる。	may be considered|見なすことができる|verb|be regarded as	lowest|最低|adjective|of the least importance or value	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	produce|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	manufacture|製造|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe
But upon the greater part of goods, those duties are equivalent to a prohibition.	しかし、大部分の商品については、これらの関税は禁止に等しい。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	equivalent|等しい|adjective|equal in value, amount, or effect	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden
The French, in their turn, have, I believe, treated our goods and manufactures just as hardly;	フランス人も、我々の商品や製品を同じように扱ってきたと思う。	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	in turn|同様に|adverb|in the same way	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain way	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory
though I am not so well acquainted with the particular hardships which they have imposed upon them.	彼らが課した特定の困難については、あまりよく知らないが。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	well|よく|adverb|to a high standard; excellently	acquainted|知っている|adjective|having knowledge or information about something	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or situation	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place
Those mutual restraints have put an end to almost all fair commerce between the two nations;	これらの相互制約は、両国間の公正な貿易のほとんどすべてを終わらせた。	mutual|相互の|adjective|shared by two or more parties	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and smugglers are now the principal importers, either of British goods into France, or of French goods into Great Britain.	そして、密輸業者は現在、イギリス製品をフランスに、あるいはフランス製品をイギリスに輸入する主要な輸入業者となっている。	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who smuggles goods	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that imports goods	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of western Europe
The principles which I have been examining, in the foregoing chapter, took their origin from private interest and the spirit of monopoly;	前章で私が検討してきた原理は、私利と独占精神に由来していた。	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	foregoing|前章|adjective|going before in time or order	take origin|由来する|verb|come from	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or a group of individuals	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
those which I am going te examine in this, from national prejudice and animosity.	私がこれから検討しようとしている原理は、国家の偏見と敵意から生じている。	those|原理|noun|the ones	go|検討する|verb|move or travel	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	national|国家の|adjective|of or relating to a nation or country	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	animosity|敵意|noun|a strong feeling of dislike or hatred
They are, accordingly, as might well be expected, still more unreasonable.	したがって、当然のことながら、それらはさらに不合理である。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	might well|当然のことながら|adverb|very likely; probably	be expected|予想される|verb|to think that something will probably happen	still more|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent; even more	unreasonable|不合理な|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense
They are so, even upon the principles of the commercial system.	重商主義の原理から見ても、そうである。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	upon|から見ても|preposition|on	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	commercial system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase exports and decrease imports

First, Though it were certain that in the case of a free trade between France and England, for example, the balance would be in favour of France, it would by no means follow that such a trade would be disadvantageous to England, or that the general balance of its whole trade would thereby be turned more against it.	第一に、例えばフランスとイギリスの間の自由貿易の場合、貿易収支がフランスに有利になることは確かだが、だからといって、そのような貿易がイギリスにとって不利になるとか、イギリスの貿易全体の一般収支がそれによってさらに不利になるということにはならない。	First|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	balance|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	by no means|決して〜ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	disadvantageous|不利|adjective|involving disadvantage	general balance|一般収支|noun|the difference between a country's total payments to all other countries and its total receipts from them	turn against|不利になる|verb|become hostile to
If the wines of France are better and cheaper than those of Portugal, or its linens than those of Germany, it would be more advantageous for Great Britain to purchase both the wine and the foreign linen which it had occasion for of France, than of Portugal and Germany.	フランスのワインがポルトガルのワインよりも優れていて安価である場合、あるいはフランスのリネンがドイツのリネンよりも優れていて安価である場合、イギリスはポルトガルやドイツからではなく、フランスからワインや外国製リネンを購入する方が有利である。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a republic in central Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Europe	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	foreign|外国製|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit
Though the value of the annual importations from France would thereby be greatly augmented, the value of the whole annual importations would be diminished, in proportion as the French goods of the same quality were cheaper than those of the other two countries.	それによってフランスからの年間輸入額は大幅に増加するが、同じ品質のフランス製品が他の二国よりも安い分だけ、年間輸入額全体は減少する。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	value|額|noun|the amount of money that something is worth	greatly|大幅に|adverb|to a large extent	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become smaller or less	proportion|分だけ|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|merchandise or possessions	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one; 2	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
This would be the case, even upon the supposition that the whole French goods imported were to be consumed in Great Britain.	輸入されたフランス製品のすべてがイギリスで消費されると仮定しても、これは当てはまる。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	be the case|当てはまる|verb|be true or correct	even|仮に|adverb|although; even if	upon|において|preposition|on; upon	supposition|仮定|noun|a belief or theory that is not necessarily true	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	be to|される|auxiliary verb|be going to; be about to	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe

But, Secondly, A great part of them might be re-exported to other countries, where, being sold with profit, they might bring back a return, equal in value, perhaps, to the prime cost of the whole French goods imported.	しかし、第二に、その大部分は他の国に再輸出され、そこで利益を乗せて販売され、おそらく輸入されたフランス製品全体の原価に等しい価値の収益をもたらすかもしれない。	second|第二に|adverb|next after the first	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	re-export|再輸出|verb|export something that has been imported	other|他の|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization makes in a particular period of time	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	good|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
What has frequently been said of the East India trade, might possibly be true of the French; that though the greater part of East India goods were bought with gold and silver, the re-exportation of a part of them to other countries brought back more gold and silver to that which carried on the trade, than the prime cost of the whole amounted to.	東インド貿易についてよく言われることは、フランスにも当てはまるかもしれない。東インドの製品の大部分は金銀で購入されたが、その一部を他の国に再輸出することで、貿易を行った国に全体の原価よりも多くの金銀が戻ってきた。	East India trade|東インド貿易|noun|trade between the East Indies and other countries	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	East India goods|東インドの製品|noun|goods from the East Indies	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of something that has been imported	other countries|他の国|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	prime cost|原価|noun|the direct cost of producing the goods a company sells	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as
One of the most important branches of the Dutch trade at present, consists in the carriage of French goods to other European countries.	現在、オランダ貿易の最も重要な分野の1つは、フランス製品を他のヨーロッパ諸国に運ぶことである。	one of the|1つ|noun|a single person or thing	most important|最も重要な|adjective|of greatest significance or importance	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body	Dutch|オランダ|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	consist in|〜にある|verb|be composed or made up of	carriage|運ぶこと|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|merchandise; wares	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	countries|諸国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Some part even of the French wine drank in Great Britain, is clandestinely imported from Holland and Zealand.	イギリスで飲まれているフランスワインの一部でさえ、オランダとジーランドから密輸されている。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected	French wine|フランスワイン|noun|wine produced in France	drank|飲まれる|verb|past tense of drink	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	clandestinely|密輸される|adverb|in a secret or hidden way	imported|輸入される|verb|brought into a country from abroad for sale	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Zealand|ジーランド|noun|a province in the Netherlands
If there was either a free trade between France and England, or if French goods could be imported upon paying only the same duties as those of other European nations, to be drawn back upon exportation, England might have some share of a trade which is found so advantageous to Holland.	フランスとイギリスの間に自由貿易があったり、フランス製品が他のヨーロッパ諸国と同じ関税を支払うだけで輸入でき、輸出時に返金されるなら、イギリスはオランダにとって非常に有利な貿易の一部を占めることができるかもしれない。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its peoples or languages	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe

Thirdly, and lastly, There is no certain criterion by which we can determine on which side what is called the balance between any two countries lies, or which of them exports to the greatest value.	第三に、そして最後に、2つの国間のいわゆるバランスがどちら側にあるのか、あるいはどちらの国が最も価値の高い輸出をしているのかを判断できる確かな基準はない。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	criterion|基準|noun|a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided	determine|判断する|verb|cause to decide	side|側|noun|a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
National prejudice and animosity, prompted always by the private interest of particular traders, are the principles which generally direct our judgment upon all questions concerning it.	国家的な偏見と敵意は、常に特定の貿易業者の私利によって促され、それに関するすべての問題に対する私たちの判断を一般的に導く原則である。	national|国家的な|adjective|of or relating to a nation	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	animosity|敵意|noun|a strong feeling of dislike or hatred	prompt|促す|verb|cause to happen	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or group of individuals	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	direct|導く|verb|control the operations of	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer
There are two criterions, however, which have frequently been appealed to upon such occasions, the custom-house books and the course of exchange.	しかし、そのような場合にしばしば頼られる2つの基準がある。税関の帳簿と為替相場である。	criterion|基準|noun|a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where duties are collected on imported goods	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	course|相場|noun|the general state of prices of goods and services	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return
The custom-house books, I think, it is now generally acknowledged, are a very uncertain criterion, on account of the inaccuracy of the valuation at which the greater part of goods are rated in them.	税関の帳簿は、今では一般的に認められていると思うが、商品の大部分が評価されている評価額の不正確さのために、非常に不確かな基準である。	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where duties are collected on imported goods	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper bound together between two covers	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	criterion|基準|noun|a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of something's worth	inaccuracy|不正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being inaccurate	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of
The course of exchange is, perhaps, almost equally so.	為替相場も、おそらくほぼ同じである。	course|相場|noun|the price of a security, commodity, or currency	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly; all but	equally|同じ|adverb|in the same manner or degree

When the exchange between two places, such as London and Paris, is at par, it is said to be a sign that the debts due from London to Paris are compensated by those due from Paris to London.	ロンドンとパリのような2つの場所の間の為替相場が額面通りであれば、それはロンドンからパリへの負債がパリからロンドンへの負債によって相殺されていることを示す兆候であると言われている。	exchange|為替相場|noun|the value of one currency for another	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital city of France	at par|額面通り|adjective|equal to the nominal or face value	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for	due|支払期限が来た|adjective|expected or required to be paid	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital city of France
On the contrary, when a premium is paid at London for a bill upon Paris, it is said to be a sign that the debts due from London to Paris are not compensated by those due from Paris to London, but that a balance in money must be sent out from the latter place;	逆に、パリ向けの為替手形に対してロンドンでプレミアムが支払われる場合、それはロンドンからパリへの負債がパリからロンドンへの負債によって相殺されていないことを示す兆候であると言われ、後者の場所から差額を送金しなければならない。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	premium|プレミアム|noun|a sum of money added to the usual price of something	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital city of France	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for something	balance|差額|noun|the amount of money that remains in an account after all the debits and credits have been calculated	send out|送金する|verb|cause to be sent to a destination
for the risk, trouble, and expense, of exporting which, the premium is both demanded and given.	輸出のリスク、手間、費用のために、プレミアムが要求され、支払われる。	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	premium|プレミアム|noun|an amount to be paid for an insurance policy	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	give|支払う|verb|transfer money to
But the ordinary state of debt and credit between those two cities must necessarily be regulated, it is said, by the ordinary course of their dealings with one another.	しかし、この2つの都市間の通常の債務と信用の状態は、必然的に、互いの取引の通常の流れによって調整されなければならないと言われている。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	between|間の|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	course|流れ|noun|the general route or direction of something	dealing|取引|noun|a business transaction	one another|互い|pronoun|each other
When neither of them imports from from other to a greater amount than it exports to that other, the debts and credits of each may compensate one another.	どちらも相手から輸入する量が相手に輸出する量より多くなければ、それぞれの債務と信用は互いに相殺し合うかもしれない。	neither|どちらも|determiner|not either	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	other|相手|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	export|輸出する|verb|send to another country	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for; counter-balance
But when one of them imports from the other to a greater value than it exports to that other, the former necessarily becomes indebted to the latter in a greater sum than the latter becomes indebted to it: the debts and credits of each do not compensate one another, and money must be sent out from that place of which the debts overbalance the credits.	しかし、一方が他方から輸入する価値が、他方へ輸出する価値よりも大きい場合、前者は必然的に後者に対して、後者が前者に対して負っている負債よりも大きな負債を負うことになる。それぞれの負債と信用は互いに相殺し合うことはなく、負債が信用を上回る場所から資金を送金しなければならない。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	import|輸入|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	indebted|負債を負う|adjective|owing money	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for	each|それぞれの|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	overbalance|上回る|verb|be greater in weight, value, or importance than (something else)	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	send|送金する|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of
The ordinary course of exchange, therefore, being an indication of the ordinary state of debt and credit between two places, must likewise be an indication of the ordinary course of their exports and imports, as these necessarily regulate that state.	したがって、為替の通常の流れは、2つの場所間の債務と信用の通常の状態を示すものであり、同様に、輸出入の通常の流れを示すものでなければならない。	ordinary course|通常の流れ|noun|the usual or normal way of doing something	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	indication|表示|noun|a sign or suggestion of something	ordinary state|通常の状態|noun|the usual or normal way of being	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	two places|2つの場所|noun|two locations	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition	export|輸出|noun|a good or service that is produced in one country and sold in another	import|輸入|noun|a good or service that is brought into a country from another country

But though the ordinary course of exchange shall be allowed to be a sufficient indication of the ordinary state of debt and credit between any two places, it would not from thence follow, that the balance of trade was in favour of that place which had the ordinary state of debt and credit in its favour.	しかし、為替の通常の流れは、2つの場所間の債務と信用の通常の状態を十分に示すものであると認められるが、貿易収支が、債務と信用の通常の状態が有利な場所に有利であるということにはならない。	ordinary course|通常の流れ|noun|the usual sequence of events	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	allow|認められる|verb|to permit to be done or occur	sufficient indication|十分に示すもの|noun|a sign or piece of information that is enough to show that something is true or exists	ordinary state|通常の状態|noun|the usual condition of something	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	follow|続く|verb|to come after something in time	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
The ordinary state of debt and credit between any two places is not always entirely regulated by the ordinary course of their dealings with one another, but is often influenced by that of the dealings of either with many other places.	2つの場所間の債務と信用の通常の状態は、常に互いの取引の通常の流れによって完全に規制されているわけではなく、どちらかが他の多くの場所との取引の流れによって影響を受けることがよくある。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	between|間の|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	not always|常にわけではない|adverb|not in every case	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ordinary course|通常の流れ|noun|the normal or usual way in which something happens	dealings|取引|noun|the actions or processes of buying and selling	one another|互い|pronoun|each other	often|よく|adverb|frequently	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	either|どちらか|pronoun|one or the other of two people or things	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
If it is usual, for example, for the merchants of England to pay for the goods which they buy of Hamburg, Dantzic, Riga, etc.	たとえば、イギリスの商人がハンブルク、ダンツィヒ、リガなどで購入した商品の代金を支払うのが普通だとしたら、	for example|たとえば|adverb|by way of illustration	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in Germany	Dantzic|ダンツィヒ|noun|a city in Poland	Riga|リガ|noun|a city in Latvia	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	buy|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	usual|普通|adjective|happening or done often or regularly
by bills upon Holland, the ordinary state of debt and credit between England and Holland will not be regulated entirely by the ordinary course of the dealings of those two countries with one another, but will be influenced by that of the dealings in England with those other places.	オランダの為替手形で、イギリスとオランダ間の債務と信用の通常の状態は、2つの国同士の取引の通常の流れによって完全に規制されるのではなく、イギリスの他の場所との取引の流れによって影響を受ける。	bill|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	debt|債務|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	course|流れ|noun|the way in which something progresses or develops	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	entirely|完全に|adverb|wholly; completely	deal|取引|noun|a transaction or an agreement	influence|影響を受ける|verb|have an effect on	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
England may be obliged to send out every year money to Holland, though its annual exports to that country may exceed very much the annual value of its imports from thence, and though what is called the balance of trade may be very much in favour of England.	イギリスは、オランダへの年間輸出額がそこからの年間輸入額を大幅に上回り、貿易収支と呼ばれるものがイギリスに非常に有利であっても、毎年オランダに送金する義務があるかもしれない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	be obliged to|義務がある|verb|be required to do something	send out|送金する|verb|send something to a destination	every year|毎年|adverb|once every year	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	export|輸出|noun|a good or service that is produced in one country and sold in another	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond	annual value|年間額|noun|the value of something over a period of one year	import|輸入|noun|a good or service that is brought into a country from another country	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected

In the way, besides, in which the par of exchange has hitherto been computed, the ordinary course of exchange can afford no sufficient indication that the ordinary state of debt and credit is in favour of that country which seems to have, or which is supposed to have, the ordinary course of exchange in its favour;	その上、これまで為替平価が計算されてきた方法では、為替の通常の流れは、債務と信用の通常の状態が、為替の通常の流れが有利であると思われる、またはそう思われる国に有利であるという十分な指標にはならない。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	way|方法|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	par of exchange|為替平価|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up until the present	computed|計算される|verb|determine by mathematical means	ordinary course of exchange|為替の通常の流れ|noun|the usual or normal flow of money between countries	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	sufficient indication|十分な指標|noun|a sign or piece of information that is enough to show or prove something	ordinary state of debt and credit|債務と信用の通常の状態|noun|the usual or normal state of affairs with respect to debt and credit	in favour of|有利である|adjective|to the advantage of	seems to have|思われる|verb|appear to be or do something	supposed to have|思われる|verb|be generally assumed or believed to be or have something
or, in other words, the real exchange may be, and in fact often is, so very different from the computed one, that, from the course of the latter, no certain conclusion can, upon many occasions, be drawn concerning that of the former.	言い換えれば、実際の為替は計算された為替と非常に異なる場合があり、実際にはそうであることが多く、後者の経過から前者の経過に関して確かな結論を導き出せないことがよくある。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving or receiving something in return for something else	may be|場合がある|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	in fact|実際には|adverb|in reality; in actuality	often|よく|adverb|many times; frequently	so|非常に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	computed|計算された|adjective|determined by mathematical calculation	that|その|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	the course of|経過|noun|the development of something over a period of time	no|ない|determiner|not any	certain|確かな|adjective|known or proved to be true	conclusion|結論|noun|the end or finish of something	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	upon|に関して|preposition|on	many|多くの|determiner|a large number of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event

When for a sum or money paid in England, containing, according to the standard of the English mint, a certain number of ounces of pure silver, you receive a bill for a sum of money to be paid in France, containing, according to the standard of the French mint, an equal number of ounces of pure silver, exchange is said to be at par between England and France.	イギリスの造幣局の基準に従って一定量の純銀を含むイギリスで支払われた金額に対して、フランスの造幣局の基準に従って同量の純銀を含むフランスで支払われる金額の為替手形を受け取ったとき、イギリスとフランスの為替は平価であるという。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	standard|基準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	exchange|為替|noun|the action of exchanging one thing for another	par|平価|noun|the value of a currency in terms of another currency
When you pay more, you are supposed to give a premium, and exchange is said to be against England, and in favour of France.	もっと支払う場合、プレミアムを支払うことになり、為替はイギリスに不利でフランスに有利であるという。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	give|支払う|verb|transfer something to someone	premium|プレミアム|noun|a sum added to the usual price	exchange|為替|noun|the action of giving one thing and receiving another	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	in favour of|有利|preposition|in support of	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe
When you pay less, you are supposed to get a premium, and exchange is said to be against France, and in favour of England.	もっと支払う場合、プレミアムを支払うことになり、為替はイギリスに不利でフランスに有利であるという。	pay less|もっと支払う|verb|give out less money	get a premium|プレミアムを支払う|verb|receive a bonus	exchange|為替|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	in favour of|有利|preposition|to the advantage of

But, first, We cannot always judge of the value of the current money of different countries by the standard of their respective mints.	しかし、第一に、各国の通貨の価値を、それぞれの造幣局の基準で判断することはできない。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time	money|通貨|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	different|各国|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined
In some it is more, in others it is less worn, clipt, and otherwise degenerated from that standard.	ある国ではより多く、他の国ではより少なく、摩耗し、切り取られ、あるいはその基準から劣化している。	in some|ある国では|adverb|in some cases	in others|他の国では|adverb|in other cases	more|より多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount or degree	worn|摩耗している|adjective|damaged by wear or use	clipt|切り取られている|adjective|cut or trimmed	otherwise|あるいは|adverb|in a different way	degenerated|劣化している|adjective|having lost its former good qualities
But the value of the current coin of every country, compared with that of any other country, is in proportion, not to the quantity of pure silver which it ought to contain, but to that which it actually does contain.	しかし、どの国の現行貨幣の価値も、他の国の貨幣と比較すれば、含むべき純銀の量ではなく、実際に含んでいる純銀の量に比例している。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	current|現行|adjective|belonging to the present time	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	compared with|比較すれば|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	ought to|含むべき|auxiliary verb|should; must	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	does|含んでいる|auxiliary verb|used to form the present tense of regular and irregular verbs	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to a whole
Before the reformation of the silver coin in King William’s time, exchange between England and Holland, computed in the usual manner, according to the standard of their respective mints, was five-and twenty per cent.	ウィリアム王の時代に銀貨が改鋳される前は、イギリスとオランダの為替は、それぞれの造幣局の基準に従って通常の方法で計算すると、25パーセントだった。	Before|前|preposition|earlier than	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	King William|ウィリアム王|noun|King of England from 1689 to 1702	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	exchange|為替|noun|the act of exchanging one thing for another	usual manner|通常の方法|noun|the way something is usually done	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	five-and twenty|25|noun|the number 25	per cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of measurement equal to one hundredth of a whole
against England.	イギリスに対して。	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom
But the value of the current coin of England, as we learn from Mr Lowndes, was at that time rather more than five-and-twenty per cent.	しかし、ラウンドズ氏からわかるように、当時のイギリスの現行貨幣の価値は25パーセント以上だった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	learn|わかる|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	Lowndes|ラウンドズ|noun|a surname	that time|当時|noun|the time in the past when something happened	rather more than|以上|adverb|more than; over	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part of a unit
below its standard value.	その基準価値を下回っていた。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The real exchange, therefore, may even at that time have been in favour of England, notwithstanding the computed exchange was so much against it;	したがって、計算された為替レートがイギリスに不利だったにもかかわらず、実際の為替レートは当時でさえイギリスに有利だった可能性がある。	real exchange|実際の為替レート|noun|the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another	at that time|当時|noun|at the time in question	in favour of|に有利|preposition|in support of	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	computed exchange|計算された為替レート|noun|the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another, as calculated by a formula	against|に不利|preposition|in opposition to
a smaller number or ounces of pure silver, actually paid in England, may have purchased a bill for a greater number of ounces of pure silver to be paid in Holland, and the man who was supposed to give, may in reality have got the premium.	実際にイギリスで支払われた純銀の量が少なくとも、オランダで支払われる純銀の量が多い手形を購入した可能性があり、支払うはずだった人が実際にはプレミアムを受け取った可能性がある。	a smaller number|より少ない量|noun|a quantity that is less than another	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	pure silver|純銀|noun|silver that is free of impurities	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	may have purchased|購入したかもしれない|verb|to have bought	a bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	a greater number|より多い量|noun|a quantity that is more than another	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	the man who was supposed to give|支払うはずだった人|noun|the person who was expected to pay	may have got|受け取ったかもしれない|verb|to have received	premium|プレミアム|noun|an amount paid for an insurance policy
The French coin was, before the late reformation of the English gold coin, much less wore than the English, and was perhaps two or three per cent.	フランスの硬貨は、イギリスの金貨の最近の改鋳前は、イギリスの硬貨よりもはるかに摩耗が少なく、おそらく2、3パーセントだった。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual	wore|摩耗|noun|the state of being worn or eroded	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	two|2|numeral|one more than one	three|3|numeral|one more than two	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
nearer its standard.	その基準に近かった。	near|近い|adjective|not far away in space or time	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example
If the computed exchange with France, therefore, was not more than two or three per cent.	したがって、フランスとの計算された為替レートが2、3パーセントを超えていなかった場合。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	computed|計算された|adjective|determined by mathematical calculation	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another	two or three|2、3|noun|a small number	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
against England, the real exchange might have been in its favour.	イギリスに対して、実際の為替レートは有利だったかもしれない。	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or happening in fact	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	have been|だったかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	in its favour|有利だった|adjective|to its advantage
Since the reformation of the gold coin, the exchange has been constantly in favour of England, and against France.	金貨の改鋳以来、為替レートは常にイギリスに有利で、フランスに不利だった。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe

Secondly, In some countries the expense of coinage is defrayed by the government;	第二に、一部の国では貨幣鋳造の費用は政府によって賄われている。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	some countries|一部の国|noun|a group of nations	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money that is required for something	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
in others, it is defrayed by the private people, who carry their bullion to the mint, and the government even derives some revenue from the coinage.	他の国では、地金を造幣局に運ぶ民間人によって賄われており、政府は貨幣鋳造から収入を得ている。	in others|他の国では|adverb|in other cases	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the military, police, or other public service	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
In England it is defrayed by the government;	イギリスでは政府によって賄われている。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
and if you carry a pound weight of standard silver to the mint, you get back sixty-two shillings, containing a pound weight of the like standard silver.	そして、標準銀一ポンドの重さを造幣局に運ぶと、同じ標準銀一ポンドの重さを含む六十二シリングが返ってくる。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	standard|標準|adjective|of a quality or level regarded as usual, normal, or typical	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	get back|返ってくる|verb|receive something that was previously lost or taken away	sixty-two|六十二|adjective|the number 62	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself
In France a duty of eight per cent.	フランスでは八パーセントの税金が課せられる。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	eight|八|numeral|the number 8	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part
is deducted for the coinage, which not only defrays the expense of it, but affords a small revenue to the government.	貨幣鋳造のために差し引かれ、その費用を賄うだけでなく、政府にわずかな収入をもたらしている。	be deducted|差し引かれる|verb|be subtracted	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
In England, as the coinage costs nothing, the current coin can never be much more valuable than the quantity of bullion which it actually contains.	イギリスでは、貨幣鋳造に費用がかからないので、流通している貨幣は、実際に含まれている地金の量よりもはるかに価値があるということはありえない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	nothing|ゼロ|noun|not anything; no single thing	current|流通している|adjective|belonging to the present time	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
In France, the workmanship, as you pay for it, adds to the value, in the same manner as to that of wrought plate.	フランスでは、加工賃を支払うので、加工賃が価値を高め、それは加工された銀製品と同じである。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	workmanship|加工賃|noun|the quality of work produced by a person or group	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	add to|高める|verb|increase the amount or value of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	wrought plate|加工された銀製品|noun|a piece of metal that has been shaped by hammering or other mechanical working
A sum of French money, therefore, containing an equal weight of pure silver, is more valuable than a sum of English money containing an equal weight of pure silver, and must require more bullion, or other commodities, to purchase it.	したがって、同量の純銀を含むフランスの貨幣の総額は、同量の純銀を含むイギリスの貨幣の総額よりも価値が高く、それを購入するにはより多くの地金や他の商品が必要となる。	sum|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	equal|同量の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	pure|純粋な|adjective|free from anything that contaminates, pollutes, or adulterates	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a precious metal and the best conductor of heat and electricity	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money
Though the current coin of the two countries, therefore, were equally near the standards of their respective mints, a sum of English money could not well purchase a sum of French money containing an equal number of ounces of pure silver, nor, consequently, a bill upon France for such a sum.	したがって、両国の流通貨幣は、それぞれの造幣局の基準に等しく近かったが、イギリスの貨幣の総額では、同量の純銀を含むフランスの貨幣の総額を購入することはできず、その結果、そのような金額のフランスの為替手形を購入することもできなかった。	two countries|両国|noun|two nations	current coin|流通貨幣|noun|the money that is used in a country at a particular time	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	near|近い|adjective|not far away	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	sum|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	equal number|同量|noun|the same amount	pure silver|純銀|noun|silver that is not mixed with any other metal	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result	bill|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe
If, for such a bill, no more additional money was paid than what was sufficient to compensate the expense of the French coinage, the real exchange might be at par between the two countries;	もし、そのような為替手形に対して、フランスの貨幣鋳造の費用を補償するのに十分な金額以上の追加金が支払われなければ、両国間の実質為替レートは等価になるかもしれない。	bill|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	no more|それ以上ない|determiner|not any more	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	money|金額|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	no more than|にすぎない|determiner|only	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	two|2つの|determiner|one more than one	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
their debts and credits might mutually compensate one another, while the computed exchange was considerably in favour of France.	両国の債務と債権は互いに相殺し合うかもしれないが、計算された為替レートはフランスにかなり有利である。	debt|債務|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	credit|債権|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	mutually|互いに|adverb|in a way that affects both parties equally	compensate|相殺する|verb|make up for	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	computed|計算された|adjective|determined by mathematical calculation	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
If less than this was paid, the real exchange might be in favour of England, while the computed was in favour of France.	もしこれより少ない金額が支払われたなら、実質為替レートはイギリスに有利になるかもしれないが、計算された為替レートはフランスに有利になる。	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency in terms of another	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	computed|計算された|adjective|determined by mathematical calculation	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe

Thirdly, and lastly, In some places, as at Amsterdam, Hamburg, Venice, etc.	第三に、そして最後に、アムステルダム、ハンブルク、ヴェネツィアなど、いくつかの場所では、	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|the second largest city in Germany	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy
foreign bills of exchange are paid in what they call bank money;	外国為替手形は、銀行貨幣と呼ばれるもので支払われる。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money held in a bank account
while in others, as at London, Lisbon, Antwerp, Leghorn, etc.	一方、ロンドン、リスボン、アントワープ、レグホーンなどでは、	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital city of Portugal	Antwerp|アントワープ|noun|the largest city in Belgium	Leghorn|レグホーン|noun|a port city in Tuscany, Italy
they are paid in the common currency of the country.	外国為替手形は、その国の一般通貨で支払われる。	pay|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due	common currency|一般通貨|noun|the currency that is used by the general public	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
What is called bank money, is always of more value than the same nominal sum of common currency.	銀行貨幣と呼ばれるものは、常に同じ額面の一般通貨よりも価値が高い。	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	common currency|一般通貨|noun|a currency that is used by more than one country	nominal sum|額面|noun|the amount of money that is stated on a coin, banknote, or other document, even if it is worth more or less than that amount	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
A thousand guilders in the bank of Amsterdam, for example, are of more value than a thousand guilders of Amsterdam currency.	例えば、アムステルダム銀行の千ギルダーは、アムステルダム通貨の千ギルダーよりも価値が高い。	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country
The difference between them is called the agio of the bank, which at Amsterdam is generally about five per cent.	その差額は銀行のプレミアムと呼ばれ、アムステルダムでは通常約5パーセントである。	difference|差額|noun|the amount by which one number or quantity is greater or less than another	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	agio|プレミアム|noun|the amount by which the market value of a coin or note exceeds its face value	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	about|約|preposition|approximately	five|5|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
Supposing the current money of the two countries equally near to the standard of their respective mints, and that the one pays foreign bills in this common currency, while the other pays them in bank money, it is evident that the computed exchange may be in favour of that which pays in bank money, though the real exchange should be in favour of that which pays in current money;	二つの国の流通貨幣が、それぞれ自国の造幣局の標準に等しく近く、一方がこの一般通貨で外国為替手形を支払い、他方が銀行貨幣で支払うとすれば、実際の為替レートは流通貨幣で支払う国に有利になるはずだが、計算上の為替レートは銀行貨幣で支払う国に有利になる可能性があることは明らかである。	two countries|二つの国|noun|two nations	current money|流通貨幣|noun|money in circulation	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	near|近く|adjective|close in space or time	standard|標準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	one|一方|noun|the number 1	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	foreign bill|外国為替手形|noun|a bill of exchange that is drawn in one country and payable in another	common currency|一般通貨|noun|a currency that is used by more than one country	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	evident|明らかである|adjective|easy to understand or see	computed exchange|計算上の為替レート|noun|the exchange rate that is calculated based on the current market conditions	favour|有利になる|verb|be to the advantage of	real exchange|実際の為替レート|noun|the exchange rate that is actually used in a transaction	current money|流通貨幣|noun|money in circulation
for the same reason that the computed exchange may be in favour of that which pays in better money, or in money nearer to its own standard, though the real exchange should be in favour of that which pays in worse.	計算上の為替レートは、より良い貨幣、つまり自国の標準に近い貨幣で支払う国に有利になる可能性があるのと同じ理由で、実際の為替レートはより悪い貨幣で支払う国に有利になるはずである。	for the same reason|同じ理由で|phrase|for the same reason	computed exchange|計算上の為替レート|noun|the exchange rate that is calculated	be in favour of|に有利になる|verb|be in favour of	that which|国|noun|the country that	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	in better money|より良い貨幣で|noun|in a better currency	in money|貨幣で|noun|in a currency	nearer|近い|adjective|closer	to its own standard|自国の標準に|noun|to its own standard	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	the real exchange|実際の為替レート|noun|the actual exchange rate	should be in favour of|に有利になるはずである|verb|should be in favour of	that which|国|noun|the country that	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	in worse|より悪い貨幣で|noun|in a worse currency
The computed exchange, before the late reformation of the gold coin, was generally against London with Amsterdam, Hamburg, Venice, and, I believe, with all other places which pay in what is called bank money.	金貨の最近の改鋳前は、計算上の為替レートは、アムステルダム、ハンブルク、ヴェネツィア、そして銀行貨幣と呼ばれるもので支払う他のすべての場所で、一般的にロンドンに対して不利だった。	computed exchange|計算上の為替レート|noun|the exchange rate between two currencies as calculated from their relative values	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of changing something for the better	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy	believe|思う|verb|to think that something is true or that something is likely to happen	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is deposited in a bank
It will by no means follow, however, that the real exchange was against it.	しかし、実際の為替レートが不利だったということには決してならない。	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	follow|従う|verb|go or come after	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency for another	against|不利な|preposition|in opposition to
Since the reformation of the gold coin, it has been in favour of London, even with those places.	金貨の改鋳以来、それらの場所でさえ、ロンドンに有利になっている。	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	in favour of|有利になる|preposition|to the advantage of	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom
The computed exchange has generally been in favour of London with Lisbon, Antwerp, Leghorn, and, if you except France, I believe with most other parts of Europe that pay in common currency;	計算上の為替レートは、リスボン、アントワープ、レグホーン、そしてフランスを除けば、一般通貨で支払うヨーロッパの他のほとんどの地域で、一般的にロンドンに有利になっている。	computed exchange|計算上の為替レート|noun|the rate at which one currency is exchanged for another	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	in favour of|に有利である|preposition|supporting or approving of	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	Antwerp|アントワープ|noun|a city in Belgium	Leghorn|レグホーン|noun|a city in Italy	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	common currency|一般通貨|noun|a currency that is used by more than one country
and it is not improbable that the real exchange was so too.	そして、実際の為替レートもそうだったということはあり得ないわけではない。	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or occurring as fact	exchange|為替レート|noun|the value of one currency for another

Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam.	預金銀行、特にアムステルダム銀行に関する余談。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands

The currency of a great state, such as France or England, generally consists almost entirely of its own coin.	フランスやイギリスのような大国の通貨は、一般的にほぼ完全に自国の硬貨で構成されている。	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	great state|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	almost entirely|ほぼ完全に|adverb|to a very great extent	own|自国の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	coin|硬貨|noun|a small, flat, round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money
Should this currency, therefore, be at any time worn, clipt, or otherwise degraded below its standard value, the state, by a reformation of its coin, can effectually re-establish its currency.	したがって、この通貨がいつでも摩耗したり、切り取られたり、あるいは他の方法でその標準価値を下回った場合、国家はその硬貨の改鋳によって、効果的に通貨を再建することができる。	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any point	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged or deteriorated by long or hard use	clipt|切り取られた|adjective|cut or trimmed	degraded|下回った|adjective|reduced in quality or value	standard value|標準価値|noun|the value of a currency in terms of gold	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	re-establish|再建する|verb|establish or create again
But the currency of a small state, such as Genoa or Hamburg, can seldom consist altogether in its own coin, but must be made up, in a great measure, of the coins of all the neighbouring states with which its inhabitants have a continual intercourse.	しかし、ジェノヴァやハンブルクのような小国の通貨は、めったに自国の硬貨だけで構成されることはなく、その住民が継続的に交流しているすべての近隣諸国の硬貨で大部分が構成されなければならない。	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a city in Italy	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in Germany	small state|小国|noun|a country with a small population	currency|通貨|noun|the money used in a particular country	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	altogether|だけで|adverb|completely; totally	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	coin|硬貨|noun|a small piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	make up|構成される|verb|be composed of	great measure|大部分|noun|a large amount or extent	neighbouring state|近隣諸国|noun|a country that is next to or near another country	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	continual|継続的|adjective|happening or done without interruption	intercourse|交流|noun|communication or dealings between people or groups
Such a state, therefore, by reforming its coin, will not always be able to reform its currency.	したがって、そのような国家は、その硬貨を改鋳することによって、常にその通貨を改鋳できるわけではない。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	reform|改鋳する|verb|make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country
If foreign bills of exchange are paid in this currency, the uncertain value of any sum, of what is in its own nature so uncertain, must render the exchange always very much against such a state, its currency being in all foreign states necessarily valued even below what it is worth.	外国為替手形がこの貨幣で支払われる場合、本質的に非常に不確実なものの、どんな金額の不確実な価値も、その通貨がすべての外国で必然的にその価値を下回って評価されるため、為替を常にそのような国家に対して非常に不利にしなければならない。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	currency|貨幣|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become; make	exchange|為替|noun|the action or process of exchanging one thing for another	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	worth|価値|noun|the value of something in terms of the money that it would bring if sold

In order to remedy the inconvenience to which this disadvantageous exchange must have subjected their merchants, such small states, when they began to attend to the interest of trade, have frequently enacted that foreign bills of exchange of a certain value should be paid, not in common currency, but by an order upon, or by a transfer in the books of a certain bank, established upon the credit, and under the protection of the state, this bank being always obliged to pay, in good and true money, exactly according to the standard of the state.	この不利な為替が商人に与えた不便を是正するために、このような小国は、貿易の利益に注目し始めたとき、一定の価値の外国為替手形は、一般の通貨ではなく、信用に基づいて設立され、国家の保護下にある特定の銀行の帳簿上の命令または振替によって支払われるべきであるとしばしば制定し、この銀行は常に国家の基準に従って、正真正銘の貨幣で支払う義務を負っている。	remedy|是正する|verb|to make something better or correct a fault or mistake	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one's personal requirements or comfort	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage	exchange|為替|noun|the action or process of exchanging one thing for another	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	small state|小国|noun|a country with a small population or territory	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	enact|制定する|verb|to make or establish by law	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date	common currency|一般の通貨|noun|a currency that is used by more than one country	order|命令|noun|an authoritative command or instruction	transfer|振替|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	state|国家|noun|a nation or its government	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	good and true money|正真正銘の貨幣|noun|money that is genuine and of good quality	exactly|厳密に|adverb|in a precise and accurate way	standard|基準|noun|a level of quality or attainment
The banks of Venice, Genoa, Amsterdam, Hamburg, and Nuremberg, seem to have been all originally established with this view, though some of them may have afterwards been made subservient to other purposes.	ヴェネツィア、ジェノヴァ、アムステルダム、ハンブルク、ニュルンベルクの銀行は、すべてもともとこの考えで設立されたようである。	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a city and seaport in northwestern Italy	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital and largest city of the Netherlands	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city and port in northern Germany	Nuremberg|ニュルンベルク|noun|a city in Bavaria, Germany	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the groundwork for	view|考え|noun|a way of thinking about something	some|いくつか|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	subservient|従属する|adjective|subordinate in position or importance
The money of such banks, being better than the common currency of the country, necessarily bore an agio, which was greater or smaller, according as the currency was supposed to be more or less degraded below the standard of the state.	そのような銀行の貨幣は、その国の一般通貨よりも優れているため、必然的にプレミアムが付き、そのプレミアムは、通貨が国家の基準を下回る程度に応じて、大きくなったり小さくなったりした。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	common currency|一般通貨|noun|a currency that is accepted as a form of payment in all member states of the European Union	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	bear|付く|verb|to carry or be equipped with	agio|プレミアム|noun|the percentage by which the market value of bullion exceeds its mint value	greater|大きくなる|adjective|larger or more important	smaller|小さくなる|adjective|less large or important	according as|応じて|conjunction|in proportion to; in accordance with	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	more or less|程度|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	degrade|下回る|verb|to cause a severe loss in the quality of	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The agio of the bank of Hamburg, for example, which is said to be commonly about fourteen per cent.	例えば、ハンブルク銀行のプレミアムは、通常約14パーセントと言われている。	The agio of the bank of Hamburg|ハンブルク銀行のプレミアム|noun|the difference between the value of a currency and the value of the gold or silver that it represents	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; normally	about|約|preposition|approximately	fourteen|14|noun|the number 14	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
is the supposed difference between the good standard money of the state, and the clipt, worn, and diminished currency, poured into it from all the neighbouring states.	国家の良質な標準貨幣と、周辺のすべての国家から流入する切り取られ、摩耗し、減少した通貨との間の想定される差である。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	standard|標準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	clipt|切り取られる|verb|cut with scissors or shears	worn|摩耗する|verb|diminish or deteriorate through use, wear, or attrition	diminished|減少する|verb|make or become less	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	pour|流入する|verb|flow or cause to flow in a stream	neighbouring|周辺の|adjective|living or situated near or next to each other

Before 1609, the great quantity of clipt and worn foreign coin which the extensive trade of Amsterdam brought from all parts of Europe, reduced the value of its currency about nine per cent.	1609年以前には、アムステルダムの広範な貿易がヨーロッパ各地から持ち込んだ大量の切り取られ、摩耗した外国貨幣が、その通貨の価値を約9パーセント低下させた。	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	clipt|切り取られた|adjective|cut off or out	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country
below that of good money fresh from the mint.	造幣局から出たばかりの良質な貨幣よりも低かった。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	that|それ|pronoun|the thing or things mentioned before	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	fresh|出たばかりの|adjective|recently produced or harvested	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined by authority of the government
Such money no sooner appeared, than it was melted down or carried away, as it always is in such circumstances.	そのような貨幣は、そのような状況ではいつもそうであるように、現れたとたんに溶かされたり、持ち去られたりした。	no sooner|とたんに|adverb|immediately after	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight	melt down|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid	carry away|持ち去る|verb|take away	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
The merchants, with plenty of currency, could not always find a sufficient quantity of good money to pay their bills of exchange;	商人たちは、通貨は豊富にあるのに、為替手形を支払うための良質な貨幣を十分な量見つけることができなかった。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	plenty of|豊富な|adjective|more than enough	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work or goods	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another
and the value of those bills, in spite of several regulations which were made to prevent it, became in a great measure uncertain.	そして、それを防ぐために作られたいくつかの規制にもかかわらず、それらの手形の価値は、かなり不確実になった。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep or stop from happening	great|かなり|adjective|of major significance or importance	measure|程度|noun|a quantity that has a value	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite

In order to remedy these inconveniencies, a bank was established in 1609, under the guarantee of the city.	これらの不便を是正するために、1609年に市の保証のもとで銀行が設立された。	remedy|是正する|verb|to make something better or correct a fault or mistake	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one	establish|設立する|verb|to set up or start	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	city|市|noun|a large human settlement
This bank received both foreign coin, and the light and worn coin of the country, at its real intrinsic value in the good standard money of the country, deducting only so much as was necessary for defraying the expense of coinage and the other necessary expense of management.	この銀行は、外国貨幣と国内の軽くて摩耗した貨幣の両方を、国内の良質な標準貨幣でその真の内在価値で受け取り、貨幣鋳造の費用とその他の必要な管理費用を賄うのに必要な分だけを差し引いた。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	light|軽い|adjective|of little weight	worn|摩耗した|adjective|damaged by long or hard use	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	intrinsic|内在する|adjective|belonging to a thing by its very nature	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
For the value which remained after this small deduction was made, it gave a credit in its books.	このわずかな控除を行った後に残った価値については、帳簿に貸方記入をした。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	deduction|控除|noun|a subtraction of an amount or part from a total	give|記入する|verb|make a present of	credit|貸方|noun|the side of an account on which credits are entered	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side
This credit was called bank money, which, as it represented money exactly according to the standard of the mint, was always of the same real value, and intrinsically worth more than current money.	この貸方記入は銀行貨幣と呼ばれ、造幣局の基準に正確に従った貨幣を表していたので、常に同じ実質価値を持ち、本質的には流通貨幣よりも価値があった。	credit|貸方記入|noun|the balance in a person's or organization's bank account	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money held in a bank account	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	intrinsically|本質的に|adverb|in an essential or fundamental way	current money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in circulation
It was at the same time enacted, that all bills drawn upon or negotiated at Amsterdam, of the value of 600 guilders and upwards, should be paid in bank money, which at once took away all uncertainty in the value of those bills.	同時に、600ギルダー以上の価値のあるアムステルダムで引き出された、または交渉されたすべての手形は銀行貨幣で支払われるべきであると制定され、それらの手形の価値の不確実性を一掃した。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	draw|引き出す|verb|take out or remove	negotiate|交渉する|verb|try to reach an agreement or compromise by discussion with others	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	take away|一掃する|verb|remove or get rid of
Every merchant, in consequence of this regulation, was obliged to keep an account with the bank, in order to pay his foreign bills of exchange, which necessarily occasioned a certain demand for bank money.	この規制の結果、すべての商人は、外国為替手形を支払うために銀行に口座を持つことを義務付けられ、必然的に銀行貨幣に対する一定の需要が生じた。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	obliged|義務付けられる|verb|be required to do something	keep an account|口座を持つ|verb|have an account at a bank	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service

Bank money, over and above both its intrinsic superiority to currency, and the additional value which this demand necessarily gives it, has likewise some other advantages,	銀行貨幣は、通貨に対する本質的な優位性と、この需要が必然的に与える付加価値の両方に加えて、同様に他のいくつかの利点がある。	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	intrinsic superiority|本質的な優位性|noun|the quality of being better than something else	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	additional value|付加価値|noun|the value that is added to a product or service by a particular producer	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	give|与える|verb|transfer possession of something	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
It is secure from fire, robbery, and other accidents;	それは火事、強盗、その他の事故から安全である。	secure|安全である|adjective|free from danger or threat	fire|火事|noun|the burning of something that is not supposed to be burned	robbery|強盗|noun|the crime of stealing from a person or place by force or threat of force	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage
the city of Amsterdam is bound for it;	アムステルダム市はそれを保証している。	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	bound|保証する|verb|be under a legal obligation to do something
it can be paid away by a simple transfer, without the trouble of counting, or the risk of transporting it from one place to another.	数える手間や、ある場所から別の場所に運ぶリスクを負うことなく、単純な振替で支払うことができる。	pay away|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	transfer|振替|noun|the act of moving something from one place to another	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
In consequence of those different advantages, it seems from the beginning to have borne an agio;	これらのさまざまな利点の結果として、それは最初からプレミアムを生み出していたように思われる。	in consequence of|の結果として|preposition|as a result of	those|これらの|determiner|the	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	it seems|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	from the beginning|最初から|adverb|from the very start	to have borne|生み出していた|verb|to have produced or given birth to	agio|プレミアム|noun|the amount by which the market value of a currency exceeds its face value
and it is generally believed that all the money originally deposited in the bank, was allowed to remain there, nobody caring to demand payment of a debt which he could sell for a premium in the market.	そして、当初銀行に預けられたすべてのお金はそこに残されたままで、市場でプレミアムをつけて売れる負債の支払いを要求する人は誰もいなかったと一般に信じられている。	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	originally|当初|adverb|at or from the beginning	deposit|預ける|verb|put or leave (money) in a bank account	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; no one	care|気にかける|verb|feel concern or interest	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	premium|プレミアム|noun|an amount to be paid for an insurance policy
By demanding payment of the bank, the owner of a bank credit would lose this premium.	銀行に支払いを要求することで、銀行信用の所有者はこのプレミアムを失うことになる。	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bank credit|銀行信用|noun|the amount of money that a bank will lend to a customer	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	premium|プレミアム|noun|an amount to be paid for an insurance policy
As a shilling fresh from the mint will buy no more goods in the market than one of our common worn shillings, so the good and true money which might be brought from the coffers of the bank into those of a private person, being mixed and confounded with the common currency of the country, would be of no more value than that currency, from which it could no longer be readily distinguished.	造幣局から出たばかりのシリングが市場で私たちの普通の使い古したシリングよりも多くの商品を買うことはないように、銀行の金庫から個人の金庫に運び込まれた良質で真の貨幣は、その国の一般通貨と混ざり合い、混同されて、もはや容易に区別できなくなったその通貨よりも価値がなくなるだろう。	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	fresh|出たばかりの|adjective|recently produced or harvested	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	buy|買う|verb|get by paying money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods are bought and sold	common|普通の|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	worn|使い古した|adjective|damaged or deteriorated by much use	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	private|個人の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	mixed|混ざり合った|adjective|combining different qualities or elements	confounded|混同された|adjective|confused or puzzled	common|一般の|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	readily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	distinguished|区別される|adjective|having a distinguished or impressive appearance
While it remained in the coffers of the bank, its superiority was known and ascertained.	それが銀行の金庫に残っている間は、その優位性は知られ、確かなものだった。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	know|知る|verb|be aware of	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out for certain; make sure of
When it had come into those of a private person, its superiority could not well be ascertained without more trouble than perhaps the difference was worth.	それが個人の金庫に入ったとき、その優位性は、おそらくその差に値する以上の手間をかけずには、よく確かめることはできなかった。	come into|入る|verb|move or travel into	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems
By being brought from the coffers of the bank, besides, it lost all the other advantages of bank money;	そのうえ、銀行の金庫から運び出されることによって、銀行貨幣の他のすべての利点を失った。	by being brought|運び出されることによって|verb|by being taken from one place to another	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
its security, its easy and safe transferability, its use in paying foreign bills of exchange.	その安全性、その簡単で安全な譲渡性、外国為替手形の支払いにおけるその使用である。	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	safe|安全|adjective|free from danger or risk	transferability|譲渡性|noun|the ability to be transferred	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another on a specified date or on demand
Over and above all this, it could not be brought from those coffers, as will appear by and by, without previously paying for the keeping.	これらすべてに加えて、それは、これから明らかになるように、事前に保管料を支払わない限り、それらの金庫から運び出すことができなかった。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	appear|明らかになる|verb|become visible or noticeable	by and by|これから|adverb|before long; soon	previously|事前に|adverb|before the usual or expected time	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	keeping|保管|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition

Those deposits of coin, or those deposits which the bank was bound to restore in coin, constituted the original capital of the bank, or the whole value of what was represented by what is called bank money.	これらの硬貨の預金、あるいは銀行が硬貨で返済する義務のある預金は、銀行の元手、あるいは銀行貨幣と呼ばれるものによって表されるものの全価値を構成していた。	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	restore|返済する|verb|bring back to a former condition	capital|元手|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account
At present they are supposed to constitute but a very small part of it.	現在では、それらは、そのごく一部を構成しているにすぎないと考えられている。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	very small part|ごく一部|noun|a tiny portion
In order to facilitate the trade in bullion, the bank has been for these many years in the practice of giving credit in its books, upon deposits of gold and silver bullion.	地金の取引を容易にするために、銀行は、長年、金銀地金の預金に対して、帳簿に貸し付けを記入する習慣がある。	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	these many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	practice|習慣|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	give credit|貸し付けを記入する|verb|to give someone credit for something	book|帳簿|noun|a set of sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
This credit is generally about five per cent.	この貸し付けは、通常、約五パーセントである。	credit|貸し付け|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	about|約|preposition|approximately	five|五|numeral|the number 5	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
below the mint price of such bullion.	そのような地金の造幣局価格を下回る。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
The bank grants at the same time what is called a recipice or receipt, entitling the person who makes the deposit, or the bearer, to take out the bullion again at any time within six months, upon transferring to the bank a quantity of bank money equal to that for which credit had been given in its books when the deposit was made, and upon paying one-fourth per cent.	銀行は同時に、預金をした人、またはその所持人が、預金をしたときに帳簿に記入された貸し付け額に等しい銀行貨幣を銀行に移し、四分の一パーセントを支払えば、六ヶ月以内にいつでも地金を取り出す権利を与える、いわゆる受領書を発行する。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	grant|発行する|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	what is called|いわゆる|noun|something that is referred to by a specified name	recipice|受領書|noun|a written acknowledgment that something has been received	receipt|受領書|noun|a written acknowledgment that something has been received	entitle|権利を与える|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to something	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	make|する|verb|create, produce, or bring into existence	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	bearer|所持人|noun|the person who carries or holds something	take out|取り出す|verb|remove from a place	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any point	within|以内に|preposition|inside the limits of	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	upon|移せば|preposition|on top of	transferring|移す|verb|move from one place to another	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	equal to|等しい|adjective|the same in value, amount, or size	that|額|noun|the amount of something	for which|貸し付け|noun|the action of lending money	credit|貸し付け|noun|the action of lending money	had been given|記入された|verb|write or enter in a book, list, or other record	in its books|帳簿|noun|a book in which a company's financial transactions are recorded	when|ときに|conjunction|at the time that	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	was made|された|verb|create, produce, or bring into existence	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	upon|支払えば|preposition|on top of	paying|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	one-fourth|四分の一|noun|a quarter	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in every hundred
for the keeping, if the deposit was in silver;	預金が銀貨なら保管料として、	for the keeping|保管料として|noun phrase|for the purpose of keeping something	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	silver|銀貨|noun|a white precious metal used in jewelry, tableware, and coins
and one-half per cent. if it was in gold; but at the same time declaring, that in default of such payment, and upon the expiration of this term, the deposit should belong to the bank, at the price at which it had been received, or for which credit had been given in the transfer books.	金貨なら半パーセントを支払えば、しかし同時に、そのような支払いが滞り、この期間が満了した場合には、預金は受け取った価格、または振替帳簿に貸し付けが記入された価格で銀行に帰属することを宣言する。	one-half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together make a whole	cent|セント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	default|滞り|noun|a failure to do something that is required	expiration|満了|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	belong|帰属する|verb|be in the possession of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	credit|貸し付け|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	give|記入する|verb|cause to be received
What is thus paid for the keeping of the deposit may be considered as a sort of warehouse rent;	預金の保管のために支払われるものは、一種の倉庫賃料と考えることができる。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	keeping|保管|noun|the action of having something in one's possession	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	sort|一種|noun|a category of things	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property
and why this warehouse rent should be so much dearer for gold than for silver, several different reasons have been assigned.	そして、この倉庫賃料が銀よりも金の方がはるかに高額である理由については、いくつかの異なる理由が挙げられている。	warehouse rent|倉庫賃料|noun|the amount of money paid to rent a warehouse	dearer|高額|adjective|more expensive	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
The fineness of gold, it has been said, is more difficult to be ascertained than that of silver.	金の純度は銀の純度よりも確認しにくいと言われている。	fineness|純度|noun|the quality or state of being pure	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Frauds are more easily practised, and occasion a greater loss in the most precious metal.	詐欺はより簡単に行われ、最も貴重な金属でより大きな損失をもたらす。	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be someone else in order to gain an advantage	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	practise|行う|verb|carry out or perform	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth
Silver, besides, being the standard metal, the state, it has been said, wishes to encourage more the making of deposits of silver than those of gold.	その上、銀は標準金属であるため、国家は金よりも銀の預金をより奨励したいといわれている。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	standard|標準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	wish|望む|verb|feel or express a strong desire or hope for something that is not easily attainable	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	making|預金|noun|the process of making something	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal

Deposits of bullion are most commonly made when the price is somewhat lower than ordinary, and they are taken out again when it happens to rise.	地金の預金は、価格が通常よりもやや低いときに最も一般的に行われ、価格が上昇したときに再び取り出される。	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	lower|低い|adjective|of lesser height	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	rise|上昇|verb|go up
In Holland the market price of bullion is generally above the mint price, for the same reason that it was so in England before the late reformation of the gold coin.	オランダでは、地金の市場価格は一般的に造幣局価格を上回っているが、これは金貨の最近の改鋳前のイギリスでもそうであったのと同じ理由による。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale by a mint	the same reason|同じ理由|noun phrase|the same cause or explanation	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of changing something for the better	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold
The difference is said to be commonly from about six to sixteen stivers upon the mark, or eight ounces of silver, of eleven parts of fine and one part alloy.	その差は、通常、純銀十一分、合金一分の銀八オンス、つまり一マルクあたり六から十六スティーバーであるという。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	about|約|adverb|approximately	six|六|noun|the number 6	sixteen|十六|noun|the number 16	stivers|スティーバー|noun|a small silver coin formerly used in the Netherlands	mark|マルク|noun|a former unit of money of Germany	eight|八|noun|the number 8	ounces|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	eleven|十一|noun|the number 11	part|分|noun|a piece or portion of something	fine|純銀|noun|pure silver	one|一|noun|the number 1	alloy|合金|noun|a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion
The bank price, or the credit which the bank gives for the deposits of such silver (when made in foreign coin, of which the fineness is well known and ascertained, such as Mexico dollars), is twenty-two guilders the mark: the mint price is about twenty-three guilders, and the market price is from twenty-three guilders six, to twenty-three guilders sixteen stivers, or from two to three per cent.	銀行価格、つまり銀行がそのような銀の預金に対して与える信用(メキシコドルなど、純度がよく知られていて確かめられている外国貨幣で預金された場合)は、一マルクあたり二十二ギルダーである。造幣局価格は約二十三ギルダーであり、市場価格は二十三ギルダー六から二十三ギルダー十六スティーバー、つまり二から三パーセントである。	bank price|銀行価格|noun|the price at which a bank will buy or sell a particular asset	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	foreign coin|外国貨幣|noun|a coin that is not from the country where it is being used	fineness|純度|noun|the proportion of pure metal in an alloy	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	Mexico dollar|メキシコドル|noun|the currency of Mexico	twenty-two guilders|二十二ギルダー|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price at which a mint will buy or sell a particular asset	about twenty-three guilders|約二十三ギルダー|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a particular asset is currently trading in the market	twenty-three guilders six|二十三ギルダー六|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands	twenty-three guilders sixteen stivers|二十三ギルダー十六スティーバー|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands	two to three percent|二から三パーセント|noun|a percentage
above the mint price.	造幣局価格を上回っている。	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price of a coin as set by the mint

The following are the prices at which the bank of Amsterdam at present {September 1775} receives bullion and coin of different kinds:	以下は、アムステルダム銀行が現在(一七七五年九月)受け取っている各種の地金と貨幣の価格である。	the following|以下|noun|the people or things that are mentioned next	at which|で|preposition|in or to the place that	at present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	of different kinds|各種の|adjective|of various types

- SILVER	銀	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
- Mexico dollars ................. 22 Guilders / mark	メキシコドル・・・・・・・・・一マルクあたり二十二ギルダー	Mexico dollars|メキシコドル|noun|the currency of Mexico	Guilders|ギルダー|noun|the former currency of the Netherlands	mark|マルク|noun|the former currency of Germany
- French crowns .................. 22	フランス・クラウン・・・・・・一マルクあたり二十二ギルダー	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	crown|クラウン|noun|a former unit of money in the United Kingdom	22|二十二|numeral|the number that is one more than twenty-one
- English silver coin............. 22	イギリス銀貨・・・・・・・・・一マルクあたり二十二ギルダー	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value, used as money	22|二十二|numeral|the number 22
- Mexico dollars, new coin........ 21 10	メキシコドル、新貨・・・・・・一マルクあたり二十一ギルダー十ペニヒ	Mexico dollars|メキシコドル|noun|the currency of Mexico	new coin|新貨|noun|a coin that has been recently minted	21 10|二十一ギルダー十ペニヒ|noun|twenty-one guilders and ten pennies
- Ducatoons....................... 3 0	ドゥカトゥーン・・・・・・・・・一マルクあたり三ギルダー	Ducatoons|ドゥカトゥーン|noun|a silver coin formerly used in the Netherlands	3|三|numeral|three	0|ゼロ|numeral|zero
- Rix-dollars..................... 2 8	リクスドル・・・・・・・・・一マルクあたり二ギルダー八ペニヒ	Rix-dollars|リクスドル|noun|a former silver coin of the Netherlands	2|二|numeral|one more than one	8|八|numeral|one more than seven

Bar silver, containing 11-12ths fine silver, 21 Guilders / mark, and in this proportion down to 1-4th fine, on which 5 guilders are given.	銀塊、純銀十一十二分含有、一マルクあたり二十一ギルダー、この比率で純銀四分の一まで、五ギルダーが支払われる。	bar silver|銀塊|noun|a silver bar	contain|含有|verb|have or hold within	11-12ths|十一十二分|noun|eleven twelfths	fine silver|純銀|noun|silver of a high degree of purity	21 Guilders|二十一ギルダー|noun|twenty-one guilders	mark|一マルク|noun|a unit of weight for gold and silver	this proportion|この比率|noun|this ratio	down to|まで|preposition|up to and including	1-4th|四分の一|noun|one quarter	fine|純銀|noun|silver of a high degree of purity	5 guilders|五ギルダー|noun|five guilders	be given|支払われる|verb|be paid
Fine bars,................. 28 Guilders / mark.	純銀塊・・・・・・・・・一マルクあたり二十八ギルダー	fine|純銀|adjective|of high quality	bar|塊|noun|a solid piece of a substance	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic monetary unit of the Netherlands	mark|マルク|noun|the basic monetary unit of Germany

- GOLD	金	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value
- Portugal coin................. 310 Guilders / mark	ポルトガル貨幣・・・・・・一マルクあたり三百十ギルダー	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	Guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	mark|マルク|noun|the basic unit of money in Germany
- Guineas....................... 310	ギニー・・・・・・・・・三百十	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling
- Louis d’ors, new.............. 310	ルイ・ドール、新・・・・・・三百十	Louis d’ors|ルイ・ドール|noun|a gold coin of France	new|新|adjective|recently made, produced, or created
- Ditto old.............. 300	同上、旧・・・・・・三百	ditto|同上|noun|the same thing as mentioned before	old|旧|adjective|having lived for a long time	300|三百|noun|the number 300
- New ducats.................... 4 19 8 per ducat	新ドゥカート・・・・・・一ドゥカートあたり四ギルダー十九シリング八ペンス	new|新|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	ducat|ドゥカート|noun|a gold coin formerly used in most European countries	4 19 8|四ギルダー十九シリング八ペンス|noun|four guilders, nineteen shillings, and eight pence	per|あたり|preposition|for each

Bar or ingot gold is received in proportion to its fineness, compared with the above foreign gold coin.	金の延べ棒や金塊は、上記の外国金貨と比較して、その純度に応じて受け取られる。	bar|延べ棒|noun|a long thin piece of metal	ingot|金塊|noun|a piece of metal that has been cast into a shape that is convenient for further processing	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	fineness|純度|noun|the quality of being pure	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the text	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold
Upon fine bars the bank gives 340 per mark.	純金の延べ棒に対しては、銀行は一マルクあたり三百四十ギルダーを支払う。	fine|純金の|adjective|of high quality	bar|延べ棒|noun|a long thin piece of metal	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	give|支払う|verb|transfer money to someone in exchange for a good or service	mark|マルク|noun|a unit of weight for gold and silver
In general, however, something more is given upon coin of a known fineness, than upon gold and silver bars, of which the fineness cannot be ascertained but by a process of melting and assaying.	しかし、一般に、純度が既知の貨幣に対しては、溶解して分析する以外に純度を確かめることのできない金銀の延べ棒よりも、多少高く支払われる。	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; on the whole	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	something more|多少高く|noun|a little more	give|支払われる|verb|transfer money to someone	known|既知の|adjective|familiar; well-known	fineness|純度|noun|the quality of being pure	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a standard value	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	bar|延べ棒|noun|a long, thin piece of metal	ascertain|確かめることのできない|verb|find out for certain	melt|溶解|verb|turn from a solid to a liquid	assay|分析|verb|test the quality of

The proportions between the bank price, the mint price, and the market price of gold bullion, are nearly the same.	金地金の銀行価格、造幣局価格、市場価格の比率は、ほぼ同じである。	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	bank price|銀行価格|noun|the price of something at a bank	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price of something at a mint	market price|市場価格|noun|the price of something at a market	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in bulk form	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost
A person can generally sell his receipt for the difference between the mint price of bullion and the market price.	人は通常、地金の造幣局価格と市場価格の差額で領収書を売ることができる。	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	difference|差額|noun|the amount by which one number or quantity is greater or less than another	mint price|造幣局価格|noun|the price of a coin as set by the mint	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is currently selling or is expected to sell in the market
A receipt for bullion is almost always worth something, and it very seldom happens, therefore, that anybody suffers his receipts to expire, or allows his bullion to fall to the bank at the price at which it had been received, either by not taking it out before the end of the six months, or by neglecting to pay one fourth or one half per cent.	地金の領収書は、ほとんど常に何らかの価値があるので、六ヶ月が終わるまでに引き出さなかったり、四分の一または二分の一パーセントを支払うのを怠ったりして、領収書の有効期限が切れたり、地金が受け取った価格で銀行に渡ってしまうことは、めったに起こらない。	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases	worth|価値がある|adjective|meriting attention or effort	very seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	anybody|誰か|pronoun|any person	suffer|被る|verb|undergo or experience something bad	expire|期限が切れる|verb|come to an end	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	fall|渡る|verb|be given or awarded to	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	one fourth|四分の一|noun|a quarter	one half|二分の一|noun|a half	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
in order to obtain a new receipt for another six months.	新たな六ヶ月の領収書を得るために。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	new|新たな|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year
This, however, though it happens seldom, is said to happen sometimes, and more frequently with regard to gold than with regard to silver, on account of the higher warehouse rent which is paid for the keeping of the more precious metal.	しかし、これはめったに起こらないことだが、時々起こると言われており、より貴重な金属を保管するために支払われる倉庫賃料が高いため、銀よりも金に関してより頻繁に起こる。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	more frequently|より頻繁に|adverb|more often	warehouse rent|倉庫賃料|noun|the amount of money paid to rent a warehouse	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum

The person who, by making a deposit of bullion, obtains both a bank credit and a receipt, pays his bills of exchange as they become due, with his bank credit;	地金を預けることで銀行信用と領収書の両方を手に入れた人は、銀行信用で手形の支払期日が来ると支払う。	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	deposit|預ける|verb|put or keep money in a bank account	obtain|手に入れる|verb|get, acquire, or secure	bank credit|銀行信用|noun|the amount of money that a bank will lend to a customer	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	bill of exchange|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	due|支払期日|noun|the date on which a payment must be made	bank credit|銀行信用|noun|the amount of money that a bank will lend to a customer
and either sells or keeps his receipt, according as he judges that the price of bullion is likely to rise or to fall.	そして、地金の価格が上がるか下がるかを判断して、領収書を売るか保管するかを決める。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上がる|verb|go up	fall|下がる|verb|go down
The receipt and the bank credit seldom keep long together, and there is no occasion that they should.	領収書と銀行信用が長く一緒に保管されることはめったになく、そうすべき機会もない。	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	bank credit|銀行信用|noun|the amount of money that a bank will lend to a customer	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other in time, space, or position	there is no occasion|～すべき機会もない|noun|a particular time or event
The person who has a receipt, and who wants to take out bullion, finds always plenty of bank credits, or bank money, to buy at the ordinary price, and the person who has bank money, and wants to take out bullion, finds receipts always in equal abundance.	領収書を持っていて地金を引き出したい人は、いつも普通の価格で買える銀行信用や銀行貨幣をたくさん見つけ、銀行貨幣を持っていて地金を引き出したい人は、いつも同じくらい豊富な領収書を見つける。	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	take out|引き出す|verb|withdraw	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	plenty of|たくさん|noun|a lot of	bank credit|銀行信用|noun|the amount of money that a bank will lend to a customer	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	ordinary price|普通の価格|noun|the usual price	equal abundance|同じくらい豊富|noun|the same amount of abundance

The owners of bank credits, and the holders of receipts, constitute two different sorts of creditors against the bank.	銀行信用の所有者と領収書の所有者は、銀行に対する二つの異なる種類の債権者を構成する。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bank credit|銀行信用|noun|a loan from a bank	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	receipt|領収書|noun|a document acknowledging that money or goods have been received	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed
The holder of a receipt cannot draw out the bullion for which it is granted, without re-assigning to the bank a sum of bank money equal to the price at which the bullion had been received.	領収書の所有者は、地金が受け取られた価格に等しい銀行貨幣の額を銀行に再割り当てしない限り、それが認められた地金を引き出すことができない。	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	draw out|引き出す|verb|to take or pull something out	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	grant|認める|verb|to give, allow, or admit	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	receive|受け取る|verb|to be given, presented with, or paid something	reassign|再割り当てする|verb|to assign again	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money
If he has no bank money of his own, he must purchase it of those who have it.	彼が自分の銀行貨幣を持っていない場合、彼はそれを持っている人からそれを購入しなければならない。	have no|持っていない|verb|not have	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is in a bank	of his own|自分の|adjective|belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	of those|人から|noun|a person or thing that is mentioned	have it|持っている|verb|have
The owner of bank money cannot draw out bullion, without producing to the bank receipts for the quantity which he wants.	銀行貨幣の所有者は、彼が欲しい量の銀行領収書を提出しない限り、地金を引き出すことができない。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	draw out|引き出す|verb|to take or pull something out	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	bank receipt|銀行領収書|noun|a receipt issued by a bank	produce|提出する|verb|to show or make available
If he has none of his own, he must buy them of those who have them.	彼が自分のものを何も持っていない場合、彼はそれらを持っている人からそれらを買わなければならない。	have none of|何も持っていない|verb|not have any of	his own|自分のもの|noun|something that belongs to or is connected with the person or thing mentioned	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	them|それら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	those|人|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold
The holder of a receipt, when he purchases bank money, purchases the power of taking out a quantity of bullion, of which the mint price is five per cent.	領収書の所有者は、銀行貨幣を購入する際に、地金の量を取り出す権利を購入するが、その地金の価格は5パーセントである。	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	power|権利|noun|the ability or right to control people or things	take out|取り出す|verb|remove something from a place	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	mint price|価格|noun|the price at which a coin is sold by the mint	five per cent|5パーセント|noun|five percent
above the bank price.	銀行価格より高い。	above|より高い|preposition|higher than	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money
The agio of five per cent.	5パーセントのプレミアム。	agio|プレミアム|noun|the percentage of the value of one currency in terms of another above par	five|5|noun|the number 5	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
therefore, which he commonly pays for it, is paid, not for an imaginary, but for a real value.	したがって、彼が通常支払う5パーセントのプレミアムは、架空の価値ではなく、実際の価値に対して支払われる。	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	imaginary|架空の|adjective|existing only in the imagination	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or occurring as a fact; actual
The owner of bank money, when he purchases a receipt, purchases the power of taking out a quantity of bullion, of which the market price is commonly from two to three per cent.	銀行貨幣の所有者は、領収書を購入する際に、地金の量を取り出す権利を購入するが、その地金の市場価格は通常2~3パーセントである。	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	power|権利|noun|the ability or right to control people or things	take out|取り出す|verb|remove from a place	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is currently selling or is expected to sell	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	two to three percent|2~3パーセント|noun|a percentage
above the mint price.	造幣局価格より高い。	above|より高い|preposition|at a higher level or position than	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined
The price which he pays for it, therefore, is paid likewise for a real value.	したがって、彼が支払う価格は、同様に実際の価値に対して支払われる。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The price of the receipt, and the price of the bank money, compound or make up between them the full value or price of the bullion.	領収書の価格と銀行貨幣の価格は、地金の全価値または価格を構成する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	compound|構成する|verb|be made up of	make up|構成する|verb|be made up of	full value|全価値|noun|the total value of something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining

Upon deposits of the coin current in the country, the bank grant receipts likewise, as well as bank credits;	国内で流通している硬貨の預金に対して、銀行は同様に領収書と銀行信用を付与する。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account	coin|硬貨|noun|a small, flat, round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	current|流通している|adjective|belonging to the present time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	grant|付与する|verb|give or allow something to someone	receipt|領収書|noun|a written statement that you have received money or goods	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future
but those receipts are frequently of no value and will bring no price in the market.	しかし、これらの領収書はしばしば無価値であり、市場で価格をもたらさない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	those|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	of no value|無価値|adjective|having no value or worth	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or occur	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Upon ducatoons, for example, which in the currency pass for three guilders three stivers each, the bank gives a credit of three guilders only, or five per cent.	例えば、通貨でそれぞれ3ギルダー3スティーバーで通用するドゥカトゥーンに対して、銀行は3ギルダーのみ、つまり5パーセントの信用を与える。	ducatoon|ドゥカトゥーン|noun|a silver coin formerly used in the Netherlands	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	pass|通用する|verb|be accepted as or regarded as	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	stivers|スティーバー|noun|a former Dutch coin worth one twentieth of a guilder	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	five|5|noun|the number 5	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
below their current value.	現在の価値を下回る。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time
It grants a receipt likewise, entitling the bearer to take out the number of ducatoons deposited at any time within six months, upon paying one fourth per cent.	同様に領収書を発行し、所持者は0.25パーセントを支払うことで、6ヶ月以内であればいつでも預けたドゥカトゥーンを引き出すことができる。	grant|発行する|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	entitle|できる|verb|give (someone) a legal right or a just claim to receive or do something	bearer|所持者|noun|the person who holds or carries something	take out|引き出す|verb|withdraw (money) from a bank account	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	ducatoon|ドゥカトゥーン|noun|a silver coin formerly used in the Netherlands	deposit|預ける|verb|put or leave (money) in a bank account	at any time|いつでも|adverb|whenever you want	within|以内|preposition|not later than	six months|6ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	upon|支払うことで|preposition|on the condition or occurrence of	one fourth per cent|0.25パーセント|noun|a proportion equal to one part in every four hundred
for the keeping.	保管料として。	for|として|preposition|used to indicate the object, aim, or purpose of an action	keeping|保管|noun|the action of having something in one's possession
This receipt will frequently bring no price in the market.	この領収書は市場ではほとんど値が付かない。	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	frequently|ほとんど|adverb|often; many times	bring|値が付く|verb|cause to come to a place	price|値段|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Three guilders, bank money, generally sell in the market for three guilders three stivers, the full value of the ducatoons, if they were taken out of the bank;	銀行貨幣の3ギルダーは、市場では通常3ギルダー3スティーバーで売られるが、これは銀行から引き出されたドゥカトゥーンの全額である。	three guilders|3ギルダー|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is in a bank account	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	three guilders three stivers|3ギルダー3スティーバー|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands	full value|全額|noun|the total amount of money that something is worth	ducatoon|ドゥカトゥーン|noun|a former silver coin of the Netherlands	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money
and before they can be taken out, one-fourth per cent.	そして、引き出される前に0.25パーセント支払わなければならない。	be taken out|引き出される|verb|be removed from a place	one-fourth|0.25|noun|a quarter	per cent|パーセント|noun|in or for every hundred
must be paid for the keeping, which would be mere loss to the holder of the receipt.	保管料として支払わなければならないが、これは領収書の所持者にとって単なる損失である。	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	keeping|保管|noun|the action of keeping something	would be|であろう|auxiliary verb|be likely to be	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is stated and nothing more	loss|損失|noun|the state or fact of losing something	holder|所持者|noun|a person who holds something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received
If the agio of the bank, however, should at any time fall to three per cent.	しかし、銀行のプレミアムがいつか3パーセントに下がれば、	agio|プレミアム|noun|the amount by which the market value of a coin or note exceeds its face value	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	fall|下がる|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	three|3|noun|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
such receipts might bring some price in the market, and might sell for one and three-fourths per cent.	そのような領収書は市場でいくらかの価格をもたらし、1.75パーセントで売れるかもしれない。	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or occur	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	sell|売れる|verb|exchange or dispose of in return for money
But the agio of the bank being now generally about five per cent.	しかし、銀行のプレミアムは現在、一般的に約5パーセントである。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	agio|プレミアム|noun|the amount by which the market value of a coin or note exceeds its face value	about|約|preposition|approximately	five|5|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|one hundredth of a dollar
such receipts are frequently allowed to expire, or, as they express it, to fall to the bank.	そのような領収書はしばしば期限切れになるか、彼らが言うように銀行に落ちる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	expire|期限切れになる|verb|come to an end	fall|落ちる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money
The receipts which are given for deposits of gold ducats fall to it yet more frequently, because a higher warehouse rent, or one half per cent.	金貨の預金に対して発行される領収書は、さらに頻繁に銀行に落ちる。なぜなら、より高い倉庫賃料、つまり0.5パーセントが、	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	gold ducat|金貨|noun|a gold coin formerly used in most European countries	fall to|落ちる|verb|be given to	more frequently|より頻繁に|adverb|more often	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	warehouse rent|倉庫賃料|noun|the amount of money paid to use a warehouse	one half per cent|0.5パーセント|noun|a percentage equal to 0.5
must be paid for the keeping of them, before they can be taken out again.	再び引き出す前に、保管料として支払わなければならないからである。	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	keeping|保管|noun|the action of having something in one's possession	before|前に|conjunction|earlier than the time that	be taken out|引き出される|verb|be removed from a place
The five per cent. which the bank gains, when deposits either of coin or bullion are allowed to fall to it, maybe considered as the warehouse rent for the perpetual keeping of such deposits.	硬貨または地金の預金が銀行に落ちるように許されたときに銀行が得る5パーセントは、そのような預金を永久に保管するための倉庫賃料と考えることができる。	five percent|5パーセント|noun|a proportion of five parts in every hundred	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account	fall|落ちる|verb|move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level	maybe|考えることができる|adverb|perhaps	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	perpetual|永久に|adjective|never ending or changing	keeping|保管|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition

The sum of bank money, for which the receipts are expired, must be very considerable.	領収書の期限が切れた銀行貨幣の合計は、かなりのものに違いない。	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	expire|期限が切れる|verb|come to an end; terminate	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to; have to	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent
It must comprehend the whole original capital of the bank, which, it is generally supposed, has been allowed to remain there from the time it was first deposited, nobody caring either to renew his receipt, or to take out his deposit, as, for the reasons already assigned, neither the one nor the other could be done without loss.	それは銀行の元々の資本全体を理解しなければならない。それは一般的に、最初に預けられた時からそこに残ることを許されていると考えられている。誰も領収書を更新したり、預金を引き出したりすることを気にしていない。すでに割り当てられた理由により、どちらも損失なしに行うことはできない。	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	original capital|元々の資本|noun|the money that is used to start a business	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	suppose|考える|verb|think that something is true or likely	allow|許す|verb|let someone do something	remain|残る|verb|stay in the same place or condition	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	deposit|預ける|verb|put or leave something in a bank account	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; no one	care|気にする|verb|feel concerned or interested	renew|更新する|verb|make something new, fresh, or strong again	receipt|領収書|noun|a written statement that you have received something	take out|引き出す|verb|remove something from a place	deposit|預金|noun|money that is put into a bank account	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
But whatever may be the amount of this sum, the proportion which it bears to the whole mass of bank money is supposed to be very small.	しかし、この合計額がいくらであれ、それが銀行貨幣の全体に占める割合は非常に小さいと考えられている。	whatever|いくらであれ|pronoun|no matter what	amount|合計額|noun|the total of two or more quantities	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	bear|占める|verb|to carry or support	whole|全体|noun|all of something	mass|全体|noun|a large amount of something	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money held in a bank	supposed|考えられている|verb|to be generally regarded as having a specified quality or attribute
The bank of Amsterdam has, for these many years past, been the great warehouse of Europe for bullion, for which the receipts are very seldom allowed to expire, or, as they express it, to fall to the bank.	アムステルダム銀行は、過去何年もの間、地金のヨーロッパ最大の倉庫であり、領収書の期限が切れることはめったになく、彼らが言うように、銀行に落ちることはめったにない。	The bank of Amsterdam|アムステルダム銀行|noun|a bank in Amsterdam	for these many years past|過去何年もの間|noun|for a long time	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	expire|期限が切れる|verb|come to an end	fall to|落ちる|verb|be given to
The far greater part of the bank money, or of the credits upon the books of the bank, is supposed to have been created, for these many years past, by such deposits, which the dealers in bullion are continually both making and withdrawing.	銀行貨幣、あるいは銀行の帳簿上の信用の大部分は、過去何年もの間、地金のディーラーが継続的に入出金しているそのような預金によって生み出されてきたと考えられている。	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled pages bound together between two covers	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; make or produce	past|過去|noun|the time that has already happened	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods or assets	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take (money) out of an account

No demand can be made upon the bank, but by means of a recipice or receipt.	銀行に対しては、領収書を介さずに請求することはできない。	demand|請求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received
The smaller mass of bank money, for which the receipts are expired, is mixed and confounded with the much greater mass for which they are still in force;	領収書の期限が切れた銀行貨幣の少額の部分は、まだ有効な領収書の大部分と混ざり合っている。	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	expire|期限が切れる|verb|come to an end	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money held in a bank account	mix|混ざり合う|verb|combine or be combined	confound|混ざり合う|verb|confuse or be confused
so that, though there may be a considerable sum of bank money, for which there are no receipts, there is no specific sum or portion of it which may not at any time be demanded by one.	そのため、領収書のない銀行貨幣がかなりの額あるとしても、いつでも請求できない特定の額や部分はない。	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money held in a bank account	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	at any time|いつでも|adverb|whenever; on any occasion	demand|請求|verb|ask for with authority; claim as one's due
The bank cannot be debtor to two persons for the same thing;	銀行は同じものに対して二人の債務者になることはできない。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	two|二人|noun|the number 2	same|同じ|adjective|being the same or not different	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to
and the owner of bank money who has no receipt, cannot demand payment of the bank till he buys one.	そして、領収書のない銀行貨幣の所有者は、領収書を買うまでは銀行に支払いを請求できない。	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money held in a bank account	demand|請求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
In ordinary and quiet times, he can find no difficulty in getting one to buy at the market price, which generally corresponds with the price at which he can sell the coin or bullion it entitles him to take out of the bank.	平常時であれば、市場価格で買うのに困難はないだろう。市場価格は、銀行から引き出す権利のある硬貨や地金を売却できる価格とほぼ同じである。	ordinary|平常|adjective|normal or usual	quiet|静か|adjective|making little or no noise	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem; a situation that is hard to deal with	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	generally|ほぼ|adverb|in most cases; usually	correspond|一致する|verb|be in agreement or harmony	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots

It might be otherwise during a public calamity;	公衆災害の間はそうではないかもしれない。	public calamity|公衆災害|noun|a disaster that affects a large number of people
an invasion, for example, such as that of the French in 1672.	例えば、1672年のフランスの侵略のようなものだ。	invasion|侵略|noun|an act or instance of invading	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	1672|1672年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar
The owners of bank money being then all eager to draw it out of the bank, in order to have it in their own keeping, the demand for receipts might raise their price to an exorbitant height.	銀行貨幣の所有者は、そのとき、それを自分の手元に置くために、銀行から引き出そうと躍起になるため、領収書の需要がその価格を法外な高さにまで引き上げるかもしれない。	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	draw|引き出す|verb|take out	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	keep|手元に置く|verb|have or retain possession of	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is required or asked for something	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high
The holders of them might form extravagant expectations, and, instead of two or three per cent.	その所有者は法外な期待を抱き、二、三パーセントどころか、	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	form|抱く|verb|to create or produce	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case	instead of|どころか|adverb|as an alternative to; rather than	two or three|二、三|adjective|two or three	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
demand half the bank money for which credit had been given upon the deposits that the receipts had respectively been granted for.	領収書がそれぞれ発行された預金に対して信用を与えられた銀行貨幣の半分を要求するかもしれない。	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money issued by a bank	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	respectively|それぞれ|adverb|separately or individually and in the order already mentioned	grant|発行する|verb|give or allow officially or formally
The enemy, informed of the constitution of the bank, might even buy them up, in order to prevent the carrying away of the treasure.	銀行の体制を知らされた敵は、資金の持ち出しを阻止するために、それらを買い占めるかもしれない。	constitution|体制|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	inform|知らせる|verb|give (someone) facts or information	treasure|資金|noun|a collection of valuable things	carry away|持ち出す|verb|take away	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep or stop from happening	buy up|買い占める|verb|buy all or as much as possible of
In such emergencies, the bank, it is supposed, would break through its ordinary rule of making payment only to the holders of receipts.	このような緊急事態では、銀行は領収書の所有者にのみ支払いを行うという通常のルールを破るだろうと考えられる。	emergency|緊急事態|noun|a situation that poses an immediate risk to health, life, property, or environment	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	break through|破る|verb|go beyond the limits of	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rule|ルール|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	receipt|領収書|noun|a written statement that you have received something	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
The holders of receipts, who had no bank money, must have received within two or three per cent.	銀行貨幣を持たない領収書の所有者は、二、三パーセント以内で受け取ったに違いない。	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	two or three|二、三|adjective|two or three	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
of the value of the deposit for which their respective receipts had been granted.	それぞれの領収書が発行された預金の価値の。	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	deposit|預金|noun|a sum of money placed or kept in a bank account, usually to gain interest	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified article or sum of money has been received	grant|発行する|verb|give or allow (something) to someone, especially in a formal or official way
The bank, therefore, it is said, would in this case make no scruple of paying, either with money or bullion, the full value of what the owners of bank money, who could get no receipts, were credited for in its books;	したがって、この場合、銀行は、領収書を受け取ることができない銀行貨幣の所有者がその帳簿に記入された金額の全額を、貨幣または地金で支払うことに何のためらいも持たないだろうと言われている。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	make no scruple of|ためらいなく|verb|do something without hesitation	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	receipt|領収書|noun|a written statement that you have received money or goods	book|帳簿|noun|a set of blank or ruled pages bound together between two covers
paying, at the same time, two or three per cent.	同時に、二、三パーセントを支払う。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	two or three|二、三|adjective|two or three	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
to such holders of receipts as had no bank money, that being the whole value which, in this state of things, could justly be supposed due to them.	銀行貨幣を持たない領収書の所有者に対して、この状況では、彼らに支払われるべき正当な価値のすべてである。	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank	whole value|全価値|noun|the total value of something	justly|正当に|adverb|in a fair and just way	be supposed|支払われるべき|verb|be expected or required to do something	due to|正当な|adjective|caused by or resulting from something

Even in ordinary and quiet times, it is the interest of the holders of receipts to depress the agio, in order either to buy bank money (and consequently the bullion which their receipts would then enable them to take out of the bank ) so much cheaper, or to sell their receipts to those who have bank money, and who want to take out bullion, so much dearer;	平常の平穏な時期でさえ、銀行貨幣(そしてその結果として、領収書によって銀行から取り出せる地金)をより安く買うため、あるいは銀行貨幣を持っていて地金を取り出したい人に領収書をより高く売るために、アジオを下げることは領収書の所有者の利益になる。	even in|でさえ|adverb|also; as well; in addition	ordinary|平常の|adjective|normal or usual	quiet|平穏な|adjective|making little or no noise	time|時期|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	holder|所有者|noun|a person who holds something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written or printed statement acknowledging that a specified sum of money has been received	depress|下げる|verb|push or pull down	agio|アジオ|noun|the percentage of premium on a foreign bill of exchange	order|ため|noun|a command, direction, or instruction	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	consequently|その結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight	take out|取り出す|verb|remove from a place	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	dear|高く|adjective|high in price
the price of a receipt being generally equal to the difference between the market price of bank money and that of the coin or bullion for which the receipt had been granted.	領収書の価格は、一般的に銀行貨幣の市場価格と領収書が発行された貨幣または地金の市場価格の差に等しい。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	difference|差|noun|the state or relation of being different	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight
It is the interest of the owners of bank money, on the contrary, to raise the agio, in order either to sell their bank money so much dearer, or to buy a receipt so much cheaper.	逆に、銀行貨幣の所有者にとっては、銀行貨幣をより高く売るか、領収書をより安く買うために、アジオを上げることが利益になる。	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	interest|利益|noun|a financial advantage or benefit	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	agio|アジオ|noun|the difference between the value of bank money and that of the coin of which it is the representative	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	receipt|領収書|noun|a written or printed statement acknowledging that a specified sum of money has been received	cheaper|より安い|adjective|low in price or value
To prevent the stock-jobbing tricks which those opposite interests might sometimes occasion, the bank has of late years come to the resolution, to sell at all times bank money for currency at five per cent.	これらの相反する利害が時折引き起こす株の売買の策略を防ぐために、銀行は近年、いつでも銀行貨幣を5パーセントで通貨に売却するという決議に至った。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	stock-jobbing|株の売買|noun|the buying and selling of stocks	trick|策略|noun|a clever or skillful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit	opposite|相反する|adjective|being in a position across from something else	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	late years|近年|noun|the years that have passed recently	come to|至る|verb|reach a certain point	resolution|決議|noun|a firm decision to do or not to do something	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	five percent|5パーセント|noun|a proportion of five parts in every hundred
agio, and to buy it in again at four per cent.	アジオ、そして4パーセントで買い戻す。	agio|アジオ|noun|the difference between the value of a currency and the value of the metal it contains	buy|買い戻す|verb|obtain in exchange for money
agio.	アジオ。	agio|アジオ|noun|the difference between the value of a currency and the value of the metal it contains
In consequence of this resolution, the agio can never either rise above five, or sink below four per cent.; and the proportion between the market price of bank and that of current money is kept at all times very near the proportion between their intrinsic values.	この決議の結果、アジオは5パーセントを超えて上昇することも、4パーセントを下回って下落することもできない。そして、銀行の市場価格と流通貨幣の市場価格の比率は、常にその本質的価値の比率に非常に近い値に保たれている。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	resolution|決議|noun|a formal expression of opinion or intention agreed on by a majority in a meeting of a legislative or deliberative assembly	agio|アジオ|noun|the difference between the value of bank money and that of the current coin of the same denomination	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	sink|下落する|verb|go down	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a commodity is currently selling or is expected to sell in the market	current money|流通貨幣|noun|money that is in circulation	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	intrinsic value|本質的価値|noun|the value of something in itself, without regard to its market value
Before this resolution was taken, the market price of bank money used sometimes to rise so high as nine per cent.	この決議が採択される前は、銀行貨幣の市場価格は時折9パーセントにも上昇した。	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	resolution|決議|noun|a formal expression of opinion or intention agreed on by a group	take|採択される|verb|adopt or accept	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	nine percent|9パーセント|noun|a percentage of nine
agio, and sometimes to sink so low as par, according as opposite interests happened to influence the market.	アジオ、そして時折、相反する利害が市場に影響を与えるにつれて、額面まで下落した。	agio|アジオ|noun|the difference between the value of a currency and the value of the metal it contains	sink|下落する|verb|go down or cause to go down	par|額面|noun|the value of a security or currency as indicated on its face	opposite|相反する|adjective|being the other of a pair of opposite things	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold

The bank of Amsterdam professes to lend out no part of what is deposited with it, but for every guilder for which it gives credit in its books, to keep in its repositories the value of a guilder either in money or bullion.	アムステルダム銀行は、預けられたものの一部を貸し出すのではなく、帳簿に貸し付けたギルダーごとに、金庫にギルダーの価値を貨幣または地金で保管すると公言している。	The bank of Amsterdam|アムステルダム銀行|noun|a bank in Amsterdam	profess|公言する|verb|declare openly	lend out|貸し出す|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	no part of|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	what is deposited|預けられたもの|noun|something that is put in a bank account	but for|ごとに|preposition|except for	every guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	for which|に対して|preposition|in exchange for	it gives credit|貸し付ける|verb|allow someone to have money or goods now and pay later	in its books|帳簿に|noun|a book in which a bank or business records its financial transactions	to keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	in its repositories|金庫に|noun|a place where things are stored	the value of|価値|noun|the worth of something	a guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	either in|貨幣または|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	or|または|conjunction|used to connect two alternatives	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
That it keeps in its repositories all the money or bullion for which there are receipts in force for which it is at all times liable to be called upon, and which in reality is continually going from it, and returning to it again, cannot well be doubted.	いつでも請求される可能性のある、有効な領収書があるすべての貨幣または地金を金庫に保管していること、そして実際にはそれが絶えず銀行から出て行き、また戻ってきていることは、疑う余地がない。	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	repository|金庫|noun|a place where things are stored	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight	receipt|領収書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified amount of money has been received	force|有効な|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	liable|請求される|adjective|responsible by law; legally answerable	reality|実際に|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	doubt|疑う|verb|be uncertain about
But whether it does so likewise with regard to that part of its capital for which the receipts are long ago expired, for which, in ordinary and quiet times, it cannot be called upon, and which, in reality, is very likely to remain with it for ever, or as long as the states of the United Provinces subsist, may perhaps appear more uncertain.	しかし、領収書がずっと前に期限切れになった資本の部分に関しても同様にそうしているかどうか、通常の平穏な時期には請求できないし、実際には永遠に、あるいは連合州が存続する限り、銀行に残る可能性が非常に高いため、おそらくもっと不確実に見える。	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	receipt|領収書|noun|a written or printed statement acknowledging that a specified sum of money has been received	expire|期限切れになる|verb|come to an end	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	quiet|平穏な|adjective|making little or no noise	call upon|請求する|verb|ask for help or support from	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	forever|永遠に|adverb|for all future time; for always	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
At Amsterdam, however, no point of faith is better established than that, for every guilder circulated as bank money, there is a correspondent guilder in gold or silver to be found in the treasures of the bank.	しかし、アムステルダムでは、銀行貨幣として流通しているギルダーごとに、銀行の宝物の中に金や銀の対応するギルダーがあるという信念ほど確立されたものはない。	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	faith|信念|noun|complete trust or confidence in someone or something	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be widely known or accepted	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic monetary unit of the Netherlands	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank account	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
The city is guarantee that it should be so.	市はそうあるべきだと保証している。	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	guarantee|保証する|verb|to give a formal assurance of the quality, performance, or occurrence of	should|べきだ|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness
The bank is under the direction of the four reigning burgomasters who are changed every year.	銀行は、毎年交代する4人の現職の市長の指揮下にある。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	under the direction of|の指揮下にある|noun phrase|under the control or guidance of	four|4人|numeral|the number 4	reigning|現職の|adjective|currently holding office	burgomaster|市長|noun|the chief magistrate of a city in the Netherlands or Germany	every year|毎年|noun phrase|each year
Each new set of burgomasters visits the treasure, compares it with the books, receives it upon oath, and delivers it over, with the same awful solemnity to the set which succeeds;	市長の新しい一団はそれぞれ宝物を訪れ、それを帳簿と照合し、宣誓のもとで受け取り、同じく厳粛な態度で後任の一団に引き渡す。	set|一団|noun|a group of people with a shared interest	burgomaster|市長|noun|the chief magistrate of a city in the Netherlands or Flanders	visit|訪れる|verb|go to see someone or something	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	compare|照合する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	book|帳簿|noun|a set of sheets of paper, parchment, or similar materials that are fastened together to hinge at one side	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	oath|宣誓|noun|a solemn promise, often invoking a deity or other witness	deliver|引き渡す|verb|take or send something to a destination	awful|厳粛な|adjective|very bad or serious	solemnity|態度|noun|the state or quality of being serious and dignified
and in that sober and religious country, oaths are not yet disregarded.	そして、その地味で宗教的な国では、宣誓はまだ無視されていない。	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	religious|宗教的な|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	oath|宣誓|noun|a solemn promise, often invoking a deity or other witness	disregard|無視する|verb|pay no attention to; ignore
A rotation of this kind seems alone a sufficient security against any practices which cannot be avowed.	この種の交代だけでも、公言できない行為に対して十分な安全策であるように思われる。	rotation|交代|noun|the action of rotating or the state of being rotated	alone|だけでも|adverb|without any other people or things	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	security|安全策|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	practice|行為|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	avow|公言する|verb|to declare openly, bluntly, and without reservation
Amidst all the revolutions which faction has ever occasioned in the government of Amsterdam, the prevailing party has at no time accused their predecessors of infidelity in the administration of the bank.	アムステルダム政府で派閥が起こしたあらゆる革命の中で、勝利した党は、銀行の運営において前任者を不誠実であると非難したことは一度もない。	amidst|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	faction|派閥|noun|a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group	occasion|起こす|verb|cause or produce	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	prevailing|勝利した|adjective|most frequent or common	party|党|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office	accuse|非難する|verb|charge someone with a crime or offense	predecessor|前任者|noun|a person who held a job or office before the current holder	infidelity|不誠実|noun|unfaithfulness	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people
No accusation could have affected more deeply the reputation and fortune of the disgraced party;	どんな非難も、不名誉な党の評判と運命にこれ以上深く影響を与えることはできなかっただろう。	accusation|非難|noun|a statement that someone has done something wrong	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	deeply|深く|adverb|to a great extent	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	fortune|運命|noun|the future that someone or something will have
and if such an accusation could have been supported, we may be assured that it would have been brought.	そして、もしそのような非難が支持され得たなら、それがなされたであろうことは確かである。	accusation|非難|noun|a statement that someone has done something wrong	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	bring|なす|verb|cause to come or happen
In 1672, when the French king was at Utrecht, the bank of Amsterdam paid so readily, as left no doubt of the fidelity with which it had observed its engagements.	一六七二年、フランス国王がユトレヒトにいたとき、アムステルダム銀行は、その約束を守った忠実さに疑いを残さないほど、すぐに支払った。	1672|一六七二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a country	Utrecht|ユトレヒト|noun|a city in the Netherlands	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	fidelity|忠実さ|noun|the quality of being faithful	engagement|約束|noun|a promise or agreement to do something
Some of the pieces which were then brought from its repositories, appeared to have been scorched with the fire which happened in the town-house soon after the bank was established.	その時、その保管庫から運び出された貨幣の一部は、銀行が設立されて間もなく市庁舎で起こった火事で焦げたように見えた。	some|一部|noun|an unspecified amount or number of	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	repository|保管庫|noun|a place where something is stored	bring|運び出す|verb|take or carry someone or something from one place to another	appear|見えた|verb|be seen or perceived	scorch|焦げる|verb|burn or be burned slightly	fire|火事|noun|the state of burning that produces heat and light	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	soon|間もなく|adverb|in a short time	establish|設立される|verb|set up or start	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money
Those pieces, therefore, must have lain there from that time.	したがって、それらの貨幣は、その時からそこにあったに違いない。	those|それらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	have lain|あった|verb|be in a resting position	there|そこに|adverb|in that place	from|から|preposition|beginning at a particular time in the past

What may be the amount of the treasure in the bank, is a question which has long employed the speculations of the curious.	銀行の宝の量はどれくらいかということは、長い間好奇心旺盛な人々の推測の的となってきた問題である。	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	curious|好奇心旺盛な|adjective|eager to know or learn something
Nothing but conjecture can be offered concerning it.	それについては推測しかできない。	nothing but|しか|adverb|only	conjecture|推測|noun|an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information	can be offered|できる|verb|be able to do something	concerning|について|preposition|with regard to; about
It is generally reckoned, that there are about 2000 people who keep accounts with the bank;	銀行に口座を持っている人は約2000人いると一般に考えられている。	be reckoned|考えられている|verb|be considered to be	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money
and allowing them to have, one with another, the value of £1500 sterling lying upon their respective accounts (a very large allowance), the whole quantity of bank money, and consequently of treasure in the bank, will amount to about £3,000,000 sterling, or, at eleven guilders the pound sterling, 33,000,000 of guilders;	そして、彼らがそれぞれ1500ポンドの価値をそれぞれの口座に預けているとすると(非常に大きな手当)、銀行の貨幣の総量、つまり銀行の宝の総量は約300万ポンド、つまり1ポンド11ギルダーで3300万ギルダーになる。	allow|持つ|verb|to have or possess	one with another|それぞれ|adverb|each with the other	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	lie|預ける|verb|be in a resting position on a supporting surface	account|口座|noun|a record of the financial transactions over a period of time	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, usually to help them pay for the necessities of life	quantity|総量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects	amount|なる|verb|to be equal to or equivalent to	eleven|11|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of ten and one	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic monetary unit of the Netherlands until 2002
a great sum, and sufficient to carry on a very extensive circulation, but vastly below the extravagant ideas which some people have formed of this treasure.	これは大金であり、非常に広範な流通を続けるのに十分な額だが、一部の人々がこの宝について抱いている法外な考えにははるかに及ばない。	a great sum|大金|noun|a large amount of money	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	very extensive|非常に広範な|adjective|covering a wide area	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	vastly|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	below|及ばない|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems

The city of Amsterdam derives a considerable revenue from the bank.	アムステルダム市は銀行からかなりの収入を得ている。	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Besides what may be called the warehouse rent above mentioned, each person, upon first opening an account with the bank, pays a fee of ten guilders;	上記の倉庫賃料とも呼べるもののほかに、各人は銀行に口座を開設する際に10ギルダーの手数料を支払う。	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	what|もの|noun|the thing that	may be called|とも呼べる|verb|can be referred to as	warehouse rent|倉庫賃料|noun|the amount of money paid to use a warehouse	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	each person|各人|noun|every person	upon first opening|開設する際に|verb|when opening for the first time	an account|口座|noun|a record of the money a person has in a bank	with the bank|銀行に|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	pays a fee|手数料を支払う|verb|give money that is owed for a service	ten guilders|10ギルダー|noun|a former monetary unit of the Netherlands
and for every new account, three guilders three stivers;	そして、新しい口座を開設するたびに3ギルダー3スティーバーを支払う。	for every|ごとに|preposition|for each	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	account|口座|noun|a record of the financial transactions of a person or business	three|3|numeral|the number 3	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	three|3|numeral|the number 3	stivers|スティーバー|noun|a former Dutch coin worth one twentieth of a guilder
for every transfer, two stivers;	振替のたびに2スティーバーを支払う。	for every|たびに|preposition|for each	transfer|振替|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	two|2|numeral|one more than one	stivers|スティーバー|noun|a former Dutch coin
and if the transfer is for less than 300 guilders, six stivers, in order to discourage the multiplicity of small transactions.	そして、振替が300ギルダー未満の場合は、小額取引の多発を阻止するために6スティーバーを支払う。	transfer|振替|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic unit of money in the Netherlands	six|6|numeral|the number 6	stivers|スティーバー|noun|a former Dutch coin	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	multiplicity|多発|noun|the state of being numerous	small|小額|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something
The person who neglects to balance his account twice in the year, forfeits twenty-five guilders.	年に2回口座の残高調整を怠った人は、25ギルダーを没収される。	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	balance|調整する|verb|make or become balanced	account|口座|noun|a record of financial transactions	twice|2回|adverb|two times	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of something by way of penalty
The person who orders a transfer for more than is upon his account, is obliged to pay three per cent.	自分の口座にある金額以上の振替を命じた人は、3パーセントを支払う義務がある。	order|命じる|verb|give an authoritative command or instruction to do something	transfer|振替|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	account|口座|noun|a record of financial transactions	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something by law or contract	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	three|3|noun|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
for the sum overdrawn, and his order is set aside into the bargain.	超過した金額に対して、そして彼の命令は取り消される。	for|に対して|preposition|in exchange for	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	overdrawn|超過した|adjective|having drawn more money from a bank account than is in it	set aside|取り消される|verb|cancel or disregard
The bank is supposed, too, to make a considerable profit by the sale of the foreign coin or bullion which sometimes falls to it by the expiring of receipts, and which is always kept till it can be sold with advantage.	銀行はまた、受領証の期限切れによって時々手に入る外国貨幣や地金の売却によってかなりの利益を上げていると思われ、それは有利に売却できるまで常に保管されている。	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	make a profit|利益を上げる|verb|to gain money	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	foreign coin|外国貨幣|noun|a coin from another country	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	receipt|受領証|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified article or sum of money has been received	expire|期限切れ|verb|to come to an end	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	fall to|手に入る|verb|to become the responsibility of	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	keep|保管する|verb|to have or retain possession of	till|まで|preposition|up to the time of	can be sold|売却できる|verb|to be able to be sold	with advantage|有利に|adverb|in a way that is beneficial
It makes a profit, likewise, by selling bank money at five per cent.	同様に、銀行貨幣を5パーセントで売却することで利益を上げている。	make a profit|利益を上げる|verb|to gain money from a transaction	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	sell|売却する|verb|to give or hand over in exchange for money	bank money|銀行貨幣|noun|money that is held in a bank	five percent|5パーセント|noun|a proportion of five parts in every hundred
agio, and buying it in at four.	アジオ、そして4時にそれを買い取る。	agio|アジオ|noun|the difference between the value of a currency and the value of the metal it contains	buy in|買い取る|verb|buy something that you have previously sold
These different emoluments amount to a good deal more than what is necessary for paying the salaries of officers, and defraying the expense of management.	これらのさまざまな報酬は、役員の給与を支払い、管理費を賄うのに必要な額をはるかに上回る。	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	good deal|はるかに|noun|a large amount	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	officer|役員|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
What is paid for the keeping of bullion upon receipts, is alone supposed to amount to a neat annual revenue of between 150,000 and 200,000 guilders.	受領書に従って地金を保管するために支払われる金額だけでも、年間15万から20万ギルダーの純収入になるとされている。	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	receipt|受領書|noun|a written acknowledgment that a specified article or sum of money has been received	keeping|保管|noun|the action of keeping something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	amount|金額|noun|a quantity of money	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	revenue|収入|noun|income	between|から|preposition|in the interval separating	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic monetary unit of the Netherlands
Public utility, however, and not revenue, was the original object of this institution.	しかし、この制度の本来の目的には収入ではなく、公共の利益があった。	public utility|公共の利益|noun|a service or business that is considered essential for the general public	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	original object|本来の目的|noun|the original purpose or intention	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
Its object was to relieve the merchants from the inconvenience of a disadvantageous exchange.	その目的は、不利な交換の不便から商人を救済することだった。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	relieve|救済する|verb|make less severe or serious	inconvenience|不便|noun|the state of being inconvenient	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return
The revenue which has arisen from it was unforeseen, and may be considered as accidental.	それから生じた収入は予期せぬものであり、偶然と考えることができる。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	unforeseen|予期せぬ|adjective|not anticipated or expected	accidental|偶然|adjective|happening by chance or accident
But it is now time to return from this long digression, into which I have been insensibly led, in endeavouring to explain the reasons why the exchange between the countries which pay in what is called bank money, and those which pay in common currency, should generally appear to be in favour of the former, and against the latter.	しかし、銀行貨幣と呼ばれるもので支払う国と、普通の通貨で支払う国との間の為替が、一般的に前者に有利で後者に不利に見える理由を説明しようとして、いつの間にか長々と脱線してしまったので、そろそろ本題に戻ろう。	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	digression|脱線|noun|a departure from the main subject in speech or writing	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to
The former pay in a species of money, of which the intrinsic value is always the same, and exactly agreeable to the standard of their respective mints;	前者は、内在価値が常に同じで、それぞれの造幣局の基準に正確に従っている貨幣で支払う。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	species|種類|noun|a category of biological classification ranking immediately below a genus or subgenus	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	intrinsic value|内在価値|noun|the value of something in and of itself	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	agreeable|従っている|adjective|able to be accepted; satisfactory	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined
the latter is a species of money, of which the intrinsic value is continually varying, and is almost always more or less below that standard.	後者は、内在価値が絶えず変化し、ほとんど常にその基準を多少下回っている貨幣である。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	species|種類|noun|a category of biological classification ranking immediately below a genus or subgenus	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	intrinsic value|内在価値|noun|the value of something in and of itself	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always; most of the time	more or less|多少|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	below|下回る|preposition|in a lower place than	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example

PART II.—Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints, upon other Principles.	第二部他の原理に基づくこれらの異常な制限の不合理性について	PART II|第二部|noun|the second part of something	unreasonableness|不合理性|noun|the quality or state of being unreasonable	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning

In the foregoing part of this chapter, I have endeavoured to show, even upon the principles of the commercial system, how unnecessary it is to lay extraordinary restraints upon the importation of goods from those countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous.	この章の前半では、貿易収支が不利とされる国からの輸入に異常な制限を課すことが、商業システムの原則に照らしてもいかに不必要であるかを明らかにしようとした。	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	show|示す|verb|make visible or noticeable	even|～でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behaviour, or for a chain of reasoning	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	lay|課す|verb|put or place	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a specific group of people or things	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable

Nothing, however, can be more absurd than this whole doctrine of the balance of trade, upon which, not only these restraints, but almost all the other regulations of commerce, are founded.	しかし、これらの制限だけでなく、他のほとんどすべての商業規制の根拠となっている貿易収支の教義全体ほど馬鹿げたものはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
When two places trade with one another, this doctrine supposes that, if the balance be even, neither of them either loses or gains;	二つの場所が互いに貿易を行う場合、この教義では、収支が均衡していれば、どちらも損も得もしないと想定している。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of debits and credits in an account	even|均衡している|adjective|level or smooth	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	lose|損する|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure
but if it leans in any degree to one side, that one of them loses, and the other gains, in proportion to its declension from the exact equilibrium.	しかし、どちらか一方に傾くと、正確な均衡からずれた分だけ、一方が損失を被り、他方が利益を得るとしている。	lean|傾く|verb|be in or move into a sloping position	one side|一方|noun|one of two or more parts or aspects of something	lose|損失を被る|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	gain|利益を得る|verb|obtain or secure an increase in	proportion|ずれた分だけ|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	declension|ずれる|noun|a change to a lower or worse state or level	equilibrium|均衡|noun|a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced
Both suppositions are false.	どちらの仮定も間違っている。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two; the one and the other	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis that is taken for granted	false|間違っている|adjective|not true or correct
A trade, which is forced by means of bounties and monopolies, may be, and commonly is, disadvantageous to the country in whose favour it is meant to be established, as I shall endeavour to show hereafter.	賞金や独占によって強制される貿易は、その国に不利になる可能性があり、また通常は不利になる。このことは、後で説明する。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|unfavourable	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	favour|賛成する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	hereafter|以後|adverb|from now on
But that trade which, without force or constraint, is naturally and regularly carried on between any two places, is always advantageous, though not always equally so, to both.	しかし、強制や制約なしに、自然に、そして定期的に二つの場所の間で行われるような貿易は、常に両者に利益をもたらす。	force|強制|noun|the use of physical or mental strength to make someone do something	constraint|制約|noun|a limiting condition or measure	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	advantageous|利益をもたらす|adjective|to one's benefit	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things just mentioned

By advantage or gain, I understand, not the increase of the quantity of gold and silver, but that of the exchangeable value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, or the increase of the annual revenue of its inhabitants.	利益や利得とは、金や銀の量の増加ではなく、その国の土地と労働の年間生産物の交換価値の増加、あるいはその住民の年間収入の増加であると私は理解している。	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	gain|利得|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	annual revenue|年間収入|noun|the income that a person or organization receives in one year

If the balance be even, and if the trade between the two places consist altogether in the exchange of their native commodities, they will, upon most occasions, not only both gain, but they will gain equally, or very nearly equally;	均衡がとれていて、二つの場所の間の貿易がすべて自国の産物の交換で成り立っている場合、ほとんどの場合、両国とも利益を得るだけでなく、平等に、あるいはほぼ平等に利益を得ることになる。	balance|均衡|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	be even|とれている|verb|be level or smooth	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	between|間|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	native|自国の|adjective|belonging to a particular place by birth	commodity|産物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	both|両国とも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	gain|利益を得る|verb|obtain or win something	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost
each will, in this case, afford a market for a part of the surplus produce of the other;	この場合、それぞれが他方の余剰生産物の一部の市場を提供することになる。	each|それぞれ|pronoun|every one of two or more people or things	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do something without causing problems	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
each will replace a capital which had been employed in raising and preparing for the market this part of the surplus produce of the other, and which had been distributed among, and given revenue and maintenance to, a certain number of its inhabitants.	それぞれが、他方の余剰生産物のこの部分を市場に供給するために使われ、一定数の住民に分配され、収入と維持を与えていた資本を補填することになる。	each|それぞれ|pronoun|every one of two or more people or things	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使われる|verb|use	raise|供給する|verb|cause to rise	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
Some part of the inhabitants of each, therefore, will directly derive their revenue and maintenance from the other.	したがって、それぞれの住民の一部は、収入と維持を他方から直接得ることになる。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something
As the commodities exchanged, too, are supposed to be of equal value, so the two capitals employed in the trade will, upon most occasions, be equal, or very nearly equal;	交換される商品も等価であると考えられるので、貿易に投入される二つの資本は、ほとんどの場合、等しいか、ほぼ等しいことになる。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost
and both being employed in raising the native commodities of the two countries, the revenue and maintenance which their distribution will afford to the inhabitants of each will be equal, or very nearly equal.	そして、両方とも二つの国の自国産品を生産するために使われるので、その分配がそれぞれの住民に与える収入と維持は等しいか、ほぼ等しいことになる。	both|両方とも|pronoun|the two people or things mentioned	be employed in|使われるので|verb|be used for	raising|生産するために|verb|cause to grow or increase	native|自国産品|adjective|belonging to a particular place	commodity|産品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	afford|与える|verb|be able to do or have something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost
This revenue and maintenance, thus mutually afforded, will be greater or smaller, in proportion to the extent of their dealings.	このように相互に与えられる収入と維持は、取引の規模に比例して大きくなったり小さくなったりする。	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	mutually|相互に|adverb|in a mutual manner	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do or have something	greater|大きくなる|adjective|larger	smaller|小さくなる|adjective|less large	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	extent|規模|noun|the size or scale of something	dealings|取引|noun|the actions or processes of doing business
If these should annually amount to £100,000, for example, or to £1,000,000, on each side, each of them will afford an annual revenue, in the one case, of £100,000, and, in the other, of £1,000,000, to the inhabitants of the other.	例えば、これが毎年両国で10万ポンド、あるいは100万ポンドに達するとすれば、一方は他方の住民に年間10万ポンドの収入を与え、他方は他方の住民に年間100万ポンドの収入を与えることになる。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	£100,000|10万ポンド|noun|one hundred thousand pounds	£1,000,000|100万ポンド|noun|one million pounds	each side|両国|noun|both sides	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	annual revenue|年間収入|noun|the income that a person or organization receives each year	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place

If their trade should be of such a nature, that one of them exported to the other nothing but native commodities, while the returns of that other consisted altogether in foreign goods;	もし、一方が他国に自国産品だけを輸出し、他国からの返品はすべて外国製品で構成されるような貿易であれば、	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	native|自国産|adjective|belonging to a particular place by birth	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	return|返品|noun|an act of returning something	foreign|外国|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own
the balance, in this case, would still be supposed even, commodities being paid for with commodities.	この場合でも、商品は商品で支払われるので、収支は均衡していると考えられる。	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for goods or services
They would, in this case too, both gain, but they would not gain equally;	この場合も両国とも利益を得るが、平等に利益を得るわけではない。	in this case|この場合|noun|in the situation that is being discussed	too|も|adverb|also; as well	both|両国とも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	gain|利益を得る|verb|obtain or win something	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just
and the inhabitants of the country which exported nothing but native commodities, would derive the greatest revenue from the trade.	そして、自国産品だけを輸出する国の住民は、貿易から最大の収入を得ることになる。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	nothing but|だけ|adverb|only	native|自国産の|adjective|belonging to a particular place	commodity|品物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
If England, for example, should import from France nothing but the native commodities of that country, and not having such commodities of its own as were in demand there, should annually repay them by sending thither a large quantity of foreign goods, tobacco, we shall suppose, and East India goods;	例えば、イギリスがフランスからその国の自国産品だけを輸入し、そこで需要のある自国産品を持たない場合、毎年大量の外国製品、タバコ、東インド製品を送って返済するとしよう。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	native|自国産の|adjective|belonging to a particular place	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	foreign|外国の|adjective|belonging to a country or language other than one's own	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia
this trade, though it would give some revenue to the inhabitants of both countries, would give more to those of France than to those of England.	この貿易は、両国の住民にある程度の収入をもたらすだろうが、イギリスの住民よりもフランスの住民に多くの収入をもたらすだろう。	this trade|この貿易|noun|the trade being discussed	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	give|もたらす|verb|cause to have or receive	some revenue|ある程度の収入|noun|a certain amount of money	inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	both countries|両国|noun|the two countries being discussed	more|より多く|adjective|a greater amount or number	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe
The whole French capital annually employed in it would annually be distributed among the people of France; but that part of the English capital only, which was employed in producing the English commodities with which those foreign goods were purchased, would be annually distributed among the people of England.	毎年それに投入されるフランスの資本全体は、毎年フランス国民に分配されるだろうが、イギリスの資本のうち、それらの外国製品を購入するために使用されたイギリス製品の生産に投入された部分だけが、毎年イギリス国民に分配されるだろう。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	commodity|製品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	purchase|購入|verb|buy	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people
The greater part of it would replace the capitals which had been employed in Virginia, Indostan, and China, and which had given revenue and maintenance to the inhabitants of those distant countries.	その大部分は、バージニア、インドスタン、中国で使われていた資本に取って代わり、それらの遠い国の住民に収入と維持を与えていた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使われる|verb|use	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of North America	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition
If the capitals were equal, or nearly equal, therefore, this employment of the French capital would augment much more the revenue of the people of France, than that of the English capital would the revenue of the people of England.	したがって、資本が等しいか、ほぼ等しい場合、フランスの資本のこの雇用は、イギリスの資本の雇用がイギリスの人々の収入を増やすよりも、フランスの人々の収入をはるかに増やすだろう。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
France would, in this case, carry on a direct foreign trade of consumption with England; whereas England would carry on a round-about trade of the same kind with France.	この場合、フランスはイギリスと直接的な消費貿易を行うが、イギリスはフランスと同様な迂回貿易を行うことになる。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	round-about|迂回|adjective|not direct	trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries
The different effects of a capital employed in the direct, and of one employed in the round-about foreign trade of consumption, have already been fully explained.	直接的な消費貿易に投入される資本と、迂回的な消費貿易に投入される資本の異なる効果については、すでに十分に説明した。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	direct|直接的な|adjective|involving no intermediary	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	round-about|迂回的な|adjective|not direct	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand

There is not, probably, between any two countries, a trade which consists altogether in the exchange, either of native commodities on both sides, or of native commodities on one side, and of foreign goods on the other.	おそらく、二国間の貿易で、双方とも国産品同士の交換、あるいは一方が国産品で他方が外国製品という交換だけで成り立っている貿易は存在しないだろう。	There is not|存在しない|verb|not exist	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	any two countries|二国間|noun|between two countries	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	altogether|だけで|adverb|completely; totally	consist in|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	native commodities|国産品|noun|goods that are produced in a particular country	on both sides|双方とも|adverb|on or from both sides	on one side|一方|adverb|on or from one side	on the other|他方|adverb|on or from the other side	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods that are produced in a foreign country
Almost all countries exchange with one another, partly native and partly foreign goods.	ほとんどすべての国が、一部は国産品、一部は外国製品を互いに交換している。	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent	native|国産の|adjective|belonging to a particular place	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own
That country, however, in whose cargoes there is the greatest proportion of native, and the least of foreign goods, will always be the principal gainer.	しかし、貨物に占める国産品の割合が最も大きく、外国製品の割合が最も小さい国は、常に主な利益を得ることになる。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	native|国産|adjective|belonging to a particular place by birth	foreign|外国|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; ever	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	gainer|利益を得る|noun|a person who makes a profit

If it was not with tobacco and East India goods, but with gold and silver, that England paid for the commodities annually imported from France, the balance, in this case, would be supposed uneven, commodities not being paid for with commodities, but with gold and silver.	もしイギリスがフランスから毎年輸入する商品の代金を、タバコや東インド産品ではなく、金銀で支払っていたら、この場合、商品の代金が商品ではなく金銀で支払われているので、収支は不均衡になると考えられる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	uneven|不均衡|adjective|not level or smooth	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable
The trade, however, would in this case, as in the foregoing, give some revenue to the inhabitants of both countries, but more to those of France than to those of England.	しかし、この場合も前述の場合と同様に、貿易は両国の住民に収入をもたらすだろうが、イギリスの住民よりもフランスの住民に多くの収入をもたらすだろう。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	give|もたらす|verb|cause to have or receive	revenue|収入|noun|income	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
It would give some revenue to those of England.	それはイギリスの住民に収入をもたらすだろう。	give|もたらす|verb|cause to have or receive	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
The capital which had been employed in producing the English goods that purchased this gold and silver, the capital which had been distributed among, and given revenue to, certain inhabitants of England, would thereby be replaced, and enabled to continue that employment.	この金銀を購入したイギリス製品の生産に使われていた資本、イギリスの特定の住民に分配され、収入を与えていた資本は、それによって置き換えられ、その雇用を継続することが可能になるだろう。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使う|verb|use or engage	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	revenue|収入|noun|income	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process
The whole capital of England would no more be diminished by this exportation of gold and silver, than by the exportation of an equal value of any other goods.	イギリスの全資本は、金銀の輸出によって減少することはなく、他のどの商品の輸出によっても減少することはない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
On the contrary, it would, in most cases, be augmented.	それどころか、ほとんどの場合、増加するだろう。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually; more often than not	be augmented|増加する|verb|be made greater or more intense
No goods are sent abroad but those for which the demand is supposed to be greater abroad than at home, and of which the returns, consequently, it is expected, will be of more value at home than the commodities exported.	海外に送られる商品は、国内よりも海外での需要が大きいと思われるものだけであり、その結果、国内での価値が輸出された商品よりも高くなると期待されるものだけである。	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	return|収益|noun|the value of a good or service that is received in exchange for something else	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
If the tobacco which in England is worth only £100,000, when sent to France, will purchase wine which is in England worth £110,000, the exchange will augment the capital of England by £10,000.	イギリスで10万ポンドの価値しかないタバコをフランスに送ったとき、イギリスで11万ポンドの価値があるワインを購入するとしたら、この交換によってイギリスの資本は1万ポンド増加することになる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
If £100,000 of English gold, in the same manner, purchase French wine, which in England is worth £110,000, this exchange will equally augment the capital of England by £10,000.	同様に、10万ポンドのイギリスの金で、イギリスで11万ポンドの価値があるフランスワインを購入するとしたら、この交換によってイギリスの資本は1万ポンド増加することになる。	£100,000|10万ポンド|noun|one hundred thousand pounds	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	in England|イギリスで|adverb|in the country of England	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a specified value	£110,000|11万ポンド|noun|one hundred ten thousand pounds	this exchange|この交換|noun|the act of exchanging one thing for another	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	the capital of England|イギリスの資本|noun|the city that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region
As a merchant, who has £110,000 worth of wine in his cellar, is a richer man than he who has only £100,000 worth of tobacco in his warehouse, so is he likewise a richer man than he who has only £100,000 worth of gold in his coffers.	地下室に11万ポンドのワインを持っている商人は、倉庫に10万ポンドのタバコしか持っていない商人よりも裕福であるように、金庫に10万ポンドの金しか持っていない商人よりも裕福である。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	cellar|地下室|noun|a room below ground level in a house	worth|価値|noun|the value of something	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	richer|裕福|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets
He can put into motion a greater quantity of industry, and give revenue, maintenance, and employment, to a greater number of people, than either of the other two.	彼は、他の2人よりも多くの産業を動かし、より多くの人々に収入、維持費、雇用を与えることができる。	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a present	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	two|2|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one
But the capital of the country is equal to the capital of all its different inhabitants;	しかし、その国の資本は、その国のすべての住民の資本に等しい。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status
and the quantity of industry which can be annually maintained in it is equal to what all those different capitals can maintain.	そして、その国で毎年維持できる産業の量は、それらの異なる資本が維持できる量に等しい。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Both the capital of the country, therefore, and the quantity of industry which can be annually maintained in it, must generally be augmented by this exchange.	したがって、その国の資本と、その国で毎年維持できる産業の量は、この交換によって一般的に増加するはずである。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue	exchange|交換|noun|an act of giving one thing and receiving another in return
It would, indeed, be more advantageous for England that it could purchase the wines of France with its own hardware and broad cloth, than with either the tobacco of Virginia, or the gold and silver of Brazil and Peru.	実際、イギリスにとって、バージニアのタバコやブラジルやペルーの金銀よりも、自国の金物や布でフランスのワインを購入できる方が有利であろう。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the U.S.	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	hardware|金物|noun|metal goods	broad cloth|布|noun|a kind of cloth	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant that is smoked	gold|金|noun|a precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grape juice
A direct foreign trade of consumption is always more advantageous than a round-about one.	直接的な消費のための対外貿易は、遠回りの貿易よりも常に有利である。	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct; circuitous
But a round-about foreign trade of consumption, which is carried on with gold and silver, does not seem to be less advantageous than any other equally round-about one.	しかし、金銀で行われるような遠回りの消費のための対外貿易は、他の同様に遠回りの貿易よりも不利であるようには見えない。	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	seem|見えない|verb|appear to be	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct
Neither is a country which has no mines, more likely to be exhausted of gold and silver by this annual exportation of those metals, than one which does not grow tobacco by the like annual exportation of that plant.	鉱山のない国は、金銀を毎年輸出することで金銀が枯渇する可能性は、タバコを栽培していない国がタバコを毎年輸出することで枯渇する可能性よりも高くない。	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	annual|毎年|adjective|happening or done once every year	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site, absorbing water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed
As a country which has wherewithal to buy tobacco will never be long in want of it, so neither will one be long in want of gold and silver which has wherewithal to purchase those metals.	タバコを買うための資金がある国が、タバコを長く欠乏することがないように、金銀を購入するための資金がある国が、金銀を長く欠乏することもない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	want|欠乏|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)

It is a losing trade, it is said, which a workman carries on with the alehouse;	労働者が居酒屋で行う取引は損失を伴う取引だと言われている。	losing trade|損失を伴う取引|noun|a trade that results in a loss	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	alehouse|居酒屋|noun|a place where beer and other drinks are sold and drunk
and the trade which a manufacturing nation would naturally carry on with a wine country, may be considered as a trade of the same nature.	そして、製造業国がワイン生産国と自然に行う貿易は、同じ性質の貿易と考えることができる。	manufacturing nation|製造業国|noun|a country that has a lot of manufacturing industries	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	wine country|ワイン生産国|noun|a country that produces a lot of wine	same nature|同じ性質|noun|having the same characteristics
I answer, that the trade with the alehouse is not necessarily a losing trade.	私は、居酒屋との取引は必ずしも損失を伴う取引ではないと答える。	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	alehouse|居酒屋|noun|a place where beer and other drinks are sold and drunk	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	losing|損失を伴う|adjective|failing to win or to make a profit
In its own nature it is just as advantageous as any other, though, perhaps, somewhat more liable to be abused.	その性質上、他の取引と同じくらい有利だが、おそらく、多少乱用されやすい。	in its own nature|その性質上|adverb|by its very nature	just as|同じくらい|adverb|to the same extent or degree	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	liable|しやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	abused|乱用される|verb|use something to bad effect or for a bad purpose
The employment of a brewer, and even that of a retailer of fermented liquors, are as necessary divisions of labour as any other.	醸造業者の雇用、さらには発酵酒の小売業者の雇用は、他の分業と同じくらい必要な分業である。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person who sells goods in small quantities directly to consumers	fermented liquor|発酵酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force
It will generally be more advantageous for a workman to buy of the brewer the quantity he has occasion for, than to brew it himself;	労働者にとって、必要な量を自分で醸造するよりも、醸造業者から買う方が一般的に有利である。	be advantageous|有利である|verb|to be favorable or beneficial	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	occasion|必要な量|noun|a particular time or event	brew|醸造する|verb|to make beer
and if he is a poor workman, it will generally be more advantageous for him to buy it by little and little of the retailer, than a large quantity of the brewer.	そして、もし彼が貧しい労働者なら、醸造業者から大量に買うよりも、小売業者から少しずつ買う方が一般的に有利である。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	retailer|小売業者|noun|a business or person that sells goods to the general public	large quantity|大量|noun|a lot of something	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person or company that makes beer
He may no doubt buy too much of either, as he may of any other dealers in his neighbourhood;	彼は、近所の他の業者から買う場合と同じように、どちらからも買いすぎることがあるのは間違いない。	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	too much|買いすぎる|adverb|more than is needed or wanted	either|どちらからも|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more things	neighbourhood|近所|noun|the area around where you live
of the butcher, if he is a glutton;	彼が大食いなら肉屋から買いすぎることがある。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	glutton|大食い|noun|a person who eats too much
or of the draper, if he affects to be a beau among his companions.	あるいは、彼が仲間の間で伊達男を気取るなら、服地商人から買いすぎることがある。	affect|気取る|verb|to make a pretense of	beau|伊達男|noun|a dandy; a fop	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another	draper|服地商人|noun|a dealer in cloth or dry goods
It is advantageous to the great body of workmen, notwithstanding, that all these trades should be free, though this freedom may be abused in all of them, and is more likely to be so, perhaps, in some than in others.	にもかかわらず、これらの取引がすべて自由であることは、労働者の大多数にとって有利である。もっとも、この自由はすべての取引において乱用される可能性があり、おそらく他の取引よりも乱用される可能性が高い。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	great body of|大多数の|noun phrase|the majority of	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	abuse|乱用する|verb|use (something) to bad effect or for a bad purpose; misuse	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
Though individuals, besides, may sometimes ruin their fortunes by an excessive consumption of fermented liquors, there seems to be no risk that a nation should do so.	そのうえ、個人は発酵酒の過剰摂取によって財産を失うことがあるが、国家がそうする危険はないようだ。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	ruin|失う|verb|destroy or spoil something	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or necessary	consumption|摂取|noun|the using up of a resource	fermented liquor|発酵酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	do so|そうする|verb|act in the manner indicated
Though in every country there are many people who spend upon such liquors more than they can afford, there are always many more who spend less.	どの国にも、そのような酒に自分の資力以上の支出をする人々はたくさんいるが、それより少ない支出をする人々は常にもっとたくさんいる。	every country|どの国にも|noun|all the countries in the world	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	spend|支出する|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	afford|資力がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions
It deserves to be remarked, too, that if we consult experience, the cheapness of wine seems to be a cause, not of drunkenness, but of sobriety.	経験に照らして考えると、ワインの安さは酔っぱらいの原因ではなく、しらふの原因であるように思われることも注目に値する。	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	remark|注目に値する|verb|say something as a comment	consult|照らして考える|verb|seek information or advice from	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	drunkenness|酔っぱらい|noun|the state of being drunk	sobriety|しらふ|noun|the state of being sober
The inhabitants of the wine countries are in general the soberest people of Europe; witness the Spaniards, the Italians, and the inhabitants of the southern provinces of France.	ワイン生産国の住民は、一般的にヨーロッパで最もしらふな人々である。スペイン人、イタリア人、フランス南部地方の住民がその証拠である。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	wine country|ワイン生産国|noun|a country that produces wine	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	sober|しらふ|adjective|not drunk	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	witness|証拠|noun|a person who sees an event take place	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a person from Spain	Italian|イタリア人|noun|a person from Italy	France|フランス|noun|a country in Western Europe
People are seldom guilty of excess in what is their daily fare.	人々は日々の食事において過剰に罪を犯すことはめったにない。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	guilty|罪を犯す|adjective|having committed a specified or implied offense	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	daily fare|日々の食事|noun|the food that is typically eaten each day
Nobody affects the character of liberality and good fellowship, by being profuse of a liquor which is as cheap as small beer.	誰も、小麦酒のように安い酒をふんだんに飲むことで、寛大で仲間思いの性格を装うことはない。	affect|装う|verb|to make a pretense of	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	fellowship|仲間意識|noun|a feeling of friendship and closeness	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	profuse|ふんだん|adjective|given or available in large quantities; abundant
On the contrary, in the countries which, either from excessive heat or cold, produce no grapes, and where wine consequently is dear and a rarity, drunkenness is a common vice, as among the northern nations, and all those who live between the tropics, the negroes, for example on the coast of Guinea.	逆に、過度の暑さや寒さのためにブドウが育たず、その結果ワインが高価で希少である国では、北方諸国や熱帯地方に住むすべての人々、例えばギニア海岸の黒人の間では、酔っぱらいは一般的な悪徳である。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual or proper	heat|暑さ|noun|the quality or state of being hot	cold|寒さ|noun|the quality or state of being cold	produce|育つ|verb|cause to come into existence	grape|ブドウ|noun|a small round fruit with a smooth dark skin and a juicy flesh	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price	rarity|希少|noun|the state or quality of being rare	drunkenness|酔っぱらい|noun|the state of being drunk	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	northern|北方|adjective|of or relating to the north	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	tropics|熱帯地方|noun|the region of the earth that lies roughly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration
When a French regiment comes from some of the northern provinces of France, where wine is somewhat dear, to be quartered in the southern, where it is very cheap, the soldiers, I have frequently heard it observed, are at first debauched by the cheapness and novelty of good wine;	ワインがやや高価なフランス北部の地方から、ワインが非常に安価な南部に駐屯するためにフランス連隊がやってくると、兵士たちは最初は安価で新鮮な良いワインに酔いしれるという話をよく耳にする。	come|やってくる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	northern|北部|adjective|of or relating to the north	southern|南部|adjective|of or relating to the south	cheap|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	hear|耳にする|verb|perceive with the ear the sound made by (someone or something)	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	cheapness|安価|noun|the quality of being low in price or value	novelty|新鮮|noun|the quality of being new or original	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
but after a few months residence, the greater part of them become as sober as the rest of the inhabitants.	しかし、数ヶ月住んだ後には、その大部分が他の住民と同じようにしらふになる。	a few months|数ヶ月|noun|a period of time	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	the greater part|大部分|noun|the majority	the rest of|残りの|noun|the remaining part of	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
Were the duties upon foreign wines, and the excises upon malt, beer, and ale, to be taken away all at once, it might, in the same manner, occasion in Great Britain a pretty general and temporary drunkenness among the middling and inferior ranks of people, which would probably be soon followed by a permanent and almost universal sobriety.	外国産ワインの関税や麦芽、ビール、エールの物品税が一挙に撤廃されたら、同じようにイギリスでも中流階級や下層階級の人々の間でかなり一般的で一時的な酔っぱらいが起こり、その後すぐに永続的でほぼ普遍的な飲酒が続くだろう。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented cereal grains	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method	take away|撤廃する|verb|remove or withdraw	all at once|一挙に|adverb|suddenly; without warning	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	pretty|かなり|adverb|very or extremely	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	temporary|一時的|adjective|lasting for only a limited period of time	drunkenness|酔っぱらい|noun|the state of being drunk	middling|中流の|adjective|of average or moderate quality, amount, or standard	inferior|下層の|adjective|low or lower in status or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces or police force	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	follow|続く|verb|come after in time	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly; all but	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all the people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	sobriety|飲酒|noun|the state of being sober
At present, drunkenness is by no means the vice of people of fashion, or of those who can easily afford the most expensive liquors.	現在、酔っぱらいは決して上流階級の人々や、最も高価な酒を簡単に買える人々の悪徳ではない。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	drunkenness|酔っぱらい|noun|the state of being drunk	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	people of fashion|上流階級の人々|noun|people who are wealthy and fashionable	afford|買える|verb|have enough money to pay for	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
A gentleman drunk with ale has scarce ever been seen among us.	エールで酔っ払った紳士は、私たちの間でほとんど見かけたことがない。	drunk|酔っ払った|adjective|affected by alcohol to the extent of losing control of one's faculties or behavior	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
The restraints upon the wine trade in Great Britain, besides, do not so much seem calculated to hinder the people from going, if I may say so, to the alehouse, as from going where they can buy the best and cheapest liquor.	その上、イギリスのワイン貿易に対する制限は、人々がエールハウスに行くのを妨げるというよりは、最良で最も安い酒を買うことができる場所に行くのを妨げることを意図しているように見える。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	wine trade|ワイン貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling wine	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	alehouse|エールハウス|noun|a place where beer is sold and drunk	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
They favour the wine trade of Portugal, and discourage that of France.	彼らはポルトガルのワイン貿易を支持し、フランスのワイン貿易を阻害している。	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent the development, progress, or growth of
The Portuguese, it is said, indeed, are better customers for our manufactures than the French, and should therefore be encouraged in preference to them.	実際、ポルトガル人はフランス人よりも我が国の製品の良い顧客であり、したがってフランス人よりも優先的に奨励されるべきだと言われている。	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	preference|優先|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another
As they give us their custom, it is pretended we should give them ours.	彼らが私たちに彼らの習慣を与えてくれるのだから、私たちも彼らに私たちの習慣を与えるべきだと言う。	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or common	pretend|言う|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or that you are not doing
The sneaking arts of underling tradesmen are thus erected into political maxims for the conduct of a great empire;	こうして、下っ端商人の卑劣な術が、大帝国の運営のための政治的格言にまで高められたのである。	sneaking|卑劣な|adjective|done or acting in a secret or dishonest way	art|術|noun|a skill at doing something	underling|下っ端|noun|a person of low rank	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who works in a shop	erect|高める|verb|construct or build	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	conduct|運営|noun|the way in which something is managed or done	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler, government, or country
for it is the most underling tradesmen only who make it a rule to employ chiefly their own customers.	なぜなら、主に自分の顧客を雇用することを原則としているのは、最も下っ端の商人だけだからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	it is|～である|verb|to be	the most|最も|adjective|to the highest degree or extent	underling|下っ端|noun|a person of inferior rank or status	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	who|～である|relative pronoun|that; which; who	make it a rule|原則としている|verb|to have as a rule or established custom	to employ|雇用する|verb|to use or engage the services of	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	their own|自分の|possessive determiner|belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business
A great trader purchases his goods always where they are cheapest and best, without regard to any little interest of this kind.	大商人は、このような些細な利害に関係なく、常に最も安く、最も良い場所で商品を購入する。	great trader|大商人|noun|a person who trades goods in large quantities	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	cheapest|最も安い|adjective|the least expensive	best|最も良い|adjective|of the highest quality	without regard to|関係なく|preposition|without being influenced by	any little interest|些細な利害|noun|a small amount of money that is earned from an investment	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of

By such maxims as these, however, nations have been taught that their interest consisted in beggaring all their neighbours.	しかし、このような格言によって、国々は、自国の利益は隣国をすべて乞食にすることにあると教えられた。	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food
Each nation has been made to look with an invidious eye upon the prosperity of all the nations with which it trades, and to consider their gain as its own loss.	各国は、貿易相手国の繁栄を妬みの目で眺め、その国の利益を自国の損失と考えるように仕向けられた。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	look with|眺める|verb|to look at something with a particular expression	invidious|妬みの|adjective|causing or likely to cause resentment or anger	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
Commerce, which ought naturally to be, among nations as among individuals, a bond of union and friendship, has become the most fertile source of discord and animosity.	貿易は、本来、個人間でも国家間でも、団結と友情の絆であるべきだが、不和と敵意の最も豊かな源泉となっている。	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	naturally|本来|adverb|in a natural manner	among|間|preposition|in the middle of	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	bond|絆|noun|something that unites or connects	union|団結|noun|the state of being joined or connected	friendship|友情|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	become|なる|verb|come to be	fertile|豊かな|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	discord|不和|noun|lack of harmony	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike
The capricious ambition of kings and ministers has not, during the present and the preceding century, been more fatal to the repose of Europe, than the impertinent jealousy of merchants and manufacturers.	王や大臣の気まぐれな野心は、今世紀と前世紀において、商人や製造業者の横柄な嫉妬ほどヨーロッパの安寧にとって致命的なものではなかったのである。	capricious|気まぐれな|adjective|showing sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	present|今世紀|noun|the period of time that is happening now	preceding|前世紀|adjective|coming before something in time	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	repose|安寧|noun|a state of rest, relaxation, or peace	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	impertinent|横柄な|adjective|rude and disrespectful	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|the state or feeling of being jealous	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
The violence and injustice of the rulers of mankind is an ancient evil, for which, I am afraid, the nature of human affairs can scarce admit of a remedy:	人類の支配者の暴力と不正は古代からの悪であり、残念ながら人間の営みの性質上、その救済策はほとんど認められない。	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjust or dishonest behavior	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury
but the mean rapacity, the monopolizing spirit, of merchants and manufacturers, who neither are, nor ought to be, the rulers of mankind, though it cannot, perhaps, be corrected, may very easily be prevented from disturbing the tranquillity of anybody but themselves.	しかし、人類の支配者でもなければ、そうであるべきでもない商人や製造業者の卑劣な強欲さ、独占欲は、おそらく是正することはできないにしても、彼ら以外の誰かの平穏を乱すことを防ぐことは非常に容易である。	mean|卑劣な|adjective|of low standard or quality	rapacity|強欲さ|noun|the quality of being extremely greedy	monopolizing|独占欲|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|it is possible that	correct|是正する|verb|to make or set right	prevent|防ぐ|verb|to keep from happening	disturb|乱す|verb|to interfere with the peace or quiet of	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	anybody|誰か|noun|any person	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|those ones

That it was the spirit of monopoly which originally both invented and propagated this doctrine, cannot be doubted and they who first taught it, were by no means such fools as they who believed it.	もともとこの教義を発明し、広めたのは独占の精神であったことは疑いようがなく、最初にそれを説いた人々は、それを信じた人々ほど愚かではなかった。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	propagate|広める|verb|cause to increase or spread	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	doubt|疑う|verb|feel uncertain about	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	teach|説く|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof
In every country it always is, and must be, the interest of the great body of the people, to buy whatever they want of those who sell it cheapest.	どの国においても、人々が欲しいものを最も安く売っている人から買うことは、常に人民の大多数の利益であり、またそうあるべきである。	in every country|どの国においても|adverb|in all countries	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be|である|verb|exist or live	must|であるべきである|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	the great body of the people|人民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	whatever|欲しいもの|pronoun|no matter what	want|欲しい|verb|feel a need or a wish for	those|人|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	cheapest|最も安い|adjective|low in price or value
The proposition is so very manifest, that it seems ridiculous to take any pains to prove it;	この命題は非常に明白なので、それを証明するために苦労するのはばかげたことのように思われる。	proposition|命題|noun|a statement that is either true or false	manifest|明白|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	take pains|苦労する|verb|make a great effort
nor could it ever have been called in question, had not the interested sophistry of merchants and manufacturers confounded the common sense of mankind.	商人や製造業者の利害関係にある詭弁が人類の常識を混乱させなければ、この命題が疑われることはなかっただろう。	call in question|疑う|verb|to doubt or dispute the truth or validity of	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	mankind|人類|noun|the human race; human beings considered collectively	common sense|常識|noun|sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts
Their interest is, in this respect, directly opposite to that of the great body of the people.	この点で、彼らの利益は人民の大多数の利益とは正反対である。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	this respect|この点|noun|this aspect	directly opposite|正反対|adjective|completely different	great body|大多数|noun|the majority	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country
As it is the interest of the freemen of a corporation to hinder the rest of the inhabitants from employing any workmen but themselves;	ギルドの自由市民の利益は、他の住民が自分たち以外の労働者を雇用するのを妨害することにある。	corporation|ギルド|noun|a group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	freeman|自由市民|noun|a person who is not a slave	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	hinder|妨害する|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something
so it is the interest of the merchants and manufacturers of every country to secure to themselves the monopoly of the home market.	同様に、あらゆる国の商人や製造業者の利益は、国内市場の独占を確保することにある。	so|同様に|adverb|in the same way	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe or certain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
Hence, in Great Britain, and in most other European countries, the extraordinary duties upon almost all goods imported by alien merchants.	そのため、イギリスや他のほとんどのヨーロッパ諸国では、外国商人によって輸入されるほとんどすべての商品に特別関税が課せられている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	alien|外国の|adjective|belonging to a foreign country or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
Hence the high duties and prohibitions upon all those foreign manufactures which can come into competition with our own.	そのため、自国製品と競合する可能性のあるすべての外国製品に高関税や禁止措置が課せられている。	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	prohibition|禁止措置|noun|a law or rule that forbids something	foreign manufacture|外国製品|noun|a product made in a foreign country	come into competition|競合する|verb|be in a state of competition	own|自国製品|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
Hence, too, the extraordinary restraints upon the importation of almost all sorts of goods from those countries with which the balance of trade is supposed to be disadvantageous;	そのため、貿易収支が不利になると想定される国からのほとんどすべての種類の商品の輸入に対して、特別な制限が課せられている。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	goods|商品|noun|merchandise or possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage; unfavorable
that is, from those against whom national animosity happens ta be most violently inflamed.	つまり、国民的敵意が最も激しく燃え上がっている国からの輸入に対してである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	national|国民的|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its people	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	violently|激しく|adverb|in a violent manner	inflame|燃え上がる|verb|cause to become inflamed

The wealth of neighbouring nations, however, though dangerous in war and politics, is certainly advantageous in trade.	しかし、近隣諸国の富は、戦争や政治では危険だが、貿易では確かに有利である。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|next to or very near	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
In a state of hostility, it may enable our enemies to maintain fleets and armies superior to our own;	敵対関係にある場合、敵国は我が国よりも優れた艦隊や軍隊を維持できるかもしれない。	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	hostility|敵対|noun|unfriendliness or opposition	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
but in a state of peace and commerce it must likewise enable them to exchange with us to a greater value, and to afford a better market, either for the immediate produce of our own industry, or for whatever is purchased with that produce.	しかし、平和で通商関係にある場合、彼らは我々とより大きな価値で交換し、我が国の産業の直接の生産物やその生産物で購入したものに対して、より良い市場を提供することができるようになる。	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	purchase|購入|verb|buy	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what; anything or everything that
As a rich man is likely to be a better customer to the industrious people in his neighbourhood, than a poor, so is likewise a rich nation.	金持ちが貧乏人よりも近所の勤勉な人々にとって良い顧客であるように、金持ちの国も同様である。	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	poor|貧乏人|adjective|having little or no money or wealth	neighbourhood|近所|noun|the area around one's home	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business
A rich man, indeed, who is himself a manufacturer, is a very dangerous neighbour to all those who deal in the same way.	実際、自分自身が製造業者である金持ちは、同じ方法で商売をするすべての人にとって非常に危険な隣人である。	rich man|金持ち|noun|a man who has a great deal of money	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	deal|商売|noun|a business transaction	same way|同じ方法|noun|the same manner or method
All the rest of the neighbourhood, however, by far the greatest number, profit by the good market which his expense affords them.	しかし、近隣の他のすべての人々は、彼の支出が彼らに与える良い市場から利益を得ている。	all the rest|他のすべて|noun|the remaining part of something	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; very much	the greatest number|大多数|noun|the largest number	profit|利益を得る|verb|make a financial gain	good market|良い市場|noun|a market with a lot of buyers and sellers	afford|与える|verb|be able to pay for
They even profit by his underselling the poorer workmen who deal in the same way with him.	彼らは、彼が自分と同じように商売をする貧しい労働者を安く売ることで利益を得ている。	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	profit|利益を得る|verb|make a financial gain	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker
The manufacturers of a rich nation, in the same manner, may no doubt be very dangerous rivals to those of their neighbours.	同様に、豊かな国の製造業者は、間違いなく近隣国の製造業者にとって非常に危険なライバルである。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	rich nation|豊かな国|noun|a country with a high standard of living	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	very dangerous|非常に危険な|adjective|extremely hazardous	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal
This very competition, however, is advantageous to the great body of the people, who profit greatly, besides, by the good market which the great expense of such a nation affords them in every other way.	しかし、この競争は、国民の大多数にとって有利であり、その上、そのような国の多大な支出があらゆる面で彼らに与える良い市場によって、彼らは大きな利益を得ている。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	great body|大多数|noun|the majority	profit|利益を得る|verb|obtain a financial advantage or benefit	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	great expense|多大な支出|noun|a large amount of money spent	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	good market|良い市場|noun|a market that is favorable to buyers or sellers	every other way|あらゆる面|noun|in all other ways
Private people, who want to make a fortune, never think of retiring to the remote and poor provinces of the country, but resort either to the capital, or to some of the great commercial towns.	一財産を築きたいと考える民間人は、国の遠隔地や貧しい地方に引退することを考えず、首都や商業都市のいずれかに頼る。	make a fortune|一財産を築く|verb|become very rich	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the armed forces or a government official	remote|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	retire|引退する|verb|withdraw from one's position or occupation	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	resort|頼る|verb|turn to for help or as a source of supply	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
They know, that where little wealth circulates, there is little to be got;	彼らは、富があまり流通していないところでは、得るものが少ないことを知っているからである。	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	little|少ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	circulate|流通する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system	little|少ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	get|得る|verb|come to have possession, ownership, or control of
but that where a great deal is in motion, some share of it may fall to them.	しかし、富が大量に流通しているところでは、その一部が自分たちの手に入るかもしれない。	a great deal|大量|noun|a large amount	in motion|流通している|adjective|moving	some share|一部|noun|a part of something	fall to|手に入る|verb|become the responsibility or concern of
The same maxim which would in this manner direct the common sense of one, or ten, or twenty individuals, should regulate the judgment of one, or ten, or twenty millions, and should make a whole nation regard the riches of its neighbours, as a probable cause and occasion for itself to acquire riches.	このように一人、十人、二十人の常識を導く同じ格言は、一千万、一千万、二千万の判断を規制し、国全体が隣国の富を、自国が富を獲得する可能性のある原因と機会と見なすようにすべきである。	direct|導く|verb|control the course of; guide	common sense|常識|noun|sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	ten|十人|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and two	twenty|二十人|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and five	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	one|一千万|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	ten|一千万|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and two	twenty|二千万|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and five	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	riches|富|noun|an abundance of valuable material possessions	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of
A nation that would enrich itself by foreign trade, is certainly most likely to do so, when its neighbours are all rich, industrious and commercial nations.	外国貿易によって自国を豊かにしようとする国は、隣国がすべて豊かで勤勉で商業的な国であるときに、確かにそうする可能性が最も高い。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	enrich|豊かにする|verb|make rich or richer	neighbour|隣国|noun|a country next to another	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	industrious|勤勉|adjective|working hard and steadily	commercial|商業的|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade
A great nation, surrounded on all sides by wandering savages and poor barbarians, might, no doubt, acquire riches by the cultivation of its own lands, and by its own interior commerce, but not by foreign trade.	四方を放浪する野蛮人や貧しい蛮族に囲まれた大国は、自国の土地の開拓や国内の商業によって富を得ることはできるだろうが、外国貿易によって富を得ることはできないだろう。	A great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	surround|囲む|verb|be around something on all sides	wandering|放浪する|adjective|moving about aimlessly	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people who are not civilized	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	barbarian|蛮族|noun|a member of a people who are not civilized	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	interior|国内|adjective|situated within or inside; inner	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between different countries
It seems to have been in this manner that the ancient Egyptians and the modern Chinese acquired their great wealth.	古代エジプト人や現代中国人が莫大な富を獲得したのは、この方法だったようだ。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egyptian|エジプト人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Egypt	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	Chinese|中国人|noun|a native or inhabitant of China	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	great|莫大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
The ancient Egyptians, it is said, neglected foreign commerce, and the modern Chinese, it is known, hold it in the utmost contempt, and scarce deign to afford it the decent protection of the laws.	古代エジプト人は外国貿易を軽視していたと言われ、現代の中国人はそれを最大限に軽蔑し、法律の適切な保護を与えようとはほとんどしない。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egyptian|エジプト人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Egypt	neglect|軽視する|verb|fail to care for properly	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	Chinese|中国人|noun|a native or inhabitant of China	hold|軽蔑する|verb|have or feel a specified feeling or opinion	utmost|最大限|adjective|of the greatest or highest degree	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	deign|与える|verb|do something that you think is below your dignity	afford|与える|verb|be able to do or provide	decent|適切な|adjective|conforming to generally or traditionally accepted standards of behavior or morals	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
The modern maxims of foreign commerce, by aiming at the impoverishment of all our neighbours, so far as they are capable of producing their intended effect, tend to render that very commerce insignificant and contemptible.	外国貿易の現代の格言は、意図した効果を生み出せる限り、すべての隣国の貧困化を目指すことで、その貿易自体を無意味なものにし、軽蔑される傾向がある。	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	modern maxim|現代の格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	impoverishment|貧困化|noun|the state of being extremely poor	neighbour|隣国|noun|a country next to another	intended effect|意図した効果|noun|the effect that someone or something is meant to have	insignificant|無意味な|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance	contemptible|軽蔑される|adjective|deserving contempt or scorn

It is in consequence of these maxims, that the commerce between France and England has, in both countries, been subjected to so many discouragements and restraints.	これらの格言の結果として、フランスとイギリスの間の貿易は、両国において、非常に多くの妨害や制約を受けてきた。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	both|両方|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	discouragement|妨害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits
If those two countries, however, were to consider their real interest, without either mercantile jealousy or national animosity, the commerce of France might be more advantageous to Great Britain than that of any other country, and, for the same reason, that of Great Britain to France.	しかし、もしこの二つの国が、商業的嫉妬や国家間の敵意を抱くことなく、真の利益を考えれば、フランスの貿易はイギリスにとって他のどの国よりも有利であり、同じ理由でイギリスの貿易はフランスにとって有利である。	two countries|二つの国|noun|two nations	real interest|真の利益|noun|the true benefit	mercantile jealousy|商業的嫉妬|noun|envy of another's commercial success	national animosity|国家間の敵意|noun|hostility between nations	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	more advantageous|より有利|adjective|more favorable	same reason|同じ理由|noun|the same cause or explanation	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe
France is the nearest neighbour to Great Britain.	フランスはイギリスに最も近い隣国である。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of western Europe
In the trade between the southern coast of England and the northern and north-western coast of France, the returns might be expected, in the same manner as in the inland trade, four, five, or six times in the year.	イギリス南岸とフランス北岸・北西岸との貿易では、内陸貿易と同じように、年に4回、5回、6回と収益が期待できる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	southern coast|南岸|noun|the coast of the south	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	northern coast|北岸|noun|the coast of the north	north-western coast|北西岸|noun|the coast of the north-west	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	inland trade|内陸貿易|noun|trade that takes place within a country	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company makes after deducting all costs	expect|期待できる|verb|regard as likely to happen; anticipate	four|4回|noun|the number 4	five|5回|noun|the number 5	six|6回|noun|the number 6	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
The capital, therefore, employed in this trade could, in each of the two countries, keep in motion four, five, or six times the quantity of industry, and afford employment and subsistence to four, five, or six times the number of people, which all equal capital could do in the greater part of the other branches of foreign trade.	したがって、この貿易に投入される資本は、両国において、産業の量の4倍、5倍、6倍を動かし続け、4倍、5倍、6倍の人々に雇用と生計を提供することになり、これはすべて、同等の資本が対外貿易の他の部門の大部分でできることである。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	keep in motion|動かし続け|verb|keep moving	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or provide	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	do|できることである|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Between the parts of France and Great Britain most remote from one another, the returns might be expected, at least, once in the year;	フランスとイギリスの互いに最も離れた地域の間では、少なくとも年に一度は収益が期待できる。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	remote|離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization makes	expect|期待できる|verb|regard as likely to happen
and even this trade would so far be at least equally advantageous, as the greater part of the other branches of our foreign European trade.	そして、この貿易でさえ、これまでのところ、少なくとも我が国のヨーロッパ貿易の他の部門の大部分と同じくらい有利であろう。	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	equally|同じくらい|adverb|to the same extent or degree	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It would be, at least, three times more advantageous than the boasted trade with our North American colonies, in which the returns were seldom made in less than three years, frequently not in less than four or five years.	それは、少なくとも、我が国の北米植民地との自慢の貿易よりも3倍有利であり、その貿易では、3年未満で収益が得られることはあまりなく、4年または5年未満で収益が得られることも多い。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	three times|3倍|noun|three multiplied by itself	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	boast|自慢|verb|speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	three years|3年|noun|a period of three years	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	four or five years|4、5年|noun|a period of four or five years
France, besides, is supposed to contain 24,000,000 of inhabitants.	そのうえ、フランスは2400万人の住民を抱えていると考えられている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	be supposed to|と考えられている|verb|be generally assumed or believed to be	contain|抱えている|verb|have or hold within itself	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
Our North American colonies were never supposed to contain more than 3,000,000;	我が国の北米植民地は、300万人以上を抱えているとは考えられていなかった。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	contain|抱える|verb|have or hold within	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	3,000,000|300万人|noun|three million
and France is a much richer country than North America;	そして、フランスは北米よりもはるかに豊かな国である。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere
though, on account of the more unequal distribution of riches, there is much more poverty and beggary in the one country than in the other.	もっとも、富の分配がより不平等なため、一方の国では他方よりも貧困や乞食がはるかに多い。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	unequal|不平等な|adjective|not equal	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	beggary|乞食|noun|the practice of begging
France, therefore, could afford a market at least eight times more extensive, and, on account of the superior frequency of the returns, four-and-twenty times more advantageous than that which our North American colonies ever afforded.	したがって、フランスは、我が国の北米植民地が提供した市場よりも、少なくとも8倍も広く、また、回収頻度が優れているため、24倍も有利な市場を提供できる。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	extensive|広い|adjective|covering a large area	return|回収|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	four-and-twenty|24|numeral|the number 24	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
The trade of Great Britain would be just as advantageous to France, and, in proportion to the wealth, population, and proximity of the respective countries, would have the same superiority over that which France carries on with her own colonies.	イギリスの貿易はフランスにとっても同様に有利であり、それぞれの国の富、人口、近接性に比例して、フランスが自国の植民地と行っている貿易よりも優れている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	proximity|近接性|noun|nearness in space, time, or relationship	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Such is the very great difference between that trade which the wisdom of both nations has thought proper to discourage, and that which it has favoured the most.	これが、両国の知恵が阻害するのが適切と考えた貿易と、最も好んだ貿易との間の非常に大きな違いである。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	very great|非常に大きな|adjective|extremely large	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	both|両方の|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent the development, progress, or growth of	favour|好む|verb|like or prefer

But the very same circumstances which would have rendered an open and free commerce between the two countries so advantageous to both, have occasioned the principal obstructions to that commerce.	しかし、両国間の自由貿易を両国にとって有利なものにしたであろうまさに同じ状況が、その貿易に対する主な障害を引き起こした。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	open|自由な|adjective|not closed or blocked	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	principal|主な|adjective|most important	obstruction|障害|noun|something that blocks or stops something else
Being neighbours, they are necessarily enemies, and the wealth and power of each becomes, upon that account, more formidable to the other;	隣国であるため、必然的に敵同士であり、そのため、互いの富と権力は、相手にとってより恐ろしいものとなる。	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person or country next to another	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	formidable|恐ろしい|adjective|inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable
and what would increase the advantage of national friendship, serves only to inflame the violence of national animosity.	そして、国家間の友好関係の利益を増大させるものは、国家間の敵意の激しさを煽るだけである。	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	national|国家間の|adjective|of or relating to a nation or country	friendship|友好関係|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	inflame|煽る|verb|cause to become more intense or violent	violence|激しさ|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike
They are both rich and industrious nations;	両国とも豊かで勤勉な国である。	both|両国とも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	rich|豊かで|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily
and the merchants and manufacturers of each dread the competition of the skill and activity of those of the other.	そして、両国の商人や製造業者は、互いの技能や活動の競争を恐れている。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	dread|恐れる|verb|be very afraid or anxious about	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	activity|活動|noun|a thing that a person or group does or has done
Mercantile jealousy is excited, and both inflames, and is itself inflamed, by the violence of national animosity, and the traders of both countries have announced, with all the passionate confidence of interested falsehood, the certain ruin of each, in consequence of that unfavourable balance of trade, which, they pretend, would be the infallible effect of an unrestrained commerce with the other.	商業的嫉妬が刺激され、国家間の敵意の激しさによって、両国とも激しさを増し、また、両国の貿易業者は、利害関係のある虚偽の情熱的な自信をもって、貿易の不均衡の結果、両国が確実に破滅することを宣言し、それが相手国との無制限の貿易の絶対的な効果であると主張している。	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages	excite|刺激する|verb|cause strong feelings in	inflame|激しさを増す|verb|make more intense or violent	violence|激しさ|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	announce|宣言する|verb|make a public and formal declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|adverse or disadvantageous	balance|均衡|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	pretend|主張する|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	infallible|絶対的な|adjective|incapable of making mistakes or being wrong	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	unrestrained|無制限の|adjective|not held back or controlled

There is no commercial country in Europe, of which the approaching ruin has not frequently been foretold by the pretended doctors of this system, from all unfavourably balance of trade.	ヨーロッパには、この制度の偽りの医師たちによって、貿易の不均衡から破滅が近づいていると予言されていない商業国はない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	approaching|近づいている|adjective|coming near or nearer in space or time	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	foretell|予言する|verb|tell about or describe in advance	pretended|偽りの|adjective|not genuine; false	doctor|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	unfavourably|不利に|adverb|in a way that is not favourable	balance|均衡|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
After all the anxiety, however, which they have excited about this, after all the vain attempts of almost all trading nations to turn that balance in their own favour, and against their neighbours, it does not appear that any one nation in Europe has been, in any respect, impoverished by this cause.	しかし、彼らがこれについて抱いたあらゆる不安にもかかわらず、ほとんどすべての貿易国がそのバランスを自分たちの有利に、そして隣国に不利に変えようとした無駄な試みの後で、ヨーロッパのどの国も、この原因によって貧困になったようには見えない。	after all|結局|adverb|in spite of everything	anxiety|不安|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	excite|抱く|verb|cause to feel a strong feeling	vain|無駄な|adjective|producing no result; useless	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to achieve something	turn|変える|verb|cause to move around an axis or point	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight enabling someone or something to remain upright and steady	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close	appear|見えない|verb|be or become visible	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	respect|原因|noun|a particular aspect, point, or detail	impoverish|貧困になる|verb|make poor
Every town and country, on the contrary, in proportion as they have opened their ports to all nations, instead of being ruined by this free trade, as the principles of the commercial system would lead us to expect, have been enriched by it.	それどころか、すべての町や国は、商業システムの原則から期待されるように、この自由貿易によって破滅するのではなく、すべての国に港を開いた割合に応じて、それによって豊かになってきた。	every town and country|すべての町や国|noun|all towns and countries	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite	in proportion as|割合に応じて|adverb|to the extent that	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	instead of|～の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	be ruined|破滅する|verb|be destroyed or spoiled	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	commercial system|商業システム|noun|the system of buying and selling goods and services	lead|導く|verb|cause to go in a specified direction	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of
Though there are in Europe indeed, a few towns which, in same respects, deserve the name of free ports, there is no country which does so.	ヨーロッパには確かに、ある意味自由港と呼ばれるに値する町がいくつかあるが、そう呼ばれる国はない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	a few|いくつかの|determiner|a small number of	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	which|それは|relative pronoun|that; who; whom	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	free port|自由港|noun|a port where goods may be imported and exported without paying customs duties	there is no|ない|verb|not exist	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Holland, perhaps, approaches the nearest to this character of any, though still very remote from it;	オランダは、おそらく、この性格に最も近づいているが、それでもまだ遠い。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	nearest|最も近い|adjective|the superlative of near	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
and Holland, it is acknowledged, not only derives its whole wealth, but a great part of its necessary subsistence, from foreign trade.	そしてオランダは、その富のすべてだけでなく、その必要とする生計の大部分を、外国貿易から得ていることは認められている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries

There is another balance, indeed, which has already been explained, very different from the balance of trade, and which, according as it happens to be either favourable or unfavourable, necessarily occasions the prosperity or decay of every nation.	確かに、すでに説明したように、貿易収支とは非常に異なる別の収支があり、それが好ましいか好ましくないかに応じて、必然的にすべての国の繁栄または衰退をもたらす。	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	favourable|好ましい|adjective|to be approved of or liked	unfavourable|好ましくない|adjective|not approved of or liked	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	decay|衰退|noun|the state of decaying or falling into ruin
This is the balance of the annual produce and consumption.	これは、年間の生産と消費の収支である。	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産|noun|the amount of something that is produced	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
If the exchangeable value of the annual produce, it has already been observed, exceeds that of the annual consumption, the capital of the society must annually increase in proportion to this excess.	すでに述べたように、年間生産物の交換価値が年間消費量を超える場合、社会の資本はこの超過分に比例して毎年増加する。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The society in this case lives within its revenue;	この場合、社会はその収入の範囲内で生活する。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	live|生活する|verb|be alive; have life	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
and what is annually saved out of its revenue, is naturally added to its capital, and employed so as to increase still further the annual produce.	そして、その収入から毎年貯蓄されるものは、当然その資本に加算され、年間生産物をさらに増加させるために使用される。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	revenue|収入|noun|income	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	add|加算する|verb|join or combine	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|使用する|verb|use	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous
If the exchangeable value of the annual produce, on the contrary, fall short of the annual consumption, the capital of the society must annually decay in proportion to this deficiency.	逆に、年間生産物の交換価値が年間消費量を下回る場合、社会の資本はこの不足分に比例して毎年減少する。	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service in terms of another good or service	annual consumption|年間消費量|noun|the total amount of goods and services consumed in a year	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	deficiency|不足分|noun|a lack or shortage of something
The expense of the society, in this case, exceeds its revenue, and necessarily encroaches upon its capital.	この場合、社会の支出はその収入を超え、必然的にその資本を侵害する。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on
Its capital, therefore, must necessarily decay, and, together with it, the exchangeable value of the annual produce of its industry.	したがって、その資本は必然的に減少し、それに伴って、その産業の年間生産物の交換価値も減少する。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	decay|減少する|verb|rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi	together with|伴って|adverb|in addition to	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial products	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as estimated by the quantity of other goods or services for which it can be exchanged

This balance of produce and consumption is entirely different from what is called the balance of trade.	この生産と消費のバランスは、貿易収支と呼ばれるものとは全く異なる。	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	entirely|全く|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports
It might take place in a nation which had no foreign trade, but which was entirely separated from all the world.	それは、外国貿易をせず、世界から完全に隔離された国で起こりうる。	take place|起こりうる|verb|happen	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	separate|隔離する|verb|keep apart or divide
It may take place in the whole globe of the earth, of which the wealth, population, and improvement, may be either gradually increasing or gradually decaying.	それは、富、人口、改良が徐々に増加するか、徐々に衰退する地球全体で起こりうる。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	globe|地球|noun|the planet on which we live	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	decay|衰退|verb|rot or decompose

The balance of produce and consumption may be constantly in favour of a nation, though what is called the balance of trade be generally against it.	生産と消費のバランスは、貿易収支と呼ばれるものが一般的に不利であっても、常に一国に有利に働く可能性がある。	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to
A nation may import to a greater value than it exports for half a century, perhaps, together;	一国は、おそらく半世紀にわたって輸出するよりも大きな価値を輸入するかもしれない。	nation|一国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	half a century|半世紀|noun|a period of 50 years	together|合わせると|adverb|with or near each other in time, space, or position
the gold and silver which comes into it during all this time, may be all immediately sent out of it;	この間に入ってくる金銀は、すべてすぐに送り出されるかもしれない。	come into|入ってくる|verb|enter	all this time|この間に|noun|the entire period of time	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination
its circulating coin may gradually decay, different sorts of paper money being substituted in its place, and even the debts, too, which it contracts in the principal nations with whom it deals, may be gradually increasing;	その流通貨幣は徐々に衰退し、その代わりにさまざまな種類の紙幣が代用され、取引する主要国で契約する負債も徐々に増加する可能性がある。	circulating coin|流通貨幣|noun|money that is used in everyday transactions	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a slow and steady way	decay|衰退する|verb|rot or decompose	different sorts of|さまざまな種類の|noun phrase|a variety of	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	being substituted|代用される|verb|be used instead of something else	in its place|その代わりに|noun phrase|instead of it	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	the debts|負債|noun|money that is owed	too|も|adverb|also	which it contracts|契約する|verb|make or enter into a contract	in the principal nations|主要国で|noun phrase|in the most important countries	with whom it deals|取引する|verb|do business with	may be gradually increasing|徐々に増加する可能性がある|verb phrase|may increase slowly and steadily
and yet its real wealth, the exchangeable value of the annual produce of its lands and labour, may, during the same period, have been increasing in a much greater proportion.	それでも、その実質的な富、その土地と労働の年間生産物の交換価値は、同じ期間に、はるかに大きな割合で増加しているかもしれない。	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	exchangeable|交換できる|adjective|able to be exchanged	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
The state of our North American colonies, and of the trade which they carried on with Great Britain, before the commencement of the present disturbances, {This paragraph was written in the year 1775.} may serve as a proof that this is by no means an impossible supposition.	現在の混乱が始まる前の、我が国の北米植民地の状態と、彼らがイギリスと行っていた貿易の状態は、これが決して不可能ではないという証拠となるかもしれない。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|混乱|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved	supposition|仮定|noun|a belief or theory that is not necessarily true but is used as a basis for further discussion


## CHAPTER IV: OF DRAWBACKS.	第四章: 払い戻しについて	CHAPTER IV|第四章|noun|the fourth chapter	DRAWBACKS|払い戻し|noun|a refund of duties paid on imported goods that are subsequently exported or used in the manufacture of exported goods

Merchants and manufacturers are not contented with the monopoly of the home market, but desire likewise the most extensive foreign sale for their goods.	商人や製造業者は、国内市場の独占に満足せず、同様に、自らの製品の海外での販売を最大限に拡大したいと望んでいる。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a particular country	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	extensive|最大限の|adjective|covering a large area	foreign sale|海外での販売|noun|the sale of goods or services to a foreign country	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
Their country has no jurisdiction in foreign nations, and therefore can seldom procure them any monopoly there.	彼らの国は外国に管轄権を持たないので、そこで彼らに独占権を与えることはめったにできない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	have no jurisdiction|管轄権を持たない|verb|have no authority to govern or make decisions	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	procure|与える|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	monopoly|独占権|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
They are generally obliged, therefore, to content themselves with petitioning for certain encouragements to exportation.	そのため、彼らは一般的に、輸出に対する一定の奨励を請願することで満足せざるを得ない。	be obliged|せざるを得ない|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	content oneself with|満足する|verb|be happy with	petition|請願|noun|a formal request for a particular right or benefit	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something

Of these encouragements, what are called drawbacks seem to be the most reasonable.	これらの奨励策の中で、払い戻しと呼ばれるものが最も合理的であるように思われる。	encouragement|奨励策|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic
To allow the merchant to draw back upon exportation, either the whole, or a part of whatever excise or inland duty is imposed upon domestic industry, can never occasion the exportation of a greater quantity of goods than what would have been exported had no duty been imposed.	商人が輸出時に、国内産業に課せられた消費税や内国税の全部または一部を払い戻すことを認めても、関税が課せられなかった場合に輸出されるであろう量よりも多くの商品が輸出されることはない。	allow|認める|verb|to permit to be done or occur	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	draw back|払い戻す|verb|to take back or withdraw	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	whole|全部|noun|all of something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods or services	inland duty|内国税|noun|a tax on goods or services produced or sold within a country	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industries of a particular country	occasion|生じる|verb|to cause or produce	quantity|量|noun|the amount of something	export|輸出|verb|to send goods or services to another country for sale	duty|関税|noun|a tax on goods or services imported into a country
Such encouragements do not tend to turn towards any particular employment a greater share of the capital of the country, than what would go to that employment of its own accord, but only to hinder the duty from driving away any part of that share to other employments.	このような奨励策は、国内資本のより大きな部分を、自発的にその用途に回されるものよりも、特定の用途に回す傾向はなく、関税がその部分を他の用途に回すことを妨げるだけである。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	turn towards|回す|verb|change direction	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	share|部分|noun|a part of a whole	accord|自発的に|noun|an agreement	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on goods or services that are imported or exported	drive away|回す|verb|cause to leave
They tend not to overturn that balance which naturally establishes itself among all the various employments of the society, but to hinder it from being overturned by the duty.	これらは、社会のあらゆる用途の間に自然に成立する均衡を覆すのではなく、関税によって覆されるのを妨げる傾向がある。	overturn|覆す|verb|cause to fall or turn over	balance|均衡|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	establish|成立する|verb|cause to be	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
They tend not to destroy, but to preserve, what it is in most cases advantageous to preserve, the natural division and distribution of labour in the society.	これらは、社会における労働の自然な分業と配分を破壊するのではなく、維持する傾向があり、ほとんどの場合、維持することが有利である。	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause (something) to cease to exist or be in a usable condition	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state or in good condition	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

The same thing may be said of the drawbacks upon the re-exportation of foreign goods imported, which, in Great Britain, generally amount to by much the largest part of the duty upon importation.	輸入された外国製品の再輸出に対する払い戻しについても同じことが言えるが、イギリスでは、輸入関税の大部分を占めることが多い。	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of something that has been imported	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a foreign country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	amount to|占める|verb|to be equal to or the same as	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale
By the second of the rules, annexed to the act of parliament, which imposed what is now called the old subsidy, every merchant, whether English or alien.	現在、旧補助金と呼ばれるものを課した議会法に付属する規則の二つ目によって、イギリス人であろうと外国人であろうと、すべての商人は、	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do	annex|付属する|verb|to attach or add something to something else	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	impose|課す|verb|to force someone to accept something	old subsidy|旧補助金|noun|a financial assistance given by the government to a business or industry	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	English|イギリス人|noun|a person from England	alien|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country
was allowed to draw back half that duty upon exportation;	輸出時にその関税の半分を取り戻すことが許された。	draw back|取り戻す|verb|to take back or withdraw	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
the English merchant, provided the exportation took place within twelve months;	イギリス商人は、輸出が12ヶ月以内に行われれば、	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	take place|行われる|verb|happen	twelve months|12ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days
the alien, provided it took place within nine months.	外国人は、それが9ヶ月以内に行われれば、	alien|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living	take place|行われる|verb|happen; occur	nine months|9ヶ月|noun|the period of time a woman is pregnant
Wines, currants, and wrought silks, were the only goods which did not fall within this rule, having other and more advantageous allowances.	ワイン、カラント、絹織物だけがこの規則の対象外で、他のより有利な手当があった。	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes	currant|カラント|noun|a small black dried fruit	wrought silk|絹織物|noun|a fabric made from silk	fall within|対象である|verb|be included in	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money that is given to someone as a regular payment
The duties imposed by this act of parliament were, at that time, the only duties upon the importation of foreign goods.	この議会法によって課せられた関税は、当時、外国製品の輸入に対する唯一の関税だった。	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
The term within which this, and all other drawbacks could be claimed, was afterwards (by 7 Geo. I. chap. 21. sect. 10.) extended to three years.	この期間と、他のすべての欠点が主張できる期間は、その後(7 Geo. I. chap. 21. sect. 10.)3年に延長された。	term|期間|noun|a period of time	within|以内|preposition|inside	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	extend|延長する|verb|make longer	three years|3年|noun|a period of time

The duties which have been imposed since the old subsidy, are, the greater part of them, wholly drawn back upon exportation.	古い補助金以来課せられてきた関税は、その大部分が輸出時に全額還付される。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	wholly|全額|adverb|completely; entirely	draw back|還付する|verb|to take back or withdraw something that has been given or offered	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
This general rule, however, is liable to a great number of exceptions;	しかし、この一般的な規則には多くの例外がある。	general rule|一般的な規則|noun|a rule that applies to most cases	liable|ある|adjective|likely to do or have something	great number|多くの|noun|a large number	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule
and the doctrine of drawbacks has become a much less simple matter than it was at their first institution.	そして、欠点の教義は、最初の制度よりもはるかに単純な問題ではなくなった。	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less desirable	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice

Upon the exportation of some foreign goods, of which it was expected that the importation would greatly exceed what was necessary for the home consumption, the whole duties are drawn back, without retaining even half the old subsidy.	輸入が国内消費に必要な量を大幅に上回ると予想される外国製品の輸出については、古い補助金の半分も残さずに全額還付される。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing	greatly|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	draw back|還付される|verb|to move or cause to move back or away	half|半分|noun|one of two equal or roughly equal parts into which something is or can be divided	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low
Before the revolt of our North American colonies, we had the monopoly of the tobacco of Maryland and Virginia.	北米植民地の反乱以前は、メリーランドとバージニアのタバコを独占していた。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	revolt|反乱|noun|an attempt to put an end to the authority of a person or group by rebelling	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and to a lesser extent for use as snuff or chewing tobacco	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
We imported about ninety-six thousand hogsheads, and the home consumption was not supposed to exceed fourteen thousand.	約9万6千ホッグスヘッドを輸入したが、国内消費量は1万4千を超えないと考えられていた。	about|約|adverb|approximately	ninety-six thousand|9万6千|numeral|96000	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
To facilitate the great exportation which was necessary, in order to rid us of the rest, the whole duties were drawn back, provided the exportation took place within three years.	残りの部分をなくすために必要な大量輸出を促進するために、輸出が3年以内に行われれば、全額が還付された。	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	rid|なくす|verb|make free of	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	draw back|還付される|verb|to move or cause to move back or away	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	take place|行われる|verb|happen; occur	three years|3年間|noun|a period of three years

We still have, though not altogether, yet very nearly, the monopoly of the sugars of our West Indian islands.	西インド諸島の砂糖は、完全にではないが、ほぼ独占している。	still|まだ|adverb|up to and including the present time	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	West Indian|西インド諸島|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water
If sugars are exported within a year, therefore, all the duties upon importation are drawn back;	そのため、砂糖が1年以内に輸出されれば、輸入関税はすべて還付される。	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	draw back|還付|verb|to move or pull back	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
and if exported within three years, all the duties, except half the old subsidy, which still continues to be retained upon the exportation of the greater part of goods.	3年以内に輸出されれば、商品の大部分の輸出に依然として課せられている旧補助金の半分を除くすべての関税が還付される。	three years|3年以内|noun|a period of three years	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	old subsidy|旧補助金|noun|a financial assistance given by the government to a business or economic sector	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	continue|依然として|verb|persist in an activity or process	be retained|課せられる|verb|be kept or held back	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	be refunded|還付される|verb|have money returned to you
Though the importation of sugar exceeds a good deal what is necessary for the home consumption, the excess is inconsiderable, in comparison of what it used to be in tobacco.	砂糖の輸入は国内消費に必要な量をかなり上回っているが、その超過分はタバコの輸入量と比べれば取るに足らない。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services bought by households	excess|超過分|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	inconsiderable|取るに足らない|adjective|not worth considering; unimportant	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed

Some goods, the particular objects of the jealousy of our own manufacturers, are prohibited to be imported for home consumption.	自国の製造業者の嫉妬の対象となる特定の商品は、国内消費のために輸入することが禁止されている。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
They may, however, upon paying certain duties, be imported and warehoused for exportation.	しかし、一定の関税を支払えば、輸出用に輸入して倉庫に保管することができる。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	be imported|輸入される|verb|be brought into a country from abroad for sale	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
But upon such exportation no part of these duties is drawn back.	しかし、そのような輸出に対しては、これらの関税の一部も還付されない。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	draw back|還付する|verb|to return or give back
Our manufacturers are unwilling, it seems, that even this restricted importation should be encouraged, and are afraid lest some part of these goods should be stolen out of the warehouse, and thus come into competition with their own.	我が国の製造業者は、この制限された輸入でさえも奨励されることを望んでおらず、これらの商品の一部が倉庫から盗まれて、自社製品と競合することを恐れているようだ。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	unwilling|望んでいない|adjective|not willing; reluctant	restricted|制限された|adjective|limited in extent, number, scope, or action	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or causing to be brought into a country or region	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	lest|～しないように|conjunction|for fear that	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing
It is under these regulations only that we can import wrought silks, French cambrics and lawns, calicoes, painted, printed, stained, or dyed, etc.	これらの規制のもとでのみ、絹織物、フランス製のカンブリックや芝生、カリコ、塗装、印刷、染色、染色などを輸入することができる。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	wrought|織物|adjective|made by hammering or beating	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms	French|フランス製|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	cambric|カンブリック|noun|a fine white linen fabric	lawn|芝生|noun|an area of short, regularly mown grass in the garden of a house or park	calico|カリコ|noun|a plain white cotton fabric	paint|塗装|verb|cover the surface of (something) with paint or a similar substance	print|印刷|verb|produce (books, newspapers, etc.) by a mechanical process involving the transfer of ink from a printing surface to paper	stain|染色|verb|color or discolor with a dye or other substance	dye|染める|verb|change the color of (something) by soaking it in a liquid that contains a dye

We are unwilling even to be the carriers of French goods, and choose rather to forego a profit to ourselves than to suffer those whom we consider as our enemies to make any profit by our means.	我々はフランス製品の運搬業者になることすら望んでおらず、我々が敵と見なしている人々が我々の手段で利益を得るのを許すよりも、むしろ自分たちの利益を放棄することを選択する。	be unwilling|望んでいない|verb|be reluctant to do something	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	carrier|運搬業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	choose|選択する|verb|pick from a number of alternatives	forego|放棄する|verb|go without	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	means|手段|noun|an action or system by which a result is brought about
Not only half the old subsidy, but the second twenty-five per cent.	古い補助金の半分だけでなく、2番目の25パーセント。	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	second|2番目|adjective|coming after the first in position or time; 2nd	twenty-five|25|noun|the number 25	per cent|パーセント|noun|in or for every hundred
is retained upon the exportation of all French goods.	すべてのフランス製品の輸出に際して保持される。	be retained|保持される|verb|be kept or held back	upon|に際して|preposition|on the occasion of	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale

By the fourth of the rules annexed to the old subsidy, the drawback allowed upon the exportation of all wines amounted to a great deal more than half the duties which were at that time paid upon their importation;	古い補助金に付随する規則の4番目によると、すべてのワインの輸出に認められた欠点は、当時の輸入時に支払われた関税の半分以上になった。	fourth|4番目|noun|the number 4 in a series	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	annex|付随する|verb|to add or attach something to something else	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	allow|認める|verb|to permit or let	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	duty|関税|noun|a tax on goods or services that are imported or exported	pay|支払う|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for something
and it seems at that time to have been the object of the legislature to give somewhat more than ordinary encouragement to the carrying trade in wine.	そして、当時はワインの運搬貿易に通常よりも多少の奨励を与えることが立法府の目的だったようである。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a small extent	more than|よりも|preposition|to a greater extent than	ordinary|通常|adjective|of the usual or common type	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another
Several of the other duties, too which were imposed either at the same time or subsequent to the old subsidy, what is called the additional duty, the new subsidy, the one-third and two-thirds subsidies, the impost 1692, the tonnage on wine, were allowed to be wholly drawn back upon exportation.	他の関税のいくつかも、同時に課せられたか、古い補助金に続くものであり、追加関税、新しい補助金、3分の1と3分の2の補助金、1692年の課税、ワインのトン数などと呼ばれ、輸出時に全額返金されることが認められた。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	too|も|adverb|also; as well	which|もの|relative pronoun|the thing that	were imposed|課せられた|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link alternatives	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the very same moment	or|または|conjunction|used to link alternatives	subsequent|続く|adjective|coming after something in time; following	to|に|preposition|used to indicate a destination	the old subsidy|古い補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	what is called|と呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	the additional duty|追加関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	the new subsidy|新しい補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	the one-third and two-thirds subsidies|3分の1と3分の2の補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	the impost 1692|1692年の課税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	the tonnage on wine|ワインのトン数|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	were allowed|認められた|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	to be wholly drawn back|全額返金される|verb|to be given back in full	upon|時に|preposition|on; at	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
All those duties, however, except the additional duty and impost 1692, being paid down in ready money upon importation, the interest of so large a sum occasioned an expense, which made it unreasonable to expect any profitable carrying trade in this article.	しかし、追加関税と1692年の課税を除くすべての関税は、輸入時に現金で支払われるため、そのような多額の利子は費用を発生させ、この品目で収益性のある運搬貿易を期待するのは不合理だった。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	additional|追加|adjective|added to something else	impost|課税|noun|a tax, usually on imported goods	1692|1692年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	ready money|現金|noun|money in the form of coins or banknotes that is immediately available	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	occasion|発生させる|verb|cause or give rise to	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	unreasonable|不合理|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense
Only a part, therefore of the duty called the impost on wine, and no part of the twenty-five pounds the ton upon French wines, or of the duties imposed in 1745, in 1763, and in 1778, were allowed to be drawn back upon exportation.	したがって、ワインに対する課税と呼ばれる関税の一部だけであり、フランスワインに対する1トンあたり25ポンドの関税や、1745年、1763年、1778年に課せられた関税の一部は、輸出時に返金されることが認められなかった。	only a part|一部だけ|noun phrase|a portion of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	called|と呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	impost|課税|noun|a tax, usually on imported goods	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes	no part|一部もない|noun phrase|not any portion of something	twenty-five pounds|25ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes	imposed|課せられた|verb|put or set as a duty, burden, or punishment	1745|1745年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1763|1763年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1778|1778年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	allowed|認められた|verb|give permission to do something	drawn back|返金される|verb|to take back or retract something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
The two imposts of five per cent.	5パーセントの2つの課税。	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	impost|課税|noun|a tax, usually on imported goods	five|5|adjective|one more than four	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
imposed in 1779 and 1781, upon all the former duties of customs, being allowed to be wholly drawn back upon the exportation of all other goods, were likewise allowed to be drawn back upon that of wine.	1779年と1781年に課せられた、以前のすべての関税に対する5パーセントの2つの課税は、他のすべての商品の輸出時に全額返金されることが認められ、同様にワインの輸出時にも返金されることが認められた。	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	1779|1779年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1781|1781年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	allow|認める|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	wholly|全額|adverb|completely; entirely	draw back|返金する|verb|to take back or retract something that has been said or done	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
The last duty that has been particularly imposed upon wine, that of 1780, is allowed to be wholly drawn back;	特にワインに課せられた最後の関税である1780年の関税は、全額返金されることが認められている。	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	1780|1780年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	allow|認める|verb|give permission to do something	wholly|全額|adverb|completely; entirely	draw back|返金される|verb|to move back or away from something
an indulgence which, when so many heavy duties are retained, most probably could never occasion the exportation of a single ton of wine.	このような多くの重税が維持されている場合、おそらく1トンのワインも輸出することはできないだろう。	indulgence|免除|noun|the act of indulging	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	retain|維持する|verb|keep or continue to have	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	single|1つの|adjective|only one	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
These rules took place with regard to all places of lawful exportation, except the British colonies in America.	これらの規則は、アメリカのイギリス植民地を除く、合法的な輸出のすべての場所に関して行われた。	take place|行われた|verb|happen	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	lawful|合法的な|adjective|being in accordance with the law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	except|除く|preposition|not including; other than	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The 15th Charles II, chap.	チャールズ二世15年、第7章。	15th|15年|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	chap|第7章|noun|a chapter of a book
7, called an act for the encouragement of trade, had given Great Britain the monopoly of supplying the colonies with all the commodities of the growth or manufacture of Europe, and consequently with wines.	貿易奨励法と呼ばれる第7条は、イギリスにヨーロッパの成長または製造のすべての商品、そして結果的にワインを植民地に供給する独占権を与えていた。	7|第7条|noun|the number seven	act|法|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine especially on a large scale	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice
In a country of so extensive a coast as our North American and West Indian colonies, where our authority was always so very slender, and where the inhabitants were allowed to carry out in their own ships their non-enumerated commodities, at first to all parts of Europe, and afterwards to all parts of Europe south of Cape Finisterre, it is not very probable that this monopoly could ever be much respected;	我々の北米と西インドの植民地のように海岸線が広大な国では、我々の権限は常に非常に弱く、住民は最初はヨーロッパのすべての地域に、その後はフィニステレ岬の南にあるヨーロッパのすべての地域に、自分たちの船で列挙されていない商品を運び出すことが許されていたので、この独占が尊重されることはまずあり得ない。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	West Indian|西インド|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	coast|海岸線|noun|the land next to the sea	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	slender|弱い|adjective|weak or inadequate	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	carry out|運び出す|verb|take or bring something from inside to outside	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	non-enumerated|列挙されていない|adjective|not listed	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	at first|最初は|adverb|in the beginning	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	south|南|noun|the direction toward the bottom of a map	Cape Finisterre|フィニステレ岬|noun|a cape in northwestern Spain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	respected|尊重される|verb|admire someone or something
and they probably at all times found means of bringing back some cargo from the countries to which they were allowed to carry out one.	そして、彼らはおそらくいつでも、彼らが運び出すことを許された国から、何らかの貨物を持ち帰る手段を見つけていた。	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|return with something	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle
They seem, however, to have found some difficulty in importing European wines from the places of their growth;	しかし、彼らはヨーロッパのワインを生産地から輸入するのに多少の困難を感じていたようである。	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or issue that is difficult to deal with	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	growth|生産地|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount
and they could not well import them from Great Britain, where they were loaded with many heavy duties, of which a considerable part was not drawn back upon exportation.	そして、彼らはイギリスからそれらをうまく輸入することができなかった。イギリスでは、それらに多くの重い関税が課せられ、そのかなりの部分が輸出時に引き戻されなかった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	draw back|引き戻す|verb|move back or away from something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
Madeira wine, not being an European commodity, could be imported directly into America and the West Indies, countries which, in all their non-enumerated commodities, enjoyed a free trade to the island of Madeira.	マデイラワインはヨーロッパの商品ではないため、アメリカや西インド諸島に直接輸入することができ、これらの国々は列挙されていないすべての商品において、マデイラ島との自由貿易を楽しんでいた。	Madeira wine|マデイラワイン|noun|a fortified wine made in the Madeira Islands	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	non-enumerated|列挙されていない|adjective|not counted or listed	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	enjoy|楽しむ|verb|take delight or pleasure in	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water
These circumstances had probably introduced that general taste for Madeira wine, which our officers found established in all our colonies at the commencement of the war which began in 1755, and which they brought back with them to the mother country, where that wine had not been much in fashion before.	これらの状況がおそらくマデイラワインに対する一般的な嗜好をもたらし、1755年に始まった戦争の開始時に我々の将校がすべての植民地で定着しているのを発見し、彼らが母国に持ち帰ったのだが、そこでは以前はそのワインは流行していなかった。	these circumstances|これらの状況|noun|the situation that is being described	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	introduce|もたらす|verb|cause to be acquainted with	general taste|一般的な嗜好|noun|the overall preference for something	Madeira wine|マデイラワイン|noun|a fortified wine made in the Madeira Islands	officer|将校|noun|a person holding a position of authority in the armed forces	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	establish|定着する|verb|become established or accepted	commencement|開始|noun|the beginning of something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|return with something	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
Upon the conclusion of that war, in 1763 (by the 4th Geo. III, chap. 15, sect. 12), all the duties except £3, 10s. were allowed to be drawn back upon the exportation to the colonies of all wines, except French wines, to the commerce and consumption of which national prejudice would allow no sort of encouragement.	その戦争の終結後、1763年(第4代ジョージ3世、第15章、第12節)に、3ポンド10シリングを除くすべての関税が、フランスワインを除くすべてのワインの植民地への輸出時に引き戻されることが許可されたが、フランスワインの貿易と消費については、国民的偏見がいかなる奨励も許さなかった。	conclusion|終結|noun|the end or finish of something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	1763|1763年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	4th|第4代|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th in order	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a male given name	III|3世|noun|the third of a series	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	15|15章|noun|a chapter of a book	sect.|節|noun|a subdivision of a chapter of a book	12|12節|noun|a section of a book	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	except|除く|verb|not including; other than	£3|3ポンド|noun|three pounds	10s.|10シリング|noun|ten shillings	be allowed to|許可される|verb|be given permission to do something	be drawn back|引き戻される|verb|be pulled back	upon|際に|preposition|on; at	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	except|除く|verb|not including; other than	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	to|に|preposition|a function word to indicate motion toward a place, person, thing, or state	the|その|definite article|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, or clauses	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	of|の|particle|used to indicate a possessive relationship	which|その|relative pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	national|国民的|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its people	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	would allow|許さなかった|verb|would permit	no|いかなる|adjective|not any	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging
The period between the granting of this indulgence and the revolt of our North American colonies, was probably too short to admit of any considerable change in the customs of those countries.	この恩典の付与と北米植民地の反乱までの期間は、おそらくこれらの国の習慣に大きな変化を認めるには短すぎた。	period|期間|noun|a length of time	grant|付与|verb|give or allow something to someone	indulgence|恩典|noun|the act of indulging	revolt|反乱|noun|an attempt to put an end to the authority of a person or group by rebelling	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	admit|認める|verb|to accept that something is true	considerable|大きな|adjective|large in size or amount	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected in a particular group of people or in a particular society

The same act which, in the drawbacks upon all wines, except French wines, thus favoured the colonies so much more than other countries, in those upon the greater part of other commodities, favoured them much less.	フランスワインを除くすべてのワインに対する欠点において、他の国々よりも植民地をはるかに優遇した同じ法律は、他のほとんどの商品に対する欠点においては、それらをはるかに優遇しなかった。	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	favour|優遇する|verb|prefer one person or thing over another	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot
Upon the exportation of the greater part of commodities to other countries, half the old subsidy was drawn back.	商品の大部分を他の国に輸出すると、古い補助金の半分が返還された。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	other countries|他の国|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	draw back|返還される|verb|to move back or away from something
But this law enacted, that no part of that duty should be drawn back upon the exportation to the colonies of any commodities of the growth or manufacture either of Europe or the East Indies, except wines, white calicoes, and muslins.	しかし、この法律は、ワイン、白更紗、モスリン以外のヨーロッパや東インドの産物や製品を植民地に輸出する際には、その関税の一部も返還してはならないと定めていた。	enact|定める|verb|make or establish by law	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	draw back|返還する|verb|to take back or withdraw	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	commodity|産物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	growth|産物|noun|the process of increasing in size	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	white calico|白更紗|noun|a plain white cotton fabric	muslin|モスリン|noun|a fine cotton fabric

Drawbacks were, perhaps, originally granted for the encouragement of the carrying trade, which, as the freight of the ship is frequently paid by foreigners in money, was supposed to be peculiarly fitted for bringing gold and silver into the country.	欠点は、おそらく、もともと運送業奨励のために認められたものであり、船の運賃は外国人によって金銭で支払われることが多いため、金や銀を国内に持ち込むのに特に適していると考えられた。	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	granted|認められる|verb|give or allow something to someone	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods	freight|運賃|noun|the money paid for transporting goods	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	fitted|適している|verb|be of the right shape or size	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place
But though the carrying trade certainly deserves no peculiar encouragement, though the motive of the institution was, perhaps, abundantly foolish, the institution itself seems reasonable enough.	しかし、運送業は確かに特別な奨励に値するものではないが、制度の動機はおそらく十分に愚かだったが、制度自体は十分に合理的であるように思われる。	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	peculiar|特別な|adjective|strange or unusual	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	institution|制度|noun|an established law, practice, or custom	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting according to reason or logic
Such drawbacks cannot force into this trade a greater share of the capital of the country than what would have gone to it of its own accord, had there been no duties upon importation;	このような欠点は、輸入に課税がなければ、自国資本の大部分をこの貿易に投入することはできない。	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive	force|投入する|verb|make someone or something do something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|自国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale
they only prevent its being excluded altogether by those duties.	それらは、それらの義務によって完全に排除されることを防ぐだけである。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out; prevent from entering or participating
The carrying trade, though it deserves no preference, ought not to be precluded, but to be left free, like all other trades.	運送業は、優先されるに値しないが、排除されるべきではなく、他のすべての貿易と同様に自由にされるべきである。	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	preference|優先|noun|the action of preferring one thing or person to another	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	preclude|排除する|verb|prevent from happening	free|自由にする|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
It is a necessary resource to those capitals which cannot find employment, either in the agriculture or in the manufactures of the country, either in its home trade, or in its foreign trade of consumption.	それは、国内の農業や製造業、国内貿易、消費のための対外貿易のいずれにおいても雇用を見つけることができない資本にとって必要な資源である。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between countries

The revenue of the customs, instead of suffering, profits from such drawbacks, by that part of the duty which is retained.	関税収入は、損害を被るどころか、関税の一部が保持されることによって、そのような欠点から利益を得ている。	revenue|収入|noun|income	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	instead of|どころか|conjunction|as an alternative to	suffering|損害を被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	profit|利益を得る|verb|make a financial gain	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	retain|保持される|verb|keep or continue to have
If the whole duties had been retained, the foreign goods upon which they are paid could seldom have been exported, nor consequently imported, for want of a market.	もし関税がすべて保持されていたら、関税が支払われる外国製品は、市場がないため、ほとんど輸出も輸入もできなかっただろう。	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	retain|保持する|verb|keep in one's possession or power	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	good|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
The duties, therefore, of which a part is retained, would never have been paid.	したがって、一部が保持されている関税は、支払われることはなかっただろう。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	retain|保持する|verb|keep in one's possession or power	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred

These reasons seem sufficiently to justify drawbacks, and would justify them, though the whole duties, whether upon the produce of domestic industry or upon foreign goods, were always drawn back upon exportation.	これらの理由は、欠点を正当化するのに十分であるように思われ、国内産業の生産物であろうと外国製品であろうと、関税の全額が常に輸出時に引き戻されるとしても、それらを正当化するだろう。	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	whole|全額|adjective|complete; entire	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	good|製品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	draw back|引き戻される|verb|move or cause to move back or away	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
The revenue of excise would, in this case indeed, suffer a little, and that of the customs a good deal more;	この場合、物品税収入は確かに少し損害を被り、関税収入はもっと損害を被るだろう。	revenue|収入|noun|income	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	suffer|損害を被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	customs|関税|noun|a tax on goods imported into a country
but the natural balance of industry, the natural division and distribution of labour, which is always more or less disturbed by such duties, would be more nearly re-established by such a regulation.	しかし、産業の自然なバランス、労働の自然な分割と配分は、常にそのような関税によって多かれ少なかれ乱されるが、そのような規制によってよりほぼ再確立されるだろう。	natural balance|自然なバランス|noun|the state of being in equilibrium	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	natural division|自然な分割|noun|the state of being divided into two or more parts	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	disturbed|乱される|verb|upset the normal condition or functioning of	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority

These reasons, however, will justify drawbacks only upon exporting goods to those countries which are altogether foreign and independent, not to those in which our merchants and manufacturers enjoy a monopoly.	しかし、これらの理由は、我が国の商人や製造業者が独占を享受している国々ではなく、全く外国で独立している国々への商品の輸出にのみ欠点を正当化するだろう。	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or controlled by another	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
A drawback, for example, upon the exportation of European goods to our American colonies, will not always occasion a greater exportation than what would have taken place without it.	例えば、ヨーロッパ製品をアメリカの植民地に輸出する場合の欠点は、それがなければ起こったであろう輸出量よりも常に大きな輸出量をもたらすわけではない。	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less desirable	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	not always|常にではない|adverb|not on all occasions	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or give rise to	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	what|もの|noun|the thing that	would have taken place|起こったであろう|verb|would have happened	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by
By means of the monopoly which our merchants and manufacturers enjoy there, the same quantity might frequently, perhaps, be sent thither, though the whole duties were retained.	我が国の商人や製造業者がそこで享受している独占によって、関税がすべて維持されていたとしても、同じ量が頻繁に送られるかもしれない。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	there|そこで|adverb|in or at that place	the same quantity|同じ量|noun phrase|the same amount	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	be sent|送られる|verb|be taken or directed from one place to another	thither|そこへ|adverb|to that place	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	be retained|維持される|verb|be kept or preserved
The drawback, therefore, may frequently be pure loss to the revenue of excise and customs, without altering the state of the trade, or rendering it in any respect more extensive.	したがって、欠点は、貿易の状態を変えたり、貿易をより広範囲にしたりすることなく、物品税や関税の収入に純粋な損失をもたらすことがある。	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	pure|純粋な|adjective|unmixed with any other substance or material	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	revenue|収入|noun|income	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	customs|関税|noun|a tax on goods imported into a country	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	extensive|広範囲の|adjective|covering a large area
How far such drawbacks can be justified as a proper encouragement to the industry of our colonies, or how far it is advantageous to the mother country that they should be exempted from taxes which are paid by all the rest of their fellow-subjects, will appear hereafter, when I come to treat of colonies.	このような欠点が、我が国の植民地産業に対する適切な奨励としてどこまで正当化できるか、あるいは、他のすべての同胞が支払っている税金から植民地が免除されることが、母国にとってどれほど有利であるかは、私が植民地について論じるとき、後で明らかになるだろう。	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less likely to succeed	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country in which one was born or has legal citizenship	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone or something from an obligation or requirement	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fellow-subject|同胞|noun|a person who is a citizen of the same country as another	appear|明らかになる|verb|come into sight; become visible or noticeable	treat|論じる|verb|discuss or deal with in a certain way

Drawbacks, however, it must always be understood, are useful only in those cases in which the goods, for the exportation of which they are given, are really exported to some foreign country, and not clandestinely re-imported into our own.	しかし、欠点は、常に理解されなければならないが、輸出のために与えられる商品が実際に外国に輸出され、密かに自国に再輸入されない場合にのみ有用である。	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	useful|有用な|adjective|capable of being used advantageously	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	clandestinely|密かに|adverb|done secretly or without the knowledge of others	re-import|再輸入|verb|import again
That some drawbacks, particularly those upon tobacco, have frequently been abused in this manner, and have given occasion to many frauds, equally hurtful both to the revenue and to the fair trader, is well known.	いくつかの欠点、特にタバコに関する欠点が、この方法で頻繁に悪用され、収入と公正な貿易業者の両方に等しく有害な多くの詐欺を引き起こしていることはよく知られている。	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less useful	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	abuse|悪用する|verb|use something in a wrong or harmful way	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	give occasion to|引き起こす|verb|cause or create	fraud|詐欺|noun|a crime in which someone deceives or misleads another person in order to gain something, such as money or property	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services


## CHAPTER V: OF BOUNTIES.	第五章: 奨励金について	CHAPTER V|第五章|noun|the fifth chapter	BOUNTIES|奨励金|noun|a reward or payment given for a particular service or action

Bounties upon exportation are, in Great Britain, frequently petitioned for, and sometimes granted, to the produce of particular branches of domestic industry.	イギリスでは、輸出奨励金は、国内産業の特定部門の生産物に対して頻繁に請願され、時には認められている。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	petition|請願|noun|a formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority with respect to a particular cause	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	grant|認める|verb|give or allow something to someone	domestic industry|国内産業|noun|the industry of a particular country
By means of them, our merchants and manufacturers, it is pretended, will be enabled to sell their goods as cheap or cheaper than their rivals in the foreign market.	それらによって、我々の商人や製造業者は、外国市場でライバルよりも安く、あるいはより安く商品を販売することができるようになるとされている。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	pretend|されている|verb|to claim or represent falsely	enable|することができるようになる|verb|to make possible or easy	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country
A greater quantity, it is said, will thus be exported, and the balance of trade consequently turned more in favour of our own country.	こうしてより多くの量が輸出され、貿易収支は結果的に自国に有利になるとされている。	greater quantity|より多くの量|noun|a larger amount	be said|言われている|verb|be expressed or described in words	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; like this	be exported|輸出される|verb|be sent to another country for sale	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	consequently|結果的に|adverb|as a result; therefore	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
We cannot give our workmen a monopoly in the foreign, as we have done in the home market.	我々は、国内市場で行ったように、外国で労働者に独占権を与えることはできない。	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
We cannot force foreigners to buy their goods, as we have done our own countrymen.	我々は、自国民に対して行ったように、外国人に彼らの商品を買わせることはできない。	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	countryman|自国民|noun|a person from one's own country
The next best expedient, it has been thought, therefore, is to pay them for buying.	そのため、次善の策は、彼らに購入代金を支払うことだと考えられてきた。	next best|次善の|adjective|next in quality or importance	expedient|策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	buying|購入|noun|the action of buying something
It is in this manner that the mercantile system proposes to enrich the whole country, and to put money into all our pockets, by means of the balance of trade.	重商主義が貿易収支によって国全体を豊かにし、我々全員のポケットにお金を入れようと提案するのは、この方法である。	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends on its supply of capital, and that the global volume of trade is unchangeable	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	whole country|国全体|noun|the entire nation	put money into|お金を入れる|verb|invest money in	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports

Bounties, it is allowed, ought to be given to those branches of trade only which cannot be carried on without them.	奨励金は、それがなければ続けられない貿易部門にのみ与えられるべきだと認められている。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	be allowed|認められる|verb|be permitted or given permission	ought to|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	be given|与えられる|verb|be presented with	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	be carried on|続けられる|verb|be continued
But every branch of trade in which the merchant can sell his goods for a price which replaces to him, with the ordinary profits of stock, the whole capital employed in preparing and sending them to market, can be carried on without a bounty.	しかし、商人が商品を市場に送り出すために投入した資本全体を、通常の利潤とともに回収できる価格で販売できる貿易部門はすべて、奨励金なしで継続できる。	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a larger group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	prepare|投入する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	send|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
Every such branch is evidently upon a level with all the other branches of trade which are carried on without bounties, and cannot, therefore, require one more than they.	そのような部門はすべて、明らかに奨励金なしで運営されている他のすべての貿易部門と同等であり、したがって、それらよりも多くを要求することはできない。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	level|同等|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	carry on|運営する|verb|to continue doing something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	require|要求する|verb|to need or want
Those trades only require bounties, in which the merchant is obliged to sell his goods for a price which does not replace to him his capital, together with the ordinary profit, or in which he is obliged to sell them for less than it really cost him to send them to market.	奨励金が必要なのは、商人が通常の利潤とともに資本を回収できない価格で商品を販売せざるを得ない場合、または市場に送り出すために実際にかかった費用よりも安く販売せざるを得ない場合だけである。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced to do something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	less|より安く|adjective|a smaller amount of	cost|費用|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something
The bounty is given in order to make up this loss, and to encourage him to continue, or, perhaps, to begin a trade, of which the expense is supposed to be greater than the returns, of which every operation eats up a part of the capital employed in it, and which is of such a nature, that if all other trades resembled it, there would soon be no capital left in the country.	奨励金は、この損失を補てんし、商人が事業を継続したり、あるいは開始したりすることを奨励するために与えられるもので、その事業は費用が収益を上回ると考えられ、すべての事業がそれに投入された資本の一部を食いつぶすものであり、他のすべての事業がそれに似ているとすれば、すぐに国内に資本が残らなくなるような性質のものである。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	make up|補てんする|verb|to compensate for something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	encourage|奨励する|verb|to give support, courage, or hope to	continue|継続する|verb|to keep doing something	begin|開始する|verb|to start doing something	trade|事業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization receives from its business activities	operation|事業|noun|a business or industrial activity	eat up|食いつぶす|verb|to consume or use up	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	resemble|似ている|verb|to be like or similar to	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The trades, it is to be observed, which are carried on by means of bounties, are the only ones which can be carried on between two nations for any considerable time together, in such a manner as that one of them shall always and regularly lose, or sell its goods for less than it really cost to send them to market.	注目すべきは、奨励金によって行われる貿易は、二つの国がかなりの期間にわたって一緒に行える唯一の貿易であり、そのうち一方が常に定期的に損失を被ったり、市場に送り出すために実際にかかった費用よりも安く商品を販売したりするような方法で行われるということである。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	lose|損失を被る|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
But if the bounty did not repay to the merchant what he would otherwise lose upon the price of his goods, his own interest would soon oblige him to employ his stock in another way, or to find out a trade in which the price of the goods would replace to him, with the ordinary profit, the capital employed in sending them to market.	しかし、奨励金がなければ商品の価格で損失を被るであろう商人に、奨励金がその損失を補てんしない場合、彼自身の利益のためにすぐに別の方法で資本を運用したり、商品の価格が通常の利益とともに市場に送り出すために投入した資本を回収できるような取引を見つけたりすることになるだろう。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	repay|補てんする|verb|pay back	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employ|運用する|verb|use	another|別の|adjective|different	find out|見つける|verb|discover	trade|取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	capital|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	send|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of
The effect of bounties, like that of all the other expedients of the mercantile system, can only be to force the trade of a country into a channel much less advantageous than that in which it would naturally run of its own accord.	奨励金の効果は、重商主義の他のすべての方策の効果と同様に、一国の貿易を、自然に自ずと流れていくよりもはるかに不利な経路に押し込むことしかできない。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving an end	force|押し込む|verb|make someone or something move or do something by using physical power or violence	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|一国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	run|流れる|verb|move at a speed faster than walking	accord|自ずと|noun|an agreement

The ingenious and well-informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade has shown very clearly, that since the bounty upon the exportation of corn was first established, the price of the corn exported, valued moderately enough, has exceeded that of the corn imported, valued very high, by a much greater sum than the amount of the whole bounties which have been paid during that period.	穀物貿易に関する小論文の独創的で博識な著者は、穀物輸出に対する奨励金が最初に制定されて以来、輸出された穀物の価格は、十分に適度な評価で、その期間に支払われた奨励金の総額よりもはるかに大きな額で、非常に高く評価された輸入された穀物の価格を上回っていることを非常に明確に示している。	The ingenious and well-informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade|穀物貿易に関する小論文の独創的で博識な著者|noun phrase|the author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade	has shown very clearly|非常に明確に示している|verb phrase|has shown clearly	that since the bounty upon the exportation of corn was first established|穀物輸出に対する奨励金が最初に制定されて以来|noun phrase|the time since the bounty upon the exportation of corn was first established	the price of the corn exported|輸出された穀物の価格|noun phrase|the price of the corn that was exported	valued moderately enough|十分に適度な評価で|verb phrase|valued moderately	has exceeded that of the corn imported|輸入された穀物の価格を上回っている|verb phrase|has exceeded the price of the corn that was imported	valued very high|非常に高く評価された|verb phrase|valued very high	by a much greater sum than the amount of the whole bounties which have been paid during that period|その期間に支払われた奨励金の総額よりもはるかに大きな額で|noun phrase|a much greater sum than the amount of the whole bounties that have been paid during that period
This, he imagines, upon the true principles of the mercantile system, is a clear proof that this forced corn trade is beneficial to the nation, the value of the exportation exceeding that of the importation by a much greater sum than the whole extraordinary expense which the public has been at in order to get it exported.	彼は、これが重商主義の真の原則に基づいて、この強制的な穀物貿易が国に利益をもたらしていることの明確な証拠であると想像している。輸出の価値は、輸入の価値を、国民が輸出するために費やした特別経費の総額よりもはるかに大きな額で上回っている。	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"	true principle|真の原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	clear proof|明確な証拠|noun|something that shows that something else is true or exists	forced corn trade|強制的な穀物貿易|noun|a trade in corn that is forced upon a country or region	beneficial|有益な|adjective|producing good or helpful results	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	extraordinary expense|特別経費|noun|an expense that is not usual or ordinary	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
He does not consider that this extraordinary expense, or the bounty, is the smallest part of the expense which the exportation of corn really costs the society.	彼は、この特別経費、つまり奨励金が、穀物の輸出が実際に社会にかかる経費のごく一部であることを考慮していない。	extraordinary expense|特別経費|noun|an expense that is not usual or ordinary	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of sending goods and services to other countries for sale	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations
The capital which the farmer employed in raising it must likewise be taken into the account.	農民がそれを育てるのに用いた資本も同様に考慮に入れなければならない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	employ|用いる|verb|use or engage	raise|育てる|verb|bring up	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition	take into account|考慮に入れる|verb|consider
Unless the price of the corn, when sold in the foreign markets, replaces not only the bounty, but this capital, together with the ordinary profits of stock, the society is a loser by the difference, or the national stock is so much diminished.	穀物の価格が、外国市場で売られたときに、奨励金だけでなく、この資本と株の通常の利益を合わせた額を補填しない限り、社会はその差額で損失を被るか、国民の株がそれだけ減少する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	loser|損失を被る|noun|a person or thing that loses	difference|差額|noun|the amount by which one number or quantity is greater or less than another	national|国民の|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its government	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become smaller or less
But the very reason for which it has been thought necessary to grant a bounty, is the supposed insufficiency of the price to do this.	しかし、奨励金を支給することが必要だと考えられてきたまさにその理由は、これを行うには価格が不十分だと考えられてきたからである。	grant|支給する|verb|give or allow something to someone	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The average price of corn, it has been said, has fallen considerably since the establishment of the bounty.	穀物の平均価格は、奨励金の制定以来かなり下落したと言われている。	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	fall|下落する|verb|decrease in value	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal
That the average price of corn began to fall somewhat towards the end of the last century, and has continued to do so during the course of the sixty-four first years of the present, I have already endeavoured to show.	穀物の平均価格が前世紀の終わり頃に多少下落し始め、今世紀の最初の六十四年間にわたって下落し続けたことは、すでに示した通りである。	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	towards|頃|preposition|in the direction of	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	course|間に|noun|a period of time during which something happens	sixty-four|六十四|numeral|the number 64	first years|最初の年|noun|the first year of a period of time	present|今世紀|noun|the current century	endeavour|示す|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
But this event, supposing it to be real, as I believe it to be, must have happened in spite of the bounty, and cannot possibly have happened in consequence of it.	しかし、この出来事は、私が信じているように、それが本当だとすれば、奨励金にもかかわらず起こったに違いなく、その結果として起こったということはありえない。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition
It has happened in France, as well as in England, though in France there was not only no bounty, but, till 1764, the exportation of corn was subjected to a general prohibition.	フランスでは奨励金がなかっただけでなく、一七六四年まで穀物の輸出は全面的に禁止されていたにもかかわらず、イギリスと同じようにフランスでも起こった。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	1764|一七六四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	general prohibition|全面的禁止|noun|a ban on something that applies to everyone
This gradual fall in the average price of grain, it is probable, therefore, is ultimately owing neither to the one regulation nor to the other, but to that gradual and insensible rise in the real value of silver, which, in the first book of this discourse, I have endeavoured to show, has taken place in the general market of Europe during the course of the present century.	したがって、穀物の平均価格のこの緩やかな下落は、最終的にはどちらの規制にもよらず、銀の実質価値の緩やかで知覚できない上昇によるものである可能性が高く、この論考の第一巻で、私は今世紀の間にヨーロッパの一般市場で起こったことを示そうと努力した。	gradual|緩やかな|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	fall|下落|noun|a decrease in the amount, value, or price of something	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass	probable|可能性が高い|adjective|likely to happen or be true	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally; in the end	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	other|他|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from one already mentioned or known about	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the amount, value, or price of something	gradual|緩やかな|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	insensible|知覚できない|adjective|not able to be felt or noticed	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a soft white precious metal	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	discourse|論考|noun|a formal discussion of a topic in speech or writing	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	show|示す|verb|make something evident or clear	take place|起こる|verb|happen	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	course|経過|noun|the development of something over a period of time
It seems to be altogether impossible that the bounty could ever contribute to lower the price of grain.	奨励金が穀物の価格を下げるのに役立つことは全く不可能であるように思われる。	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

In years of plenty, it has already been observed, the bounty, by occasioning an extraordinary exportation, necessarily keeps up the price of corn in the home market above what it would naturally fall to.	豊作の年には、すでに述べたように、奨励金は異常な輸出を引き起こすことで、必然的に国内市場の穀物価格を自然に下落する価格以上に維持する。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	fall|下落する|verb|move or come quickly downward
To do so was the avowed purpose of the institution.	そうすることが、この制度の公然の目的だった。	do|行う|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
In years of scarcity, though the bounty is frequently suspended, yet the great exportation which it occasions in years of plenty, must frequently hinder, more or less, the plenty of one year from relieving the scarcity of another.	不作の年には、奨励金はしばしば停止されるが、豊作の年にそれが引き起こす大量の輸出は、ある年の豊作が別の年の不作を救済するのを、多かれ少なかれ、しばしば妨げるに違いない。	year|年|noun|a period of time	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	suspend|停止する|verb|stop temporarily	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	relieve|救済する|verb|reduce or remove (something unpleasant)
Both in years of plenty and in years of scarcity, therefore, the bounty necessarily tends to raise the money price of corn somewhat higher than it otherwise would be in the home market.	したがって、豊作の年も不作の年も、奨励金は必然的に穀物の貨幣価格を、そうでなければ国内市場で成立する価格よりも多少高くする傾向がある。	year|年|noun|a period of time	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or condition of having little or not enough	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a small extent	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country

That in the actual state of tillage the bounty must necessarily have this tendency, will not, I apprehend, be disputed by any reasonable person.	耕作の現状では、奨励金は必然的にこの傾向を持つに違いないということは、私の理解では、どんな理性的な人にも異論はないだろう。	in the actual state of|の現状では|noun phrase|in the current state of	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	have this tendency|この傾向を持つ|verb phrase|have this trend	will not|ないだろう|auxiliary verb|will not	be disputed by|に異論がある|verb phrase|be disputed by	any reasonable person|どんな理性的な人にも|noun phrase|any reasonable person
But it has been thought by many people, that it tends to encourage tillage, and that in two different ways;	しかし、多くの人々は、それが耕作を奨励する傾向があり、しかも二つの異なる方法でそうすると考えてきた。	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another
first, by opening a more extensive foreign market to the corn of the farmer, it tends, they imagine, to increase the demand for, and consequently the production of, that commodity;	第一に、農民の穀物に対してより広範な外国市場を開くことで、彼らは、その商品の需要を増加させ、結果として生産を増加させる傾向があると想像している。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	tend|傾向がある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured
and, secondly by securing to him a better price than he could otherwise expect in the actual state of tillage, it tends, they suppose, to encourage tillage.	第二に、耕作の現状では期待できないより良い価格を農民に保証することで、耕作を奨励する傾向があると彼らは考えている。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	secure|保証する|verb|make safe; make certain	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	actual|現状|adjective|existing in fact or reality	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed
This double encouragement must they imagine, in a long period of years, occasion such an increase in the production of corn, as may lower its price in the home market, much more than the bounty can raise it in the actual state which tillage may, at the end of that period, happen to be in.	この二重の奨励は、長い年月をかけて、穀物の生産量を増加させ、その期間の終わりに耕作がたまたまあるかもしれない現状で、奨励金がそれを上げることができるよりもはるかに多く、国内市場での価格を下げるかもしれないと彼らは想像するに違いない。	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	long period of years|長い年月|noun|a long period of time	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	actual state|現状|noun|the state of affairs at the present time	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	happen to be in|たまたまあるかもしれない|verb|occur by chance

I answer, that whatever extension of the foreign market can be occasioned by the bounty must, in every particular year, be altogether at the expense of the home market;	私は、奨励金によって外国市場がどれほど拡大しようとも、毎年、国内市場を犠牲にしなければならないと答える。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	occasion|拡大しようとも|verb|cause or produce	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	particular year|毎年|noun|a year in which something happens	altogether|犠牲にしなければならない|adverb|completely; totally	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	home market|国内市場|noun|a market within one's own country
as every bushel of corn, which is exported by means of the bounty, and which would not have been exported without the bounty, would have remained in the home market to increase the consumption, and to lower the price of that commodity.	奨励金によって輸出され、奨励金がなければ輸出されなかった穀物のすべてのブッシェルは、消費を増やし、その商品の価格を下げるために国内市場に残っていただろうからである。	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The corn bounty, it is to be observed, as well as every other bounty upon exportation, imposes two different taxes upon the people;	穀物奨励金は、輸出に対する他のすべての奨励金と同様に、国民に二つの異なる税金を課していることに注意しなければならない。	corn bounty|穀物奨励金|noun|a payment made to a farmer or producer of corn	be observed|注意しなければならない|verb|be noticed or perceived	every other|他のすべての|determiner|each of the remaining	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	two|二つの|determiner|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
first, the tax which they are obliged to contribute, in order to pay the bounty;	第一に、奨励金を支払うために彼らが負担しなければならない税金である。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
and, secondly, the tax which arises from the advanced price of the commodity in the home market, and which, as the whole body of the people are purchasers of corn, must, in this particular commodity, be paid by the whole body of the people.	第二に、国内市場における商品の価格上昇から生じる税金であり、国民全体が穀物の購入者であるため、この特定の商品では国民全体が支払わなければならない税金である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	advanced|上昇|adjective|far on in development or progress	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, or barley, or their seeds	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, group, or instance	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
In this particular commodity, therefore, this second tax is by much the heaviest of the two.	したがって、この特定の商品では、この二つ目の税金が二つの中で最も重い。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	second|二つ目の|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	two|二つ|noun|the number 2
Let us suppose that, taking one year with another, the bounty of 5s. upon the exportation of the quarter of wheat raises the price of that commodity in the home market only 6d. the bushel, or 4s. the quarter higher than it otherwise would have been in the actual state of the crop.	ある年と別の年を比べて、小麦四半期の輸出に対する5シリングの奨励金が、国内市場におけるその商品の価格を、そうでなければ実際の収穫量の状態であったであろう価格よりも、ブッシェルあたり6ペンス、または四半期あたり4シリングだけ上昇させると仮定しよう。	take one year with another|ある年と別の年を比べる|verb|compare one year with another	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	crop|収穫量|noun|the total amount of a crop produced in a season
Even upon this very moderate supposition, the great body of the people, over and above contributing the tax which pays the bounty of 5s. upon every quarter of wheat exported, must pay another of 4s. upon every quarter which they themselves consume.	この非常に控えめな仮定でさえ、国民の大多数は、輸出される小麦の四半期ごとに5シリングの手当を支払う税金を負担する以外に、自分たちが消費する四半期ごとに4シリングを支払わなければならない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	moderate|控えめな|adjective|not extreme or excessive	supposition|仮定|noun|a belief or theory that is not yet proven	great|大多数の|adjective|of major significance or importance	body|国民|noun|the main part of a person's or animal's body	over and above|以外に|adverb|in addition to	contribute|負担する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	bounty|手当|noun|a generous gift	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
But according to the very well informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade, the average proportion of the corn exported to that consumed at home, is not more than that of one to thirty-one.	しかし、穀物貿易に関する論文の非常に情報通の著者によると、輸出される穀物の平均的な割合は、国内で消費される穀物の平均的な割合は、31分の1を超えない。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	very well informed|非常に情報通の|adjective|having a lot of knowledge about a particular subject	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	Tracts upon the Corn Trade|穀物貿易に関する論文|noun|a book about the corn trade	average proportion|平均的な割合|noun|the average of a set of numbers	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	exported|輸出される|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumed|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	more than|を超える|preposition|to a greater degree or extent than	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	thirty-one|31|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirty and one
For every 5s. therefore, which they contribute to the payment of the first tax, they must contribute £6:4s. to the payment of the second.	したがって、彼らが最初の税金の支払いに貢献する5シリングごとに、彼らは2番目の支払いに6ポンド4シリングを貢献しなければならない。	for every 5s|5シリングごとに|noun|a unit of money in the UK	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	second|2番目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd
So very heavy a tax upon the first necessary of life-must either reduce the subsistence of the labouring poor, or it must occasion some augmentation in their pecuniary wages, proportionable to that in the pecuniary price of their subsistence.	生活に必要な第一の必需品に課せられる非常に重い税金は、労働する貧困層の生活を困難にするか、あるいは彼らの生活に必要な金銭的価格に比例して、彼らの金銭的賃金にいくらかの増加をもたらすに違いない。	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	reduce|困難にする|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	labouring|労働する|adjective|involving hard work	poor|貧困層|noun|people who lack the means to attain a minimum standard of living	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or give rise to	augmentation|増加|noun|the action or fact of increasing	pecuniary|金銭的|adjective|of or relating to money	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	proportionable|比例して|adjective|being in a due proportion; proportionate	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
So far as it operates in the one way, it must reduce the ability of the labouring poor to educate and bring up their children, and must, so far, tend to restrain the population of the country.	それが一方的に作用する限り、労働する貧困層が子供を教育し育てる能力を低下させ、これまでのところ、国の人口を抑制する傾向にあるに違いない。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	operate|作用する|verb|have an effect or influence	one way|一方的に|noun|a method or manner of doing something	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	labouring poor|労働する貧困層|noun|people who are poor and have to work	educate|教育する|verb|teach or train	bring up|育てる|verb|care for and educate	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree that	tend|傾向にある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back; keep under control	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
So far as it operates in the other, it must reduce the ability of the employers of the poor, to employ so great a number as they otherwise might do, and must so far tend to restrain the industry of the country.	それが他方で作用する限り、貧困層の雇用者の能力を低下させ、そうでなければ雇用できるほどの人数を雇用することができず、これまでのところ、国の産業を抑制する傾向にあるに違いない。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	operate|作用する|verb|have an effect or influence	the other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two things	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	poor|貧困層|noun|people who lack money or material possessions	so great a number|それほど多くの人数|noun phrase|a large number	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	do|する|verb|perform an action	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree that	tend|傾向がある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
The extraordinary exportation of corn, therefore occasioned by the bounty, not only in every particular year diminishes the home, just as much as it extends the foreign market and consumption, but, by restraining the population and industry of the country, its final tendency is to stint and restrain the gradual extension of the home market;	したがって、奨励金によって引き起こされる穀物の異常な輸出は、毎年、外国市場と消費を拡大するのと同じくらい国内を減少させるだけでなく、国の人口と産業を抑制することによって、その最終的な傾向は、国内市場の段階的な拡大を制限し、抑制することである。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	every particular year|毎年|noun|each year	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	stint|制限する|verb|be very sparing or economical with	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	gradual|段階的な|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something
and thereby, in the long-run, rather to diminish than to augment the whole market and consumption of corn.	それによって、長期的には、穀物の市場全体と消費を増やすよりもむしろ減少させる。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	in the long run|長期的には|adverb|eventually; ultimately	rather|むしろ|adverb|more readily or willingly	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

This enhancement of the money price of corn, however, it has been thought, by rendering that commodity more profitable to the farmer, must necessarily encourage its production.	しかし、穀物の貨幣価格のこの上昇は、その商品を農民にとってより収益性の高いものにすることによって、必然的にその生産を奨励するはずだと考えられてきた。	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials

I answer, that this might be the case, if the effect of the bounty was to raise the real price of corn, or to enable the farmer, with an equal quantity of it, to maintain a greater number of labourers in the same manner, whether liberal, moderate, or scanty, than other labourers are commonly maintained in his neighbourhood.	私は、もし奨励金の効果が穀物の実際の価格を上げることであったり、農民が同じ量の穀物で、近隣の他の労働者が普通に維持しているよりも、寛大であれ、中庸であれ、乏しいものであれ、同じ方法でより多くの労働者を維持できるようにすることであったなら、そうかもしれないと答える。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	commonly|普通に|adverb|usually; generally	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place
But neither the bounty, it is evident, nor any other human institution, can have any such effect.	しかし、奨励金も、他の人間の制度も、そのような効果を持つことはできないことは明らかである。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	evident|明らか|adjective|obvious to the eye or mind	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	any other|他の|determiner|some other; any of the others	human|人間|noun|a human being	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	have|持つ|verb|to be in possession of	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
It is not the real, but the nominal price of corn, which can in any considerable degree be affected by the bounty.	奨励金によってかなりの影響を受けるのは、穀物の実際の価格ではなく、名目価格である。	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so in name only	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal
And though the tax, which that institution imposes upon the whole body of the people, may be very burdensome to those who pay it, it is of very little advantage to those who receive it.	そして、この制度が国民全体に課す税金は、支払う側にとっては非常に負担が大きいが、受け取る側にとってはほとんど利益がない。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position

The real effect of the bounty is not so much to raise the real value of corn, as to degrade the real value of silver;	奨励金の実際の効果は、穀物の実際の価値を上げることではなく、銀の実際の価値を下げることである。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	real effect|実際の効果|noun|the actual result of an action or event	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power	degrade|下げる|verb|cause to deteriorate or decline in quality, value, or character	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47
or to make an equal quantity of it exchange for a smaller quantity, not only of corn, but of all other home made commodities;	あるいは、穀物だけでなく、他のすべての国産品も含めて、同量の銀をより少ない量で交換できるようにすることである。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	make|できるようにすることである|verb|cause to be or become	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	exchange|交換|noun|the act of giving one thing and receiving another in return	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a more limited size, extent, or amount	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	but|だけでなく|conjunction|used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with or providing additional information about something that has been said	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	home|国産品|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	commodity|品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
for the money price of corn regulates that of all other home made commodities.	穀物の貨幣価格は、他のすべての国産品の価格を調整するからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|any of the various grasses cultivated for their seed	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	all other|他のすべての|determiner|every other	home made|国産の|adjective|made in one's own country	commodity|品物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

It regulates the money price of labour, which must always be such as to enable the labourer to purchase a quantity of corn sufficient to maintain him and his family, either in the liberal, moderate, or scanty manner, in which the advancing, stationary, or declining, circumstances of the society, oblige his employers to maintain him.	それは労働の貨幣価格を調整するが、労働の貨幣価格は常に、労働者が自分と家族を養うのに十分な量の穀物を購入できるようにするものでなければならない。それは、社会の進歩、停滞、衰退の状況によって、雇用主が労働者を養う義務を負う、寛大、中庸、あるいは乏しい方法である。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	enable|できるようにする|verb|make possible	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, or maize, or their seeds	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	liberal|寛大な|adjective|giving or given freely	moderate|中庸な|adjective|avoiding extremes of behavior or expression	scanty|乏しい|adjective|lacking in quantity or quality	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	advancing|進歩|noun|the action of moving forward	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	declining|衰退|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, quality, or value	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	oblige|義務を負う|verb|bind morally or legally	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence

It regulates the money price of all the other parts of the rude produce of land, which, in every period of improvement, must bear a certain proportion to that of corn, though this proportion is different in different periods.	それは土地の粗生産物の他のすべての部分の貨幣価格を調整するが、この比率は時期によって異なるものの、あらゆる改良の時期において、穀物の価格と一定の比率を保たなければならない。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	rude produce|粗生産物|noun|the raw or unprocessed product of a plant or animal	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	bear|保つ|verb|carry or support	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time
It regulates, for example, the money price of grass and hay, of butcher’s meat, of horses, and the maintenance of horses, of land carriage consequently, or of the greater part of the inland commerce of the country.	例えば、草や干し草、肉屋の肉、馬、馬の維持費、陸上輸送、あるいは国内の商業の大部分の貨幣価格を調整する。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	grass|草|noun|a plant with green leaves and stems that grows in the ground	hay|干し草|noun|grass that has been cut and dried	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged animal that people can ride on	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work that is done to keep something in good condition	land carriage|陸上輸送|noun|the transport of goods or people by land	inland|内陸|adjective|in or towards the interior of a country	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

By regulating the money price of all the other parts of the rude produce of land, it regulates that of the materials of almost all manufactures;	土地の粗生産物の他のすべての部分の貨幣価格を調整することによって、それはほとんどすべての製造業の材料の価格を調整する。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	rude produce|粗生産物|noun|the raw or unprocessed products of agriculture	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
by regulating the money price of labour, it regulates that of manufacturing art and industry;	労働の貨幣価格を調整することによって、それは製造業と工業の価格を調整する。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	art|工業|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power
and by regulating both, it regulates that of the complete manufacture.	そして、その両方を調整することによって、それは完成品の価格を調整する。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	complete|完成した|adjective|having all the necessary parts	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
The money price of labour, and of every thing that is the produce, either of land or labour, must necessarily either rise or fall in proportion to the money price of corn.	労働の貨幣価格、および土地または労働の産物であるすべてのものの貨幣価格は、必然的に穀物の貨幣価格に比例して上昇または下降する。	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	fall|下降する|verb|go down	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize

Though in consequence of the bounty, therefore, the farmer should be enabled to sell his corn for 4s. the bushel, instead of 3s:6d. and to pay his landlord a money rent proportionable to this rise in the money price of his produce;	したがって、奨励金の結果として、農民は自分の穀物を3シリング6ペンスではなく4シリングで売り、地主に自分の生産物の貨幣価格の上昇に比例した貨幣地代を支払うことができるようになるが、	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	4s|4シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume used for measuring grain	3s:6d|3シリング6ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	money rent|貨幣地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in exchange for the use of land or property	proportionable|比例した|adjective|in proportion; in a proper or suitable relation	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the value or price of something
yet if, in consequence of this rise in the price of corn, 4s. will purchase no more home made goods of any other kind than 3s. 6d. would have done before, neither the circumstances of the farmer, nor those of the landlord, will be much mended by this change.	それでも、穀物価格の上昇の結果として、4シリングで3シリング6ペンスで買えた量の国産品しか買えなくなるのであれば、農民の状況も地主の状況も、この変化によって大きく改善されることはない。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	purchase|買う|verb|buy something	home|国産|noun|the place where one lives	good|品|noun|a thing that is produced	kind|種類|noun|a group of things that are similar in some way	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	change|変化|noun|the act or process of becoming different
The farmer will not be able to cultivate much better;	農民は、それほどうまく耕作することはできないだろう。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	much|それほど|adverb|to a great extent or degree	better|うまく|adverb|to a higher standard or more successfully
the landlord will not be able to live much better.	地主は、それほどうまく生活することはできないだろう。	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to do something	live|生活する|verb|be alive; have life
In the purchase of foreign commodities, this enhancement in the price of corn may give them some little advantage.	外国の商品を購入する際には、穀物価格の上昇によって、彼らに多少の利益がもたらされるかもしれない。	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	give|もたらす|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
In that of home made commodities, it can give them none at all.	国産品を購入する際には、穀物価格の上昇によって、彼らに利益はもたらされない。	home made|国産の|adjective|made in one's own country	commodity|品物|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	none|全く|adverb|not at all; in no way	at all|全く|adverb|in any way; to any extent
And almost the whole expense of the farmer, and the far greater part even of that of the landlord, is in home made commodities.	そして、農民の支出のほとんどすべて、そして地主の支出の大部分でさえ、国産品である。	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	greater|大きい|adjective|larger or more important	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	home|国産|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	make|作る|verb|create or produce something	commodity|品物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

That degradation in the value of silver, which is the effect of the fertility of the mines, and which operates equally, or very nearly equally, through the greater part of the commercial world, is a matter of very little consequence to any particular country.	鉱山の豊饒の効果であり、商業世界の大部分を通して平等に、あるいはほぼ平等に作用する銀の価値の低下は、特定の国にとってほとんど重要ではない問題である。	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	fertility|豊饒|noun|the quality of being fertile; productiveness	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	operate|作用する|verb|cause to function or work	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The consequent rise of all money prices, though it does not make those who receive them really richer, does not make them really poorer.	結果として生じるすべての貨幣価格の上昇は、それを受け取る人々を本当に豊かにするわけではないが、本当に貧しくするわけでもない。	consequent|結果として生じる|adjective|following as a result or effect	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of a good or service expressed in terms of money	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	really|本当に|adverb|in actual fact	richer|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few assets
A service of plate becomes really cheaper, and every thing else remains precisely of the same real value as before.	銀食器は本当に安くなり、他のすべてのものは以前とまったく同じ実質価値のままである。	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish with raised edges that you eat or serve food from	become|なる|verb|start to be	really|本当に|adverb|in actual fact	cheaper|より安い|adjective|low in price or value	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group of people or things	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	else|他の|determiner|other than the one or ones already mentioned or implied	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	precisely|まったく|adverb|in exact terms; without vagueness	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

But that degradation in the value of silver, which, being the effect either of the peculiar situation or of the political institutions of a particular country, takes place only in that country, is a matter of very great consequence, which, far from tending to make anybody really richer, tends to make every body really poorer.	しかし、銀の価値の低下は、特定の国の特殊な状況や政治制度の影響であり、その国でのみ起こるものであり、非常に重大な問題であり、誰かを本当に豊かにするどころか、誰もが本当に貧しくなる傾向がある。	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	political|政治的な|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	matter|問題|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	far from|どころか|adverb|not at all; on the contrary	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	anybody|誰か|pronoun|any person	really|本当に|adverb|in fact; actually	richer|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	tend|する傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	every body|誰もが|pronoun|every person	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few assets
The rise in the money price of all commodities, which is in this case peculiar to that country, tends to discourage more or less every sort of industry which is carried on within it, and to enable foreign nations, by furnishing almost all sorts of goods for a smaller quantity of silver than its own workmen can afford to do, to undersell them, not only in the foreign, but even in the home market.	この場合、その国特有のすべての商品の貨幣価格の上昇は、国内で営まれているあらゆる産業を多かれ少なかれ阻害する傾向があり、外国が自国の労働者が提供できるよりも少ない量の銀でほとんどすべての種類の商品を提供することで、外国だけでなく国内市場でもそれらを安く売ることができるようになる。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	worker|労働者|noun|a person who works	afford|提供できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country

It is the peculiar situation of Spain and Portugal, as proprietors of the mines, to be the distributers of gold and silver to all the other countries of Europe.	鉱山の所有者として、スペインとポルトガルはヨーロッパの他のすべての国々に金と銀を分配するという独特の状況にある。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	distributer|分配者|noun|a person or organization that distributes something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
Those metals ought naturally, therefore, to be somewhat cheaper in Spain and Portugal than in any other part of Europe.	したがって、これらの金属は当然、ヨーロッパの他のどの地域よりもスペインとポルトガルで多少安くなるはずである。	ought|はずである|auxiliary verb|should	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The difference, however, should be no more than the amount of the freight and insurance;	しかし、その差は運賃と保険料の額を超えてはならない。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	no more than|を超えてはならない|adverb|not more than; only	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more quantities added together	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods	insurance|保険料|noun|a contract by which one party undertakes to indemnify or guarantee another against loss by a specified event or peril
and, on account of the great value and small bulk of those metals, their freight is no great matter, and their insurance is the same as that of any other goods of equal value.	そして、これらの金属は高価でかさばらないため、運賃は大した問題ではなく、保険料は同等の価値を持つ他の品物と同じである。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	great value|高価|noun|a high price or worth	small bulk|かさばらない|noun|a small size or amount	freight|運賃|noun|the cost of transporting goods	no great matter|大した問題ではない|noun|not a big deal	insurance|保険|noun|a means of protection from financial loss	equal value|同等の価値|noun|the same worth or importance
Spain and Portugal, therefore, could suffer very little from their peculiar situation, if they did not aggravate its disadvantages by their political institutions.	したがって、スペインとポルトガルは、政治制度によってその不利な点を悪化させなければ、その独特の状況からほとんど損害を被ることはなかった。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	political institution|政治制度|noun|a set of rules and regulations that govern the political behavior of a society	disadvantage|不利な点|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|make worse

Spain by taxing, and Portugal by prohibiting, the exportation of gold and silver, load that exportation with the expense of smuggling, and raise the value of those metals in other countries so much more above what it is in their own, by the whole amount of this expense.	スペインは金銀の輸出に課税し、ポルトガルはそれを禁止することで、その輸出に密輸の費用を負担させ、他の国々でこれらの金属の価値を、この費用の全額だけ自国での価値よりもはるかに高めている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border or other boundary	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	so much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	above|以上に|preposition|at a higher level or position than	what|もの|noun|the thing that is referred to	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	by|だけ|preposition|to the extent of	whole|全額|adjective|complete in number or total; entire	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent
When you dam up a stream of water, as soon as the dam is full, as much water must run over the dam-head as if there was no dam at all.	水の流れをせき止めると、ダムがいっぱいになるとすぐに、ダムがまったくないかのように、ダムの頭上を多くの水が流れ落ちる。	dam up|せき止める|verb|to hold back or obstruct the flow of	stream|流れ|noun|a flow of water in a channel	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	full|いっぱい|adjective|containing or holding as much or as many as possible	run over|流れ落ちる|verb|to flow or spill over the top of	dam-head|ダムの頭上|noun|the top of a dam	as if|まるで|conjunction|as though	at all|まったく|adverb|in any way; to any extent
The prohibition of exportation cannot detain a greater quantity of gold and silver in Spain and Portugal, than what they can afford to employ, than what the annual produce of their land and labour will allow them to employ, in coin, plate, gilding, and other ornaments of gold and silver.	輸出禁止は、スペインとポルトガルに、彼らが使用できる量、つまり彼らの土地と労働の年間生産量が、硬貨、板金、金メッキ、その他の金銀の装飾品に使用できる量を超える金銀を留めることはできない。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	detain|留める|verb|keep from proceeding; delay	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	afford|使用できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	employ|使用する|verb|use	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|agricultural and other produce	allow|使用できる|verb|permit	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	plate|板金|noun|a thin, flat sheet of metal	gilding|金メッキ|noun|a layer of gold or a gold-colored substance applied to the surface of an object	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something
When they have got this quantity, the dam is full, and the whole stream which flows in afterwards must run over.	この量に達すると、ダムは満杯になり、その後流入する水はすべてあふれ出てしまう。	get|達する|verb|reach a destination	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	dam|ダム|noun|a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, the resulting reservoir being used to generate electricity or as a water supply	full|満杯|adjective|holding or containing as much or as many as possible	stream|水|noun|a flow of water in a channel	flow|流入する|verb|move or cause to move steadily and continuously	run over|あふれ出る|verb|flow or spill over the brim of
The annual exportation of gold and silver from Spain and Portugal, accordingly, is, by all accounts, notwithstanding these restraints, very near equal to the whole annual importation.	したがって、スペインとポルトガルからの金銀の年間輸出量は、これらの制約にもかかわらず、年間輸入量全体とほぼ同じである。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	by all accounts|すべての説明によると|adverb|by all reports	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	very near|ほぼ|adverb|very close	equal|同じ|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
As the water, however, must always be deeper behind the dam-head than before it, so the quantity of gold and silver which these restraints detain in Spain and Portugal, must, in proportion to the annual produce of their land and labour, be greater than what is to be found in other countries.	しかし、水はダムの前よりも後ろの方が常に深くなければならないので、これらの制約によってスペインとポルトガルに留まる金銀の量は、その土地と労働の年間生産量に比例して、他の国々で見られる量よりも大きくなければならない。	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	dam|ダム|noun|a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, the resulting reservoir being used in generating electricity or as a water supply	head|前|noun|the upper or front part of the human body, or the corresponding part in an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	gold|金|noun|a yellow malleable ductile metal, the most precious of the metals, occurring in veins and alluvial deposits and used in coinage, jewelry, and dentures	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal, occurring in veins and alluvial deposits and used in coinage, jewelry, tableware, and photography	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	detain|留まる|verb|keep from proceeding; delay	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, including 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital, Lisbon	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年間|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産量|noun|agricultural and other produce considered as a group	proportion|比例して|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The higher and stronger the dam-head, the greater must be the difference in the depth of water behind and before it.	ダムの頭部が高く強固であればあるほど、その前後の水深の差は大きくなる。	dam-head|ダムの頭部|noun|the top of a dam	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	stronger|より強い|adjective|having more strength	greater|より大きい|adjective|of greater size or extent	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	depth|深さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
The higher the tax, the higher the penalties with which the prohibition is guarded, the more vigilant and severe the police which looks after the execution of the law, the greater must be the difference in the proportion of gold and silver to the annual produce of the land and labour of Spain and Portugal, and to that of other countries.	税金が高ければ高いほど、禁止を守るための罰則が高ければ高いほど、法律の執行を監督する警察がより警戒し、厳しければ厳しいほど、スペインとポルトガルの土地と労働の年間生産量に対する金と銀の割合と、他の国のそれとの差は大きくなる。	the higher|高ければ高いほど|adjective|of greater vertical extent	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden	guard|守る|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	vigilant|警戒する|adjective|keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	severe|厳しい|adjective|(of something bad or undesirable) very great; intense	police|警察|noun|the civil force of a state, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out or putting into effect of a plan, order, or course of action	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used in jewelry, tableware, and photography	annual|年間|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|生産量|noun|agricultural and other primary products	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, including 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, bordering Spain and the Atlantic Ocean	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
It is said, accordingly, to be very considerable, and that you frequently find there a profusion of plate in houses, where there is nothing else which would in other countries be thought suitable or correspondent to this sort of magnificence.	したがって、それは非常に相当なものであり、他の国ではこの種の壮麗さに適切または対応すると考えられるものが他に何もない場合でも、家の中にたくさんの食器が頻繁に見られると言われている。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	considerable|相当な|adjective|large in amount or extent	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	profusion|豊富|noun|a large or excessive amount of something	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish on which food is served	house|家|noun|a place where people live	else|他に|adverb|other than the thing mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	suitable|適切な|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	correspondent|対応する|adjective|in agreement or harmony	magnificence|壮麗|noun|the quality of being impressive or very beautiful
The cheapness of gold and silver, or, what is the same thing, the dearness of all commodities, which is the necessary effect of this redundancy of the precious metals, discourages both the agriculture and manufactures of Spain and Portugal, and enables foreign nations to supply them with many sorts of rude, and with almost all sorts of manufactured produce, for a smaller quantity of gold and silver than what they themselves can either raise or make them for at home.	金銀の安さ、あるいは同じことだが、この貴金属の過剰供給の必然的な結果であるすべての商品の高さは、スペインとポルトガルの農業と製造業の両方を阻害し、外国が彼らが自国で生産したり製造したりできるよりも少ない量の金銀で、多くの種類の粗悪品やほとんどすべての種類の製造品を供給することを可能にしている。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	dearness|高さ|noun|the quality of being high in price	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	redundancy|過剰供給|noun|the state of being redundant	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable	discourage|阻害する|verb|to make someone less likely to do something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country that is not one's own	supply|供給する|verb|to provide or give something	rude|粗悪品|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured produce|製造品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	raise|生産する|verb|to grow or produce something	make|製造する|verb|to produce or create something	home|自国|noun|the country where one was born or has legal citizenship
The tax and prohibition operate in two different ways.	税と禁止は二つの異なる方法で作用する。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden	operate|作用する|verb|have an effect or influence	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
They not only lower very much the value of the precious metals in Spain and Portugal, but by detaining there a certain quantity of those metals which would otherwise flow over other countries, they keep up their value in those other countries somewhat above what it otherwise would be, and thereby give those countries a double advantage in their commerce with Spain and Portugal.	スペインとポルトガルでは貴金属の価値を大幅に下げるだけでなく、他の国に流れてしまう貴金属を一定量そこに留めることで、他の国では貴金属の価値を本来よりも高く保ち、スペインやポルトガルとの貿易で二重の利益を得ている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|any of several relatively scarce and valuable metals, such as gold, silver, and the platinum-group metals	detain|留める|verb|keep from proceeding; delay	there|そこに|adverb|in or at that place	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	flow|流れる|verb|move or cause to move in a stream	other country|他の国|noun|a country other than the one being discussed	keep up|保つ|verb|maintain or sustain at a certain level	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	somewhat|幾分|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	above|以上に|preposition|at a higher level or position than	would be|本来|verb|would exist or occur under normal conditions	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	those country|それらの国|noun|the countries being discussed	double advantage|二重の利益|noun|two benefits from the same action	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Open the flood-gates, and there will presently be less water above, and more below the dam-head, and it will soon come to a level in both places.	水門を開くと、すぐに上流の水が減り、ダム下流の水が増え、すぐに両方の場所で水位が同じになる。	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	flood-gate|水門|noun|a gate that can be opened or closed to control the flow of water	presently|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; soon	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	above|上流|adverb|in or to a higher place or position	more|より多い|adjective|a greater amount of	below|下流|adverb|in or to a lower place or position	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; presently	both|両方の|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
Remove the tax and the prohibition, and as the quantity of gold and silver will diminish considerably in Spain and Portugal, so it will increase somewhat in other countries;	税と禁止を撤廃すれば、スペインとポルトガルでは金銀の量が大幅に減少する一方で、他の国では多少増加するだろう。	remove|撤廃する|verb|do away with; abolish	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 47, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	considerably|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent; greatly	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
and the value of those metals, their proportion to the annual produce of land and labour, will soon come to a level, or very near to a level, in all.	そして、これらの金属の価値、土地と労働の年間生産物に対する割合は、すぐにすべてにおいて同じ水準、あるいはほぼ同じ水準になるだろう。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to a whole	annual|年間|adjective|happening or recurring once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
The loss which Spain and Portugal could sustain by this exportation of their gold and silver, would be altogether nominal and imaginary.	スペインとポルトガルが金銀の輸出によって被る損失は、まったく名目上のものであり、想像上のものである。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	nominal|名目上|adjective|existing in name only	imaginary|想像上|adjective|existing only in the imagination
The nominal value of their goods, and of the annual produce of their land and labour, would fall, and would be expressed or represented by a smaller quantity of silver than before;	彼らの商品、および土地と労働の年間生産物の名目価値は下落し、以前よりも少ない量の銀で表現されるだろう。	nominal value|名目価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	fall|下落する|verb|decrease in value	be expressed|表現される|verb|be represented in words	be represented|表現される|verb|be presented in a particular way	smaller quantity|少ない量|noun|a smaller amount	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously
but their real value would be the same as before, and would be sufficient to maintain, command, and employ the same quantity of labour.	しかし、それらの実際の価値は以前と同じであり、同じ量の労働を維持し、指揮し、雇用するのに十分であろう。	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to (someone) in return for regular pay
As the nominal value of their goods would fall, the real value of what remained of their gold and silver would rise, and a smaller quantity of those metals would answer all the same purposes of commerce and circulation which had employed a greater quantity before.	彼らの商品の名目価値が下落するにつれて、残った金銀の実際の価値は上昇し、以前より少ない量の金属で、以前より多くの量を必要としていた商業と流通の目的をすべて満たすようになるだろう。	nominal value|名目価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	fall|下落する|verb|decrease in value	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power	rise|上昇する|verb|increase in value	smaller quantity|より少ない量|noun|a smaller amount	those metals|金属|noun|a substance that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	answer|満たす|verb|be satisfactory or sufficient	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of goods and services from one place to another
The gold and silver which would go abroad would not go abroad for nothing, but would bring back an equal value of goods of some kind or other.	海外に流出する金銀は、ただで海外に流出するのではなく、同等の価値のある何らかの商品を持ち帰ることになる。	go abroad|海外に流出する|verb|travel to a foreign country	nothing|ただで|noun|not anything; no single thing	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|return with something	equal value|同等の価値|noun|the same worth or importance	some kind or other|何らかの|noun|one kind or another; some kind or another
Those goods, too, would not be all matters of mere luxury and expense, to be consumed by idle people, who produce nothing in return for their consumption.	これらの商品も、消費の見返りに何も生産しない怠惰な人々によって消費される、単なる贅沢品や高価品ばかりではないだろう。	those|これらの|determiner|the	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced	too|も|adverb|also	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	matter|事|noun|a subject of concern	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	expense|高価品|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	idle|怠惰な人々|adjective|not working or active	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	return|見返り|noun|the value of a good or service measured in terms of the value of another good or service for which it can be exchanged	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
As the real wealth and revenue of idle people would not be augmented by this extraordinary exportation of gold and silver, so neither would their consumption be much augmented by it.	怠惰な人々の実質的な富と収入は、この金銀の異常な輸出によって増加することはないので、彼らの消費もそれによって大きく増加することはないだろう。	real|実質的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	much|大きく|adverb|to a great extent
Those goods would probably, the greater part of them, and certainly some part of them, consist in materials, tools, and provisions, for the employment and maintenance of industrious people, who would reproduce, with a profit, the full value of their consumption.	これらの商品は、おそらくその大部分、そして確かにその一部は、勤勉な人々の雇用と維持のための材料、道具、食料品で構成され、彼らは消費した価値のすべてを利益をつけて再生産するだろう。	those|これらの|determiner|the	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	greater|大部分|adjective|larger in size or amount	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	reproduce|再生産する|verb|make a copy of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
A part of the dead stock of the society would thus be turned into active stock, and would put into motion a greater quantity of industry than had been employed before.	こうして社会の死んだ資本の一部が活動資本に転換され、これまでに雇用されていたよりも多くの産業が動かされることになる。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	dead stock|死んだ資本|noun|capital that is not being used	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	turn into|転換される|verb|change into something else	active stock|活動資本|noun|capital that is being used	put into motion|動かされる|verb|cause to move or be moved	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
The annual produce of their land and labour would immediately be augmented a little, and in a few years would probably be augmented a great deal;	彼らの土地と労働の年間生産量は、すぐに少し増加し、数年後にはおそらく大幅に増加するだろう。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	be augmented|増加する|verb|be made greater or more intense	a little|少し|adverb|to a small extent	a few years|数年後|noun|a small number of years	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	a great deal|大幅に|noun|a large amount or extent
their industry being thus relieved from one of the most oppressive burdens which it at present labours under.	こうして彼らの産業は、現在苦しんでいる最も過酷な負担の一つから解放されることになる。	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	be relieved from|解放される|verb|be freed from a duty, responsibility, or burden	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	the most oppressive|最も過酷な|adjective|extremely harsh or cruel	burden|負担|noun|a load, typically a heavy one	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time

The bounty upon the exportation of corn necessarily operates exactly in the same way as this absurd policy of Spain and Portugal.	穀物輸出に対する奨励金は、必然的にスペインとポルトガルのこのばかげた政策と全く同じように作用する。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	operate|作用する|verb|to perform a function	exactly|全く同じように|adverb|in an exact manner or to an exact degree	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula
Whatever be the actual state of tillage, it renders our corn somewhat dearer in the home market than it otherwise would be in that state, and somewhat cheaper in the foreign;	耕作の実際の状態がどうであれ、それは我が国の穀物を、そうでなければその状態にあるよりも国内市場ではやや高く、海外ではやや安くする。	Whatever|どうであれ|pronoun|no matter what	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate degree	dearer|より高い|adjective|costing more	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	foreign|海外|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own
and as the average money price of corn regulates, more or less, that of all other commodities, it lowers the value of silver considerably in the one, and tends to raise it a little in the other.	そして、穀物の平均貨幣価格が、多かれ少なかれ、他のすべての商品の価格を調整するので、一方では銀の価値をかなり下げ、他方ではそれを少し上げる傾向がある。	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a noticeable extent	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	other|他方|noun|the other one of two people or things
It enables foreigners, the Dutch in particular, not only to eat our corn cheaper than they otherwise could do, but sometimes to eat it cheaper than even our own people can do upon the same occasions;	それは外国人、特にオランダ人が、そうでなければ食べられるよりも安く我が国の穀物を食べられるようにするだけでなく、時には同じ機会に我が国の人々が食べられるよりも安く食べられるようにする。	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	cheaper|安く|adjective|less expensive	eat|食べる|verb|take into the body by the mouth	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
as we are assured by an excellent authority, that of Sir Matthew Decker.	マシュー・デッカー卿という優れた権威によって保証されているように。	as|ように|conjunction|in the way that	be assured|保証されている|verb|be made certain of	excellent|優れた|adjective|very good	authority|権威|noun|the power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge	Sir Matthew Decker|マシュー・デッカー卿|noun|a British merchant and politician
It hinders our own workmen from furnishing their goods for so small a quantity of silver as they otherwise might do, and enables the Dutch to furnish theirs for a smaller.	それは、我が国の労働者が、そうでなければできるほど少ない量の銀で商品を供給するのを妨げ、オランダ人がより少ない量で商品を供給できるようにする。	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a more limited size, amount, or extent
It tends to render our manufactures somewhat dearer in every market, and theirs somewhat cheaper, than they otherwise would be, and consequently to give their industry a double advantage over our own.	それは、我が国の製品をあらゆる市場で多少高価にし、彼らの製品をそうでない場合よりも多少安価にする傾向があり、その結果、彼らの産業に我が国の産業よりも二重の利点を与える。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	theirs|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安価|adjective|low in price or value	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories

The bounty, as it raises in the home market, not so much the real, as the nominal price of our corn;	補助金は、国内市場で上昇するにつれて、我が国の穀物の実際の価格ではなく、名目価格が上昇する。	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	raise|上昇する|verb|go up or cause to go up	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so in name only	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
as it augments, not the quantity of labour which a certain quantity of corn can maintain and employ, but only the quantity of silver which it will exchange for;	補助金は、一定量の穀物が維持し、雇用できる労働量ではなく、交換される銀の量だけが増加する。	as|なので|conjunction|because; since	augment|増加する|verb|become greater in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal that is a chemical element with atomic number 47 and that occurs in nature as a free element and in ores and that is used especially in coins, jewelry, tableware, and photography	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
it discourages our manufactures, without rendering any considerable service, either to our farmers or country gentlemen.	補助金は、我が国の農民や地方紳士に大きな利益をもたらすことなく、我が国の製造業を阻害する。	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or hinder the development of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|地方|noun|the land of a nation with its inhabitants and resources	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man of good breeding, education, and refinement
It puts, indeed, a little more money into the pockets of both, and it will perhaps be somewhat difficult to persuade the greater part of them that this is not rendering them a very considerable service.	確かに、補助金は両者の懐にもう少しお金を入れ、これが彼らに非常に大きな利益をもたらしていないことを彼らの大部分に説得するのは、おそらく多少難しいだろう。	put|入れる|verb|move something to a place	pocket|懐|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	persuade|説得する|verb|cause (someone) to do something by reasoning with them or giving them advice	render|もたらす|verb|provide or give	service|利益|noun|an act of helpful activity
But if this money sinks in its value, in the quantity of labour, provisions, and home-made commodities of all different kinds which it is capable of purchasing, as much as it rises in its quantity, the service will be little more than nominal and imaginary.	しかし、このお金の価値が、労働量、食料、購入できるあらゆる種類の国産品において、その量が増えるにつれて下落するならば、その利益は名目上のものであり、想像上のものになるだろう。	sink|下落する|verb|go down or cause to go down	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	rise|増える|verb|go up or cause to go up	service|利益|noun|an act of helpful activity	nominal|名目上|adjective|existing in name only	imaginary|想像上|adjective|existing only in the imagination

There is, perhaps, but one set of men in the whole commonwealth to whom the bounty either was or could be essentially serviceable.	おそらく、この補助金が本質的に役立ったか、役立つ可能性があるのは、国全体でたった一組の人々だけだろう。	There is|～がある|verb|exist	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	one|一|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	set|組|noun|a group of things of the same type	men|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	commonwealth|国|noun|a political unit	to whom|～に|preposition|for whom	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward, typically a sum of money, offered for the capture or death of a criminal	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	was|～だった|verb|be	could be|～かもしれない|verb|be possible	essentially|本質的に|adverb|in or relating to the essential nature of something	serviceable|役立つ|adjective|able to be used
These were the corn merchants, the exporters and importers of corn.	これらは穀物商人、穀物の輸出業者と輸入業者だった。	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	exporter|輸出業者|noun|a person or company that exports goods or services	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that imports goods or services
In years of plenty, the bounty necessarily occasioned a greater exportation than would otherwise have taken place;	豊作の年には、補助金は必然的に、そうでなければ起こったであろうよりも大きな輸出を引き起こした。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
and by hindering the plenty of the one year from relieving the scarcity of another, it occasioned in years of scarcity a greater importation than would otherwise have been necessary.	そして、ある年の豊作が別の年の不作を救済するのを妨げることで、不作の年には、そうでなければ必要だったであろうよりも大きな輸入を引き起こした。	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	plenty|豊作|noun|a state or condition of abundance	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	scarcity|不作|noun|a state or condition of having little or not enough of something	relieve|救済する|verb|make or become less severe, serious, or painful	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale
It increased the business of the corn merchant in both;	それはどちらの場合も穀物商人の取引を増やした。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
and in the years of scarcity, it not only enabled him to import a greater quantity, but to sell it for a better price, and consequently with a greater profit, than he could otherwise have made, if the plenty of one year had not been more or less hindered from relieving the scarcity of another.	そして、不作の年には、もしある年の豊作が別の年の不作を救済するのを多かれ少なかれ妨げなかったならば、彼が得ることができたであろうよりも、より多くの量を輸入するだけでなく、より良い価格で、結果としてより大きな利益をもってそれを売ることを可能にした。	year|年|noun|a period of time	scarcity|不作|noun|a lack of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|in a different way	plenty|豊作|noun|a large or sufficient amount or supply	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	relieve|救済する|verb|reduce or remove (something unpleasant)
It is in this set of men, accordingly, that I have observed the greatest zeal for the continuance or renewal of the bounty.	したがって、私が補助金の継続または更新に対する最大の熱意を観察したのは、この人々の集団である。	set of men|人々の集団|noun|a group of people	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	greatest zeal|最大の熱意|noun|the most intense and passionate feeling	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	renewal|更新|noun|the act of renewing	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward or payment

Our country gentlemen, when they imposed the high duties upon the exportation of foreign corn, which in times of moderate plenty amount to a prohibition, and when they established the bounty, seem to have imitated the conduct of our manufacturers.	我が国の紳士たちは、外国産穀物の輸出に高関税を課したとき、それは適度に豊富な時期には禁止に等しく、また補助金を制定したとき、我が国の製造業者の行動を真似たように思われる。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	impose|課す|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax or fee that is charged on goods that are imported or exported	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	foreign corn|外国産穀物|noun|corn that is grown in a foreign country	moderate plenty|適度に豊富|noun|a state of having enough of something, but not too much	amount to|等しい|verb|to be equal to or the same as	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden	establish|制定する|verb|to set up or create something on a firm or permanent basis	bounty|補助金|noun|a sum of money that is given by a government or other organization to help an industry or business	conduct|行動|noun|the way that someone behaves	imitate|真似る|verb|to copy or try to be like someone or something else
By the one institution, they secured to themselves the monopoly of the home market, and by the other they endeavoured to prevent that market from ever being overstocked with their commodity.	一方の制度によって、彼らは国内市場の独占を確保し、他方によって、彼らはその市場が彼らの商品で過剰に供給されることを防ぐよう努めた。	by the one institution|一方の制度によって|preposition|by means of the one institution	secure|確保する|verb|make safe; make certain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a particular country	by the other|他方によって|preposition|by means of the other	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion	overstock|過剰に供給する|verb|have too much of something
By both they endeavoured to raise its real value, in the same manner as our manufacturers had, by the like institutions, raised the real value of many different sorts of manufactured goods.	両者によって、彼らは、我が国の製造業者が同様の制度によって多くの異なる種類の製造品の真の価値を上げたのと全く同じ方法で、その真の価値を上げようと努力した。	by both|両者によって|preposition|by the two of them	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual value of something, as opposed to its nominal value	in the same manner as|全く同じ方法で|adverb|in the same way that	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	by the like institutions|同様の制度によって|preposition|by similar institutions	raise the real value|真の価値を上げた|verb|increase the actual value of something	many different sorts of|多くの異なる種類の|adjective|many different kinds of	manufactured goods|製造品|noun|goods that have been made in a factory
They did not, perhaps, attend to the great and essential difference which nature has established between corn and almost every other sort of goods.	彼らは、おそらく、自然が穀物と他のほとんどすべての種類の商品の間に確立した大きくて本質的な違いに注意を払わなかった。	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of; deal with	great|大きくて|adjective|of major significance or importance	essential|本質的な|adjective|of the utmost importance	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics
When, either by the monopoly of the home market, or by a bounty upon exportation, you enable our woollen or linen manufacturers to sell their goods for somewhat a better price than they otherwise could get for them, you raise, not only the nominal, but the real price of those goods;	国内市場の独占によって、あるいは輸出に対する補助金によって、我が国の毛織物や麻織物の製造業者が、そうでなければ得られるよりも多少良い価格で商品を販売できるようにすると、名目価格だけでなく、それらの商品の実質価格も上昇する。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a country	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	bounty|補助金|noun|a generous gift	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	linen|麻織物|adjective|made of linen	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	raise|上昇する|verb|go up or cause to go up	nominal|名目|adjective|existing in name only	real|実質|adjective|not imagined or supposed; having objective existence
you render them equivalent to a greater quantity of labour and subsistence;	あなたはそれらをより多くの労働と生存に相当させる。	render|相当させる|verb|cause to be or become	equivalent|同等|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence
you increase not only the nominal, but the real profit, the real wealth and revenue of those manufacturers;	あなたは名目上の利益だけでなく、実際の利益、それらの製造業者の実際の富と収入を増やす。	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	nominal|名目上の|adjective|being so in name only	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
and you enable them, either to live better themselves, or to employ a greater quantity of labour in those particular manufactures.	そして、あなたは彼らがより良い生活を送るか、あるいはそれらの特定の製造業でより多くの労働を雇用することを可能にする。	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	live|生活する|verb|be alive	better|より良い|adjective|to a higher standard or more advanced degree	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	greater|より多くの|adjective|to a higher degree or extent	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
You really encourage those manufactures, and direct towards them a greater quantity of the industry of the country than what would properly go to them of its own accord.	あなたは本当にそれらの製造業を奨励し、それらに向かって、自らの意志で適切にそれらに向かうよりも、より多くの国の産業を向ける。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	direct|向ける|verb|control the course of; guide	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
But when, by the like institutions, you raise the nominal or money price of corn, you do not raise its real value;	しかし、同様の制度によって、あなたが穀物の名目価格または貨幣価格を上げるとき、あなたはその実質価値を上げない。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	nominal|名目|adjective|existing in name only	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence
you do not increase the real wealth, the real revenue, either of our farmers or country gentlemen;	あなたは、農民や田舎の紳士のどちらの実際の富も、実際の収入も増やさない。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation with its inhabitants and resources	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable
you do not encourage the growth of corn, because you do not enable them to maintain and employ more labourers in raising it.	あなたは穀物の生産を奨励しない、なぜなら、あなたは彼らがそれを育てるのにもっと多くの労働者を維持し、雇用することを可能にしないからである。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	growth|生産|noun|the process of increasing in size	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
The nature of things has stamped upon corn a real value, which cannot be altered by merely altering its money price.	物事の性質は、穀物に実質価値を刻印しており、それは単にその貨幣価格を変えるだけでは変えられない。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	stamp|刻印する|verb|to mark with a stamp	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	alter|変える|verb|to make or become different	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money
No bounty upon exportation, no monopoly of the home market, can raise that value.	輸出に対する報奨金も、国内市場の独占も、その価値を高めることはできない。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of
The freest competition cannot lower it,	最も自由な競争もそれを下げることはできない。	freest|最も自由な|adjective|superlative form of free	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position
Through the world in general, that value is equal to the quantity of labour which it can maintain, and in every particular place it is equal to the quantity of labour which it can maintain in the way, whether liberal, moderate, or scanty, in which labour is commonly maintained in that place.	世界全体を通して、その価値はそれが維持できる労働量に等しく、そしてあらゆる特定の場所で、それが維持できる労働量に等しい。その場所で労働が一般的に維持されている方法で、それが豊富であれ、中程度であれ、乏しいものであれ。	through the world|世界全体を通して|preposition|in all parts of the world	in general|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue	every particular place|あらゆる特定の場所|noun|each specific place	liberal|豊富な|adjective|giving or given freely	moderate|中程度の|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	scanty|乏しい|adjective|small in amount or quantity	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases
Woollen or linen cloth are not the regulating commodities by which the real value of all other commodities must be finally measured and determined;	毛織物や麻布は、他のすべての商品の真の価値を最終的に測定し決定しなければならない規制商品ではない。	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	linen|麻布|noun|a fabric made from flax	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time; at last	measure|測定する|verb|find the size, amount, or degree of something	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	regulating commodity|規制商品|noun|a commodity that is used to regulate the value of other commodities
corn is.	穀物である。	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
The real value of every other commodity is finally measured and determined by the proportion which its average money price bears to the average money price of corn.	他のすべての商品の真の価値は、その平均貨幣価格が穀物の平均貨幣価格に占める割合によって最終的に測定され決定される。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	every other|他のすべての|determiner|each of the remaining	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	measure|測定する|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	average money price|平均貨幣価格|noun|the average price of a good or service in terms of money	bear|占める|verb|be in a particular relation to	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
The real value of corn does not vary with those variations in its average money price, which sometimes occur from one century to another;	穀物の真の価値は、その平均貨幣価格の変動によって変化するのではなく、それは時々一世紀から別の世紀に起こる。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change	average money price|平均貨幣価格|noun|the average price of something in terms of money	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	one century|一世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	another|別の|adjective|different; distinct
it is the real value of silver which varies with them.	銀の真の価値は、それらによって変化する。	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change

Bounties upon the exportation of any homemade commodity are liable, first, to that general objection which may be made to all the different expedients of the mercantile system;	国産品輸出に対する奨励金は、まず、重商主義のあらゆる方策に対してなされる一般的な異議にさらされる。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	homemade|国産|adjective|made in one's own home	commodity|品物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	liable|さらされる|adjective|legally responsible for something	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"
the objection of forcing some part of the industry of the country into a channel less advantageous than that in which it would run of its own accord;	国内産業の一部を、自らの意志で動く場合よりも不利な経路に強制的に押し込もうとする異議である。	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	less advantageous|不利な|adjective|not as favorable	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	run|動く|verb|move at a speed faster than a walk	of one's own accord|自らの意志で|adverb|voluntarily; without being asked or forced
and, secondly, to the particular objection of forcing it not only into a channel that is less advantageous, but into one that is actually disadvantageous;	第二に、それを単に不利な経路に押し込むだけでなく、実際に不利な経路に押し込むという特別な異議にさらされる。	second|第二に|adverb|next after the first	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	force|押し込む|verb|make someone or something move or do something by using physical strength or violence	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|to one's detriment
the trade which cannot be carried on but by means of a bounty being necessarily a losing trade.	奨励金によらなければ続けられない貿易は、必然的に損失を伴う貿易である。	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	losing|損失を伴う|adjective|making a loss
The bounty upon the exportation of corn is liable to this further objection, that it can in no respect promote the raising of that particular commodity of which it was meant to encourage the production.	穀物輸出に対する奨励金は、さらに、生産を奨励するはずの特定の商品の増産を促進できないという異議にさらされる。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	liable|さらされる|adjective|legally responsible for something	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials
When our country gentlemen, therefore, demanded the establishment of the bounty, though they acted in imitation of our merchants and manufacturers, they did not act with that complete comprehension of their own interest, which commonly directs the conduct of those two other orders of people.	したがって、我が国の紳士たちが奨励金の設置を要求したとき、彼らは我が国の商人や製造業者を真似て行動したが、他の二つの階級の人々の行動を通常支配している、自分たちの利益を完全に理解して行動したわけではない。	country gentleman|紳士|noun|a man of good breeding who lives in the country	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	establishment|設置|noun|the act of establishing something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	imitation|真似|noun|the act of copying something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	act|行動する|verb|do something	comprehension|理解|noun|the ability to understand something	interest|利益|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	direct|支配する|verb|control the course of	conduct|行動|noun|the way that someone behaves	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
They loaded the public revenue with a very considerable expense: they imposed a very heavy tax upon the whole body of the people;	彼らは公的収入に非常に大きな負担をかけ、国民全体に非常に重い税を課した。	load|負担をかける|verb|to put a burden on	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government	very considerable expense|非常に大きな負担|noun phrase|a large amount of money that is spent	impose|課す|verb|to force someone to accept something	heavy tax|重い税|noun phrase|a large amount of money that is paid to the government	whole body of the people|国民全体|noun phrase|all of the people in a country
but they did not, in any sensible degree, increase the real value of their own commodity;	しかし、彼らは自分の製品の真の価値を、感覚的にわかる程度に増大させることはなかった。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	do|する|verb|perform an action	not|ない|adverb|a word that expresses negation	in any sensible degree|感覚的にわかる程度に|adverb|to a noticeable extent	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	commodity|製品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
and by lowering somewhat the real value of silver, they discouraged, in some degree, the general industry of the country, and, instead of advancing, retarded more or less the improvement of their own lands, which necessarily depend upon the general industry of the country.	そして、銀の真の価値を多少下げることで、彼らは国の一般産業をある程度阻害し、前進するどころか、必然的に国の一般産業に依存している自らの土地の改良を多少なりとも遅らせた。	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or hinder the development of	general industry|一般産業|noun|the overall industry of a country	advance|前進する|verb|move forward	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by

To encourage the production of any commodity, a bounty upon production, one should imagine, would have a more direct operation than one upon exportation.	どんな商品の生産も奨励するには、生産に対する奨励金は輸出に対する奨励金よりも直接的な効果があると考えるべきである。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	bounty|奨励金|noun|a generous gift	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image or concept of	operation|効果|noun|the state of being in effect or in force	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
It would, besides, impose only one tax upon the people, that which they must contribute in order to pay the bounty.	そのうえ、それは国民にただ一つの税金、つまり奨励金を支払うために彼らが負担しなければならない税金を課すだけである。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	only|ただ一つの|adjective|single; solitary	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
Instead of raising, it would tend to lower the price of the commodity in the home market;	値上げする代わりに、それは国内市場における商品の価格を下げる傾向がある。	raise|値上げする|verb|increase the amount or level of	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	lower|下げる|verb|make or become lower	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service in the country in which it is produced
and thereby, instead of imposing a second tax upon the people, it might, at least in part, repay them for what they had contributed to the first.	そしてそれによって、国民に二度目の税金を課す代わりに、少なくとも一部は、彼らが最初に負担したものを返済するかもしれない。	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	second|二度目の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	repay|返済する|verb|pay back (money) that has been borrowed	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; 1st
Bounties upon production, however, have been very rarely granted.	しかし、生産に対する奨励金はめったに支給されない。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	production|生産|noun|the act of producing something	rarely|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; seldom
The prejudices established by the commercial system have taught us to believe, that national wealth arises more immediately from exportation than from production.	商業システムによって確立された偏見は、国民の富は生産よりも輸出からより直接的に生じると信じるように私たちに教えてきた。	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	commercial system|商業システム|noun|a system of trade and industry	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	national wealth|国民の富|noun|the total value of money and other assets owned by the citizens of a nation	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
It has been more favoured, accordingly, as the more immediate means of bringing money into the country.	それに応じて、それは国内に資金を持ち込むより直接的な手段として、より好まれている。	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate to the situation	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	country|国内|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Bounties upon production, it has been said too, have been found by experience more liable to frauds than those upon exportation.	生産に対する奨励金は、輸出に対する奨励金よりも詐欺の対象になりやすいことが経験上わかっているとも言われている。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	fraud|詐欺|noun|a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale
How far this is true, I know not.	これがどこまで真実か、私は知らない。	how far|どこまで|adverb|to what extent or degree	true|真実|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
That bounties upon exportation have been abused, to many fraudulent purposes, is very well known.	輸出に対する奨励金が、多くの不正な目的のために悪用されていることは、よく知られている。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	abuse|悪用|verb|use something to bad effect or for a bad purpose	fraudulent|不正な|adjective|obtained, done by, or involving deception, especially criminal deception	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people
But it is not the interest of merchants and manufacturers, the great inventors of all these expedients, that the home market should be overstocked with their goods;	しかし、国内市場が彼らの商品で過剰に供給されることは、これらすべての方策の偉大な発明者である商人や製造業者の利益にはならない。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	overstock|過剰に供給する|verb|have too much of something
an event which a bounty upon production might sometimes occasion.	生産に対する奨励金が時折引き起こす事態である。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen
A bounty upon exportation, by enabling them to send abroad their surplus part, and to keep up the price of what remains in the home market, effectually prevents this.	輸出に対する奨励金は、彼らが余剰分を海外に送り、国内市場に残っているものの価格を維持することを可能にすることで、これを効果的に防ぐ。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
Of all the expedients of the mercantile system, accordingly, it is the one of which they are the fondest.	したがって、重商主義のあらゆる方策の中で、彼らが最も好むのは、これである。	of all|あらゆる|adjective|of the greatest possible degree	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase the wealth of the nation by encouraging exports and limiting imports	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	fond|好む|adjective|having a strong liking for
I have known the different undertakers of some particular works agree privately among themselves to give a bounty out of their own pockets upon the exportation of a certain proportion of the goods which they dealt in.	私は、ある特定の事業の異なる請負業者が、彼らが扱う商品の一定割合の輸出に対して、自分たちのポケットから奨励金を出すことで、彼ら自身の間で私的に同意しているのを知っている。	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a business or enterprise	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	privately|私的に|adverb|in a private manner	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	give|出す|verb|transfer something to someone	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	deal in|扱う|verb|trade in
This expedient succeeded so well, that it more than doubled the price of their goods in the home market, notwithstanding a very considerable increase in the produce.	この方策は非常にうまくいき、生産量がかなり増加したにもかかわらず、国内市場での製品価格は2倍以上になった。	expedient|方策|noun|a means to an end; a resource	succeed|うまくいく|verb|turn out well	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	double|2倍|verb|make or become twice as great or as many	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size or amount
The operation of the bounty upon corn must have been wonderfully different, if it has lowered the money price of that commodity.	穀物に対する奨励金の運用は、もしそれがその商品の貨幣価格を下げたのであれば、驚くほど異なっていたに違いない。	operation|運用|noun|the action or process of operating	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

Something like a bounty upon production, however, has been granted upon some particular occasions.	しかし、生産に対する奨励金のようなものが、いくつかの特別な機会に与えられたことがある。	something like|ようなもの|noun|something that is similar to	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or is done
The tonnage bounties given to the white herring and whale fisheries may, perhaps, be considered as somewhat of this nature.	白ニシン漁業と捕鯨業に与えられたトン数奨励金は、おそらく、この性質のものと見なされるかもしれない。	tonnage bounty|トン数奨励金|noun|a payment made to a shipowner or operator for each ton of cargo carried	white herring|白ニシン|noun|a type of herring	whale fishery|捕鯨業|noun|the industry or activity of hunting whales	be considered|見なされる|verb|to be regarded as or thought of as	somewhat|いくぶん|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	this nature|この性質|noun|the inherent character or basic constitution of a person or thing
They tend directly, it may be supposed, to render the goods cheaper in the home market than they otherwise would be.	これらは、そうしなければ国内市場で商品が安くなる傾向にあると考えられる。	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a country	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|in a different way	be|である|verb|exist or live
In other respects, their effects, it must be acknowledged, are the same as those of bounties upon exportation.	他の点では、その効果は輸出奨励金の効果と同じであると認めざるを得ない。	in other respects|他の点では|adverb|in other ways	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
By means of them, a part of the capital of the country is employed in bringing goods to market, of which the price does not repay the cost, together with the ordinary profits of stock.	それらによって、国の資本の一部は、価格がコストと株の通常の利益を返済しない商品を市場に持ち込むために使われる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	employ|使われる|verb|use or engage	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back a loan or debt	cost|コスト|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution

But though the tonnage bounties to those fisheries do not contribute to the opulence of the nation, it may, perhaps, be thought that they contribute to its defence, by augmenting the number of its sailors and shipping.	しかし、これらの漁業へのトン数奨励金は国の富に貢献しないが、船員と船の数を増やすことで、国の防衛に貢献すると考えられる。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	opulence|富|noun|wealth or affluence	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
This, it may be alleged, may sometimes be done by means of such bounties, at a much smaller expense than by keeping up a great standing navy, if I may use such an expression, in the same way as a standing army.	このような奨励金によって、常備軍と同じように、常備海軍を維持するよりもはるかに少ない費用で、このようなことが行われることがあるかもしれない。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	be alleged|主張される|verb|be said or claimed	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	smaller|より少ない|adjective|of a more limited size, amount, or extent	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain or continue	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	standing|常備|adjective|regularly and permanently organized	navy|海軍|noun|the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for conducting military operations at sea	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone previously mentioned	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land

Notwithstanding these favourable allegations, however, the following considerations dispose me to believe, that in granting at least one of these bounties, the legislature has been very grossly imposed upon:	しかし、これらの好意的な主張にもかかわらず、次の考察により、少なくともこれらの奨励金の1つを認めることで、立法府が非常にひどく押し付けられたと私は信じるようになった。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	favourable|好意的な|adjective|expressing approval or support	allegation|主張|noun|a statement that something is true	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	following|次の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	consideration|考察|noun|careful thought about something	dispose|信じるようになる|verb|make someone inclined to do something	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	grant|認める|verb|give or allow something to someone	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	grossly|ひどく|adverb|in a very obvious or offensive way	impose|押し付ける|verb|force someone to accept something

First, The herring-buss bounty seems too large.	第一に、ニシン漁船の奨励金は大きすぎるように思われる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	herring-buss|ニシン漁船|noun|a type of fishing boat	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy

From the commencement of the winter fishing 1771, to the end of the winter fishing 1781, the tonnage bounty upon the herring-buss fishery has been at thirty shillings the ton.	1771年の冬の漁の開始から1781年の冬の漁の終わりまで、ニシン漁船の漁業に対するトン数奨励金は1トンあたり30シリングだった。	commencement|開始|noun|the beginning of something	winter|冬|noun|the season of the year that is coldest	fishing|漁|noun|the activity of trying to catch fish	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
During these eleven years, the whole number of barrels caught by the herring-buss fishery of Scotland amounted to 378,347.	この11年間に、スコットランドのニシン漁船の漁業で捕獲された樽の総数は378,347に達した。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	these eleven years|この11年間|noun phrase|the period of time from 1990 to 2000	whole number|総数|noun|an integer	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	catch|捕獲する|verb|to take or keep in possession, especially after a chase	herring-buss fishery|ニシン漁船の漁業|noun phrase|the industry or activity of catching fish	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as
The herrings caught and cured at sea are called sea-sticks.	海で捕獲され、塩漬けされたニシンはシー・スティックと呼ばれる。	catch|捕獲される|verb|to take or keep in possession, especially after pursuit	cure|塩漬けされる|verb|to preserve by salting, smoking, drying, or the like	herring|ニシン|noun|a small, silvery fish of the herring family	sea|海|noun|the salt water covering most of the earth's surface and its adjoining shores, gulfs, and bays
In order to render them what are called merchantable herrings, it is necessary to repack them with an additional quantity of salt;	これらを市場に出せるニシンにするには、塩を追加して再び詰め直す必要がある。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the intention of	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	what are called|と呼ばれる|verb|to be referred to as	merchantable|市場に出せる|adjective|fit to be offered for sale	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish	it is necessary to|必要がある|verb|be required to	repack|詰め直す|verb|pack again	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
and in this case, it is reckoned, that three barrels of sea-sticks are usually repacked into two barrels of merchantable herrings.	この場合、通常、3バレルのシー・スティックが2バレルの市場に出せるニシンに詰め直されると考えられている。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	reckon|考える|verb|to be of the opinion that	three|3|numeral|the number 3	barrel|バレル|noun|a cylindrical container with slightly bulging ends	sea-stick|シー・スティック|noun|a stick of sea	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; more often than not	repack|詰め直す|verb|pack again	two|2|numeral|the number 2	barrel|バレル|noun|a cylindrical container with slightly bulging ends	merchantable|市場に出せる|adjective|of good enough quality to be sold	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten
The number of barrels of merchantable herrings, therefore, caught during these eleven years, will amount only, according to this account, to 252,2311⁄4.	したがって、この11年間に捕獲された市場に出せるニシンの樽数は、この計算によると252,2311⁄4にしかならない。	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	merchantable|市場に出せる|adjective|of good enough quality to be sold	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish	eleven years|11年間|noun|a period of 11 years	amount|なる|verb|to be equal to or equivalent to	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	only|しか|adverb|merely; just	252,2311⁄4|252,2311⁄4|noun|a number
During these eleven years, the tonnage bounties paid amounted to £155,463:11s. or 8s:21⁄4d. upon every barrel of sea-sticks, and to 12s:33⁄4d. upon every barrel of merchantable herrings.	この11年間に支払われたトン数補助金は、155,463ポンド11シリング、つまりシー・スティックの1バレルあたり8シリング21⁄4ペンス、市場に出せるニシンの1バレルあたり12シリング33⁄4ペンスに達した。	During these eleven years|この11年間に|noun phrase|the period of time from 1771 to 1781	tonnage bounties|トン数補助金|noun phrase|a payment made to a shipowner for each ton of cargo carried	amounted to|達した|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	£155,463:11s|155,463ポンド11シリング|noun phrase|a sum of money	8s:21⁄4d|8シリング21⁄4ペンス|noun phrase|a sum of money	upon every barrel of sea-sticks|シー・スティックの1バレルあたり|noun phrase|a unit of volume	12s:33⁄4d|12シリング33⁄4ペンス|noun phrase|a sum of money	upon every barrel of merchantable herrings|市場に出せるニシンの1バレルあたり|noun phrase|a unit of volume

The salt with which these herrings are cured is sometimes Scotch, and sometimes foreign salt;	これらのニシンを塩漬けにする塩は、スコットランド産の塩もあれば外国産の塩もある。	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	cure|塩漬けにする|verb|preserve (food) by salting, smoking, or drying	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish that is eaten as food	Scotch|スコットランド産|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	foreign|外国産|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own
both which are delivered, free of all excise duty, to the fish-curers.	どちらも、魚の塩漬け業者にすべての物品税を免除して届けられる。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	deliver|届ける|verb|take or send something to a person or place	free|免除|adjective|not costing or charging anything	excise duty|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity or service	fish-curer|魚の塩漬け業者|noun|a person who cures fish
The excise duty upon Scotch salt is at present 1s:6d., that upon foreign salt 10s. the bushel.	スコットランドの塩に対する物品税は現在1シリング6ペンス、外国の塩に対する物品税は1ブッシェルあたり10シリングである。	excise duty|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	Scotch salt|スコットランドの塩|noun|salt from Scotland	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	1s:6d|1シリング6ペンス|noun|one shilling and sixpence	foreign salt|外国の塩|noun|salt from a foreign country	10s|10シリング|noun|ten shillings	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities
A barrel of herrings is supposed to require about one bushel and one-fourth of a bushel foreign salt.	ニシンの1バレルには、約1ブッシェルと4分の1ブッシェルの外国産塩が必要とされている。	barrel|バレル|noun|a cylindrical container with slightly bulging ends	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is eaten as food	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	about|約|adverb|approximately	one|1|numeral|the number 1	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and fruit	one-fourth|4分の1|numeral|the fraction 1/4	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food
Two bushels are the supposed average of Scotch salt.	スコットランドの塩は平均2ブッシェル必要とされている。	two|2|numeral|one more than one	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food
If the herrings are entered for exportation, no part of this duty is paid up;	ニシンが輸出用に輸入された場合、この関税は一切支払われない。	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	enter|輸入される|verb|come or go into	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
if entered for home consumption, whether the herrings were cured with foreign or with Scotch salt, only one shilling the barrel is paid up.	ニシンが国内消費用に輸入された場合、ニシンが外国産の塩で塩漬けにされたかスコットランドの塩で塩漬けにされたかにかかわらず、1バレルあたり1シリングだけが支払われる。	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used by the residents of a country	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is eaten as food	foreign|外国産|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food	barrel|バレル|noun|a cylindrical container with rounded ends made of wood or metal	pay up|支払う|verb|pay the full amount of	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
It was the old Scotch duty upon a bushel of salt, the quantity which, at a low estimation, had been supposed necessary for curing a barrel of herrings.	これは、ニシンの1バレルを塩漬けにするのに必要とされていた量の塩1ブッシェルに対する古いスコットランドの関税だった。	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom or from head to foot	estimation|見積もり|noun|the action or process of estimating	barrel|バレル|noun|a cylindrical container bulging out in the middle, traditionally made of wooden staves with metal hoops round them	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish of the herring family, which is an important food fish	cure|塩漬けにする|verb|preserve (food) by salting, smoking, or drying
In Scotland, foreign salt is very little used for any other purpose but the curing of fish.	スコットランドでは、外国産の塩は魚の塩漬け以外にはほとんど使われていない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	very little|ほとんどない|adverb|not very much; only a small amount	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	curing|塩漬け|noun|the process of preserving food with salt
But from the 5th April 1771 to the 5th April 1782, the quantity of foreign salt imported amounted to 936,974 bushels, at eighty-four pounds the bushel;	しかし、1771年4月5日から1782年4月5日までの間に輸入された外国産塩の量は、1ブッシェル84ポンドとして93万6974ブッシェルに達した。	5th April 1771|1771年4月5日|noun|a date	5th April 1782|1782年4月5日|noun|a date	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	amount to|達する|verb|be equivalent to	eighty-four pounds|84ポンド|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of dry volume equal to 8 gallons
the quantity of Scotch salt delivered from the works to the fish-curers, to no more than 168,226, at fifty-six pounds the bushel only.	塩田から魚の塩漬け業者に届けられたスコットランドの塩の量は、1ブッシェル56ポンドとして16万8226ブッシェルにすぎなかった。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	deliver|届ける|verb|take or send to the intended recipient	work|塩田|noun|a place where people work	fish-curer|魚の塩漬け業者|noun|a person who cures fish	no more than|すぎない|adverb|only; merely	fifty-six pounds|56ポンド|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 ounces	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of dry volume equal to 8 gallons
It would appear, therefore, that it is principally foreign salt that is used in the fisheries.	したがって、漁業で使われているのは主に外国産の塩であるように思われる。	appear|思われる|verb|seem	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	foreign|外国産の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching, processing, or selling fish
Upon every barrel of herrings exported, there is, besides, a bounty of 2s:8d. and more than two-thirds of the buss-caught herrings are exported.	そのうえ、輸出されるニシンの樽ごとに2シリング8ペンスの奨励金が支給され、バスで捕獲されたニシンの3分の2以上が輸出されている。	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	buss|バス|noun|a type of fishing boat	two-thirds|3分の2|noun|a fraction equal to two divided by three
Put all these things together, and you will find that, during these eleven years, every barrel of buss-caught herrings, cured with Scotch salt, when exported, has cost government 17s:113⁄4d.; and, when entered for home consumption, 14s:33⁄4d.; and that every barrel cured with foreign salt, when exported, has cost government £1:7:53⁄4d.; and, when entered for home consumption, £1:3:93⁄4d.	これらをすべて合わせると、この11年間にバスで捕獲され、スコットランドの塩で塩漬けされたニシンの樽は、輸出された場合には政府に17シリング113⁄4ペンスの費用がかかり、国内消費用に輸入された場合には14シリング33⁄4ペンスの費用がかかったことがわかる。また、外国産の塩で塩漬けされた樽は、輸出された場合には政府に1ポンド7シリング53⁄4ペンスの費用がかかり、国内消費用に輸入された場合には1ポンド3シリング93⁄4ペンスの費用がかかった。	put together|合わせる|verb|combine or join	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	eleven years|11年間|noun|a period of 11 years	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	buss|バス|noun|a type of fishing boat	herring|ニシン|noun|a type of fish	cure|塩漬けにする|verb|preserve (food) by salting, smoking, or drying	Scotch salt|スコットランドの塩|noun|salt from Scotland	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of (a specified sum)	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	enter|輸入する|verb|come or go into (a place)	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the use of goods or services within a country	foreign salt|外国産の塩|noun|salt from a foreign country	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペンス|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound
The price of a barrel of good merchantable herrings runs from seventeen and eighteen to four and five-and-twenty shillings;	市場に出回る良質のニシンの樽の価格は、17シリングから18シリングから24シリングから25シリングまでである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	good|良質の|adjective|to be desired or approved of	merchantable|市場に出回る|adjective|fit to be offered for sale	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish	run|及ぶ|verb|extend in a specified direction	seventeen|17|numeral|the cardinal number occurring after sixteen and before eighteen, represented in Roman numerals by XVII	eighteen|18|numeral|the cardinal number occurring after seventeen and before nineteen, represented in Roman numerals by XVIII	four|4|numeral|the cardinal number occurring after three and before five, represented in Roman numerals by IV	five|5|numeral|the cardinal number occurring after four and before six, represented in Roman numerals by V	twenty|20|numeral|the cardinal number occurring after nineteen and before twenty-one, represented in Roman numerals by XX	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
about a guinea at an average. {See the accounts at the end of this Book.}	平均して約1ギニーである。{この本の終わりにある勘定書を参照のこと。}	about|約|preposition|approximately	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	the end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

Secondly, The bounty to the white-herring fishery is a tonnage bounty, and is proportioned to the burden of the ship, not to her diligence or success in the fishery;	第二に、ニシン漁業への奨励金はトン数奨励金であり、船の積載量に比例しており、漁業における勤勉さや成功に比例していない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	white-herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	tonnage|トン数|noun|the total carrying capacity of a ship	burden|積載量|noun|the weight or amount of something that is carried	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose
and it has, I am afraid, been too common for the vessels to fit out for the sole purpose of catching, not the fish but the bounty.	残念ながら、船が魚ではなく奨励金を捕まえるためだけに装備されることがあまりにも多い。	I am afraid|残念ながら|phrase|I regret to say	too common|あまりにも多い|adjective|happening or done too often	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat	fit out|装備する|verb|equip	sole purpose|唯一の目的|noun|the only reason for doing something	catch|捕まえる|verb|capture or seize	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal
In the year 1759, when the bounty was at fifty shillings the ton, the whole buss fishery of Scotland brought in only four barrels of sea-sticks.	1759年、奨励金が1トンあたり50シリングだったとき、スコットランドのバス漁業全体で海産物はわずか4バレルしか持ち込まれなかった。	the year 1759|1759年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	fifty shillings|50シリング|noun|a sum of money	the ton|1トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	the whole|全体|adjective|all of	buss fishery|バス漁業|noun|a type of fishing	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	bring in|持ち込む|verb|to introduce or cause to be introduced	only four barrels|わずか4バレル|noun|a small number of barrels	sea-sticks|海産物|noun|a type of food
In that year, each barrel of sea-sticks cost government, in bounties alone, £113:15s.; each barrel of merchantable herrings £159:7:6.	その年、海産物の1バレルあたりの政府の負担は、奨励金だけで113ポンド15シリング、商品価値のあるニシンの1バレルあたりの負担は159ポンド7シリング6ペンスだった。	that year|その年|noun|the year being discussed	each barrel|1バレルあたり|noun|a unit of volume for liquid	sea-sticks|海産物|noun|a type of food that comes from the sea	cost|負担|noun|the price paid to acquire something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	merchantable|商品価値のある|adjective|of good enough quality to be sold	herring|ニシン|noun|a type of fish	159:7:6|159ポンド7シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money

Thirdly, The mode of fishing, for which this tonnage bounty in the white herring fishery has been given (by busses or decked vessels from twenty to eighty tons burden ), seems not so well adapted to the situation of Scotland, as to that of Holland, from the practice of which country it appears to have been borrowed.	第三に、このニシン漁業におけるトン数奨励金が与えられた漁法(20トンから80トンの積載量のバスや甲板付き船による)は、スコットランドの状況にはあまり適していないようであり、オランダの状況に適しているように見える。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	fishing|漁業|noun|the activity or business of catching fish	tonnage|トン数|noun|the total carrying capacity of a ship expressed in tons	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	white herring|ニシン|noun|a type of fish	given|与えられた|verb|to present as a gift	bus|バス|noun|a large motor vehicle carrying passengers	decked|甲板付き|adjective|having a deck	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	eighty|80|numeral|the number 80	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Holland lies at a great distance from the seas to which herrings are known principally to resort, and can, therefore, carry on that fishery only in decked vessels, which can carry water and provisions sufficient for a voyage to a distant sea;	オランダは、ニシンが主に集まることが知られている海から遠く離れているため、遠くの海への航海に十分な水と食料を運ぶことができる甲板付きの船でしか漁業を行うことができない。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain state or condition	great distance|遠く|noun|a long way	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is eaten as food	resort|集まる|verb|go to a place frequently or regularly	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish	decked vessel|甲板付きの船|noun|a ship with a deck	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	water|水|noun|a liquid that descends from the clouds as rain and forms streams, lakes, and seas on land	provision|食料|noun|a supply of food, water, or other necessities	voyage|航海|noun|a long journey by sea
but the Hebrides, or Western Islands, the islands of Shetland, and the northern and north-western coasts of Scotland, the countries in whose neighbourhood the herring fishery is principally carried on, are everywhere intersected by arms of the sea, which run up a considerable way into the land, and which, in the language of the country, are called sea-lochs.	しかし、ヘブリディーズ諸島、または西部諸島、シェトランド諸島、スコットランドの北部と北西部の海岸、ニシン漁が主に行われている地域は、どこも海の腕によって交差しており、かなり内陸まで入り込んでおり、その国の言語ではシー・ロッホと呼ばれている。	Hebrides|ヘブリディーズ諸島|noun|an archipelago off the west coast of Scotland	Western Islands|西部諸島|noun|an archipelago off the west coast of Scotland	Shetland|シェトランド諸島|noun|an archipelago off the north coast of Scotland	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	northern|北部|adjective|of or relating to the north	north-western|北西部|adjective|of or relating to the northwest	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	everywhere|どこも|adverb|in all places	intersect|交差する|verb|cross or cut across each other	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	run up|入り込む|verb|go up or increase quickly	land|内陸|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to
It is to these sea-lochs that the herrings principally resort during the seasons in which they visit these seas;	ニシンがこれらの海を訪れる季節には、主にこれらのシー・ロッホに集まる。	sea-loch|シー・ロッホ|noun|a long narrow inlet of the sea	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	visit|訪れる|verb|go to a place for a short time	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses
for the visits of this, and, I am assured, of many other sorts of fish, are not quite regular and constant.	ニシンの訪問は、そして、私が確信しているのは、他の多くの種類の魚の訪問も、あまり規則的ではなく、一定ではない。	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	regular|規則的|adjective|happening or done frequently	constant|一定|adjective|non-varying
A boat-fishery, therefore, seems to be the mode of fishing best adapted to the peculiar situation of Scotland, the fishers carrying the herrings on shore as fast as they are taken, to be either cured or consumed fresh.	したがって、スコットランドの特殊な状況に最も適した漁法は、漁師がニシンを捕まえたらすぐに岸に運び、塩漬けにするか、新鮮なうちに消費する小型船漁業であると思われる。	boat-fishery|小型船漁業|noun|the activity or business of catching fish	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	fisher|漁師|noun|a person engaged in fishing	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	shore|岸|noun|the land along the edge of a large body of water	cure|塩漬けにする|verb|preserve by drying, salting, or smoking	consume|消費する|verb|eat or drink	fresh|新鮮な|adjective|recently produced or harvested
But the great encouragement which a bounty of 30s. the ton gives to the buss-fishery, is necessarily a discouragement to the boat-fishery, which, having no such bounty, cannot bring its cured fish to market upon the same terms as the buss-fishery.	しかし、一トン当たり30シリングという奨励金がバス漁業に与える大きな奨励は、必然的に小型船漁業には妨害となる。小型船漁業は、そのような奨励金がないため、バス漁業と同じ条件で塩漬け魚を市場に出すことができない。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	discouragement|妨害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	boat-fishery|小型船漁業|noun|the activity of catching fish using a boat	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
The boat-fishery; accordingly, which, before the establishment of the buss-bounty, was very considerable, and is said to have employed a number of seamen, not inferior to what the buss-fishery employs at present, is now gone almost entirely to decay.	したがって、バス漁業奨励金の制定前には非常に大きく、現在バス漁業が雇用している船員数に劣らない数の船員を雇用していたと言われる小型船漁業は、今ではほとんど完全に衰退してしまった。	boat-fishery|小型船漁業|noun|the activity of catching fish using boats	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	buss-bounty|バス漁業奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a person or group of people	establishment|制定|noun|the act of establishing something	considerable|非常に大きい|adjective|large in size or amount	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	seaman|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	inferior|劣らない|adjective|of lower status or quality	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	decay|衰退|noun|the process of decaying or rotting
Of the former extent, however, of this now ruined and abandoned fishery, I must acknowledge that I cannot pretend to speak with much precision.	しかし、この今や荒廃し、放棄された漁業の以前の規模については、あまり正確に語ることはできないと認めざるを得ない。	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	now|今や|adverb|at the present time	ruined|荒廃した|adjective|in a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	abandoned|放棄された|adjective|having been deserted or left	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	pretend|語る|verb|speak or act in a way that is not genuine	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	precision|正確に|noun|the quality, condition, or fact of being exact or accurate
As no bounty was-paid upon the outfit of the boat-fishery, no account was taken of it by the officers of the customs or salt duties.	小型船漁業の装備には奨励金が支払われなかったため、税関や塩税の担当官はそれを計算に入れなかった。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	outfit|装備|noun|a set of articles or equipment used for a particular purpose	boat-fishery|小型船漁業|noun|the activity of catching fish using a boat	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	take|入れる|verb|include or comprise	officer|担当官|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	salt duty|塩税|noun|a tax on salt

Fourthly, In many parts of Scotland, during certain seasons of the year, herrings make no inconsiderable part of the food of the common people.	第四に、スコットランドの多くの地域では、一年の特定の季節に、ニシンは一般の人々の食料の無視できない部分を占めている。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit around the sun	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, and winter)	herring|ニシン|noun|a type of fish	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	food|食料|noun|something that can be eaten or drunk	common|一般|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people
A bounty which tended to lower their price in the home market, might contribute a good deal to the relief of a great number of our fellow-subjects, whose circumstances are by no means affluent.	国内市場でニシンの価格を下げる傾向にある奨励金は、決して裕福ではない多くの同胞の救済に大いに貢献するかもしれない。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services produced in a particular country	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress	fellow-subject|同胞|noun|a person who is a citizen of the same country as another	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	affluent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money; wealthy
But the herring-bus bounty contributes to no such good purpose.	しかし、ニシン漁船の奨励金はそのような善い目的には貢献していない。	herring-bus|ニシン漁船|noun|a boat used for catching herring	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	good|善い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
It has ruined the boat fishery, which is by far the best adapted for the supply of the home market;	それは、国内市場への供給に最も適した小型船漁業を破壊した。	ruin|破壊する|verb|destroy or damage something beyond repair	boat fishery|小型船漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
and the additional bounty of 2s:8d. the barrel upon exportation, carries the greater part, more than two-thirds, of the produce of the buss-fishery abroad.	そして、輸出時に一樽につき2シリング8ペンスの追加奨励金が、バス漁業の生産物の3分の2以上を海外に運んでいる。	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward, usually of money, offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	more than two-thirds|3分の2以上|noun|a fraction equal to 2 divided by 3	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country
Between thirty and forty years ago, before the establishment of the buss-bounty, 16s. the barrel, I have been assured, was the common price of white herrings.	30年から40年前、バス奨励金制度が確立される前は、1樽16シリングが白ニシンの一般的な価格だったと私は確信している。	between thirty and forty years ago|30年から40年前|noun phrase|the period of time between 30 and 40 years ago	before the establishment of the buss-bounty|バス奨励金制度が確立される前|noun phrase|the period of time before the establishment of the buss-bounty	16s.|16シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	the barrel|1樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	I have been assured|私は確信している|verb phrase|I am certain	the common price|一般的な価格|noun phrase|the usual price	white herrings|白ニシン|noun|a type of herring
Between ten and fifteen years ago, before the boat-fishery was entirely ruined, the price was said to have run from seventeen to twenty shillings the barrel.	10年から15年前、小型船漁業が完全に破壊される前は、価格は1樽17シリングから20シリングだったと言われている。	between ten and fifteen years ago|10年から15年前|noun phrase|the period of time between ten and fifteen years ago	boat-fishery|小型船漁業|noun|the activity or business of catching fish	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; wholly	ruin|破壊する|verb|damage something beyond repair	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	run|だった|verb|be in a specified state or condition	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends
For these last five years, it has, at an average, been at twenty-five shillings the barrel.	この5年間は、平均して1樽25シリングだった。	these last five years|この5年間|noun|the period of time from five years ago to the present	at an average|平均して|adverb|on average	twenty-five shillings|25シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends
This high price, however, may have been owing to the real scarcity of the herrings upon the coast of Scotland.	しかし、この高価格はスコットランド沿岸のニシンの実際の不足によるものだったかもしれない。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	owing to|による|preposition|because of	real scarcity|実際の不足|noun|a situation in which something is not available in sufficient quantities	coast|沿岸|noun|the land next to the sea	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
I must observe, too, that the cask or barrel, which is usually sold with the herrings, and of which the price is included in all the foregoing prices, has, since the commencement of the American war, risen to about double its former price, or from about 3s. to about 6s.	私が観察したところでは、通常ニシンと一緒に売られる樽や桶は、その価格が前述の価格にすべて含まれているが、アメリカ独立戦争の開始以来、以前の価格の約2倍、つまり約3シリングから約6シリングに上昇している。	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	cask|樽|noun|a barrel	barrel|桶|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish	commencement|開始|noun|the beginning of something	American war|アメリカ独立戦争|noun|the American Revolutionary War	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	about double|約2倍|adverb|approximately twice as much	former price|以前の価格|noun|the price that something used to be	about 3s.|約3シリング|adverb|approximately three shillings	about 6s.|約6シリング|adverb|approximately six shillings
I must likewise observe, that the accounts I have received of the prices of former times, have been by no means quite uniform and consistent, and an old man of great accuracy and experience has assured me, that, more than fifty years ago, a guinea was the usual price of a barrel of good merchantable herrings;	私が観察したところでは、私が受け取った過去の価格の報告は決して一様で首尾一貫したものではなく、非常に正確で経験豊富な老人が私に保証してくれたのは、50年以上前には、ギニーは市場に出回る良質のニシンの樽の通常価格だったということだ。	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	account|報告|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	former|過去|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	uniform|一様|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	consistent|首尾一貫した|adjective|(of a person, behavior, or process) unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	accuracy|正確|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	assure|保証する|verb|tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	fifty|50|numeral|the cardinal number that is equal to the product of five and ten	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	good|良質|adjective|to be desired or approved of	merchantable|市場に出回る|adjective|fit to be offered for sale	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish that is an important food fish in northern Europe
and this, I imagine, may still be looked upon as the average price.	そして、これは、私が想像するに、まだ平均価格と見なされるかもしれない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about	I imagine|私が想像するに|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	be looked upon as|と見なされる|verb|be regarded as	average|平均|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
All accounts, however, I think, agree that the price has not been lowered in the home market in consequence of the buss-bounty.	しかし、すべての報告は、バス賞金の結果として国内市場で価格が下がっていないことに同意していると思う。	all accounts|すべての報告|noun|all the information that is available	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a particular country	consequence|結果|noun|the result or outcome of something	buss-bounty|バス賞金|noun|a bounty paid for catching a bus

When the undertakers of fisheries, after such liberal bounties have been bestowed upon them, continue to sell their commodity at the same, or even at a higher price than they were accustomed to do before, it might be expected that their profits should be very great;	漁業従事者が、そのような寛大な賞金を与えられた後も、以前と同じかそれ以上の価格で商品を販売し続けると、彼らの利益は非常に大きくなると予想されるかもしれない。	undertaker|従事者|noun|a person who undertakes something	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	liberal|寛大な|adjective|giving or given freely	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
and it is not improbable that those of some individuals may have been so.	そして、一部の個人の利益がそうであった可能性は低くない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it is not improbable|可能性は低くない|adjective|not likely to be true or to happen	those|それら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	may have been|そうであった可能性|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility
In general, however, I have every reason to believe they have been quite otherwise.	しかし、一般的に、私は彼らが全くそうではなかったと信じるに足る理由がある。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	have every reason to|信じるに足る理由がある|verb|have a good reason to	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	quite otherwise|全くそうではなかった|adverb|not at all; not in the least
The usual effect of such bounties is, to encourage rash undertakers to adventure in a business which they do not understand;	そのような賞金の通常の効果は、無鉄砲な事業者が理解していない事業に冒険することを奨励することである。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	rash|無鉄砲な|adjective|acting or done without careful thought or planning	undertaker|事業者|noun|a person who organizes and manages a business	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting experience or activity	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of
and what they lose by their own negligence and ignorance, more than compensates all that they can gain by the utmost liberality of government.	そして、彼らが自分たちの怠慢と無知によって失うものは、政府の最大限の寛大さによって得られるすべてのものを補って余りある。	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous
In 1750, by the same act which first gave the bounty of 30s. the ton for the encouragement of the white herring fishery (the 23d Geo. II. chap. 24), a joint stock company was erected, with a capital of £500,000, to which the subscribers (over and above all other encouragements, the tonnage bounty just now mentioned, the exportation bounty of 2s:8d. the barrel, the delivery of both British and foreign salt duty free) were, during the space of fourteen years, for every hundred pounds which they subscribed and paid into the stock of the society, entitled to three pounds a-year, to be paid by the receiver-general of the customs in equal half-yearly payments.	1750年、最初に30シリングを与えた同じ法律によって、白ニシン漁業(23d Geo. II. chap. 24)の奨励のためのトン、50万ポンドの資本金を持つ合資会社が設立され、加入者(他のすべての奨励、先ほど述べたトン数賞金、2シリング8ペンスの輸出賞金、英国と外国の両方の塩の免税配達)は、14年間、彼らが加入して協会の株式に支払った100ポンドごとに、税関の受取人総長が半年ごとに均等に支払う年間3ポンドの権利を与えられた。	1750|1750年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	30s|30シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	the ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	the white herring fishery|白ニシン漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	23d Geo. II. chap. 24|23d Geo. II. chap. 24|noun|a chapter in a book	a joint stock company|合資会社|noun|a business owned by a number of people	£500,000|50万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	subscriber|加入者|noun|a person who pays to receive a publication or service regularly	over and above|に加えて|adverb|in addition to	all other|他のすべて|determiner|the remaining	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	the tonnage bounty|トン数賞金|noun|a reward given for catching a certain amount of fish	just now|先ほど|adverb|a short time ago	mentioned|述べた|verb|say something briefly	the exportation bounty|輸出賞金|noun|a reward given for exporting a certain amount of goods	2s:8d.|2シリング8ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	the barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	British|英国|adjective|relating to the United Kingdom	foreign|外国|adjective|relating to a country that is not your own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food	duty free|免税|adjective|not subject to tax	were|だった|verb|be	during the space of|の間に|preposition|in the period of time between two events	fourteen years|14年間|noun|a period of time equal to 14 years	for every hundred pounds|100ポンドごとに|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	which they subscribed and paid into the stock of the society|協会の株式に支払った|verb|give money to a fund	entitled to|権利を与えられた|verb|give someone a right to something	three pounds|3ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	a-year|年間|adverb|every year	to be paid by|支払う|verb|give money to someone	the receiver-general of the customs|税関の受取人総長|noun|the person in charge of receiving money for the government	in equal half-yearly payments|半年ごとに均等に|adverb|twice a year
Besides this great company, the residence of whose governor and directors was to be in London, it was declared lawful to erect different fishing chambers in all the different out-ports of the kingdom, provided a sum not less than £10,000 was subscribed into the capital of each, to be managed at its own risk, and for its own profit and loss.	この大会社以外にも、その総督と理事の住居がロンドンにあることになっていたが、1万ポンド以上の金額がそれぞれの資本に加入し、自己責任で、自己の損益のために管理されることを条件に、王国のすべての異なる外港に異なる漁業会議所を建設することが合法であると宣言された。	besides|以外にも|preposition|in addition to; as well as	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	governor|総督|noun|the head of a state or province	director|理事|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	lawful|合法|adjective|allowed by law	erect|建設する|verb|to build or construct	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	fishing|漁業|noun|the activity of catching fish	chamber|会議所|noun|a room or building used for meetings	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	out-port|外港|noun|a port that is not the main port of a country	sum|金額|noun|a quantity of money	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	subscribe|加入する|verb|to agree to receive or pay for something regularly	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	manage|管理する|verb|to be in charge of or responsible for	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	loss|損失|noun|a financial disadvantage
The same annuity, and the same encouragements of all kinds, were given to the trade of those inferior chambers as to that of the great company.	同じ年金とあらゆる種類の同じ奨励が、大会社の貿易と同様に、これらの下位商工会議所の貿易にも与えられた。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	inferior|下位|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	chamber|商工会議所|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws, especially in a country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The subscription of the great company was soon filled up, and several different fishing chambers were erected in the different out-ports of the kingdom.	大会社の加入はすぐに埋まり、王国のさまざまな外港にいくつかの異なる漁業会議所が建設された。	subscription|加入|noun|the action of making or agreeing to make regular payments to receive or use a service	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	fill up|埋まる|verb|become full	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	fishing|漁業|noun|the activity or business of catching fish	chamber|会議所|noun|a room in a building	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build
In spite of all these encouragements, almost all those different companies, both great and small, lost either the whole or the greater part of their capitals;	これらすべての奨励にもかかわらず、大小を問わず、ほとんどすべての会社が資本の全部または大部分を失った。	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	these|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	those|それらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	company|会社|noun|a business organization	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	whole|全部|noun|all of something	greater|大部分|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time
scarce a vestige now remains of any of them, and the white-herring fishery is now entirely, or almost entirely, carried on by private adventurers.	現在ではそのいずれもほとんど痕跡を残しておらず、ニシン漁は現在、完全に、あるいはほぼ完全に、私的な冒険家によって行われている。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	vestige|痕跡|noun|a trace of something that is no longer present or in existence	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	white-herring|ニシン|noun|a type of fish	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure

If any particular manufacture was necessary, indeed, for the defence of the society, it might not always be prudent to depend upon our neighbours for the supply;	実際、社会を守るために特定の製造業が必要ならば、その供給を隣国に頼るのは常に賢明とは言えないかもしれない。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	prudent|賢明|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; circumspect	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available
and if such manufacture could not otherwise be supported at home, it might not be unreasonable that all the other branches of industry should be taxed in order to support it.	そして、そのような製造業が国内で支えられないならば、それを支えるために他のすべての産業に課税されるのは不合理ではないかもしれない。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	unreasonable|不合理|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
The bounties upon the exportation of British made sail-cloth, and British made gunpowder, may, perhaps, both be vindicated upon this principle.	イギリス製の帆布とイギリス製の火薬の輸出に対する奨励金は、おそらくこの原則に基づいて正当化されるかもしれない。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	British|イギリス製|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	sail-cloth|帆布|noun|a strong, heavy fabric used for making sails	gunpowder|火薬|noun|an explosive consisting of a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning

But though it can very seldom be reasonable to tax the industry of the great body of the people, in order to support that of some particular class of manufacturers;	しかし、特定の階級の製造業者を支援するために、国民の大多数の産業に課税することが合理的であることはめったにない。	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	particular class|特定の階級|noun|a specific group of people	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
yet, in the wantonness of great prosperity, when the public enjoys a greater revenue than it knows well what to do with, to give such bounties to favourite manufactures, may, perhaps, be as natural as to incur any other idle expense.	それでも、大いに繁栄したときに、国民がどうしたらいいかわからないほど大きな収入を得るときには、お気に入りの製造業者にそのような奨励金を与えることは、おそらく他の無駄な出費を招くのと同じくらい自然なことかもしれない。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	wantonness|繁栄|noun|the state of being playful or unrestrained	great|大いに|adjective|of major significance or importance	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	enjoy|得る|verb|take delight or pleasure in	revenue|収入|noun|income	know|わかる|verb|be aware of	give|与える|verb|transfer to another	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward or gift	favourite|お気に入り|adjective|preferred before all others	manufacture|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	incur|招く|verb|bring upon oneself	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In public, as well as in private expenses, great wealth, may, perhaps, frequently be admitted as an apology for great folly.	公的支出でも私的支出でも、大いなる富は、おそらく、大いなる愚行の言い訳として認められることが多い。	in public|公的支出|noun|in the presence of others	as well as|だけでなく|conjunction|in addition to; also	private expenses|私的支出|noun|expenses that are not related to business	great wealth|大いなる富|noun|a large amount of money or property	may|おそらく|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	be admitted|認められる|verb|be accepted as valid or true	as an apology|言い訳として|noun|a statement of regret for having done something wrong	great folly|大いなる愚行|noun|a foolish act or idea
But there must surely be something more than ordinary absurdity in continuing such profusion in times of general difficulty and distress.	しかし、一般に困難で苦しい時期に、そのような浪費を続けることには、通常の不条理以上の何かがあるに違いない。	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	profusion|浪費|noun|a large amount of something	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is hard to deal with	distress|苦悩|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain

What is called a bounty, is sometimes no more than a drawback, and, consequently, is not liable to the same objections as what is properly a bounty.	奨励金と呼ばれるものは、時には欠点に過ぎず、その結果、適切な奨励金と同じ異議を唱えられることはない。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that renders something less acceptable	liable|異議を唱えられる|adjective|legally responsible for something	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval
The bounty, for example, upon refined sugar exported, may be considered as a drawback of the duties upon the brown and Muscovado sugars, from which it is made;	例えば、輸出される精製糖に対する奨励金は、それが作られる褐色糖やマスコバド糖に対する関税の欠点と考えることができる。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	refined sugar|精製糖|noun|sugar that has been processed to remove impurities	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	brown sugar|褐色糖|noun|sugar that has not been fully refined	Muscovado sugar|マスコバド糖|noun|a type of unrefined sugar
the bounty upon wrought silk exported, a drawback of the duties upon raw and thrown silk imported;	輸出される絹織物に対する奨励金は、輸入される生糸や絹糸に対する関税の欠点である。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	wrought silk|絹織物|noun|silk that has been woven	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed	thrown silk|絹糸|noun|silk that has been twisted into a thread
the bounty upon gunpowder exported, a drawback of the duties upon brimstone and saltpetre imported.	輸出される火薬に対する奨励金は、輸入される硫黄や硝石に対する関税の欠点である。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	gunpowder|火薬|noun|an explosive consisting of a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	brimstone|硫黄|noun|sulfur	saltpetre|硝石|noun|potassium nitrate
In the language of the customs, those allowances only are called drawbacks which are given upon goods exported in the same form in which they are imported.	税関の言葉で言えば、輸入されたときと同じ形で輸出される品物に与えられる手当だけが欠点と呼ばれる。	language|言葉|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, especially a child or a member of a family, for their personal expenses	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
When that form has been so altered by manufacture of any kind as to come under a new denomination, they are called bounties.	その形態が何らかの製造によって変更され、新しい呼称に該当するようになった場合、それらは奨励金と呼ばれる。	form|形態|noun|the shape, visual appearance, or configuration of something	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	come under|該当する|verb|be classified or included in	denomination|呼称|noun|a unit of value of money	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy

Premiums given by the public to artists and manufacturers, who excel in their particular occupations, are not liable to the same objections as bounties.	特定の職業に秀でた芸術家や製造業者に公衆から与えられる賞金は、奨励金と同じ異議申し立ての対象にはならない。	premium|賞金|noun|a sum added to the usual price or interest	artist|芸術家|noun|a person who produces works in any of the arts that are primarily subject to aesthetic criteria	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	excel|秀でる|verb|be exceptionally good at	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	liable|対象|adjective|legally responsible for something	objection|異議申し立て|noun|an expression or statement of disapproval	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
By encouraging extraordinary dexterity and ingenuity, they serve to keep up the emulation of the workmen actually employed in those respective occupations, and are not considerable enough to turn towards any one of them a greater share of the capital of the country than what would go to it of its own accord.	並外れた器用さと独創性を奨励することで、それらの職業に実際に従事している労働者の競争心を維持するのに役立つし、自発的に流入する以上の国内資本をそのいずれかに向けるほどのものではない。	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	emulation|競争心|noun|the desire or ambition to emulate another	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	employ|従事する|verb|be engaged in	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	considerable|相当な|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	turn towards|向ける|verb|change direction so as to face	one|いずれか|pronoun|a person or thing previously mentioned or easily identified	greater|以上の|adjective|larger or more important	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	what|もの|pronoun|the thing or things that	go to|流入する|verb|move or travel toward	of its own accord|自発的に|adverb|without being forced or asked
Their tendency is not to overturn the natural balance of employments, but to render the work which is done in each as perfect and complete as possible.	その傾向は、雇用の自然なバランスを覆すのではなく、それぞれで行われた仕事を可能な限り完璧で完全なものにすることである。	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	overturn|覆す|verb|turn upside down	natural balance|自然なバランス|noun|the state of being in equilibrium	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	perfect|完璧な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts
The expense of premiums, besides, is very trifling, that of bounties very great.	その上、賞金の費用は非常に些細なものであり、奨励金の費用は非常に大きい。	expense|費用|noun|the cost incurred in making or doing something	premium|賞金|noun|a sum added to the usual price or interest	trifling|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
The bounty upon corn alone has sometimes cost the public, in one year, more than £300,000.	穀物に対する奨励金だけでも、一年で30万ポンド以上かかることがある。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	alone|だけでも|adverb|only; without others	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	one year|一年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	£300,000|30万ポンド|noun|three hundred thousand pounds

Bounties are sometimes called premiums, as drawbacks are sometimes called bounties.	奨励金は賞金と呼ばれることがあるし、欠点は奨励金と呼ばれることがある。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	premium|賞金|noun|a sum of money added to an ordinary price or charge	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive
But we must, in all cases, attend to the nature of the thing, without paying any regard to the word.	しかし、我々は、どんな場合でも、言葉に注意を払うことなく、物事の性質に注意を払わなければならない。	in all cases|どんな場合でも|adverb|regardless of the circumstances	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	thing|物事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning

Digression concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws.	穀物貿易と穀物法に関する余談。	digression|余談|noun|a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal grasses that produce an edible grain	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey

I cannot conclude this chapter concerning bounties, without observing, that the praises which have been bestowed upon the law which establishes the bounty upon the exportation of corn, and upon that system of regulations which is connected with it, are altogether unmerited.	穀物輸出に対する奨励金を定めた法律や、それに関連する規制制度に対して寄せられた賞賛は、全く的外れであることに触れずに、奨励金に関するこの章を終えることはできない。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	observe|触れる|verb|notice or perceive	praise|賞賛|noun|an expression of approval or admiration	bestow|寄せる|verb|confer or present as a gift	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	establish|定める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; in total	unmerited|的外れ|adjective|not deserved
A particular examination of the nature of the corn trade, and of the principal British laws which relate to it, will sufficiently demonstrate the truth of this assertion.	穀物貿易の性質とそれに関連する英国の主要な法律を詳細に調べれば、この主張の真実性が十分に証明されるだろう。	particular|詳細な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or instance	examination|調査|noun|a detailed inspection or investigation	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	demonstrate|証明する|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	truth|真実|noun|the quality or state of being true	assertion|主張|noun|a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief
The great importance of this subject must justify the length of the digression.	この主題の重要性は、この余談の長さを正当化するものである。	great importance|重要性|noun|the quality of being important	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	length|長さ|noun|the measurement of something from end to end	digression|余談|noun|a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing

The trade of the corn merchant is composed of four different branches, which, though they may sometimes be all carried on by the same person, are, in their own nature, four separate and distinct trades.	穀物商人の取引は四つの異なる部門から成り立っており、それらはすべて同じ人物によって行われる場合もあるが、本質的には四つの別個の取引である。	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	be composed of|成り立つ|verb|be made up of	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	be carried on|行われる|verb|be continued	same|同じ|adjective|being the same	person|人|noun|a human being	are|である|verb|be	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	separate|別々の|adjective|not connected or joined	distinct|異なる|adjective|not the same
These are, first, the trade of the inland dealer;	これらは、第一に内地商人の取引、	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else	inland|内地|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods
secondly, that of the merchant-importer for home consumption;	第二に国内消費のための輸入商人の取引、	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used by the people of a country	merchant-importer|輸入商人|noun|a person who imports goods for sale
thirdly, that of the merchant-exporter of home produce for foreign consumption;	第三に外国消費のための国産品の輸出商人の取引、	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	home produce|国産品|noun|goods produced in one's own country	merchant-exporter|輸出商人|noun|a merchant who exports goods
and, fourthly, that of the merchant-carrier, or of the importer of corn, in order to export it again.	第四に再輸出のための穀物運送商人または輸入商人の取引である。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	merchant-carrier|穀物運送商人|noun|a merchant who transports goods	importer|輸入商人|noun|a person or company that imports goods	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	export|輸出|verb|send goods to another country for sale

I. The interest of the inland dealer, and that of the great body of the people, how opposite soever they may at first appear, are, even in years of the greatest scarcity, exactly the same.	一、内地商人の利益と、国民の大多数の利益は、最初はいかに対立しているように見えても、最も不足する年でさえ、まったく同じである。	inland|内地|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	great|大多数|adjective|of major significance or importance	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	opposite|対立する|adjective|facing each other	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something
It is his interest to raise the price of his corn as high as the real scarcity of the season requires, and it can never be his interest to raise it higher.	彼の利益は、その季節の実際の不足が要求するだけ穀物の価格を上げることであり、それ以上に上げることは決して彼の利益にはならない。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year	require|要求する|verb|need or want	higher|それ以上|adjective|of greater vertical extent
By raising the price, he discourages the consumption, and puts every body more or less, but particularly the inferior ranks of people, upon thrift and good management.	価格を上げることで、彼は消費を抑制し、多かれ少なかれすべての人々、特に下層階級の人々を節約と良い管理に追い込む。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	discourage|抑制する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	put|追い込む|verb|move or cause to move into a specified place or position	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	inferior|下層階級|adjective|low or lower in status or quality	thrift|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	good management|良い管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
If, by raising it too high, he discourages the consumption so much that the supply of the season is likely to go beyond the consumption of the season, and to last for some time after the next crop begins to come in, he runs the hazard, not only of losing a considerable part of his corn by natural causes, but of being obliged to sell what remains of it for much less than what he might have had for it several months before.	もし、価格を上げすぎることで、その季節の供給がその季節の消費を上回り、次の収穫が始まってからしばらく続くほどに消費を抑制してしまうと、彼は自然の原因で穀物のかなりの部分を失うだけでなく、残った穀物を数ヶ月前に売れた価格よりもはるかに安く売らざるを得なくなる危険を冒すことになる。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	discourage|抑制する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	go beyond|上回る|verb|be greater or better than	last|続く|verb|continue or persist for a specified period of time	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	run the hazard|危険を冒す|verb|expose oneself to danger	natural cause|自然の原因|noun|a cause that is not the result of human intervention	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	remain|残る|verb|be left after others or other parts have gone or been removed	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	obliged|余儀なくされる|adjective|required to do something by law or morality	much less|はるかに少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent or degree	several months|数ヶ月|noun|a period of time consisting of more than one month	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of
If, by not raising the price high enough, he discourages the consumption so little, that the supply of the season is likely to fall short of the consumption of the season, he not only loses a part of the profit which he might otherwise have made, but he exposes the people to suffer before the end of the season, instead of the hardships of a dearth, the dreadful horrors of a famine.	もし、価格を十分に上げないことで、その季節の供給がその季節の消費量に満たないほど消費を抑制しなかった場合、彼はそうでなければ得られたであろう利益の一部を失うだけでなく、人々を季節の終わりまでに、飢饉の苦難ではなく、飢餓の恐ろしい恐怖にさらすこととなる。	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	high|十分に|adjective|of great vertical extent	discourage|抑制する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	fall short of|満たない|verb|fail to reach or achieve	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	expose|さらす|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	hardship|苦難|noun|something that is difficult to endure	dreadful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering	horror|恐怖|noun|an intense feeling of fear, shock, or disgust
It is the interest of the people that their daily, weekly, and monthly consumption should be proportioned as exactly as possible to the supply of the season.	人々の利益は、日々、毎週、毎月の消費が、できるだけ正確に季節の供給に比例することである。	daily|日々|adjective|happening or done every day	weekly|毎週|adjective|happening or done once a week	monthly|毎月|adjective|happening or done once a month	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, and winter)
The interest of the inland corn dealer is the same.	内陸の穀物商人の利益も同じである。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods
By supplying them, as nearly as he can judge, in this proportion, he is likely to sell all his corn for the highest price, and with the greatest profit;	彼が判断できる限り、この割合で供給することで、彼はすべての穀物を最高の価格で、最大の利益をもって売ることができる。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and his knowledge of the state of the crop, and of his daily, weekly, and monthly sales, enables him to judge, with more or less accuracy, how far they really are supplied in this manner.	そして、作物の状態と日々、毎週、毎月の売上高に関する彼の知識は、彼がこのやり方で実際にどれだけ供給されているかを、多かれ少なかれ正確に判断することを可能にする。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food	daily|日々|adjective|happening or done every day	weekly|毎週|adjective|happening or done once a week	monthly|毎月|adjective|happening or done once a month	sales|売上高|noun|the amount of money that a company makes from selling its goods or services	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	accuracy|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available
Without intending the interest of the people, he is necessarily led, by a regard to his own interest, to treat them, even in years of scarcity, pretty much in the same manner as the prudent master of a vessel is sometimes obliged to treat his crew.	人々の利益を意図することなく、彼は必然的に、自分の利益への配慮によって、希少年の間でさえ、船の賢明な船長が時々彼の乗組員を扱う義務があるのとほぼ同じ方法で、彼らを扱うように導かれる。	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	scarcity|希少|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	master|船長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	crew|乗組員|noun|the people who work on a ship, aircraft, or train
When he foresees that provisions are likely to run short, he puts them upon short allowance.	食料が不足する可能性があると予測したとき、彼は彼らに食料を制限する。	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	run short|不足する|verb|have an insufficient supply of something	put|制限する|verb|move something to a specified place	allowance|食料|noun|a sum of money that is given to someone regularly, especially by a parent or guardian
Though from excess of caution he should sometimes do this without any real necessity, yet all the inconveniencies which his crew can thereby suffer are inconsiderable, in comparison of the danger, misery, and ruin, to which they might sometimes be exposed by a less provident conduct.	過度の用心から、彼は時々、本当に必要もないのにそうするべきだが、それでも、彼の乗組員がそれによって被る可能性があるすべての不便は、彼らが時々、より少ない用心深い行動によってさらされるかもしれない危険、悲惨さ、破滅と比較して、取るに足らないものである。	excess|過度|noun|the state of being more than is usual or necessary	caution|用心|noun|care taken to avoid danger or mistakes	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	real|本当の|adjective|true; genuine	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	crew|乗組員|noun|the people who work on a ship, aircraft, or train	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	inconsiderable|取るに足らない|adjective|not worth considering; unimportant	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	misery|悲惨さ|noun|a state of great unhappiness or distress	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	provident|用心深い|adjective|careful about providing for the future	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves
Though, from excess of avarice, in the same manner, the inland corn merchant should sometimes raise the price of his corn somewhat higher than the scarcity of the season requires, yet all the inconveniencies which the people can suffer from this conduct, which effectually secures them from a famine in the end of the season, are inconsiderable, in comparison of what they might have been exposed to by a more liberal way of dealing in the beginning of it the corn merchant himself is likely to suffer the most by this excess of avarice;	同じように、過度の貪欲から、内陸の穀物商人は時々、季節の希少性が要求するよりもやや高く穀物の価格を上げるべきだが、それでも、人々がこの行為によって被る可能性があるすべての不便は、季節の終わりに飢饉から効果的に彼らを守り、彼らがその初めにもっと自由な取引方法によってさらされたかもしれないものと比較して、取るに足らないものであり、穀物商人自身がこの過度の貪欲によって最も苦しむ可能性が高い。	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	secure|守る|verb|make or keep safe	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	inconsiderable|取るに足らない|adjective|not worth considering	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	expose|さらす|verb|make visible or accessible	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant
not only from the indignation which it generally excites against him, but, though he should escape the effects of this indignation, from the quantity of corn which it necessarily leaves upon his hands in the end of the season, and which, if the next season happens to prove favourable, he must always sell for a much lower price than he might otherwise have had.	それが一般的に彼に対して引き起こす憤りからだけでなく、彼がこの憤りの影響から逃れるべきであるとしても、季節の終わりに必然的に彼の手に残される穀物の量から、そして、次の季節が好調であることが判明した場合、彼は常にそうでなければ得られたかもしれないよりもはるかに低い価格で売らなければならない。	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	indignation|憤り|noun|anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	excite|引き起こす|verb|cause to feel a strong feeling	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	escape|逃れる|verb|get free from a situation	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary logical consequence	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	prove|判明する|verb|be found to be	favourable|好調|adjective|giving approval to	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have|得る|verb|come into possession of

Were it possible, indeed, for one great company of merchants to possess themselves of the whole crop of an extensive country, it might perhaps be their interest to deal with it, as the Dutch are said to do with the spiceries of the Moluccas, to destroy or throw away a considerable part of it, in order to keep up the price of the rest.	実際、もし一つの大きな商人団体が広大な国の全収穫物を手に入れることができたなら、オランダ人がモルッカ諸島の香辛料を扱うように、残りの価格を維持するためにそのかなりの部分を破壊したり捨てたりすることが、彼らの利益になるかもしれない。	Were it possible|もし可能なら|verb|if it were possible	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	one great company of merchants|一つの大きな商人団体|noun|a large group of merchants	possess|手に入れることができたなら|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	themselves|自分自身|pronoun|the reflexive form of the third person plural pronoun	whole crop|全収穫物|noun|all of the crop	extensive country|広大な国|noun|a large country	deal with|扱う|verb|take action with regard to	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	Moluccas|モルッカ諸島|noun|an archipelago in Indonesia	spiceries|香辛料|noun|spices	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist	throw away|捨てる|verb|discard	considerable part|かなりの部分|noun|a large part	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But it is scarce possible, even by the violence of law, to establish such an extensive monopoly with regard to corn;	しかし、法律の暴力によってさえ、穀物に関してそのような広範な独占を確立することはほとんど不可能である。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	possible|可能である|adjective|able to be done or achieved	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or kill	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	regard|に関して|noun|a particular aspect or point of view	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food
and wherever the law leaves the trade free, it is of all commodities the least liable to be engrossed or monopolised by the force a few large capitals, which buy up the greater part of it.	そして、法律が貿易を自由にするところはどこでも、それはすべての商品の中で、その大部分を買い占める少数の大資本の力によって独占される可能性が最も低い。	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	leave|残す|verb|go away from	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	least|最も低い|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	liable|可能性|adjective|responsible by law; legally responsible	engrossed|独占される|verb|occupy the whole of someone's attention or time	monopolised|独占される|verb|be the only one to have or supply something	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	large|大|adjective|of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity	capitals|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	buy up|買い占める|verb|buy as much of something as possible	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
Not only its value far exceeds what the capitals of a few private men are capable of purchasing;	その価値は、少数の私人の資本が購入できる額をはるかに上回るだけでなく、	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	far exceed|はるかに上回る|verb|be much greater or better than	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	private man|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	purchase|購入|verb|buy
but, supposing they were capable of purchasing it, the manner in which it is produced renders this purchase altogether impracticable.	彼らがそれを購入できると仮定しても、それが生産される方法はこの購入を全く不可能にする。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	render|不可能にする|verb|cause to be or become	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally
As, in every civilized country, it is the commodity of which the annual consumption is the greatest;	すべての文明国において、それは年間消費量が最も大きい商品であるため、	civilized|文明化された|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
so a greater quantity of industry is annually employed in producing corn than in producing any other commodity.	他のどの商品の生産よりも、トウモロコシの生産に毎年多くの産業が従事している。	so|だから|conjunction|for that reason; therefore	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain, which is used as food and to make other products	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
When it first comes from the ground, too, it is necessarily divided among a greater number of owners than any other commodity;	それが最初に地面から出てくるときも、他のどの商品よりも多くの所有者の間で必然的に分割される。	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	come|出てくる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	ground|地面|noun|the solid surface of the earth	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
and these owners can never be collected into one place, like a number of independent manufacturers, but are necessarily scattered through all the different corners of the country.	そして、これらの所有者は、多くの独立した製造業者のように一か所に集めることは決してできず、必然的に国のあらゆる異なる隅々に散らばっている。	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	one place|一か所|noun|a single location	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with others	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	scatter|散らばる|verb|throw around or about in an untidy way	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
These first owners either immediately supply the consumers in their own neighbourhood, or they supply other inland dealers, who supply those consumers.	これらの最初の所有者は、自分たちの近所の消費者に直接供給するか、それらの消費者に供給する他の内陸のディーラーに供給する。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	inland|内陸の|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or business that buys and sells goods
The inland dealers in corn, therefore, including both the farmer and the baker, are necessarily more numerous than the dealers in any other commodity;	したがって、農家とパン屋の両方を含むトウモロコシの内陸のディーラーは、必然的に他のどの商品のディーラーよりも多く存在する。	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread or cakes	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
and their dispersed situation renders it altogether impossible for them to enter into any general combination.	そして、彼らの分散した状況は、彼らがどんな一般的な組み合わせに入ることも全く不可能にする。	dispersed|分散した|adjective|distributed or spread about	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved	enter|入る|verb|go or come in	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things
If, in a year of scarcity, therefore, any of them should find that he had a good deal more corn upon hand than, at the current price, he could hope to dispose of before the end of the season, he would never think of keeping up this price to his own loss, and to the sole benefit of his rivals and competitors, but would immediately lower it, in order to get rid of his corn before the new crop began to come in.	したがって、不足の年に、彼らの誰かが、現在の価格で、シーズンが終わる前に処分できると期待できるよりも、手持ちのトウモロコシがかなり多いことに気づいた場合、彼は自分の損失とライバルや競合他社の利益のためにこの価格を維持することを決して考えず、新しい作物が入り始める前にトウモロコシを処分するためにすぐに価格を下げるだろう。	year|年|noun|a period of time	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds	hand|手持ち|noun|the end of the arm	current price|現在の価格|noun|the price of something at the present time	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	season|季節|noun|a period of the year	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that competes with others	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once	lower|下げる|verb|move to a lower position	get rid of|処分する|verb|dispose of	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food
The same motives, the same interests, which would thus regulate the conduct of any one dealer, would regulate that of every other, and oblige them all in general to sell their corn at the price which, according to the best of their judgment, was most suitable to the scarcity or plenty of the season.	このように、一人のディーラーの行動を規制する同じ動機、同じ利益が、他のすべてのディーラーの行動を規制し、彼ら全員に、彼らの判断の限りでは、季節の希少性や豊富さに最も適した価格でトウモロコシを販売することを義務付ける。	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or business that buys and sells goods	oblige|義務付ける|verb|bind morally or legally	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance

Whoever examines, with attention, the history of the dearths and famines which have afflicted any part of Europe during either the course of the present or that of the two preceding centuries, of several of which we have pretty exact accounts, will find, I believe, that a dearth never has arisen from any combination among the inland dealers in corn, nor from any other cause but a real scarcity, occasioned sometimes, perhaps, and in some particular places, by the waste of war, but in by far the greatest number of cases by the fault of the seasons;	現在の世紀または過去二世紀の間にヨーロッパのいずれかの地域を襲った飢饉と飢餓の歴史を注意深く調べる人は誰でも、そのうちのいくつかについてはかなり正確な説明があるが、飢饉はトウモロコシの内陸のディーラーの間の組み合わせや、他の原因から生じたものではなく、時には、おそらく、そしていくつかの特定の場所では、戦争による浪費によって引き起こされた実際の不足から生じたものであることがわかるだろう。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	attention|注意|noun|the action of applying one's mind to something	dearth|飢饉|noun|a scarcity or lack of something	famine|飢餓|noun|extreme scarcity of food	afflict|襲う|verb|cause pain or suffering to	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	two|二|numeral|one more than one	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	course|経過|noun|the development of events over a period of time	several|いくつか|adjective|more than two but not many	pretty|かなり|adverb|very or extremely	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	believe|思う|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the act of combining two or more things	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	waste|浪費|noun|the act or an instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	far|はるかに|adverb|by a great distance	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or eminence	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	case|場合|noun|an instance of a particular situation	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
and that a famine has never arisen from any other cause but the violence of government attempting, by improper means, to remedy the inconveniencies of a dearth.	そして、飢饉は、不適切な手段によって、飢饉の不便を是正しようとする政府の暴力以外の原因から生じたことは一度もない。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or kill	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or proper	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	remedy|是正する|verb|put right; rectify	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one's personal requirements or comfort

In an extensive corn country, between all the different parts of which there is a free commerce and communication, the scarcity occasioned by the most unfavourable seasons can never be so great as to produce a famine;	広大なトウモロコシの国では、そのすべての異なる部分の間に自由な商業とコミュニケーションがあり、最も不利な季節によって引き起こされる不足は、飢饉を引き起こすほど大きくなることは決してない。	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	between|間に|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two places, people, or objects	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	communication|コミュニケーション|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|adverse; disadvantageous	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	great|大きく|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	produce|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen or exist; bring about
and the scantiest crop, if managed with frugality and economy, will maintain, through the year, the same number of people that are commonly fed in a more affluent manner by one of moderate plenty.	そして、最も乏しい作物でさえ、質素に節約して管理すれば、年間を通じて、適度に豊富な作物でより豊かに養われているのと同じ数の人々を維持することができる。	scantiest|最も乏しい|adjective|very little or not enough	crop|作物|noun|a plant that is grown in large quantities for food	frugality|質素|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food	economy|節約|noun|the careful use of money or resources	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually or normally	feed|養う|verb|give food to	affluent|豊か|adjective|having a lot of money or possessions	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	moderate|適度|adjective|not too much or too little	plenty|豊富|noun|a lot of something
The seasons most unfavourable to the crop are those of excessive drought or excessive rain.	作物にとって最も不利な季節は、過度の干ばつや過度の雨の季節である。	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|adverse; disadvantageous	crop|作物|noun|a plant that is grown in large quantities for food	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual or proper	drought|干ばつ|noun|a long period of time without enough rain	rain|雨|noun|water falling in drops from the sky
But as corn grows equally upon high and low lands, upon grounds that are disposed to be too wet, and upon those that are disposed to be too dry, either the drought or the rain, which is hurtful to one part of the country, is favourable to another;	しかし、トウモロコシは高地でも低地でも、湿りすぎた土地でも、乾燥しすぎた土地でも同じように育つため、国の一部に害を及ぼす干ばつや雨は、別の地域には好都合である。	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	grow|育つ|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	high|高地|adjective|of great vertical extent	low|低地|adjective|of little vertical extent	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	wet|湿った|adjective|covered or saturated with water or another liquid	dry|乾燥した|adjective|free from moisture or liquid	drought|干ばつ|noun|a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in its water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water	rain|雨|noun|water falling in drops from a cloud	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	favourable|好都合な|adjective|giving an advantage
and though, both in the wet and in the dry season, the crop is a good deal less than in one more properly tempered;	そして、雨季と乾季の両方で、作物は適切な温度で育った場合よりもかなり少ないが、	wet|雨季|noun|the season of the year when most of the rain falls	dry|乾季|noun|the season of the year when there is little or no rain	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food, especially on a large scale	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	one|適切な温度|noun|the number 1	tempered|育った|verb|to make or become less intense or extreme
yet, in both, what is lost in one part of the country is in some measure compensated by what is gained in the other.	それでも、どちらの季節でも、国の一部で失われたものは、他の地域で得られたもので、ある程度は補償される。	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; even so	in both|どちらの季節でも|adverb|in both cases	what is lost|失われたもの|noun|something that is no longer available or in one's possession	in one part|一部で|noun|a portion of a whole	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	is in some measure compensated|ある程度は補償される|verb|is to some extent made up for	by what is gained|得られたもので|noun|something that is obtained or achieved	in the other|他の地域で|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things
In rice countries, where the crop not only requires a very moist soil, but where, in a certain period of its growing, it must be laid under water, the effects of a drought are much more dismal.	稲作国では、作物が非常に湿った土壌を必要とするだけでなく、生育のある時期には水中に置かなければならないため、干ばつの影響ははるかに悲惨である。	rice country|稲作国|noun|a country where rice is grown	crop|作物|noun|a plant that is grown in large quantities for food	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	moist|湿った|adjective|slightly wet	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	certain|ある|adjective|particular but not further defined	grow|生育する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	drought|干ばつ|noun|a long period of time without enough rain	dismal|悲惨な|adjective|causing gloom or despondency
Even in such countries, however, the drought is, perhaps, scarce ever so universal as necessarily to occasion a famine, if the government would allow a free trade.	しかし、そのような国々でさえ、政府が自由貿易を認めるならば、干ばつはおそらく飢饉を起こすほど普遍的になることはほとんどない。	even in|でさえ|adverb|also; as well; too	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	drought|干ばつ|noun|a long period of time without enough rain	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	allow|認める|verb|permit; let	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
The drought in Bengal, a few years ago, might probably have occasioned a very great dearth.	数年前のベンガルの干ばつは、おそらく非常に大きな飢饉を引き起こしたかもしれない。	drought|干ばつ|noun|a period of dryness	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in South Asia	a few years ago|数年前|noun|a period of time in the past	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	have occasioned|引き起こした|verb|cause to happen	very great|非常に大きな|adjective|of a high degree or extent	dearth|飢饉|noun|a lack of something
Some improper regulations, some injudicious restraints, imposed by the servants of the East India Company upon the rice trade, contributed, perhaps, to turn that dearth into a famine.	東インド会社の使用人が米の貿易に課した不適切な規制や軽率な制限が、おそらくその飢饉を飢餓に変えるのに一役買ったのだろう。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or right	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	injudicious|軽率な|adjective|lacking care for the consequences of an action; rash	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	East India Company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	rice|米|noun|a swamp grass which is widely cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	contribute|一役買う|verb|give or supply in common with others	turn|変える|verb|cause to move around an axis or center	dearth|飢饉|noun|a scarcity or lack of something	famine|飢餓|noun|extreme scarcity of food

When the government, in order to remedy the inconveniencies of a dearth, orders all the dealers to sell their corn at what it supposes a reasonable price, it either hinders them from bringing it to market, which may sometimes produce a famine even in the beginning of the season;	政府が飢饉の不都合を是正するために、すべての業者に穀物を合理的と思われる価格で販売するよう命じると、業者が穀物を市場に出荷するのを妨げることになり、季節の初めでさえ飢饉が発生することがある。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	remedy|是正する|verb|to correct or improve	inconvenience|不都合|noun|trouble or difficulty	order|命じる|verb|to give an instruction to	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	reasonable|合理的|adjective|fair and sensible	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	hinder|妨げる|verb|to make it difficult for someone to do something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods are bought and sold	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something
or, if they bring it thither, it enables the people, and thereby encourages them to consume it so fast as must necessarily produce a famine before the end of the season.	あるいは、業者が穀物を市場に出荷したとしても、人々はそれを消費することが可能になり、その結果、季節が終わる前に必ず飢饉が発生するほど急速に消費するようになる。	bring|出荷する|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	thither|市場|adverb|to that place	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed	produce|発生する|verb|cause to happen or exist	famine|飢饉|noun|extreme scarcity of food
The unlimited, unrestrained freedom of the corn trade, as it is the only effectual preventive of the miseries of a famine, so it is the best palliative of the inconveniencies of a dearth;	穀物貿易の無制限で無制約な自由は、飢饉の悲惨さを防ぐ唯一の効果的な方法であるだけでなく、飢饉の不都合を緩和する最良の方法でもある。	unlimited|無制限の|adjective|without any limit	unrestrained|無制約の|adjective|without any restraint	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	corn trade|穀物貿易|noun|the buying and selling of corn	famine|飢饉|noun|extreme scarcity of food	misery|悲惨さ|noun|a state or feeling of great distress or discomfort	preventive|予防|noun|something that prevents something	inconvenience|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance	palliative|緩和|noun|something that alleviates or eases without curing
for the inconveniencies of a real scarcity cannot be remedied;	なぜなら、真の不足による不都合は是正できないからである。	for|なぜなら|conjunction|because	inconvenience|不都合|noun|trouble or difficulty	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	cannot be remedied|是正できない|verb|cannot be corrected or put right
they can only be palliated.	緩和することしかできない。	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	be palliated|緩和される|verb|make the symptoms of a disease less severe without curing the disease
No trade deserves more the full protection of the law, and no trade requires it so much;	法律の完全な保護に値する貿易はないし、それを必要とする貿易もない。	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
because no trade is so much exposed to popular odium.	なぜなら、これほど民衆の憎しみにさらされている貿易はないからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	no|これほど|determiner|not any	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	so much|これほど|adverb|to such a great extent	exposed|さらされている|verb|make (something) visible or accessible	popular|民衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	odium|憎しみ|noun|general or widespread hatred or disgust

In years of scarcity, the inferior ranks of people impute their distress to the avarice of the corn merchant, who becomes the object of their hatred and indignation.	不足の年には、下層階級の人々は、自分たちの苦境を穀物商人の貪欲さに帰し、穀物商人は彼らの憎しみと憤りの対象となる。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or condition of having little or not enough of something	inferior|下層|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	impute|帰する|verb|to attribute something to a particular cause	distress|苦境|noun|a state of extreme physical or mental suffering	avarice|貪欲|noun|an extreme greed for wealth or material possessions	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	hatred|憎しみ|noun|an intense dislike or disgust	indignation|憤り|noun|anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment
Instead of making profit upon such occasions, therefore, he is often in danger of being utterly ruined, and of having his magazines plundered and destroyed by their violence.	そのため、そのような機会に利益を得るどころか、彼はしばしば完全に破滅し、倉庫を略奪され、暴力によって破壊される危険にさらされている。	instead of|どころか|conjunction|as an alternative to	make profit|利益を得る|verb|gain money	such occasion|そのような機会|noun|a time when something happens	therefore|そのため|conjunction|for that reason	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently	in danger of|危険にさらされている|verb|be at risk of	being utterly ruined|完全に破滅し|verb|be completely destroyed	having his magazines plundered|倉庫を略奪され|verb|have one's magazines robbed	destroyed by their violence|暴力によって破壊される|verb|be destroyed by violence
It is in years of scarcity, however, when prices are high, that the corn merchant expects to make his principal profit.	しかし、穀物商人が主な利益を上げようと期待するのは、価格が高い不足の年である。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or situation in which something is not available in sufficient quantities	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	make|上げる|verb|produce or create	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
He is generally in contract with some farmers to furnish him, for a certain number of years, with a certain quantity of corn, at a certain price.	彼は通常、一定の年数、一定の価格で一定量の穀物を供給する契約を何人かの農家と結んでいる。	in contract|契約を結んでいる|noun|a legally binding agreement	farmer|農家|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	year|年数|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
This contract price is settled according to what is supposed to be the moderate and reasonable, that is, the ordinary or average price, which, before the late years of scarcity, was commonly about 28s. for the quarter of wheat, and for that of other grain in proportion.	この契約価格は、適度で合理的と考えられる価格、つまり通常価格または平均価格に基づいて決定されるが、これは近年の不足以前は、小麦の四半期分は通常約28シリング、他の穀物はそれに応じた価格だった。	contract price|契約価格|noun|the price agreed upon in a contract	settle|決定される|verb|decide or agree on	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均的な|adjective|constituting the result obtained by adding together several quantities and then dividing this total by the number of quantities	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
In years of scarcity, therefore, the corn merchant buys a great part of his corn for the ordinary price, and sells it for a much higher.	そのため、不足の年には、穀物商人は穀物の大部分を通常価格で購入し、それをはるかに高く販売する。	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	scarcity|不足|noun|a state or condition of having little or not enough of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree
That this extraordinary profit, however, is no more than sufficient to put his trade upon a fair level with other trades, and to compensate the many losses which he sustains upon other occasions, both from the perishable nature of the commodity itself, and from the frequent and unforeseen fluctuations of its price, seems evident enough, from this single circumstance, that great fortunes are as seldom made in this as in any other trade.	しかし、この異常な利益は、彼の商売を他の商売と公平なレベルに置き、商品自体の腐敗しやすい性質と、その価格の頻繁で予期せぬ変動の両方から、他の機会に被る多くの損失を補償するのに十分なだけであることは、この単一の状況から十分に明らかであるように思われる。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	put|置く|verb|move something or someone into a specified place or position	fair|公平な|adjective|just or impartial	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	perishable|腐敗しやすい|adjective|likely to decay or spoil	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often	unforeseen|予期せぬ|adjective|not anticipated or expected	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the size, amount, or value of something	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely
The popular odium, however, which attends it in years of scarcity, the only years in which it can be very profitable, renders people of character and fortune averse to enter into it.	しかし、それが非常に利益を上げることができる唯一の年である、不足の年にそれに伴う大衆の憎しみは、人格と富の人々がそれに参入することを嫌うようにする。	popular odium|大衆の憎しみ|noun|the hatred of the general public	year|年|noun|a period of time	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	profitable|利益を上げることができる|adjective|yielding a financial gain	render|嫌うようにする|verb|cause to be or become	character|人格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property
It is abandoned to an inferior set of dealers;	それは劣った業者に委ねられる。	abandon|委ねる|verb|give up completely	inferior|劣った|adjective|of low quality or value	set|業者|noun|a group of people with a particular occupation
and millers, bakers, meal-men, and meal-factors, together with a number of wretched hucksters, are almost the only middle people that, in the home market, come between the grower and the consumer.	そして、製粉業者、パン屋、粉屋、粉屋、そして多くの惨めな行商人が、国内市場で生産者と消費者の間に入ってくるほとんど唯一の中間業者である。	miller|製粉業者|noun|a person who owns or works in a mill	baker|パン屋|noun|a person who makes bread	meal-man|粉屋|noun|a person who sells flour	meal-factor|粉屋|noun|a person who buys and sells flour	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	huckster|行商人|noun|a person who sells small articles in the street	middle|中間|adjective|being at the center of something	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises livestock	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services

The ancient policy of Europe, instead of discountenancing this popular odium against a trade so beneficial to the public, seems, on the contrary, to have authorised and encouraged it.	ヨーロッパの古代政策は、国民に非常に有益な貿易に対するこの大衆の憎しみを否定する代わりに、逆にそれを認め、奨励したように思われる。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	discountenance|否定する|verb|refuse to approve or encourage	popular|大衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	odium|憎しみ|noun|general or widespread hatred or disgust	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous	contrary|逆に|adjective|opposite in nature, direction, or meaning	authorise|認める|verb|give official permission for or approval to (something)	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to (someone)

By the 5th and 6th of Edward VI cap.	エドワード六世の第五条と第六条によって、	Edward VI|エドワード六世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547	5th|第五条|noun|the ordinal number of five	6th|第六条|noun|the ordinal number of six
14, it was enacted, that whoever should buy any corn or grain, with intent to sell it again, should be reputed an unlawful engrosser, and should, for the first fault, suffer two months imprisonment, and forfeit the value of the corn;	14条では、穀物や穀物を再び売る目的で購入した者は、違法な独占者とみなされ、最初の過失に対しては2ヶ月の懲役刑に処せられ、穀物の価値を失うことが定められた。	14|14|noun|the number 14	enact|定める|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	whoever|誰でも|pronoun|no matter who	buy|購入する|verb|acquire in exchange for money	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	grain|穀物|noun|a small, hard, dry seed, with or without an attached hull or fruit layer, harvested for human or animal consumption	intent|目的|noun|what one intends to do or bring about	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	unlawful|違法な|adjective|not conforming to, permitted by, or recognized by law or rules	engrosser|独占者|noun|a person who buys up the whole stock of a commodity in order to gain a monopoly and resell at a higher price	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	fault|過失|noun|a defect or weakness in a person or thing	suffer|処せられる|verb|undergo or experience (something bad or unpleasant)	imprisonment|懲役刑|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime	forfeit|失う|verb|lose or be deprived of (something) as a penalty for a crime or offence
for the second, suffer six months imprisonment, and forfeit double the value;	二度目は六ヶ月の懲役刑に処せられ、その価値の二倍を失う。	for the second|二度目は|adverb|for the second time	suffer|処せられる|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to six months	imprisonment|懲役刑|noun|the state of being imprisoned	forfeit|失う|verb|lose or be deprived of (something) as a penalty for a crime or offence
and, for the third, be set in the pillory, suffer imprisonment during the king’s pleasure, and forfeit all his goods and chattels.	そして三度目はさらし台に載せられ、王の裁量で投獄され、すべての財産を失う。	for the third|三度目|noun|the third time	be set in|載せられる|verb|be put on	pillory|さらし台|noun|a wooden frame with holes for the head and hands in which an offender was locked and exposed to public abuse	suffer|受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to	imprisonment|投獄|noun|the state of being confined in prison	during the king's pleasure|王の裁量で|noun|for as long as the king wants	forfeit|失う|verb|lose or be deprived of
The ancient policy of most other parts of Europe was no better than that of England.	ヨーロッパの他のほとんどの地域の古代政策は、イギリスの政策に勝るものではなかった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

Our ancestors seem to have imagined, that the people would buy their corn cheaper of the farmer than of the corn merchant, who, they were afraid, would require, over and above the price which he paid to the farmer, an exorbitant profit to himself.	我々の祖先は、人々が穀物商人よりも農民から穀物を安く買うだろうと想像していたようである。穀物商人は、農民に支払った価格以上に、自分のために法外な利益を要求するのではないかと恐れていた。	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	afraid|恐れる|adjective|feeling fear or worry	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|(of a price or amount charged) much too high	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
They endeavoured, therefore, to annihilate his trade altogether.	そのため、彼らは穀物商人の取引を完全に根絶しようとした。	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	annihilate|根絶する|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally
They even endeavoured to hinder, as much as possible, any middle man of any kind from coming in between the grower and the consumer;	彼らは、生産者と消費者の間にどんな種類の中間業者も入り込まないように、可能な限り妨害しようとさえした。	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	hinder|妨害する|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	middle man|中間業者|noun|a person who buys goods from a producer and sells them to a retailer or consumer	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises livestock	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
and this was the meaning of the many restraints which they imposed upon the trade of those whom they called kidders, or carriers of corn;	そして、これが彼らがキダー、つまり穀物運搬人と呼ぶ人々の取引に課した多くの制約の意味だった。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing that is near or next to the speaker	the meaning of|の意味|noun phrase|the thing that is meant by something	the many restraints|多くの制約|noun phrase|a large number of restrictions	which|もの|relative pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people who are being talked about	imposed|課した|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	upon|に|preposition|on top of	the trade|取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	those|人々|pronoun|the people who are being talked about	whom|人々|relative pronoun|used to refer to a person previously mentioned or easily identified	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people who are being talked about	called|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	kidders|キダー|noun|a person who jokes or teases	or|または|conjunction|used to connect two or more alternatives	carriers|運搬人|noun|a person or company that transports people or goods	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
a trade which nobody was allowed to exercise without a licence, ascertaining his qualifications as a man of probity and fair dealing.	誰もが誠実で公正な取引をする人間としての資格を証明する許可証なしに従事することは許されなかった取引である。	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	exercise|従事する|verb|perform or carry out	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something	ascertain|証明する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	qualification|資格|noun|a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or activity	probity|誠実|noun|the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency	fair|公正|adjective|just or impartial; in accordance with the rules or standards
The authority of three justices of the peace was, by the statute of Edward VI. necessary in order to grant this licence.	エドワード六世の法令により、この許可証を発行するためには三人の治安判事の権限が必要だった。	three|三人の|numeral|the number 3	justice of the peace|治安判事|noun|a local magistrate with limited judicial powers	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	Edward VI|エドワード六世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	grant|発行する|verb|officially give or allow something	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to do something
But even this restraint was afterwards thought insufficient, and, by a statute of Elizabeth, the privilege of granting it was confined to the quarter-sessions.	しかし、この制約でさえも後に不十分であると考えられたため、エリザベス女王の法令により、許可証を発行する特権は四半期裁判に限定された。	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	afterwards|後に|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	insufficient|不十分|adjective|not enough; inadequate	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	grant|発行する|verb|to give, allow, or admit	quarter-sessions|四半期裁判|noun|a court of limited criminal and civil jurisdiction held quarterly in England and Wales until 1972

The ancient policy of Europe endeavoured, in this manner, to regulate agriculture, the great trade of the country, by maxims quite different from those which it established with regard to manufactures, the great trade of the towns.	ヨーロッパの古代政策は、このようにして、農業、つまり国の大貿易を、製造業、つまり都市の大貿易に関して確立したものとはまったく異なる格言によって規制しようとした。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
By leaving a farmer no other customers but either the consumers or their immediate factors, the kidders and carriers of corn, it endeavoured to force him to exercise the trade, not only of a farmer, but of a corn merchant, or corn retailer.	農民に消費者かその直接の代理人である穀物の運搬業者以外に顧客を残さないことで、農民だけでなく穀物商人や穀物小売業者の取引を強制しようとした。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods or services	factor|代理人|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	kidder|穀物の運搬業者|noun|a person who transports grain	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	endeavour|強制する|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	trade|取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person who sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities
On the contrary, it, in many cases, prohibited the manufacturer from exercising the trade of a shopkeeper, or from selling his own goods by retail.	それどころか、多くの場合、製造業者が小売商の取引をしたり、自分の商品を小売で販売することを禁止していた。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	in many cases|多くの場合|adverb|frequently	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	shopkeeper|小売商|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public for use or consumption rather than for resale
It meant, by the one law, to promote the general interest of the country, or to render corn cheap, without, perhaps, its being well understood how this was to be done.	一つの法律によって、国の一般利益を促進すること、あるいは穀物を安くすることを意味していたが、おそらく、それがどのように行われるかはよく理解されていなかった。	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	one|一つの|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage	general interest|一般利益|noun|the interest of the public as a whole	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	render|安くする|verb|cause to be or become; make	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)	be done|行われる|verb|be finished or completed
By the other, it meant to promote that of a particular order of men, the shopkeepers, who would be so much undersold by the manufacturer, it was supposed, that their trade would be ruined, if he was allowed to retail at all.	他方では、製造業者が小売を許可されたら、彼らの取引が台無しになるだろうと想定されていた、特定の階級の人々、つまり小売商の利益を促進することを意味していた。	by the other|他方では|adverb|on the other hand	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	shopkeeper|小売商|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	ruin|台無しにする|verb|damage or destroy something	allow|許可する|verb|give permission to do something	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale

The manufacturer, however, though he had been allowed to keep a shop, and to sell his own goods by retail, could not have undersold the common shopkeeper.	しかし、製造業者は、店を構えて自分の商品を小売で販売することを許可されていたとしても、普通の小売業者より安く売ることはできなかった。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	undersell|より安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	shopkeeper|小売業者|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop
Whatever part of his capital he might have placed in his shop, he must have withdrawn it from his manufacture.	彼が自分の資本のどの部分を自分の店に置いたとしても、彼はそれを自分の製造業から引き上げていたに違いない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	place|置く|verb|put in a particular position	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
In order to carry on his business on a level with that of other people, as he must have had the profit of a manufacturer on the one part, so he must have had that of a shopkeeper upon the other.	彼が他の人々と同じレベルで事業を続けるためには、一方では製造業者の利益を得ていたに違いないので、他方では小売業者の利益を得ていたに違いない。	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	other people|他の人々|noun|people other than oneself	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	shopkeeper|小売業者|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop
Let us suppose, for example, that in the particular town where he lived, ten per cent.	例えば、彼が住んでいる特定の町で、10パーセントと仮定しよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	ten percent|10パーセント|noun|a proportion of one in ten
was the ordinary profit both of manufacturing and shopkeeping stock;	製造業と小売業の両方の普通の利益だった。	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	shopkeeping|小売業|noun|the business of selling goods in a shop
he must in this case have charged upon every piece of his own goods, which he sold in his shop, a profit of twenty per cent.	この場合、彼は自分の店で売った自分の商品のすべてに20パーセントの利益を乗せていたに違いない。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being considered	charge|乗せる|verb|ask for a particular price	every piece|すべて|noun|each item	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	goods|商品|noun|an article that is bought or sold	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
When he carried them from his workhouse to his shop, he must have valued them at the price for which he could have sold them to a dealer or shopkeeper, who would have bought them by wholesale.	彼がそれらを作業場から店に運んだとき、彼はそれらを卸売りで買うであろうディーラーや小売店に売ることができた価格で評価したに違いない。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	workhouse|作業場|noun|a place where people were given food and a place to live in return for work	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	shopkeeper|小売店|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	wholesale|卸売り|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others
If he valued them lower, he lost a part of the profit of his manufacturing capital.	もし彼がそれらを低く評価したら、彼は製造資本の利益の一部を失った。	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	lower|低く|adjective|less high	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	manufacturing capital|製造資本|noun|the capital invested in manufacturing
When, again, he sold them from his shop, unless he got the same price at which a shopkeeper would have sold them, he lost a part of the profit of his shop-keeping capital.	再び、彼が店でそれらを売ったとき、小売店が売ったであろう同じ価格を得ない限り、彼は小売資本の利益の一部を失った。	when|再び|adverb|at what time	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	shopkeeper|小売店|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Though he might appear, therefore, to make a double profit upon the same piece of goods, yet, as these goods made successively a part of two distinct capitals, he made but a single profit upon the whole capital employed about them;	したがって、彼は同じ商品で二重の利益を得ているように見えるかもしれないが、これらの商品は連続して二つの異なる資本の一部を形成したので、彼はそれらに投入された資本全体に対して単一の利益しか得なかった。	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	double|二重の|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	piece|一部|noun|a part of something	goods|商品|noun|merchandise or possessions	yet|しかし|conjunction|but; nevertheless; still	make|形成する|verb|form or constitute	successively|連続して|adverb|following one after another in succession	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	distinct|異なる|adjective|not identical or similar	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	whole|全体|adjective|all of; entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage	about|に関して|preposition|on the subject of; concerning
and if he made less than his profit, he was a loser, and did not employ his whole capital with the same advantage as the greater part of his neighbours.	そして、もし彼が利益よりも少なく稼いだなら、彼は損失を被り、彼の資本全体を彼の隣人の大部分と同じ利益で運用しなかった。	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	loser|損失を被る|noun|a person or thing that loses	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near to the speaker or person referred to

What the manufacturer was prohibited to do, the farmer was in some measure enjoined to do;	製造業者が禁止されたことを、農民はある程度命じられた。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	measure|ある程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	enjoin|命じる|verb|give an order or injunction to
to divide his capital between two different employments;	資本を二つの異なる用途に分割することである。	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed
to keep one part of it in his granaries and stack-yard, for supplying the occasional demands of the market, and to employ the other in the cultivation of his land.	市場の臨時の需要に応えるために、その一部を穀倉や積み場に保管し、残りを自分の土地の耕作に充てることである。	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	granary|穀倉|noun|a storehouse for threshed grain	stack-yard|積み場|noun|a yard where stacks of hay or grain are stored	supply|応える|verb|provide or furnish with	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	employ|充てる|verb|use or engage for a particular purpose	cultivation|耕作|noun|the raising of crops
But as he could not afford to employ the latter for less than the ordinary profits of farming stock, so he could as little afford to employ the former for less than the ordinary profits of mercantile stock.	しかし、彼は後者を農業用資本の通常の利潤よりも少なく運用する余裕がなかったので、前者を商業用資本の通常の利潤よりも少なく運用する余裕もなかった。	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	employ|運用する|verb|make use of	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	less than|よりも少なく|preposition|not as much as	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain	farming|農業|noun|the activity or business of growing crops and raising livestock	stock|資本|noun|the money that a company has available to spend	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	mercantile|商業|adjective|relating to trade or commerce
Whether the stock which really carried on the business of a corn merchant belonged to the person who was called a farmer, or to the person who was called a corn merchant, an equal profit was in both cases requisite, in order to indemnify its owner for employing it in this manner, in order to put his business on a level with other trades, and in order to hinder him from having an interest to change it as soon as possible for some other.	穀物商人の事業を実際に営んでいる資本が、農民と呼ばれる人のものであれ、穀物商人と呼ばれる人のものであれ、その所有者がそのように運用したことを補償し、その事業を他の業種と同等のレベルに置き、できるだけ早く他の業種に変えてしまう利益を得ないようにするためには、どちらの場合も同等の利益が必要だった。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	belong to|属する|verb|be owned by	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	indemnify|補償する|verb|compensate someone for harm or loss	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	employ|運用する|verb|use something in a particular way	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	put|置く|verb|move something to a particular place	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	trade|業種|noun|a business or profession	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	interest|利益|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	change|変える|verb|make or become different	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	possible|可能|adjective|able to be done or achieved	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned
The farmer, therefore, who was thus forced to exercise the trade of a corn merchant, could not afford to sell his corn cheaper than any other corn merchant would have been obliged to do in the case of a free competition.	したがって、このように穀物商人の仕事をせざるを得なかった農民は、自由競争の場合には他の穀物商人がそうせざるを得なかったよりも安く穀物を売る余裕はなかった。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	force|せざるを得ない|verb|make someone do something against their will	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	afford|余裕がない|verb|have enough money to pay for	sell|売る|verb|exchange or give something in return for money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	obliged|そうせざるを得ない|adjective|forced or compelled to do something	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	free competition|自由競争|noun|a situation in which companies compete with each other without any government intervention

The dealer who can employ his whole stock in one single branch of business, has an advantage of the same kind with the workman who can employ his whole labour in one single operation.	自分の資本のすべてを単一の業種に投入できる商人は、自分の労働のすべてを単一の作業に投入できる労働者と同じ種類の利点を持つ。	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	operation|作業|noun|a task or action that is carried out
As the latter acquires a dexterity which enables him, with the same two hands, to perform a much greater quantity of work, so the former acquires so easy and ready a method of transacting his business, of buying and disposing of his goods, that with the same capital he can transact a much greater quantity of business.	後者が同じ両手でより多くの仕事をこなせるよう器用さを身につけるように、前者は自分の仕事を処理し、商品を売買する簡単で手軽な方法を身につけるので、同じ資本でより多くの仕事を処理できる。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or develop a skill or quality	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	enable|可能にする|verb|to make possible	same|同じ|adjective|being the same or not different	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	perform|こなす|verb|to carry out or execute	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or develop a skill or quality	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	ready|手軽な|adjective|prepared or available for immediate use	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	transact|処理する|verb|to carry out or conduct	business|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	buy|買う|verb|to obtain in exchange for money	dispose|売る|verb|to sell or give away	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	same|同じ|adjective|being the same or not different	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	transact|処理する|verb|to carry out or conduct	business|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
As the one can commonly afford his work a good deal cheaper, so the other can commonly afford his goods somewhat cheaper, than if his stock and attention were both employed about a greater variety of objects.	一方が普通は自分の仕事をかなり安く提供できるため、他方は自分の資本と注意をより多様な対象に投入した場合よりも、普通は自分の製品を多少安く提供できる。	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	commonly|普通は|adverb|usually; normally	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	commonly|普通は|adverb|usually; normally	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	employed|投入する|verb|use or engage	greater|より|adjective|of a higher standard or quality	variety|多様な|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	object|対象|noun|a material thing that can be seen and touched
The greater part of manufacturers could not afford to retail their own goods so cheap as a vigilant and active shopkeeper, whose sole business it was to buy them by wholesale and to retail them again.	製造業者の大部分は、自分の製品を卸売りで仕入れて小売りすることが唯一の仕事である、用心深く活動的な小売店主ほど安く小売りすることはできない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	retail|小売りする|verb|sell goods to the public	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price or value	vigilant|用心深い|adjective|keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	active|活動的な|adjective|doing or involving a lot of things	shopkeeper|小売店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	wholesale|卸売り|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time
The greater part of farmers could still less afford to retail their own corn, to supply the inhabitants of a town, at perhaps four or five miles distance from the greater part of them, so cheap as a vigilant and active corn merchant, whose sole business it was to purchase corn by wholesale, to collect it into a great magazine, and to retail it again.	農民の大部分は、自分の穀物を小売りして、おそらくその大部分から4、5マイル離れた町の住民に供給することは、穀物を卸売りで仕入れて大きな倉庫に集め、再び小売りすることが唯一の仕事である、用心深く活動的な穀物商人ほど安く小売りすることはできない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	still less|なおさらできない|adverb|to an even smaller extent	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	retail|小売りする|verb|sell goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	four or five|4、5|noun|a number	mile|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	vigilant|用心深い|adjective|keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	active|活動的な|adjective|doing or involving a lot of things	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	purchase|仕入れる|verb|buy	wholesale|卸売り|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	magazine|倉庫|noun|a building or place where goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	retail|小売りする|verb|sell goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale

The law which prohibited the manufacturer from exercising the trade of a shopkeeper, endeavoured to force this division in the employment of stock to go on faster than it might otherwise have done.	製造業者が小売店主の商売をすることを禁止した法律は、資本の使用におけるこの分割を、そうでなければ起こりうるよりも速く進むように強制しようとした。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	shopkeeper|小売店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	endeavour|強制しようとする|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	employment|使用|noun|the condition of having paid work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	go on|進む|verb|continue	faster|より速く|adverb|at a high speed	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have done|起こりうる|verb|be possible
The law which obliged the farmer to exercise the trade of a corn merchant, endeavoured to hinder it from going on so fast.	農民に穀物商人の商売をすることを義務付けた法律は、それがそれほど速く進まないように妨害しようとした。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	hinder|妨害する|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed
Both laws were evident violations of natural liberty, and therefore unjust;	どちらの法律も明らかに自然の自由を侵害するものであり、したがって不正である。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	evident|明らかな|adjective|easy to see or understand	violation|侵害|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, rule, or agreement	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	unjust|不正な|adjective|not just; unfair
and they were both, too, as impolitic as they were unjust.	そして、どちらも不正であるのと同じくらい非政治的だった。	both|どちらも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	unjust|不正な|adjective|not just; unfair	impolitic|非政治的な|adjective|not politic; not expedient; unwise
It is the interest of every society, that things of this kind should never either he forced or obstructed.	このようなことが決して強制されたり妨害されたりしないことが、あらゆる社会の関心事である。	interest|関心事|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of, so as to prevent or hinder passage
The man who employs either his labour or his stock in a greater variety of ways than his situation renders necessary, can never hurt his neighbour by underselling him.	自分の労働や資本を、自分の状況が必要とする以上に多様な方法で用いる人は、決して隣人を安売りして傷つけることはできない。	employ|用いる|verb|use or utilize	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	render|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	undersell|安売りする|verb|sell something at a lower price than someone else
He may hurt himself, and he generally does so.	彼は自分を傷つけるかもしれないし、たいていそうする。	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	himself|自分|pronoun|he or she or it	generally|たいてい|adverb|in most cases; usually
Jack-of-all-trades will never be rich, says the proverb.	諺にもあるように、何でも屋は決して金持ちにはならない。	Jack-of-all-trades|何でも屋|noun|a person who can do many different kinds of work	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or property
But the law ought always to trust people with the care of their own interest, as in their local situations they must generally be able to judge better of it than the legislature can do.	しかし、法律は常に人々が自分の利益を守ることを信頼すべきであり、彼らの地域の状況では、一般的に立法府よりもそれをよりよく判断できるはずである。	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	ought|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	care|守る|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	local|地域の|adjective|relating or belonging to a particular area or neighborhood, typically a small one	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of government
The law, however, which obliged the farmer to exercise the trade of a corn merchant was by far the most pernicious of the two.	しかし、農民に穀物商人の仕事を義務付けた法律は、この二つの中で最も有害なものだった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; much	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm or damage

It obstructed not only that division in the employment of stock which is so advantageous to every society, but it obstructed likewise the improvement and cultivation of the land.	それは、あらゆる社会にとって非常に有利な資本の使用における分業だけでなく、土地の改良や耕作も妨げた。	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	division|分業|noun|the separation of a whole into two or more parts	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
By obliging the farmer to carry on two trades instead of one, it forced him to divide his capital into two parts, of which one only could be employed in cultivation.	農民に一つではなく二つの仕事を義務付けることで、農民は資本を二つに分けざるを得なくなり、そのうち一つしか耕作に従事することができなくなった。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	carry on|従事する|verb|continue doing something	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	two|二つ|noun|the second lowest cardinal number	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	two|二つ|noun|the second lowest cardinal number	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
But if he had been at liberty to sell his whole crop to a corn merchant as fast as he could thresh it out, his whole capital might have returned immediately to the land, and have been employed in buying more cattle, and hiring more servants, in order to improve and cultivate it better.	しかし、もし彼が収穫した作物をすべて、脱穀できる限り早く穀物商人に売る自由があったなら、彼の資本はすべてすぐに土地に戻り、より多くの牛を買い、より多くの使用人を雇って、土地をよりよく改良し、耕作するために使われていたかもしれない。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	fast|早く|adverb|at high speed	thresh|脱穀する|verb|beat out the grain from (a crop)	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	hire|雇う|verb|employ (someone) for wages	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
But by being obliged to sell his corn by retail, he was obliged to keep a great part of his capital in his granaries and stack-yard through the year, and could not therefore cultivate so well as with the same capital he might otherwise have done.	しかし、穀物を小売りで売らざるを得なかったため、彼は資本の大部分を年間を通じて穀倉や積み場に保管せざるを得ず、そのため、同じ資本で耕作したとしても、それほどうまく耕作することができなかった。	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	retail|小売り|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	granary|穀倉|noun|a storehouse for threshed grain	stack-yard|積み場|noun|a yard where stacks of hay or grain are stored	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	done|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or finish
This law, therefore, necessarily obstructed the improvement of the land, and, instead of tending to render corn cheaper, must have tended to render it scarcer, and therefore dearer, than it would otherwise have been.	したがって、この法律は必然的に土地の改良を妨げ、穀物を安くする傾向があるどころか、そうでなければもっと安くなったはずの穀物を希少にし、それゆえに高価にする傾向があったに違いない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	scarcer|希少|adjective|not enough of something	dearer|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have been|なった|auxiliary verb|be in the past

After the business of the farmer, that of the corn merchant is in reality the trade which, if properly protected and encouraged, would contribute the most to the raising of corn.	農民の仕事に次いで、穀物商人の仕事は、適切に保護され奨励されれば、穀物の生産に最も貢献する貿易である。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	raising|生産|noun|the action of increasing the amount or value of something
It would support the trade of the farmer, in the same manner as the trade of the wholesale dealer supports that of the manufacturer.	それは、卸売業者の貿易が製造業者の貿易を支えるのと同じように、農民の貿易を支えるだろう。	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	wholesale dealer|卸売業者|noun|a person or company that sells goods in large quantities to retailers	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale

The wholesale dealer, by affording a ready market to the manufacturer, by taking his goods off his hand as fast as he can make them, and by sometimes even advancing their price to him before he has made them, enables him to keep his whole capital, and sometimes even more than his whole capital, constantly employed in manufacturing, and consequently to manufacture a much greater quantity of goods than if he was obliged to dispose of them himself to the immediate consumers, or even to the retailers.	卸売業者は、製造業者に即座に市場を提供し、彼が作れる限り速く彼の手から商品を受け取ることで、また時には彼がそれらを作る前に彼にその価格を前払いすることで、彼が全資本を、時には全資本以上のものを常に製造に投入し続けることを可能にし、その結果、彼が直接消費者や小売業者に自分で処分しなければならない場合よりもはるかに多くの量の商品を製造することができる。	wholesale dealer|卸売業者|noun|a person or company that sells goods in large quantities to be resold by others	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something	ready market|即座に市場|noun|a market that is ready to buy a product	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	take off|受け取る|verb|to remove something from something else	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed	make|作る|verb|to create or produce something	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally	even|前払いする|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	advance|前払いする|verb|to give or pay something before it is due	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	make|作る|verb|to create or produce something	enable|可能にする|verb|to make something possible	keep|保つ|verb|to continue to have or do something	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally	even|以上|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	more|以上|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or value	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously; always	employ|投入する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	manufacturing|製造|noun|the process of making goods for sale	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	manufacture|製造する|verb|to make goods for sale	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	greater|多い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced or sold	if|場合|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	be obliged to|しなければならない|verb|to be required to do something	dispose of|処分する|verb|to get rid of something	himself|自分で|pronoun|used to refer to a male person or animal that has already been mentioned	immediate|直接|adjective|happening or done without delay	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods or services	even|小売業者|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale
As the capital of the wholesale merchant, too, is generally sufficient to replace that of many manufacturers, this intercourse between him and them interests the owner of a large capital to support the owners of a great number of small ones, and to assist them in those losses and misfortunes which might otherwise prove ruinous to them.	卸売業者の資本も、一般的に多くの製造業者の資本を置き換えるのに十分であるため、彼と彼らとの間のこの交流は、大資本の所有者が多数の小資本の所有者を支援し、そうでなければ彼らにとって破滅的となるかもしれない損失や不幸を支援することに関心を持つ。	wholesale merchant|卸売業者|noun|a person or company that sells goods in large quantities to be resold by others	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	intercourse|交流|noun|communication or dealings between people or groups	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	support|支援|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	prove|判明する|verb|be found to be; turn out to be	ruinous|破滅的|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin

An intercourse of the same kind universally established between the farmers and the corn merchants, would be attended with effects equally beneficial to the farmers.	農民と穀物商人の間で普遍的に確立された同じ種類の交流は、農民にとっても同様に有益な効果を伴うだろう。	intercourse|交流|noun|communication or dealings between people or groups	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	attend|伴う|verb|to go with or accompany	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	beneficial|有益な|adjective|producing good or helpful results
They would be enabled to keep their whole capitals, and even more than their whole capitals constantly employed in cultivation.	彼らは、全資本を、さらには全資本以上のものを常に耕作に投入し続けることができるようになるだろう。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, hold, or use	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously; all the time	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage the services of	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
In case of any of those accidents to which no trade is more liable than theirs, they would find in their ordinary customer, the wealthy corn merchant, a person who had both an interest to support them, and the ability to do it;	彼らの取引よりも責任を負うべき取引がない場合、彼らは通常の顧客である裕福な穀物商人の中に、彼らを支援する関心とそれを実行する能力の両方を持つ人を見つけるだろう。	in case of|の場合には|preposition|if something happens	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	liable|責任を負う|adjective|legally responsible for something	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice something	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	customer|顧客|noun|a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store or business	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
and they would not, as at present, be entirely dependent upon the forbearance of their landlord, or the mercy of his steward.	そして、彼らは現在のように、家主の忍耐や執事の慈悲に完全に依存することはないだろう。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	forbearance|忍耐|noun|the action of refraining from something	mercy|慈悲|noun|compassion or forgiveness shown toward someone whom it is within one's power to punish or harm
Were it possible, as perhaps it is not, to establish this intercourse universally, and all at once;	おそらく不可能だろうが、この交流を普遍的に、そして一挙に確立することが可能だとしたら、	be possible|可能である|verb|be able to be done	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	at once|一挙に|adverb|immediately; without delay
were it possible to turn all at once the whole farming stock of the kingdom to its proper business, the cultivation of land, withdrawing it from every other employment into which any part of it may be at present diverted;	王国の農業用資材のすべてを、その適切な事業である土地の耕作に一度に投入し、現在その一部が流用されている他のあらゆる用途から撤退させることが可能だとしたら、	turn|投入する|verb|change direction, position, or course	at once|一度に|adverb|immediately; without delay	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	farming stock|農業用資材|noun|the total amount of capital goods used in agriculture	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	withdraw|撤退させる|verb|take away or back	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	divert|流用する|verb|change the direction or course of
and were it possible, in order to support and assist, upon occasion, the operations of this great stock, to provide all at once another stock almost equally great;	そして、この大規模な資材の運用を支援し、補助するために、ほぼ同等の規模の別の資材を一度に提供することが可能だとしたら、	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	assist|補助する|verb|help by sharing work	occasion|時折|noun|a particular time or instance	operation|運用|noun|the action or process of operating something	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	once|一度に|adverb|on one occasion only	another|別の|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly but not exactly or entirely	equally|同等の|adverb|in the same manner or to the same extent
it is not, perhaps, very easy to imagine how great, how extensive, and how sudden, would be the improvement which this change of circumstances would alone produce upon the whole face of the country.	おそらく、この状況の変化だけで国全体にどれほど大きく、どれほど広範囲に、どれほど突然の改善がもたらされるかを想像するのは容易ではないだろう。	it is not|それはない|verb|it is not the case that	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	very|とても|adverb|to a great degree	easy|容易|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	extensive|広範囲|adjective|covering a large area	sudden|突然|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	alone|だけで|adverb|only; solely	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The statute of Edward VI. therefore, by prohibiting as much as possible any middle man from coming in between the grower and the consumer, endeavoured to annihilate a trade, of which the free exercise is not only the best palliative of the inconveniencies of a dearth, but the best preventive of that calamity;	エドワード六世の法令は、それゆえ、生産者と消費者の間に仲介業者が介入することを可能な限り禁止することで、自由な行使が飢饉の不都合を緩和する最善の方法であるだけでなく、その災害を予防する最善の方法でもある取引を根絶しようとした。	Edward VI|エドワード六世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	middle man|仲介業者|noun|a person who acts as an intermediary between two parties	come in|介入する|verb|enter or come into	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent possible	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	annihilate|根絶する|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	free exercise|自由な行使|noun|the right to practice one's religion freely	palliative|緩和|noun|something that alleviates or eases the symptoms of a disease or condition without curing it	inconvenience|不都合|noun|a lack of ease or convenience	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress
after the trade of the farmer, no trade contributing so much to the growing of corn as that of the corn merchant.	農民の取引に次いで、穀物商人の取引ほど穀物の生産に貢献している取引はない。	after|次いで|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	no|ない|determiner|not any	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	so much|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	growing|生産|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities

The rigour of this law was afterwards softened by several subsequent statutes, which successively permitted the engrossing of corn when the price of wheat should not exceed 20s. and 24s. 32s. and 40s. the quarter.	この法律の厳しさは、その後、小麦の価格が20シリング、24シリング、32シリング、40シリングを超えないときに穀物の買い占めを相次いで許可するいくつかの法令によって緩和された。	rigour|厳しさ|noun|the quality of being extremely thorough, accurate, or precise	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	soften|緩和する|verb|make or become less hard, harsh, or severe	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	successively|相次いで|adverb|following one after another in succession	permit|許可する|verb|give authorization or consent to (someone) to do something	engrossing|買い占め|noun|the action of buying all or nearly all of a particular product or commodity	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	20s|20シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	24s|24シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	32s|32シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	40s|40シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months
At last, by the 15th of Charles II. c.7, the engrossing or buying of corn, in order to sell it again, as long as the price of wheat did not exceed 48s. the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion, was declared lawful to all persons not being forestallers, that is, not selling again in the same market within three months.	ついに、チャールズ二世の15年目までに、小麦の価格が48シリングを超えない限り、再び販売するために穀物を買い占めたり、購入したりすることは、四半期および他の穀物の割合は、先買者ではないすべての人、つまり3か月以内に同じ市場で再び販売しないすべての人にとって合法であると宣言された。	At last|ついに|adverb|finally	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland	15th|15年目|noun|the ordinal number of fifteen	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	lawful|合法|adjective|conforming to or permitted by law or established rules	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	three months|3か月|noun|a period of time equal to 90 days
All the freedom which the trade of the inland corn dealer has ever yet enjoyed was bestowed upon it by this statute.	内陸の穀物商人の取引がこれまで享受してきたすべての自由は、この法令によってそれに与えられた。	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honor, or award
The statute of the twelfth of the present king, which repeals almost all the other ancient laws against engrossers and forestallers, does not repeal the restrictions of this particular statute, which therefore still continue in force.	買い占め業者や先買者に対する他のほとんどすべての古代法を廃止する現国王の12年目の法令は、この特定の法令の制限を廃止しないため、依然として効力を有している。	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	twelfth|12年目|noun|the number twelve	present|現|adjective|existing or occurring now	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	repeal|廃止する|verb|revoke or cancel officially	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	engrosser|買い占め業者|noun|a person who buys up large quantities of a commodity in order to gain a monopoly	forestaller|先買者|noun|a person who buys up goods in advance of their usual time of sale in order to profit from a rise in price	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; precise	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	continue|有する|verb|persist in an activity or process

This statute, however, authorises in some measure two very absurd popular prejudices.	しかし、この法令は、ある程度、2つの非常にばかげた大衆の偏見を認めている。	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	authorise|認める|verb|give official permission for	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	two|2つの|numeral|one more than one	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	popular|大衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

First, It supposes, that when the price of wheat has risen so high as 48s. the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion, corn is likely to be so engrossed as to hurt the people.	第一に、小麦の価格が48シリングまで上昇すると、四半期および他の穀物の割合は、穀物が人々を傷つけるほど買い占められる可能性があると想定している。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in many parts of the world	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	48s|48シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	likely|可能性がある|adjective|probable	engrossed|買い占められる|verb|occupy the whole of someone's attention or time	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body
But, from what has been already said, it seems evident enough, that corn can at no price be so engrossed by the inland dealers as to hurt the people;	しかし、すでに述べたことから、穀物はどんな価格でも内陸の商人によって人々を傷つけるほど買い占められることはないということは十分に明らかであるように思われる。	But|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	from what has been already said|すでに述べたことから|noun phrase|from the things that have been said before	it seems evident enough|十分に明らかであるように思われる|verb phrase|it appears to be clear enough	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	at no price|どんな価格でも|noun phrase|at any price	be engrossed|買い占められる|verb|be monopolized	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	as to|ほど|conjunction|to the extent that	hurt|傷つける|verb|cause pain or injury to
and 48s. the quarter, besides, though it may be considered as a very high price, yet, in years of scarcity, it is a price which frequently takes place immediately after harvest, when scarce any part of the new crop can be sold off, and when it is impossible even for ignorance to suppose that any part of it can be so engrossed as to hurt the people.	それに、48シリング。四半期は、非常に高い価格と考えられるかもしれないが、しかし、希少年の場合には、収穫直後に頻繁に起こる価格であり、新作物のほとんどが売却できないときであり、無知でさえ、その一部が人々を傷つけるほど買い占められると考えることは不可能である。	48s.|48シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	besides|それに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	high price|高い価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	scarcity|希少|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	years|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	immediately|直後|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of ripe crops	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food, especially on a large scale	sell off|売却する|verb|sell something quickly and cheaply, especially when in financial difficulties	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is the case	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	engrossed|買い占められる|verb|occupy all of someone's attention or time	hurt|傷つける|verb|cause pain or injury to

Secondly, It supposes that there is a certain price at which corn is likely to be forestalled, that is, bought up in order to be sold again soon after in the same market, so as to hurt the people.	第二に、穀物が先取りされる可能性のある一定の価格があると想定している。つまり、人々を傷つけるために、同じ市場ですぐに再び販売されるために買い占められる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	likely|可能性のある|adjective|probable; having a good chance of being or happening	forestall|先取りする|verb|prevent or obstruct by taking action beforehand	that is|つまり|phrase|in other words	buy up|買い占める|verb|buy all or as much as possible of something	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	hurt|傷つける|verb|cause pain or injury to	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
But if a merchant ever buys up corn, either going to a particular market, or in a particular market, in order to sell it again soon after in the same market, it must be because he judges that the market cannot be so liberally supplied through the whole season as upon that particular occasion, and that the price, therefore, must soon rise.	しかし、商人が特定の市場に行くか、特定の市場で穀物を買い占めて、同じ市場ですぐに再び販売する場合、それは市場がその特定の機会のようにシーズンを通して十分に供給することができないと判断し、したがって価格はすぐに上昇するはずだからである。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	buy up|買い占める|verb|buy all or as much as possible of	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	liberally|十分に|adverb|in a generous manner	supply|供給する|verb|provide or make available	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up
If he judges wrong in this, and if the price does not rise, he not only loses the whole profit of the stock which he employs in this manner, but a part of the stock itself, by the expense and loss which necessarily attend the storing and keeping of corn.	もし彼がこの判断を誤り、価格が上昇しなければ、彼はこのように用いた資本の利益をすべて失うだけでなく、穀物の貯蔵と保管に必然的に伴う費用と損失によって、資本そのものの一部を失うことになる。	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	wrong|誤る|adjective|not correct or true	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|用いる|verb|use	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	storing|貯蔵|noun|the action of storing something	keeping|保管|noun|the action of keeping something
He hurts himself, therefore, much more essentially than he can hurt even the particular people whom he may hinder from supplying themselves upon that particular market day, because they may afterwards supply themselves just as cheap upon any other market day.	したがって、彼は、その特定の市場の日に自分たちの供給を妨げるかもしれない特定の人々を傷つけるよりも、はるかに本質的に自分自身を傷つける。なぜなら、彼らはその後、他の市場の日に同じように安く自分たちの供給をすることができるからである。	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	market day|市場の日|noun|a day on which a market is held	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value
If he judges right, instead of hurting the great body of the people, he renders them a most important service.	もし彼が正しい判断をすれば、人々の大多数を傷つける代わりに、彼は彼らに最も重要な奉仕をすることになる。	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	right|正しい|adjective|correct or true	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	great|大多数の|adjective|of major significance or importance	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	render|する|verb|provide or give	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value
By making them feel the inconveniencies of a dearth somewhat earlier than they otherwise might do, he prevents their feeling them afterwards so severely as they certainly would do, if the cheapness of price encouraged them to consume faster than suited the real scarcity of the season.	彼は、彼らがそうしなければならなかったよりもやや早く飢饉の不便を感じさせることによって、もし価格の安さが季節の実際の希少性に適合するよりも速く消費することを奨励したならば、彼らが後でそうするであろうほど厳しく感じるのを防ぐ。	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch or emotion	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one's personal requirements or comfort	dearth|飢饉|noun|a scarcity or lack of something	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	earlier|早く|adverb|before the usual or expected time	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	afterwards|後で|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	severely|厳しく|adverb|to a great degree; intensely	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to (someone)	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	faster|速く|adverb|at a high speed	suit|適合する|verb|be convenient or satisfactory for	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient
When the scarcity is real, the best thing that can be done for the people is, to divide the inconvenience of it as equally as possible, through all the different months and weeks and days of the year.	希少性が現実のものであるとき、人々のためにできる最善のことは、その不便さを一年のすべての月、週、日にできるだけ均等に分割することである。	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	real|現実のもの|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	best|最善|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	thing|こと|noun|an action, deed, or event	be done|できる|verb|be finished or completed	inconvenience|不便さ|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	equally|均等に|adverb|in an equal manner	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun
The interest of the corn merchant makes him study to do this as exactly as he can;	穀物商人の利害は、彼がこれをできるだけ正確に行うように研究させる。	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	corn merchant|穀物商人|noun|a person who buys and sells corn	make|させる|verb|cause to happen	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	as|できるだけ|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	do|行う|verb|perform or execute
and as no other person can have either the same interest, or the same knowledge, or the same abilities, to do it so exactly as he, this most important operation of commerce ought to be trusted entirely to him;	そして、他の誰も彼と同じ利害、同じ知識、同じ能力を持つことができないので、この最も重要な商業活動は彼に完全に委ねられるべきである。	no other person|他の誰も|noun|no other person	same interest|同じ利害|noun|the same interest	same knowledge|同じ知識|noun|the same knowledge	same abilities|同じ能力|noun|the same abilities	do it so exactly|それを正確に行う|verb|do it so exactly	this most important operation|この最も重要な活動|noun|this most important operation	ought to be trusted|委ねられるべきである|verb|ought to be trusted	entirely|完全に|adverb|entirely
or, in other words, the corn trade, so far at least as concerns the supply of the home market, ought to be left perfectly free.	言い換えれば、少なくとも国内市場の供給に関する限り、穀物貿易は完全に自由にされるべきである。	in other words|言い換えれば|adverb|to put it differently	corn trade|穀物貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling corn	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent mentioned	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	concern|関する|verb|be about	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	ought to|されるべきである|auxiliary verb|should	leave|される|verb|go away from	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a way that could not be better	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

The popular fear of engrossing and forestalling may be compared to the popular terrors and suspicions of witchcraft.	独占と買い占めに対する民衆の恐怖は、魔法に対する民衆の恐怖と疑惑に比べられるかもしれない。	popular|民衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	engrossing|独占|noun|the action of taking all of someone's attention or interest	forestalling|買い占め|noun|the action of buying all of a particular product before anyone else can buy it	compare|比べられる|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between	terror|恐怖|noun|an intense feeling of fear	suspicion|疑惑|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	witchcraft|魔法|noun|the use of magical powers, especially to harm others
The unfortunate wretches accused of this latter crime were not more innocent of the misfortunes imputed to them, than those who have been accused of the former.	この後者の犯罪で告発された不幸な哀れな人々は、前者の犯罪で告発された人々よりも、彼らに帰せられる不幸に対して無実ではなかった。	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	wretch|哀れな人|noun|a person who is in a very unhappy or unfortunate situation	accuse|告発する|verb|charge with a crime or offense	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	innocent|無実|adjective|free from legal or moral guilt	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	impute|帰する|verb|to lay the responsibility or blame for something on someone or something	former|前者|adjective|the first of two things mentioned
The law which put an end to all prosecutions against witchcraft, which put it out of any man’s power to gratify his own malice by accusing his neighbour of that imaginary crime, seems effectually to have put an end to those fears and suspicions, by taking away the great cause which encouraged and supported them.	魔法に対するあらゆる告訴を終わらせ、隣人をその想像上の犯罪で告発することで自分の悪意を満足させる権限を誰からも奪った法律は、それらの恐怖や疑惑を助長し、支えてきた大きな原因を取り除くことで、それらの恐怖や疑惑を効果的に終わらせたように思われる。	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop	prosecution|告訴|noun|the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a person	witchcraft|魔法|noun|the practice of magic	put out of|奪う|verb|deprive of	power|権限|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	gratify|満足させる|verb|give (someone) pleasure or satisfaction	malice|悪意|noun|the intention or desire to do evil	accuse|告発する|verb|charge (someone) with an offense or crime	imaginary|想像上の|adjective|existing only in the imagination	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	take away|取り除く|verb|remove or take away	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	encourage|助長する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to (someone)	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
The law which would restore entire freedom to the inland trade of corn, would probably prove as effectual to put an end to the popular fears of engrossing and forestalling.	穀物の内陸貿易に完全な自由を回復させる法律は、おそらく独占と買い占めに対する民衆の恐怖を終わらせるのに効果的であることが証明されるだろう。	restore|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former condition	entire|完全な|adjective|with no part left out; whole	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	prove|証明される|verb|demonstrate the truth or existence of by evidence or argument	effectual|効果的|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop existing or happening	popular|民衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm	engrossing|独占|noun|the action of taking all of someone's attention or interest	forestalling|買い占め|noun|the action of buying something in advance of others in order to profit from a future rise in price

The 15th of Charles II. c. 7, however, with all its imperfections, has, perhaps, contributed more, both to the plentiful supply of the home market, and to the increase of tillage, than any other law in the statute book.	しかし、チャールズ二世の第十五年法第七章は、そのあらゆる不完全性にもかかわらず、おそらく法令集の他のどの法律よりも、国内市場への豊富な供給と耕作の増加の両方に貢献した。	The 15th of Charles II|チャールズ二世の第十五年法|noun|a law enacted in the 15th year of the reign of Charles II	c. 7|第七章|noun|chapter 7	imperfection|不完全性|noun|the quality or state of being imperfect	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	tillage|耕作|noun|the cultivation of land	statute book|法令集|noun|a book containing the statutes of a country or state
It is from this law that the inland corn trade has derived all the liberty and protection which it has ever yet enjoyed;	内陸の穀物貿易がこれまで享受してきたすべての自由と保護はこの法律から得られた。	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something, or the state of being protected	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
and both the supply of the home market and the interest of tillage are much more effectually promoted by the inland, than either by the importation or exportation trade.	そして、国内市場への供給と耕作の利益は、輸入貿易や輸出貿易よりも内陸貿易によってより効果的に促進される。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	tillage|耕作|noun|the agricultural preparation of soil for growing crops	inland|内陸|noun|the interior part of a country or region	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services out of a country

The proportion of the average quantity of all sorts of grain imported into Great Britain to that of all sorts of grain consumed, it has been computed by the author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade, does not exceed that of one to five hundred and seventy.	穀物貿易論の著者の計算によると、イギリスに輸入されるあらゆる種類の穀物の平均量と消費されるあらゆる種類の穀物の平均量の比率は、五百七十分の一を超えない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	average quantity|平均量|noun|the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers	all sorts of|あらゆる種類の|adjective|of many different types	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	imported|輸入される|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	consumed|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	does not exceed|超えない|verb|be greater than or equal to	one to five hundred and seventy|五百七十分の一|noun|a fraction with 1 as the numerator and 570 as the denominator
For supplying the home market, therefore, the importance of the inland trade must be to that of the importation trade as five hundred and seventy to one.	したがって、国内市場への供給にとって、内陸貿易の重要性は輸入貿易の重要性に対して五百七十分の一でなければならない。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	inland trade|内陸貿易|noun|trade that takes place within a country	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	importation trade|輸入貿易|noun|trade that involves the importation of goods or services	five hundred and seventy|五百七十|numeral|the number 570	one|一|numeral|the number 1

The average quantity of all sorts of grain exported from Great Britain does not, according to the same author, exceed the one-and-thirtieth part of the annual produce.	同じ著者によれば、イギリスから輸出されるあらゆる種類の穀物の平均量は、年間生産量の三十三分の一を超えない。	average quantity|平均量|noun|the mean of a set of quantities	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	annual produce|年間生産量|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country during one year
For the encouragement of tillage, therefore, by providing a market for the home produce, the importance of the inland trade must be to that of the exportation trade as thirty to one.	したがって、国内生産物のための市場を提供することによる耕作の奨励にとって、内陸貿易の重要性は輸出貿易の重要性に対して三十分の一でなければならない。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	tillage|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	home produce|国内生産物|noun|products produced in the home country	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	inland trade|内陸貿易|noun|trade that takes place within a country	exportation trade|輸出貿易|noun|trade that involves the sale of goods or services to another country	thirty to one|三十分の一|noun|a ratio of thirty to one

I have no great faith in political arithmetic, and I mean not to warrant the exactness of either of these computations.	私は政治算術をあまり信じていないし、これらの計算のどちらの正確性も保証するつもりはない。	have no great faith in|あまり信じていない|verb|not have much confidence in	political arithmetic|政治算術|noun|the application of mathematics to statistics about the economy, population, and other social and political matters	mean not to|つもりはない|verb|not intend to	warrant|保証する|verb|guarantee the quality of	exactness|正確性|noun|the quality of being accurate	computation|計算|noun|the action of calculating
I mention them only in order to show of how much less consequence, in the opinion of the most judicious and experienced persons, the foreign trade of corn is than the home trade.	私がこれらに言及するのは、最も賢明で経験豊富な人々の意見では、穀物の外国貿易が国内貿易よりもどれほど重要性が低いかを示すためだけである。	mention|言及する|verb|refer to briefly	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	order|ため|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	show|示す|verb|demonstrate or make clear how something works or is done	consequence|重要性|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	experienced|経験豊富な|adjective|having knowledge or skill in a particular field or activity	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	home trade|国内貿易|noun|trade within a country
The great cheapness of corn in the years immediately preceding the establishment of the bounty may, perhaps with reason, he ascribed in some measure to the operation of this statute of Charles II. which had been enacted about five-and-twenty years before, and which had, therefore, full time to produce its effect.	奨励金の制定直前の数年間の穀物の大幅な安値は、おそらく理由があって、このチャールズ二世の法令の施行にある程度起因していると考えられる。この法令は約二十五年前に制定されたもので、その効果を発揮するのに十分な時間があった。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	immediately|直前|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	preceding|数年間|verb|come before in time	great|大幅な|adjective|of major significance or importance	cheapness|安値|noun|the state of being low in price	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	measure|ある程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	operation|施行|noun|the action or process of working or functioning	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	enact|制定|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	about|約|preposition|approximately	five-and-twenty|二十五|adjective|twenty-five	before|前|preposition|earlier than	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	full|十分な|adjective|complete in number or total	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole

A very few words will sufficiently explain all that I have to say concerning the other three branches of the corn trade.	穀物貿易の他の三部門に関して私が言わなければならないことは、ごくわずかな言葉で十分に説明できる。	a very few|ごくわずかな|adjective|a very small number of	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	have to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; must	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	concerning|に関して|preposition|about	the other three|他の三つ|noun|the remaining three	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

II. The trade of the merchant-importer of foreign corn for home consumption, evidently contributes to the immediate supply of the home market, and must so far be immediately beneficial to the great body of the people.	二、国内消費用の外国穀物の輸入商人の貿易は、明らかに国内市場への即時供給に貢献しており、その限りでは国民の大多数に即時的に利益をもたらすに違いない。	II|二|noun|the second in a series	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	importer|輸入者|noun|a person or company that imports goods or services	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are consumed by a country's residents	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	contribute|貢献する|verb|to give or supply something	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	so far|その限りでは|adverb|to the extent or degree that has been mentioned	immediately|即座に|adverb|without delay	beneficial|有益な|adjective|producing good or helpful effects	great body|大多数|noun|the majority of people	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
It tends, indeed, to lower somewhat the average money price of corn, but not to diminish its real value, or the quantity of labour which it is capable of maintaining.	確かに、それは穀物の平均貨幣価格を多少下げる傾向があるが、その実質価値や維持できる労働量を減少させることはない。	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
If importation was at all times free, our farmers and country gentlemen would probably, one year with another, get less money for their corn than they do at present, when importation is at most times in effect prohibited;	もし輸入が常に自由であれば、わが国の農民や田舎紳士は、輸入がほとんど禁止されている現在よりも、穀物に対して受け取る貨幣が年平均で少なくなるだろう。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	at all times|常に|adverb|on all occasions; always	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	one year with another|年平均で|adverb|on average over a period of several years	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	at most times|ほとんど|adverb|usually; on most occasions	in effect|事実上|adverb|in practice or actuality, even if not formally or explicitly	prohibited|禁止されている|verb|formally or legally forbid
but the money which they got would be of more value, would buy more goods of all other kinds, and would employ more labour.	しかし、彼らが受け取る貨幣はより価値があり、他のあらゆる種類のより多くの商品を買うことができ、より多くの労働を雇用するだろう。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Their real wealth, their real revenue, therefore, would be the same as at present, though it might be expressed by a smaller quantity of silver, and they would neither be disabled nor discouraged from cultivating corn as much as they do at present.	したがって、彼らの実質的な富、実質的な収入は、より少ない銀の量で表現されるかもしれないが、現在と同じであり、彼らは現在と同じように穀物を栽培することを妨げられたり、落胆させられたりすることはないだろう。	real wealth|実質的な富|noun|the value of all the assets of a person or organization	real revenue|実質的な収入|noun|the income of a person or organization	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	smaller quantity|より少ない量|noun|a smaller amount	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	be disabled|妨げられる|verb|be prevented from doing something	be discouraged|落胆させられる|verb|be made to lose confidence or hope
On the contrary, as the rise in the real value of silver, in consequence of lowering the money price of corn, lowers somewhat the money price of all other commodities, it gives the industry of the country where it takes place some advantage in all foreign markets and thereby tends to encourage and increase that industry.	それどころか、穀物の貨幣価格の低下の結果としての銀の実質価値の上昇は、他のすべての商品の貨幣価格を多少低下させるので、それが起こる国の産業にすべての外国市場でいくらかの優位性を与え、それによってその産業を奨励し、増加させる傾向がある。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	lower|低下|verb|make or become lower	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	take place|起こる|verb|happen	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside one's own country	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
But the extent of the home market for corn must be in proportion to the general industry of the country where it grows, or to the number of those who produce something else, and therefore, have something else, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of something else, to give in exchange for corn.	しかし、穀物の国内市場の規模は、それが生産される国の一般産業、あるいは何か他のものを作っていて、それゆえに穀物と交換するために何か他のもの、あるいは同じことだが何か他のものの価格を持っている人の数に比例するはずである。	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	grow|生産される|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	general industry|一般産業|noun|the industry of a country as a whole	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	produce|作る|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	something else|何か他のもの|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But in every country, the home market, as it is the nearest and most convenient, so is it likewise the greatest and most important market for corn.	しかし、どの国でも、国内市場は最も近く、最も便利であるため、穀物にとっても最大かつ最も重要な市場である。	every country|どの国でも|noun|all the countries in the world	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	nearest|最も近い|adjective|closest	most convenient|最も便利な|adjective|most useful or helpful	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	most important|最も重要な|adjective|of the highest importance	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
That rise in the real value of silver, therefore, which is the effect of lowering the average money price of corn, tends to enlarge the greatest and most important market for corn, and thereby to encourage, instead of discouraging its growth.	したがって、穀物の平均貨幣価格を下げる効果である銀の実質価値の上昇は、穀物の最大かつ最も重要な市場を拡大する傾向があり、それによってその成長を阻害するのではなく、奨励する傾向がある。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level or amount of something	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal with atomic number 47	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	enlarge|拡大する|verb|make or become bigger or more extensive	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount

By the 22d of Charles II. c. 13, the importation of wheat, whenever the price in the home market did not exceed 53s:4d. the quarter, was subjected to a duty of 16s. the quarter; and to a duty of 8s. whenever the price did not exceed £4.	チャールズ二世の22年目、第13章では、国内市場の価格がクォーターあたり53シリング4ペンスを上回らない限り、小麦の輸入にはクォーターあたり16シリングの関税が課せられ、価格が4ポンドを超えない限り、8シリングの関税が課せられた。	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1661	22d|22年目|noun|the 22nd year	13|第13章|noun|the 13th chapter	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop grown in temperate countries	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	53s:4d|53シリング4ペンス|noun|53 shillings and 4 pence	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	subjected to|課せられる|verb|be exposed to or affected by	duty|関税|noun|a tax on goods or services that is paid when they are imported into a country	16s|16シリング|noun|16 shillings	8s|8シリング|noun|8 shillings	4 pounds|4ポンド|noun|4 pounds
The former of these two prices has, for more than a century past, taken place only in times of very great scarcity;	これら二つの価格のうち前者は、過去一世紀以上もの間、非常に希少価値の高い時期にしか起こらなかった。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	past|過去|noun|the time that has already happened	take place|起こる|verb|happen	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	time|時期|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes past midnight or noon	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	great|高い|adjective|of major significance or importance	scarcity|希少価値|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply
and the latter has, so far as I know, not taken place at all.	そして後者は、私の知る限り、まったく起こらなかった。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	so far as|私の知る限り|conjunction|to the extent that	not take place|起こらなかった|verb|not happen
Yet, till wheat has risen above this latter price, it was, by this statute, subjected to a very high duty;	それでも、小麦がこの後の価格を超えるまで、この法律によって非常に高い関税が課せられていた。	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
and, till it had risen above the former, to a duty which amounted to a prohibition.	そして、前者を超えるまで、禁止に等しい関税が課せられていた。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	above|超える|preposition|at a higher level or position than	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	amount to|等しい|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden
The importation of other sorts of grain was restrained at rates and by duties, in proportion to the value of the grain, almost equally high.	他の種類の穀物の輸入は、穀物の価値に比例して、ほぼ同等に高い税率と関税によって制限されていた。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	rate|税率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
Before the 13th of the present king, the following were the duties payable upon the importation of the different sorts of grain:	現国王の13年以前は、各種穀物の輸入に課せられる関税は次の通りだった。	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	13th|13年|noun|the ordinal number of thirteen	present|現|adjective|existing or occurring now	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	payable|課せられる|adjective|that must be paid	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad for sale	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a food plant

- Grain. Duties. Duties Duties.	穀物。関税。関税。関税。	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
- Beans to 28s. per qr. 19s:10d. after till 40s. 16s:8d. then 12d.	豆は28シリングまで。1クォーターあたり19シリング10ペンス。40シリングまで16シリング8ペンス。それから12ペンス。	Beans|豆|noun|a leguminous plant	28s|28シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	19s:10d|19シリング10ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	40s|40シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	16s:8d|16シリング8ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	12d|12ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
- Barley to 28s. - 19s:10d. - 32s. 16s. - 12d.	大麦は28シリングまで。19シリング10ペンス。32シリング16シリング。12ペンス。	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant	28s|28シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	19s:10d|19シリング10ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	32s|32シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	16s|16シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	12d|12ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
- Malt is prohibited by the annual malt-tax bill.	麦芽は、年次麦芽税法案で禁止されている。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	annual|年次|adjective|happening or done once a year	malt-tax|麦芽税|noun|a tax on malt	bill|法案|noun|a proposed law presented for approval to a legislative body
- Oats to 16s. - 5s:10d. after - 91⁄2d.	オーツ麦は16シリングまで。5シリング10ペンス。91⁄2ペンス。	oats|オーツ麦|noun|a cereal plant grown for its edible seed	16s|16シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	5s:10d|5シリング10ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	91⁄2d|91⁄2ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
- Pease to 40s. - 16s: 0d. after - 93⁄4d.	豆は40シリングまで。16シリング0ペンス。93⁄4ペンス。	to|まで|preposition|up to	40s|40シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	16s|16シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	0d|0ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	93⁄4d|93⁄4ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
- Rye to 36s. - 19s:10d. till 40s. 16s:8d - 12d.	ライ麦は36シリングまで。19シリング10ペンス。40シリングまで16シリング8ペンス。12ペンス。	Rye|ライ麦|noun|a grass grown for its grain	36s|36シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	19s:10d|19シリング10ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	40s|40シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	16s:8d|16シリング8ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	12d|12ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
- Wheat to 44s. - 21s: 9d. till 53s:4d. 17s. - 8s.	小麦は44シリングまで。21シリング9ペンス。53シリング4ペンスまで17シリング。8シリング。	Wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	44s|44シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to 20 pence	21s|21シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to 20 pence	9d|9ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twelfth of a shilling	53s|53シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to 20 pence	4d|4ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twelfth of a shilling	17s|17シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to 20 pence	8s|8シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to 20 pence
- till £4, and after that about 1s:4d.	4ポンドまで、それ以降は1シリング4ペンス。	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or the event mentioned)	4|4|numeral|the number 4	after|以降|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	about|約|preposition|approximately	1s:4d|1シリング4ペンス|noun|one shilling and four pence
- Buck-wheat to 32s. per qr. to pay 16s.	ソバは32シリングまで。1クォーターあたり16シリングを支払う。	buck-wheat|ソバ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	32s.|32シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	per qr.|1クォーターあたり|noun|a unit of volume equal to two pints	16s.|16シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom

These different duties were imposed, partly by the 22d of Charles II. in place of the old subsidy, partly by the new subsidy, by the one-third and two-thirds subsidy, and by the subsidy 1747.	これらの異なる関税は、一部はチャールズ二世の22日目によって、一部は新しい補助金によって、三分の一と三分の二の補助金によって、そして1747年の補助金によって、古い補助金の代わりに課せられた。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; not completely	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having started recently	one-third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	two-thirds|三分の二|noun|two of three equal parts	1747|1747年|noun|the year 1747
Subsequent laws still further increased those duties.	その後の法律で、これらの関税はさらに引き上げられた。	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	still further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree; more	increase|引き上げる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous

The distress which, in years of scarcity, the strict execution of those laws might have brought upon the people, would probably have been very great;	飢饉の年に、これらの法律を厳格に執行すれば、国民に大きな苦難をもたらしたであろう。	distress|苦難|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	scarcity|飢饉|noun|a lack of something	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	strict|厳格|adjective|requiring complete obedience	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area
but, upon such occasions, its execution was generally suspended by temporary statutes, which permitted, for a limited time, the importation of foreign corn.	しかし、そのような場合には、その執行は通常、一時的な法令によって停止され、一定期間、外国産穀物の輸入が許可された。	upon|際に|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a legally condemned person	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	suspend|停止する|verb|stop temporarily	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short time	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	permit|許可する|verb|allow to do something	limited|一定の|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another
The necessity of these temporary statutes sufficiently demonstrates the impropriety of this general one.	これらの一時的な法令の必要性は、この一般的な法令の不適切さを十分に示している。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for a limited period of time	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	demonstrate|示す|verb|to show or make clear how something works or is done	impropriety|不適切さ|noun|the quality or state of being improper	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread

These restraints upon importation, though prior to the establishment of the bounty, were dictated by the same spirit, by the same principles, which afterwards enacted that regulation.	これらの輸入制限は、奨励金制度の制定に先立って行われたものであるが、後にその規制を制定したのと同じ精神、同じ原則によって定められたものである。	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	prior to|先立って|preposition|before	establishment|制定|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	dictate|定める|verb|lay down authoritatively; prescribe	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done
How hurtful soever in themselves, these, or some other restraints upon importation, became necessary in consequence of that regulation.	これらの輸入制限は、それ自体どれほど有害であれ、この規制の結果として必要となった。	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing damage or injury	soever|どれほど|adverb|to any extent or degree	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law
If, when wheat was either below 48s. the quarter, or not much above it, foreign corn could have been imported, either duty free, or upon paying only a small duty, it might have been exported again, with the benefit of the bounty, to the great loss of the public revenue, and to the entire perversion of the institution, of which the object was to extend the market for the home growth, not that for the growth of foreign countries.	もし、小麦が48シリング以下だったとき、またはそれほど高くなかったときに、外国産穀物を無税で、またはわずかな関税を支払って輸入することができたなら、それは奨励金の恩恵を受けて再び輸出されていたかもしれないし、公的収入の大きな損失につながり、制度の完全な転覆につながったかもしれない。その目的は、外国産の市場ではなく、国産の市場を拡大することだった。	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	below|以下|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	free|無税|adjective|not costing or charging anything	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	small|わずかな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	bounty|奨励金|noun|a generous gift	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive	market|市場|noun|a place or area in which commercial dealings are conducted	home|国産|adjective|of or relating to one's own country	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

III. The trade of the merchant-exporter of corn for foreign consumption, certainly does not contribute directly to the plentiful supply of the home market.	三、外国消費向けの穀物輸出商人の貿易は、確かに国内市場への豊富な供給に直接貢献するものではない。	III|三|noun|the number 3	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	exporter|輸出業者|noun|a person or company that exports goods	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	plentiful|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
It does so, however, indirectly.	しかし、間接的にはそうである。	do so|そうする|verb|do that	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly; in a roundabout way
From whatever source this supply maybe usually drawn, whether from home growth, or from foreign importation, unless more corn is either usually grown, or usually imported into the country, than what is usually consumed in it, the supply of the home market can never be very plentiful.	国内生産であれ、外国からの輸入であれ、この供給が通常どこから得られるにせよ、国内で通常消費される量よりも多くの穀物が通常生産されるか、通常輸入されない限り、国内市場の供給は決して豊富にはならない。	source|供給源|noun|the place from which something comes	home growth|国内生産|noun|the production of goods or services within a country	foreign importation|外国からの輸入|noun|the bringing in of goods or services from a foreign country	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
But unless the surplus can, in all ordinary cases, be exported, the growers will be careful never to grow more, and the importers never to import more, than what the bare consumption of the home market requires.	しかし、通常の場合、余剰分を輸出できない限り、生産者は国内市場の消費量に必要な量以上は生産しないように、輸入業者は輸入しないように注意するだろう。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that brings in goods from a foreign country	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
That market will very seldom be overstocked;	その市場が過剰在庫になることはめったにないだろう。	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	be overstocked|過剰在庫になる|verb|have too much of something
but it will generally be understocked;	しかし、それは一般的に在庫不足になるだろう。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	be understocked|在庫不足になる|verb|have less than the normal or desirable amount of something
the people, whose business it is to supply it, being generally afraid lest their goods should be left upon their hands.	それを供給することを仕事としている人々は、一般的に自分の商品が手元に残ってしまうのではないかと恐れている。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	supply|供給|verb|make available for use; provide	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	afraid|恐れている|adjective|feeling fear or worry	lest|～しないように|conjunction|for fear that; in order that not	goods|商品|noun|merchandise; wares	be left|残る|verb|remain; be allowed to stay	upon|～の上に|preposition|on top of; on the surface of	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist
The prohibition of exportation limits the improvement and cultivation of the country to what the supply of its own inhabitants require.	輸出の禁止は、その国の改良と耕作を、その国の住民の供給に必要なものに限定する。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	limit|限定する|verb|restrict the size or extent of	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
The freedom of exportation enables it to extend cultivation for the supply of foreign nations.	輸出の自由は、外国への供給のために耕作を拡大することを可能にする。	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	supply|供給|noun|a stock of something available for use

By the 12th of Charles II. c.4, the exportation of corn was permitted whenever the price of wheat did not exceed 40s. the quarter, and that of other grain in proportion.	チャールズ二世の十二年法第四章によって、小麦の価格が四十シリングを超えない限り、穀物の輸出が許可され、他の穀物もそれに応じて許可された。	12th|十二年|noun|the twelfth in a series	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	4|第四章|noun|the fourth in a series	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	40s|四十シリング|noun|a former British coin worth twenty shillings	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	proportion|応じて|noun|a part of a whole in relation to the whole
By the 15th of the same prince, this liberty was extended till the price of wheat exceeded 48s. the quarter; and by the 22d, to all higher prices.	同じ王の十五年法によって、この自由は小麦の価格が四十八シリングを超えるまで拡大され、二十二年法によって、それ以上の価格にまで拡大された。	15th|十五年法|noun|the 15th year of a king's reign	prince|王|noun|a male monarch	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown in many parts of the world	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond	48s|四十八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth 24 old pence	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	22d|二十二年法|noun|the 22nd year of a king's reign	higher|それ以上|adjective|of greater vertical extent
A poundage, indeed, was to be paid to the king upon such exportation;	確かに、そのような輸出に対しては、国王にポンド税を支払わなければならなかった。	poundage|ポンド税|noun|a tax of a certain amount of money for each pound in value of goods or services sold	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	be to be|～されるべきである|auxiliary verb|be arranged or planned for	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or product	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale
but all grain was rated so low in the book of rates, that this poundage amounted only, upon wheat to 1s., upon oats to 4d., and upon all other grain to 6d. the quarter.	しかし、すべての穀物は税率表で非常に低く評価されていたので、このポンド税は小麦では一シリング、オート麦では四ペンス、他のすべての穀物では六ペンスにしかならなかったのである。	rate|評価|verb|estimate the value or quality of	book|表|noun|a set of written, printed, or blank sheets bound together between two covers	amount|なる|verb|be equal to in number or quantity	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	oats|オート麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its edible grain	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months
By the 1st of William and Mary, the act which established this bounty, this small duty was virtually taken off whenever the price of wheat did not exceed 48s. the quarter; and by the 11th and 12th of William III. c. 20, it was expressly taken off at all higher prices.	ウィリアムとメアリーの第一年法によって、この奨励金が制定され、小麦の価格が四十八シリングを超えない限り、この小額の関税は事実上撤廃され、ウィリアム三世の十一年法と十二年法第二十章によって、それ以上の価格では明示的に撤廃された。	William and Mary|ウィリアムとメアリー|noun|joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	1st|第一年|noun|the first year of a period	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward, typically a sum of money, offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	small|小額の|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	virtually|事実上|adverb|almost entirely; nearly	take off|撤廃される|verb|to remove or abolish	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	11th|十一年|noun|the eleventh year of a period	12th|十二年|noun|the twelfth year of a period	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	c.|章|noun|a chapter of a book	20|第二十|noun|the twentieth in a series	expressly|明示的に|adverb|explicitly; clearly	take off|撤廃される|verb|to remove or abolish	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

The trade of the merchant-exporter was, in this manner, not only encouraged by a bounty, but rendered much more free than that of the inland dealer.	こうして、輸出商人の貿易は、奨励金によって奨励されただけでなく、内地の商人の貿易よりもはるかに自由になった。	merchant-exporter|輸出商人|noun|a merchant who exports goods	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	inland|内地|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods
By the last of these statutes, corn could be engrossed at any price for exportation;	これらの法令の最後のものによって、穀物は輸出のためにどんな価格でも買い占めることができ、	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	engrossed|買い占める|verb|buy all or a large part of something	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of sending goods and services to other countries for sale
but it could not be engrossed for inland sale, except when the price did not exceed 48s. the quarter.	しかし、価格が四十八シリングを超えない限り、内地販売のために買い占めることはできなかった。	inland|内地|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months
The interest of the inland dealer, however, it has already been shown, can never be opposite to that of the great body of the people.	しかし、内地の商人の利益は、すでに示したように、国民の大多数の利益と相反することはありえない。	inland|内地の|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	opposite|相反する|adjective|being on the other side of something	great body|大多数|noun|the majority of people	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
That of the merchant-exporter may, and in fact sometimes is.	輸出商人の利益は、国民の大多数の利益と相反することがあるし、実際に相反することがある。	merchant-exporter|輸出商人|noun|a person who exports goods	may|ことがある|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times
If, while his own country labours under a dearth, a neighbouring country should be afflicted with a famine, it might be his interest to carry corn to the latter country, in such quantities as might very much aggravate the calamities of the dearth.	もし、自国が飢饉に苦しんでいる間に、隣国が飢饉に苦しんでいるとしたら、飢饉の惨状をさらに悪化させるほどの量の穀物を後者の国に運ぶことが、彼の利益になるかもしれない。	labour|苦しむ|verb|work hard	dearth|飢饉|noun|a scarcity or lack of something	neighbouring|隣接する|adjective|next to or very near	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	afflict|苦しむ|verb|cause pain or suffering to	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|make worse	calamity|惨状|noun|a state of extreme distress or misfortune
The plentiful supply of the home market was not the direct object of those statutes;	国内市場への豊富な供給は、これらの法令の直接の目的ではない。	plentiful|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	direct object|直接目的語|noun|the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body
but, under the pretence of encouraging agriculture, to raise the money price of corn as high as possible, and thereby to occasion, as much as possible, a constant dearth in the home market.	しかし、農業を奨励するという口実のもとで、穀物の貨幣価格をできるだけ高く引き上げ、それによって、できるだけ国内市場に絶えず不足をもたらすことである。	under the pretence of|という口実のもとで|noun|a false reason given to hide the real reason for doing something	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	as high as possible|できるだけ高く|adverb|to the highest degree or extent possible	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	as much as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	constant|絶えず|adjective|non-varying	dearth|不足|noun|a lack or scarcity of something
By the discouragement of importation, the supply of that market;	輸入を阻害することで、その市場の供給は、	discouragement|阻害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	supply|供給|noun|the amount of a resource that is available	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
even in times of great scarcity, was confined to the home growth;	非常に不足している時でさえ、国内生産に限定されていた。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	be confined to|限定される|verb|be limited to	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	growth|生産|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount
and by the encouragement of exportation, when the price was so high as 48s. the quarter, that market was not, even in times of considerable scarcity, allowed to enjoy the whole of that growth.	そして、価格が48シリングと高かったときの輸出奨励によって、その市場は、かなり不足している時でさえ、その生産のすべてを享受することを許されなかった。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply	growth|生産|noun|the process of increasing in size
The temporary laws, prohibiting, for a limited time, the exportation of corn, and taking off, for a limited time, the duties upon its importation, expedients to which Great Britain has been obliged so frequently to have recourse, sufficiently demonstrate the impropriety of her general system.	穀物の輸出を一定期間禁止し、その輸入関税を一定期間撤廃する一時的な法律は、イギリスが頻繁に頼らざるを得なかった便法であり、イギリスの一般的な制度の不適切さを十分に示している。	temporary law|一時的な法律|noun|a law that is in effect for a limited period of time	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	limited time|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed or has a definite end	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	take off|撤廃する|verb|remove or get rid of	limited time|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed or has a definite end	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	obliged|頼らざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	impropriety|不適切さ|noun|the quality or state of being improper	general system|一般的な制度|noun|a system that is applicable to a wide range of situations
Had that system been good, she would not so frequently have been reduced to the necessity of departing from it.	その制度が優れていれば、イギリスはそこまで頻繁に制度から逸脱する必要に迫られることはなかっただろう。	be good|優れている|verb|to be of a high standard	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	be reduced to|迫られる|verb|be forced to do something	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	depart from|逸脱する|verb|to leave or go away from

Were all nations to follow the liberal system of free exportation and free importation, the different states into which a great continent was divided, would so far resemble the different provinces of a great empire.	すべての国が自由輸出と自由輸入の自由主義制度に従えば、大大陸が分割されたさまざまな州は、大帝国のさまざまな州に似ているだろう。	all nations|すべての国|noun|the countries of the world	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	liberal system|自由主義制度|noun|a system that allows for free trade	free exportation|自由輸出|noun|the ability to export goods without restrictions	free importation|自由輸入|noun|the ability to import goods without restrictions	different states|さまざまな州|noun|the states that make up a country	great continent|大大陸|noun|a large land mass	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large and powerful empire
As among the different provinces of a great empire, the freedom of the inland trade appears, both from reason and experience, not only the best palliative of a dearth, but the most effectual preventive of a famine;	大帝国のさまざまな州の間では、内陸貿易の自由は、理性と経験の両方から、飢饉の最も効果的な予防策であるだけでなく、飢饉の最も効果的な予防策であるように思われる。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	appear|思われる|verb|seem	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	best|最良|adjective|of the most excellent, effective, or desirable type or quality	palliative|緩和|adjective|relieving pain or alleviating a problem without dealing with the underlying cause	dearth|欠乏|noun|a lack or scarcity of something	famine|飢饉|noun|extreme scarcity of food
so would the freedom of the exportation and importation trade be among the different states into which a great continent was divided.	大大陸が分割されたさまざまな州の間でも、輸出入貿易の自由はそうだろう。	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts
The larger the continent, the easier the communication through all the different parts of it, both by land and by water, the less would any one particular part of it ever be exposed to either of these calamities, the scarcity of any one country being more likely to be relieved by the plenty of some other.	大陸が大きいほど、陸路と水路の両方で、大陸のさまざまな部分を行き来しやすくなり、大陸の特定の部分がこれらの災害のいずれかにさらされることは少なくなり、いずれかの国の不足は、他の国の豊富さによって解消される可能性が高くなる。	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	the larger|大きいほど|adjective|of greater size	the easier|容易になる|adjective|of lesser difficulty	communication|行き来|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	land|陸路|noun|the solid surface of the earth	water|水路|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	less|少なくなる|adjective|of a smaller amount	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	exposed|さらされる|verb|be subjected to an action or influence	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or insufficient	relieved|解消される|verb|be freed from a duty or responsibility	plenty|豊富さ|noun|a state or condition of abundance
But very few countries have entirely adopted this liberal system.	しかし、この自由主義制度を完全に採用している国はほとんどない。	very few|ほとんどない|adjective|not many; a small number of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	liberal|自由主義の|adjective|relating to or denoting a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method
The freedom of the corn trade is almost everywhere more or less restrained, and in many countries is confined by such absurd regulations, as frequently aggravate the unavoidable misfortune of a dearth into the dreadful calamity of a famine.	穀物貿易の自由は、ほとんどどこでも多かれ少なかれ制限されており、多くの国では、避けられない飢饉の不幸を飢饉の恐ろしい災害に悪化させるような不条理な規制によって制限されている。	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal plants, such as wheat, oats, rye, barley, or maize, or their seeds	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	restrained|制限されている|verb|held back; kept under control	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	absurd|不条理な|adjective|wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|make worse	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck; an unfortunate event	dreadful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
The demand of such countries for corn may frequently become so great and so urgent, that a small state in their neighbourhood, which happened at the same time to be labouring under some degree of dearth, could not venture to supply them without exposing itself to the like dreadful calamity.	そのような国々の穀物に対する需要は、しばしば非常に大きく、非常に緊急になるため、同時にある程度の飢饉に苦しんでいる近隣の小さな国は、同じような恐ろしい災害にさらされることなく、それらを供給することはできない。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	urgent|緊急|adjective|requiring immediate action or attention	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	state|国|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	dearth|飢饉|noun|a scarcity or lack of something	labour|苦しむ|verb|work hard	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available	venture|あえて|verb|do something new or dangerous	expose|さらす|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	dreadful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering	calamity|災害|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress
The very bad policy of one country may thus render it, in some measure, dangerous and imprudent to establish what would otherwise be the best policy in another.	このように、ある国の非常に悪い政策は、ある程度、他の国では最良の政策となるものを確立することを危険で無分別なものにするかもしれない。	one country|ある国|noun|a single country	very bad|非常に悪い|adjective|extremely bad	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	thus|このように|adverb|in this way; like this	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	imprudent|無分別な|adjective|lacking care for the consequences of an action; rash	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	otherwise|他の国では|adverb|in a different way	best|最良の|adjective|of the most excellent, effective, or desirable type or quality
The unlimited freedom of exportation, however, would be much less dangerous in great states, in which the growth being much greater, the supply could seldom be much affected by any quantity or corn that was likely to be exported.	しかし、輸出の無制限の自由は、大国でははるかに危険性が低く、成長がはるかに大きいため、輸出される穀物の量によって供給が大きく影響されることはめったにない。	unlimited|無制限の|adjective|without any limit	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	much less|はるかに少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	state|国|noun|a nation or its territory	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	much greater|はるかに大きい|adjective|to a much larger extent	supply|供給|noun|a stock of a resource from which a person or place can be provided with the necessary amount of that resource	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	much affected|大きく影響される|verb|to have a strong effect on	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize, grown for its seed
In a Swiss canton, or in some of the little states in Italy, it may, perhaps, sometimes be necessary to restrain the exportation of corn.	スイスのカントンやイタリアの小さな州のいくつかでは、穀物の輸出を制限することが必要な場合があるかもしれない。	Swiss|スイス|adjective|of or relating to Switzerland or its people	canton|カントン|noun|a state in the Swiss Confederation	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize
In such great countries as France or England, it scarce ever can.	フランスやイギリスのような大国では、それはほとんどありえない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	great|大国|adjective|of major significance or importance	scarce|ほとんど|adverb|not enough; insufficient	ever|ありえない|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
To hinder, besides, the farmer from sending his goods at all times to the best market, is evidently to sacrifice the ordinary laws of justice to an idea of public utility, to a sort of reasons of state;	そのうえ、農民がいつでも最良の市場に自分の品物を送れないように妨害することは、明らかに、公益という考え、一種の国家の理由のために、通常の正義の法則を犠牲にすることである。	hinder|妨害する|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	best|最良|adjective|of the most excellent or desirable type or quality	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up something important for the sake of achieving something else	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	law|法則|noun|a rule or principle that is generally accepted as true	public utility|公益|noun|a service or facility that is provided by a government or private company for the benefit of the public	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
an act or legislative authority which ought to be exercised only, which can be pardoned only, in cases of the most urgent necessity.	最も緊急に必要とされる場合にのみ行使されるべきであり、許されるべきである行為または立法権である。	act|行為|noun|something that is done	legislative|立法|adjective|having the power to make laws	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	pardon|許す|verb|to allow (something) to be done or to happen	urgent|緊急の|adjective|requiring immediate action or attention	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary
The price at which exportation of corn is prohibited, if it is ever to be prohibited, ought always to be a very high price.	穀物の輸出が禁止される価格は、もし禁止されるとしても、常に非常に高い価格であるべきである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	ought|であるべきである|auxiliary verb|should	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent

The laws concerning corn may everywhere be compared to the laws concerning religion.	穀物に関する法律は、どこでも宗教に関する法律と比較することができる。	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a god or gods, especially in an organized system and community
The people feel themselves so much interested in what relates either to their subsistence in this life, or to their happiness in a life to come, that government must yield to their prejudices, and, in order to preserve the public tranquillity, establish that system which they approve of.	人々は、この世での生存や来世での幸福に関係することに非常に関心を持っているので、政府は彼らの偏見に屈し、公共の平穏を保つために、彼らが認める制度を確立しなければならない。	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	so much|とても|adverb|to a great extent or degree	interested|関心がある|adjective|having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	relate|関係する|verb|have a connection with	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	come|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	yield|屈する|verb|give way to	prejudice|偏見|noun|an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state or in good condition	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	approve|認める|verb|have or express a favorable opinion of
It is upon this account, perhaps, that we so seldom find a reasonable system established with regard to either of those two capital objects.	おそらくこのため、この二つの主要な対象のいずれかに関して合理的な制度が確立されていることはめったにない。	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of	either|いずれか|determiner|one or the other of two people or things	two|二つの|determiner|one more than one	capital|主要な|adjective|of the highest importance or significance	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed

IV. The trade of the merchant-carrier, or of the importer of foreign corn, in order to export it again, contributes to the plentiful supply of the home market.	四、再輸出を目的とした穀物運搬商人、または外国穀物輸入業者の貿易は、国内市場への豊富な供給に貢献する。	IV|四|noun|the Roman numeral for four	merchant-carrier|穀物運搬商人|noun|a merchant who carries goods	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that imports goods	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something
It is not, indeed, the direct purpose of his trade to sell his corn there;	確かに、彼の貿易の直接の目的は、そこで穀物を売ることではない。	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	direct|直接の|adjective|going or coming straight to or from a place without changing direction or stopping	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food
but he will generally be willing to do so, and even for a good deal less money than he might expect in a foreign market;	しかし、彼は通常そうすることをいとわず、外国市場で期待するよりもかなり安い金額でさえもそうするだろう。	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	be willing to|いとわない|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	even|さえも|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
because he saves in this manner the expense of loading and unloading, of freight and insurance.	なぜなら、彼はそうすることで、積み下ろし、運賃、保険の費用を節約できるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	save|節約する|verb|spend less money	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	loading|積み下ろし|noun|the action of putting a load on or in a vehicle, ship, aircraft, etc.	unloading|積み下ろし|noun|the action of removing a load from a vehicle, ship, aircraft, etc.	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods by land, sea, or air	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium
The inhabitants of the country which, by means of the carrying trade, becomes the magazine and storehouse for the supply of other countries, can very seldom be in want themselves.	運搬貿易によって、他の国々への供給のための雑誌や倉庫となった国の住民は、自分たちが困ることはめったにない。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	magazine|雑誌|noun|a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations	storehouse|倉庫|noun|a building used for storing large quantities of goods	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	want|困る|verb|to feel a need or a wish for
Though the carrying trade must thus contribute to reduce the average money price of corn in the home market, it would not thereby lower its real value;	運搬貿易は、このように国内市場における穀物の平均貨幣価格を下げるのに役立つに違いないが、それによってその実質価値を下げることはない。	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	lower|下げる|verb|make or become lower	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of its purchasing power
it would only raise somewhat the real value of silver.	それは銀の実質価値を多少上げるだけである。	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal

The carrying trade was in effect prohibited in Great Britain, upon all ordinary occasions, by the high duties upon the importation of foreign corn, of the greater part of which there was no drawback;	運搬貿易は、イギリスでは、通常の場合には、外国産穀物の輸入に高い関税がかけられ、その大部分に欠陥がなかったため、事実上禁止されていた。	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	drawback|欠陥|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive
and upon extraordinary occasions, when a scarcity made it necessary to suspend those duties by temporary statutes, exportation was always prohibited.	そして、異常な場合には、不足によって一時的な法令によってこれらの義務を停止する必要が生じたとき、輸出は常に禁止された。	upon|際に|preposition|on	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something	make|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	suspend|停止する|verb|stop temporarily	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for only a short period of time	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid
By this system of laws, therefore, the carrying trade was in effect prohibited.	したがって、この法制度によって、運搬貿易は事実上禁止された。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	effect|事実上|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid

That system of laws, therefore, which is connected with the establishment of the bounty, seems to deserve no part of the praise which has been bestowed upon it.	したがって、賞金の制定に関連する法制度は、それに与えられた賞賛に値するものではないように思われる。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	establishment|制定|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	praise|賞賛|noun|the expression of approval or admiration
The improvement and prosperity of Great Britain, which has been so often ascribed to those laws, may very easily be accounted for by other causes.	イギリスの改善と繁栄は、しばしばこれらの法律に起因するとされているが、他の原因によっても簡単に説明できる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	so often|しばしば|adverb|frequently	ascribe|起因する|verb|regard something as being caused by	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	very easily|簡単に|adverb|in a very easy manner	account for|説明する|verb|give an explanation of
That security which the laws in Great Britain give to every man, that he shall enjoy the fruits of his own labour, is alone sufficient to make any country flourish, notwithstanding these and twenty other absurd regulations of commerce;	イギリスの法律がすべての人に与える、自分の労働の成果を享受できるという保障は、これらの法律や他の20のばかげた商業規制にもかかわらず、どんな国も繁栄させるのに十分なものである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	security|保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	fruit|成果|noun|the product of a plant or tree	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	alone|単独で|adverb|without the company of others	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	make|作る|verb|cause to happen or exist	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	these|これらの|determiner|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority
and this security was perfected by the Revolution, much about the same time that the bounty was established.	そしてこの保障は、賞金が制定されたのとほぼ同じ時期に革命によって完成された。	security|保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	perfect|完成する|verb|make perfect or complete	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of
The natural effort of every individual to better his own condition, when suffered to exert itself with freedom and security, is so powerful a principle, that it is alone, and without any assistance, not only capable of carrying on the society to wealth and prosperity, but of surmounting a hundred impertinent obstructions, with which the folly of human laws too often encumbers its operations: though the effect of those obstructions is always, more or less, either to encroach upon its freedom, or to diminish its security.	自由と安全をもって努力することが許されるならば、自分の境遇を改善しようとするすべての個人の自然な努力は、非常に強力な原理であり、それだけで、何の援助もなしに、社会を富と繁栄に導くことができるだけでなく、人間の法律の愚かさがあまりにも頻繁にその活動を妨げる、百もの無礼な障害を乗り越えることができる。	natural effort|自然な努力|noun|the effort that one makes without being forced to	every individual|すべての個人|noun|each person	better|改善する|verb|make or become better	own condition|自分の境遇|noun|one's own situation	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	alone|単独で|adverb|without the company of others	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work, providing money, or giving advice or support	capable|有能な|adjective|having the ability to do something	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	surmount|乗り越える|verb|overcome (a difficulty or obstacle)	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	impertinent|無礼な|adjective|lacking in respect for others; rude	obstruction|障害|noun|something that blocks or hinders	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	too often|あまりにも頻繁に|adverb|more often than is usual or desirable	encumber|妨げる|verb|be a burden to	operation|活動|noun|an action or series of actions performed in a certain manner	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less
In Great Britain industry is perfectly secure;	イギリスでは産業は完全に安全である。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	secure|安全である|adjective|free from danger or threat
and though it is far from being perfectly free, it is as free or freer than in any other part of Europe.	そして、それは完全に自由であるには程遠いが、ヨーロッパの他のどの地域よりも自由である。	far from|程遠い|adverb|not at all; not nearly	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

Though the period of the greatest prosperity and improvement of Great Britain has been posterior to that system of laws which is connected with the bounty, we must not upon that account, impute it to those laws.	イギリスの最大の繁栄と発展の時期は、賞金に関連する法制度よりも後だったが、そのことをもって、その法制度のおかげだと考えてはならない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	improvement|発展|noun|the action of improving something	posterior|後|adjective|later or more recent	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	account|おかげ|noun|a record of financial transactions	impute|考えてはならない|verb|to regard something as being caused by a particular person or thing
It has been posterior likewise to the national debt;	それは国債よりも後だった。	posterior|後|adjective|later or more recent	national debt|国債|noun|the total amount of money that a country owes to its creditors
but the national debt has most assuredly not been the cause of it.	しかし、国債がその原因ではなかったことは間違いない。	national debt|国債|noun|the total amount of money that a country owes to its creditors	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	assuredly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly

Though the system of laws which is connected with the bounty, has exactly the same tendency with the practice of Spain and Portugal, to lower somewhat the value of the precious metals in the country where it takes place;	賞金に関連する法制度は、スペインやポルトガルの慣行とまったく同じ傾向があり、それが実施されている国で貴金属の価値を多少下げる傾向があるが、	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	take place|実施される|verb|happen; occur
yet Great Britain is certainly one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Portugal are perhaps amongst the most beggarly.	それでもイギリスは確かにヨーロッパで最も豊かな国の一つであり、スペインとポルトガルはおそらく最も貧しい国の一つである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	one of|一つ|noun|a single thing or person	richest|最も豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent in the Northern Hemisphere	while|一方で|conjunction|during the time that	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	amongst|一つ|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent or degree	beggarly|最も貧しい|adjective|extremely poor
This difference of situation, however, may easily be accounted for from two different causes.	しかし、この状況の違いは、二つの異なる原因から簡単に説明できる。	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	account for|説明する|verb|give an explanation of	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect
First, the tax in Spain, the prohibition in Portugal of exporting gold and silver, and the vigilant police which watches over the execution of those laws, must, in two very poor countries, which between them import annually upwards of six millions sterling, operate not only more directly, but much more forcibly, in reducing the value of those metals there, than the corn laws can do in Great Britain.	第一に、スペインの税金、ポルトガルの金銀輸出禁止、そしてこれらの法律の執行を監視する警察の警戒は、二つの非常に貧しい国において、年間六百万スターリング以上の輸入があるため、穀物法がイギリスでできることよりも、より直接的に、そしてより強制的に、これらの金属の価値を下げる効果がある。	First|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action	police|警察|noun|the civil force of a state responsible for enforcing laws and maintaining order	vigilant|警戒|adjective|keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	two|二つの|adjective|the number 2	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	upwards|以上|adverb|more than	six|六百万|adjective|the number 6	millions|百万|noun|a thousand thousand; 1,000,000	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	operate|効果がある|verb|to be in effect or in force	directly|直接的に|adverb|without an intermediary	forcibly|強制的に|adverb|using force or violence	value|価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
And, secondly, this bad policy is not in those countries counterbalanced by the general liberty and security of the people.	そして第二に、この悪い政策は、これらの国々では、国民の一般的な自由と安全によって相殺されていない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	counterbalance|相殺する|verb|to act against with an equal weight or force	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat
Industry is there neither free nor secure;	産業は自由でも安全でもない。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.
and the civil and ecclesiastical governments of both Spain and Portugal are such as would alone be sufficient to perpetuate their present state of poverty, even though their regulations of commerce were as wise as the greatest part of them are absurd and foolish.	そして、スペインとポルトガルの両国の市民政府と教会政府は、たとえ彼らの商業規制がその大部分が不条理で愚かであるほど賢明であったとしても、彼らの現在の貧困状態を永続させるのに十分なものである。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	civil|市民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	ecclesiastical|教会|adjective|of or relating to a church	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	alone|単独で|adverb|without any other people	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	perpetuate|永続させる|verb|cause to continue or exist forever	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	even though|たとえ～でも|conjunction|despite the fact that	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	wise|賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment

The 13th of the present king, c. 43, seems to have established a new system with regard to the corn laws, in many respects better than the ancient one, but in one or two respects perhaps not quite so good.	現国王の13年、第43章は、穀物法に関して、多くの点で古代のものよりも優れているが、1つか2つの点ではおそらくそれほど優れていない新しい制度を確立したようである。	13th|13年|noun|the ordinal number of thirteen	present|現|adjective|existing or occurring now	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	43|第43章|noun|the cardinal number forty-three	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	regard|に関して|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	corn law|穀物法|noun|a law regulating the import and export of grain	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	better|優れている|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	one|1つ|noun|the cardinal number occurring after zero	two|2つ|noun|the cardinal number occurring after one	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	quite|それほど|adverb|to the utmost or most absolute extent or degree; absolutely; completely

By this statute, the high duties upon importation for home consumption are taken off, so soon as the price of middling wheat rises to 48s. the quarter; that of middling rye, pease, or beans, to 32s.; that of barley to 24s.; and that of oats to 16s.; and instead of them, a small duty is imposed of only 6d upon the quarter of wheat, and upon that or other grain in proportion.	この法律により、中級小麦の価格が48シリングに上昇するとすぐに、国内消費のための輸入に対する高額の関税が撤廃される。四半期、中級ライ麦、エンドウ豆、または豆のそれは32秒まで。大麦のそれは24秒まで。そして、オート麦のそれは16秒まで。そしてそれらの代わりに、小麦の四分の一にわずか6ペンスの小額の関税が課せられ、それに応じて他の穀物にも課せられる。	by this statute|この法律により|noun phrase|by this law	high duty|高額の関税|noun phrase|a large amount of tax	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country	home consumption|国内消費|noun phrase|the amount of something that is used by people in a country	be taken off|撤廃される|verb phrase|be removed	so soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|as soon as	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	quarter|四半期|noun|a period of three months	that of|それは|noun phrase|the price of	to|まで|preposition|up to	instead of|代わりに|preposition|in place of	small duty|小額の関税|noun phrase|a small amount of tax	be imposed|課せられる|verb phrase|be put on	upon|に|preposition|on	in proportion|応じて|adverb|in relation to something else
With regard to all those different sorts of grain, but particularly with regard to wheat, the home market is thus opened to foreign supplies, at prices considerably lower than before.	これらすべての種類の穀物に関して、特に小麦に関して、国内市場は以前よりもかなり低い価格で外国の供給に開放されている。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	open|開放されている|verb|allow access to	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a noticeable extent	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height

By the same statute, the old bounty of 5s. upon the exportation of wheat, ceases so soon as the price rises to 44s. the quarter, instead of 48s. the price at which it ceased before;	同じ法律により、5シリングという古い報奨金が小麦の輸出に際しては、価格が48シリングではなく44シリングに上昇するとすぐに停止する。以前に停止した価格。	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	quarter|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts into which something is or can be divided	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously
that of 2s:6d. upon the exportation of barley, ceases so soon as the price rises to 22s. instead of 24s. the price at which it ceased before;	2シリング6ペンスのもの大麦の輸出に際しては、価格が24シリングではなく22シリングに上昇するとすぐに停止する。以前に停止した価格。	2s:6d|2シリング6ペンス|noun|two shillings and sixpence	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	24s|24シリング|noun|twenty-four shillings	22s|22シリング|noun|twenty-two shillings	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
that of 2s:6d. upon the exportation of oatmeal, ceases so soon as the price rises to 14s. instead of 15s. the price at which it ceased before.	2シリング6ペンスのものオートミールの輸出に際しては、価格が15シリングではなく14シリングに上昇するとすぐに停止する。以前に停止した価格。	2s:6d|2シリング6ペンス|noun|two shillings and sixpence	oatmeal|オートミール|noun|a food made from oats	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	rise|上昇|verb|go up	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	14s|14シリング|noun|fourteen shillings	15s|15シリング|noun|fifteen shillings	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
The bounty upon rye is reduced from 3s:6d. to 3s. and it ceases so soon as the price rises to 28s. instead of 32s. the price at which it ceased before.	ライ麦の報奨金は3シリング6ペンスから3シリングに減額される。そして価格が32シリングではなく28シリングに上昇するとすぐに停止する。以前に停止した価格。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	rye|ライ麦|noun|a grass grown for its grain	reduce|減額される|verb|make or become smaller or less	3s:6d|3シリング6ペンス|noun|three shillings and sixpence	3s|3シリング|noun|three shillings	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	28s|28シリング|noun|twenty-eight shillings	32s|32シリング|noun|thirty-two shillings	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
If bounties are as improper as I have endeavoured to prove them to be, the sooner they cease, and the lower they are, so much the better.	私が証明しようと努力したように、報奨金が不適切であればあるほど、早く停止し、低ければ低いほど、より良い。	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	improper|不適切|adjective|not suitable or proper	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	the sooner|より早く|adverb|earlier	cease|停止する|verb|come or bring to an end	the lower|より低い|adjective|less high	the better|より良い|adjective|more good

The same statute permits, at the lowest prices, the importation of corn in order to be exported again, duty free, provided it is in the mean time lodged in a warehouse under the joint locks of the king and the importer.	同じ法律は、最低価格で、再び輸出される目的で穀物の輸入を許可している。無税で、その間に国王と輸入業者の共同の鍵の下で倉庫に保管されていることを条件とする。	statute|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	permit|許可する|verb|allow to do something	lowest price|最低価格|noun|the least amount of money that a seller is willing to accept for a good or service	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	mean time|その間に|noun|the time between two events	lodge|保管する|verb|to deposit or place for safekeeping or as a pledge	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	joint|共同の|adjective|shared by or done with two or more people or things	lock|鍵|noun|a device for fastening a door, window, or container, operated by a key	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by birth	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that imports goods or services
This liberty, indeed, extends to no more than twenty-five of the different ports of Great Britain.	実際、この自由はイギリスの25の港にしか及んでいない。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
They are, however, the principal ones;	しかし、それらは主要な港である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main
and there may not, perhaps, be warehouses proper for this purpose in the greater part of the others.	そして、他の港の大部分には、おそらくこの目的に適した倉庫がないかもしれない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	there may not|ないかもしれない|verb|it is possible that there is not	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	be|ある|verb|exist	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	proper|適した|adjective|suitable; right	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are talking about	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	the greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	the others|他の|determiner|the remaining people or things in a group that has already been mentioned

So far this law seems evidently an improvement upon the ancient system.	これまでのところ、この法律は明らかに古代制度の改善であるように思われる。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived or understood	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something or the state of being improved	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method

But by the same law, a bounty of 2s. the quarter is given for the exportation of oats, whenever the price does not exceed fourteen shillings.	しかし、同じ法律で、価格が14シリングを超えない限り、クォーターあたり2シリングのオーツ麦の輸出に対する奨励金が支給される。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	oats|オート麦|noun|a cereal plant grown for its edible grain	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
No bounty had ever been given before for the exportation of this grain, no more than for that of pease or beans.	この穀物の輸出に対しては、エンドウ豆や豆の輸出に対しても、これまで奨励金は支給されていなかった。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	pease|エンドウ豆|noun|a round green seed that is eaten as a vegetable	bean|豆|noun|a large seed of various plants of the legume family

By the same law, too, the exportation of wheat is prohibited so soon as the price rises to forty-four shillings the quarter;	同じ法律で、小麦の価格がクォーターあたり44シリングに上昇すると、小麦の輸出が禁止される。	by the same law|同じ法律で|noun phrase|by the same law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	forty-four shillings|44シリング|noun phrase|forty-four shillings	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months
that of rye so soon as it rises to twenty-eight shillings;	ライ麦の価格が28シリングに上昇すると、ライ麦の輸出が禁止される。	rye|ライ麦|noun|a grass grown for its grain	so soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|as soon as	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	twenty-eight|28|numeral|the number 28	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency worth one twentieth of a pound
that of barley so soon as it rises to twenty-two shillings;	大麦の価格が22シリングに上昇すると、大麦の輸出が禁止される。	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	twenty-two|22|numeral|the number 22	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit	export|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale
and that of oats so soon as they rise to fourteen shillings.	オーツ麦の価格が14シリングに上昇すると、オーツ麦の輸出が禁止される。	oats|オーツ麦|noun|a cereal plant grown for its edible seed	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	fourteen|14|numeral|the number 14	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
Those several prices seem all of them a good deal too low;	これらの価格はどれもかなり低いように思われる。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	low|低い|adjective|having a small distance from top to bottom or from surface to base or from top to ground
and there seems to be an impropriety, besides, in prohibiting exportation altogether at those precise prices at which that bounty, which was given in order to force it, is withdrawn.	そのうえ、輸出を促進するために与えられる奨励金が撤回される価格で輸出を禁止するのは不適切であるように思われる。	there seems to be|～があるように思われる|verb|appear to be	impropriety|不適切|noun|the quality or state of being improper	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	prohibiting|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	at which|～で|preposition|in which	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward, typically a sum of money, offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	is withdrawn|撤回される|verb|take back or away	in order to|～するために|conjunction|with the intention of	force|促進する|verb|make or cause to happen
The bounty ought certainly either to have been withdrawn at a much lower price, or exportation ought to have been allowed at a much higher.	奨励金はもっと低い価格で撤回されるか、もっと高い価格で輸出が許可されるべきである。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	withdraw|撤回する|verb|take back or away	lower|低い|adjective|not as high	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	allow|許可する|verb|give permission to do something

So far, therefore, this law seems to be inferior to the ancient system.	したがって、この法律はこれまでのところ、古い制度に劣っているように思われる。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described so far	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower status or quality
With all its imperfections, however, we may perhaps say of it what was said of the laws of Solon, that though not the best in itself, it is the best which the interest, prejudices, and temper of the times, would admit of.	しかし、あらゆる欠陥があるにもかかわらず、ソロンの法について言われたように、それ自体は最善ではないが、時代の利害、偏見、気質が許す限り最善であると言えるかもしれない。	with all its imperfections|あらゆる欠陥があるにもかかわらず|phrase|despite all its flaws	say of|について言う|verb|say about	Solon|ソロン|noun|an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state	itself|それ自体|pronoun|the thing mentioned	best|最善|adjective|of the highest quality	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	prejudice|偏見|noun|an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge	temper|気質|noun|a person's nature or character	admit|許す|verb|to allow to enter
It may perhaps in due time prepare the way for a better.	おそらく、やがてより良い法律への道を準備するかもしれない。	in due time|やがて|adverb|at the proper time; eventually	prepare the way|道を準備する|verb|make it possible for something to happen	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality


## CHAPTER VI: OF TREATIES OF COMMERCE.	第六章: 通商条約について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

When a nation binds itself by treaty, either to permit the entry of certain goods from one foreign country which it prohibits from all others, or to exempt the goods of one country from duties to which it subjects those of all others, the country, or at least the merchants and manufacturers of the country, whose commerce is so favoured, must necessarily derive great advantage from the treaty.	一国が、他のすべての国からの輸入を禁止している特定の品物を、ある一国からだけは輸入を許可する、あるいは、他のすべての国からの品物に課している関税を、ある一国からの品物だけは免除する、という条約を結んだ場合、その国、あるいは少なくともその国の商人や製造業者は、その条約から大きな利益を得ることになる。	bind|縛る|verb|tie or fasten together	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	permit|許可する|verb|allow to do something	entry|入国|noun|the action of going or coming in	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	favour|好意|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event
Those merchants and manufacturers enjoy a sort of monopoly in the country which is so indulgent to them.	これらの商人や製造業者は、彼らに甘い国で一種の独占を享受する。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
That country becomes a market, both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods: more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs;	その国は、彼らの品物にとってより広範でより有利な市場となる。より広範なのは、他の国の品物が排除されたり、より重い関税が課せられたりするので、彼らの品物がより多く売れるからである。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	goods|品物|noun|merchandise; things that are bought and sold	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	take off|売れる|verb|be sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
more advantageous, because the merchants of the favoured country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations.	より有利なのは、優遇された国の商人は、そこで一種の独占を享受しているので、他のすべての国との自由競争にさらされるよりも、より良い価格で商品を販売することが多いからである。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable	favoured|優遇された|adjective|preferred	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	exposed|さらされる|verb|be subjected to an action or influence	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing

Such treaties, however, though they may be advantageous to the merchants and manufacturers of the favoured, are necessarily disadvantageous to those of the favouring country.	しかし、そのような条約は、優遇された国の商人や製造業者には有利かもしれないが、優遇する国の商人や製造業者には必然的に不利である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|unfavourable; to one's detriment
A monopoly is thus granted against them to a foreign nation;	こうして、彼らに対して外国に独占権が与えられる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
and they must frequently buy the foreign goods they have occasion for, dearer than if the free competition of other nations was admitted.	そして、彼らはしばしば、他の国の自由競争が認められた場合よりも高価な外国製品を買わなければならない。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	dearer|より高価な|adjective|more expensive	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true
That part of its own produce with which such a nation purchases foreign goods, must consequently be sold cheaper;	そのような国が外国製品を購入する自国生産物の一部は、結果的に安く売られなければならない。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	foreign|外国|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	consequently|結果的に|adverb|as a result; therefore	be sold|売られる|verb|be bought by someone
because, when two things are exchanged for one another, the cheapness of the one is a necessary consequence, or rather is the same thing, with the dearness of the other.	なぜなら、二つのものが互いに交換されるとき、一方の安さは必然的な結果であり、むしろもう一方の高さと同一のものだからである。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	another|互いに|pronoun|one another; each other	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being cheap	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	rather|むしろ|adverb|more accurately or precisely	same|同一の|adjective|being the same one or ones	dearness|高さ|noun|the quality of being dear
The exchangeable value of its annual produce, therefore, is likely to be diminished by every such treaty.	したがって、その国の年間生産物の交換価値は、そのような条約によって減少する可能性が高い。	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service in terms of another good or service	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total value of goods and services produced in a country in one year	be diminished|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations
This diminution, however, can scarce amount to any positive loss, but only to a lessening of the gain which it might otherwise make.	しかし、この減少は、ほとんど実際の損失にはならず、そうしなければ得られたであろう利益の減少にしかならない。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	amount|なる|verb|be equivalent to	positive|実際の|adjective|existing in fact; real	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	lessening|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources
Though it sells its goods cheaper than it otherwise might do, it will not probably sell them for less than they cost;	そうでなければ売れるよりも安く商品を売るとしても、おそらく原価より安く売ることはないだろう。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	do|する|verb|perform an action	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	less|安く|adjective|not as much or as many as	cost|原価|noun|the price paid for something
nor, as in the case of bounties, for a price which will not replace the capital employed in bringing them to market, together with the ordinary profits of stock.	あるいは、奨励金の場合のように、市場に出すために投下した資本と通常の利潤を回収できないような価格で売ることはないだろう。	nor|あるいは|conjunction|and not; or not	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下する|verb|use or engage	bring|出す|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	together|一緒に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
The trade could not go on long if it did.	もしそうなら、貿易は長く続かないだろう。	go on|続く|verb|continue	long|長く|adverb|for a long time
Even the favouring country, therefore, may still gain by the trade, though less than if there was a free competition.	したがって、優遇国でさえ、自由競争があった場合よりも少ないとはいえ、貿易によって利益を得ることができる。	favouring|優遇|adjective|giving special or unfair treatment to someone or something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	gain|利益を得る|verb|obtain or win something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	free competition|自由競争|noun|a situation in which companies compete with each other without any government intervention

Some treaties of commerce, however, have been supposed advantageous, upon principles very different from these;	しかし、いくつかの貿易協定は、これらとは非常に異なる原則に基づいて有利であると考えられてきた。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	treaty|協定|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other
and a commercial country has sometimes granted a monopoly of this kind, against itself, to certain goods of a foreign nation, because it expected, that in the whole commerce between them, it would annually sell more than it would buy, and that a balance in gold and silver would be annually returned to it.	そして、商業国は、外国の特定の商品に対して、自国に対してこの種の独占を認めることがあったが、それは、両国間の貿易全体において、毎年、自国が買うよりも多く売り、金銀の差額が毎年自国に返ってくると期待したからである。	commercial|商業の|adjective|of or relating to commerce	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	itself|自国|pronoun|the thing or person that is being discussed	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	certain|特定の|adjective|particular, specific	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold	expect|期待する|verb|to regard something as likely to happen	between|間に|preposition|in the space separating two things	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	sell|売る|verb|to give something in exchange for money	more|より多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	buy|買う|verb|to obtain in exchange for money	balance|差額|noun|the amount of money that remains in an account	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	return|返す|verb|to go or come back to a place
It is upon this principle that the treaty of commerce between England and Portugal, concluded in 1703 by Mr Methuen, has been so much commended.	この原則に基づいて、1703年にメシューン氏によって締結されたイギリスとポルトガルの間の通商条約は、非常に賞賛されている。	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in Europe	conclude|締結する|verb|bring to an end	1703|1703年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Mr Methuen|メシューン氏|noun|a person	commend|賞賛する|verb|praise formally or officially
The following is a literal translation of that treaty, which consists of three articles only.	以下は、その条約の直訳であり、わずか三条からなる。	following|以下|noun|the people or things that come after or later	literal|直訳|adjective|following the exact words of the original	translation|翻訳|noun|the process of converting or expressing the sense of a text from one language to another	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	article|条|noun|a separate clause or section of a legal document

ART. I. His sacred royal majesty of Portugal promises, both in his own name and that of his successors, to admit for ever hereafter, into Portugal, the woollen cloths, and the rest of the woollen manufactures of the British, as was accustomed, till they were prohibited by the law;	第一条ポルトガル国王陛下は、自らの名においても、また後継者の名においても、英国の毛織物およびその他の毛織物製品を、法律で禁止されるまでは、慣例に従って、今後永久にポルトガルへ輸入することを約束する。	ART.|条|noun|article	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	His sacred royal majesty|国王陛下|noun|the king	promise|約束する|verb|make a promise	both|両方|conjunction|and	his own name|自らの名|noun|the name of oneself	that of his successors|後継者の名|noun|the name of one's successor	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; recognize the existence or truth of	ever hereafter|今後永久に|adverb|forever after this	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	woollen cloth|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	the rest of|残り|noun|the remaining part of	woollen manufactures|毛織物製品|noun|a product made from wool	the British|英国|noun|the United Kingdom	as was accustomed|慣例に従って|adverb|in accordance with custom	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or space when	they were prohibited|禁止される|verb|formally or legally forbid	the law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
nevertheless upon this condition:	ただし、この条件のもとで。	nevertheless|ただし|adverb|in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same	upon|もとで|preposition|on the surface of	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur

ART. II. That is to say, that her sacred royal majesty of Great Britain shall, in her own name, and that of her successors, be obliged, for ever hereafter, to admit the wines of the growth of Portugal into Britain;	第二条すなわち、英国国王陛下は、自らの名においても、また後継者の名においても、今後永久にポルトガル産のワインを英国に輸入することを義務付けられる。	ART. II.|第二条|noun|article 2	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	her own name|自らの名|noun|the name of the person being referred to	her successors|後継者|noun|a person who takes over a job or position from someone else	for ever hereafter|今後永久に|adverb|for all future time	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
so that at no time, whether there shall be peace or war between the kingdoms of Britain and France, any thing more shall be demanded for these wines by the name of custom or duty, or by whatsoever other title, directly or indirectly, whether they shall be imported into Great Britain in pipes or hogsheads, or other casks, than what shall be demanded for the like quantity or measure of French wine, deducting or abating a third part of the custom or duty.	英国とフランスの王国間に平和があろうと戦争があろうと、これらのワインに対して、関税や税金の名目で、あるいは直接的または間接的にその他の名目で、パイプやホッグスヘッド、その他の樽で英国に輸入される場合でも、フランスワインの同量または同量に対して要求されるものよりも、関税や税金の三分の一を差し引いたものよりも、多くを要求されることはない。	Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	duty|税金|noun|a tax levied on certain goods or services	title|名目|noun|the name of a book, composition, or other artistic work	directly|直接的|adverb|in a direct manner	indirectly|間接的|adverb|in an indirect manner	pipe|パイプ|noun|a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey liquids, gases, or other substances	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	cask|樽|noun|a barrel made of wood or metal	quantity|量|noun|a specified or indefinite number or amount	measure|量|noun|a unit or standard of measurement	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts into which something is or can be divided	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract or take away	abate|減らす|verb|make or become less
But if, at any time, this deduction or abatement of customs, which is to be made as aforesaid, shall in any manner be attempted and prejudiced, it shall be just and lawful for his sacred royal majesty of Portugal, again to prohibit the woollen cloths, and the rest of the British woollen manufactures.	しかし、前述のように行われるこの関税の控除または減額が、いかなる時点でも、いかなる方法であれ、試みられ、損害を被った場合、ポルトガル国王陛下が再び毛織物およびその他の英国製毛織物製品を禁止することは正当かつ合法である。	deduction|控除|noun|a reduction in the amount of tax you have to pay	abatement|減額|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	aforesaid|前述の|adjective|mentioned earlier	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	attempt|試みる|verb|to try to do something	prejudice|損害|noun|harm or injury that results or may result from some action or judgment	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some other purpose	royal|王室の|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen or a member of their family	majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address or refer to a king or queen	prohibit|禁止する|verb|to formally or legally forbid	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory

ART. III. The most excellent lords the plenipotentiaries promise and take upon themselves, that their above named masters shall ratify this treaty;	第三条全権大使である最も優れた領主たちは、上記の主人たちがこの条約を批准することを約束し、自ら引き受ける。	ART. III.|第三条|noun|the third article	most excellent|最も優れた|adjective|of the highest quality	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	plenipotentiary|全権大使|noun|a person invested with full power to transact any business	promise|約束する|verb|assure someone that one will or will not do something	take upon oneself|引き受ける|verb|to take responsibility for something	above named|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the text	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	ratify|批准する|verb|to formally approve and give legal force to	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states
and within the space of two months the ratification shall be exchanged.	そして二ヶ月以内に批准書を交換する。	within the space of|以内に|preposition|before the end of	two months|二ヶ月|noun|a period of eight weeks	ratification|批准|noun|the action of signing or giving formal consent to a treaty, contract, or agreement, making it officially valid	shall be exchanged|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else

By this treaty, the crown of Portugal becomes bound to admit the English woollens upon the same footing as before the prohibition;	この条約により、ポルトガル王国は禁止前と同じ条件で英国の毛織物を認めることを義務付けられる。	by|により|preposition|near or next to	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	crown|王国|noun|the monarch or the monarchy	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	become|なる|verb|come to be	bound|義務付けられる|adjective|obliged or compelled	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of	English|英国の|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	upon|条件で|preposition|on top of	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	footing|条件|noun|the basis on which something is established or operates	before|前|preposition|earlier than	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something
that is, not to raise the duties which had been paid before that time.	つまり、それ以前に支払われていた関税を引き上げないことである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	not to raise|引き上げないこと|verb|not to increase	the duties|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	which had been paid|支払われていた|verb|to give money that is owed for something
But it does not become bound to admit them upon any better terms than those of any other nation, of France or Holland, for example.	しかし、例えばフランスやオランダなど他の国よりも有利な条件で認めることは義務付けられていない。	become bound to|義務付けられる|verb|be required to do something	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	any other|他の|adjective|some other; some additional	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe
The crown of Great Britain, on the contrary, becomes bound to admit the wines of Portugal, upon paying only two-thirds of the duty which is paid for those of France, the wines most likely to come into competition with them.	反対に、イギリス王国は、ポルトガルワインと競合する可能性が最も高いフランスワインに支払われる関税の三分の二だけを支払うことで、ポルトガルワインを認めることを義務付けられる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	crown|王国|noun|a country with a king or queen as its head of state	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	come into|競合する|verb|to come into contact or conflict with	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing
So far this treaty, therefore, is evidently advantageous to Portugal, and disadvantageous to Great Britain.	したがって、この条約は明らかにポルトガルにとって有利であり、イギリスにとって不利である。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|involving disadvantage	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe

It has been celebrated, however, as a masterpiece of the commercial policy of England.	しかし、この条約はイギリスの商業政策の傑作として賞賛されている。	celebrate|賞賛する|verb|to praise or honor	masterpiece|傑作|noun|a work of outstanding artistry, skill, or workmanship	commercial policy|商業政策|noun|a government's policy on international trade
Portugal receives annually from the Brazils a greater quantity of gold than can be employed in its domestic commerce, whether in the shape of coin or of plate.	ポルトガルは、貨幣の形であれ、地金の形であれ、国内の商業で使用できる量よりも多くの金を毎年ブラジルから受け取っている。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	Brazils|ブラジル|noun|a republic in South America	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	employed|使用できる|verb|use	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	plate|地金|noun|a thin, flat piece of metal
The surplus is too valuable to be allowed to lie idle and locked up in coffers;	余剰分は、金庫に閉じ込めて遊ばせておくには価値がありすぎる。	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	valuable|価値がありすぎる|adjective|worth a great deal of money	lie idle|遊ばせておく|verb|be unused or inactive	lock up|閉じ込める|verb|confine or secure with a lock	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables
and as it can find no advantageous market at home, it must, notwithstanding;	そして、国内で有利な市場を見つけることができないので、それにもかかわらず、	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy or sell goods	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	notwithstanding|それにもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite
any prohibition, be sent abroad, and exchanged for something for which there is a more advantageous market at home.	どんな禁止措置があっても、海外に送られ、国内でより有利な市場があるものと交換されなければならない。	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; a	prohibition|禁止措置|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	be sent|送られる|verb|be taken or directed to a destination; be dispatched	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	exchanged|交換される|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	something|もの|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	more advantageous|より有利な|adjective|to a greater degree; more	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
A large share of it comes annually to England, in return either for English goods, or for those of other European nations that receive their returns through England.	その大部分は、イギリス製品と引き換えに、あるいはイギリスを経由して返品を受ける他のヨーロッパ諸国の製品と引き換えに、毎年イギリスに送られてくる。	large share|大部分|noun|a big part	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	return|引き換え|noun|something given in exchange	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England	goods|製品|noun|a product that is manufactured and then sold	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	return|返品|noun|something that is returned	through|経由して|preposition|by way of; via
Mr Barretti was informed, that the weekly packet-boat from Lisbon brings, one week with another, more than £50,000 in gold to England.	バレッティ氏は、リスボンからの週刊小包船が、イギリスに5万ポンド以上の金を運んでくると知らされた。	Mr Barretti|バレッティ氏|noun|a person	be informed|知らされる|verb|be told or notified	weekly|週刊|adjective|happening or produced once a week	packet-boat|小包船|noun|a boat that carries mail and passengers on a regular route	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	one week with another|毎週|noun|every week	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
The sum had probably been exaggerated.	その金額はおそらく誇張されていたのだろう。	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	be exaggerated|誇張される|verb|represent something as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is
It would amount to more than £2,600,000 a year, which is more than the Brazils are supposed to afford.	それは年間260万ポンド以上にのぼり、ブラジルが支払えると想定されている額を上回る。	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equal to	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	afford|支払える|verb|have enough money to pay for

Our merchants were, some years ago, out of humour with the crown of Portugal.	我々の商人は、数年前、ポルトガル王室に不満を抱いていた。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	some years ago|数年前|noun|a few years ago	out of humour|不満を抱く|adjective|not in a good mood	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and his or her family	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon
Some privileges which had been granted them, not by treaty, but by the free grace of that crown, at the solicitation, indeed, it is probable, and in return for much greater favours, defence and protection from the crown of Great Britain, had been either infringed or revoked.	条約によってではなく、その王冠の自由な恩寵によって、彼らに与えられていたいくつかの特権は、実際には、イギリスの王冠からのより大きな恩恵、防衛、保護と引き換えに、侵害されたか、取り消されたかのどちらかであった。	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament worn by a monarch	free grace|自由な恩寵|noun|a gift of God that is not earned by human works	solicitation|要請|noun|the act of asking for something	probable|ありうる|adjective|likely to happen or be true	favour|恩恵|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	infringe|侵害する|verb|act in disregard of laws, rules, or agreements	revoke|取り消す|verb|officially cancel or withdraw
The people, therefore, usually most interested in celebrating the Portugal trade, were then rather disposed to represent it as less advantageous than it had commonly been imagined.	そのため、通常はポルトガル貿易を祝うことに最も関心のある人々は、当時はむしろ、それが一般的に想像されていたよりも有利ではないと表現する傾向にあった。	celebrate|祝う|verb|to observe (a holiday or festival) with ceremonies and festivities	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	trade|貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case
The far greater part, almost the whole, they pretended, of this annual importation of gold, was not on account of Great Britain, but of other European nations;	彼らは、この毎年の金の輸入の大部分、ほとんど全部が、イギリスのためではなく、他のヨーロッパ諸国のためであると主張した。	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	almost the whole|ほとんど全部|noun|nearly all of something	pretend|主張する|verb|to claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|relating to or characteristic of Europe or its inhabitants
the fruits and wines of Portugal annually imported into Great Britain nearly compensating the value of the British goods sent thither.	ポルトガルの果物やワインは毎年イギリスに輸入され、イギリスから送られる商品の価値にほぼ見合うものだった。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	compensate|見合う|verb|make up for	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	thither|そこへ|adverb|to that place

Let us suppose, however, that the whole was on account of Great Britain, and that it amounted to a still greater sum than Mr Barretti seems to imagine;	しかし、全部がイギリスのためであり、バレッティ氏が想像しているよりもさらに大きな金額になったと仮定してみよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	whole|全部|noun|all of something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	amount to|達する|verb|be equivalent to	Barretti|バレッティ|noun|a surname	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case
this trade would not, upon that account, be more advantageous than any other, in which, for the same value sent out, we received an equal value of consumable goods in return.	その場合、この貿易は、同じ価値のものを送り出し、その見返りとして同等の価値の消費財を受け取る他の貿易よりも有利になるわけではない。	this trade|この貿易|noun|the trade being discussed	would not|ではないだろう|auxiliary verb|will not	upon that account|その場合|adverb|in that case	be more advantageous|より有利になる|verb|be more favorable	any other|他の|noun|any other thing	in which|その中で|adverb|in the place that	for the same value|同じ価値の|noun|for the same amount	sent out|送り出す|verb|send something to a destination	we received|受け取る|verb|get, obtain, or acquire	an equal value|同等の価値|noun|the same amount	consumable goods|消費財|noun|goods that are used up in the process of consumption	in return|見返りとして|adverb|as a return

It is but a very small part of this importation which, it can be supposed, is employed as an annual addition, either to the plate or to the coin of the kingdom.	この輸入のごく一部が、王国の銀器や硬貨に毎年追加されていると考えられる。	very small part|ごく一部|noun|a tiny portion	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	annual|毎年|adjective|happening once a year	addition|追加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	plate|銀器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
The rest must all be sent abroad, and exchanged for consumable goods of some kind or other.	残りはすべて海外に送られ、何らかの消費財と交換されるに違いない。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	consumable|消費財|noun|a thing that is capable of being used up
But if those consumable goods were purchased directly with the produce of English industry, it would be more for the advantage of England, than first to purchase with that produce the gold of Portugal, and afterwards to purchase with that gold those consumable goods.	しかし、もしこれらの消費財がイギリス産業の生産物で直接購入されたならば、最初にその産物でポルトガルの金を購入し、その後その金でこれらの消費財を購入するよりも、イギリスにとってより有利であろう。	consumable goods|消費財|noun|goods that are used up in the process of consumption	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an act or process	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	first|最初|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in Europe	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	these|これらの|determiner|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified
A direct foreign trade of consumption is always more advantageous than a round-about one;	直接的な消費のための対外貿易は、遠回りの貿易よりも常に有利である。	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct; circuitous
and to bring the same value of foreign goods to the home market requires a much smaller capital in the one way than in the ether.	そして、同じ価値の外国製品を国内市場に持ち込むには、一方の方法ではもう一方の方法よりもはるかに少ない資本で済む。	bring|持ち込む|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
If a smaller share of its industry, therefore, had been employed in producing goods fit for the Portugal market, and a greater in producing those lit for the other markets, where those consumable goods for which there is a demand in Great Britain are to be had, it would have been more for the advantage of England.	したがって、もしその産業のより小さな部分がポルトガル市場に適した製品の生産に使われ、より大きな部分がイギリスで需要のある消費財が手に入る他の市場に適した製品の生産に使われていたならば、イギリスにとってより有利だったであろう。	smaller|より小さな|adjective|less in size, amount, or value	share|部分|noun|a part or portion of a whole	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	employed|使われる|verb|use or engage	producing|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	fit|適した|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size, amount, or value	producing|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a specific person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	lit|適した|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	where|そこで|adverb|in or to the place that	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a specific person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	consumable|消費|adjective|able to be used up	goods|財|noun|an article of trade	there is|ある|verb|exist	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay for and consume a good or service	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	to be had|手に入る|verb|be available	it would have been|であろう|verb|would be	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	for the advantage of|にとって有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
To procure both the gold which it wants for its own use, and the consumable goods, would, in this way, employ a much smaller capital than at present.	自国で使うために必要な金と消費財の両方を調達するには、この方法では現在よりもはるかに少ない資本で済む。	procure|調達する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	good|財|noun|a tangible item that is manufactured or produced
There would be a spare capital, therefore, to be employed for other purposes, in exciting an additional quantity of industry, and in raising a greater annual produce.	したがって、他の目的に使用できる余剰資本があり、産業の量を増やし、年間生産量を増やすことに使用できる。	spare|余剰|adjective|more than is needed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	employ|使用|verb|use	additional|追加|adjective|extra	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	raise|増やす|verb|increase	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced

Though Britain were entirely excluded from the Portugal trade, it could find very little difficulty in procuring all the annual supplies of gold which it wants, either for the purposes of plate, or of coin, or of foreign trade.	イギリスはポルトガル貿易から完全に排除されていたが、食器、硬貨、または貿易の目的のために、必要な金の年間供給量をすべて調達するのにほとんど困難を感じることはなかった。	Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from entering	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem	procure|調達する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services with other countries
Gold, like every other commodity, is always somewhere or another to be got for its value by those who have that value to give for it.	金は、他のすべての商品と同様に、常にどこかで、その価値を支払うことができる人々によって、その価値で手に入れることができる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	somewhere|どこかで|adverb|in or to some place	another|別の|determiner|a different one	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift
The annual surplus of gold in Portugal, besides, would still be sent abroad, and though not carried away by Great Britain, would be carried away by some other nation, which would be glad to sell it again for its price, in the same manner as Great Britain does at present.	その上、ポルトガルの金の年間余剰は依然として海外に送られ、イギリスに運び去られなくても、他の国に運び去られ、イギリスが現在行っているのと同じ方法で、その価格で再び喜んで売るだろう。	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	abroad|海外|noun|a foreign country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	carry away|運び去る|verb|take away	some other nation|他の国|noun|a country other than the one being discussed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now
In buying gold of Portugal, indeed, we buy it at the first hand;	確かに、ポルトガルの金を買う場合、我々はそれを直接買う。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	first hand|直接|noun|direct experience
whereas, in buying it of any other nation, except Spain, we should buy it at the second, and might pay somewhat dearer.	一方、スペインを除く他の国からそれを買う場合、我々はそれを間接的に買うことになり、多少高くつくかもしれない。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	second|間接的に|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	pay|支払う|verb|give (money) in exchange for a good or service	dear|高くつく|adjective|high in price; expensive
This difference, however, would surely be too insignificant to deserve the public attention.	しかし、この差は確かにあまりに小さすぎて、世間の注目に値しないだろう。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	insignificant|小さすぎる|adjective|unimportant; of minor importance	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	public attention|世間の注目|noun|the notice or attention of the general public

Almost all our gold, it is said, comes from Portugal.	我々の金のほとんどすべてがポルトガルから来ていると言われている。	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	come from|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon
With other nations, the balance of trade is either against as, or not much in our favour.	他の国々とは、貿易収支は我々に不利か、あまり有利ではない。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	balance|収支|noun|the difference between the totals of two sides of an account	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
But we should remember, that the more gold we import from one country, the less we must necessarily import from all others.	しかし、我々は、ある国から輸入する金が多ければ多いほど、他のすべての国から輸入する金は必然的に少なくなることを覚えておくべきである。	remember|覚えておく|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of	more|より多い|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or extent	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	less|より少ない|adjective|smaller in amount, degree, or extent	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
The effectual demand for gold, like that for every other commodity, is in every country limited to a certain quantity.	金に対する有効需要は、他のすべての商品に対する需要と同様に、どの国でも一定量に限られている。	effectual demand|有効需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	like that for|と同様に|adverb|in a similar way	every other|他のすべての|adjective|each of the remaining	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	in every country|どの国でも|adverb|in all countries	limited to|限られている|verb|be restricted to	a certain quantity|一定量|noun|a specific amount
If nine-tenths of this quantity are imported from one country, there remains a tenth only to be imported from all others.	この量の10分の9が一国から輸入されるなら、残りの10分の1だけが他のすべての国から輸入されることになる。	nine-tenths|10分の9|noun|nine parts out of ten	one country|一国|noun|a single nation	tenth|10分の1|noun|one part out of ten	all others|他のすべて|noun|all the remaining ones
The more gold, besides, that is annually imported from some particular countries, over and above what is requisite for plate and for coin, the more must necessarily be exported to some others:	そのうえ、食器や貨幣に必要な量を超えて、毎年特定の国から輸入される金が多ければ多いほど、必然的に他の国に輸出される金も増える。	the more|より多く|determiner|a larger amount or number of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	over and above|を超えて|adverb|in addition to	requisite|必要な|adjective|required or necessary	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten or served	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	the more|より多く|determiner|a larger amount or number of	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
and the more that most insignificant object of modern policy, the balance of trade, appears to be in our favour with some particular countries, the more it must necessarily appear to be against us with many others.	そして、現代政策の最も無意味な対象である貿易収支が、特定の国々との間で我々に有利であるように見えるほど、他の多くの国々との間で我々に不利であるように見えざるを得ない。	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	against|不利|preposition|in opposition to	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of

It was upon this silly notion, however, that England could not subsist without the Portugal trade, that, towards the end of the late war, France and Spain, without pretending either offence or provocation, required the king of Portugal to exclude all British ships from his ports, and, for the security of this exclusion, to receive into them French or Spanish garrisons.	しかし、イギリスはポルトガル貿易なしには存続できないというこの愚かな考えに基づいて、前回の戦争の終わり頃、フランスとスペインは、攻撃や挑発を装うことなく、ポルトガル国王にすべてのイギリス船を港から締め出し、この締め出しの安全のために、フランスやスペインの駐屯軍を受け入れるように要求した。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in Europe	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist	late|終わり頃|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in Europe	offence|攻撃|noun|an act or instance of attacking	provocation|挑発|noun|an act or instance of provoking	require|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a country	exclude|締め出す|verb|keep or shut out	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	exclusion|締め出し|noun|the action of excluding or the state of being excluded	receive|受け入れる|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	garrison|駐屯軍|noun|a body of troops stationed in a fortress or town to defend it
Had the king of Portugal submitted to those ignominious terms which his brother-in-law the king of Spain proposed to him, Britain would have been freed from a much greater inconveniency than the loss of the Portugal trade, the burden of supporting a very weak ally, so unprovided of every thing for his own defence, that the whole power of England, had it been directed to that single purpose, could scarce, perhaps, have defended him for another campaign.	もしポルトガル国王が義理の兄弟であるスペイン国王が提案した屈辱的な条件に従っていたら、イギリスはポルトガル貿易の喪失よりもはるかに大きな不都合から解放されていただろう。非常に弱い同盟国を支援する負担は、自国の防衛のために何も準備されていないため、イギリスの全力をその目的だけに向けたとしても、おそらく次の戦いで彼を守ることはできなかっただろう。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	brother-in-law|義理の兄弟|noun|the brother of one's spouse	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	Britain|イギリス|noun|an island country in northwestern Europe	Portugal trade|ポルトガル貿易|noun|trade with Portugal	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	support|支援|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	ally|同盟国|noun|a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	England|イギリス|noun|a country in northwestern Europe	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	campaign|戦い|noun|a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective
The loss of the Portugal trade would, no doubt, have occasioned a considerable embarrassment to the merchants at that time engaged in it, who might not, perhaps, have found out, for a year or two, any other equally advantageous method of employing their capitals;	ポルトガル貿易の喪失は、間違いなく、当時それに従事していた商人にとってかなりの困惑を招いただろう。彼らは、おそらく一、二年は、資本を運用する他の同様に有利な方法を見つけることができなかっただろう。	loss|喪失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	embarrassment|困惑|noun|a feeling of self-consciousness, shame, or awkwardness	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	engage|従事する|verb|occupy or attract	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
and in this would probably have consisted all the inconveniency which England could have suffered from this notable piece of commercial policy.	そして、この中におそらく、イギリスがこの注目すべき通商政策によって被りうるすべての不都合が含まれていただろう。	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	commercial policy|通商政策|noun|a government's policy on international trade

The great annual importation of gold and silver is neither for the purpose of plate nor of coin, but of foreign trade.	金銀の年間輸入量が多いのは、食器や貨幣のためではなく、外国貿易のためである。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
A round-about foreign trade of consumption can be carried on more advantageously by means of these metals than of almost any other goods.	消費財の迂回貿易は、他のほとんどの品物よりも、これらの金属によってより有利に行うことができる。	round-about|迂回|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	advantageously|有利に|adverb|in a way that is favorable	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	goods|品物|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
As they are the universal instruments of commerce, they are more readily received in return for all commodities than any other goods;	これらは商業の普遍的な道具であるため、他のどの品物よりも、あらゆる商品と引き換えに受け取られやすい。	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	return|引き換え|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
and, on account of their small bulk and great value, it costs less to transport them backward and forward from one place to another than almost any other sort of merchandize, and they lose less of their value by being so transported.	そして、その小さな容積と大きな価値のために、他のほとんどの種類の商品よりも、ある場所から別の場所へ前後に運ぶのに費用がかからず、そうして運ばれることにより価値が失われることも少ない。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	small bulk|小さな容積|noun|a small volume	great value|大きな価値|noun|a large value	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	backward and forward|前後に|adverb|to and fro	one place to another|ある場所から別の場所へ|noun|a location that is different from the current location	almost any other sort of|他のほとんどの種類の|noun|a type that is different from the current type	merchandize|商品|noun|goods that are bought and sold in business	lose|失われる|verb|no longer have something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Of all the commodities, therefore, which are bought in one foreign country, for no other purpose but to be sold or exchanged again for some other goods in another, there are none so convenient as gold and silver.	したがって、ある外国で購入されるすべての商品のうち、他の国で他の品物と再び売却または交換される以外の目的で購入される商品には、金と銀ほど便利なものはない。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	sell|売却|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
In facilitating all the different round-about foreign trades of consumption which are carried on in Great Britain, consists the principal advantage of the Portugal trade;	イギリスで行われてる消費財のあらゆる迂回貿易を促進することに、ポルトガル貿易の主な利点がある。	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	round-about|迂回|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon
and though it is not a capital advantage, it is, no doubt, a considerable one.	そして、それは主要な利点ではないが、間違いなく、かなりの利点である。	and though|そして、それは|conjunction|and although	it is not|ではない|verb|be not	capital|主要な|adjective|of major importance	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	it is|である|verb|be	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent

That any annual addition which, it can reasonably be supposed, is made either to the plate or to the coin of the kingdom, could require but a very small annual importation of gold and silver, seems evident enough;	合理的に想定できる、王国の食器や硬貨に毎年追加される量は、金や銀の年間輸入量がごくわずかで済むのは明らかなようだ。	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening or done once a year	addition|追加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	reasonably|合理的に|adverb|in a fair and sensible way	suppose|想定する|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten or served	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening or done once a year	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind
and though we had no direct trade with Portugal, this small quantity could always, somewhere or another, be very easily got.	そして、我々がポルトガルと直接貿易をしていなくても、この少量はいつでも、どこかで、非常に簡単に手に入れることができる。	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	have no|ない|verb|not have	direct|直接|adjective|without an intermediary	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	small|少量|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	always|いつでも|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	somewhere|どこか|adverb|in or to some place	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	get|手に入れられる|verb|come to have possession of

Though the goldsmiths trade be very considerable in Great Britain, the far greater part of the new plate which they annually sell, is made from other old plate melted down;	イギリスでは金細工師の貿易が非常に盛んであるが、彼らが毎年販売する新しい食器の大部分は、他の古い食器を溶かして作られている。	goldsmith|金細工師|noun|a person who makes or sells articles of gold	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	be very considerable|非常に盛んである|verb|be very large or important	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically circular and made of china, from which food is eaten	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned or known about	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	melt down|溶かす|verb|change from a solid to a liquid state
so that the addition annually made to the whole plate of the kingdom cannot be very great, and could require but a very small annual importation.	そのため、王国の食器全体に毎年追加される量はそれほど多くなく、年間の輸入量もごくわずかで済む。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	addition|追加|noun|the mathematical operation of combining two numbers to make a third	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish on which food is served	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	great|多い|adjective|of major significance or importance	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial activity of buying and bringing in goods from a foreign country

It is the same case with the coin.	硬貨も同じである。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an event or situation
Nobody imagines, I believe, that even the greater part of the annual coinage, amounting, for ten years together, before the late reformation of the gold coin, to upwards of £800,000 a-year in gold, was an annual addition to the money before current in the kingdom.	金貨の最近の改鋳前の10年間にわたる年間造幣量の大部分が、金で年間80万ポンド以上に達していたが、それが王国で流通していた貨幣に毎年追加されていたとは誰も想像していないと思う。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	coinage|造幣量|noun|the coins of a particular country or period	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	ten years|10年間|noun|a period of ten years	together|合わせて|adverb|with or at the same time as someone or something else	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	reformation|改鋳|noun|the action or process of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	upwards of|以上に|preposition|more than	£800,000|80万ポンド|noun|eight hundred thousand pounds	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	annual addition|毎年の追加|noun|something that is added each year	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously	current|流通している|adjective|happening or existing now	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
In a country where the expense of the coinage is defrayed by the government, the value of the coin, even when it contains its full standard weight of gold and silver, can never be much greater than that of an equal quantity of those metals uncoined, because it requires only the trouble of going to the mint, and the delay, perhaps, of a few weeks, to procure for any quantity of uncoined gold and silver an equal quantity of those metals in coin;	造幣費用を政府が負担する国では、金貨や銀貨が標準重量を完全に含んでいても、その価値は同量の未鋳造金属の価値を大きく上回ることはあり得ない。なぜなら、造幣局に行く手間と、おそらく数週間の遅れだけで、どんな量の未鋳造金や銀でも、同量の金属を硬貨で手に入れることができるからである。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	coinage|造幣|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	defrayed|負担する|verb|pay for	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	full|完全に|adjective|complete in every way; entire	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	uncoined|未鋳造|adjective|not minted into coins	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	delay|遅れ|noun|a period of time by which something is late or postponed	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	few|数|adjective|a small number of	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	procure|手に入れる|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	equal|同量|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money
but in every country the greater part of the current coin is almost always more or less worn, or otherwise degenerated from its standard.	しかし、どの国でも流通している硬貨の大部分は、ほとんど常に多かれ少なかれ摩耗しているか、あるいは基準から劣化している。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in every country|どの国でも|adverb|in all countries	the greater part|大部分|noun|the majority	the current coin|流通している硬貨|noun|the coin that is currently in use	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	worn|摩耗している|adjective|damaged by wear	otherwise|あるいは|adverb|in a different way	degenerated|劣化している|adjective|having deteriorated
In Great Britain it was, before the late reformation, a good deal so, the gold being more than two per cent., and the silver more than eight per cent.	イギリスでは、最近の改鋳前は、金が2パーセント以上、銀が8パーセント以上と、かなりそうだった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of changing something to make it better	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	so|そう|adverb|in the manner or to the extent indicated	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	more than|以上|preposition|greater in number or amount than	two|2|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	more than|以上|preposition|greater in number or amount than	eight|8|numeral|one more than seven
below its standard weight.	標準重量を下回っていた。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|標準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs
But if forty-four guineas and a-half, containing their full standard weight, a pound weight of gold, could purchase very little more than a pound weight of uncoined gold;	しかし、44ギニー半が、その完全な標準重量である1ポンドの金を包含している場合、1ポンドの未鋳造金よりもわずかに多くしか購入できない。	forty-four|44|numeral|the number 44	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	full|完全な|adjective|complete in every way	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money
forty-four guineas and a-half, wanting a part of their weight, could not purchase a pound weight, and something was to be added, in order to make up the deficiency.	44ギニー半は、その重量の一部が不足しているため、1ポンドの重量を購入することができず、不足分を補うために何かを追加する必要があった。	forty-four|44|numeral|the number 44	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	want|不足している|verb|be lacking or deficient	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	add|追加する|verb|join or combine	make up|補う|verb|compensate for	deficiency|不足分|noun|a lack or shortage
The current price of gold bullion at market, therefore, instead of being the same with the mint price, or £46:14:6, was then about £47:14s., and sometimes about £48.	したがって、市場での金地金の現在の価格は、造幣局の価格である46ポンド14シリング6ペンスと同じではなく、当時は約47ポンド14シリング、時には約48ポンドだった。	current price|現在の価格|noun|the price of something at the present time	gold bullion|金地金|noun|gold in the form of bars or ingots	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	instead of|～の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	being the same with|～と同じである|verb|be identical to	mint price|造幣局の価格|noun|the price of something as set by the mint	£46:14:6|46ポンド14シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money	then|当時|adverb|at that time	about £47:14s.|約47ポンド14シリング|noun|a sum of money	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	about £48|約48ポンド|noun|a sum of money
When the greater part of the coin, however, was in this degenerate condition, forty four guineas and a-half, fresh from the mint, would purchase no more goods in the market than any other ordinary guineas;	しかし、硬貨の大部分がこの劣化した状態にある場合、造幣局から出たばかりの44ギニー半は、市場で他の普通のギニーよりも多くの商品を購入することはできない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design that is used as money	degenerate|劣化した|adjective|having lost the physical, mental, or moral qualities considered normal and desirable	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	forty four|44|numeral|the number 44	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	fresh|出たばかりの|adjective|recently produced or harvested	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual
because, when they came into the coffers of the merchant, being confounded with other money, they could not afterwards be distinguished without more trouble than the difference was worth.	なぜなら、それらが商人の金庫に入ると、他の貨幣と混同され、その後、その差額に値する以上の手間をかけずに区別することができなかったからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	come into|入る|verb|move or travel into	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	confound|混同する|verb|mix up	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	difference|差額|noun|the state or relation of being different	worth|値する|adjective|meriting or worthy of
Like other guineas, they were worth no more than £46:14:6.	他のギニーと同様に、それらは46ポンド14シリング6ペンス以上の価値はなかった。	like|同様に|preposition|in a similar way to	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	no more than|以上|adverb|not more than; only	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin with a value of one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペンス|noun|a British coin with a value of one hundredth of a pound
If thrown into the melting pot, however, they produced, without any sensible loss, a pound weight of standard gold, which could be sold at any time for between £47:14s. and £48, either in gold or silver, as fit for all the purposes of coin as that which had been melted down.	しかし、溶鉱炉に投入すれば、目立った損失もなく、1ポンドの標準金が得られ、いつでも47ポンド14シリングから48ポンドで売ることができ、金でも銀でも、溶かされたものと同じように硬貨のあらゆる用途に適していた。	melting pot|溶鉱炉|noun|a place where people of different cultures or races mix together	throw|投入する|verb|propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand	sensible|目立った|adjective|having or showing good judgment or reason	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	standard|標準|adjective|of a level of quality or attainment that is usual or expected	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	any time|いつでも|noun|at any point in time	between|から|preposition|at a point in time or space after one thing and before or beyond another	melt down|溶かす|verb|cause to melt	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	purpose|用途|noun|the intention to do something	fit|適している|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type
There was an evident profit, therefore, in melting down new-coined money;	したがって、新しく鋳造された貨幣を溶かすことには明らかな利益があった。	There was|あった|verb|to exist	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear to the mind or the senses or judgment	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	melt down|溶かす|verb|to change from a solid to a liquid state	new-coined|新しく鋳造された|adjective|recently made	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
and it was done so instantaneously, that no precaution of government could prevent it.	そして、それは瞬時に行われ、政府のいかなる予防策もそれを防ぐことはできなかった。	instantaneously|瞬時に|adverb|immediately; instantly	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
The operations of the mint were, upon this account, somewhat like the web of Penelope; the work that was done in the day was undone in the night.	このため、造幣局の業務はペネロペの織物に似た部分があり、昼間に行われた仕事は夜には元に戻された。	operation|業務|noun|the activity of a business or organization	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	account|ため|noun|a reason or explanation	somewhat|似た部分があり|adverb|to some extent; slightly	web|織物|noun|a fabric or structure of delicate threads	Penelope|ペネロペ|noun|the wife of Odysseus in Homer's Odyssey	day|昼間|noun|the period of light between sunrise and sunset	night|夜|noun|the period of darkness between sunset and sunrise
The mint was employed, not so much in making daily additions to the coin, as in replacing the very best part of it, which was daily melted down.	造幣局は、日々硬貨を増やすというよりは、日々溶かされる硬貨の最も良い部分を補充するために使われていた。	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	employ|使われる|verb|use or engage the services of	daily|日々|adjective|happening or done every day	addition|増やす|noun|the mathematical operation of combining two numbers to make a third	coin|硬貨|noun|a small piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	replace|補充する|verb|take the place of	best|最も良い|adjective|of the highest quality	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	melt down|溶かされる|verb|change from a solid to a liquid

Were the private people who carry their gold and silver to the mint to pay themselves for the coinage, it would add to the value of those metals, in the same manner as the fashion does to that of plate.	金や銀を造幣局に運んで貨幣を鋳造する費用を支払う民間人がいたとしたら、それはファッションが食器の価値を高めるのと同じように、それらの金属の価値を高めるだろう。	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the military, police, or other public service	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	coinage|貨幣|noun|the system of money that a country uses	add to|高める|verb|increase the amount or value of	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	fashion|ファッション|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament	plate|食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten
Coined gold and silver would be more valuable than uncoined.	鋳造された金や銀は、鋳造されていないものよりも価値があるだろう。	coin|鋳造する|verb|make coins out of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money
The seignorage, if it was not exorbitant, would add to the bullion the whole value of the duty;	貨幣鋳造益は、法外なものでなければ、地金に手数料の全額を加えることになる。	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	duty|手数料|noun|a fee for a service or for a particular transaction
because, the government having everywhere the exclusive privilege of coining, no coin can come to market cheaper than they think proper to afford it.	なぜなら、政府はどこでも貨幣鋳造の独占的特権を持っているので、政府が適切と考えるものより安い貨幣は市場に出回らないからである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to a single person or group	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	coining|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	come to market|市場に出回る|verb|be offered for sale	cheaper|より安い|adjective|low in price or value	afford|適切と考える|verb|have enough money to pay for
If the duty was exorbitant, indeed, that is, if it was very much above the real value of the labour and expense requisite for coinage, false coiners, both at home and abroad, might be encouraged, by the great difference between the value of bullion and that of coin, to pour in so great a quantity of counterfeit money as might reduce the value of the government money.	確かに、手数料が法外なものであれば、つまり、貨幣鋳造に必要な労働と費用の実際の価値をはるかに上回るものであれば、国内外で偽造者が地金の価値と貨幣の価値の大きな差によって、政府の貨幣の価値を下げるほど大量の偽造貨幣を流通させるよう誘われるかもしれない。	duty|手数料|noun|a tax on the import of goods	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	requisite|必要な|adjective|required or necessary	false coiner|偽造者|noun|a person who makes counterfeit coins	at home and abroad|国内外で|adverb|in one's own country and in other countries	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	pour in|流通させる|verb|to flow or cause to flow in a steady stream	counterfeit money|偽造貨幣|noun|money that is not genuine	government money|政府の貨幣|noun|money issued by a government
In France, however, though the seignorage is eight per cent., no sensible inconveniency of this kind is found to arise from it.	しかし、フランスでは、貨幣鋳造益が8パーセントであるにもかかわらず、この種の不都合は生じていない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of a coin and the cost of producing it	eight|8|noun|the number 8	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part	no|ない|determiner|not any	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence
The dangers to which a false coiner is everywhere exposed, if he lives in the country of which he counterfeits the coin, and to which his agents or correspondents are exposed, if he lives in a foreign country, are by far too great to be incurred for the sake of a profit of six or seven per cent.	偽造者が偽造した貨幣の国に住んでいる場合、偽造者がどこにいてもさらされる危険、また、偽造者が外国に住んでいる場合、その代理人や取引先がさらされる危険は、6、7パーセントの利益のために被るにはあまりにも大きい。	false coiner|偽造者|noun|a person who makes counterfeit coins	be exposed|さらされる|verb|be subjected to an action or influence	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	everywhere|どこにいても|adverb|in all places or situations	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	counterfeit|偽造する|verb|imitate something else with intent to deceive	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, usually round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	be incurred|被る|verb|become liable or subject to	sake|利益|noun|benefit or advantage	six|6|numeral|the number 6	seven|7|numeral|the number 7	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar

The seignorage in France raises the value of the coin higher than in proportion to the quantity of pure gold which it contains.	フランスでは、貨幣鋳造益によって、貨幣の価値が含有する純金の量に比例する以上に高くなっている。	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	raise|高くする|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79, used especially in jewelry, coinage, and electronics	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement
Thus, by the edict of January 1726, the mint price of fine gold of twenty-four carats was fixed at seven hundred and forty livres nine sous and one denier one-eleventh the mark of eight Paris ounces. {See Dictionnaire des Monnoies, tom.	こうして、1726年1月の勅令によって、24カラットの純金の造幣価格は、パリオンスの8分の1のマークで740リーブル9スー1ドゥニエ11分の1に固定された。	Thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	January 1726|1726年1月|noun|the first month of the year 1726	edict|勅令|noun|an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority	twenty-four carats|24カラット|noun|a unit of purity for gold, equal to one twenty-fourth part of pure gold	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.9% or higher	mint price|造幣価格|noun|the price at which a coin is sold by the mint	seven hundred and forty|740|numeral|the number 740	livres|リーブル|noun|a former unit of currency in France	nine|9|numeral|the number 9	sous|スー|noun|a former unit of currency in France	one|1|numeral|the number 1	denier|ドゥニエ|noun|a former unit of currency in France	one-eleventh|11分の1|numeral|one divided by eleven	mark|マーク|noun|a unit of weight for gold and silver, equal to eight ounces	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	Paris ounces|パリオンス|noun|a unit of weight used in France, equal to 30.59 grams	Dictionnaire des Monnoies|貨幣辞典|noun|a dictionary of coins	tom|巻|noun|a volume of a book
ii. article Seigneurage, p. 439, par 81. Abbot de Bazinghen, Conseiller-Commissaire en la Cour des Monnoies à Paris.}	ii.貨幣鋳造益の項、439頁、81段落。パリの貨幣裁判所の顧問委員、バジンゲン修道院長。}	article|項|noun|a piece of writing about a particular subject	Seigneurage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the profit made by a government by issuing currency	page|頁|noun|one side of a sheet of paper	paragraph|段落|noun|a distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or numbering	Abbot|修道院長|noun|the head of a monastery	Conseiller-Commissaire|顧問委員|noun|a person who gives advice, typically someone appointed to do so	Cour des Monnoies|貨幣裁判所|noun|a court that deals with matters relating to currency	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France
The gold coin of France, making an allowance for the remedy of the mint, contains twenty-one carats and three-fourths of fine gold, and two carats one-fourth of alloy.	フランスの金貨は、造幣局の補正を加味すると、21カラットと4分の3の純金と2カラットと4分の1の合金を含んでいる。	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	make an allowance for|加味する|verb|to take something into consideration	remedy|補正|noun|a means of counteracting or removing an evil	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	contain|含む|verb|to have or hold within itself	twenty-one|21|numeral|the number that is one more than twenty	carat|カラット|noun|a unit of weight for precious stones and pearls	three-fourths|4分の3|numeral|the fraction equal to three divided by four	fine gold|純金|noun|gold with a purity of 99.99%	two|2|numeral|the number that is one more than one	one-fourth|4分の1|numeral|the fraction equal to one divided by four	alloy|合金|noun|a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion
The mark of standard gold, therefore, is worth no more than about six hundred and seventy-one livres ten deniers.	したがって、標準金のマークは、約671リーブル10ドゥニエの価値しかない。	standard gold|標準金|noun|gold of a known purity	mark|マーク|noun|a unit of weight for gold and silver equal to 8 ounces	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable	about|約|adverb|approximately	six hundred and seventy-one|671|numeral|the natural number following 670 and preceding 672	livres|リーブル|noun|a former money of account of France	ten|10|numeral|the natural number following 9 and preceding 11	deniers|ドゥニエ|noun|a former small copper coin of France
But in France this mark of standard gold is coined into thirty louis d’ors of twenty-four livres each, or into seven hundred and twenty livres.	しかし、フランスでは、この標準金のマークは、それぞれ24リーブルの30ルイ・ドール、つまり720リーブルに鋳造される。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	standard gold|標準金|noun|gold of a known purity	mark|マーク|noun|a unit of weight for gold and silver equal to 8 ounces	thirty|30|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	louis d’or|ルイ・ドール|noun|a former gold coin of France	twenty-four|24|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of four and six	livre|リーブル|noun|a former money of account of France	seven hundred and twenty|720|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of seventy-two and ten
The coinage, therefore, increases the value of a mark of standard gold bullion, by the difference between six hundred and seventy-one livres ten deniers and seven hundred and twenty livres, or by forty-eight livres nineteen sous and two deniers.	したがって、この鋳造によって、標準金地金のマークの価値は、671リーブル10ドゥニエと720リーブルの差、つまり48リーブル19スー2ドゥニエだけ増加する。	coinage|鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	six hundred and seventy-one|671|numeral|six hundred and seventy-one	livres|リーブル|noun|a former French unit of currency	ten|10|numeral|ten	deniers|ドゥニエ|noun|a former French unit of currency	seven hundred and twenty|720|numeral|seven hundred and twenty	forty-eight|48|numeral|forty-eight	nineteen|19|numeral|nineteen	two|2|numeral|two

A seignorage will, in many cases, take away altogether, and will in all cases diminish, the profit of melting down the new coin.	貨幣鋳造益は、多くの場合、新しい貨幣を溶かして得られる利益を完全に奪い、また、どんな場合でもその利益を減らすことになる。	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	take away|奪う|verb|remove or steal something from a person or place	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
This profit always arises from the difference between the quantity of bullion which the common currency ought to contain and that which it actually does contain.	この利益は、常に、一般通貨に含まれるべき地金の量と実際に含まれている地金の量の差から生じる。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	do|する|verb|perform or execute
If this difference is less than the seignorage, there will be loss instead of profit.	この差が貨幣鋳造益よりも小さい場合、利益ではなく損失が生じる。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	less than|よりも小さい|preposition|not as much as	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
If it is equal to the seignorage, there will be neither profit nor loss.	この差が貨幣鋳造益と等しい場合、利益も損失も生じない。	be equal to|等しい|verb|be the same as	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	loss|損失|noun|a financial loss
If it is greater than the seignorage, there will, indeed, be some profit, but less than if there was no seignorage.	この差が貨幣鋳造益よりも大きい場合、確かに利益は生じるが、貨幣鋳造益がない場合よりも小さい。	be greater than|より大きい|verb|be larger than	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	there will|生じる|verb|will come into existence	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	less than|より小さい|verb|be smaller than
If, before the late reformation of the gold coin, for example, there had been a seignorage of five per cent.	例えば、金貨の最近の改鋳の前に、5パーセントの貨幣鋳造益があったとしたら、	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of reforming something	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	there had been|あったとしたら|verb|to exist in the past	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	five per cent|5パーセント|noun|five percent
upon the coinage, there would have been a loss of three per cent.	貨幣鋳造益によって3パーセントの損失が生じただろう。	upon|によって|preposition|on	coinage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	there would have been|生じただろう|verb|would have happened	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	three|3|numeral|the number 3	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon the melting down of the gold coin.	金貨の溶解によって。	upon|によって|preposition|on	melt down|溶解|verb|to melt or cause to melt
If the seignorage had been two per cent., there would have been neither profit nor loss.	もし貨幣鋳造益が2パーセントだったなら、利益も損失も生じなかっただろう。	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	two|2|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	loss|損失|noun|a financial loss
If the seignorage had been one per cent., there would have been a profit but of one per cent.	もし貨幣鋳造益が1パーセントだったなら、1パーセントの利益が生じただろう。	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	one per cent|1パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
only, instead of two per cent.	2パーセントではなく。	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	instead of|の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	two|2|numeral|one more than one	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
Wherever money is received by tale, therefore, and not by weight, a seignorage is the most effectual preventive of the melting down of the coin, and, for the same reason, of its exportation.	だから、貨幣が重量ではなく枚数で受け取られるところならどこでも、貨幣鋳造益は貨幣の溶解を防ぐ最も効果的な手段であり、同じ理由で、その輸出を防ぐ最も効果的な手段である。	wherever|どこでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	tale|枚数|noun|a number	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	melt down|溶解|verb|change from a solid to a liquid state	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
It is the best and heaviest pieces that are commonly either melted down or exported, because it is upon such that the largest profits are made.	溶解されたり輸出されるのは、通常、最も良質で重い貨幣である。なぜなら、そういった貨幣で最も大きな利益が得られるからである。	melt down|溶解する|verb|to change from a solid to a liquid state	export|輸出する|verb|to send or carry abroad, especially for trade or sale	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	best|最も良質な|adjective|of the highest quality	heaviest|最も重い|adjective|of the greatest weight	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part or portion of something	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	make|得る|verb|to earn or gain

The law for the encouragement of the coinage, by rendering it duty-free, was first enacted during the reign of Charles II. for a limited time, and afterwards continued, by different prolongations, till 1769, when it was rendered perpetual.	貨幣を免税にすることによって貨幣鋳造を奨励する法律は、チャールズ二世の治世に初めて制定され、その後、何度か延長されて、1769年に永続的なものとなった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	duty-free|免税|adjective|not subject to taxes or excise	first|初めて|adverb|for the first time	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	limited time|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed and has a beginning and an end	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or operation	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	prolongation|延長|noun|the action of prolonging something	1769|1769年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	perpetual|永続的|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time
The bank of England, in order to replenish their coffers with money, are frequently obliged to carry bullion to the mint;	イングランド銀行は、金庫に貨幣を補充するために、しばしば地金造幣局に運ばなければならない。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	coffer|金庫|noun|a strongbox	replenish|補充する|verb|fill up again	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	obliged|～しなければならない|adjective|required to do something	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined
and it was more for their interest, they probably imagined, that the coinage should be at the expense of the government than at their own.	そして、貨幣鋳造は、自分たちの負担よりも政府の負担であるべきだと、彼らはおそらく考えていた。	at the expense of|負担で|preposition|at the cost of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	their own|自分たちの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned
It was probably out of complaisance to this great company, that the government agreed to render this law perpetual.	政府がこの法律を永続的なものにすることに同意したのは、おそらくこの大会社への好意からだったのだろう。	out of|から|preposition|from	complaisance|好意|noun|a willingness to please others	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	perpetual|永続的|adjective|continuing forever or for a very long time
Should the custom of weighing gold, however, come to be disused, as it is very likely to be on account of its inconveniency;	しかし、金の重さを量る習慣は、その不便さから廃止される可能性が非常に高い。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	weigh|量る|verb|measure the weight of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	come to be|～になる|verb|become	disused|廃止される|adjective|no longer used	inconvenience|不便さ|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient
should the gold coin of England come to be received by tale, as it was before the late recoinage this great company may, perhaps, find that they have, upon this, as upon some other occasions, mistaken their own interest not a little.	イングランドの金貨が、最近の改鋳前のように、枚数で受け取られるようになれば、この大会社は、この件でも、他のいくつかの機会でも、自分たちの利益を少なからず誤解していたことに気づくかもしれない。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	come to be received|受け取られるようになる|verb|come to be accepted	tale|枚数|noun|a number of things	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the action of reminting coins	great company|大会社|noun|a large company	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice	upon|に関して|preposition|on	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	mistaken|誤解する|verb|be wrong about	interest|利益|noun|money that is paid for the use of money that has been lent	not a little|少なからず|adverb|to a significant extent

Before the late recoinage, when the gold currency of England was two per cent.	イングランドの金貨が二パーセント軽かった最近の改鋳前には、	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the re-minting of coins	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	two|二|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
below its standard weight, as there was no seignorage, it was two per cent.	貨幣鋳造益がなかったので、標準重量より二パーセント軽かった。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard weight|標準重量|noun|the weight of a coin as specified by law	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	two percent|二パーセント|noun|a proportion or rate equal to two in every hundred
below the value of that quantity of standard gold bullion which it ought to have contained.	含むべき標準金地金の量の価値より二パーセント低かった。	below|下|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or correctness	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself
When this great company, therefore, bought gold bullion in order to have it coined, they were obliged to pay for it two per cent.	だから、この大会社が金貨にするために金地金を買ったとき、二パーセント高く支払わざるを得なかった。	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design and value	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	two|二|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
more than it was worth after the coinage.	金貨にした後の価値より高く支払わざるを得なかった。	more than|より高く|adverb|to a greater extent than	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, useful, or worthy of esteem
But if there had been a seignorage of two per cent.	しかし、もし二パーセントの貨幣鋳造益があったら、	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it
upon the coinage, the common gold currency, though two per cent.	金貨の鋳造に二パーセントの貨幣鋳造益があったら、一般の金貨は二パーセント軽かったとしても、	upon|に|preposition|on	coinage|鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	common|一般の|adjective|shared by all members of a group	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	currency|貨幣|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	though|でも|conjunction|despite the fact that	two|二|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
below its standard weight, would, notwithstanding, have been equal in value to the quantity of standard gold which it ought to have contained;	標準重量より軽かったとしても、それに含まれるべき標準金の量と価値が等しかっただろう。	below|より軽かったとしても|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|標準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention or determination	have been|だっただろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a past action or state	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	ought to have|含まれるべき|auxiliary verb|used to express a duty or obligation	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself
the value of the fashion compensating in this case the diminution of the weight.	この場合、貨幣鋳造益が重量の減少を補うのである。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming less	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs
They would, indeed, have had the seignorage to pay, which being two per cent., their loss upon the whole transaction would have been two per cent., exactly the same, but no greater than it actually was.	彼らは確かに貨幣鋳造益を支払わなければならなかっただろうが、それは二パーセントなので、取引全体での損失は二パーセントとなり、まったく同じだが、実際よりも大きくはならない。	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	have had|支払わなければならなかっただろう|verb|be obliged to pay	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	two percent|二パーセント|noun|a proportion or rate equal to one part in fifty	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	exactly the same|まったく同じ|adjective|identical	no greater than|よりも大きくはならない|adjective|not more than

If the seignorage had been five per cent.	もし貨幣鋳造益が五パーセントだったら、	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	five|五|numeral|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
and the gold currency only two per cent.	金貨の流通が二パーセントしかなかったら、	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	only|しか|adverb|and no more than	two|二|numeral|one more than one	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
below its standard weight, the bank would, in this case, have gained three per cent.	この場合、銀行は三パーセントの利益を得ただろう。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	weight|重さ|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	three|三|noun|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the price of the bullion;	地金の価格に対してである。	upon|に対して|preposition|on top of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
but as they would have had a seignorage of five per cent.	しかし、彼らは五パーセントの貨幣鋳造益を得ていただろうから、	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	have|得る|verb|possess, own, or hold	five|五|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
to pay upon the coinage, their loss upon the whole transaction would, in the same manner, have been exactly two per cent.	貨幣鋳造益を支払うために、全体の取引での損失は、同じように、正確に二パーセントだっただろう。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	coinage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the system of money that a country uses	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	two|二|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar

If the seignorage had been only one per cent., and the gold currency two per cent.	もし貨幣鋳造益が一パーセントだけで、金貨が二パーセント軽かったなら、	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of a coin and the cost of producing it	only|だけ|adverb|solely; merely	one|一|numeral|the number 1	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	currency|貨幣|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	two|二|numeral|the number 2	per cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
below its standard weight, the bank would, in this case, have lost only one per cent.	この場合、銀行はたった一パーセントの損失で済んだだろう。	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard|標準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	only|たった|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	one|一|noun|the lowest cardinal number	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon the price of the bullion;	地金の価格で。	upon|で|preposition|on	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
but as they would likewise have had a seignorage of one per cent.	しかし、彼らは同様に一パーセントの貨幣鋳造益を得ただろうから、	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	have|得る|verb|possess, own, or hold	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it
to pay, their loss upon the whole transaction would have been exactly two per cent., in the same manner as in all other cases.	支払うべきで、他のすべての場合と同じように、取引全体での損失は正確に二パーセントだっただろう。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or goods	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	two|二|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring

If there was a reasonable seignorage, while at the same time the coin contained its full standard weight, as it has done very nearly since the late recoinage, whatever the bank might lose by the seignorage, they would gain upon the price of the bullion;	合理的な貨幣鋳造益があり、同時に硬貨が完全な標準重量を含んでいたなら、最近の改鋳以来ほぼそうであるように、銀行が貨幣鋳造益によって失うかもしれないものは何であれ、彼らは地金の価格で得るだろう。	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost of producing and distributing it	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	coin|硬貨|noun|a small piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	full|完全な|adjective|complete in every way	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	weight|重量|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	do|そうである|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the re-minting of a coin	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	upon|で|preposition|on	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining
and whatever they might gain upon the price of the bullion, they would lose by the seignorage.	そして、地金の価格で得るかもしれないものは何であれ、貨幣鋳造益によって失うだろう。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it
They would neither lose nor gain, therefore, upon the whole transaction, and they would in this, as in all the foregoing cases, be exactly in the same situation as if there was no seignorage.	だから、彼らは取引全体で損も得もしないだろうし、この場合、前述のすべての場合と同様に、貨幣鋳造益がない場合とまったく同じ状況になるだろう。	lose|損する|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	gain|得する|verb|obtain or secure	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time; preceding	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation or event	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it

When the tax upon a commodity is so moderate as not to encourage smuggling, the merchant who deals in it, though he advances, does not properly pay the tax, as he gets it back in the price of the commodity.	ある商品に対する税が密輸を助長しない程度に穏当なものである場合、その商品を扱う商人は、前払いするとはいえ、商品の価格で税を取り戻すので、税を適切に支払っているわけではない。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	moderate|穏当|adjective|not extreme or excessive	encourage|助長|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	advance|前払い|verb|pay or give something before it is due	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or appropriate way	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
The tax is finally paid by the last purchaser or consumer.	税は最終的に最後の購入者または消費者が支払う。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
But money is a commodity, with regard to which every man is a merchant.	しかし、貨幣は誰もが商人である商品である。	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
Nobody buys it but in order to sell it again;	誰もそれを買わないが、再び売るために買う。	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; no one	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in order to|ために|preposition|with the intention of	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
and with regard to it there is, in ordinary cases, no last purchaser or consumer.	そして、それに関して、通常の場合、最後の購入者や消費者はいない。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	in ordinary cases|通常の場合|adverb|in most cases; usually	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
When the tax upon coinage, therefore, is so moderate as not to encourage false coining, though every body advances the tax, nobody finally pays it;	したがって、貨幣税が偽造を助長しない程度に穏やかな場合、誰もが税金を前払いするが、誰も最終的には支払わない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	coinage|貨幣|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	moderate|穏やかな|adjective|not extreme	encourage|助長する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	false|偽造|adjective|not true or genuine	advance|前払いする|verb|move forward	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, or after many problems
because every body gets it back in the advanced value of the coin.	なぜなら、誰もが貨幣の価値の上昇でそれを取り戻すからである。	every body|誰もが|noun|every person	get back|取り戻す|verb|regain possession of	advanced|上昇した|adjective|having progressed beyond the usual or normal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

A moderate seignorage, therefore, would not, in any case, augment the expense of the bank, or of any other private persons who carry their bullion to the mint in order to be coined;	したがって、適度な貨幣税は、いかなる場合でも、銀行や、金塊を造幣局に運んで貨幣にしようとしている他の個人の費用を増やすことはない。	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	seignorage|貨幣税|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	bullion|金塊|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	coin|貨幣にする|verb|make coins out of	any case|いかなる場合でも|noun|no matter what happens
and the want of a moderate seignorage does not in any case diminish it.	そして、適度な貨幣税の欠如は、いかなる場合でもそれを減少させることはない。	want|欠如|noun|the state of being without something	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	seignorage|貨幣税|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less
Whether there is or is not a seignorage, if the currency contains its full standard weight, the coinage costs nothing to anybody;	貨幣税があろうとなかろうと、通貨がその完全な標準重量を含んでいれば、貨幣は誰にも費用がかからない。	seignorage|貨幣税|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost of producing and distributing it	currency|通貨|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	full|完全な|adjective|complete; not lacking or omitting anything	standard|標準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	coinage|貨幣|noun|a system of money in general use in a particular country	cost|費用|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something	anybody|誰も|pronoun|any person
and if it is short of that weight, the coinage must always cost the difference between the quantity of bullion which ought to be contained in it, and that which actually is contained in it.	そして、もしその重量に満たない場合、貨幣は常に、そこに含まれるべき地金の量と実際に含まれている量との差額を支払わなければならない。	short of|満たない|adjective|not having enough of something	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	coinage|貨幣|noun|the system of money used in a country	cost|支払う|verb|require the payment of	difference|差額|noun|the amount by which one number or quantity is greater or less than another	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bars or ingots	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really

The government, therefore, when it defrays the expense of coinage, not only incurs some small expense, but loses some small revenue which it might get by a proper duty;	したがって、政府は貨幣の費用を負担する際に、わずかな費用を負担するだけでなく、適切な関税によって得られるわずかな収入を失うことになる。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	defray|負担する|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	incur|負担する|verb|become subject to	small|わずかな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	revenue|収入|noun|income	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
and neither the bank, nor any other private persons, are in the smallest degree benefited by this useless piece of public generosity.	そして、銀行も他の私人も、この無益な公的寛大さによって、わずかにも利益を得ることはない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	private person|私人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	smallest degree|わずかにも|noun|the least amount	benefit|利益を得る|verb|be of advantage to	useless|無益な|adjective|not serving a useful purpose	public generosity|公的寛大さ|noun|the quality of being kind and generous

The directors of the bank, however, would probably be unwilling to agree to the imposition of a seignorage upon the authority of a speculation which promises them no gain, but only pretends to insure them from any loss.	しかし、銀行の理事は、彼らに利益を約束するのではなく、損失から保証するだけだと主張する思惑の権限に貨幣税を課すことに同意したがらないだろう。	director|理事|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	unwilling|したがらない|adjective|not willing; reluctant	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	imposition|課すこと|noun|the action of imposing something or the state of being imposed	seignorage|貨幣税|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost of producing and distributing it	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	speculation|思惑|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods or assets with the hope of making a profit	promise|約束する|verb|assure someone that one will definitely do, give, or arrange something	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	pretend|主張する|verb|claim or assert something	insure|保証する|verb|make certain that (something) will occur or be possible	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
In the present state of the gold coin, and as long as it continues to be received by weight, they certainly would gain nothing by such a change.	金貨の現状では、またそれが重量で受け取られ続ける限り、彼らは確かにそのような変化によって何も得ることはないだろう。	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	as long as|限り|conjunction|on the condition that; provided that	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	be received|受け取られる|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	certainly|確かに|adverb|definitely; without doubt	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different
But if the custom of weighing the gold coin should ever go into disuse, as it is very likely to do, and if the gold coin should ever fall into the same state of degradation in which it was before the late recoinage, the gain, or more properly the savings, of the bank, in consequence of the imposition of a seignorage, would probably be very considerable.	しかし、金貨を計量する習慣が廃止される可能性が高い場合、また金貨が最近の改鋳前と同じ劣化状態に陥った場合、貨幣税の課税の結果として銀行の利益、より適切に言えば貯蓄は、おそらく非常に大きくなるだろう。	weigh|計量する|verb|measure the weight of	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	go into disuse|廃止される|verb|stop being used	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	fall into|陥る|verb|get into a bad situation	degradation|劣化|noun|the state of being degraded	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	recoinage|改鋳|noun|the action of minting coins again	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	savings|貯蓄|noun|the money that a person has saved	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	consequence|結果|noun|the effect or result of an action or condition	imposition|課税|noun|the action of imposing something	seignorage|貨幣税|noun|the profit made by a government by issuing currency	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	considerable|大きい|adjective|large in size or amount
The bank of England is the only company which sends any considerable quantity of bullion to the mint, and the burden of the annual coinage falls entirely, or almost entirely, upon it.	イングランド銀行は、かなりの量の地金を造幣局に送る唯一の会社であり、年間の造幣の負担は、すべて、あるいはほとんどすべて、その銀行にかかっている。	bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	company|会社|noun|a business organization	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	bullion|地金|noun|gold or silver in bulk before coining	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	fall|かかる|verb|move downward, typically rapidly and freely without control, from a higher to a lower level	entirely|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	coinage|造幣|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country
If this annual coinage had nothing to do but to repair the unavoidable losses and necessary wear and tear of the coin, it could seldom exceed fifty thousand, or at most a hundred thousand pounds.	この年次造幣が、避けられない損失や貨幣の必然的な損耗を修復する以外に何もすることがなければ、それはめったに5万ポンド、あるいはせいぜい10万ポンドを超えることはできないだろう。	annual|年次|adjective|happening once a year	coinage|造幣|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	nothing to do|何もすることがない|noun|no work or activity	repair|修復する|verb|restore to good condition	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	wear and tear|損耗|noun|damage that naturally and inevitably occurs as a result of normal use	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	fifty thousand|5万|noun|the number 50000	at most|せいぜい|adverb|not more than; at the most	hundred thousand|10万|noun|the number 100000
But when the coin is degraded below its standard weight, the annual coinage must, besides this, fill up the large vacuities which exportation and the melting pot are continually making in the current coin.	しかし、貨幣がその標準重量を下回って劣化した場合、年次造幣は、これに加えて、輸出と溶解ポットが流通貨幣に絶えず作り出している大きな空白を埋めなければならない。	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	be degraded|劣化する|verb|be reduced in quality, value, or character	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	standard weight|標準重量|noun|the weight of a coin as specified by law	annual|年次|adjective|happening once a year	coinage|造幣|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	besides|加えて|preposition|in addition to; as well as	fill up|埋める|verb|make or become full	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	vacuity|空白|noun|the state of being empty	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	make|作り出す|verb|cause to happen or exist
It was upon this account, that during the ten or twelve years immediately preceding the late reformation of the gold coin, the annual coinage amounted, at an average, to more than £850,000.	このため、金貨の最近の改鋳直前の10年から12年の間に、年平均造幣量は85万ポンド以上に達した。	account|ため|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of some event or action	ten or twelve years|10年から12年|noun|a period of time	immediately preceding|直前の|adjective|coming immediately before something in time	reformation|改鋳|noun|the act of changing something for the better	annual|年平均|adjective|happening or done once a year	coinage|造幣量|noun|the coins of a particular country or area	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than
But if there had been a seignorage of four or five per cent.	しかし、もし4、5パーセントの貨幣鋳造益があったら、	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of money and the cost to produce and distribute it
upon the gold coin, it would probably, even in the state in which things then were, have put an effectual stop to the business both of exportation and of the melting pot.	金貨に課せられていれば、当時の状況でさえ、輸出と溶解ポットの両方の事業に効果的な停止をもたらしただろう。	upon|課せられていれば|preposition|on	gold coin|金貨|noun|a coin made of gold	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	state|状況|noun|the condition of a person or thing	thing|状況|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	then|当時|adverb|at that time	were|だった|verb|be	put|もたらしただろう|verb|cause to be in a specified state	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	stop|停止|noun|the cessation of an activity or operation	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	melting pot|溶解ポット|noun|a place where people of different cultures or races mix together
The bank, instead of losing every year about two and a half per cent.	銀行は、毎年約2.5パーセントを失う代わりに、	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	every year|毎年|adverb|annually	about|約|preposition|approximately	two and a half|2.5|noun|two plus a half	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon the bullion which was to be coined into more than eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds, or incurring an annual loss of more than £21,250 pounds, would not probably have incurred the tenth part of that loss.	85万ポンド以上に鋳造される地金に、あるいは年間2万1250ポンド以上の損失を被る代わりに、おそらくその損失の10分の1も被らなかっただろう。	upon|～に|preposition|on	bullion|地金|noun|uncoined gold or silver in bars or ingots	be to be|～される予定である|auxiliary verb|be going to be	coined|鋳造される|verb|make coins out of	more than|～以上|preposition|in excess of	eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds|85万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	incurring|被る|verb|become subject to	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	more than|～以上|preposition|in excess of	£21,250 pounds|2万1250ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	would not|～しなかっただろう|auxiliary verb|would not	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	have incurred|被っただろう|verb|become subject to	the tenth part|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	of|～の|preposition|belonging to	that|その|determiner|the one mentioned before	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something

The revenue allotted by parliament for defraying the expense of the coinage is but fourteen thousand pounds a-year; and the real expense which it costs the government, or the fees of the officers of the mint, do not, upon ordinary occasions, I am assured, exceed the half of that sum.	貨幣鋳造の費用を賄うために議会が割り当てた収入は、年間わずか1万4000ポンドにすぎない。そして、政府が負担する実際の費用、あるいは造幣局の役人の手数料は、通常の場合には、その半分を超えることはないと私は確信している。	revenue|収入|noun|income	allot|割り当てる|verb|give or apportion to	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|cost	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	fourteen thousand pounds|1万4000ポンド|noun|a unit of currency	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	assure|確信する|verb|feel or show confidence	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
The saving of so very small a sum, or even the gaining of another, which could not well be much larger, are objects too inconsiderable, it may be thought, to deserve the serious attention of government.	非常に小さな金額の節約、あるいはそれほど大きくはできない別の金額の獲得でさえ、政府の真剣な注意に値するにはあまりにも取るに足らない対象であると考えられる。	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money spent	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	gain|獲得|noun|an increase in the amount of money or other assets owned	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
But the saving of eighteen or twenty thousand pounds a-year, in case of an event which is not improbable, which has frequently happened before, and which is very likely to happen again, is surely an object which well deserves the serious attention, even of so great a company as the bank of England.	しかし、ありえないことでもなく、これまでにも何度も起こり、また起こる可能性が非常に高い出来事が起こった場合に、年間1万8000ポンドから2万ポンドを節約することは、イングランド銀行のような大企業でさえ、真剣に注目するに値する対象であることは間違いない。	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money that is spent	eighteen or twenty thousand pounds|1万8000ポンドから2万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money	a-year|年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	in case of|場合に|preposition|if something happens	improbable|ありえない|adjective|not likely to happen or be true	frequently|何度も|adverb|often; many times	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	again|再び|adverb|once more; a second or further time	surely|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; definitely	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	serious|真剣な|adjective|requiring much thought or work	attention|注目|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	even|でさえ|adverb|used to emphasize the inclusion of someone or something	so great a company|大企業|noun|a large business organization

Some of the foregoing reasonings and observations might, perhaps, have been more properly placed in those chapters of the first book which treat of the origin and use of money, and of the difference between the real and the nominal price of commodities.	前述の推論や観察の一部は、おそらく、貨幣の起源と用途、および商品の実質価格と名目価格の違いを扱った第一巻の章にもっと適切に配置されていたかもしれない。	some|一部|noun|an unspecified amount or number of	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	reasoning|推論|noun|the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or appropriate way	place|配置する|verb|put in a particular position or place	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	treat|扱う|verb|deal with in a certain way	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	use|用途|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	real|実質|adjective|not imagined or supposed; having objective existence	nominal|名目|adjective|existing in name only; not real or actual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
But as the law for the encouragement of coinage derives its origin from those vulgar prejudices which have been introduced by the mercantile system, I judged it more proper to reserve them for this chapter.	しかし、貨幣鋳造を奨励する法律は、重商主義によってもたらされた下品な偏見に由来しているので、私はそれらをこの章に残しておく方が適切であると判断した。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the process of making coins	derive|由来する|verb|obtain something from a specified source	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	vulgar|下品な|adjective|lacking sophistication or good taste	prejudice|偏見|noun|preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable	reserve|残しておく|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book
Nothing could be more agreeable to the spirit of that system than a sort of bounty upon the production of money, the very thing which, it supposes, constitutes the wealth of every nation.	あらゆる国の富を構成すると想定される貨幣の生産に対する一種の報奨金ほど、この制度の精神に適ったものはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	be agreeable to|適う|verb|be acceptable to	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
It is one of its many admirable expedients for enriching the country.	それは、国を豊かにするための多くの素晴らしい方策の1つである。	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	admirable|素晴らしい|adjective|deserving of admiration	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving an end	enriching|豊かにする|verb|make rich or richer	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory


## CHAPTER VII: OF COLONIES.	第七章: 植民地について	CHAPTER VII|第七章|noun|the seventh chapter	COLONIES|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

PART I. Of the Motives for Establishing New Colonies.	第一部新しい植民地を建設する動機について	PART I|第一部|noun|the first part of something	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	establish|建設する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies, was not altogether so plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome.	アメリカや西インド諸島にヨーロッパのさまざまな植民地が最初に定住するきっかけとなった利害は、古代ギリシャやローマの植民地の建設を導いた利害ほど単純明快ではなかった。	occasion|きっかけ|noun|a particular time or event	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely	plain|単純明快|adjective|easy to understand	distinct|単純明快|adjective|not the same as something else	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	direct|導く|verb|control the operations of	establishment|建設|noun|the action of establishing something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy

All the different states of ancient Greece possessed, each of them, but a very small territory;	古代ギリシャのさまざまな国家は、どれも非常に小さな領土しか持っていなかった。	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to one; own	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
and when the people in anyone of them multiplied beyond what that territory could easily maintain, a part of them were sent in quest of a new habitation, in some remote and distant part of the world;	そして、そのうちのどれかの国で、その領土が容易に維持できる範囲を超えて人口が増加すると、その一部が世界の遠く離れた場所に新しい住居を求めて送り出された。	multiply|増加する|verb|increase in number	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	send|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	quest|探求|noun|a search or pursuit made in order to find or obtain something	habitation|住居|noun|a place where someone lives	remote|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
the warlike neighbours who surrounded them on all sides, rendering it difficult for any of them to enlarge very much its territory at home.	四方を好戦的な隣国に囲まれているため、どの国も自国の領土を大きく拡大することが困難だった。	surround|囲む|verb|be around something on all sides	warlike|好戦的な|adjective|fond of or ready for war	neighbour|隣国|noun|a country next to another	enlarge|拡大する|verb|make or become bigger or greater	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
The colonies of the Dorians resorted chiefly to Italy and Sicily, which, in the times preceding the foundation of Rome, were inhabited by barbarous and uncivilized nations;	ドーリア人の植民地は主にイタリアとシチリアに集中したが、ローマ建国前には野蛮で未開の民族が住んでいた。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	resort|集中する|verb|turn to for help or as a source of supply	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	Sicily|シチリア|noun|the largest island in the Mediterranean	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	precede|先立つ|verb|come before in time	foundation|建国|noun|the act of starting or establishing something	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	uncivilized|未開の|adjective|not civilized; lacking the cultural and social developments of a more advanced society
those of the Ionians and Aeolians, the two other great tribes of the Greeks, to Asia Minor and the islands of the Aegean sea, of which the inhabitants sewn at that time to have been pretty much in the same state as those of Sicily and Italy.	ギリシャ人の他の二大部族であるイオニア人とアイオリス人の植民地は、小アジアとエーゲ海の島々に集中したが、当時の住民はシチリアやイタリアの住民とほぼ同じ状態だったようである。	Ionians|イオニア人|noun|a member of one of the four main divisions of the ancient Greeks	Aeolians|アイオリス人|noun|a member of one of the four main divisions of the ancient Greeks	Greeks|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Asia Minor|小アジア|noun|the westernmost peninsula of Asia	Aegean sea|エーゲ海|noun|an arm of the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Turkey	Sicily|シチリア|noun|the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe
The mother city, though she considered the colony as a child, at all times entitled to great favour and assistance, and owing in return much gratitude and respect, yet considered it as an emancipated child, over whom she pretended to claim no direct authority or jurisdiction.	母都市は、植民地を子供と見なし、常に大きな恩恵と援助を受ける権利があり、その見返りとして多くの感謝と尊敬を払っていたが、それでも植民地を解放された子供と見なし、直接的な権限や管轄権を主張するふりをしなかった。	mother city|母都市|noun|a city from which a colony was founded	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	at all times|常に|adverb|on all occasions; always	favour|恩恵|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work, providing money, or giving advice	owing|払う|verb|have to pay or repay	gratitude|感謝|noun|the quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness	respect|敬意|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	emancipated|解放された|adjective|freed from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberated	direct|直接的な|adjective|extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments
The colony settled its own form of government, enacted its own laws, elected its own magistrates, and made peace or war with its neighbours, as an independent state, which had no occasion to wait for the approbation or consent of the mother city.	植民地は、母都市の承認や同意を待つ必要のない独立国家として、独自の統治形態を定め、独自の法律を制定し、独自の行政官を選出し、隣国と和平や戦争を行った。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	settle|定める|verb|decide or agree on	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	elect|選出する|verb|choose (someone) to hold public office or some other position by voting	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	peace|和平|noun|a state or period of mutual concord between governments and peoples, especially in a time of war	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	independent|独立した|adjective|free from outside control; not depending on another's authority	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	approbation|承認|noun|an expression of approval or praise	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something
Nothing can be more plain and distinct than the interest which directed every such establishment.	そのようなすべての施設を運営する利害関係ほど明確で明白なものはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	can be|あり得ない|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	plain|明確|adjective|clear and simple	distinct|明白|adjective|able to be perceived as different or separate	interest|利害関係|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	direct|運営する|verb|control the operations of	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or place of work

Rome, like most of the other ancient republics, was originally founded upon an agrarian law, which divided the public territory, in a certain proportion, among the different citizens who composed the state.	ローマは、他のほとんどの古代共和国と同様に、もともと農地法に基づいて設立され、国を構成するさまざまな市民の間で、一定の割合で公有地を分割していた。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	other|他の|determiner|not the same	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning	found|設立する|verb|establish or originate	agrarian|農地|adjective|relating to cultivated land	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	divide|分割する|verb|separate into parts	public|公有|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	territory|領域|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	certain|一定|adjective|having no doubt about something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a particular town or city	compose|構成する|verb|make up	state|国|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government
The course of human affairs, by marriage, by succession, and by alienation, necessarily deranged this original division, and frequently threw the lands which had been allotted for the maintenance of many different families, into the possession of a single person.	結婚、相続、疎外による人間関係の流れは、必然的にこの最初の分割を狂わせ、多くの異なる家族を維持するために割り当てられた土地を、しばしば一人の所有に投げ込んだ。	course|流れ|noun|the general direction in which something progresses	marriage|結婚|noun|the legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	alienation|疎外|noun|the state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	derange|狂わせる|verb|make insane	original|最初の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	throw|投げ込む|verb|move or cause to move quickly and suddenly or with force	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	allot|割り当てる|verb|give or apportion (something) to someone as a share or task	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something
To remedy this disorder, for such it was supposed to be, a law was made, restricting the quantity of land which any citizen could possess to five hundred jugera;	この混乱を是正するために、市民が所有できる土地の量を500ユゲラに制限する法律が制定された。	remedy|是正する|verb|to make something better or correct a fault or mistake	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	possess|所有する|verb|to have or own something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	make|制定する|verb|to create or produce something
about 350 English acres.	約350エーカーである。	about|約|adverb|approximately	350|350|numeral|three hundred fifty	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet
This law, however, though we read of its having been executed upon one or two occasions, was either neglected or evaded, and the inequality of fortunes went on continually increasing.	しかし、この法律は、一、二回執行されたと読んだが、無視されたり、回避されたりして、富の不平等はますます拡大していった。	this law|この法律|noun|the law being discussed	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	one or two|一、二回|noun|a small number	occasion|回|noun|a particular time or instance	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets
The greater part of the citizens had no land;	市民の大部分は土地を所有していなかった。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth
and without it the manners and customs of those times rendered it difficult for a freeman to maintain his independency.	そして、土地がなければ、当時の風習や習慣では、自由民が独立を維持することは困難だった。	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	manner|風習|noun|a way of behaving	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving that is usual and traditional among the people in a particular group or place	render|困難にする|verb|cause to be or become	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	independency|独立|noun|the state of being independent
In the present times, though a poor man has no land of his own, if he has a little stock, he may either farm the lands of another, or he may carry on some little retail trade;	現代では、貧しい人が自分の土地を持っていなくても、少しの資金があれば、他人の土地を耕作したり、小売業を行ったりすることができる。	present time|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	have no|持っていない|verb|not have	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	of his own|自分の|adjective|belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	have a little|少し持っている|verb|have in one's possession	stock|資金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	farm|耕作する|verb|cultivate (land)	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	of another|他人の|adjective|belonging to or connected with another person	or|または|conjunction|used to link alternatives	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	some little|小規模な|adjective|small in size or amount	retail trade|小売業|noun|the sale of goods to the general public for use or consumption rather than for resale
and if he has no stock, he may find employment either as a country labourer, or as an artificer.	そして、資金がなければ、農業労働者や職人として職を見つけることができる。	stock|資金|noun|the capital of a business	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	employment|職|noun|the state of being employed	country|農業|noun|the land of a nation	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
But among the ancient Romans, the lands of the rich were all cultivated by slaves, who wrought under an overseer, who was likewise a slave;	しかし、古代ローマでは、富裕層の土地はすべて奴隷によって耕作され、奴隷もまた監督の下で働いていた。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Romans|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman republic or empire	rich|富裕層|noun|a person with a great deal of money or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	overseer|監督|noun|a person who supervises others, especially workers	wrought|働く|verb|past tense and past participle of work
so that a poor freeman had little chance of being employed either as a farmer or as a labourer.	そのため、貧しい自由民は農民としても労働者としても雇われる機会がほとんどなかった。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	chance|機会|noun|a possibility of something happening	employed|雇われる|verb|have a paid job	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work
All trades and manufactures, too, even the retail trade, were carried on by the slaves of the rich for the benefit of their masters, whose wealth, authority, and protection, made it difficult for a poor freeman to maintain the competition against them.	すべての貿易や製造業、さらには小売業でさえ、富裕層の奴隷が主人のために行っており、その富、権威、保護によって、貧しい自由民が彼らとの競争を維持することが困難になっていた。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
The citizens, therefore, who had no land, had scarce any other means of subsistence but the bounties of the candidates at the annual elections.	そのため、土地を持たない市民は、年次選挙の候補者の報奨金以外に生計を立てる手段がほとんどなかった。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	annual|年次|adjective|occurring or payable every year	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person for public office by voting	candidate|候補者|noun|a person who is running for office	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal
The tribunes, when they had a mind to animate the people against the rich and the great, put them in mind of the ancient divisions of lands, and represented that law which restricted this sort of private property as the fundamental law of the republic.	護民官は、富裕層や偉い人々に対して人々を活気づかせようと考えたとき、彼らに古代の土地の分割を思い出させ、この種の私有財産を制限する法律を共和国の基本法として提示した。	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians	animate|活気づかせる|verb|make lively or more interesting	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	great|偉い人|adjective|of major significance or importance	put in mind|思い出させる|verb|cause to remember	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	represent|提示する|verb|be a symbol or expression of	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	fundamental|基本|adjective|forming a necessary base or core; of central importance	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
The people became clamorous to get land, and the rich and the great, we may believe, were perfectly determined not to give them any part of theirs.	人々は土地を得るために騒ぎ立てるようになり、富裕層や偉い人々は、彼らに自分の土地の一部を与えまいと完全に決意していたと信じてよい。	become|なる|verb|come to be	clamorous|騒ぎ立てる|adjective|making a loud and confused noise	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	great|偉い人|noun|a person who has achieved importance or distinction	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is complete	determine|決意する|verb|cause (something) to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in
To satisfy them in some measure, therefore, they frequently proposed to send out a new colony.	そのため、彼らをある程度満足させるために、彼らはしばしば新しい植民地を送り出すことを申し出た。	satisfy|満足させる|verb|meet the expectations, needs, or desires of	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	propose|申し出る|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; dispatch
But conquering Rome was, even upon such occasions, under no necessity of turning out her citizens to seek their fortune, if one may so, through the wide world, without knowing where they were to settle.	しかし、征服者ローマは、そのような場合でさえ、市民がどこに定住するのかわからないまま、広い世界で運命を探すために市民を放り出す必要はなかった。	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	under no necessity|必要がない|noun|not required or compulsory	turn out|放り出す|verb|produce or make	seek|探す|verb|try to find	fortune|運命|noun|the good or bad luck that someone or something experiences	wide world|広い世界|noun|the world outside one's own experience	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a place
She assigned them lands generally in the conquered provinces of Italy, where, being within the dominions of the republic, they could never form any independent state, but were at best but a sort of corporation, which, though it had the power of enacting bye-laws for its own government, was at all times subject to the correction, jurisdiction, and legislative authority of the mother city.	ローマは彼らに、一般的にイタリアの征服された地方の土地を与えたが、そこでは共和国の支配下にあるため、彼らは独立国家を形成することはできず、せいぜい一種の法人にすぎず、独自の政府のために条例を制定する権限はあったものの、常に母都市の訂正、管轄、立法権に従属していた。	assign|与える|verb|give something to someone as a task or responsibility	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	conquer|征服する|verb|take complete control by military force	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	dominion|支配|noun|supreme authority	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	at best|せいぜい|adverb|under the best of circumstances	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	bye-law|条例|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	subject to|従属する|adjective|liable or exposed to	correction|訂正|noun|the action of making something right	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	legislative|立法の|adjective|having the power to make laws	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
The sending out a colony of this kind not only gave some satisfaction to the people, but often established a sort of garrison, too, in a newly conquered province, of which the obedience might otherwise have been doubtful.	この種の植民地を送り出すことは、人々にいくらかの満足感を与えただけでなく、新しく征服された地方に一種の駐屯地を設置することも多く、そうでなければ服従が疑わしかったかもしれない。	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	give satisfaction|満足感を与える|verb|make someone feel happy or pleased	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	establish|設置する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	newly|新しく|adverb|recently; lately	conquered|征服された|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by military force	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable; uncertain
A Roman colony, therefore, whether we consider the nature of the establishment itself, or the motives for making it, was altogether different from a Greek one.	したがって、ローマの植民地は、その設立自体の性質を考えようと、その動機を考えようと、ギリシャの植民地とはまったく異なっていた。	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture
The words, accordingly, which in the original languages denote those different establishments, have very different meanings.	したがって、原語でこれらの異なる施設を示す言葉は、非常に異なる意味を持つ。	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	original language|原語|noun|the language in which a text was originally written	denote|示す|verb|be a sign of; indicate	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or place of work	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely
The Latin word (colonia) signifies simply a plantation.	ラテン語のコロニアは、単に農園を意味する。	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	signify|意味する|verb|be a sign of; be an indication of	simply|単に|adverb|in a simple manner	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, or sugar are grown
The Greek word (apoixia), on the contrary, signifies a separation of dwelling, a departure from home, a going out of the house.	反対に、ギリシャ語のアポイキアは、住居の分離、家からの出発、家の外出を意味する。	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	signify|意味する|verb|be a sign of	separation|分離|noun|the action or state of moving or being moved apart	dwelling|住居|noun|a place where someone lives permanently, especially a house	departure|出発|noun|the action of leaving a place	home|家|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	going out|外出|noun|the action of leaving a place
But though the Roman colonies were, in many respects, different from the Greek ones, the interest which prompted to establish them was equally plain and distinct.	しかし、ローマの植民地は多くの点でギリシャの植民地とは異なっていたが、それらを設立しようとした利害は同様に明白で明確だった。	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or culture	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	prompt|促す|verb|cause or encourage to happen	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	plain|明白|adjective|easy to understand; clear	distinct|明確|adjective|able to be perceived easily as being different
Both institutions derived their origin, either from irresistible necessity, or from clear and evident utility.	どちらの制度も、抵抗できない必要性から、あるいは明確で明白な有用性から、その起源を導き出した。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	derive|導き出す|verb|obtain something from a specified source	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	irresistible|抵抗できない|adjective|too strong or pleasing to be resisted	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	clear|明確な|adjective|easy to understand; intelligible	evident|明白な|adjective|obvious or easily perceived or understood	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial

The establishment of the European colonies in America and the West Indies arose from no necessity;	アメリカと西インド諸島におけるヨーロッパの植民地の設立は、必要性から生じたものではない。	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary
and though the utility which has resulted from them has been very great, it is not altogether so clear and evident.	そして、それらから生じた有用性は非常に大きいが、それは全体としてそれほど明確で明白ではない。	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	result|生じる|verb|be produced or caused by	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	clear|明確|adjective|easy to understand	evident|明白|adjective|obvious or easily seen or understood
It was not understood at their first establishment, and was not the motive, either of that establishment, or of the discoveries which gave occasion to it;	それは、最初の設立時には理解されておらず、その設立の動機でも、それを生み出した発見の動機でもなかった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
and the nature, extent, and limits of that utility, are not, perhaps, well understood at this day.	そして、その有用性の性質、範囲、限界は、おそらく今日でもよく理解されていない。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	limit|限界|noun|the greatest amount, extent, or degree of something	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	this day|今日|noun|the present time

The Venetians, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, carried on a very advantageous commerce in spiceries and other East India goods, which they distributed among the other nations of Europe.	ヴェネツィア人は、14世紀と15世紀に、香辛料やその他の東インドの品物で非常に有利な商売を行い、ヨーロッパの他の国々に流通させた。	Venetian|ヴェネツィア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Venice	fourteenth|14世紀|noun|the number 14	fifteenth|15世紀|noun|the number 15	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	commerce|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling	spicery|香辛料|noun|a place where spices are stored	East India|東インド|noun|the eastern part of India	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	distribute|流通させる|verb|to give out or deliver	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
They purchased them chiefly in Egypt, at that time under the dominion of the Mamelukes, the enemies of the Turks, of whom the Venetians were the enemies;	彼らは主にエジプトでそれらを購入し、当時はマムルーク朝の支配下にあり、トルコ人の敵であり、ヴェネツィア人は敵だった。	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	under the dominion of|支配下にある|preposition|under the control of	Mamelukes|マムルーク朝|noun|a military caste that ruled Egypt and Syria from the 13th to the 19th centuries	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	Turks|トルコ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Turkey	Venetians|ヴェネツィア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Venice
and this union of interest, assisted by the money of Venice, formed such a connexion as gave the Venetians almost a monopoly of the trade.	そして、ヴェネツィアの資金に支えられたこの利害の一致は、ヴェネツィア人に貿易の独占権を与えるような関係を形成した。	union|一致|noun|the state of being joined or connected	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	form|形成する|verb|to make or produce	connexion|関係|noun|a relationship or association between two or more things	Venetian|ヴェネツィア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Venice	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

The great profits of the Venetians tempted the avidity of the Portuguese.	ヴェネツィア人の大きな利益は、ポルトガル人の貪欲さをそそった。	Venetian|ヴェネツィア人|noun|a person from Venice	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	tempt|そそる|verb|attract or allure	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire for something
They had been endeavouring, during the course of the fifteenth century, to find out by sea a way to the countries from which the Moors brought them ivory and gold dust across the desert.	彼らは15世紀の間に、ムーア人が砂漠を越えて象牙と金粉を運んできた国々への道を海で見つけようと努力していた。	during the course of|の間に|preposition|in or throughout the duration of	the fifteenth century|15世紀|noun|the period from 1401 to 1500	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	by sea|海で|adverb|by means of a ship or boat	way|道|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Moor|ムーア人|noun|a member of a Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent, inhabiting northwest Africa	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a destination	ivory|象牙|noun|the hard, white substance of which the main part of the tusks of elephants and certain other animals consists	gold dust|金粉|noun|gold in the form of a fine powder
They discovered the Madeiras, the Canaries, the Azores, the Cape de Verd islands, the coast of Guinea, that of Loango, Congo, Angola, and Benguela, and, finally, the Cape of Good Hope.	彼らはマデイラ諸島、カナリア諸島、アゾレス諸島、カーボベルデ諸島、ギニア海岸、ロアンゴ、コンゴ、アンゴラ、ベンゲラ、そしてついに喜望峰を発見した。	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	Madeiras|マデイラ諸島|noun|an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa	Canaries|カナリア諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa	Azores|アゾレス諸島|noun|an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Portugal	Cape de Verd islands|カーボベルデ諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa	Guinea|ギニア|noun|a country in West Africa	Loango|ロアンゴ|noun|a town in the Republic of the Congo	Congo|コンゴ|noun|a country in Central Africa	Angola|アンゴラ|noun|a country in Southwest Africa	Benguela|ベンゲラ|noun|a city in Angola	Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa
They had long wished to share in the profitable traffic of the Venetians, and this last discovery opened to them a probable prospect of doing so.	彼らは長い間、ヴェネツィア人の収益性の高い貿易に参加したいと思っていたが、この最後の発見は彼らにそうする可能性のある見通しを開いた。	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	wish|望む|verb|want something to happen or be the case	share|参加する|verb|have a part in something	profitable|収益性の高い|adjective|yielding a financial gain	traffic|貿易|noun|the commercial exchange of goods and services	Venetians|ヴェネツィア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Venice	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	prospect|見通し|noun|the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring
In 1497, Vasco de Gamo sailed from the port of Lisbon with a fleet of four ships, and, after a navigation of eleven months, arrived upon the coast of Indostan; and thus completed a course of discoveries which had been pursued with great steadiness, and with very little interruption, for near a century together.	1497年、ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマは4隻の船団でリスボン港を出港し、11ヶ月の航海を経てインドスタン海岸に到着した。こうして、ほぼ1世紀にわたって、ほとんど中断されることなく、非常に着実に追求されてきた発見の道のりが完成したのである。	1497|1497年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Vasco de Gamo|ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマ|noun|a Portuguese explorer	sail|出港する|verb|travel by water	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	fleet|船団|noun|a group of ships traveling together	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	eleven months|11ヶ月|noun|a period of time	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship	arrive|到着する|verb|reach a destination	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	complete|完成する|verb|finish making or doing	course|道のり|noun|a series of events	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase	steadiness|着実さ|noun|the quality of being steady	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years

Some years before this, while the expectations of Europe were in suspense about the projects of the Portuguese, of which the success appeared yet to be doubtful, a Genoese pilot formed the yet more daring project of sailing to the East Indies by the west.	その数年前、ヨーロッパの期待がポルトガル人の計画にかかっていたが、その成功はまだ疑わしいと思われていたが、ジェノヴァの水先案内人は西から東インド諸島へ向かうという、さらに大胆な計画を立てた。	some years before|数年前|noun|a period of time in the past	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case	suspense|不安|noun|a state or feeling of excited or anxious uncertainty about what may happen	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable as to truth or quality	Genoese|ジェノヴァの|adjective|of or relating to Genoa or its inhabitants	pilot|水先案内人|noun|a person who flies an aircraft	form|立てる|verb|make or produce	daring|大胆な|adjective|adventurous or bold	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	sail|向かう|verb|travel by water	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	west|西|noun|the direction towards the setting sun
The situation of those countries was at that time very imperfectly known in Europe.	当時、これらの国の状況はヨーロッパでは非常に不完全な情報しか知られていなかった。	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	imperfectly|不完全に|adverb|in a way that is not perfect	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
The few European travellers who had been there, had magnified the distance, perhaps through simplicity and ignorance;	そこを訪れた数少ないヨーロッパの旅行者は、おそらく単純さと無知から、距離を誇張していた。	few|数少ない|adjective|a small number of	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	traveller|旅行者|noun|a person who travels	there|そこ|adverb|in or to that place	magnify|誇張する|verb|make (something) appear bigger than it really is	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	simplicity|単純さ|noun|the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information
what was really very great, appearing almost infinite to those who could not measure it;	実際には非常に大きな距離が、それを測ることができない人にはほとんど無限に見えるのである。	what|距離|noun|the distance	really|実際には|adverb|in reality; in fact	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	appear|見える|verb|be or seem to be	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	infinite|無限|adjective|immeasurably great	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of
or, perhaps, in order to increase somewhat more the marvellous of their own adventures in visiting regions so immensely remote from Europe.	あるいは、おそらく、ヨーロッパから非常に遠く離れた地域を訪れた自分たちの冒険の素晴らしさを、もう少し増すためにそうしたのかもしれない。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	increase|増す|verb|become or make greater or more numerous	somewhat|もう少し|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	marvellous|素晴らしい|adjective|causing great wonder	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting, typically hazardous, experience or activity	visit|訪れる|verb|go to see a person or place socially, as a tourist, or on business	region|地域|noun|an area of land having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries	so|非常に|adverb|to a great extent	immensely|とても|adverb|to a great extent	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The longer the way was by the east, Columbus very justly concluded, the shorter it would be by the west.	コロンブスは、東回りの方が長い道のりであればあるほど、西回りの方が短い道のりになるだろうと、非常に正しく結論づけた。	the longer|長いほど|adjective|having a great or greater length	the way|道のり|noun|the distance to be traveled	by the east|東回り|noun|the direction toward the point on the horizon where the sun rises at the equinoxes	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	very justly|非常に正しく|adverb|in a just manner	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something
He proposed, therefore, to take that way, as both the shortest and the surest, and he had the good fortune to convince Isabella of Castile of the probability of his project.	そのため、彼は最短かつ最も確実な道として、その道をとることを提案し、幸運にもカスティーリャのイザベラに自分の計画の可能性を納得させることができた。	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	take|とる|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	shortest|最短の|adjective|having the least length	surest|最も確実な|adjective|most certain	Isabella of Castile|カスティーリャのイザベラ|noun|queen of Castile and León	convince|納得させる|verb|cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to be carried out
He sailed from the port of Palos in August 1492, near five years before the expedition of Vasco de Gamo set out from Portugal;	彼は、ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマの遠征隊がポルトガルから出発する5年近く前の1492年8月にパロス港から出航した。	sail|出航する|verb|travel by water	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	Palos|パロス|noun|a town in southwestern Spain	August 1492|1492年8月|noun|the eighth month of the year 1492	near five years|5年近く|noun|almost five years	expedition|遠征隊|noun|a journey of exploration	Vasco de Gamo|ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマ|noun|a Portuguese explorer	set out|出発する|verb|start a journey	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe
and, after a voyage of between two and three months, discovered first some of the small Bahama or Lucyan islands, and afterwards the great island of St. Domingo.	そして、2、3ヶ月の航海の後、最初にバハマ諸島やルシア諸島の小さな島々を発見し、その後、サントドミンゴ島を発見した。	between two and three months|2、3ヶ月|noun phrase|a period of time	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	first|最初に|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	some of|いくつかの|noun phrase|a portion of	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	Bahama|バハマ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean	Lucyan|ルシア|noun|an island country in the Caribbean	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	great|大きな|adjective|of a size that is greater than average	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	St. Domingo|サントドミンゴ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean

But the countries which Columbus discovered, either in this or in any of his subsequent voyages, had no resemblance to those which he had gone in quest of.	しかし、コロンブスがこの航海やその後の航海で発見した国々は、彼が探し求めていた国々とは似ても似つかないものだった。	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two things	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	resemblance|似ている|noun|the state of being alike or similar	go in quest of|探し求める|verb|to search for something
Instead of the wealth, cultivation, and populousness of China and Indostan, he found, in St. Domingo, and in all the other parts of the new world which he ever visited, nothing but a country quite covered with wood, uncultivated, and inhabited only by some tribes of naked and miserable savages.	中国やインドの富、開拓、人口過密の代わりに、彼はサントドミンゴや彼が訪れた新世界の他のすべての地域で、木々で覆われ、未開拓で、裸で惨めな野蛮人の部族だけが住んでいる国しか見つけられなかった。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	cultivation|開拓|noun|the action of cultivating land	populousness|人口過密|noun|the state of having a large population	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	St. Domingo|サントドミンゴ|noun|the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic	new world|新世界|noun|the western hemisphere	visit|訪れる|verb|go to a place	nothing but|しか〜ない|adverb|only	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	quite|すっかり|adverb|completely	cover|覆う|verb|be or spread over the surface of	wood|木|noun|the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of a tree	uncultivated|未開拓|adjective|not used for growing crops	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, especially a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	naked|裸|adjective|without clothes	miserable|惨め|adjective|very unhappy or uncomfortable	savage|野蛮人|noun|a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized
He was not very willing, however, to believe that they were not the same with some of the countries described by Marco Polo, the first European who had visited, or at least had left behind him any description of China or the East Indies;	しかし、彼は、それらの国々が、中国や東インド諸島を訪れた、あるいは少なくともその記録を残した最初のヨーロッパ人であるマルコ・ポーロが記述した国々の一部とは異なるとは信じようとしなかった。	Marco Polo|マルコ・ポーロ|noun|a Venetian merchant traveler who wrote about his travels in Asia	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia
and a very slight resemblance, such as that which he found between the name of Cibao, a mountain in St. Domingo, and that of Cipange, mentioned by Marco Polo, was frequently sufficient to make him return to this favourite prepossession, though contrary to the clearest evidence.	そして、サントドミンゴの山であるシバオの名前とマルコ・ポーロが言及したシパンゲの名前の間に見られるごくわずかな類似点は、最も明確な証拠に反しているにもかかわらず、彼がこの好ましい先入観に戻るのに十分なことが多かった。	Cibao|シバオ|noun|a mountain in the Dominican Republic	St. Domingo|サントドミンゴ|noun|the capital of the Dominican Republic	Cipange|シパンゲ|noun|a mountain in China	Marco Polo|マルコ・ポーロ|noun|an Italian merchant traveler	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	favourite|好ましい|adjective|preferred before all others	prepossession|先入観|noun|a preconceived opinion or feeling
In his letters to Ferdinand and Isabella, he called the countries which he had discovered the Indies.	彼はフェルディナンドとイザベラへの手紙の中で、自分が発見した国々をインディアスと呼んだ。	Ferdinand|フェルディナンド|noun|a male given name	Isabella|イザベラ|noun|a female given name	letter|手紙|noun|a written message addressed to a person or organization and delivered by mail	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	Indies|インディアス|noun|the lands of the New World
He entertained no doubt but that they were the extremity of those which had been described by Marco Polo, and that they were not very distant from the Ganges, or from the countries which had been conquered by Alexander.	彼は、それらがマルコ・ポーロによって記述されたものの端であり、ガンジス川やアレキサンダー大王に征服された国々からそれほど遠くないことを疑わなかった。	entertain|疑わない|verb|consider or have in mind as a possibility	extremity|端|noun|the furthest point or limit of something	Marco Polo|マルコ・ポーロ|noun|a Venetian merchant traveler who wrote about his travels in Asia	Ganges|ガンジス川|noun|a river in northern India	Alexander|アレキサンダー大王|noun|a king of Macedon who conquered the Persian Empire and established a vast empire
Even when at last convinced that they were different, he still flattered himself that those rich countries were at no great distance;	ついにそれらが異なると確信したときでも、彼は依然としてそれらの豊かな国々がそれほど遠くないと自負していた。	even when|ついに|adverb|at the time that; on the occasion that	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	convince|確信する|verb|cause to believe or feel sure	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time	flatter oneself|自負する|verb|have an unduly high opinion of oneself	those|それらの|determiner|the	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	no great distance|それほど遠くない|noun|not a large distance
and in a subsequent voyage, accordingly, went in quest of them along the coast of Terra Firma, and towards the Isthmus of Darien.	そして、その後の航海で、それに応じて、テラ・ファーマの海岸沿いに、そしてダリエン地峡に向かってそれらを探しに行った。	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	go in quest of|探しに行く|verb|to go in search of	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	Terra Firma|テラ・ファーマ|noun|the mainland of South America	towards|に向かって|preposition|in the direction of	Isthmus of Darien|ダリエン地峡|noun|a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas

In consequence of this mistake of Columbus, the name of the Indies has stuck to those unfortunate countries ever since;	コロンブスのこの間違いの結果、インディアスの名前はそれ以来ずっとこれらの不幸な国々にくっついている。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	mistake|間違い|noun|an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgment caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	stick|くっつく|verb|be or become attached or joined	ever since|それ以来ずっと|adverb|continuously or repeatedly from a particular past time or event until the present
and when it was at last clearly discovered that the new were altogether different from the old Indies, the former were called the West, in contradistinction to the latter, which were called the East Indies.	そして、ついに新しいインディアスが古いインディアスと全く異なることが明らかになったとき、前者は西インド諸島と呼ばれ、後者は東インド諸島と呼ばれた。	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	clearly|明らかに|adverb|in a clear manner	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia

It was of importance to Columbus, however, that the countries which he had discovered, whatever they were, should be represented to the court of Spain as of very great consequence;	しかし、コロンブスにとって重要なのは、彼が発見した国々が何であれ、スペインの宮廷に非常に重要な結果として提示されることだった。	be of importance|重要である|verb|be important	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	be represented|提示される|verb|be presented	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something
and, in what constitutes the real riches of every country, the animal and vegetable productions of the soil, there was at that time nothing which could well justify such a representation of them.	そして、あらゆる国の真の富を構成するもの、土壌の動植物の生産物において、当時、それらのそのような表現を正当化できるものは何もなかった。	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	real|真の|adjective|not fake or false	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	vegetable|植物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Plantae	production|生産物|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	well|十分に|adverb|to a high standard; very well	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	representation|表現|noun|the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way

The cori, something between a rat and a rabbit, and supposed by Mr Buffon to be the same with the aperea of Brazil, was the largest viviparous quadruped in St. Domingo.	コリは、ネズミとウサギの中間のもので、ビュフォン氏がブラジルのアペレアと同じであると想定しているもので、サントドミンゴで最大の胎生四足動物だった。	cori|コリ|noun|a rodent native to the Caribbean	between|中間の|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	rat|ネズミ|noun|a small rodent that typically has a pointed snout, a long sparsely haired tail, and a high breeding rate	rabbit|ウサギ|noun|a burrowing, gregarious, plant-eating mammal with long ears, long hind legs, and a short tail	Mr Buffon|ビュフォン氏|noun|a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopedic author	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|the largest country in both South America and Latin America	aperea|アペレア|noun|a species of rodent in the family Caviidae	St. Domingo|サントドミンゴ|noun|the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic
This species seems never to have been very numerous;	この種は決してあまり多くなかったようである。	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
and the dogs and cats of the Spaniards are said to have long ago almost entirely extirpated it, as well as some other tribes of a still smaller size.	そして、スペイン人の犬や猫は、ずっと前に、さらに小さいサイズの他の部族と同様に、それをほぼ完全に根絶させたと言われている。	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice	cat|猫|noun|a small domesticated carnivorous mammal with soft fur, a short snout, and retractile claws	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	long ago|ずっと前に|adverb|in the distant past	almost entirely|ほぼ完全に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	extirpate|根絶する|verb|to destroy or remove completely	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, especially a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area
These, however, together with a pretty large lizard, called the ivana or iguana, constituted the principal part of the animal food which the land afforded.	しかし、これらは、イヴァナまたはイグアナと呼ばれるかなり大きなトカゲと一緒に、その土地が提供する動物性食品の主要部分を構成していた。	together with|と一緒に|adverb|in addition to	pretty|かなり|adverb|very or extremely	large|大きい|adjective|of great size or extent	lizard|トカゲ|noun|a reptile with a long body and tail	called|と呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	iguana|イグアナ|noun|a large lizard	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	food|食品|noun|any substance that can be eaten	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or have something

The vegetable food of the inhabitants, though, from their want of industry, not very abundant, was not altogether so scanty.	住民の野菜食は、彼らの産業の欠如から、あまり豊富ではないが、それほど乏しくはなかった。	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	food|食|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	altogether|それほど|adverb|completely; totally	scanty|乏しい|adjective|small in amount or quantity
It consisted in Indian corn, yams, potatoes, bananas, etc., plants which were then altogether unknown in Europe, and which have never since been very much esteemed in it, or supposed to yield a sustenance equal to what is drawn from the common sorts of grain and pulse, which have been cultivated in this part of the world time out of mind.	それは、当時ヨーロッパではまったく知られていなかったトウモロコシ、ヤムイモ、ジャガイモ、バナナなどの植物で構成されており、それ以来ヨーロッパであまり評価されたり、この地域で栽培されてきた一般的な穀物や豆類から得られる栄養と同等の栄養を与えるとは考えられていない。	Indian corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its large yellow seeds	yam|ヤムイモ|noun|a starchy tuberous root of a tropical climbing plant	potato|ジャガイモ|noun|a starchy tuberous plant	banana|バナナ|noun|a long curved fruit with a yellow skin	consist in|～で構成される|verb|be composed of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known	since|それ以来|adverb|from then until now	very much|とても|adverb|to a great extent	esteem|評価する|verb|regard with respect or admiration	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	yield|与える|verb|produce or provide	sustenance|栄養|noun|food and other things that are needed to live	draw|得る|verb|obtain or derive	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	pulse|豆類|noun|the edible seeds of various leguminous plants	cultivate|栽培する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	this part|この地域|noun|this area	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people and things on it	time out of mind|太古の昔|noun|a time in the past that is so long ago that no one can remember it

The cotton plant, indeed, afforded the material of a very important manufacture, and was at that time, to Europeans, undoubtedly the most valuable of all the vegetable productions of those islands.	実際、綿花は非常に重要な製造業の材料を提供し、当時のヨーロッパ人にとって、間違いなくこれらの島々のすべての植物生産物の中で最も価値のあるものだった。	cotton plant|綿花|noun|a plant that produces cotton	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	at that time|当時|noun|the time in the past when something happened	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Europe	undoubtedly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; certainly	valuable|価値のある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	vegetable|植物|noun|a plant cultivated for an edible part or parts	production|生産物|noun|something that is produced	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water
But though, in the end of the fifteenth century, the muslins and other cotton goods of the East Indies were much esteemed in every part of Europe, the cotton manufacture itself was not cultivated in any part of it.	しかし、15世紀の終わりには、東インドのモスリンやその他の綿製品はヨーロッパのあらゆる場所で高く評価されていたが、綿製品自体はヨーロッパのどこでも栽培されていなかった。	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	fifteenth century|15世紀|noun|the period from 1401 to 1500	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	cotton|綿|noun|a soft, white fibrous substance that surrounds the seeds of a tropical and subtropical plant and is used as textile fiber and thread for sewing	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	cultivate|栽培する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
Even this production, therefore, could not at that time appear in the eyes of Europeans to be of very great consequence.	したがって、この生産物でさえ、当時のヨーロッパ人の目には非常に重要な結果をもたらすようには見えなかった。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	production|生産物|noun|the process of making or creating something	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	at that time|当時|noun|the time in the past when something happened	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	in the eyes of|の目には|noun|in the opinion of	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a person from Europe	to be of|をもたらす|verb|to be the cause of	very great|非常に重要な|adjective|of great importance or significance	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something

Finding nothing, either in the animals or vegetables of the newly discovered countries which could justify a very advantageous representation of them, Columbus turned his view towards their minerals;	新しく発見された国々の動物や植物には、それらを非常に有利に表現することを正当化できるものが何も見つからなかったので、コロンブスは鉱物に目を向けた。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	animal|動物|noun|a living organism of the kingdom Animalia	vegetable|植物|noun|a plant or part of a plant used as food	newly|新しく|adverb|recently; lately	discovered|発見された|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	representation|表現|noun|the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way	turn|向ける|verb|change direction	view|見解|noun|an opinion or belief	mineral|鉱物|noun|a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence
and in the richness of their productions of this third kingdom, he flattered himself he had found a full compensation for the insignificancy of those of the other two.	そして、この第三の王国の産物の豊かさに、彼は他の二つの王国の産物の無意味さを十分に補うものを見つけたと自負した。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in the richness of|豊かさに|noun phrase|the state of being rich or wealthy	their|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	productions|産物|noun|something that is produced	of this third kingdom|この第三の王国の|noun phrase|the third kingdom	he flattered himself|彼は自負した|verb|to praise or compliment someone too much, especially in order to get something from them	he had found|彼は見つけた|verb|to discover or notice something	a full compensation|十分な補償|noun phrase|something that is given to someone in order to make up for something bad that has happened	for the insignificancy of|無意味さを|noun phrase|the state of being insignificant or unimportant	those of the other two|他の二つの|noun phrase|the other two
The little bits of gold with which the inhabitants ornamented their dress, and which, he was informed, they frequently found in the rivulets and torrents which fell from the mountains, were sufficient to satisfy him that those mountains abounded with the richest gold mines.	住民が衣服を飾る金の小片は、山から流れ落ちる小川や急流でよく見かけると聞かされ、それらの山々には豊かな金鉱が豊富にあることを確信させるのに十分だった。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	ornament|飾る|verb|decorate with something attractive	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	bit|小片|noun|a small piece	mountain|山|noun|a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level or a large steep hill	fall|流れ落ちる|verb|move downward, as through the air, under the force of gravity	rivulet|小川|noun|a small stream	torrent|急流|noun|a strong and fast-moving stream of water	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	find|見かける|verb|discover or notice	satisfy|確信させる|verb|cause to be happy or pleased	abound|豊富にある|verb|be plentiful or numerous
St. Domingo, therefore, was represented as a country abounding with gold, and upon that account (according to the prejudices not only of the present times, but of those times), an inexhaustible source of real wealth to the crown and kingdom of Spain.	したがって、サント・ドミンゴは金が豊富な国として表され、その点で(現代だけでなく当時の偏見によれば)、スペインの王冠と王国にとって無尽蔵の真の富の源泉だった。	St. Domingo|サント・ドミンゴ|noun|the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic	abound|豊富である|verb|be plentiful	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	upon that account|その点で|adverb|for that reason	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	present time|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now	those times|当時|noun|the period of time that was happening then	inexhaustible|無尽蔵の|adjective|that cannot be used up	real wealth|真の富|noun|wealth that is not imaginary	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament worn by a monarch	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
When Columbus, upon his return from his first voyage, was introduced with a sort of triumphal honours to the sovereigns of Castile and Arragon, the principal productions of the countries which he had discovered were carried in solemn procession before him.	コロンブスが最初の航海から帰国したとき、カスティーリャとアラゴンの君主に一種の勝利の栄誉をもって紹介されたとき、彼が発見した国の主要な産物は彼の前で厳粛な行列で運ばれた。	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	return|帰国|noun|the action of coming back to a place	Castile|カスティーリャ|noun|a historical region of Spain	Arragon|アラゴン|noun|a historical region of Spain	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	production|産物|noun|something that is produced	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	solemn|厳粛な|adjective|formal and dignified	procession|行列|noun|a number of people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly fashion, especially as part of a ceremony or festival
The only valuable part of them consisted in some little fillets, bracelets, and other ornaments of gold, and in some bales of cotton.	それらの唯一の価値ある部分は、いくつかの小さなフィレット、ブレスレット、その他の金の装飾品、およびいくつかの綿のベールにあった。	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	valuable|価値ある|adjective|having great value or worth	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	consist|ある|verb|be composed or made up of	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	fillet|フィレット|noun|a boneless piece of meat	bracelet|ブレスレット|noun|an ornament or band worn around the wrist	ornament|装飾品|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	bale|ベール|noun|a large quantity of something bound together with string or wire
The rest were mere objects of vulgar wonder and curiosity;	残りは単なる下品な驚きと好奇心の対象だった。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	mere|単なる|adjective|that is nothing more or better than what is specified	vulgar|下品な|adjective|lacking sophistication or good taste	wonder|驚き|noun|a feeling of surprise mingled with admiration, caused by something beautiful, unexpected, or unfamiliar	curiosity|好奇心|noun|a strong desire to know or learn something
some reeds of an extraordinary size, some birds of a very beautiful plumage, and some stuffed skins of the huge alligator and manati;	異常な大きさの葦、非常に美しい羽毛の鳥、巨大なワニやマナティの剥製などである。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	reed|葦|noun|a tall, slender-stalked plant that grows in marshes and wet places	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	size|大きさ|noun|the physical magnitude of something	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	bird|鳥|noun|a warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrate distinguished by having feathers and wings	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	beautiful|美しい|adjective|pleasing to the senses or the mind	plumage|羽毛|noun|a bird's feathers	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	huge|巨大な|adjective|extremely large	alligator|ワニ|noun|a large reptile with a long snout and powerful jaws that lives in and near rivers and swamps	manati|マナティ|noun|a large aquatic mammal with a broad flat tail and flippers
all of which were preceded by six or seven of the wretched natives, whose singular colour and appearance added greatly to the novelty of the show.	そのすべてに先立って、六、七人の惨めな原住民が先頭を歩き、その独特の色と外観がショーの目新しさを大いに増した。	all of which|そのすべて|pronoun|the whole of the amount or number of	be preceded by|先立って|verb|come before in time	six or seven|六、七人|noun|the number 6 or 7	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	singular|独特の|adjective|very good or great	colour|色|noun|the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light	appearance|外観|noun|the way that someone or something looks	add to|増す|verb|increase the amount or number of	novelty|目新しさ|noun|the quality of being new or original	show|ショー|noun|a theatrical performance

In consequence of the representations of Columbus, the council of Castile determined to take possession of the countries of which the inhabitants were plainly incapable of defending themselves.	コロンブスの陳述の結果、カスティーリャ評議会は、住民が明らかに自衛できない国々を占領することを決定した。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	representation|陳述|noun|a statement or account of something	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area	Castile|カスティーリャ|noun|a historical region of Spain	determine|決定する|verb|decide or settle in advance	take possession of|占領する|verb|to take control of something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	plainly|明らかに|adverb|in a clear and simple manner	defend|自衛する|verb|to protect oneself from attack
The pious purpose of converting them to Christianity sanctified the injustice of the project.	彼らをキリスト教に改宗させるという敬虔な目的が、この計画の不正を聖別した。	convert|改宗させる|verb|cause to change from one religion, belief, or opinion to another	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjustness	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something
But the hope of finding treasures of gold there was the sole motive which prompted to undertake it;	しかし、そこで黄金の宝物を見つけるという希望が、それを実行に移す唯一の動機だった。	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	gold|黄金|noun|a yellow precious metal	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	prompt|促す|verb|cause to happen	undertake|実行に移す|verb|take on a task or job
and to give this motive the greater weight, it was proposed by Columbus, that the half of all the gold and silver that should be found there, should belong to the crown.	そして、この動機にさらに重みを与えるために、コロンブスは、そこで発見される金銀の半分は王冠に属するべきだと提案した。	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	greater|さらに|adjective|more	weight|重み|noun|the amount that something weighs	propose|提案する|verb|put forward for consideration or discussion	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or part of	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament worn by a monarch
This proposal was approved of by the council.	この提案は評議会によって承認された。	approve|承認する|verb|officially agree to something	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make decisions or laws

As long as the whole, or the greater part of the gold which the first adventurers imported into Europe was got by so very easy a method as the plundering of the defenceless natives, it was not perhaps very difficult to pay even this heavy tax;	最初の冒険者たちがヨーロッパに輸入した金の全部、あるいは大部分が、無防備な原住民を略奪するという非常に簡単な方法で手に入れられたかぎり、この重税を支払うことさえ、おそらくそれほど難しくはなかった。	as long as|かぎり|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	whole|全部|noun|all of something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	get|手に入れられる|verb|come to have or hold	very easy|非常に簡単な|adjective|not difficult; requiring little effort	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	defenceless|無防備な|adjective|without protection or defence	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	plunder|略奪する|verb|steal goods from (a place or person), typically using force and in a time of war or civil disorder	heavy tax|重税|noun|a high tax
but when the natives were once fairly stript of all that they had, which, in St. Domingo, and in all the other countries discovered by Columbus, was done completely in six or eight years, and when, in order to find more, it had become necessary to dig for it in the mines, there was no longer any possibility of paying this tax.	しかし、原住民がいったん所有するすべてを奪われてしまうと、サント・ドミンゴやコロンブスによって発見された他のすべての国々では、六年から八年で完全に奪われてしまったが、もっと見つけるためには、鉱山で掘る必要が生じ、もはやこの税金を支払う可能性はなくなった。	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	once|いったん|adverb|one time in the past	fairly|かなり|adverb|to a moderately high degree	strip|奪う|verb|take away something from someone	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	St. Domingo|サント・ドミンゴ|noun|the capital of the Dominican Republic	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer	six or eight years|六年から八年|noun|a period of time	more|もっと|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The rigorous exaction of it, accordingly, first occasioned, it is said, the total abandoning of the mines of St. Domingo, which have never been wrought since.	それに応じて、厳しい徴収が最初に起こり、サント・ドミンゴの鉱山が完全に放棄され、それ以来、一度も採掘されたことがないといわれている。	rigorous|厳しい|adjective|extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate	exaction|徴収|noun|the act of demanding and obtaining something from someone, especially a payment	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result or consequence	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	occasion|起こる|verb|cause or produce	total|完全に|adjective|complete; entire	abandon|放棄する|verb|give up completely	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	since|以来|adverb|from a particular time in the past until now
It was soon reduced, therefore, to a third;	そのため、すぐに三分の一に減額された。	be reduced|減額される|verb|be made smaller or less	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; quickly	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts of something
then to a fifth; afterwards to a tenth; and at last to a twentieth part of the gross produce of the gold mines.	その後五分の一に、その後十分の一に、そしてついに金鉱の総生産量の二十分の一に減額された。	then|その後|adverb|at that time	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	twentieth|二十分の一|noun|one of twenty equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	gold mine|金鉱|noun|a mine where gold is extracted
The tax upon silver continued for a long time to be a fifth of the gross produce.	銀に対する税は、長い間、総生産量の五分の一であり続けた。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or in a certain state	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	gross produce|総生産量|noun|the total amount of something produced
It was reduced to a tenth only in the course of the present century.	それが十分の一に減額されたのは、今世紀になってからのことである。	reduce|減額される|verb|make or become smaller or less	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress
But the first adventurers do not appear to have been much interested about silver.	しかし、最初の冒険者たちは銀にはあまり関心がなかったようである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	appear|ようである|verb|seem to be; give the impression of being	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent or degree	interested|関心がある|adjective|having a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
Nothing less precious than gold seemed worthy of their attention.	彼らの注意に値するのは、金よりも貴重なものは何もなかったようである。	nothing less|それ以下のものはない|noun|not anything less	precious|貴重な|adjective|of high worth or value	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	worthy|値する|adjective|deserving of; meriting	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important

All the other enterprizes of the Spaniards in the New World, subsequent to those of Columbus, seem to have been prompted by the same motive.	コロンブスの後に続いた新世界におけるスペイン人の他のすべての事業も、同じ動機に促されたようである。	All the other|他のすべての|determiner|the remaining ones	enterprize|事業|noun|a business or company	Spaniards|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	New World|新世界|noun|the western hemisphere	subsequent|後に続いた|adjective|coming after something in time; following	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	prompt|促す|verb|cause to happen	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something
It was the sacred thirst of gold that carried Ovieda, Nicuessa, and Vasco Nugnes de Balboa, to the Isthmus of Darien; that carried Cortes to Mexico, Almagro and Pizarro to Chili and Peru.	オビエダ、ニクエサ、バスコ・ヌニェス・デ・バルボアをダリエン地峡に運び、コルテスをメキシコに、アルマグロとピサロをチリとペルーに運んだのは、黄金への神聖な渇望だった。	Ovieda|オビエダ|noun|a city in northern Spain	Nicuessa|ニクエサ|noun|a city in Costa Rica	Vasco Nugnes de Balboa|バスコ・ヌニェス・デ・バルボア|noun|a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador	Isthmus of Darien|ダリエン地峡|noun|a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas	Cortes|コルテス|noun|a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in the southern portion of North America	Almagro|アルマグロ|noun|a Spanish conquistador	Pizarro|ピサロ|noun|a Spanish conquistador	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	thirst|渇望|noun|a strong desire for something
When those adventurers arrived upon any unknown coast, their first inquiry was always if there was any gold to be found there;	これらの冒険者たちが未知の海岸に到着したとき、彼らの最初の質問は、そこに金があるかどうかだった。	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	arrive|到着する|verb|reach a destination	unknown|未知の|adjective|not known or familiar	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	inquiry|質問|noun|a request for information	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value
and according to the information which they received concerning this particular, they determined either to quit the country or to settle in it.	そして、この点に関して得た情報に従って、その国を去るか、そこに定住するかを決めた。	according to|従って|preposition|as stated or reported by	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	receive|得る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	determine|決める|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	quit|去る|verb|leave a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a permanent place of residence

Of all those expensive and uncertain projects, however, which bring bankruptcy upon the greater part of the people who engage in them, there is none, perhaps, more perfectly ruinous than the search after new silver and gold mines.	しかし、そうした高額で不確実な事業に従事する人々の大部分を破産に追い込む事業の中で、新しい銀鉱山や金鉱山の探索ほど完全に破滅的なものはないかもしれない。	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not certain; not definite	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
It is, perhaps, the most disadvantageous lottery in the world, or the one in which the gain of those who draw the prizes bears the least proportion to the loss of those who draw the blanks;	それはおそらく世界で最も不利な宝くじであり、あるいは賞金を得た人の利益が、空白を引いた人の損失に比べて最も小さい割合を占める宝くじである。	disadvantageous|不利な|adjective|causing disadvantage	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	draw|引く|verb|pull or move something toward oneself	blank|空白|noun|a space on a document or screen where nothing is written or displayed	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
for though the prizes are few, and the blanks many, the common price of a ticket is the whole fortune of a very rich man.	賞金は少なく、空白が多いにもかかわらず、一枚のチケットの通常価格は、非常に裕福な人の全財産に相当する。	for though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	prize|賞金|noun|a reward for winning or achieving something	few|少ない|adjective|a small number of	blank|空白|noun|a space on a document or screen where nothing is written or displayed	many|多い|adjective|a large number of	common|通常|adjective|happening or done often; usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	ticket|チケット|noun|a piece of paper or card that gives you the right to enter a place, travel on a vehicle, or see a show	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
Projects of mining, instead of replacing the capital employed in them, together with the ordinary profits of stock, commonly absorb both capital and profit.	鉱業事業は、それに投下された資本を通常の利潤とともに回収するどころか、通常は資本と利潤の両方を吸い上げてしまう。	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	mining|鉱業|noun|the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投下する|verb|use or engage	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	absorb|吸い上げる|verb|take in or soak up
They are the projects, therefore, to which, of all others, a prudent lawgiver, who desired to increase the capital of his nation, would least choose to give any extraordinary encouragement, or to turn towards them a greater share of that capital than what would go to them of its own accord.	したがって、それらは、他のすべての事業の中で、自国の資本を増やそうとする賢明な立法者が、特別な奨励を与えたり、自発的に流入する以上の資本を投入したりすることを最も避けたい事業である。	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	lawgiver|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	turn towards|投入する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	accord|自発的に|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute	flow in|流入する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction
Such, in reality, is the absurd confidence which almost all men have in their own good fortune, that wherever there is the least probability of success, too great a share of it is apt to go to them of its own accord.	実際、ほとんどすべての人が自分の幸運に抱く不合理な自信は、成功の可能性が最も低いところには、自発的に過大な資金が流入する傾向がある。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	absurd|不合理な|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable	confidence|自信|noun|a feeling of self-assurance arising from one's appreciation of one's own abilities or qualities	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	have|抱く|verb|experience or feel	good fortune|幸運|noun|success or luck	wherever|どこにでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	least|最も低い|adjective|smallest in amount or extent	probability|可能性|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	too great|過大な|adjective|too much	share|資金|noun|a part or portion of a whole	go to|流入する|verb|be given to	of one's own accord|自発的に|adverb|voluntarily; of one's own free will

But though the judgment of sober reason and experience concerning such projects has always been extremely unfavourable, that of human avidity has commonly been quite otherwise.	しかし、そのような事業に関する冷静な理性と経験の判断は常に非常に不利なものであったが、人間の貪欲さの判断は通常全く異なっていた。	sober|冷静な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree; very much	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|tending to discourage, harm, or defeat	human|人間の|adjective|of or characteristic of humankind or human beings	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire or appetite	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	quite|全く|adverb|to the fullest extent; completely	otherwise|異なって|adverb|in a different way; differently
The same passion which has suggested to so many people the absurd idea of the philosopher’s stone, has suggested to others the equally absurd one of immense rich mines of gold and silver.	非常に多くの人々に賢者の石という不合理な考えを抱かせたのと同じ情熱が、他の人々にも金銀の豊富な鉱山という同様に不合理な考えを抱かせた。	philosopher's stone|賢者の石|noun|a legendary alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as lead into gold or silver	absurd|不合理な|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
They did not consider that the value of those metals has, in all ages and nations, arisen chiefly from their scarcity, and that their scarcity has arisen from the very small quantities of them which nature has anywhere deposited in one place, from the hard and intractable substances with which she has almost everywhere surrounded those small quantities, and consequently from the labour and expense which are everywhere necessary in order to penetrate, and get at them.	彼らは、これらの金属の価値は、あらゆる時代と国において、主にその希少性から生じていること、そしてその希少性は、自然がどこでも一か所に堆積させたごく少量の金属から生じていること、自然がほとんどどこでもその少量の金属を囲んでいる硬くて扱いにくい物質から生じていること、そしてその結果、どこでも金属に到達するために必要な労働と費用から生じていることを考慮していなかった。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	scarcity|希少性|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something, especially that can be measured	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it, especially as experienced by humans	deposit|堆積させる|verb|put or lay down	hard|硬い|adjective|solid, firm, and rigid	intractable|扱いにくい|adjective|hard to control or deal with	substance|物質|noun|a particular kind of matter with uniform properties	surround|囲む|verb|be around something on all sides	penetrate|到達する|verb|make a way through or into something	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold
They flattered themselves that veins of those metals might in many places be found, as large and as abundant as those which are commonly found of lead, or copper, or tin, or iron.	彼らは、これらの金属の鉱脈が、鉛、銅、錫、鉄などの鉱脈と同じくらい大きく豊富に、多くの場所で見つかるかもしれないと自負していた。	flatter oneself|自負する|verb|to have a high opinion of oneself	vein|鉱脈|noun|a layer of mineral ore in the earth	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	large|大きい|adjective|of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity	abundant|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	lead|鉛|noun|a soft, malleable, ductile, gray, toxic metal that is a poor conductor of electricity	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown, malleable, ductile, metallic element that is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat	tin|錫|noun|a soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal with a high luster that is used especially in alloys and solders and as a coating for iron and steel to prevent corrosion	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, brittle, gray, magnetic, metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
The dream of Sir Waiter Raleigh, concerning the golden city and country of El Dorado, may satisfy us, that even wise men are not always exempt from such strange delusions.	エルドラドの黄金の都市と国に関するウェイター・ローリー卿の夢は、賢者でさえそのような奇妙な妄想から常に免れているわけではないことを私たちに納得させてくれるかもしれない。	dream|夢|noun|a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep	Sir Waiter Raleigh|ウェイター・ローリー卿|noun|an English explorer, poet, and courtier	golden city|黄金の都市|noun|a city made of gold	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	El Dorado|エルドラド|noun|a legendary city of gold	satisfy|納得させる|verb|meet the expectations, needs, or desires of	wise man|賢者|noun|a person who is wise	exempt|免れる|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	strange|奇妙な|adjective|unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand	delusion|妄想|noun|a false belief that is resistant to confrontation with actual facts
More than a hundred years after the death of that great man, the Jesuit Gumila was still convinced of the reality of that wonderful country, and expressed, with great warmth, and, I dare say, with great sincerity, how happy he should be to carry the light of the gospel to a people who could so well reward the pious labours of their missionary.	その偉人の死後100年以上経っても、イエズス会のグミラはその素晴らしい国の現実をまだ確信しており、宣教師の敬虔な労働に十分に報いることができる人々に福音の光を運ぶことがどれほど幸せかを、非常に熱く、そして、あえて言うなら、非常に誠実に表現した。	More than a hundred years|100年以上|noun phrase|a period of time	death|死|noun|the end of a person's life	great man|偉人|noun phrase|a man who is very important or famous	Jesuit|イエズス会|noun|a member of the Society of Jesus	Gumila|グミラ|noun|a Jesuit	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	convinced|確信している|adjective|completely certain about something	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	wonderful|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good or impressive	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	expressed|表現した|verb|show or make known (a thought or feeling)	great warmth|非常に熱く|noun phrase|a high degree of warmth	dare say|あえて言うなら|verb phrase|to be so bold as to say	great sincerity|非常に誠実に|noun phrase|a high degree of sincerity	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	light|光|noun|the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible	gospel|福音|noun|the teaching or revelation of Christ	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	reward|報いる|verb|give something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements	pious|敬虔な|adjective|devoutly religious	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

In the countries first discovered by the Spaniards, no gold and silver mines are at present known which are supposed to be worth the working.	スペイン人が最初に発見した国々では、現在のところ、採掘に値すると思われる金銀鉱山は知られていない。	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice something for the first time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	at present|現在のところ|adverb|at the moment; now	know|知られる|verb|be aware of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	worth|値する|adjective|meriting attention or effort	work|採掘|noun|the activity a person engages in regularly to earn a living
The quantities of those metals which the first adventurers are said to have found there, had probably been very much magnified, as well as the fertility of the mines which were wrought immediately after the first discovery.	最初の冒険者たちがそこで発見したと言われるこれらの金属の量は、最初の発見の直後に採掘された鉱山の豊かさと同様に、おそらく非常に誇張されていた。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	there|そこで|adverb|in, at, or to that place or position	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	magnify|誇張する|verb|make (something) appear bigger than it really is	fertility|豊かさ|noun|the quality or state of being fertile	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered
What those adventurers were reported to have found, however, was sufficient to inflame the avidity of all their countrymen.	しかし、冒険者たちが発見したと報告されたものは、彼らの同胞全員の貪欲さを燃え上がらせるのに十分だった。	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	report|報告する|verb|give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or investigated	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	inflame|燃え上がらせる|verb|cause to become very angry or excited	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire or appetite
Every Spaniard who sailed to America expected to find an El Dorado.	アメリカに向けて出航したスペイン人は皆、エル・ドラドを見つけることを期待していた。	sail|出航する|verb|travel by water	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	El Dorado|エル・ドラド|noun|a legendary city of gold
Fortune, too, did upon this what she has done upon very few other occasions.	運もまた、このとき、他のごくわずかな機会にしか起こさなかったことをした。	fortune|運|noun|chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs	do|起こす|verb|cause to happen; bring about	occasion|機会|noun|a time or place at which something happens
She realized in some measure the extravagant hopes of her votaries;	彼女は、ある程度、信者の法外な期待を実現した。	realize|実現する|verb|achieve or accomplish something	in some measure|ある程度|adverb|to some extent	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen
and in the discovery and conquest of Mexico and Peru (of which the one happened about thirty, and the other about forty, years after the first expedition of Columbus), she presented them with something not very unlike that profusion of the precious metals which they sought for.	そして、メキシコとペルーの発見と征服(コロンブスの最初の遠征から約30年後に起こり、もう1つは約40年後に起こった)において、彼女は彼らが探し求めていた貴金属の豊富さとあまり違わないものを彼らに与えた。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	conquest|征服|noun|the act of taking control of a country or area by force	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in the southern portion of North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	Columbus|コロンブス|noun|an Italian explorer who led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum	seek|探し求める|verb|try to find or obtain something

A project of commerce to the East Indies, therefore, gave occasion to the first discovery of the West.	したがって、東インド諸島への商業計画は、西インド諸島の最初の発見の機会を与えた。	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea
A project of conquest gave occasion to all the establishments of the Spaniards in those newly discovered countries.	征服計画は、新しく発見された国々におけるスペイン人のすべての施設に機会を与えた。	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or place of work	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	newly|新しく|adverb|recently; lately	discover|発見する|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The motive which excited them to this conquest was a project of gold and silver mines;	この征服に彼らを駆り立てた動機は、金銀鉱山の計画だった。	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	excite|駆り立てる|verb|to make someone feel very enthusiastic or eager	conquest|征服|noun|the act of taking control of a country or area by force	gold|金|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	silver|銀|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
and a course of accidents which no human wisdom could foresee, rendered this project much more successful than the undertakers had any reasonable grounds for expecting.	そして、人間の知恵では予測できない一連の事故が、この計画を事業者が期待する合理的な根拠よりもはるかに成功させた。	course|一連|noun|a series of events or actions	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	render|した|verb|cause to be or become	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	undertaker|事業者|noun|a person who organizes and manages a business or enterprise	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen

The first adventurers of all the other nations of Europe who attempted to make settlements in America, were animated by the like chimerical views;	アメリカに定住しようとしたヨーロッパの他のすべての国の最初の冒険者たちは、同様のキメラのような見解に活気づいていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	like|同様の|adjective|having a similar characteristic	chimerical|キメラのような|adjective|wildly fanciful or highly improbable	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something	animate|活気づける|verb|give life or energy to
but they were not equally successful.	しかし、彼らは同じように成功しなかった。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same manner or degree	successful|成功する|adjective|having achieved success
It was more than a hundred years after the first settlement of the Brazils, before any silver, gold, or diamond mines, were discovered there.	ブラジルに初めて入植してから100年以上経って、銀、金、ダイヤモンドの鉱山が発見された。	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	settlement|入植|noun|the action of settling	Brazils|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	diamond|ダイヤモンド|noun|a hard, transparent precious stone	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities
In the English, French, Dutch, and Danish colonies, none have ever yet been discovered, at least none that are at present supposed to be worth the working.	イギリス、フランス、オランダ、デンマークの植民地では、これまでに何も発見されていないし、少なくとも現在のところ採掘に値すると思われるものは発見されていない。	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the language of the Netherlands	Danish|デンマーク|noun|the language of Denmark	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	none|何も|pronoun|not one; not any	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	be discovered|発見される|verb|find unexpectedly or in the course of a search	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	be supposed to|と思われる|verb|be generally regarded as having done something	be worth|に値する|verb|be the same as in value	working|採掘|noun|the activity or business of extracting coal or other minerals from a mine
The first English settlers in North America, however, offered a fifth of all the gold and silver which should be found there to the king, as a motive for granting them their patents.	しかし、北米に最初に定住したイギリス人は、特許を与える動機として、そこで発見される金と銀の5分の1を王に差し出した。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	English|イギリス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of England	settler|定住者|noun|a person who moves to a new area and establishes a permanent home	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	offer|差し出す|verb|present for acceptance or rejection	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	patent|特許|noun|a government license giving the holder exclusive rights to a process, design, or new invention for a limited period of time
In the patents of Sir Waiter Raleigh, to the London and Plymouth companies, to the council of Plymouth, etc.	ロンドンやプリマスの会社、プリマス評議会などへのウェイター・ローリー卿の特許では、	Sir Waiter Raleigh|ウェイター・ローリー卿|noun|an English explorer, poet, and courtier	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Plymouth|プリマス|noun|a port city in Devon, England	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who make decisions
this fifth was accordingly reserved to the crown.	この5分の1は王冠のために留保されていた。	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority
To the expectation of finding gold and silver mines, those first settlers, too, joined that of discovering a north-west passage to the East Indies.	金銀鉱山を発見するという期待に、これらの最初の入植者たちも東インドへの北西航路を発見するという期待に加わった。	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	settler|入植者|noun|a person who moves with a group of others to live in a new country or area	join|加わる|verb|connect or fasten together	north-west|北西|adjective|the direction halfway between north and west	passage|航路|noun|a journey by sea	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of SE Asia
They have hitherto been disappointed in both.	彼らはこれまでその両方で失望してきた。	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up to this time	be disappointed|失望する|verb|fail to meet the hopes or expectations of

PART II. Causes of the Prosperity of New Colonies.	第二部新植民地の繁栄の原因	PART II|第二部|noun|the second part of something	Causes|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	Prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	New Colonies|新植民地|noun|a new colony

The colony of a civilized nation which takes possession either of a waste country, or of one so thinly inhabited that the natives easily give place to the new settlers, advances more rapidly to wealth and greatness than any other human society.	未開地を占領するか、あるいは住民がまばらで原住民が新しい入植者に簡単に場所を譲るような場所を占領する文明国の植民地は、他のどの人間社会よりも急速に富と偉大さへと進歩する。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	civilized nation|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	take possession of|占領する|verb|to take control of something	waste country|未開地|noun|a country that is not developed or used	thinly inhabited|住民がまばら|adjective|having a low population density	native|原住民|noun|a person who was born in a particular place	new settler|新しい入植者|noun|a person who has recently moved to a new place	advance|進歩する|verb|to move forward	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great

The colonies carry out with them a knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts, superior to what can grow up of its own accord, in the course of many centuries, among savage and barbarous nations.	植民地は、野蛮で未開な国々の中で何世紀もかけて自力で成長できるものよりも優れた農業やその他の有用な技術の知識を持ち込んでいる。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	carry out|持ち込む|verb|to take or bring something from one place to another	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing something that you learn by training	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	grow up|成長する|verb|to become an adult	accord|合意|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute	savage|野蛮な|adjective|fierce, violent, and uncontrolled	barbarous|未開な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
They carry out with them, too, the habit of subordination, some notion of the regular government which takes place in their own country, of the system of laws which support it, and of a regular administration of justice;	彼らはまた、従属の習慣、自国で起こっている正規の政府、それを支える法制度、正規の司法制度についてもある程度の概念を持ち込んでいる。	carry out|持ち込む|verb|to take or bring something with you when you leave a place	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	subordination|従属|noun|the state or condition of being inferior to or dependent on something else	notion|概念|noun|a general understanding	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	law|法|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	justice|正義|noun|just behaviour or treatment
and they naturally establish something of the same kind in the new settlement.	そして、彼らは当然のことながら、新しい入植地にも同じような制度を導入する。	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	establish|導入する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	settlement|入植地|noun|a place where people have come to live
But among savage and barbarous nations, the natural progress of law and government is still slower than the natural progress of arts, after law and government have been so far established as is necessary for their protection.	しかし、野蛮で未開な国々では、法律や政府が彼らの保護に必要な程度にまで確立された後でも、法律や政府の自然な進歩は、技術の自然な進歩よりもさらに遅い。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	savage|野蛮な|adjective|fierce, ferocious, or cruel; untamed	barbarous|未開な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something
Every colonist gets more land than he can possibly cultivate.	すべての入植者は、耕作できる以上の土地を得る。	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a new colony	get|得る|verb|receive or obtain	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops
He has no rent, and scarce any taxes, to pay.	彼は地代を払う必要がなく、税金もほとんど払う必要がない。	have|払う必要がない|verb|be obliged to pay	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
No landlord shares with him in its produce, and, the share of the sovereign is commonly but a trifle.	地主は彼と生産物を分け合うことはなく、君主の取り分は通常わずかである。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	share|分け合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	trifle|わずか|noun|something of little value or importance
He has every motive to render as great as possible a produce which is thus to be almost entirely his own.	彼には、ほとんどすべて自分のものとなる生産物をできるだけ大きくしようとするあらゆる動機がある。	render|大きくする|verb|cause to be or become	great|できるだけ|adjective|of major significance or importance	possible|できるだけ|adjective|that may be done or achieved	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	entirely|すべて|adverb|completely	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
But his land is commonly so extensive, that, with all his own industry, and with all the industry of other people whom he can get to employ, he can seldom make it produce the tenth part of what it is capable of producing.	しかし、彼の土地は通常非常に広大なので、彼自身の勤勉さと、彼が雇用できる他の人々の勤勉さをもってしても、その土地が生産できる量の10分の1を生産させることはめったにできない。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
He is eager, therefore, to collect labourers from all quarters, and to reward them with the most liberal wages.	そのため、彼はあらゆる方面から労働者を集め、彼らに最も気前の良い賃金を支払おうと躍起になっている。	eager|躍起になっている|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	quarter|方面|noun|a part of a town or city having a particular character	reward|支払う|verb|give something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
But those liberal wages, joined to the plenty and cheapness of land, soon make those labourers leave him, in order to become landlords themselves, and to reward with equal liberality other labourers, who soon leave them for the same reason that they left their first master.	しかし、そうした気前の良い賃金は、土地の豊富さと安さも相まって、すぐに労働者たちが彼のもとを去り、自分たちで地主となって、他の労働者たちにも同じように気前よく報いるようになり、彼らも最初の主人のもとを去ったのと同じ理由で、すぐに彼らのもとを去ってしまう。	liberal|気前の良い|adjective|giving or given freely	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	plenty|豊富さ|noun|a state or condition of abundance	cheapness|安さ|noun|a state or condition of being low in price	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	leave|去る|verb|go away from	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	reward|報いる|verb|give something to (someone) in recognition of their services, efforts, or achievements	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves
The liberal reward of labour encourages marriage.	労働に対する気前の良い報酬は結婚を促す。	liberal|気前の良い|adjective|generous	reward|報酬|noun|something that is given in return for a service or achievement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to
The children, during the tender years of infancy, are well fed and properly taken care of;	子供たちは、幼少期には十分な食事を与えられ、適切な世話を受ける。	infancy|幼少期|noun|the early stage of development	well|十分に|adverb|to a high standard; very well	take care of|世話をする|verb|be responsible for the health, safety, and well-being of
and when they are grown up, the value of their labour greatly overpays their maintenance.	そして、彼らが成長したときには、彼らの労働の価値は彼らの維持費を大きく上回る。	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	greatly|大きく|adverb|very much; to a great extent	overpay|上回る|verb|pay too much	maintenance|維持費|noun|the process of maintaining something
When arrived at maturity, the high price of labour, and the low price of land, enable them to establish themselves in the same manner as their fathers did before them.	成人すると、労働賃金の高さと土地の安さから、彼らは父親と同じように自立することができる。	arrive at|到達する|verb|reach a destination	maturity|成人|noun|the state of being fully developed	high price|高さ|noun|a large amount of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	low price|安さ|noun|a small amount of money	enable|できる|verb|make possible	establish|自立する|verb|set up on a firm or permanent basis	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child

In other countries, rent and profit eat up wages, and the two superior orders of people oppress the inferior one;	他の国では、地代と利潤が賃金を食べ尽くし、二つの上位階級が下位階級を抑圧する。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	eat up|食べ尽くす|verb|consume all of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	superior|上位の|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	order|階級|noun|a social class	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority
but in new colonies, the interest of the two superior orders obliges them to treat the inferior one with more generosity and humanity, at least where that inferior one is not in a state of slavery.	しかし、新しい植民地では、二つの上位階級の利害は、少なくとも下位階級が奴隷の状態にないところでは、下位階級をより寛大に、より人道的に扱うことを義務づける。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	superior|上位の|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	oblige|義務づける|verb|make someone do something	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain way	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	one|一つの|adjective|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	generosity|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being kind and generous	humanity|人道|noun|the human race; humankind	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	where|ところ|noun|the place or point at which something happens	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave
Waste lands, of the greatest natural fertility, are to be had for a trifle.	自然に最も肥沃な荒地は、わずかな金で手に入る。	waste land|荒地|noun|an area of land that is not used for farming or building	greatest|最も|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	natural|自然に|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	fertility|肥沃な|noun|the ability to produce young or fruit	trifle|わずかな金|noun|something of little value or importance
The increase of revenue which the proprietor, who is always the undertaker, expects from their improvement, constitutes his profit, which, in these circumstances, is commonly very great;	常に事業主である所有者が、その改良から期待する収入の増加は、彼の利潤を構成し、このような状況では、それは通常非常に大きい。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from business or other sources	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	undertaker|事業主|noun|a person who organizes and manages a business	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally
but this great profit cannot be made, without employing the labour of other people in clearing and cultivating the land;	しかし、この大きな利益は、土地の開墾や耕作に他人の労働力を使わなければ得られない。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	cannot be made|得られない|verb|be unable to be done or achieved	employing|使う|verb|use	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	clearing|開墾|noun|the removal of trees and other vegetation from an area of land	cultivating|耕作|noun|the preparation and use of land for growing crops
and the disproportion between the great extent of the land and the small number of the people, which commonly takes place in new colonies, makes it difficult for him to get this labour.	そして、新しい植民地でよく見られる、土地の広さと人口の少なさの不均衡は、彼がこの労働力を得るのを困難にしている。	disproportion|不均衡|noun|a lack of proportion or symmetry	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	people|人口|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	commonly|よく|adverb|usually; generally	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	make|困難にする|verb|cause to be or become	difficult|困難|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort
He does not, therefore, dispute about wages, but is willing to employ labour at any price.	そのため、彼は賃金について争うことなく、どんな賃金でも労働者を雇おうとする。	dispute|争う|verb|argue about something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	employ|雇う|verb|give work to someone in return for regular pay	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages	any price|どんな賃金でも|noun|any amount of money
The high wages of labour encourage population.	労働賃金の高さは人口を増やす。	high wages|高い賃金|noun|a large amount of money that is paid to someone for work	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	encourage|増やす|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country
The cheapness and plenty of good land encourage improvement, and enable the proprietor to pay those high wages.	良い土地が安く豊富にあることは、改良を促し、所有者が高賃金を支払うことを可能にする。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being cheap	plenty|豊富|noun|a large or sufficient amount or supply	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
In those wages consists almost the whole price of the land;	これらの賃金は、土地の価格のほとんどすべてを占めている。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	consist|占める|verb|be composed or made up of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
and though they are high, considered as the wages of labour, they are low, considered as the price of what is so very valuable.	そして、労働賃金としては高額だが、非常に価値のあるものの価格としては低額である。	high|高額|adjective|of great vertical extent	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	low|低額|adjective|not high or tall	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
What encourages the progress of population and improvement, encourages that of real wealth and greatness.	人口と改良の進歩を促すものは、真の富と偉大さの進歩を促す。	encourage|促す|verb|give support to; stimulate	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	population|人口|noun|the total number of people or inhabitants in a country or region	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great

The progress of many of the ancient Greek colonies towards wealth and greatness seems accordingly to have been very rapid.	古代ギリシャの植民地の多くが富と偉大さに向かって進歩したのは、それに応じて非常に急速だったように思われる。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	rapid|急速|adjective|happening or done in a short time
In the course of a century or two, several of them appear to have rivalled, and even to have surpassed, their mother cities.	一世紀か二世紀の間に、そのうちのいくつかは母都市に匹敵し、あるいは凌駕するまでに至ったようである。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	a century or two|一世紀か二世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	several of them|そのうちのいくつか|noun|a small number of them	appear to have|至ったようである|verb|seem to have	rival|匹敵する|verb|be equal or comparable to	even|あるいは|adverb|to an even greater extent	surpass|凌駕する|verb|be greater or better than
Syracuse and Agrigentum in Sicily, Tarentum and Locri in Italy, Ephesus and Miletus in Lesser Asia, appear, by all accounts, to have been at least equal to any of the cities of ancient Greece.	シチリアのシラクサとアグリジェントゥム、イタリアのタレントゥムとロクリ、小アジアのエフェソスとミレトゥスは、すべての説明によると、少なくとも古代ギリシャのどの都市にも匹敵していたように思われる。	Syracuse|シラクサ|noun|a city in Sicily	Agrigentum|アグリジェントゥム|noun|a city in Sicily	Tarentum|タレントゥム|noun|a city in Italy	Locri|ロクリ|noun|a city in Italy	Ephesus|エフェソス|noun|a city in Asia Minor	Miletus|ミレトゥス|noun|a city in Asia Minor	appear|思われる|verb|seem	by all accounts|すべての説明によると|adverb|by all reports	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	equal|匹敵する|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC
Though posterior in their establishment, yet all the arts of refinement, philosophy, poetry, and eloquence, seem to have been cultivated as early, and to have been improved as highly in them as in any part of the mother country.	設立は後発だったが、洗練された芸術、哲学、詩、雄弁術はすべて、母国のどの地域でもそうであったように、早くから育まれ、高度に改良されたように思われる。	posterior|後発|adjective|coming after in time or order	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	refinement|洗練|noun|the quality of being refined	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	poetry|詩|noun|a piece of writing that partakes of the nature of both speech and song that is nearly always rhythmical, usually metaphorical, and often exhibits such formal elements as meter, rhyme, and stanzaic structure	eloquence|雄弁|noun|fluent or persuasive speaking or writing	early|早く|adverb|before the usual or expected time	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which the people of a colony or former colony have come
The schools of the two oldest Greek philosophers, those of Thales and Pythagoras, were established, it is remarkable, not in ancient Greece, but the one in an Asiatic, the other in an Italian colony.	ギリシャ最古の哲学者であるタレスとピタゴラスの二人の学派が設立されたのは、驚くべきことに古代ギリシャではなく、一方はアジア、もう一方はイタリアの植民地だった。	two|二人|noun|the number 2	oldest|最古の|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	Thales|タレス|noun|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher	Pythagoras|ピタゴラス|noun|an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician	school|学派|noun|a group of people who share the same ideas	establish|設立する|verb|to set up or start something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Asiatic|アジア|noun|a native or inhabitant of Asia	Italian|イタリア|noun|a native or inhabitant of Italy	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
All those colonies had established themselves in countries inhabited by savage and barbarous nations, who easily gave place to the new settlers.	これらの植民地はすべて、野蛮で未開な民族が住む国に定着し、新しい入植者に簡単に場所を譲った。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	establish|定着する|verb|to start or create something that is likely to last for a long time	savage|野蛮な|adjective|fierce, violent, and uncontrolled	barbarous|未開な|adjective|uncivilized	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and often a government	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	give place to|場所を譲る|verb|to be replaced by something else	settler|入植者|noun|a person who moves to a new area and establishes a permanent home there
They had plenty of good land;	彼らには良い土地が豊富にあった。	plenty|豊富|noun|a large or sufficient amount or supply	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
and as they were altogether independent of the mother city, they were at liberty to manage their own affairs in the way that they judged was most suitable to their own interest.	そして、彼らは母都市から完全に独立していたので、自分たちの利益に最も適していると判断した方法で自分たちの事柄を管理する自由があった。	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	independent|独立している|adjective|not dependent on another	mother city|母都市|noun|a city from which a colony was founded	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	manage|管理する|verb|to be in charge of; to direct	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of business or public concern	judge|判断する|verb|to form an opinion about	suitable|適している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money or for borrowing money

The history of the Roman colonies is by no means so brilliant.	ローマの植民地の歴史は決してそれほど輝かしいものではない。	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to ancient Rome or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	brilliant|輝かしい|adjective|very bright or vivid
Some of them, indeed, such as Florence, have, in the course of many ages, and after the fall of the mother city, grown up to be considerable states.	確かに、フィレンツェなどそのうちのいくつかは、長い年月を経て、母都市の滅亡後、かなりの国家へと成長した。	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	Florence|フィレンツェ|noun|a city in Italy	in the course of|経て|preposition|during	many ages|長い年月|noun|a long period of time	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of becoming lower or less	mother city|母都市|noun|a city from which colonists have emigrated	grown up|成長した|verb|become an adult	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
But the progress of no one of them seems ever to have been very rapid.	しかし、そのうちのどれも進歩が非常に速かったようには見えない。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	rapid|速い|adjective|happening or done in a short time
They were all established in conquered provinces, which in most cases had been fully inhabited before.	それらはすべて征服された属州に設立され、ほとんどの場合、以前は完全に人が住んでいた。	be established|設立される|verb|be founded or set up	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	province|属州|noun|an administrative division of a country	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually; more often than not	be inhabited|人が住む|verb|live in a place
The quantity of land assigned to each colonist was seldom very considerable, and, as the colony was not independent, they were not always at liberty to manage their own affairs in the way that they judged was most suitable to their own interest.	各入植者に割り当てられた土地の量はめったに多くなく、植民地は独立していなかったため、彼らは常に自分たちの利益に最も適していると判断した方法で自分たちの事柄を管理する自由がなかった。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a colony	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	considerable|多い|adjective|large in amount or extent	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restriction or control by a government or other power	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; administer	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of business or public concern	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	suitable|適している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

In the plenty of good land, the European colonies established in America and the West Indies resemble, and even greatly surpass, those of ancient Greece.	良質な土地が豊富にある点で、アメリカと西インド諸島に設立されたヨーロッパの植民地は古代ギリシャの植民地に似ており、それどころかそれをはるかに凌駕している。	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	good land|良質な土地|noun|land that is fertile and suitable for agriculture	European colonies|ヨーロッパの植民地|noun|colonies established by European countries	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	the West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	greatly surpass|はるかに凌駕する|verb|be far greater or better than
In their dependency upon the mother state, they resemble those of ancient Rome; but their great distance from Europe has in all of them alleviated more or less the effects of this dependency.	母国への依存という点で、それらは古代ローマの植民地に似ているが、ヨーロッパから遠く離れているため、いずれもこの依存の影響を多かれ少なかれ軽減している。	dependency|依存|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something	mother state|母国|noun|the country where one was born	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	ancient Rome|古代ローマ|noun|the Roman civilization from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD	great distance|遠く離れている|noun|a large distance	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make (something) less severe, serious, or painful
Their situation has placed them less in the view, and less in the power of their mother country.	彼らの状況は、彼らを母国の視界や権力から遠ざけた。	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	view|視界|noun|the range of vision that can be seen at any particular moment	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	mother country|母国|noun|the country where one was born or has legal citizenship
In pursuing their interest their own way, their conduct has upon many occasions been overlooked, either because not known or not understood in Europe; and upon some occasions it has been fairly suffered and submitted to, because their distance rendered it difficult to restrain it.	彼らが自分たちの利益を自分たちのやり方で追求する中で、彼らの行動はヨーロッパで知られていないか理解されていないために、多くの場合見過ごされてきたし、また、距離が離れているために抑制することが困難なために、かなりの被害を受け、従わざるを得ない場合もあった。	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	own|自分たちの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	way|やり方|noun|how something is done or how it happens	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	overlook|見過ごす|verb|fail to notice or consider	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two alternatives	not known|知られていない|verb|not be aware of	not understood|理解されていない|verb|fail to understand	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	some|いくつかの|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	fairly|かなり|adverb|to a moderately high degree	suffer|被害を受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	submit|従う|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	render|困難にする|verb|cause to be or become	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something
Even the violent and arbitrary government of Spain has, upon many occasions, been obliged to recall or soften the orders which had been given for the government of her colonies, for fear of a general insurrection.	スペインの暴力的で独裁的な政府でさえ、多くの場合、一般的な反乱を恐れて、植民地政府に対して出された命令を撤回したり、和らげたりすることを余儀なくされた。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	violent|暴力的|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	arbitrary|独裁的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	recall|撤回する|verb|officially order to return	soften|和らげる|verb|make or become less hard, harsh, or severe	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	insurrection|反乱|noun|a violent uprising against an authority or government
The progress of all the European colonies in wealth, population, and improvement, has accordingly been very great.	それに応じて、すべてのヨーロッパ植民地の富、人口、改善の進歩は非常に大きかった。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|relating to or characteristic of Europe or its inhabitants	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The crown of Spain, by its share of the gold and silver, derived some revenue from its colonies from the moment of their first establishment.	スペイン王室は、金と銀の分け前によって、植民地が最初に設立された瞬間から、植民地からいくらかの収入を得ていた。	crown|王室|noun|the monarch or the monarchy	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned, earned, or contributed	revenue|収入|noun|income	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something
It was a revenue, too, of a nature to excite in human avidity the most extravagant expectation of still greater riches.	それはまた、人間の貪欲さに、さらに大きな富への最も贅沢な期待を抱かせるような性質の収入でもあった。	revenue|収入|noun|income	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	excite|抱かせる|verb|cause strong feelings of	human|人間|noun|a human being	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire for something	extravagant|贅沢な|adjective|costing a lot of money	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case	riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions
The Spanish colonies, therefore, from the moment of their first establishment, attracted very much the attention of their mother country;	そのため、スペインの植民地は、最初に設立された瞬間から、母国の注目を大いに集めた。	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	attract|集める|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself, as if by a magnetic force	attention|注目|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
while those of the other European nations were for a long time in a great measure neglected.	一方、他のヨーロッパ諸国の植民地は、長い間、ほとんど無視されていた。	while|一方|conjunction|at the same time that	those|それら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	in a great measure|ほとんど|adverb|to a great extent	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly
The former did not, perhaps, thrive the better in consequence of this attention, nor the latter the worse in consequence of this neglect.	前者は、おそらく、この注目の結果としてより繁栄しなかったし、後者はこの無視の結果としてより悪化しなかった。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	neglect|無視|noun|the state or fact of being uncared for
In proportion to the extent of the country which they in some measure possess, the Spanish colonies are considered as less populous and thriving than those of almost any other European nation.	スペインの植民地は、ある程度所有している国の規模に比例して、他のヨーロッパ諸国の植民地よりも人口が少なく、繁栄していないと考えられている。	in proportion to|比例して|adverb|in a manner that is directly related to	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or scope of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	in some measure|ある程度|adverb|to some extent; to a certain degree	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people or languages	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history
The progress even of the Spanish colonies, however, in population and improvement, has certainly been very rapid and very great.	しかし、スペインの植民地でさえ、人口と改善の進歩は確かに非常に急速で非常に大きかった。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	rapid|急速な|adjective|happening or done in a short time	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
The city of Lima, founded since the conquest, is represented by Ulloa as containing fifty thousand inhabitants near thirty years ago.	征服以来建設されたリマ市は、30年ほど前に5万人の住民を抱えていたとウロアは述べている。	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	Lima|リマ|noun|the capital and largest city of Peru	found|建設する|verb|establish or create	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	Ulloa|ウロア|noun|a Spanish general and colonial administrator	represent|述べる|verb|state or express in words	contain|抱える|verb|have or hold within	fifty thousand|5万人|numeral|50,000	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	thirty years ago|30年前|noun|30 years before the present time
Quito, which had been but a miserable hamlet of Indians, is represented by the same author as in his time equally populous.	キトは、インディアンの惨めな集落に過ぎなかったが、同じ著者によって、彼の時代には同じように人口が多かったとされている。	Quito|キト|noun|the capital of Ecuador	Indian|インディアン|noun|a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas	miserable|惨めな|adjective|wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable	hamlet|集落|noun|a small village	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same manner	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population
Gemel i Carreri, a pretended traveller, it is said, indeed, but who seems everywhere to have written upon extreme good information, represents the city of Mexico as containing a hundred thousand inhabitants;	偽りの旅行者であるジェメリ・カレリは、確かにそう言われているのだが、どこでも非常に良い情報に基づいて書いているようで、メキシコ市には10万人の住民がいるとしている。	Gemel i Carreri|ジェメリ・カレリ|noun|a pretended traveller	pretended|偽りの|adjective|not real; false	traveller|旅行者|noun|a person who travels	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	represent|している|verb|to be a symbol of	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in the southern portion of North America	hundred thousand|10万人|noun|a very large number	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
a number which, in spite of all the exaggerations of the Spanish writers, is probably more than five times greater than what it contained in the time of Montezuma.	スペインの作家たちの誇張にもかかわらず、モンテスマの時代に比べておそらく5倍以上多い数である。	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	exaggeration|誇張|noun|a statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	writer|作家|noun|a person who has written a book or who writes books as a job	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	five|5|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	time|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and things change	Montezuma|モンテスマ|noun|the ninth Aztec emperor of Mexico
These numbers exceed greatly those of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, the three greatest cities of the English colonies.	この数は、イギリス植民地の三大都市であるボストン、ニューヨーク、フィラデルフィアの数を大きく上回っている。	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	greatly|大きく|adverb|to a great extent; very much	Boston|ボストン|noun|the capital and largest city of Massachusetts	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern US	Philadelphia|フィラデルフィア|noun|the largest city in the state of Pennsylvania	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of the United Kingdom, the United States, and most Commonwealth countries	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Before the conquest of the Spaniards, there were no cattle fit for draught, either in Mexico or Peru.	スペイン人の征服以前には、メキシコにもペルーにも、荷役に適した家畜はいなかった。	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	fit|適した|adjective|in good health	cattle|家畜|noun|an animal of the species Bos taurus, typically kept for milk or meat	draught|荷役|noun|the action of pulling a heavy load	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in the southern portion of North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America
The lama was their only beast of burden, and its strength seems to have been a good deal inferior to that of a common ass.	ラマは彼らの唯一の荷役獣であり、その力は普通のロバよりもかなり劣っていたようである。	lama|ラマ|noun|a Buddhist monk	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	beast|獣|noun|an animal	burden|荷役|noun|a load	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	ass|ロバ|noun|a domesticated mammal of the horse family with long ears and a braying call
The plough was unknown among them.	彼らは鋤を知らなかった。	plough|鋤|noun|a large farming tool with sharp blades used for breaking up soil	unknown|知らない|adjective|not known or familiar
They were ignorant of the use of iron.	彼らは鉄の使い方を知らなかった。	be ignorant of|知らない|verb|lack knowledge or information about	use|使い方|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, silvery-gray metal
They had no coined money, nor any established instrument of commerce of any kind.	彼らは鋳造貨幣も、いかなる種類の確立した商業手段も持っていなかった。	coined money|鋳造貨幣|noun|money in the form of coins	any kind|いかなる種類|noun|any type or sort	established|確立した|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	instrument|手段|noun|a means whereby something is achieved, performed, or furthered	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale
Their commerce was carried on by barter.	彼らの商業は物々交換によって行われていた。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	barter|物々交換|noun|the exchange of goods or services without the use of money
A sort of wooden spade was their principal instrument of agriculture.	木製の鋤のようなものが彼らの主な農具だった。	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of; a type of	wooden|木製の|adjective|made of wood	spade|鋤|noun|a tool with a long handle and a flat blade used for digging	principal|主な|adjective|most important; main	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
Sharp stones served them for knives and hatchets to cut with;	鋭い石は彼らにとってナイフや手斧の役目を果たした。	sharp|鋭い|adjective|having a thin edge or point	stone|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	serve|役目を果たす|verb|be used for a particular purpose or end	knife|ナイフ|noun|a cutting instrument with a blade fixed into a handle	hatchet|手斧|noun|a small axe with a short handle
fish bones, and the hard sinews of certain animals, served them with needles to sew with;	魚の骨やある種の動物の硬い腱は、彼らにとって縫い針の役目を果たした。	fish bone|魚の骨|noun|a bone of a fish	hard sinew|硬い腱|noun|a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone or other structures	serve|役目を果たす|verb|be used for a particular purpose	needle|針|noun|a small, thin, sharp metal object with a point at one end and a hole for thread at the other, used for sewing	sew|縫う|verb|join, fasten, or repair by making stitches with a needle and thread
and these seem to have been their principal instruments of trade.	そして、これらが彼らの主な交易道具だったようである。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	these|これら|pronoun|the things that are close to you or that you are talking about	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	have been|だった|auxiliary verb|used to describe a past state or action that is now finished	their|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|交易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
In this state of things, it seems impossible that either of those empires could have been so much improved or so well cultivated as at present, when they are plentifully furnished with all sorts of European cattle, and when the use of iron, of the plough, and of many of the arts of Europe, have been introduced among them.	このような状況では、これらの帝国のいずれも、あらゆる種類のヨーロッパの家畜が豊富に供給され、鉄、鋤、ヨーロッパの多くの技術の使用が導入された現在ほど、改善されたり、耕作されたりすることは不可能だったように思われる。	state of things|状況|noun|the way things are	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	at present|現在|noun|the time now	plentifully|豊富に|adverb|in large amounts	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	iron|鉄|noun|a strong hard magnetic silvery-grey metal	plough|鋤|noun|a large farming tool with blades used for breaking up soil	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing something that you learn by training
But the populousness of every country must be in proportion to the degree of its improvement and cultivation.	しかし、どの国の人口も、その国の改善と耕作の程度に比例するはずである。	populousness|人口|noun|the number of people living in a particular area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
In spite of the cruel destruction of the natives which followed the conquest, these two great empires are probably more populous now than they ever were before;	征服に続く残酷な原住民の破壊にもかかわらず、この二つの大帝国は、おそらくこれまでにないほど人口が多い。	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	cruel|残酷な|adjective|willfully causing pain or suffering to others	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	two|二つの|numeral|one more than one	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler, government, or emperor	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	ever|これまでにない|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
and the people are surely very different;	そして、人々は確かに非常に異なっている。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	different|異なっている|adjective|not the same as another or each other
for we must acknowledge, I apprehend, that the Spanish creoles are in many respects superior to the ancient Indians.	スペイン系クレオールは多くの点で古代インド人よりも優れていると認めざるを得ないと思う。	Spanish|スペイン系|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	creole|クレオール|noun|a person of mixed European and black descent	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Indian|インド人|noun|a native or inhabitant of India

After the settlements of the Spaniards, that of the Portuguese in Brazil is the oldest of any European nation in America.	スペイン人の入植地に次いで、ブラジルのポルトガル人の入植地は、アメリカ大陸におけるヨーロッパ諸国の中で最も古い。	settlement|入植地|noun|a place where people have settled	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Portugal	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	European|ヨーロッパ諸国|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	America|アメリカ大陸|noun|the United States of America
But as for a long time after the first discovery neither gold nor silver mines were found in it, and as it afforded upon that account little or no revenue to the crown, it was for a long time in a great measure neglected;	しかし、最初の発見から長い間、金鉱も銀鉱も発見されず、その点で王冠にほとんど収入をもたらさなかったため、長い間、ほとんど無視されていた。	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	first discovery|最初の発見|noun|the first time something is found or learned	neither gold nor silver|金も銀も|noun|two precious metals	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	be found|発見される|verb|to be discovered or noticed	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	little or no|ほとんどない|adjective|very small in amount or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head covering worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	in a great measure|ほとんど|adverb|to a large extent	neglect|無視する|verb|to not give enough care or attention to someone or something
and during this state of neglect, it grew up to be a great and powerful colony.	そして、この無視された状態の間に、それは大きくて強力な植民地へと成長した。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	neglect|無視|noun|the state of being uncared for	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	great|大きくて|adjective|of major significance or importance	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
While Portugal was under the dominion of Spain, Brazil was attacked by the Dutch, who got possession of seven of the fourteen provinces into which it is divided.	ポルトガルがスペインの支配下にあったとき、ブラジルはオランダに攻撃され、オランダはブラジルを分割した14の州のうち7つを占領した。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	Spain|スペイン|noun|a kingdom in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a republic in South America	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the people of the Netherlands	seven|7つ|noun|the number 7	fourteen|14|noun|the number 14	province|州|noun|a large administrative division of a country	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts
They expected soon to conquer the other seven, when Portugal recovered its independency by the elevation of the family of Braganza to the throne.	ポルトガルがブラガンザ家を王位に就けて独立を回復したとき、彼らはすぐに他の7つを征服することを期待した。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	recover|回復する|verb|return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength	independency|独立|noun|the state or quality of being independent	the family of Braganza|ブラガンザ家|noun|a Portuguese royal house	throne|王位|noun|the seat occupied by a sovereign on state occasions	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
The Dutch, then, as enemies to the Spaniards, became friends to the Portuguese, who were likewise the enemies of the Spaniards.	当時、オランダ人はスペイン人の敵として、同じくスペイン人の敵であったポルトガル人の友人となった。	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Portugal	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection
They agreed, therefore, to leave that part of Brazil which they had not conquered to the king of Portugal, who agreed to leave that part which they had conquered to them, as a matter not worth disputing about, with such good allies.	そのため、彼らは征服しなかったブラジルの部分をポルトガル王に残すことに同意し、ポルトガル王は彼らが征服した部分を、そのような良き同盟国と争う価値のない事柄として彼らに残すことに同意した。	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in Europe	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	dispute|争う|verb|argue about something	ally|同盟国|noun|a country that is formally joined with another for a military or other purpose
But the Dutch government soon began to oppress the Portuguese colonists, who, instead of amusing themselves with complaints, took arms against their new masters, and by their own valour and resolution, with the connivance, indeed, but without any avowed assistance from the mother country, drove them out of Brazil.	しかし、オランダ政府はすぐにポルトガル人入植者を弾圧し始め、彼らは不満を抱く代わりに、新しい主人に対して武器を取り、彼ら自身の勇気と決意によって、本国からの公然たる援助なしに、彼らをブラジルから追い出した。	Dutch|オランダ|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or language	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	begin|始める|verb|perform the first part of an action	oppress|弾圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	Portuguese|ポルトガル|adjective|of or relating to Portugal or its people or language	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a colony	amuse|抱く|verb|cause to laugh or smile	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	take arms|武器を取る|verb|to fight	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger	resolution|決意|noun|a firm decision to do or not to do something	connivance|黙認|noun|the act of pretending not to notice something	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	drive|追い出す|verb|cause to move or be moved by force	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America
The Dutch, therefore, finding it impossible to keep any part of the country to themselves, were contented that it should be entirely restored to the crown of Portugal.	そのため、オランダ人は国の一部を自分たちの手元に置いておくことが不可能だと悟り、ポルトガル王国に完全に返還されることに満足した。	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	find|悟る|verb|become aware of	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, hold, or maintain	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	should|されるべきだ|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	restore|返還される|verb|return something to a former condition, place, or owner	crown|王国|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority
In this colony there are said to be more than six hundred thousand people, either Portuguese or descended from Portuguese, creoles, mulattoes, and a mixed race between Portuguese and Brazilians.	この植民地には、ポルトガル人、ポルトガル人の子孫、クレオール、ムラート、ポルトガル人とブラジル人の混血など、60万人以上の人々がいると言われている。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	six hundred thousand|60万人|numeral|600,000	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	descended|子孫|noun|a person who is descended from a particular ancestor	creole|クレオール|noun|a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean	mulatto|ムラート|noun|a person of mixed white and black ancestry	mixed|混血|adjective|of or involving people of two or more races	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	Brazilian|ブラジル人|noun|a person from Brazil
No one colony in America is supposed to contain so great a number of people of European extraction.	アメリカのどの植民地にも、これほど多くのヨーロッパ系の人々が住んでいるとは思われない。	no one|誰も|pronoun|not a single person	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	suppose|思われる|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	contain|住んでいる|verb|have or hold within	great|これほど多くの|adjective|of major significance or importance	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount

Towards the end of the fifteenth, and during the greater part of the sixteenth century, Spain and Portugal were the two great naval powers upon the ocean;	15世紀の終わり頃から16世紀の大部分にかけて、スペインとポルトガルは海上の二大海軍国だった。	towards the end of|終わり頃|noun|the last part of something	the fifteenth|15世紀|noun|the period from 1401 to 1500	during|にかけて|preposition|in or throughout the course of	the sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	the two great naval powers|二大海軍国|noun|the two most powerful navies	upon|上の|preposition|on the surface of	the ocean|海|noun|the body of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses
for though the commerce of Venice extended to every part of Europe, its fleet had scarce ever sailed beyond the Mediterranean.	ヴェネツィアの商業はヨーロッパのあらゆる地域に及んでいたが、その艦隊は地中海を越えて航海したことはほとんどなかった。	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	sail|航海する|verb|travel by water	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a large sea that lies between Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia
The Spaniards, in virtue of the first discovery, claimed all America as their own;	スペイン人は、最初の発見のおかげで、アメリカ大陸全体を自分たちのものだと主張した。	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	in virtue of|おかげで|preposition|because of	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof	America|アメリカ大陸|noun|the land mass of North and South America
and though they could not hinder so great a naval power as that of Portugal from settling in Brazil, such was at that time the terror of their name, that the greater part of the other nations of Europe were afraid to establish themselves in any other part of that great continent.	ポルトガルのような強大な海軍国がブラジルに定住するのを阻止することはできなかったが、当時のスペインの名前は恐怖の代名詞であり、ヨーロッパの他の国々の大部分は、その大大陸の他の地域に定住することを恐れていた。	hinder|阻止する|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	naval power|海軍国|noun|a country with a strong navy	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a place	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	terror|恐怖|noun|extreme fear	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	other nations|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	establish oneself|定住する|verb|settle in a place	any other part|他の地域|noun|any part other than the one being discussed	great continent|大大陸|noun|a large continent
The French, who attempted to settle in Florida, were all murdered by the Spaniards.	フロリダに定住しようとしたフランス人は、すべてスペイン人に殺された。	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a permanent place	Florida|フロリダ|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	murder|殺す|verb|kill someone unlawfully and with premeditation	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a person from Spain
But the declension of the naval power of this latter nation, in consequence of the defeat or miscarriage of what they called their invincible armada, which happened towards the end of the sixteenth century, put it out of their power to obstruct any longer the settlements of the other European nations.	しかし、16世紀末に起こった無敵艦隊の敗北または失敗の結果、スペインの海軍力が衰退し、もはや他のヨーロッパ諸国の入植を阻止する力を失った。	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance	naval power|海軍力|noun|the military strength of a nation's navy	latter nation|後者の国|noun|the second of two nations mentioned	defeat|敗北|noun|the loss of a battle or game	miscarriage|失敗|noun|the failure of a plan or project	invincible armada|無敵艦隊|noun|a fleet of warships that is so powerful that it cannot be defeated	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	put it out of|失う|verb|to make it impossible for someone to do something	obstruct|阻止する|verb|to block or impede the passage of	settlement|入植|noun|the establishment of a colony or community
In the course of the seventeenth century, therefore, the English, French, Dutch, Danes, and Swedes, all the great nations who had any ports upon the ocean, attempted to make some settlements in the new world.	そのため、17世紀の間に、イギリス、フランス、オランダ、デンマーク、スウェーデンなど、海に港を持つすべての大国が、新世界にいくつかの入植地を作ろうとした。	in the course of|の間に|preposition|during	seventeenth century|17世紀|noun|the period from 1601 to 1700	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the language of the Netherlands	Danes|デンマーク|noun|the people of Denmark	Swedes|スウェーデン|noun|the people of Sweden	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	ocean|海|noun|the body of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	make|作る|verb|create, produce, or bring into existence	settlement|入植地|noun|a place where people have come to live	new world|新世界|noun|the western hemisphere

The Swedes established themselves in New Jersey; and the number of Swedish families still to be found there sufficiently demonstrates, that this colony was very likely to prosper, had it been protected by the mother country.	スウェーデン人はニュージャージーに定住し、そこにいまだに見られるスウェーデン人家族の数は、この植民地が母国に守られていたら繁栄していた可能性が高いことを十分に示している。	Swede|スウェーデン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Sweden	New Jersey|ニュージャージー|noun|a state in the northeastern US	establish oneself|定住する|verb|settle in a place	still|いまだに|adverb|even now or at this time	Swedish|スウェーデンの|adjective|of or relating to Sweden	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	demonstrate|示す|verb|show or make clear how something works or is done	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth or citizenship	prosper|繁栄する|verb|be successful or fortunate
But being neglected by Sweden, it was soon swallowed up by the Dutch colony of New York, which again, in 1674, fell under the dominion of the English.	しかし、スウェーデンに無視されたため、すぐにオランダの植民地ニューヨークに飲み込まれ、1674年に再びイギリスの支配下となった。	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	swallow up|飲み込む|verb|engulf or consume	Dutch|オランダの|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	again|再び|adverb|once more; anew	1674|1674年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	fall under|支配下となる|verb|come under the control or power of	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people

The small islands of St. Thomas and Santa Cruz, are the only countries in the new world that have ever been possessed by the Danes.	セント・トーマス島とサンタクルス島という小さな島々は、新世界でデンマーク人が所有した唯一の国である。	St. Thomas|セント・トーマス|noun|an island in the Caribbean Sea	Santa Cruz|サンタクルス|noun|an island in the Caribbean Sea	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	new world|新世界|noun|the western hemisphere	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	Dane|デンマーク人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Denmark
These little settlements, too, were under the government of an exclusive company, which had the sole right, both of purchasing the surplus produce of the colonies, and of supplying them with such goods of other countries as they wanted, and which, therefore, both in its purchases and sales, had not only the power of oppressing them, but the greatest temptation to do so.	これらの小さな入植地もまた、植民地の余剰生産物を購入し、彼らが望む他の国の製品を供給する独占権を持つ独占会社の支配下にあったため、その会社は、その購入と販売の両方において、彼らを抑圧する力だけでなく、そうするための最大の誘惑も持っていた。	settlement|入植地|noun|a place where people have come to live	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	company|会社|noun|a business organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available	good|製品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	want|望む|verb|feel a need or a wish for	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something
The government of an exclusive company of merchants is, perhaps, the worst of all governments for any country whatever.	商人の独占会社の政府は、おそらく、どんな国にとっても最悪の政府である。	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	company|会社|noun|a business organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what; of any kind at all
It was not, however, able to stop altogether the progress of these colonies, though it rendered it more slow and languid.	しかし、これらの植民地の進歩を完全に止めることはできなかったが、よりゆっくりと衰弱させた。	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	stop|止める|verb|cause to cease moving or operating	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	colony|植民地|noun|a body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state	slow|ゆっくり|adjective|moving or operating or performed without haste or hurry	languid|衰弱した|adjective|lacking energy or vitality
The late king of Denmark dissolved this company, and since that time the prosperity of these colonies has been very great.	デンマークの故国王はこの会社を解散させ、それ以来、これらの植民地の繁栄は非常に大きくなった。	late|故|adjective|no longer living; dead	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	dissolve|解散させる|verb|cause to break up and disperse	company|会社|noun|a business organization	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The Dutch settlements in the West, as well as those in the East Indies, were originally put under the government of an exclusive company.	西インド諸島のオランダ人入植地は、東インド諸島の入植地と同様に、もともと独占会社の支配下に置かれていた。	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	settlement|入植地|noun|a place where people have settled	West|西インド諸島|noun|the countries lying to the west of Asia	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	exclusive|独占|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	company|会社|noun|a business organization
The progress of some of them, therefore, though it has been considerable in comparison with that of almost any country that has been long peopled and established, has been languid and slow in comparison with that of the greater part of new colonies.	したがって、そのうちのいくつかの進歩は、長い間人が住み、確立されてきたほとんどすべての国と比較してかなりのものであったが、新しい植民地の大部分と比較すると、衰弱し、遅かった。	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	people|住む|verb|live in or occupy	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the groundwork for	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing	languid|衰弱した|adjective|lacking energy or vitality	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or performed with little or no speed	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	colony|植民地|noun|a body of people living in a new territory but retaining ties with the parent state
The colony of Surinam, though very considerable, is still inferior to the greater part of the sugar colonies of the other European nations.	スリナムの植民地は、非常に重要ではあるが、他のヨーロッパ諸国の砂糖植民地の大部分に比べてまだ劣っている。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Surinam|スリナム|noun|a country in South America	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	still|まだ|adverb|even now or at this time	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower standard or quality	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	European nation|ヨーロッパ諸国|noun|a country in Europe
The colony of Nova Belgia, now divided into the two provinces of New York and New Jersey, would probably have soon become considerable too, even though it had remained under the government of the Dutch.	現在ニューヨークとニュージャージーの二つの州に分かれているノヴァ・ベルギア植民地は、オランダ政府の支配下に残っていたとしても、おそらくすぐにかなりのものになっただろう。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Nova Belgia|ノヴァ・ベルギア|noun|a colony in the New World	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	New Jersey|ニュージャージー|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands
The plenty and cheapness of good land are such powerful causes of prosperity, that the very worst government is scarce capable of checking altogether the efficacy of their operation.	良い土地が豊富で安価であることは、繁栄の強力な原因であり、最悪の政府でさえ、その運営の有効性を完全に抑えることはほとんどできない。	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	cheapness|安価|noun|a state or condition of being low in price	good land|良い土地|noun|land that is fertile and suitable for farming	powerful|強力な|adjective|having or capable of exerting great power or force	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	very worst|最悪の|adjective|of the poorest quality or the lowest standard; extremely bad or serious	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	efficacy|有効性|noun|the ability to produce a desired or intended result	operation|運営|noun|the action or process of operating something
The great distance, too, from the mother country, would enable the colonists to evade more or less, by smuggling, the monopoly which the company enjoyed against them.	母国からの距離が遠いこともあって、植民地の人々は密輸によって、会社が彼らに対して享受していた独占を多かれ少なかれ回避することができた。	great distance|遠い距離|noun|a long distance	mother country|母国|noun|the country where one was born	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	colonists|植民地の人々|noun|a person who lives in a colony	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in
At present, the company allows all Dutch ships to trade to Surinam, upon paying two and a-half per cent.	現在、同社はすべてのオランダ船が2.5パーセントを支払うことでスリナムとの貿易を許可している。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	company|会社|noun|a business organization	allow|許可する|verb|permit; let	Dutch|オランダ|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Surinam|スリナム|noun|a country on the northeastern coast of South America	two and a-half per cent|2.5パーセント|noun|a percentage of 2.5
upon the value of their cargo for a license;	ライセンスを得るために貨物の価値に応じて支払う。	upon|応じて|preposition|on	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	license|ライセンス|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade
and only reserves to itself exclusively, the direct trade from Africa to America, which consists almost entirely in the slave trade.	そして、アフリカからアメリカへの直接貿易だけを独占しており、それはほとんど奴隷貿易で成り立っている。	reserve|独占する|verb|keep or save for a particular purpose or time	exclusively|独占的に|adverb|to the exclusion of others	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	direct trade|直接貿易|noun|trade between two countries without the involvement of a third country	slave trade|奴隷貿易|noun|the buying and selling of slaves
This relaxation in the exclusive privileges of the company, is probably the principal cause of that degree of prosperity which that colony at present enjoys.	会社の独占的特権のこの緩和は、おそらくその植民地が現在享受している繁栄の程度の主な原因である。	relaxation|緩和|noun|the state of being relaxed	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in
Curacoa and Eustatia, the two principal islands belonging to the Dutch, are free ports, open to the ships of all nations;	オランダに属する2つの主要な島、キュラソーとエウスタティウスは、すべての国の船に開放された自由港である。	Curacoa|キュラソー|noun|a Dutch island in the Caribbean	Eustatia|エウスタティウス|noun|a Dutch island in the Caribbean	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	free port|自由港|noun|a port where goods may be imported and exported without paying customs duties	open|開放された|adjective|not closed or blocked	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and this freedom, in the midst of better colonies, whose ports are open to those of one nation only, has been the great cause of the prosperity of those two barren islands.	そして、この自由は、港が一国の船にしか開放されていないより良い植民地の真ん中で、この2つの不毛の島の繁栄の大きな原因となってきた。	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	midst|真ん中|noun|the middle part or point	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	open|開放されている|adjective|allowing access, passage, or a view	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	barren|不毛の|adjective|too poor to produce much or any vegetation	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water

The French colony of Canada was, during the greater part of the last century, and some part of the present, under the government of an exclusive company.	カナダのフランス植民地は、前世紀の大部分と現在の一部において、独占会社の支配下にあった。	French colony|フランス植民地|noun|a colony of France	Canada|カナダ|noun|a country in the northern part of North America	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to sell a particular product or service
Under so unfavourable an administration, its progress was necessarily very slow, in comparison with that of other new colonies;	このような不利な管理のもとでは、その進歩は他の新しい植民地と比較して必然的に非常に遅かった。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|not favourable; adverse	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business or organization	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or performed with little or no speed	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
but it became much more rapid when this company was dissolved, after the fall of what is called the Mississippi scheme.	しかし、ミシシッピ計画と呼ばれるものの崩壊後、この会社が解散したときには、それははるかに急速になった。	Mississippi scheme|ミシシッピ計画|noun|a financial scheme that took place in France in the early 18th century	fall|崩壊|noun|a sudden loss of power, status, or reputation	dissolve|解散|verb|(with reference to an assembly or organization) break up or cause to break up
When the English got possession of this country, they found in it near double the number of inhabitants which father Charlevoix had assigned to it between twenty and thirty years before.	イギリス人がこの国を占領したとき、彼らはそこにシャルルヴォワ神父が20年から30年前に割り当てた住民数の2倍近くの住民がいることを発見した。	English|イギリス人|noun|a person from England	get possession of|占領する|verb|take or keep possession of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	find|発見する|verb|discover or notice	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	double|2倍|adjective|twice as many or as much	father|神父|noun|a priest in the Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican Church	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot	between|～から～まで|preposition|in the interval separating two points in space, time, or sequence	twenty|20|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-nine and one
That jesuit had travelled over the whole country, and had no inclination to represent it as less inconsiderable than it really was.	そのイエズス会士は国中を旅し、実際よりも取るに足りないものとして表現するつもりはなかった。	jesuit|イエズス会士|noun|a member of the Society of Jesus	travel|旅する|verb|go from one place to another	whole|国中|adjective|all of; the entire	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inclination|つもり|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	represent|表現する|verb|to show or depict by a drawing, painting, or other artistic means	less|取るに足りない|adjective|not as much or as many as	inconsiderable|実際|adjective|not worth considering; unimportant	really|実際|adverb|in fact; actually

The French colony of St. Domingo was established by pirates and freebooters, who, for a long time, neither required the protection, nor acknowledged the authority of France;	サン・ドミンゴのフランス植民地は、長い間フランスの保護を必要とせず、権威も認めなかった海賊や海賊によって設立された。	French colony|フランス植民地|noun|a colony of France	St. Domingo|サン・ドミンゴ|noun|the capital of the Dominican Republic	be established|設立される|verb|be founded or set up	pirate|海賊|noun|a person who attacks and robs ships at sea	freebooter|海賊|noun|a pirate	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	require|必要とする|verb|need	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
and when that race of banditti became so far citizens as to acknowledge this authority, it was for a long time necessary to exercise it with very great gentleness.	そして、その盗賊の種族がこの権威を認めるほど市民になったとき、長い間、それを非常に優しく行使する必要があった。	race|種族|noun|a group of people who share similar and distinctive physical characteristics	banditti|盗賊|noun|a bandit	so far|これまで|adverb|to the extent or degree previously mentioned	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	very great|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	gentleness|優しさ|noun|the quality or state of being gentle
During this period, the population and improvement of this colony increased very fast.	この時期に、この植民地の人口と改善は非常に急速に増加した。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	population|人口|noun|the total number of people inhabiting a country, city, or any other area	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
Even the oppression of the exclusive company, to which it was for some time subjected with all the other colonies of France, though it no doubt retarded, had not been able to stop its progress altogether.	フランスの他のすべての植民地と共にしばらくの間従属していた排他的な会社の抑圧でさえ、間違いなく遅らせたが、その進歩を完全に止めることはできなかった。	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	exclusive company|排他的な会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to trade in a particular area	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally
The course of its prosperity returned as soon as it was relieved from that oppression.	その繁栄の道は、その抑圧から解放されるとすぐに戻った。	course|道|noun|a way of doing or proceeding	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	as soon as|すぐに|adverb|at the first possible moment	relieve|解放する|verb|free someone from a duty or responsibility	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
It is now the most important of the sugar colonies of the West Indies, and its produce is said to be greater than that of all the English sugar colonies put together.	現在、西インド諸島の砂糖植民地の中で最も重要であり、その生産量はイギリスのすべての砂糖植民地を合わせたよりも大きいと言われている。	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something produced	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average	put together|合わせる|verb|to combine or join two or more things
The other sugar colonies of France are in general all very thriving.	フランスの他の砂糖植民地は、概してすべて非常に繁栄している。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	general|概して|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper

But there are no colonies of which the progress has been more rapid than that of the English in North America.	しかし、北米のイギリス植民地ほど進歩が速かった植民地はない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	rapid|速い|adjective|done or occurring in a short time	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere

Plenty of good land, and liberty to manage their own affairs their own way, seem to be the two great causes of the prosperity of all new colonies.	豊かな土地と、自分たちの事柄を自分たちのやり方で管理する自由が、すべての新しい植民地の繁栄の二大原因であるように思われる。	plenty of|豊かな|adjective|more than enough	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of business or public concern	own|自分たちの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	way|やり方|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

In the plenty of good land, the English colonies of North America, though no doubt very abundantly provided, are, however, inferior to those of the Spaniards and Portuguese, and not superior to some of those possessed by the French before the late war.	豊かな土地の豊富さにおいて、北米のイギリス植民地は、疑いなく非常に豊富に提供されているが、しかし、スペイン人やポルトガル人の植民地に劣り、また、最近の戦争の前にフランス人が所有していた植民地のいくつかに優っているわけではない。	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	good land|豊かな土地|noun|land that is fertile and suitable for growing crops	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	very abundantly|非常に豊富に|adverb|in a very large quantity	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	inferior|劣る|adjective|of lower standard or quality	Spaniards|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Portugal	not superior|優っていない|adjective|not higher in rank, status, or quality	French|フランス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of France	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of
But the political institutions of the English colonies have been more favourable to the improvement and cultivation of this land, than those of the other three nations.	しかし、イギリス植民地の政治制度は、他の三国の制度よりも、この土地の改良と耕作に有利であった。	political institution|政治制度|noun|a system of government	English colony|イギリス植民地|noun|a colony of England	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops

First, The engrossing of uncultivated land, though it has by no means been prevented altogether, has been more restrained in the English colonies than in any other.	第一に、未開地の占有は、決して完全には阻止されていないが、イギリス植民地では他のどの植民地よりも抑制されている。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	uncultivated land|未開地|noun|land that is not used for growing crops	engrossing|占有|noun|the act of taking complete possession of something	by no means|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	prevented|阻止|verb|keep from happening or arising	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
The colony law, which imposes upon every proprietor the obligation of improving and cultivating, within a limited time, a certain proportion of his lands, and which, in case of failure, declares those neglected lands grantable to any other person;	植民地法は、すべての所有者に一定期間内に一定の割合の土地を改良し耕作する義務を課し、怠った場合にはその土地を他の者に与えると定めている。	colony law|植民地法|noun|the law of a colony	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	obligation|義務|noun|a legal or moral duty	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	limited time|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed and has a beginning and an end	certain proportion|一定の割合|noun|a fixed or definite share or part	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	failure|怠った場合|noun|the neglect or omission of expected or required action	neglected|怠った|adjective|suffering a lack of proper care	grant|与える|verb|give or allow (something) to	other person|他の者|noun|a person other than oneself
though it has not perhaps been very strictly executed, has, however, had some effect.	おそらくあまり厳密に執行されてはいないが、しかし、ある程度の効果はあった。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	strictly|厳密に|adverb|in a severe or rigorous manner	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	some|ある程度|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

Secondly, In Pennsylvania there is no right of primogeniture, and lands, like moveables, are divided equally among all the children of the family.	第二に、ペンシルバニアでは長子相続権がなく、土地は動産と同様に家族のすべての子供たちの間で平等に分割される。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of the firstborn child to inherit the family estate	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	moveable|動産|noun|a piece of property that can be moved	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other by blood or marriage	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty
In three of the provinces of New England, the oldest has only a double share, as in the Mosaical law.	ニューイングランドの三つの州では、長子はモーセの律法にあるように二倍の分け前しか持っていない。	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a region of the northeastern United States	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	the oldest|長子|noun|the eldest child	only|しか|adverb|and no more than	double|二倍|adjective|twice as many or as much	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned or due	Mosaical law|モーセの律法|noun|the laws of the ancient Israelites as set out in the Pentateuch
Though in those provinces, therefore, too great a quantity of land should sometimes be engrossed by a particular individual, it is likely, in the course of a generation or two, to be sufficiently divided again.	したがって、これらの州では、あまりにも多くの土地が特定の個人に占有されることがあるが、一世代か二世代の間に再び十分に分割される可能性が高い。	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	generation|世代|noun|all of the people born and living at about the same time	two|二|numeral|one more than one	course|経過|noun|the development of events over a period of time	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts
In the other English colonies, indeed, the right of primogeniture takes place, as in the law of England:	他のイギリス植民地では、確かに、イギリスの法律にあるように、長子相続権が存在する。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	primogeniture|長子相続|noun|the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child	take place|存在する|verb|happen; occur
But in all the English colonies, the tenure of the lands, which are all held by free soccage, facilitates alienation;	しかし、すべてのイギリス植民地では、すべて自由保有地として保有されている土地の保有権は、譲渡を容易にする。	But|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	free soccage|自由保有地|noun|a tenure of land by a certain and determinate service	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	alienation|譲渡|noun|the action of transferring property to another person
and the grantee of an extensive tract of land generally finds it for his interest to alienate, as fast as he can, the greater part of it, reserving only a small quit-rent.	そして、広大な土地の受益者は、通常、できるだけ早くその大部分を譲渡し、わずかな永代借地料だけを残しておくことが自分の利益になると考える。	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	tract|土地|noun|a large area of land	grantee|受益者|noun|a person to whom a grant is made	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	alienate|譲渡する|verb|transfer the ownership of	fast|早く|adverb|at high speed	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	reserve|残しておく|verb|keep for future use	small|わずかな|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	quit-rent|永代借地料|noun|a rent paid by a freeholder in lieu of services which might have been required of him
In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, what is called the right of majorazzo takes place in the succession of all those great estates to which any title of honour is annexed.	スペインとポルトガルの植民地では、名誉称号が付与されるすべての大所領の相続において、いわゆる長子相続権が存在する。	Spanish|スペイン|noun|the language of Spain	Portuguese|ポルトガル|noun|the language of Portugal	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	majorazzo|長子相続権|noun|the right of the eldest son to inherit all the property of his parents	take place|存在する|verb|happen	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	estate|所領|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by a rich person	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	title|称号|noun|a name that describes someone's position or job
Such estates go all to one person, and are in effect entailed and unalienable.	そのような所領はすべて一人の人物に渡り、事実上、相続財産であり、譲渡できない。	estate|所領|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	go|渡る|verb|move or travel	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	effect|事実上|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	entail|相続財産である|verb|involve or imply as a necessary logical consequence	inalienable|譲渡できない|adjective|unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor
The French colonies, indeed, are subject to the custom of Paris, which, in the inheritance of land, is much more favourable to the younger children than the law of England.	実際、フランスの植民地はパリの慣習に従っており、土地の相続においては、イギリスの法律よりも年少の子供たちにはるかに有利である。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	subject to|従う|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	custom|慣習|noun|a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	inheritance|相続|noun|the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
But, in the French colonies, if any part of an estate, held by the noble tenure of chivalry and homage, is alienated, it is, for a limited time, subject to the right of redemption, either by the heir of the superior, or by the heir of the family;	しかし、フランスの植民地では、騎士道と臣従という高貴な保有権によって保有されている所領の一部が譲渡された場合、それは一定期間、上位者の相続人または家族の相続人による償還権の対象となる。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	estate|所領|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	held|保有されている|verb|have or possess	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a family of high social rank	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	chivalry|騎士道|noun|the medieval institution of knighthood	homage|臣従|noun|special honour or respect shown publicly	alienated|譲渡された|verb|make someone feel isolated or estranged	limited|一定期間|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	subject to|対象となる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	redemption|償還|noun|the action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil	heir|相続人|noun|a person who inherits and continues the work of a predecessor	superior|上位者|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage
and all the largest estates of the country are held by such noble tenures, which necessarily embarrass alienation.	そして、その国のすべての大所領は、そのような高貴な保有権によって保有されており、必然的に譲渡を困難にしている。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	estate|所領|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	hold|保有する|verb|to have or keep in one's possession	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a high social class	embarrass|困難にする|verb|to cause to feel awkward or ashamed	alienation|譲渡|noun|the action of transferring property to another person
But, in a new colony, a great uncultivated estate is likely to be much more speedily divided by alienation than by succession.	しかし、新しい植民地では、未開拓の大きな所領は、相続よりも譲渡によって分割される可能性が高い。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	estate|所領|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	alienation|譲渡|noun|the action of transferring property to another person
The plenty and cheapness of good land, it has already been observed, are the principal causes of the rapid prosperity of new colonies.	すでに述べたように、良質な土地が豊富で安価であることが、新しい植民地が急速に繁栄する主な原因である。	plenty|豊富|noun|a state or condition of abundance	cheapness|安価|noun|a state or condition of being low in price	good land|良質な土地|noun|land that is fertile and suitable for agriculture	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	principal cause|主な原因|noun|the main reason for something	rapid prosperity|急速な繁栄|noun|a state or condition of increasing in wealth or resources	new colony|新しい植民地|noun|a new settlement in a foreign country
The engrossing of land, in effect, destroys this plenty and cheapness.	土地の独占は、事実上、この豊富さと安価さを破壊する。	engrossing|独占|noun|the act of taking all of something for oneself	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	in effect|事実上|adverb|in practice or actuality	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause to be ruined or devastated
The engrossing of uncultivated land, besides, is the greatest obstruction to its improvement;	その上、未開拓地の独占は、その改良に対する最大の障害である。	engrossing|独占|noun|the act of taking all of something for oneself	uncultivated land|未開拓地|noun|land that has not been developed for agriculture or other purposes	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	obstruction|障害|noun|something that blocks or stops something else	improvement|改良|noun|the act of making something better
but the labour that is employed in the improvement and cultivation of land affords the greatest and most valuable produce to the society.	しかし、土地の改良と耕作に従事する労働は、社会に最大かつ最も価値のある生産物を提供する。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage the services of	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	afford|提供する|verb|provide or supply	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The produce of labour, in this case, pays not only its own wages and the profit of the stock which employs it, but the rent of the land too upon which it is employed.	この場合、労働の生産物は、それ自身の賃金とそれを雇用する資本の利潤だけでなく、それが雇用されている土地の地代も支払う。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
The labour of the English colonies, therefore, being more employed in the improvement and cultivation of land, is likely to afford a greater and more valuable produce than that of any of the other three nations, which, by the engrossing of land, is more or less diverted towards other employments.	したがって、イギリス植民地の労働は、土地の改良と耕作にもっと従事しているので、土地の独占によって、多かれ少なかれ他の職業に転用されている他の三国のどれよりも、より大きく、より価値のある生産物を提供する可能性が高い。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	three|三|adjective|the number 3	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	engrossing|独占|noun|the action of taking all of someone's attention or interest	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	diverted|転用|verb|cause to change direction or course

Thirdly, The labour of the English colonists is not only likely to afford a greater and more valuable produce, but, in consequence of the moderation of their taxes, a greater proportion of this produce belongs to themselves, which they may store up and employ in putting into motion a still greater quantity of labour.	第三に、イギリス植民地人の労働は、より大きく、より価値のある生産物を提供する可能性が高いだけでなく、彼らの税金が穏健である結果として、この生産物のより大きな割合が彼ら自身のものであり、彼らはそれを蓄え、さらに多くの労働を動かすのに使うことができる。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colonist|植民地人|noun|a person who lives in a colony	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount or extent	valuable|価値がある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	consequence|結果|noun|something that happens as a result of something else	moderation|穏健|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	store|蓄える|verb|keep or lay up for future use	employ|使う|verb|use or engage the services of	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move
The English colonists have never yet contributed any thing towards the defence of the mother country, or towards the support of its civil government.	イギリスの植民地人は、母国の防衛やその市民政府の支援に何も貢献したことがない。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colonist|植民地人|noun|a person who lives in a colony	never yet|まだ一度もない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time in the past or future; not at all	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	thing|事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	support|支援|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of receiving such assistance
They themselves, on the contrary, have hitherto been defended almost entirely at the expense of the mother country;	それどころか、彼ら自身は、これまでほとんど完全に母国の犠牲で守られてきた。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	hitherto|これまで|adverb|up to this time; until now	almost entirely|ほとんど完全に|adverb|to a very great extent	at the expense of|犠牲で|preposition|at the cost of	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth
but the expense of fleets and armies is out of all proportion greater than the necessary expense of civil government.	しかし、艦隊や軍隊の費用は、市民政府の必要経費に比べて、まったく釣り合わないほど大きい。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	army|軍隊|noun|a large organized military force equipped for fighting on land	out of all proportion|まったく釣り合わない|adjective|too large or too small in comparison with something else	necessary expense|必要経費|noun|the cost of doing business	civil government|市民政府|noun|the government of a country or state
The expense of their own civil government has always been very moderate.	彼ら自身の市民政府の費用は、常に非常に穏健なものだった。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, and for the people	moderate|穏健な|adjective|not extreme or excessive
It has generally been confined to what was necessary for paying competent salaries to the governor, to the judges, and to some other officers of police, and for maintaining a few of the most useful public works.	それは一般に、知事、裁判官、その他の警察官に適切な給与を支払い、最も有用な公共事業のいくつかを維持するために必要なものに限定されている。	be confined to|限定される|verb|be restricted to	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	governor|知事|noun|the head of a state government	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	police|警察|noun|the civil force of a state responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	public works|公共事業|noun|construction or maintenance of public facilities or services
The expense of the civil establishment of Massachusetts Bay, before the commencement of the present disturbances, used to be but about £18;000 a-year; that of New Hampshire and Rhode Island, £3500 each;	現在の騒動が始まる前の、マサチューセッツ湾の市民施設の費用は、年間約18000ポンドに過ぎなかった。ニューハンプシャーとロードアイランドのそれは、それぞれ3500ポンドだった。	Massachusetts Bay|マサチューセッツ湾|noun|a bay of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Massachusetts	civil establishment|市民施設|noun|a building or place that is open to the public	expense|費用|noun|the cost of something	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	New Hampshire|ニューハンプシャー|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	Rhode Island|ロードアイランド|noun|the smallest state in the United States	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things
that of Connecticut, £4000; that of New York and Pennsylvania, £4500 each;	コネチカットのそれは4000ポンド、ニューヨークとペンシルバニアのそれはそれぞれ4500ポンドだった。	Connecticut|コネチカット|noun|a state in the northeastern US	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern US	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a state in the northeastern US	4000|4000|noun|the number four thousand	4500|4500|noun|the number four thousand five hundred
that of New Jersey, £1200; that of Virginia and South Carolina, £8000 each.	ニュージャージーのそれは1200ポンド、バージニアとサウスカロライナのそれはそれぞれ8000ポンドだった。	New Jersey|ニュージャージー|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the southeastern U.S.	South Carolina|サウスカロライナ|noun|a state in the southeastern U.S.	1200|1200|numeral|one thousand two hundred	8000|8000|numeral|eight thousand
The civil establishments of Nova Scotia and Georgia are partly supported by an annual grant of parliament;	ノバスコシアとジョージアの市民施設は、一部は議会の年次補助金で支えられている。	Nova Scotia|ノバスコシア|noun|a province in eastern Canada	Georgia|ジョージア|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	civil establishment|市民施設|noun|a public institution or organization	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in part	annual grant|年次補助金|noun|a sum of money given to a person or organization each year	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body in a country
but Nova Scotia pays, besides, about £7000 a-year towards the public expenses of the colony, and Georgia about £2500 a-year.	しかし、ノバスコシアは、そのほかに、植民地の公費として年間約7000ポンドを支払い、ジョージアは年間約2500ポンドを支払っている。	Nova Scotia|ノバスコシア|noun|a province of Canada	Georgia|ジョージア|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	public expenses|公費|noun|the cost of providing a public service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
All the different civil establishments in North America, in short, exclusive of those of Maryland and North Carolina, of which no exact account has been got, did not, before the commencement of the present disturbances, cost the inhabitants above £64,700 a-year; an ever memorable example, at how small an expense three millions of people may not only be governed but well governed.	要するに、北アメリカのあらゆる市民施設は、正確な計算が得られていないメリーランドとノースカロライナのものを除いて、現在の騒動が始まる前には、住民に年間6万4700ポンド以上の費用がかからなかった。これは、いかにわずかな費用で300万人の国民を統治できるか、しかもうまく統治できるかについて、永遠に記憶に残る例である。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	North Carolina|ノースカロライナ|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	civil establishment|市民施設|noun|a non-military government institution	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	three millions|300万人|noun|a very large number	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	well|うまく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner
The most important part of the expense of government, indeed, that of defence and protection, has constantly fallen upon the mother country.	実際、政府支出の最も重要な部分である防衛と保護の費用は、常に母国が負担してきた。	the most important part|最も重要な部分|noun phrase|the most important part	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth
The ceremonial, too, of the civil government in the colonies, upon the reception of a new governor, upon the opening of a new assembly, etc.	新知事の就任や新議会の開会など、植民地の市民政府の儀式も、	ceremonial|儀式|noun|a formal event or series of events	civil government|市民政府|noun|the government of a country or state	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	reception|就任|noun|an event to formally welcome someone	governor|知事|noun|the person appointed to govern a state	opening|開会|noun|the beginning of something	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area
though sufficiently decent, is not accompanied with any expensive pomp or parade.	十分にきちんとしているが、高価な華やかさやパレードを伴うことはない。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	decent|きちんとしている|adjective|conforming to generally or traditionally accepted standards of behavior or morals	accompany|伴う|verb|go together with	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	pomp|華やかさ|noun|a show of splendor or magnificence	parade|パレード|noun|a public procession
Their ecclesiastical government is conducted upon a plan equally frugal.	彼らの教会政治も同様に質素な計画に基づいて運営されている。	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church	government|政治|noun|the system or form by which a state or community is governed	conduct|運営する|verb|to direct or manage	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same manner	frugal|質素な|adjective|sparing or economical as regards money or food
Tithes are unknown among them;	彼らの間では十分の一税は知られていない。	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	be unknown|知られていない|verb|not known
and their clergy, who are far from being numerous, are maintained either by moderate stipends, or by the voluntary contributions of the people.	そして、決して多くはない彼らの聖職者は、適度な給与か、人々の自発的な寄付によって維持されている。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	far from|決して～ない|adverb|not at all	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	stipend|給与|noun|a fixed regular sum paid as a salary or as expenses	voluntary|自発的な|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	contribution|寄付|noun|the action of giving money, time, help, etc., to a person or organization
The power of Spain and Portugal, on the contrary, derives some support from the taxes levied upon their colonies.	反対に、スペインとポルトガルの権力は、植民地に課せられた税金からある程度の支援を得ている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
France, indeed, has never drawn any considerable revenue from its colonies, the taxes which it levies upon them being generally spent among them.	実際、フランスは植民地からかなりの収入を得たことはなく、植民地に課せられた税金は一般的に植民地内で使われていた。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually; on the whole	spend|使う|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services
But the colony government of all these three nations is conducted upon a much more extensive plan, and is accompanied with a much more expensive ceremonial.	しかし、これら三国の植民地政府は、はるかに大規模な計画に基づいて運営されており、はるかに高額な儀式を伴っている。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	conduct|運営する|verb|organize and carry out	extensive|大規模な|adjective|covering a large area; having a great range	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	accompany|伴う|verb|go together with	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	ceremonial|儀式|noun|a formal event or series of events
The sums spent upon the reception of a new viceroy of Peru, for example, have frequently been enormous.	例えば、ペルーの新総督の歓迎会に費やされる金額は、しばしば莫大なものだった。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	reception|歓迎会|noun|a social gathering	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	viceroy|総督|noun|a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign	enormous|莫大な|adjective|very large or great
Such ceremonials are not only real taxes paid by the rich colonists upon those particular occasions, but they serve to introduce among them the habit of vanity and expense upon all other occasions.	このような儀式は、裕福な入植者が特別な機会に支払う実質的な税金であるだけでなく、他のあらゆる機会に虚栄心と出費の習慣を植え付けるのに役立つ。	ceremonial|儀式|noun|a formal event or series of events	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a new colony	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	introduce|植え付ける|verb|bring into use or operation	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
They are not only very grievous occasional taxes, but they contribute to establish perpetual taxes, of the same kind, still more grievous;	これらは非常に厄介な臨時税であるだけでなく、同じ種類の永続的な税をさらに厄介なものにするのに役立つ。	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	grievous|厄介な|adjective|causing grief or pain	occasional|臨時の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	establish|にする|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|never ending or changing	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent
the ruinous taxes of private luxury and extravagance.	私的な贅沢と浪費の破滅的な税金である。	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources in a careless or wasteful way
In the colonies of all those three nations, too, the ecclesiastical government is extremely oppressive.	これら三国の植民地でも、教会政府は非常に抑圧的である。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or the clergy	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
Tithes take place in all of them, and are levied with the utmost rigour in those of Spain and Portugal.	十分の一税はすべての国で行われ、スペインとポルトガルでは最も厳しく徴収されている。	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	take place|行われる|verb|happen	all of them|すべての国|noun|all of the countries	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula
All of them, besides, are oppressed with a numerous race of mendicant friars, whose beggary being not only licensed but consecrated by religion, is a most grievous tax upon the poor people, who are most carefully taught that it is a duty to give, and a very great sin to refuse them their charity.	そのうえ、それらの国々はすべて、托鉢修道士の群れに圧迫されており、彼らの乞食行為は宗教によって認められているだけでなく、神聖視されているため、貧しい人々にとって最も厄介な税金となっている。貧しい人々は、施しを与えることが義務であり、彼らの慈善を拒否することは非常に大きな罪であると、最も注意深く教えられている。	all of them|それらの国々|noun|all of the countries	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	oppressed|圧迫されている|verb|be subjected to harsh and authoritarian treatment	numerous|群れ|adjective|very many	mendicant friars|托鉢修道士|noun|a member of a religious order that originally relied on alms	beggary|乞食行為|noun|the practice of begging	not only...but also|だけでなく...も|conjunction|used to introduce a second item in addition to one already mentioned	licensed|認められている|verb|be granted a license	consecrated|神聖視されている|verb|make or declare sacred	most grievous|最も厄介な|adjective|causing great pain or suffering	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or income	most carefully|最も注意深く|adverb|with the most care	taught|教えられている|verb|cause to learn by example or experience	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	refuse|拒否する|verb|indicate unwillingness to accept	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help to those in need
Over and above all this, the clergy are, in all of them, the greatest engrossers of land.	これらすべてに加えて、聖職者は、それらのすべてにおいて、土地の最大の占有者である。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	all of them|それらのすべて|pronoun|the whole of them	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	engrosser|占有者|noun|a person who buys up the whole stock of a commodity in order to gain a monopoly and resell at a higher price

Fourthly, In the disposal of their surplus produce, or of what is over and above their own consumption, the English colonies have been more favoured, and have been allowed a more extensive market, than those of any other European nation.	第四に、余剰生産物、つまり自家消費を超える生産物の処分において、イギリスの植民地は他のヨーロッパ諸国の植民地よりも優遇され、より広範な市場を認められている。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	over and above|を超える|preposition|in addition to	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	favour|優遇|verb|prefer one person or thing to another	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Every European nation has endeavoured, more or less, to monopolize to itself the commerce of its colonies, and, upon that account, has prohibited the ships of foreign nations from trading to them, and has prohibited them from importing European goods from any foreign nation.	ヨーロッパのどの国も、多かれ少なかれ、自国の植民地の商業を独占しようと努力し、そのために外国船の貿易を禁止し、外国からのヨーロッパ製品の輸入を禁止してきた。	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	monopolize|独占する|verb|have or obtain exclusive possession or control of	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
But the manner in which this monopoly has been exercised in different nations, has been very different.	しかし、この独占が各国でどのように行われてきたかは、大きく異なっている。	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	exercise|行う|verb|use or apply	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory

Some nations have given up the whole commerce of their colonies to an exclusive company, of whom the colonists were obliged to buy all such European goods as they wanted, and to whom they were obliged to sell the whole of their surplus produce.	一部の国は、植民地の商業全体を独占会社に譲り渡し、植民地人は必要なヨーロッパ製品をすべてその会社から買わなければならず、余剰生産物はすべてその会社に売らなければならなかった。	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	give up|譲り渡す|verb|to stop doing something	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|not shared with others	company|会社|noun|a business organization	colonist|植民地人|noun|a person who lives in a colony	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	good|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	want|必要とする|verb|to feel a need or a wish for	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
It was the interest of the company, therefore, not only to sell the former as dear, and to buy the latter as cheap as possible, but to buy no more of the latter, even at this low price, than what they could dispose of for a very high price in Europe.	したがって、前者をできるだけ高く売り、後者をできるだけ安く買うだけでなく、後者をこの低価格であっても、ヨーロッパで非常に高く売れる量以上に買わないことが、会社の利益だった。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	interest|利益|noun|the money that a person or organization receives from an investment or from saving money	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price or value	possible|できるだけ|adjective|that may be done, achieved, or dealt with	no more|これ以上ない|determiner|not any more	low|低い|adjective|of less than average height	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
It was their interest not only to degrade in all cases the value of the surplus produce of the colony, but in many cases to discourage and keep down the natural increase of its quantity.	彼らの利益は、あらゆる場合に植民地の余剰生産物の価値を下げるだけでなく、多くの場合にその量の自然増加を阻害し、抑えることだった。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	degrade|下げる|verb|reduce the quality or value of	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from increasing
Of all the expedients that can well be contrived to stunt the natural growth of a new colony, that of an exclusive company is undoubtedly the most effectual.	新しい植民地の自然な成長を阻害するために考えられるあらゆる方策の中で、独占会社によるものが間違いなく最も効果的である。	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	stunt|阻害する|verb|prevent the normal growth or development of	natural growth|自然な成長|noun|the increase in size or number of something that occurs without human intervention	new colony|新しい植民地|noun|a new settlement in a foreign country	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to produce or sell a particular product or service	effectual|効果的|adjective|producing the intended or expected result
This, however, has been the policy of Holland, though their company, in the course of the present century, has given up in many respects the exertion of their exclusive privilege.	しかし、これがオランダの政策だったが、今世紀の間に、彼らの会社は多くの点で独占的特権の行使を放棄した。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	company|会社|noun|a business organization	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	exertion|行使|noun|the use of force or energy	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a privilege that is granted to only one person or group
This, too, was the policy of Denmark, till the reign of the late king.	これもまた、前国王の治世までデンマークの政策だった。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	late|前|adjective|no longer living; dead	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom
It has occasionally been the policy of France; and of late, since 1755, after it had been abandoned by all other nations on account of its absurdity, it has become the policy of Portugal, with regard at least to two of the principal provinces of Brazil, Pernambucco, and Marannon.	それは時折フランスの政策でもあったし、最近では、1755年以降、その不条理さのために他のすべての国に放棄された後、少なくともブラジルの主要な州の2つ、ペルナンブッコとマラノンに関しては、ポルトガルの政策となった。	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; from time to time	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	late|最近|adverb|after the usual or expected time	1755|1755年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	abandon|放棄する|verb|give up completely	absurdity|不条理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|the largest country in both South America and Latin America	Pernambucco|ペルナンブッコ|noun|a state in northeastern Brazil	Marannon|マラノン|noun|a state in northeastern Brazil

Other nations, without establishing an exclusive company, have confined the whole commerce of their colonies to a particular port of the mother country, from whence no ship was allowed to sail, but either in a fleet and at a particular season, or, if single, in consequence of a particular license, which in most cases was very well paid for.	他の国々は、独占会社を設立せずに、植民地の全貿易を母国の特定の港に限定し、そこからは船団を組んで特定の季節に、あるいは単独の場合は特別な許可を得て出航することしか許されず、ほとんどの場合、その許可には高額の支払いが必要だった。	other nation|他の国々|noun|other countries	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to produce or sell a particular product or service	whole commerce|全貿易|noun|all trade	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	particular port|特定の港|noun|a specific port	mother country|母国|noun|the country where one was born	whence|そこから|adverb|from where	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	sail|出航する|verb|travel by ship	fleet|船団|noun|a group of ships traveling together	particular season|特定の季節|noun|a specific season	single|単独|adjective|one only	particular license|特別な許可|noun|a specific license	most case|ほとんどの場合|noun|most of the time	very well|高額の|adverb|a lot
This policy opened, indeed, the trade of the colonies to all the natives of the mother country, provided they traded from the proper port, at the proper season, and in the proper vessels.	この政策は、確かに、適切な港から、適切な季節に、適切な船で取引する限り、母国のすべての国民に植民地の貿易を開放した。	open|開放する|verb|make (something) available to be used or visited by the public	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	native|国民|noun|a person born in a particular place	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	vessel|船|noun|a ship or large boat
But as all the different merchants, who joined their stocks in order to fit out those licensed vessels, would find it for their interest to act in concert, the trade which was carried on in this manner would necessarily be conducted very nearly upon the same principles as that of an exclusive company.	しかし、これらの許可された船を装備するために資金を合わせたすべての商人は、協調して行動することが利益になると気づくので、この方法で行われた貿易は、必然的に独占会社とほぼ同じ原則に基づいて行われることになる。	join|合わせる|verb|to connect or fasten together	stock|資金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	fit out|装備する|verb|to supply with all that is necessary	licensed|許可された|adjective|having a license	vessel|船|noun|a hollow container used to hold liquid	find|気づく|verb|to discover or notice	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	act|行動する|verb|to do something	concert|協調|noun|a performance of music by several performers or of several compositions	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	conduct|行う|verb|to organize and carry out	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to a particular person or group and not shared with others
The profit of those merchants would be almost equally exorbitant and oppressive.	これらの商人の利益は、ほとんど同じように法外で抑圧的なものになるだろう。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same manner	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
The colonies would be ill supplied, and would be obliged both to buy very dear, and to sell very cheap.	植民地は十分に供給されず、非常に高く買うことと、非常に安く売ることの両方を余儀なくされるだろう。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	be ill supplied|十分に供給されない|verb|not be supplied enough	be obliged|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price
This, however, till within these few years, had always been the policy of Spain; and the price of all European goods, accordingly, is said to have been enormous in the Spanish West Indies.	しかし、これは、この数年まで、常にスペインの政策であった。それに応じて、スペイン領西インド諸島では、すべてのヨーロッパ製品の価格が非常に高かったと言われている。	this|これ|pronoun|the thing that is being discussed	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	within|以内|preposition|inside; not beyond	these|これらの|determiner|the ones being discussed	few|数|determiner|a small number of	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people, languages, or cultures	good|製品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result; consequently	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people, language, or culture	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea east of Central America and north of South America
At Quito, we are told by Ulloa, a pound of iron sold for about 4s:6d., and a pound of steel for about 6s:9d. sterling.	ウジョアによれば、キトでは鉄1ポンドが約4シリング6ペンス、鋼1ポンドが約6シリング9ペンスで売られているという。	Quito|キト|noun|the capital of Ecuador	Ulloa|ウジョア|noun|a Spanish general and colonial administrator	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	iron|鉄|noun|a strong hard magnetic silvery-gray metal	steel|鋼|noun|a hard, strong metal made from iron and carbon	about|約|preposition|approximately	4s:6d|4シリング6ペンス|noun|a unit of currency	6s:9d|6シリング9ペンス|noun|a unit of currency	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
But it is chiefly in order to purchase European goods that the colonies part with their own produce.	しかし、植民地が自国の生産物を手放すのは、主にヨーロッパ製品を購入するためである。	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mostly	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	part with|手放す|verb|give up possession of	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
The more, therefore, they pay for the one, the less they really get for the other, and the dearness of the one is the same thing with the cheapness of the other.	したがって、一方に支払う金額が大きいほど、他方から実際に得られる金額は小さくなり、一方の価格の高さは他方の価格の安さと同義である。	the more|より多く|determiner|a larger amount or number of	the less|より少なく|determiner|a smaller amount or number of	the dearness|高さ|noun|the high price of something	the cheapness|安さ|noun|the low price of something
The policy of Portugal is, in this respect, the same as the ancient policy of Spain, with regard to all its colonies, except Pernambucco and Marannon; and with regard to these it has lately adopted a still worse.	この点で、ポルトガルの政策は、ペルナンブッコとマラノンを除くすべての植民地に関して、スペインの古代政策と同じである。そして、これらに関して、最近さらに悪い政策を採用した。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Lisbon	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Spain|スペイン|noun|a kingdom in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; capital Madrid	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Pernambucco|ペルナンブッコ|noun|a state in northeastern Brazil	Marannon|マラノン|noun|a river in Peru	lately|最近|adverb|not long ago; recently	worse|さらに悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard

Other nations leave the trade of their colonies free to all their subjects, who may carry it on from all the different ports of the mother country, and who have occasion for no other license than the common despatches of the custom-house.	他の国々は、植民地貿易をすべての臣民に自由に任せており、臣民は母国のあらゆる港から貿易を行うことができ、税関の通常の許可証以外に許可証を必要としない。	other nation|他の国々|noun|other countries	leave|任せる|verb|allow to remain in a specified state	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	occasion|必要とする|noun|a particular time or event	license|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where customs are collected
In this case the number and dispersed situation of the different traders renders it impossible for them to enter into any general combination, and their competition is sufficient to hinder them from making very exorbitant profits.	この場合、さまざまな貿易業者の数と分散した状況により、彼らが一般的な組み合わせに入ることは不可能であり、彼らの競争は彼らが非常に法外な利益を上げるのを妨げるのに十分である。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	dispersed|分散した|adjective|spread about	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	enter|入る|verb|go or come in	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the result of combining two or more things	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	make|上げる|verb|produce or create	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain
Under so liberal a policy, the colonies are enabled both to sell their own produce, and to buy the goods of Europe at a reasonable price;	このような自由主義的な政策のもとで、植民地は独自の生産物を販売し、ヨーロッパの商品を適正な価格で購入することができる。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	liberal|自由主義的な|adjective|of or relating to liberalism	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	enable|できる|verb|to make possible, practical, or easy	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	buy|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	reasonable|適正な|adjective|fair and just	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
but since the dissolution of the Plymouth company, when our colonies were but in their infancy, this has always been the policy of England.	しかし、我々の植民地がまだ幼少期だった頃のプリマス会社の解散以来、これは常にイギリスの政策であった。	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration	dissolution|解散|noun|the breaking up of an assembly or organization	Plymouth|プリマス|noun|a port city in Devon, England	company|会社|noun|a body of persons associated together for a common purpose	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	infancy|幼少期|noun|the early stage of development	this|これ|pronoun|the person or thing mentioned or indicated	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual
It has generally, too, been that of France, and has been uniformly so since the dissolution of what in England is commonly called their Mississippi company.	それはまた、一般的にフランスの政策でもあり、イギリスで一般にミシシッピ会社と呼ばれているものの解散以来、一貫してそうである。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Mississippi|ミシシッピ|noun|a state in the southern US	company|会社|noun|a business organization
The profits of the trade, therefore, which France and England carry on with their colonies, though no doubt somewhat higher than if the competition were free to all other nations, are, however, by no means exorbitant;	したがって、フランスとイギリスが植民地と行っている貿易の利益は、他のすべての国に競争が自由に行われていた場合よりも多少高いことは間違いないが、決して法外なものではない。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high
and the price of European goods, accordingly, is not extravagantly high in the greater past of the colonies of either of those nations.	したがって、ヨーロッパ製品の価格は、これらの国のいずれかの植民地の大部分で法外に高くはない。	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory

In the exportation of their own surplus produce, too, it is only with regard to certain commodities that the colonies of Great Britain are confined to the market of the mother country.	自国の余剰生産物の輸出においても、イギリスの植民地が母国の市場に限定されているのは、特定の商品に関してのみである。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
These commodities having been enumerated in the act of navigation, and in some other subsequent acts, have upon that account been called enumerated commodities.	これらの商品は、航海法やその後のいくつかの法律に列挙されているので、そのことから列挙商品と呼ばれている。	enumerate|列挙する|verb|specify one by one	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	account|ことから|noun|a statement of the financial situation of a business, person, or other entity	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to
The rest are called non-enumerated, and may be exported directly to other countries, provided it is in British or plantation ships, of which the owners and three fourths of the mariners are British subjects.	残りは非列挙と呼ばれ、所有者と船員の4分の3がイギリス臣民であるイギリス船またはプランテーション船であれば、他の国に直接輸出することができる。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	non-enumerated|非列挙|adjective|not listed	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed to	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	other|他の|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	provide|であれば|verb|make available for use; supply	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	three fourths|4分の3|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	mariner|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	British subject|イギリス臣民|noun|a citizen of the United Kingdom

Among the non-enumerated commodities are some of the most important productions of America and the West Indies, grain of all sorts, lumber, salt provisions, fish, sugar, and rum.	非列挙商品の中には、アメリカや西インド諸島の最も重要な生産物であるあらゆる種類の穀物、木材、塩漬け食料品、魚、砂糖、ラム酒などがある。	non-enumerated|非列挙|adjective|not listed	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	lumber|木材|noun|timber sawn into rough planks or otherwise partly processed	salt provision|塩漬け食料品|noun|a food that has been preserved in salt	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane

Grain is naturally the first and principal object of the culture of all new colonies.	穀物は、当然のことながら、すべての新しい植民地の文化の最初の主要な対象である。	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	object|対象|noun|a thing that is seen or touched	culture|文化|noun|the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
By allowing them a very extensive market for it, the law encourages them to extend this culture much beyond the consumption of a thinly inhabited country, and thus to provide beforehand an ample subsistence for a continually increasing population.	法律は、彼らに非常に広範な市場を認めることで、彼らがこの文化を人口の少ない国の消費をはるかに超えて拡大し、それによって継続的に増加する人口のために十分な生計を事前に提供することを奨励している。	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to do something	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	encourage|奨励する|verb|to give support, courage, or hope to	culture|文化|noun|the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group	extend|拡大する|verb|to make or become longer, wider, or larger	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	thinly|少ない|adverb|in a small amount	inhabited|住む|verb|to live in a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	provide|提供する|verb|to give or make available	beforehand|事前に|adverb|in advance	ample|十分な|adjective|more than enough	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	population|人口|noun|all the people living in a particular country or area

In a country quite covered with wood, where timber consequently is of little or no value, the expense of clearing the ground is the principal obstacle to improvement.	木材がほとんどまたはまったく価値がない、木材で覆われた国では、土地を整地する費用が改善の主要な障害である。	wood|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance that forms the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
By allowing the colonies a very extensive market for their lumber, the law endeavours to facilitate improvement by raising the price of a commodity which would otherwise be of little value, and thereby enabling them to make some profit of what would otherwise be mere expense.	法律は、植民地に木材の非常に広範な市場を認めることで、そうでなければほとんど価値のない商品の価格を引き上げ、それによって彼らがそうでなければ単なる費用となるものからいくらかの利益を得ることができるようにすることで、改善を促進しようとしている。	allow|認める|verb|to permit or let	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	lumber|木材|noun|timber sawn into rough planks or otherwise partly processed	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	endeavour|努める|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	facilitate|促進する|verb|to make easier or less difficult	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved	raise|引き上げる|verb|to lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

In a country neither half peopled nor half cultivated, cattle naturally multiply beyond the consumption of the inhabitants, and are often, upon that account, of little or no value.	半分も人が住んでおらず、半分も耕作されていない国では、牛は当然のことながら住民の消費量を超えて増殖し、そのためにほとんどまたはまったく価値がないことが多い。	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	multiply|増殖する|verb|increase in number	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently	little|ほとんど～ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|～ない|determiner|not any
But it is necessary, it has already been shown, that the price of cattle should bear a certain proportion to that of corn, before the greater part of the lands of any country can be improved.	しかし、すでに示したように、どの国の土地の大部分も改良される前に、牛の価格が穀物の価格にある程度の割合を占める必要がある。	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	show|示す|verb|to demonstrate or make evident	cattle|牛|noun|an adult female domesticated ox	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	bear|占める|verb|to carry or support	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	corn|穀物|noun|any of the cereal grasses that produce an edible grain	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	improve|改良される|verb|to make or become better
By allowing to American cattle, in all shapes, dead and alive, a very extensive market, the law endeavours to raise the value of a commodity, of which the high price is so very essential to improvement.	法律は、アメリカの牛に、生死を問わずあらゆる形で非常に広範な市場を認めることで、高価格が改善に非常に不可欠な商品の価値を高めようとしている。	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its inhabitants	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	shape|形|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	dead|死んだ|adjective|no longer alive	alive|生きている|adjective|living, not dead	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
The good effects of this liberty, however, must be somewhat diminished by the 4th of Geo. III. c. 15, which puts hides and skins among the enumerated commodities, and thereby tends to reduce the value of American cattle.	しかし、この自由の良い効果は、ジョージ三世の第四条によって幾分減少させられるに違いない。第15章では、皮革を列挙された商品に含め、それによってアメリカの牛の価値を下げる傾向がある。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	good effect|良い効果|noun|a positive result or outcome	somewhat|幾分|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a small amount	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	4th|第四条|noun|the ordinal number of four in a series	Geo. III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	c. 15|第15章|noun|chapter 15	put|含める|verb|place, set, or arrange in a specified position	hide|皮革|noun|the skin of an animal	enumerated|列挙された|adjective|specify individually as in a list	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	tend|下げる傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

To increase the shipping and naval power of Great Britain by the extension of the fisheries of our colonies, is an object which the legislature seems to have had almost constantly in view.	我が国の植民地の漁業の拡大によってイギリスの海運と海軍力を増強することは、立法府がほぼ常に念頭に置いてきた目的であるように思われる。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	shipping|海運|noun|the transport of people or goods by sea	naval|海軍の|adjective|of or relating to a navy	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal
Those fisheries, upon this account, have had all the encouragement which freedom can give them, and they have flourished accordingly.	このため、これらの漁業は自由が与えうるあらゆる奨励を受け、それに応じて繁栄してきた。	those|これらの|determiner|the	fisheries|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	upon|ため|preposition|on	this|この|determiner|the	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	have|受けてきた|verb|possess, own, or hold	all|あらゆる|determiner|the whole amount or quantity of	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	which|が|relative pronoun|that	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	can|うる|modal verb|be able to	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of	them|それら|pronoun|they	and|そして|conjunction|and	they|それら|pronoun|they	have|きた|verb|possess, own, or hold	flourished|繁栄してきた|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way
The New England fishery, in particular, was, before the late disturbances, one of the most important, perhaps, in the world.	特にニューイングランドの漁業は、最近の騒動の前には、おそらく世界で最も重要な漁業の1つだった。	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a region of the northeastern United States	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	in particular|特に|adverb|to a great extent; especially	before|前|preposition|earlier than	late|最近|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	the most important|最も重要な|adjective|of the greatest significance or value	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|it is possible that; maybe	in the world|世界で|adverb|in or to all parts of the earth
The whale fishery which, notwithstanding an extravagant bounty, is in Great Britain carried on to so little purpose, that in the opinion of many people ( which I do not, however, pretend to warrant), the whole produce does not much exceed the value of the bounties which are annually paid for it, is in New England carried on, without any bounty, to a very great extent.	鯨漁は、法外な報奨金にもかかわらず、イギリスではほとんど目的を果たしていないので、多くの人々の意見では(しかし、私は保証するつもりはない)、全生産量は、毎年支払われる報奨金の価値をあまり上回っていないが、ニューイングランドでは、報奨金なしに、非常に大規模に行われている。	whale fishery|鯨漁|noun|the industry or activity of catching whales	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a region of the northeastern United States	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	great|大規模|adjective|of major significance or importance
Fish is one of the principal articles with which the North Americans trade to Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean.	魚は、北米人がスペイン、ポルトガル、地中海に輸出する主要な品目の1つである。	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	North Americans|北米人|noun|a native or inhabitant of North America	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a large sea that lies between Europe, Africa, and Asia

Sugar was originally an enumerated commodity, which could only be exported to Great Britain; but in 1751, upon a representation of the sugar-planters, its exportation was permitted to all parts of the world.	砂糖はもともと列挙品目であり、イギリスにしか輸出できなかったが、1751年に砂糖農園主の陳情により、世界各地への輸出が許可された。	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	enumerated|列挙された|adjective|specified individually; listed	commodity|品目|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	1751|1751年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	sugar-planter|砂糖農園主|noun|a person who grows sugar	representation|陳情|noun|a statement made to influence opinion or action	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people living on it
The restrictions, however, with which this liberty was granted, joined to the high price of sugar in Great Britain, have rendered it in a great measure ineffectual.	しかし、この自由が認められた制限は、イギリスの砂糖の高価格と相まって、それを大いに無効なものにしてしまった。	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	grant|認める|verb|to give, allow, or admit	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	render|してしまう|verb|to cause to be or become	measure|大いに|noun|a step taken as a means to achieve an end	ineffectual|無効な|adjective|not producing the intended or expected effect
Great Britain and her colonies still continue to be almost the sole market for all sugar produced in the British plantations.	イギリスとその植民地は、依然としてイギリスの農園で生産されるすべての砂糖のほとんど唯一の市場であり続けている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	continue|あり続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|生産される|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	plantation|農園|noun|an estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown
Their consumption increases so fast, that, though in consequence of the increasing improvement of Jamaica, as well as of the ceded islands, the importation of sugar has increased very greatly within these twenty years, the exportation to foreign countries is said to be not much greater than before.	彼らの消費量は急速に増加しており、ジャマイカや割譲された島々の改善が進んだ結果、この20年間で砂糖の輸入量は大幅に増加したが、外国への輸出量は以前とあまり変わらないといわれている。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed	Jamaica|ジャマイカ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	ceded|割譲された|adjective|given up or surrendered	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	greatly|大幅に|adverb|in a large or significant way	twenty years|20年間|noun|a period of time lasting for twenty years	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services out of a country	foreign country|外国|noun|a country that is not one's own	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past

Rum is a very important article in the trade which the Americans carry on to the coast of Africa, from which they bring back negro slaves in return.	ラム酒は、アメリカ人がアフリカ沿岸に運ぶ貿易において非常に重要な品目であり、その見返りとして黒人奴隷を連れ帰る。	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|運ぶ|verb|to continue doing something	coast|沿岸|noun|the land next to the sea	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	bring back|連れ帰る|verb|to return with something	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

If the whole surplus produce of America, in grain of all sorts, in salt provisions, and in fish, had been put into the enumeration, and thereby forced into the market of Great Britain, it would have interfered too much with the produce of the industry of our own people.	もしアメリカのあらゆる種類の穀物、塩漬け食料品、魚の余剰生産物がすべて列挙され、それによってイギリス市場に押し込まれていたら、それは我々自身の国民の産業生産物に過度に干渉していただろう。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	fish|魚|noun|a cold-blooded vertebrate animal that lives in water	enumeration|列挙|noun|the action of mentioning a number of things one by one	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	force|押し込む|verb|make someone or something move or do something by using physical strength or violence	market|市場|noun|a place where goods or services are bought and sold	interfere|干渉する|verb|prevent or obstruct someone or something from doing or happening	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area
It was probably not so much from any regard to the interest of America, as from a jealousy of this interference, that those important commodities have not only been kept out of the enumeration, but that the importation into Great Britain of all grain, except rice, and of all salt provisions, has, in the ordinary state of the law, been prohibited.	これらの重要な商品が列挙から外されただけでなく、米を除くすべての穀物とすべての塩漬け食料品の英国への輸入が通常の法律の状態で禁止されたのは、おそらくアメリカの利益への配慮からではなく、この干渉への嫉妬からだったのだろう。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages	interference|干渉|noun|the action of interfering or the state of being interfered with	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	enumeration|列挙|noun|the action of mentioning a number of things one by one	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid

The non-enumerated commodities could originally be exported to all parts of the world.	列挙されていない商品は、もともと世界のあらゆる場所に輸出することができた。	non-enumerated|列挙されていない|adjective|not counted or listed	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
Lumber and rice having been once put into the enumeration, when they were afterwards taken out of it, were confined, as to the European market, to the countries that lie south of Cape Finisterre.	木材と米は、かつて列挙されたが、その後除外されたときには、ヨーロッパ市場については、フィニステレ岬の南にある国々に限定された。	lumber|木材|noun|timber sawn into rough planks or otherwise partly processed	rice|米|noun|a grass producing the edible grain	put into|列挙される|verb|to be included in a list	enumeration|列挙|noun|the action of mentioning a number of things one by one	taken out of|除外される|verb|to be removed from a list	confined|限定される|verb|to be limited to a particular area or group	European market|ヨーロッパ市場|noun|the market for goods and services in Europe	Cape Finisterre|フィニステレ岬|noun|a cape in northwestern Spain
By the 6th of George III. c. 52, all non-enumerated commodities were subjected to the like restriction.	ジョージ三世の六年目までに、すべての列挙されていない商品は同様の制限を受けるようになった。	6th|六年目|noun|the sixth year	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	non-enumerated|列挙されていない|adjective|not listed or counted	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	subjected|受けるようになった|verb|be exposed to or affected by something	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure
The parts of Europe which lie south of Cape Finisterre are not manufacturing countries, and we are less jealous of the colony ships carrying home from them any manufactures which could interfere with our own.	フィニステレ岬の南にあるヨーロッパの地域は工業国ではなく、私たちは植民地の船がそこから自国に干渉するような工業製品を持ち帰ることにあまり嫉妬していない。	lie|ある|verb|be in or occupy a particular position or place	south|南|noun|the direction toward the South Pole	Cape Finisterre|フィニステレ岬|noun|a cape in northwestern Spain	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	jealous|嫉妬する|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	interfere|干渉する|verb|prevent or obstruct (an activity or event) by doing something	manufacture|工業製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory

The enumerated commodities are of two sorts;	列挙された商品は二種類ある。	enumerate|列挙する|verb|count or list one by one	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics
first, such as are either the peculiar produce of America, or as cannot be produced, or at least are not produced in the mother country.	第一に、アメリカ特有の産物であるか、あるいは生産できないか、少なくとも母国では生産されていないものである。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	such as|～のような|conjunction|for example	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth
Of this kind are molasses, coffee, cocoa-nuts, tobacco, pimento, ginger, whalefins, raw silk, cotton, wool, beaver, and other peltry of America, indigo, fustick, and other dyeing woods;	この種のものには、糖蜜、コーヒー、ココナッツ、タバコ、ピメント、生姜、鯨のヒレ、生糸、綿、羊毛、ビーバー、その他のアメリカの毛皮、インディゴ、フスティク、その他の染色用木材などがある。	molasses|糖蜜|noun|a thick dark sticky liquid obtained as a byproduct of the refining of sugar	coffee|コーヒー|noun|a hot drink made from the roasted and ground beanlike seeds of a tropical shrub	cocoa-nuts|ココナッツ|noun|the large brown seed of a tropical palm	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented and smoked in cigarettes, cigars, or pipes	pimento|ピメント|noun|the dried unripe berries of a West Indian allspice tree	ginger|生姜|noun|a hot spicy aromatic rhizome used as a flavoring in cooking and as a medicinal herb	whalefins|鯨のヒレ|noun|the fin of a whale	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed	cotton|綿|noun|a soft white fibrous substance that surrounds the seeds of a tropical and subtropical plant and is used as a textile fiber and in the manufacture of cottonseed oil	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat or certain other animals	beaver|ビーバー|noun|a large amphibious rodent with sharp front teeth and a flat tail	peltry|毛皮|noun|the skins of fur-bearing animals	indigo|インディゴ|noun|a blue dye obtained from plants	fustick|フスティク|noun|a yellow dye obtained from a tropical tree	dyeing|染色|noun|the process of changing the color of something	woods|木材|noun|the hard fibrous substance under the bark of a tree
secondly, such as are not the peculiar produce of America, but which are, and may be produced in the mother country, though not in such quantities as to supply the greater part of her demand, which is principally supplied from foreign countries.	第二に、アメリカ特有の産物ではないが、母国で生産されているもの、あるいは生産できるもので、主に外国から供給されている需要の大部分を賄うほどの量ではないものである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
Of this kind are all naval stores, masts, yards, and bowsprits, tar, pitch, and turpentine, pig and bar iron, copper ore, hides and skins, pot and pearl ashes.	この種のものには、すべての海軍用品、マスト、ヤード、バウスプリット、タール、ピッチ、テレビン油、銑鉄、棒鉄、銅鉱石、皮革、ポット灰、真珠灰などがある。	of this kind|この種のもの|noun phrase|of this type	naval store|海軍用品|noun|a store that sells supplies for ships	mast|マスト|noun|a tall upright post on a ship or boat that supports the sails	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet	bowsprit|バウスプリット|noun|a large spar projecting forward from the bow of a ship	tar|タール|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	pitch|ピッチ|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	turpentine|テレビン油|noun|a volatile oil obtained by the distillation of pine resin	pig iron|銑鉄|noun|crude iron as first obtained from a smelting furnace	bar iron|棒鉄|noun|iron in the form of bars	copper ore|銅鉱石|noun|a mineral from which copper can be extracted	hide|皮革|noun|the skin of an animal	pot ash|ポット灰|noun|a white or gray powdery substance consisting mainly of potassium carbonate	pearl ash|真珠灰|noun|a white or gray powdery substance consisting mainly of potassium carbonate
The largest importation of commodities of the first kind could not discourage the growth, or interfere with the sale, of any part of the produce of the mother country.	第一種の商品を大量に輸入しても、母国の生産物のどの部分の成長も妨げることはできず、また販売を妨害することもできない。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality	largest|最大|adjective|of the greatest size, amount, or extent	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or causing to be brought into a country or region	discourage|妨げる|verb|cause (someone) to lose confidence or enthusiasm	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	interfere|妨害する|verb|prevent or obstruct (an action, event, or process) by doing something that is contrary to it	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling something	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth or citizenship
By confining them to the home market, our merchants, it was expected, would not only be enabled to buy them cheaper in the plantations, and consequently to sell them with a better profit at home, but to establish between the plantations and foreign countries an advantageous carrying trade, of which Great Britain was necessarily to be the centre or emporium, as the European country into which those commodities were first to be imported.	これらを国内市場に限定することで、わが国の商人は、植民地でより安く買い、その結果、国内でより良い利益を得て販売することができるようになるだけでなく、植民地と外国との間で有利な運搬貿易を確立することができるようになると期待されていた。	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade or commerce	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	cheaper|より安く|adjective|low in price or value	plantation|植民地|noun|a large estate or farm where crops are grown for sale	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|trade in which goods are transported from one place to another	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	centre|中心|noun|the middle point of something	emporium|商業中心地|noun|a large shop stocking many types of goods	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|relating to Europe or its people	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
The importation of commodities of the second kind might be so managed too, it was supposed, as to interfere, not with the sale of those of the same kind which were produced at home, but with that of those which were imported from foreign countries;	第二種の商品の輸入も、国内で生産された同種の商品の販売ではなく、外国から輸入された同種の商品の販売を妨害するように管理できると考えられた。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run	interfere|妨害する|verb|prevent from happening or developing	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
because, by means of proper duties, they might be rendered always somewhat dearer than the former, and yet a good deal cheaper than the latter.	なぜなら、適切な関税によって、前者よりも常に多少高く、後者よりもかなり安くすることができるからである。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	render|することができる|verb|cause to be or become	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	dearer|高く|adjective|costing more	former|前者|adjective|denoting the first or earlier of two or more people or things	yet|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; but	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	cheaper|安く|adjective|costing less	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or later of two or more people or things
By confining such commodities to the home market, therefore, it was proposed to discourage the produce, not of Great Britain, but of some foreign countries with which the balance of trade was believed to be unfavourable to Great Britain.	したがって、そのような商品を国内市場に限定することで、イギリスではなく、貿易収支がイギリスに不利であると信じられていた一部の外国の生産物を阻害することが提案された。	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or try to prevent someone from doing something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	balance of trade|貿易収支|noun|the difference in value between a country's imports and exports	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|not favourable; adverse

The prohibition of exporting from the colonies to any other country but Great Britain, masts, yards, and bowsprits, tar, pitch, and turpentine, naturally tended to lower the price of timber in the colonies, and consequently to increase the expense of clearing their lands, the principal obstacle to their improvement.	植民地からイギリス以外の国への輸出禁止は、マスト、ヤード、バウスプリット、タール、ピッチ、テレビン油は、当然のことながら植民地の木材価格を下げる傾向があり、その結果、彼らの土地を整地する費用が増加し、彼らの改善の主要な障害となった。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	mast|マスト|noun|a tall upright post, especially on a ship or boat, on which sails are hung	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	bowsprit|バウスプリット|noun|a large spar projecting forward from the stem of a ship	tar|タール|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	pitch|ピッチ|noun|a black sticky substance obtained from coal tar	turpentine|テレビン油|noun|a volatile essential oil obtained by the distillation of resin from pine and other trees	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural or normal way	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	clearing|整地|noun|the action of making an area of land free of trees and plants	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
But about the beginning of the present century, in 1703, the pitch and tar company of Sweden endeavoured to raise the price of their commodities to Great Britain, by prohibiting their exportation, except in their own ships, at their own price, and in such quantities as they thought proper.	しかし、今世紀の初め頃、1703年にスウェーデンのピッチとタール会社は、自社船で、自社価格で、適切と思われる量でなければ輸出を禁止することで、イギリスへの商品価格を引き上げようとした。	about the beginning of|初め頃|noun|the first part of something	present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	1703|1703年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	prohibiting|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	in such quantities as|と思われる量で|noun|the amount or number of something	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard
In order to counteract this notable piece of mercantile policy, and to render herself as much as possible independent, not only of Sweden, but of all the other northern powers, Great Britain gave a bounty upon the importation of naval stores from America;	この注目すべき商業政策に対抗し、スウェーデンだけでなく他のすべての北方諸国からも可能な限り独立するために、イギリスはアメリカからの海軍用品輸入に報奨金を与えた。	counteract|対抗する|verb|act against something	notable|注目すべき|adjective|worthy of attention or notice	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	independent|独立|adjective|not dependent; not relying on others	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	naval|海軍|adjective|of or relating to a navy or navies	store|用品|noun|a place where goods may be bought	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
and the effect of this bounty was to raise the price of timber in America much more than the confinement to the home market could lower it;	そして、この報奨金の効果は、アメリカの木材価格を国内市場への閉じ込めが下げることができるよりもはるかに高めることだった。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	confinement|閉じ込め|noun|the state of being confined	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position
and as both regulations were enacted at the same time, their joint effect was rather to encourage than to discourage the clearing of land in America.	そして、両方の規制が同時に制定されたので、それらの共同効果は、アメリカの土地の開拓を阻害するよりもむしろ奨励することだった。	both|両方の|determiner|the two	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at one and the same time	joint|共同の|adjective|shared by or done with two or more people	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause a loss of confidence or hope	clearing|開拓|noun|the removal of trees and other vegetation from an area of land	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America

Though pig and bar iron, too, have been put among the enumerated commodities, yet as, when imported from America, they are exempted from considerable duties to which they are subject when imported front any other country, the one part of the regulation contributes more to encourage the erection of furnaces in America than the other to discourage it.	銑鉄や棒鉄も列挙された商品に含まれているが、アメリカから輸入される場合は、他の国から輸入される場合に課せられるかなりの関税が免除されるため、規制の一部は、アメリカでの炉の建設を阻害するよりも奨励する方向に働いている。	pig|銑鉄|noun|crude iron as first obtained from a smelting furnace	bar|棒鉄|noun|a long thin piece of metal	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	enumerate|列挙する|verb|count or list one by one	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	erection|建設|noun|the action of building or constructing something	furnace|炉|noun|an enclosed structure in which heat is produced
There is no manufacture which occasions so great a consumption of wood as a furnace, or which can contribute so much to the clearing of a country overgrown with it.	炉ほど木材を大量に消費する製造業はなく、また、木材が繁茂した国の開拓にこれほど貢献できる製造業もない。	There is no|ない|verb|not exist	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	occasion|消費する|verb|cause or produce	so great a consumption|大量に消費する|noun|a large amount of consumption	wood|木材|noun|the hard, fibrous substance forming the main part of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub	furnace|炉|noun|an enclosed structure in which heat is produced by the combustion of fuel	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	so much|これほど|adverb|to such a great extent	clearing|開拓|noun|the removal of trees and other vegetation from an area of land	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The tendency of some of these regulations to raise the value of timber in America, and thereby to facilitate the clearing of the land, was neither, perhaps, intended nor understood by the legislature.	これらの規制の一部がアメリカの木材の価値を高め、それによって土地の開拓を促進する傾向は、おそらく立法府によって意図されたものでも理解されたものでもなかった。	some of|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	clearing|開拓|noun|the removal of trees and other vegetation from an area of land	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	intended|意図された|verb|planned or meant	understood|理解された|verb|perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government
Though their beneficial effects, however, have been in this respect accidental, they have not upon that account been less real.	しかし、この点での有益な効果は偶然だったが、その点で現実的ではなくなったわけではない。	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	accidental|偶然の|adjective|happening by chance or accident	real|現実的な|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence

The most perfect freedom of trade is permitted between the British colonies of America and the West Indies, both in the enumerated and in the non-enumerated commodities	アメリカと西インド諸島のイギリス植民地の間では、列挙された商品と列挙されていない商品の両方において、最も完全な貿易の自由が認められている。	freedom of trade|貿易の自由|noun|the right to engage in economic transactions without government intervention	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	enumerated|列挙された|adjective|specified individually	non-enumerated|列挙されていない|adjective|not specified individually
Those colonies are now become so populous and thriving, that each of them finds in some of the others a great and extensive market for every part of its produce.	これらの植民地は今や非常に人口が多く繁栄しており、それぞれが他の植民地の一部にその産物のあらゆる部分のための大きく広範な市場を見出している。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	each|それぞれ|determiner|every one of two or more people or things	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by agriculture
All of them taken together, they make a great internal market for the produce of one another.	これらをすべて合わせると、互いの産物のための大きな国内市場を形成している。	all of them|これらすべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	taken together|合わせると|verb|combine or be combined	make|形成している|verb|form or be formed	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	internal market|国内市場|noun|a market comprising the member states of the European Union

The liberality of England, however, towards the trade of her colonies, has been confined chiefly to what concerns the market for their produce, either in its rude state, or in what may be called the very first stage of manufacture.	しかし、イギリスの植民地貿易に対する自由主義は、主に、その粗野な状態、あるいは製造の最初の段階と呼べる段階にある産物の市場に関するものに限定されている。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	liberality|自由主義|noun|the quality of being liberal	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine
The more advanced or more refined manufactures, even of the colony produce, the merchants and manufacturers of Great Britain chuse to reserve to themselves, and have prevailed upon the legislature to prevent their establishment in the colonies, sometimes by high duties, and sometimes by absolute prohibitions.	より高度で洗練された製造業は、植民地産物でさえ、イギリスの商人や製造業者は自分たちの手元に残しておくことを選び、植民地での設立を阻止するよう立法府に働きかけ、時には高関税を課し、時には絶対禁止を課した。	advanced|高度な|adjective|far on in development or progress	refined|洗練された|adjective|having a high degree of excellence	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	reserve|残しておく|verb|keep or set aside for a particular purpose	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of government	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax or fee that is charged on imported goods	absolute prohibition|絶対禁止|noun|a law or regulation that completely forbids something

While, for example, Muscovado sugars from the British plantations pay, upon importation, only 6s:4d. the hundred weight, white sugars pay £1:1:1; and refined, either double or single, in loaves, £4:2:5 8/20ths.	例えば、イギリスのプランテーションのムスコバド糖は、輸入時に百ウェイトあたりわずか6シリング4ペンスしか支払わないのに対し、白糖は1ポンド1シリング1ペンス、精製糖は二重でも単一でも1斤あたり4ポンド2シリング5ペンス8/20を支払う。	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	Muscovado sugars|ムスコバド糖|noun|a type of unrefined sugar	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown for sale	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	hundred weight|百ウェイト|noun|a unit of weight equal to 112 pounds	white sugars|白糖|noun|a type of sugar that is refined and has a white color	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	refined|精製|adjective|made pure or free from impurities	double|二重|adjective|having two parts, elements, or layers	single|単一|adjective|only one; not double or multiple	loaves|斤|noun|a quantity of bread that is shaped and baked in one piece	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due
When those high duties were imposed, Great Britain was the sole, and she still continues to be, the principal market, to which the sugars of the British colonies could be exported.	これらの高関税が課せられたとき、イギリスはイギリス植民地の砂糖を輸出できる唯一の主要市場であり、現在もそうである。	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	principal market|主要市場|noun|the main market for a particular product or service	British colony|イギリス植民地|noun|a colony of the British Empire	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	export|輸出する|verb|to send or take goods or services to another country for sale
They amounted, therefore, to a prohibition, at first of claying or refining sugar for any foreign market, and at present of claying or refining it for the market which takes off, perhaps, more than nine-tenths of the whole produce.	そのため、当初は外国市場向けに砂糖を精製することを禁止し、現在では全生産量の10分の9以上を占める市場向けに砂糖を精製することを禁止している。	amount to|禁止する|verb|be equivalent to	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	at first|当初|adverb|in the beginning	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time	take off|占める|verb|to start to be successful	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	nine-tenths|10分の9|noun|nine parts out of ten	whole|全体の|adjective|all of something	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced
The manufacture of claying or refining sugar, accordingly, though it has flourished in all the sugar colonies of France, has been little cultivated in any of those of England, except for the market of the colonies themselves.	そのため、砂糖の精製はフランスのすべての砂糖植民地で盛んになったが、イギリスの植民地では植民地自体の市場を除いてほとんど行われていない。	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	claying|精製|noun|the process of removing impurities from a substance	refining|精製|noun|the process of removing impurities from a substance	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	accordingly|そのため|adverb|as a result	flourish|盛んになる|verb|to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
While Grenada was in the hands of the French, there was a refinery of sugar, by claying, at least upon almost every plantation.	グレナダがフランス人の手中にあった頃には、少なくともほとんどすべての農園に砂糖の精製所があった。	Grenada|グレナダ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	be in the hands of|手中にある|verb|be in the possession or control of	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	refinery|精製所|noun|a factory for refining	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	claying|粘土処理|noun|the process of treating something with clay	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops are grown for sale
Since it fell into those of the English, almost all works of this kind have been given up;	それがイギリス人の手に落ちてからは、この種の作業はほとんどすべて放棄されてしまった。	fall into|落ちる|verb|come to be in a particular state or condition	English|イギリス人|noun|a person from England	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something
and there are at present (October 1773), I am assured, not above two or three remaining in the island.	そして現在(1773年10月)では、島に残っているのは二つか三つしかないと私は確信している。	at present|現在|noun|the time now existing	October 1773|1773年10月|noun|the tenth month of the year 1773	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water
At present, however, by an indulgence of the custom-house, clayed or refined sugar, if reduced from loaves into powder, is commonly imported as Muscovado.	しかし、現在では、税関の許可により、精製糖は、塊から粉末にすれば、通常はマスコバドとして輸入される。	at present|現在|noun|the time now existing	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where duties are collected on imported goods	clay|粘土|noun|a fine-grained soil that becomes plastic when wet	refine|精製する|verb|remove impurities from	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	loaf|塊|noun|a shaped or molded mass of food	powder|粉末|noun|a dry mass of minute particles	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country

While Great Britain encourages in America the manufacturing of pig and bar iron, by exempting them from duties to which the like commodities are subject when imported from any other country, she imposes an absolute prohibition upon the erection of steel furnaces and slit-mills in any of her American plantations.	イギリスは、アメリカで銑鉄や棒鉄の製造を奨励し、他の国から輸入される同様の商品に課せられる関税を免除しているが、アメリカのどの農園にも製鋼炉やスリットミルを建設することを絶対に禁止している。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	pig|銑鉄|noun|crude iron as first obtained from a smelting furnace	bar|棒鉄|noun|a long thin piece of metal	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	subject|課せられる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	impose|禁止する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	absolute|絶対に|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	erection|建設|noun|the action of building or creating something	steel|製鋼|noun|an alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used as a structural and fabricating material	furnace|炉|noun|an enclosed structure in which heat is produced	slit-mill|スリットミル|noun|a type of rolling mill used to produce slit metal
She will not suffer her colonies to work in those more refined manufactures, even for their own consumption;	イギリスは、植民地が自家消費用であっても、より精製された製品を製造することを許さない。	suffer|許す|verb|allow or permit	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	work|製造する|verb|make or produce something	refined|精製された|adjective|made pure or free from impurities	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
but insists upon their purchasing of her merchants and manufacturers all goods of this kind which they have occasion for.	しかし、植民地が必要なこの種の製品はすべて、イギリスの商人や製造業者から購入することを主張している。	insist|主張する|verb|demand something forcefully	purchase|購入|noun|the act of buying something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	goods|製品|noun|an article of trade	occasion|必要|noun|a time when something happens or is needed

She prohibits the exportation from one province to another by water, and even the carriage by land upon horseback, or in a cart, of hats, of wools, and woollen goods, of the produce of America;	イギリスは、アメリカの産物である帽子、羊毛、毛織物などを、水路で州から州へ輸出することや、馬や荷車で陸路で運ぶことさえも禁止している。	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	water|水路|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	carriage|運搬|noun|the action of carrying or transporting something	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	horseback|馬|noun|the back of a horse	cart|荷車|noun|a small vehicle with two wheels that is pulled by a horse or other animal	hat|帽子|noun|a covering for the head typically with a shaped crown and brim	wool|羊毛|noun|the fine soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	produce|産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products
a regulation which effectually prevents the establishment of any manufacture of such commodities for distant sale, and confines the industry of her colonists in this way to such coarse and household manufactures as a private family commonly makes for its own use, or for that of some of its neighbours in the same province.	この規制は、遠隔地での販売を目的としたそのような商品の製造を効果的に阻止し、植民地の産業を、一般家庭が自家用や同じ州の近隣住民のために製造するような粗悪な家庭用品に限定している。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	colonist|植民地|noun|a person who settles in a colony	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|lacking refinement or good taste	household|家庭用|adjective|of or relating to a house and the people who live in it	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	private|一般家庭|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	make|作る|verb|create or produce	use|用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	neighbour|近隣住民|noun|a person who lives next door or near to the speaker or person referred to	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire

To prohibit a great people, however, from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.	しかし、偉大な国民が自国の生産物のあらゆる部分を最大限に活用したり、自分たちにとって最も有利であると判断した方法で資本や産業を活用することを禁止することは、人類の最も神聖な権利を明らかに侵害する行為である。	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	make|活用する|verb|produce or create	all|すべて|noun|the whole amount of	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	employ|活用する|verb|use or utilize	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some special use	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Unjust, however, as such prohibitions may be, they have not hitherto been very hurtful to the colonies.	しかし、そのような禁止は不当ではあるが、これまでのところ植民地に大きな損害を与えていない。	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|up to this time; until now	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Land is still so cheap, and, consequently, labour so dear among them, that they can import from the mother country almost all the more refined or more advanced manufactures cheaper than they could make them for themselves.	土地は依然として安く、その結果、労働力が高価であるため、彼らはほとんどすべてのより洗練された、あるいはより高度な製品を、自分たちで作るよりも安く本国から輸入することができる。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price or value	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	them|彼ら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	mother country|本国|noun|the country of one's birth	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	the more|より|determiner|a greater or additional amount or degree of	refined|洗練された|adjective|having a high degree of excellence	advanced|高度な|adjective|far on in development or progress	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced by manufacturing	cheaper|より安く|adjective|low in price or value	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or come about	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned
Though they had not, therefore, been prohibited from establishing such manufactures, yet, in their present state of improvement, a regard to their own interest would probably have prevented them from doing so.	したがって、彼らはそのような製造業を設立することを禁止されていなかったが、現在の改善の状態では、彼ら自身の利益への配慮がおそらくそうすることを妨げたであろう。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep or stop from happening
In their present state of improvement, those prohibitions, perhaps, without cramping their industry, or restraining it from any employment to which it would have gone of its own accord, are only impertinent badges of slavery imposed upon them, without any sufficient reason, by the groundless jealousy of the merchants and manufacturers of the mother country.	彼らの現在の改善の状態では、これらの禁止は、おそらく彼らの産業を制限したり、自発的に行われていたであろう雇用からそれを制限したりすることなく、十分な理由もなく、本国の商人や製造業者の根拠のない嫉妬によって彼らに課せられた奴隷制の無礼なバッジにすぎない。	present state|現在の状態|noun|the current situation	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	cramp|制限する|verb|restrict the development or growth of	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	accord|自発的に|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute	badge|バッジ|noun|a small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth with a design or words on it, which is worn on the clothes to show that you belong to a particular group or organization	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the state of being a slave	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	groundless|根拠のない|adjective|without foundation or justification	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|the state or feeling of being jealous	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who trades with foreign countries	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
In a more advanced state, they might be really oppressive and insupportable.	より進んだ状態では、それらは本当に抑圧的で耐え難いものになるかもしれない。	advanced|進んだ|adjective|far on in development or progress	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	insupportable|耐え難い|adjective|too extreme to be endured

Great Britain, too, as she confines to her own market some of the most important productions of the colonies, so, in compensation, she gives to some of them an advantage in that market, sometimes by imposing higher duties upon the like productions when imported from other countries, and sometimes by giving bounties upon their importation from the colonies.	イギリスもまた、植民地の最も重要な生産物の一部を自国の市場に限定しているため、その代償として、時には他の国から輸入された同様の生産物に高い関税を課したり、時には植民地からの輸入に賞金を与えたりすることで、その市場で有利になるようにしている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	compensation|代償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	like|同様の|adjective|having the same characteristics or qualities as	other countries|他の国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
In the first way, she gives an advantage in the home market to the sugar, tobacco, and iron of her own colonies;	最初の方法では、彼女は国内市場で自国の植民地の砂糖、タバコ、鉄に有利になるようにしている。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service in the country in which it is produced	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal that is an element and the most common metal, constituting over 5% of the earth's crust
and, in the second, to their raw silk, to their hemp and flax, to their indigo, to their naval stores, and to their building timber.	そして、2番目には、彼らの生糸、麻と亜麻、藍、海軍の貯蔵品、そして彼らの建材に。	second|2番目|noun|the number 2 in a series	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	indigo|藍|noun|a plant that is used to make a blue dye	naval store|海軍の貯蔵品|noun|a store that sells supplies for ships	building timber|建材|noun|wood that is used to build things
This second way of encouraging the colony produce, by bounties upon importation, is, so far as I have been able to learn, peculiar to Great Britain: the first is not.	輸入に賞金を与えることで植民地の生産を奨励するこの2番目の方法は、私が知る限り、イギリス独特のものである。最初の方法はそうではない。	second|2番目の|adjective|coming after the first in position	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	so far as|知る限り|conjunction|to the extent that	learn|知る|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest
Portugal does not content herself with imposing higher duties upon the importation of tobacco from any other country, but prohibits it under the severest penalties.	ポルトガルは、他の国からのタバコの輸入に高い関税を課すだけでは満足せず、最も厳しい罰則のもとでそれを禁止している。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

With regard to the importation of goods from Europe, England has likewise dealt more liberally with her colonies than any other nation.	ヨーロッパからの商品の輸入に関しても、イギリスは他のどの国よりも植民地に対して寛大な措置をとっている。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	liberally|寛大に|adverb|in a generous manner	deal with|対する|verb|take action with regard to	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered

Great Britain allows a part, almost always the half, generally a larger portion, and sometimes the whole, of the duty which is paid upon the importation of foreign goods, to be drawn back upon their exportation to any foreign country.	イギリスは、外国製品の輸入時に支払われる関税の一部、ほとんどの場合は半分、一般的には大部分、時には全部を、外国への輸出時に引き戻すことを認めている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to do something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	almost always|ほとんどいつも|adverb|nearly always	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	larger portion|大部分|noun|a bigger part	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	whole|全部|noun|all of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	foreign goods|外国製品|noun|goods produced in a country other than one's own	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad for sale	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
No independent foreign country, it was easy to foresee, would receive them, if they came to it loaded with the heavy duties to which almost all foreign goods are subjected on their importation into Great Britain.	イギリスに輸入されるほとんどすべての外国製品に課せられる重税を課せられた状態では、独立した外国がそれを受け入れることは容易に予測できた。	No|ない|determiner|not any	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	receive|受け入れる|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	subjected|課せられる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Unless, therefore, some part of those duties was drawn back upon exportation, there was an end of the carrying trade;	したがって、これらの関税の一部が輸出時に引き戻されない限り、運送業は終わりを告げる。	unless|～でなければ|conjunction|except if; if not	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	draw back|引き戻す|verb|move back or away	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods
a trade so much favoured by the mercantile system.	重商主義が非常に好む貿易である。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	so much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent	favour|好む|verb|like or prefer	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase the wealth of the nation by encouraging exports and limiting imports

Our colonies, however, are by no means independent foreign countries;	しかし、我々の植民地は決して独立した外国ではない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
and Great Britain having assumed to herself the exclusive right of supplying them with all goods from Europe, might have forced them (in the same manner as other countries have done their colonies) to receive such goods loaded with all the same duties which they paid in the mother country.	そしてイギリスは、ヨーロッパからのすべての商品を供給する独占権を自ら引き受け、(他の国々が植民地に対して行ったのと同じ方法で)本国で支払ったのと同じ関税を課せられた商品を受け取るように強制したかもしれない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	assume|引き受ける|verb|take on oneself	exclusive right|独占権|noun|the right to be the only one who can do something	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|本国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded
But, on the contrary, till 1763, the same drawbacks were paid upon the exportation of the greater part of foreign goods to our colonies, as to any independent foreign country.	しかし、それどころか、1763年までは、独立した外国と同じように、外国製品の大部分を植民地に輸出する際にも同じ欠点があった。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less likely to succeed	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	independent|独立した|adjective|free from outside control; not depending on another's authority
In 1763, indeed, by the 4th of Geo. III. c. 15, this indulgence was a good deal abated, and it was enacted, “That no part of the duty called the old subsidy should be drawn back for any goods of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe or the East Indies, which should be exported from this kingdom to any British colony or plantation in America; wines, white calicoes, and muslins, excepted.”	1763年には、実際、ジョージ三世の第四条によって、この耽溺はかなり軽減され、「旧補助金と呼ばれる関税の一部は、ヨーロッパや東インドの成長、生産、製造のいかなる品物に対しても、この王国からアメリカのいかなるイギリスの植民地や農園にも輸出されるべきではない」と制定された。ワイン、白いカリコ、モスリン、例外。」	1763|1763年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	4th|第四条|noun|the ordinal number of four	Geo. III.|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	c. 15|第15章|noun|a chapter of a book	indulgence|耽溺|noun|the act of indulging	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	abated|軽減された|verb|reduce in amount, degree, or intensity	enacted|制定された|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods on a large scale using machinery	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	plantation|農園|noun|an estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	white calico|白いカリコ|noun|a plain white cotton fabric	muslin|モスリン|noun|a fine cotton fabric	excepted|例外|verb|exclude from a general statement or rule
Before this law, many different sorts of foreign goods might have been bought cheaper in the plantations than in the mother country, and some may still.	この法律が制定される前は、本国よりも農園でさまざまな種類の外国製品を安く購入できたかもしれないし、今でも安く購入できるものもあるかもしれない。	before|前|preposition|earlier than	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	have been bought|購入できた|verb|to obtain in exchange for money or its equivalent	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	in|で|preposition|within the limits or bounds of	the|その|definite article|used to refer to a particular thing previously mentioned or easily identified	mother country|本国|noun|the country from which the people of a colony have come	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	some|ものもある|pronoun|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	still|今でも|adverb|even now or at this time; yet

Of the greater part of the regulations concerning the colony trade, the merchants who carry it on, it must be observed, have been the principal advisers.	植民地貿易に関する規制の大部分については、それを行っている商人が主な助言者であったことに注意しなければならない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	observe|注意する|verb|notice or perceive something	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	adviser|助言者|noun|a person who gives advice
We must not wonder, therefore, if, in a great part of them, their interest has been more considered than either that of the colonies or that of the mother country.	したがって、彼らの大部分が、植民地や本国の利益よりも彼らの利益を重視していたとしても、驚くにはあたらない。	wonder|驚く|verb|be curious or surprised about something	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion or amount	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|本国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded
In their exclusive privilege of supplying the colonies with all the goods which they wanted from Europe, and of purchasing all such parts of their surplus produce as could not interfere with any of the trades which they themselves carried on at home, the interest of the colonies was sacrificed to the interest of those merchants.	植民地にヨーロッパから必要とするすべての商品を供給し、自国で行っている貿易のいずれにも干渉できない余剰生産物のすべての部分を購入するという独占的特権において、植民地の利益はそれらの商人の利益のために犠牲にされた。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	good|商品|noun|an article of trade	exclusive|独占的|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products	interfere|干渉する|verb|prevent or obstruct (an activity or event) by interfering or intervening	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up (something important or valued) for the sake of achieving something else	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one dealing with foreign countries
In allowing the same drawbacks upon the re-exportation of the greater part of European and East India goods to the colonies, as upon their re-exportation to any independent country, the interest of the mother country was sacrificed to it, even according to the mercantile ideas of that interest.	ヨーロッパや東インドの製品の大部分を植民地に再輸出する場合に、独立国に再輸出する場合と同じ欠点を認めることで、本国の利益は、その利益の商業的考えに従ってさえ、それに犠牲にされた。	drawback|欠点|noun|a disadvantage or problem	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of something that has been imported	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	East India|東インド|adjective|of or relating to the East Indies	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	independent country|独立国|noun|a country that is not under the control of another country	mother country|本国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action
It was for the interest of the merchants to pay as little as possible for the foreign goods which they sent to the colonies, and, consequently, to get back as much as possible of the duties which they advanced upon their importation into Great Britain.	商人にとって、植民地に送った外国製品に対してできるだけ支払いを少なくし、その結果、イギリスへの輸入時に前払いした関税をできるだけ取り戻すことが利益になった。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	good|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
They might thereby be enabled to sell in the colonies, either the same quantity of goods with a greater profit, or a greater quantity with the same profit, and, consequently, to gain something either in the one way or the other.	それによって、彼らは植民地で、同じ量の商品をより大きな利益で売るか、より多くの量を同じ利益で売るか、その結果、どちらかの方法で何かを得ることができるようになるかもしれない。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	one|一方|adjective|being a single unit or thing	other|他方|adjective|being the remaining one of two or more things
It was likewise for the interest of the colonies to get all such goods as cheap, and in as great abundance as possible.	同様に、植民地にとっても、そのような商品をすべて安く、できるだけ豊富に手に入れることが利益になった。	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something
But this might not always be for the interest of the mother country.	しかし、これは必ずしも本国の利益にはならないかもしれない。	not always|必ずしも|adverb|not in all cases; not always	be for|になる|verb|be in favor of	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	mother country|本国|noun|the country of one's birth or citizenship
She might frequently suffer, both in her revenue, by giving back a great part of the duties which had been paid upon the importation of such goods;	本国は、そのような商品の輸入時に支払われた関税の大部分を返還することで、収入の両面でしばしば損害を被るかもしれない。	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation, excise, etc.	give back|返還する|verb|return something to someone	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country
and in her manufactures, by being undersold in the colony market, in consequence of the easy terms upon which foreign manufactures could be carried thither by means of those drawbacks.	そして、本国の製造業は、これらの欠点によって外国の製造業が容易に植民地市場に運び込まれた結果、植民地市場で安値で売られることで損害を被るかもしれない。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	undersold|安値で売られる|verb|sell at a lower price than	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	carry|運び込む|verb|take or bring from one place to another	thither|そこへ|adverb|to that place	drawback|欠点|noun|a feature that makes something less good or less attractive
The progress of the linen manufacture of Great Britain, it is commonly said, has been a good deal retarded by the drawbacks upon the re-exportation of German linen to the American colonies.	イギリスの麻布製造業の進歩は、ドイツの麻布をアメリカの植民地に再輸出する際の欠陥によってかなり遅れていると一般に言われている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	German|ドイツの|adjective|of or relating to Germany, its people, or its language	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of imported goods	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

But though the policy of Great Britain, with regard to the trade of her colonies, has been dictated by the same mercantile spirit as that of other nations, it has, however, upon the whole, been less illiberal and oppressive than that of any of them.	しかし、イギリスの植民地貿易に関する政策は、他の国々と同じ商業精神によって決定されてきたが、全体としては、他の国々の政策よりも非自由主義的で抑圧的なものではなかったのである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	other nations|他の国々|noun|the other countries of the world	mercantile spirit|商業精神|noun|the spirit of commerce	dictate|決定する|verb|to say or write something for someone else to copy	illiberal|非自由主義的な|adjective|not liberal	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe

In every thing except their foreign trade, the liberty of the English colonists to manage their own affairs their own way, is complete.	対外貿易を除くあらゆる面で、イギリスの植民地人が自分たちの事柄を自分たちのやり方で管理する自由は完全である。	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	colonist|植民地人|noun|a person who lives in a colony	manage|管理する|verb|to be in charge of; to direct or control	affair|事柄|noun|a matter of business or public concern	way|やり方|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts
It is in every respect equal to that of their fellow-citizens at home, and is secured in the same manner, by an assembly of the representatives of the people, who claim the sole right of imposing taxes for the support of the colony government.	それはあらゆる点で本国の同胞の自由と等しく、植民地政府を支援するための課税の独占権を主張する人民代表議会によって、同じように保障されている。	in every respect|あらゆる点で|adverb|in all aspects	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	at home|本国|noun|the country where one lives	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	secure|保障する|verb|make safe; free from danger or threat	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws	representative|代表|noun|a person who is chosen to act or speak for another person or group	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	sole|独占|adjective|one and only	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	support|支援|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
The authority of this assembly overawes the executive power;	この議会の権限は執行権を畏怖させる。	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	overawe|畏怖させる|verb|to impress deeply with a sense of reverence, admiration, or fear	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
and neither the meanest nor the most obnoxious colonist, as long as he obeys the law, has any thing to fear from the resentment, either of the governor, or of any other civil or military officer in the province.	そして、最も卑劣な植民地人も、最も不快な植民地人も、法律を守っている限り、知事や地方の他の文官や軍人の恨みを恐れる必要はない。	meanest|最も卑劣な|adjective|of the lowest quality or standard	obnoxious|最も不快な|adjective|extremely unpleasant	colonist|植民地人|noun|a person who lives in a colony	obey|守る|verb|act in accordance with	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	fear|恐れる|verb|be afraid of	resentment|恨み|noun|bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly	governor|知事|noun|the person appointed to govern a state	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire
The colony assemblies, though, like the house of commons in England, they are not always a very equal representation of the people, yet they approach more nearly to that character;	植民地議会は、イギリスの下院のように、必ずしも国民の平等な代表ではないが、その性格に近づいている。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws for a country or area	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	house of commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
and as the executive power either has not the means to corrupt them, or, on account of the support which it receives from the mother country, is not under the necessity of doing so, they are, perhaps, in general more influenced by the inclinations of their constituents.	そして、執行権は、彼らを堕落させる手段を持っていないか、あるいは、母国から受ける支援のために、そうする必要がないので、彼らは、おそらく、一般的に、彼らの選挙区民の傾向に、より影響を受けている。	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	do so|そうする|verb|act in the manner indicated	constituent|選挙区民|noun|a member of a constituency	inclination|傾向|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something
The councils, which, in the colony legislatures, correspond to the house of lords in Great Britain, are not composed of a hereditary nobility.	植民地議会でイギリスの上院に相当する評議会は、世襲貴族で構成されていない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	legislature|議会|noun|the legislative branch of a government	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	house of lords|上院|noun|the upper house of the British parliament	hereditary|世襲|adjective|genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring	nobility|貴族|noun|the highest social class in some countries
In some of the colonies, as in three of the governments of New England, those councils are not appointed by the king, but chosen by the representatives of the people.	ニューイングランドの三つの政府のように、一部の植民地では、これらの評議会は国王によって任命されるのではなく、人民の代表によって選出される。	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a northeastern region of the U.S.	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly	appoint|任命する|verb|officially assign someone to a position or role	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	choose|選出する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	representative|代表|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body
In none of the English colonies is there any hereditary nobility.	イギリスの植民地には世襲貴族はいない。	none|どれも|pronoun|not one; not any	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	hereditary|世襲|adjective|passed or capable of being passed from parent to offspring	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank
In all of them, indeed, as in all other free countries, the descendant of an old colony family is more respected than an upstart of equal merit and fortune;	実際、他のすべての自由な国々と同じように、それらのすべてにおいて、古い植民地家族の子孫は、同等の功績と富を持つ成り上がり者よりも尊敬されている。	in all of them|それらのすべてにおいて|adverb|in all of the things mentioned	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	as in|と同じように|adverb|in the same way as	all other|他のすべての|determiner|every other	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	descendant|子孫|noun|a person who is descended from another	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	respected|尊敬されている|verb|admire someone or something deeply, as a result of their abilities, qualities or achievements	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	merit|功績|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property
but he is only more respected, and he has no privileges by which he can be troublesome to his neighbours.	しかし、彼はただより尊敬されているだけで、彼には隣人に迷惑をかけるような特権はない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	only|ただ|adverb|and no one or nothing more besides; solely	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	respected|尊敬されている|adjective|held in high esteem	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	troublesome|迷惑な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person living near or next door to the speaker or person referred to
Before the commencement of the present disturbances, the colony assemblies had not only the legislative, but a part of the executive power.	現在の騒動が始まる前は、植民地議会は立法権だけでなく執行権の一部も持っていた。	commencement|開始|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have come together for a purpose	legislative|立法権|noun|the power to make laws	executive|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
In Connecticut and Rhode Island, they elected the governor.	コネチカットとロードアイランドでは、彼らは知事を選出した。	Connecticut|コネチカット|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	Rhode Island|ロードアイランド|noun|the smallest state in the U.S.	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	governor|知事|noun|the head of a state government
In the other colonies, they appointed the revenue officers, who collected the taxes imposed by those respective assemblies, to whom those officers were immediately responsible.	他の植民地では、彼らは収税官を任命し、収税官はそれぞれの議会によって課せられた税金を徴収し、その議会に対して直接責任を負っていた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	appoint|任命する|verb|officially choose someone for a job or position	revenue officer|収税官|noun|a person who collects taxes	collect|徴収する|verb|gather or receive money	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or intervention
There is more equality, therefore, among the English colonists than among the inhabitants of the mother country.	したがって、イギリスの植民地住民の間では、母国の住民の間よりも平等が進んでいる。	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth or origin
Their manners are more re publican;	彼らの態度はより共和主義的である。	manner|態度|noun|a way of behaving	republican|共和主義的|adjective|of or relating to a republic or republicanism
and their governments, those of three of the provinces of New England in particular, have hitherto been more republican too.	そして、彼らの政府、特にニューイングランドの三つの州の政府は、これまでのところより共和主義的であった。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a northeastern region of the U.S.	three|三つ|numeral|one more than two	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up until the present	republican|共和主義的|adjective|of or relating to a republic or its government

The absolute governments of Spain, Portugal, and France, on the contrary, take place in their colonies;	反対に、スペイン、ポルトガル、フランスの絶対主義政府は、その植民地で起こっている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	absolute|絶対主義|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
and the discretionary powers which such governments commonly delegate to all their inferior officers are, on account of the great distance, naturally exercised there with more than ordinary violence.	そして、そのような政府が通常すべての下級官吏に委任する裁量権は、距離が遠いために、当然のことながら通常以上の暴力をもって行使される。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	delegate|委任する|verb|entrust a task or responsibility to another person	inferior|下級の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	officer|官吏|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	discretionary|裁量の|adjective|available for use at the discretion of the user	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill
Under all absolute governments, there is more liberty in the capital than in any other part of the country.	すべての絶対主義政府のもとでは、首都には国の他のどの部分よりも自由がある。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	absolute|絶対主義|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The sovereign himself can never have either interest or inclination to pervert the order of justice, or to oppress the great body of the people.	君主自身は、正義の秩序を歪めたり、人民の大多数を抑圧したりすることに、利害や傾向を持つことは決してできない。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	himself|自身|pronoun|the male person or animal previously mentioned	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	inclination|傾向|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	pervert|歪める|verb|cause to turn aside from the proper course	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	great body|大多数|noun|the majority of people
In the capital, his presence overawes, more or less, all his inferior officers, who, in the remoter provinces, from whence the complaints of the people are less likely to reach him, can exercise their tyranny with much more safety.	首都では、彼の存在は多かれ少なかれ、すべての下級官吏を畏敬の念に打たせるが、遠隔地の地方では、人民の不満が彼に届く可能性が低いため、彼らはより安全に専制政治を行使することができる。	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	presence|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present	overawe|畏敬の念に打たせる|verb|to impress deeply or intimidate	inferior|下級の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	officer|官吏|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	remoter|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in space or time	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	whence|～から|adverb|from what place or source	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	reach|届く|verb|stretch out so as to touch or grasp something	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	tyranny|専制政治|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule
But the European colonies in America are more remote than the most distant provinces of the greatest empires which had ever been known before.	しかし、アメリカのヨーロッパ植民地は、これまでに知られていた最大の帝国の最も遠い地方よりも遠い。	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
The government of the English colonies is, perhaps, the only one which, since the world began, could give perfect security to the inhabitants of so very distant a province.	イギリス植民地の政府は、おそらく、世界が始まって以来、非常に遠い地方の住民に完全な安全を与えることができた唯一の政府である。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire
The administration of the French colonies, however, has always been conducted with much more gentleness and moderation than that of the Spanish and Portuguese.	しかし、フランス植民地の統治は、スペインやポルトガルの統治よりも、常に穏健で節度のあるものだった。	administration|統治|noun|the management of a country or area	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	conduct|行う|verb|to direct or manage	gentleness|穏健|noun|the quality of being gentle	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	Portuguese|ポルトガル|adjective|of or relating to Portugal or its people or language
This superiority of conduct is suitable both to the character of the French nation, and to what forms the character of every nation, the nature of their government, which, though arbitrary and violent in comparison with that of Great Britain, is legal and free in comparison with those of Spain and Portugal.	この行動の優越性は、フランス国民の性格と、あらゆる国民の性格を形成するもの、つまり、イギリスと比較すれば独断的で暴力的ではあるが、スペインやポルトガルと比較すれば合法的で自由な政府の性質の両方に適している。	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	suitable|適している|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	arbitrary|独断的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	violent|暴力的|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	legal|合法的|adjective|conforming to, permitted by, or recognized by law or rules	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes

It is in the progress of the North American colonies, however, that the superiority of the English policy chiefly appears.	しかし、イギリス政策の優越性が主に現れているのは、北米植民地の進歩である。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	superiority|優越性|noun|the quality or state of being superior	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all; mainly
The progress of the sugar colonies of France has been at least equal, perhaps superior, to that of the greater part of those of England; and yet the sugar colonies of England enjoy a free government, nearly of the same kind with that which takes place in her colonies of North America.	フランスの砂糖植民地の進歩は、少なくともイギリスの砂糖植民地の大部分の進歩に匹敵し、おそらくそれ以上であったが、イギリスの砂糖植民地は、北米の植民地で起こっているものとほぼ同じ種類の自由な政府を享受している。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	equal|匹敵する|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	superior|それ以上|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	free government|自由な政府|noun|a government that allows its citizens to exercise their rights and freedoms	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere
But the sugar colonies of France are not discouraged, like those of England, from refining their own sugar;	しかし、フランスの砂糖植民地は、イギリスの砂糖植民地のように、自国の砂糖を精製することを妨げられているわけではない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	discourage|妨げる|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	refine|精製する|verb|remove impurities from	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants
and what is still of greater importance, the genius of their government naturally introduces a better management of their negro slaves.	そして、さらに重要なのは、彼らの政府の天才が、当然のことながら、彼らの黒人奴隷のより良い管理を導入していることである。	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to a greater extent	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

In all European colonies, the culture of the sugar-cane is carried on by negro slaves.	すべてのヨーロッパの植民地では、サトウキビの栽培は黒人奴隷によって行われている。	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	sugar-cane|サトウキビ|noun|a tall perennial grass that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its sweet sap	carry on|行われている|verb|continue doing something	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
The constitution of those who have been born in the temperate climate of Europe could not, it is supposed, support the labour of digging the ground under the burning sun of the West Indies;	ヨーロッパの温暖な気候で生まれた人々の体質は、西インド諸島の焼けるような太陽の下で地面を掘る労働に耐えられないとされている。	constitution|体質|noun|the physical or mental state of a person	temperate climate|温暖な気候|noun|a climate that is neither too hot nor too cold	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	burning sun|焼けるような太陽|noun|the sun when it is very hot	dig|掘る|verb|break up and move earth with a tool or machine
and the culture of the sugar-cane, as it is managed at present, is all hand labour;	そして、サトウキビの栽培は、現在のところすべて手作業で行われている。	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	sugar-cane|サトウキビ|noun|a tall perennial grass	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	hand labour|手作業|noun|work done with the hands
though, in the opinion of many, the drill plough might be introduced into it with great advantage.	多くの人の意見では、ドリルプラウを導入すれば大きな利益が得られるとされている。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	drill plough|ドリルプラウ|noun|a type of plough that has a drill attached to it	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
But, as the profit and success of the cultivation which is carried on by means of cattle, depend very much upon the good management of those cattle;	しかし、家畜によって行われる耕作の利益と成功は、その家畜の適切な管理に大きく依存している。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
so the profit and success of that which is carried on by slaves must depend equally upon the good management of those slaves;	同様に、奴隷によって行われる耕作の利益と成功も、その奴隷の適切な管理に等しく依存している。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
and in the good management of their slaves the French planters, I think it is generally allowed, are superior to the English.	そして、奴隷の適切な管理においては、フランスの農園主はイギリスの農園主よりも優れていると一般に認められていると思う。	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language
The law, so far as it gives some weak protection to the slave against the violence of his master, is likely to be better executed in a colony where the government is in a great measure arbitrary, than in one where it is altogether free.	法律は、主人の暴力に対して奴隷に多少の弱い保護を与える限り、政府が全体的に自由な植民地よりも、政府がかなり独断的な植民地でよりよく執行される可能性が高い。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	arbitrary|独断的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	altogether|全体的に|adverb|completely; in total	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
In every country where the unfortunate law of slavery is established, the magistrate, when he protects the slave, intermeddles in some measure in the management of the private property of the master;	不幸な奴隷制の法律が制定されているすべての国で、治安判事は奴隷を保護する際に、主人の私有財産の管理にある程度干渉する。	slavery|奴隷制|noun|the condition of a slave; bondage	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	intermeddle|干渉する|verb|interfere in someone else's business	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private individual or group
and, in a free country, where the master is, perhaps, either a member of the colony assembly, or an elector of such a member, he dares not do this but with the greatest caution and circumspection.	そして、主人がおそらく植民地議会の議員か、そのような議員の選挙人である自由な国では、治安判事はこれを最大限の注意と慎重さをもって行わなければあえてできない。	free country|自由な国|noun|a country where the people are free to do what they want	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area that is controlled by another country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws	elector|選挙人|noun|a person who has the right to vote in an election	dare|あえて|verb|to be brave enough to do something	caution|注意|noun|care taken to avoid danger or mistakes	circumspection|慎重|noun|the quality of being careful and not taking risks
The respect which he is obliged to pay to the master, renders it more difficult for him to protect the slave.	治安判事が主人に払わなければならない敬意は、奴隷を保護することをより困難にする。	respect|敬意|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	pay|払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	difficult|困難にする|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort
But in a country where the government is in a great measure arbitrary, where it is usual for the magistrate to intermeddle even in the management of the private property of individuals, and to send them, perhaps, a lettre de cachet, if they do not manage it according to his liking, it is much easier for him to give some protection to the slave;	しかし、政府がかなり独断的で、治安判事が個人の私有財産の管理にさえ干渉し、おそらく彼らがそれを自分の好みどおりに管理しなければ、彼らに封印状を送るのが普通である国では、治安判事が奴隷にある程度の保護を与えるのはずっと簡単である。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	arbitrary|独断的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	intermeddle|干渉する|verb|to interfere in the affairs of others	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private individual or group	manage|管理する|verb|to be in charge of; to direct	liking|好み|noun|a feeling of regard or fondness	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something, or the state of being protected
and common humanity naturally disposes him to do so.	そして、普通の人間性から、治安判事は当然そうするようになる。	common humanity|普通の人間性|noun|the quality of being humane	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|そうするようになる|verb|make someone inclined to do something
The protection of the magistrate renders the slave less contemptible in the eyes of his master, who is thereby induced to consider him with more regard, and to treat him with more gentleness.	治安判事の保護は、奴隷を主人の目から見て軽蔑の対象ではなくし、それによって主人は奴隷をより尊重し、より優しく扱うようになる。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	less|少なく|adjective|not as much or as many as before	contemptible|軽蔑の対象|adjective|deserving contempt	eye|目|noun|the organ of vision	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	regard|尊重|noun|high opinion; esteem	gentleness|優しさ|noun|the quality of being kind, tender, or mild-mannered
Gentle usage renders the slave not only more faithful, but more intelligent, and, therefore, upon a double account, more useful.	優しい扱いは、奴隷をより忠実にするだけでなく、より賢くし、したがって、二重の意味でより有用にする。	gentle|優しい|adjective|not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight	usage|扱い|noun|the action of using something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	faithful|忠実|adjective|loyal, constant, or steadfast	intelligent|賢い|adjective|having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level	useful|有用|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way
He approaches more to the condition of a free servant, and may possess some degree of integrity and attachment to his master’s interest;	奴隷は自由な召使の状態に近づき、主人の利益に対してある程度の誠実さと愛着を持つようになる。	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	possess|持つ|verb|have as belonging to one; own	some degree|ある程度|noun|an amount or extent of something	integrity|誠実さ|noun|the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness	attachment|愛着|noun|a feeling of affection for someone or something	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
virtues which frequently belong to free servants, but which never can belong to a slave, who is treated as slaves commonly are in countries where the master is perfectly free and secure.	自由な召使によく見られる美徳だが、主人が完全に自由で安全な国で一般的に奴隷として扱われる奴隷には決して見られない美徳である。	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable in a person	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	belong to|見られる|verb|be a member of	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is entirely satisfactory; completely	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	secure|安全な|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.

That the condition of a slave is better under an arbitrary than under a free government, is, I believe, supported by the history of all ages and nations.	奴隷の状態は、自由な政府の下よりも独裁的な政府の下でより良いということは、あらゆる時代と国家の歴史によって支持されていると私は信じる。	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	arbitrary|独裁的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events, particularly in human affairs	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
In the Roman history, the first time we read of the magistrate interposing to protect the slave from the violence of his master, is under the emperors.	ローマ史において、奴隷を主人の暴力から守るために行政官が介入したことを初めて読むのは、皇帝の下である。	Roman history|ローマ史|noun|the history of ancient Rome	first time|初めて|noun|the first occasion on which something happens or is done	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	interpose|介入する|verb|insert between two things	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire
When Vidius Pollio, in the presence of Augustus, ordered one of his slaves, who had committed a slight fault, to be cut into pieces and thrown into his fish-pond, in order to feed his fishes, the emperor commanded him, with indignation, to emancipate immediately, not only that slave, but all the others that belonged to him.	ヴィディウス・ポリオがアウグストゥスの面前で、軽い過失を犯した奴隷の一人を手足を切断して魚の餌にするために池に投げ込むよう命じたとき、皇帝は憤慨して、その奴隷だけでなく、彼が所有する他のすべての奴隷を即刻解放するよう命じた。	Vidius Pollio|ヴィディウス・ポリオ|noun|a Roman senator	Augustus|アウグストゥス|noun|the first Roman emperor	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	slight|軽い|adjective|small in degree; inconsiderable	fault|過失|noun|an act of neglect or carelessness	cut into pieces|手足を切断する|verb|cut into small pieces	fish-pond|池|noun|a small pool of water where fish are kept	feed|餌にする|verb|give food to	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust or unworthy	emancipate|解放する|verb|free from legal, social, or political restrictions	immediately|即刻|adverb|at once; without delay
Under the republic no magistrate could have had authority enough to protect the slave, much less to punish the master.	共和制の下では、奴隷を保護する権限を持つ行政官はいなかったし、主人を罰する権限を持つ行政官はさらに少なかった。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	republic|共和制|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense, especially a transgression of a legal or moral code

The stock, it is to be observed, which has improved the sugar colonies of France, particularly the great colony of St Domingo, has been raised almost entirely from the gradual improvement and cultivation of those colonies.	フランスの砂糖植民地、特にサン・ドミンゴの大植民地を改善した資本は、ほとんどすべてこれらの植民地の段階的な改善と耕作から生み出されてきたことに注目すべきである。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	great colony|大植民地|noun|a large colony	St Domingo|サン・ドミンゴ|noun|the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic	almost entirely|ほとんどすべて|adverb|to a very great extent	gradual|段階的な|adjective|taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
It has been almost altogether the produce of the soil and of the industry of the colonists, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of that produce, gradually accumulated by good management, and employed in raising a still greater produce.	それはほとんどすべて、土壌と入植者の産業による生産物、あるいは同じことだが、その生産物の価格であり、良い管理によって徐々に蓄積され、さらに大きな生産物を生み出すために使われてきた。	altogether|ほとんどすべて|adverb|completely; totally	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a new colony	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; by degrees	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	raise|生み出す|verb|cause to be produced or grown
But the stock which has improved and cultivated the sugar colonies of England, has, a great part of it, been sent out from England, and has by no means been altogether the produce of the soil and industry of the colonists.	しかし、イギリスの砂糖植民地を改善し、耕作してきた資本は、その大部分がイギリスから送り出されたものであり、決して入植者の土壌と産業による生産物だけではなかった。	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination	by no means|決して〜ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	altogether|あわせて|adverb|completely; totally	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
The prosperity of the English sugar colonies has been in a great measure owing to the great riches of England, of which a part has overflowed, if one may say so, upon these colonies.	イギリスの砂糖植民地の繁栄は、イギリスの富の大部分がこれらの植民地に溢れ出たおかげである。	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	great measure|大部分|noun|a large amount or extent	owing to|おかげで|preposition|because of	great riches|富|noun|a great deal of money or valuable possessions	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	overflow|溢れ出る|verb|flow over the brim of a container	if one may say so|いわば|adverb|so to speak	upon|上に|preposition|on top of
But the prosperity of the sugar colonies of France has been entirely owing to the good conduct of the colonists, which must therefore have had some superiority over that of the English;	しかし、フランスの砂糖植民地の繁栄は、もっぱら入植者の善行によるものであり、したがって、イギリスの植民地よりも優れていたに違いない。	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	entirely|もっぱら|adverb|wholly; completely	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is morally right	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a colony	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	superiority|優越|noun|the state of being superior	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England
and this superiority has been remarked in nothing so much as in the good management of their slaves.	そして、この優越性は、奴隷の管理が優れていること以外には何も注目されていない。	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	remark|注目する|verb|notice or comment on	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them

Such have been the general outlines of the policy of the different European nations with regard to their colonies.	以上が、ヨーロッパ諸国の植民地政策の概要である。	such|以上|pronoun|to the degree or extent indicated	have been|である|auxiliary verb|be	general outline|概要|noun|a brief summary of the main points	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	different|諸|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people, languages, or cultures	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The policy of Europe, therefore, has very little to boast of, either in the original establishment, or, so far as concerns their internal government, in the subsequent prosperity of the colonies of America.	したがって、ヨーロッパの政策は、アメリカの植民地の当初の設立においても、その後の繁栄においても、その内部統治に関する限り、自慢できることはほとんどない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	boast|自慢する|verb|speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements	original|当初の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	establishment|設立|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	internal|内部の|adjective|situated or occurring within or inside; inner	government|統治|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	concern|関する|verb|be about or connected with	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success or good fortune

Folly and injustice seem to have been the principles which presided over and directed the first project of establishing those colonies;	愚行と不正が、これらの植民地を建設する最初の計画を主導し、指揮した原則であったように思われる。	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjustness	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	preside over|主導する|verb|be in charge of; direct	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of; manage	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	project|計画|noun|a plan or proposal, especially a large-scale one with many parts	establish|建設する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
the folly of hunting after gold and silver mines, and the injustice of coveting the possession of a country whose harmless natives, far from having ever injured the people of Europe, had received the first adventurers with every mark of kindness and hospitality.	金銀鉱山を探し求める愚行と、ヨーロッパの人々を傷つけるどころか、最初の冒険者たちをあらゆる親切と歓待をもって迎えてくれた無害な原住民の国を欲しがる不正である。	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice	hunt|探し求める|verb|search for	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	covet|欲しがる|verb|yearn to possess or have	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	harmless|無害な|adjective|not able or likely to cause harm	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	far from|どころか|adverb|not at all	injure|傷つける|verb|cause physical harm or damage to	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	receive|迎える|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	kindness|親切|noun|the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate	hospitality|歓待|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers

The adventurers, indeed, who formed some of the latter establishments, joined to the chimerical project of finding gold and silver mines, other motives more reasonable and more laudable;	確かに、後者の植民地のいくつかを形成した冒険者たちは、金銀鉱山を見つけるという空想的な計画に、より合理的でより賞賛に値する他の動機を加えた。	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	establishment|植民地|noun|a place of business	join|加える|verb|connect or fasten together	chimerical|空想的な|adjective|wildly fanciful; highly unrealistic	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting according to reason or logic	laudable|賞賛に値する|adjective|deserving praise
but even these motives do very little honour to the policy of Europe.	しかし、これらの動機でさえ、ヨーロッパの政策にほとんど名誉を与えるものではない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	these|これらの|determiner|the ones being discussed or considered	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	do|与える|verb|make, produce, or create	very little|ほとんどない|determiner|not much or many	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

The English puritans, restrained at home, fled for freedom to America, and established there the four governments of New England.	イギリスのピューリタンは、本国で抑圧され、自由を求めてアメリカに逃れ、そこにニューイングランドの四つの政府を樹立した。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	puritan|ピューリタン|noun|a member of a group of English Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to simplify and regulate forms of worship	restrain|抑圧する|verb|prevent from doing something; hold back	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	flee|逃れる|verb|run away from a place or situation of danger	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	establish|樹立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a region of the northeastern United States comprising the states of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
The English catholics, treated with much greater injustice, established that of Maryland; the quakers, that of Pennsylvania.	イギリスのカトリック教徒は、はるかに不当な扱いを受け、メリーランド州の政府を樹立し、クエーカー教徒はペンシルバニア州の政府を樹立した。	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	catholic|カトリック|noun|a member of the Roman Catholic Church	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain way	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	establish|樹立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the northern U.S.
The Portuguese Jews, persecuted by the inquisition, stript of their fortunes, and banished to Brazil, introduced, by their example, some sort of order and industry among the transported felons and strumpets by whom that colony was originally peopled, and taught them the culture of the sugar-cane.	異端審問によって迫害され、財産を剥奪され、ブラジルに追放されたポルトガル系ユダヤ人は、その植民地に元々住んでいた移送された重罪犯や売春婦の間に、彼らの模範によって、ある種の秩序と産業を導入し、彼らにサトウキビの栽培を教えた。	Portuguese|ポルトガル系|adjective|of or relating to Portugal or its people or language	Jews|ユダヤ人|noun|a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their origins through the ancient Hebrew people of Israel	persecuted|迫害される|verb|subject (someone) to hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of their race or political or religious beliefs	inquisition|異端審問|noun|a judicial or official inquiry or examination	stript|剥奪される|verb|deprive someone of something	fortunes|財産|noun|a large amount of money or assets	banished|追放される|verb|send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment	Brazil|ブラジル|noun|a country in South America	introduced|導入される|verb|bring (something) into use or operation for the first time	example|模範|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	transported|移送される|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	felons|重罪犯|noun|a person who has committed a serious crime	strumpets|売春婦|noun|a prostitute	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	peopled|住む|verb|inhabit (an area)	taught|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	culture|栽培|noun|the cultivation of plants
Upon all these different occasions, it was not the wisdom and policy, but the disorder and injustice of the European governments, which peopled and cultivated America.	これらすべての異なる機会に、アメリカに人々を住まわせ、開拓させたのは、ヨーロッパ政府の知恵と政策ではなく、無秩序と不正義だった。	upon|に|preposition|on	occasion|機会|noun|a time or place at which something happens	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	injustice|不正義|noun|lack of fairness or justice	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	cultivate|開拓する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening

In effectuation some of the most important of these establishments, the different governments of Europe had as little merit as in projecting them.	これらの施設の最も重要なもののいくつかを実現するにあたって、ヨーロッパの各政府は、それらを計画するのと同じくらい功績がなかった。	in effectuation|実現するにあたって|noun|the act of accomplishing or carrying out	some of the most important|最も重要なもののいくつか|noun phrase|a small number of the most important things	these establishments|これらの施設|noun phrase|these buildings or organizations	the different governments of Europe|ヨーロッパの各政府|noun phrase|the various governments of Europe	as little merit as in projecting them|それらを計画するのと同じくらい功績がなかった|noun phrase|as little merit as in planning them
The conquest of Mexico was the project, not of the council of Spain, but of a governor of Cuba; and it was effectuated by the spirit of the bold adventurer to whom it was entrusted, in spite of every thing which that governor, who soon repented of having trusted such a person, could do to thwart it.	メキシコの征服は、スペイン評議会ではなく、キューバ総督の計画だった。そして、それを任された大胆な冒険家の精神によって実現されたが、その総督はすぐにそのような人物を信頼したことを後悔し、それを阻止するためにあらゆることをした。	conquest|征服|noun|the act of conquering	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in southern North America	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who make decisions	Cuba|キューバ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	governor|総督|noun|the head of a state or province	bold|大胆な|adjective|not afraid to do or say things that other people might not approve of	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who travels to dangerous or exciting places	spirit|精神|noun|the part of a person that is not physical and that is the seat of emotions and character	entrust|任せる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	spite|にもかかわらず|noun|a feeling of anger or annoyance	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	repent|後悔する|verb|feel deep regret or guilt for a wrong committed	thwart|阻止する|verb|prevent from accomplishing a goal
The conquerors of Chili and Peru, and of almost all the other Spanish settlements upon the continent of America, carried out with them no other public encouragement, but a general permission to make settlements and conquests in the name of the king of Spain.	チリとペルー、そしてアメリカ大陸の他のほとんどすべてのスペイン人入植地の征服者たちは、スペイン国王の名の下に居住地を建設し、征服を行うという一般的な許可以外に、公的な支援を受けていなかった。	conqueror|征服者|noun|a person who conquers	Chili|チリ|noun|a country in South America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in South America	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	encouragement|支援|noun|the action of encouraging	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a country	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in Europe
Those adventures were all at the private risk and expense of the adventurers.	これらの冒険はすべて、冒険者個人のリスクと費用で行われた。	adventure|冒険|noun|an exciting or very unusual experience	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who has or enjoys adventures	private|個人の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The government of Spain contributed scarce any thing to any of them.	スペイン政府は、そのいずれにもほとんど何も貢献しなかった。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on Europe’s Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	any thing|何も|noun|something; anything	any of them|いずれにも|noun|any one of them
That of England contributed as little towards effectuating the establishment of some of its most important colonies in North America.	イギリス政府も、北米における最も重要な植民地のいくつかの設立を実現するためにほとんど貢献しなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	little|ほとんど|adverb|to a small extent	effectuate|実現する|verb|cause to happen; bring about	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	most|最も|determiner|to the greatest extent	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere

When those establishments were effectuated, and had become so considerable as to attract the attention of the mother country, the first regulations which she made with regard to them, had always in view to secure to herself the monopoly of their commerce;	これらの植民地が実現し、母国の注目を集めるほど大きくなった時、母国が植民地に関して行った最初の規制は、常に植民地の商業の独占を確保することを目的としていた。	establishment|植民地|noun|a place of business	effectuate|実現する|verb|to cause to happen	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	attract|集める|verb|to draw to oneself or itself	attention|注目|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe or certain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
to confine their market, and to enlarge her own at their expense, and, consequently, rather to damp and discourage, than to quicken and forward the course of their prosperity.	植民地の市場を制限し、植民地を犠牲にして自国の市場を拡大し、結果として植民地の繁栄を促進するよりもむしろ阻害し、妨害することだった。	confine|制限する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	enlarge|拡大する|verb|make or become bigger or greater	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	damp|阻害する|verb|make or become slightly wet	discourage|妨害する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm	quicken|促進する|verb|make or become faster or quicker	forward|進める|verb|send or move on to a further stage or destination
In the different ways in which this monopoly has been exercised, consists one of the most essential differences in the policy of the different European nations with regard to their colonies.	この独占が行使されてきたさまざまな方法に、植民地に関するヨーロッパ諸国の政策における最も本質的な違いの一つがある。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	consist|ある|verb|be composed or made up of	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent	essential|本質的な|adjective|of the utmost importance	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	regard|関する|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
The best of them all, that of England, is only somewhat less illiberal and oppressive than that of any of the rest.	その中で最も優れたイギリスの政策は、他のどの政策よりも少しだけ偏狭で抑圧的ではないというだけである。	best|最も優れた|adjective|of the highest quality	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	only|だけ|adverb|and no more than	less|少しだけ|adjective|not as much	illiberal|偏狭な|adjective|not liberal; narrow-minded	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe

In what way, therefore, has the policy of Europe contributed either to the first establishment, or to the present grandeur of the colonies of America?	では、ヨーロッパの政策は、アメリカの植民地の最初の設立や現在の壮大さにどのように貢献したのだろうか?	in what way|どのように|adverb|how	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing; foundation	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|splendor and impressiveness in appearance, style, or manner
In one way, and in one way only, it has contributed a good deal.	ある一つの点で、そしてその点だけで、それは大いに貢献した。	in one way|ある一つの点で|adverb|in a particular manner	in one way only|その点だけで|adverb|in a particular manner and no other	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	a good deal|大いに|adverb|to a great extent
Magna virum mater!	偉大な人の母よ!	Magna|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	virum|人の|noun|a human being	mater|母|noun|a woman who has given birth to a child
It bred and formed the men who were capable of achieving such great actions, and of laying the foundation of so great an empire;	ヨーロッパは、そのような偉業を成し遂げ、偉大な帝国の基礎を築くことができる人々を育て、育成した。	breed|育てる|verb|to bring up	form|育成する|verb|to train	achieve|成し遂げる|verb|to successfully bring about	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	action|偉業|noun|something done	lay|築く|verb|to put down	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or established	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
and there is no other quarter of the world;	そして、世界の他の地域には、	quarter|地域|noun|a part of a town or city having a particular character	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
of which the policy is capable of forming, or has ever actually, and in fact, formed such men.	そのような人々を育成できる政策をとっているところ、あるいは実際にそのような人々を育成したところは存在しない。	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	be capable of|できる|verb|have the ability or quality necessary to do or achieve something	form|育成する|verb|bring into existence	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	actually|実際に|adverb|as the truth or facts of a situation; really	in fact|事実上|adverb|used to emphasize the truth of a statement
The colonies owe to the policy of Europe the education and great views of their active and enterprizing founders;	植民地は、ヨーロッパの政策のおかげで、活動的で進取の気性に富んだ創設者たちの教育と偉大な見解を得ることができた。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	owe|おかげである|verb|have or show a feeling of gratitude	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	view|見解|noun|an opinion or belief	active|活動的な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	enterprizing|進取の気性に富んだ|adjective|marked by imagination, initiative, and readiness to undertake new projects	founder|創設者|noun|a person who establishes an institution or settlement
and some of the greatest and most important of them, so far as concerns their internal government, owe to it scarce anything else.	そして、そのうちの最も大きく、最も重要なもののいくつかは、その内部統治に関する限り、それ以外にはほとんど何も負っていない。	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	great|最も大きく|adjective|of major significance or importance	important|最も重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	so far as|に関する限り|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	concern|関する|verb|be about or connected with	internal|内部の|adjective|situated or occurring within or on the inside	government|統治|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	owe|負う|verb|have or feel a duty or obligation to do something	scarce|ほとんど|adjective|insufficient for the demand	anything|何も|pronoun|something, no matter what	else|その他|adverb|in addition; besides; as well

PART III. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived From the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.	第三部ヨーロッパがアメリカの発見と喜望峰を経由する東インドへの航路の発見から得た利益について	PART III|第三部|noun|the third part of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	the Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia

Such are the advantages which the colonies of America have derived from the policy of Europe.	以上が、アメリカの植民地がヨーロッパの政策から得た利益である。	such|以上|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain from a specified source	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

What are those which Europe has derived from the discovery and colonization of America?	ヨーロッパがアメリカの発見と植民地化から得た利益は何だろうか?	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	colonization|植民地化|noun|the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area

Those advantages may be divided, first, into the general advantages which Europe, considered as one great country, has derived from those great events;	その利益は、まず、ヨーロッパを一つの国と見なしたときに、これらの大事件から得た一般的な利益と、	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	divide|分けられる|verb|separate into two or more parts	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	event|事件|noun|something that happens or takes place, especially something of importance
and, secondly, into the particular advantages which each colonizing country has derived from the colonies which particularly belong to it, in consequence of the authority or dominion which it exercises over them.	第二に、各植民地国が、植民地に対して行使する権威や支配権の結果として、その国に属する植民地から得た個別の利益に分けられる。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	colonizing country|植民地国|noun|a country that has colonies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	dominion|支配権|noun|the power to rule over others	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	particular|個別の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source

The general advantages which Europe, considered as one great country, has derived from the discovery and colonization of America, consist, first, in the increase of its enjoyments;	ヨーロッパを一つの国と見なしたときに、アメリカの発見と植民地化から得た一般的な利益は、第一に、享受の増大にある。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	one great country|一つの国|noun|a single nation	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	colonization|植民地化|noun|the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area	general advantages|一般的な利益|noun|the overall benefits	consist|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	increase|増大|noun|the action of increasing something	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something
and, secondly, in the augmentation of its industry.	第二に、産業の増大にある。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	augmentation|増大|noun|the action or process of increasing in size or amount

The surplus produce of America imported into Europe, furnishes the inhabitants of this great continent with a variety of commodities which they could not otherwise have possessed;	ヨーロッパに輸入されるアメリカの余剰生産物は、この大大陸の住民に、そうでなければ手に入らなかったであろうさまざまな商品を供給している。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	possess|手に入れる|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others
some for conveniency and use, some for pleasure, and some for ornament;	利便性と実用性のためのものもあれば、楽しみのためのもの、装飾のためのものもある。	some|あるもの|noun|an unspecified number or amount of people or things	conveniency|利便性|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily and conveniently	use|実用性|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	pleasure|楽しみ|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	ornament|装飾|noun|an object or design used to make something more attractive
and thereby contributes to increase their enjoyments.	それによって、彼らの享受を増大させるのに貢献している。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	increase|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous

The discovery and colonization of America, it will readily be allowed, have contributed to augment the industry, first, of all the countries which trade to it directly, such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England;	アメリカの発見と植民地化は、まずスペイン、ポルトガル、フランス、イギリスなど、直接貿易を行っているすべての国の産業を増大させるのに貢献したことは、すぐに認められるだろう。	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something	colonization|植民地化|noun|the action or process of colonizing	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to	contribute|貢献する|verb|to give or supply in common with others	augment|増大させる|verb|to make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in northwestern Europe
and, secondly, of all those which, without trading to it directly, send, through the medium of other countries, goods to it of their own produce, such as Austrian Flanders, and some provinces of Germany, which, through the medium of the countries before mentioned, send to it a considerable quantity of linen and other goods.	そして第二に、直接貿易をせずに、他の国を経由して自国産品を送っているすべての国、例えばオーストリア領フランドルやドイツのいくつかの州は、前述の国々を経由して、かなりの量のリネンやその他の商品を送っている。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	medium|経由|noun|a means of effecting or conveying something	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Austrian Flanders|オーストリア領フランドル|noun|a region in the north of Belgium	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	mentioned|述べた|verb|refer to briefly	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale
All such countries have evidently gained a more extensive market for their surplus produce, and must consequently have been encouraged to increase its quantity.	このような国々はすべて、余剰生産物の市場を拡大したことは明らかであり、その結果、生産量を増やすよう奨励されたに違いない。	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	such|そのような|determiner|of that kind	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	gain|拡大する|verb|obtain or win	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous

But that those great events should likewise have contributed to encourage the industry of countries such as Hungary and Poland, which may never, perhaps, have sent a single commodity of their own produce to America, is not, perhaps, altogether so evident.	しかし、これらの大事件が、ハンガリーやポーランドなど、おそらく自国産品をアメリカに送ったことのない国の産業を奨励することにも貢献したということは、おそらくそれほど明白ではない。	great event|大事件|noun|an event of great importance	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	Hungary|ハンガリー|noun|a landlocked country in Central Europe	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally
That those events have done so, however, cannot be doubted.	しかし、これらの事件がそうしたことは疑いようがない。	that|その|pronoun|the person or thing mentioned before	event|事件|noun|something that happens or takes place	do|する|verb|perform an action	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	doubt|疑う|verb|feel uncertain about
Some part of the produce of America is consumed in Hungary and Poland, and there is some demand there for the sugar, chocolate, and tobacco, of that new quarter of the world.	アメリカの産物の一部はハンガリーやポーランドで消費されており、世界の新しい地域の砂糖、チョコレート、タバコに対する需要がある。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	Hungary|ハンガリー|noun|a landlocked country in Central Europe	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	chocolate|チョコレート|noun|a food made from roasted and ground cacao seeds	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and to a lesser extent for use as snuff or chewing tobacco
But those commodities must be purchased with something which is either the produce of the industry of Hungary and Poland, or with something which had been purchased with some part of that produce.	しかし、これらの商品は、ハンガリーやポーランドの産業で生産されたもの、またはその産物の一部で購入されたもので購入しなければならない。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	Hungary|ハンガリー|noun|a landlocked country in Central Europe	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something
Those commodities of America are new values, new equivalents, introduced into Hungary and Poland, to be exchanged there for the surplus produce of these countries.	アメリカのこれらの商品は、ハンガリーやポーランドに導入された新しい価値、新しい等価物であり、これらの国の余剰生産物と交換される。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	equivalent|等価物|noun|something that is equal in value, amount, or importance to something else	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	Hungary|ハンガリー|noun|a landlocked country in Central Europe	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
By being carried thither, they create a new and more extensive market for that surplus produce.	これらの商品は、ハンガリーやポーランドに運ばれることにより、余剰生産物のための新しくより広範な市場を創出する。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	thither|そこへ|adverb|to that place	create|創出する|verb|bring into existence	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
They raise its value, and thereby contribute to encourage its increase.	これらの商品は、余剰生産物の価値を高め、それによってその増加を促進する。	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	contribute|促進する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater or more
Though no part of it may ever be carried to America, it may be carried to other countries, which purchase it with a part of their share of the surplus produce of America, and it may find a market by means of the circulation of that trade which was originally put into motion by the surplus produce of America.	ハンガリーやポーランドの余剰生産物は、その一部がアメリカに運ばれることはなくても、他の国々に運ばれ、アメリカの余剰生産物の一部と交換され、アメリカの余剰生産物によって最初に動き出した貿易の循環によって市場を見つけることができる。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	be carried|運ばれる|verb|be taken or transported from one place to another	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	purchase|交換される|verb|buy	share|一部|noun|a portion of something	surplus produce|余剰生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced in excess of what is needed	find a market|市場を見つける|verb|find a place to sell something	by means of|によって|preposition|using; with the help of	circulation|循環|noun|the movement of something around a closed system	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	originally|最初に|adverb|at or from the beginning	put into motion|動き出す|verb|start moving

Those great events may even have contributed to increase the enjoyments, and to augment the industry, of countries which not only never sent any commodities to America, but never received any from it.	これらの偉大な出来事は、アメリカに商品を送ったことがないだけでなく、アメリカから商品を受け取ったこともない国の楽しみを増やし、産業を拡大することに貢献したかもしれない。	great event|偉大な出来事|noun|an event of great importance	contribute to|貢献する|verb|give or help to give something to a common purpose	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	augment|拡大する|verb|make or become greater or more intense	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something
Even such countries may have received a greater abundance of other commodities from countries, of which the surplus produce had been augmented by means of the American trade.	そのような国でさえ、アメリカ貿易によって余剰生産物が増加した国から、他の商品をより豊富に受け取ったかもしれない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	have received|受け取った|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	greater|より豊富に|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	from|から|preposition|indicating the place or source from which something comes or is obtained	of which|その|relative pronoun|used to refer to something previously mentioned	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	had been augmented|増加した|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	the American trade|アメリカ貿易|noun|trade between the United States and other countries
This greater abundance, as it must necessarily have increased their enjoyments, so it must likewise have augmented their industry.	この豊富さは、必然的に彼らの楽しみを増やしたに違いないので、同様に彼らの産業を拡大したに違いない。	abundance|豊富さ|noun|a very large quantity of something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
A greater number of new equivalents, of some kind or other, must have been presented to them to be exchanged for the surplus produce of that industry.	何らかの新しい等価物が、その産業の余剰生産物と交換されるために、彼らに提示されたに違いない。	greater number|より多くの|noun|a larger quantity	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	equivalent|等価物|noun|something equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	some kind or other|何らかの|noun|some kind or another	must have been presented|提示されたに違いない|verb|must have been given	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
A more extensive market must have been created for that surplus produce, so as to raise its value, and thereby encourage its increase.	その余剰生産物の価値を高め、それによってその増加を促すために、より広範な市場がその余剰生産物のために創出されたに違いない。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous
The mass of commodities annually thrown into the great circle of European commerce, and by its various revolutions annually distributed among all the different nations comprehended within it, must have been augmented by the whole surplus produce of America.	毎年ヨーロッパの商業の大循環に投入され、その様々な革命によってその中に含まれるすべての異なる国々に毎年分配される商品の量は、アメリカの余剰生産物全体によって増加したに違いない。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	throw|投入される|verb|propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand	great circle|大循環|noun|a circle on the surface of a sphere that is the intersection of the sphere and a plane that passes through the center of the sphere	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	various|様々な|adjective|different from one another	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	distribute|分配される|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	nation|国々|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	comprehend|含まれる|verb|understand something	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
A greater share of this greater mass, therefore, is likely to have fallen to each of those nations, to have increased their enjoyments, and augmented their industry.	したがって、このより大きな量のより大きな分け前は、これらの国々のそれぞれに落ち、彼らの楽しみを増やし、彼らの産業を拡大した可能性が高い。	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size or amount	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	fall|落ちる|verb|move downward	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity

The exclusive trade of the mother countries tends to diminish, or at least to keep down below what they would otherwise rise to, both the enjoyments and industry of all those nations in general, and of the American colonies in particular.	母国の独占貿易は、一般にすべての国々、特にアメリカの植民地の楽しみと産業の両方を減少させるか、少なくともそうでなければ上昇するであろう水準より低く抑える傾向がある。	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	exclusive trade|独占貿易|noun|trade that is limited to a particular group of people or organizations	tend to|する傾向がある|verb|be likely to do something	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	keep down|低く抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	below|より低く|preposition|in a lower position than	rise to|上昇する|verb|go up or increase	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; in most cases	in particular|特に|adverb|to a great extent; very much
It is a dead weight upon the action of one of the great springs which puts into motion a great part of the business of mankind.	それは、人類の事業の大部分を動かす大きなバネの一つの作用に対する重荷である。	dead weight|重荷|noun|a heavy or oppressive burden	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	spring|バネ|noun|a device that can be pressed or pulled and that returns to its original shape when released	put into motion|動かす|verb|cause to move or be moved	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion or amount	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively
By rendering the colony produce dearer in all other countries, it lessens its consumption, and thereby cramps the industry of the colonies, and both the enjoyments and the industry of all other countries, which both enjoy less when they pay more for what they enjoy, and produce less when they get less for what they produce.	植民地の生産物を他のすべての国でより高価にすることで、その消費量を減らし、それによって植民地の産業と、他のすべての国の楽しみと産業の両方を制限する。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	dearer|より高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	lessen|減らす|verb|make or become less	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	cramp|制限する|verb|restrict the development or growth of	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
By rendering the produce of all other countries dearer in the colonies, it cramps in the same manner the industry of all other colonies, and both the enjoyments and the industry of the colonies.	他のすべての国の生産物を植民地でより高価にすることで、他のすべての植民地の産業と、植民地の楽しみと産業の両方を同じように制限する。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	dearer|より高価な|adjective|more expensive	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	cramp|制限する|verb|restrict the scope or extent of	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned
It is a clog which, for the supposed benefit of some particular countries, embarrasses the pleasures and encumbers the industry of all other countries, but of the colonies more than of any other.	それは、特定の国の利益のために、他のすべての国の楽しみを困らせ、産業を妨げる障害であるが、他のどの国よりも植民地の障害である。	clog|障害|noun|something that blocks or stops something	supposed|想定される|adjective|assumed to be true or real without proof	benefit|利益|noun|something that is advantageous or favorable	embarrass|困らせる|verb|cause to feel awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed	pleasure|楽しみ|noun|a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment	encumber|妨げる|verb|be a burden to	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
It not only excludes as much as possible all other countries from one particular market, but it confines as much as possible the colonies to one particular market;	それは、他のすべての国を可能な限り一つの特定の市場から排除するだけでなく、植民地を可能な限り一つの特定の市場に限定する。	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from entering	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	all other countries|他のすべての国|noun|all countries other than the one being discussed	one particular market|一つの特定の市場|noun|a specific market	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	the colonies|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
and the difference is very great between being excluded from one particular market when all others are open, and being confined to one particular market when all others are shut up.	そして、他のすべてが開いているときに一つの特定の市場から排除されることと、他のすべてが閉鎖されているときに一つの特定の市場に限定されることの間には、非常に大きな違いがある。	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out; prevent from entering	one|一つの|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	open|開いている|adjective|not closed or blocked	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	shut up|閉鎖されている|verb|close or block up
The surplus produce of the colonies, however, is the original source of all that increase of enjoyments and industry which Europe derives from the discovery and colonization of America, and the exclusive trade of the mother countries tends to render this source much less abundant than it otherwise would be.	しかし、植民地の余剰生産物は、ヨーロッパがアメリカの発見と植民地化から得る楽しみと産業の増加のすべてに由来する元の源であり、母国の独占貿易は、この源をそうでない場合よりもはるかに豊富にする傾向がある。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	exclusive|独占|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful

The particular advantages which each colonizing country derives from the colonies which particularly belong to it, are of two different kinds;	各植民地国が特にそれに属する植民地から得る特別な利点は、二つの異なる種類がある。	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality
first, those common advantages which every empire derives from the provinces subject to its dominion;	第一に、すべての帝国がその支配下にある属州から得る共通の利点である。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain from a specified source	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	dominion|支配|noun|the power to govern or control
and, secondly, those peculiar advantages which are supposed to result from provinces of so very peculiar a nature as the European colonies of America.	第二に、アメリカのヨーロッパ植民地のような非常に特殊な性質の属州から生じると考えられる特殊な利点である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	result|生じる|verb|come about as a consequence	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its peoples, languages, or cultures	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The common advantages which every empire derives from the provinces subject to its dominion consist, first, in the military force which they furnish for its defence;	すべての帝国がその支配下にある属州から得る共通の利点は、第一に、その防衛のために提供する軍事力にある。	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more parties	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control	province|属州|noun|an administrative division of a country	consist|ある|verb|be composed or made up of	first|第一に|adverb|before all others in time or order	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
and, secondly, in the revenue which they furnish for the support of its civil government.	第二に、その文民政府を支援するために提供する収入にある。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	revenue|収入|noun|income	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	support|支援|noun|the action of helping or encouraging someone or something	civil government|文民政府|noun|a government that is not military
The Roman colonies furnished occasionally both the one and the other.	ローマの植民地は、時折、その両方を提供した。	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned
The Greek colonies sometimes furnished a military force, but seldom any revenue.	ギリシャの植民地は、時折、軍事力を供給したが、収入はほとんど供給しなかった。	Greek colony|ギリシャの植民地|noun|a colony founded by the Greeks	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally; at times	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
They seldom acknowledged themselves subject to the dominion of the mother city.	彼らは、母都市の支配下にあることを認めることはほとんどなかった。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	subject|従属する|adjective|under the authority of another	dominion|支配|noun|supreme authority; sovereignty	mother city|母都市|noun|a city from which colonists have emigrated
They were generally her allies in war, but very seldom her subjects in peace.	彼らは、戦争では通常、母都市の同盟国だったが、平和時にはその臣民であることはほとんどなかった。	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	ally|同盟国|noun|a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign

The European colonies of America have never yet furnished any military force for the defence of the mother country.	アメリカのヨーロッパ系植民地は、母国の防衛のために軍事力を供給したことは一度もない。	European|ヨーロッパ系|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	never yet|一度もない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time in the past or future; not at all	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth
The military force has never yet been sufficient for their own defence;	軍事力は、これまで一度も自国防衛に十分だったことはない。	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
and in the different wars in which the mother countries have been engaged, the defence of their colonies has generally occasioned a very considerable distraction of the military force of those countries.	そして、母国が従事してきた様々な戦争において、植民地の防衛は、通常、それらの国の軍事力の非常に大きな分散を引き起こした。	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	engage|従事する|verb|be involved in	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	distraction|分散|noun|something that prevents someone from giving full attention to something else	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country
In this respect, therefore, all the European colonies have, without exception, been a cause rather of weakness than of strength to their respective mother countries.	したがって、この点では、すべてのヨーロッパの植民地は、例外なく、それぞれの母国にとって強さというよりはむしろ弱さの原因となってきた。	in this respect|この点では|adverb|in this particular case	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	without exception|例外なく|adverb|in all cases; always	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	weakness|弱さ|noun|the quality or state of lacking the power to perform	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong

The colonies of Spain and Portugal only have contributed any revenue towards the defence of the mother country, or the support of her civil government.	スペインとポルトガルの植民地だけが、母国の防衛やその文民政府の支援のために収入を貢献してきた。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	support|支援|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of receiving such assistance	civil government|文民政府|noun|a government made up of civilians
The taxes which have been levied upon those of other European nations, upon those of England in particular, have seldom been equal to the expense laid out upon them in time of peace, and never sufficient to defray that which they occasioned in time of war.	他のヨーロッパ諸国、特にイギリスの植民地に課せられた税金は、平和な時期に植民地に支出された費用に等しいことはめったになく、戦争時に植民地が引き起こした費用を賄うのに十分なことは決してなかった。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	levy|課する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	European nation|ヨーロッパ諸国|noun|a country in Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	peace|平和|noun|a state or period of mutual concord with no fighting or war	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay (a cost or expense)
Such colonies, therefore, have been a source of expense, and not of revenue, to their respective mother countries.	したがって、そのような植民地は、それぞれの母国にとって収入源ではなく、支出源となってきた。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of the people or things mentioned	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth or citizenship

The advantages of such colonies to their respective mother countries, consist altogether in those peculiar advantages which are supposed to result from provinces of so very peculiar a nature as the European colonies of America;	そのような植民地がそれぞれの母国にもたらす利益は、アメリカのヨーロッパ植民地のような非常に特殊な性質の地域から生じると考えられる特殊な利益にすべて集約される。	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded	consist|集約される|verb|be composed or made up of	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people, languages, or cultures	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
and the exclusive trade, it is acknowledged, is the sole source of all those peculiar advantages.	そして、排他的貿易は、すべてのそうした特殊な利益の唯一の源泉であると認められている。	exclusive|排他的|adjective|not shared with others	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or unusual	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position

In consequence of this exclusive trade, all that part of the surplus produce of the English colonies, for example, which consists in what are called enumerated commodities, can be sent to no other country but England.	この排他的貿易の結果、たとえば、イギリスの植民地の余剰生産物のすべては、列挙品と呼ばれるもので構成されており、イギリス以外の国に送ることはできない。	exclusive trade|排他的貿易|noun|trade that is limited to a particular group of people or countries	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	surplus produce|余剰生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced in excess of what is needed	English colonies|イギリスの植民地|noun|the colonies of the British Empire	enumerated commodities|列挙品|noun|a list of goods that are subject to special taxes or duties	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
Other countries must afterwards buy it of her.	他の国はその後、イギリスからそれを買わなければならない。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one or ones already mentioned or implied	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	it|それ|pronoun|the thing or animal previously mentioned	of|から|preposition|expressing the relationship between a part and a whole
It must be cheaper, therefore, in England than it can be in any other country, and must contribute more to increase the enjoyments of England than those of any other country.	したがって、それは他のどの国よりもイギリスで安くなければならず、他のどの国よりもイギリスの楽しみを増やすことに貢献しなければならない。	must|～に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or cost	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something
It must likewise contribute more to encourage her industry.	それは同様に、イギリスの産業を奨励することにも貢献しなければならない。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
For all those parts of her own surplus produce which England exchanges for those enumerated commodities, she must get a better price than any other countries can get for the like parts of theirs, when they exchange them for the same commodities.	イギリスが列挙品と交換する自国の余剰生産物のすべての部分について、イギリスは他のどの国も同じ商品と交換するときに、自国の同様の部分に対して得られるよりも良い価格を得なければならない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	enumerate|列挙する|verb|count or list one by one	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	get|得る|verb|receive or obtain	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
The manufactures of England, for example, will purchase a greater quantity of the sugar and tobacco of her own colonies than the like manufactures of other countries can purchase of that sugar and tobacco.	例えば、イギリスの製造業者は、他の国の同様の製造業者がその砂糖とタバコを購入できるよりも、自国の植民地の砂糖とタバコを大量に購入するだろう。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	manufacture|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods or articles by hand or by machine	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
So far, therefore, as the manufactures of England and those of other countries are both to be exchanged for the sugar and tobacco of the English colonies, this superiority of price gives an encouragement to the former beyond what the latter can, in these circumstances, enjoy.	したがって、イギリスの製造業者と他の国の製造業者の両方がイギリスの植民地の砂糖とタバコと交換される限り、この価格の優位性は、このような状況で後者が享受できるものを超えて前者に奨励を与える。	So far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	be to be exchanged|交換される|verb|to be traded for something else	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	give an encouragement|奨励を与える|verb|to give support or approval to	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	enjoy|享受する|verb|to take delight or pleasure in
The exclusive trade of the colonies, therefore, as it diminishes, or at least keeps down below what they would otherwise rise to, both the enjoyments and the industry of the countries which do not possess it, so it gives an evident advantage to the countries which do possess it over those other countries.	したがって、植民地の独占貿易は、それを所有していない国の楽しみと産業の両方を減少させるか、少なくともそうでなければ上昇するであろう水準より低く抑えるので、それを所有している国に他の国々に対して明らかな優位性を与える。	exclusive trade|独占貿易|noun|trade that is limited to a particular group of people or organizations	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area that is under the political control of another country	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	keep down|低く抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position

This advantage, however, will, perhaps, be found to be rather what may be called a relative than an absolute advantage, and to give a superiority to the country which enjoys it, rather by depressing the industry and produce of other countries, than by raising those of that particular country above what they would naturally rise to in the case of a free trade.	しかし、この利点は、おそらく絶対的優位というよりは相対的優位と呼ばれるものであり、自由貿易の場合に自然に上昇する水準以上にその国の産業や生産物を上昇させることによってではなく、他の国の産業や生産物を押し下げることによって、それを享受する国に優位性を与えるものであることがわかるだろう。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	relative|相対的|adjective|considered in relation or in proportion to something else	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another in position, rank, degree, or value	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by manufacturing or agriculture	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

The tobacco of Maryland and Virginia, for example, by means of the monopoly which England enjoys of it, certainly comes cheaper to England than it can do to France to whom England commonly sells a considerable part of it.	例えば、メリーランドとバージニアのタバコは、イギリスが独占していることにより、イギリスがそのかなりの部分を通常販売しているフランスよりもイギリスの方が安く手に入る。	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
But had France and all other European countries been at all times allowed a free trade to Maryland and Virginia, the tobacco of those colonies might by this time have come cheaper than it actually does, not only to all those other countries, but likewise to England.	しかし、フランスや他のヨーロッパ諸国が常にメリーランドやバージニアとの自由貿易を許されていたら、これらの植民地のタバコは、他のすべての国だけでなくイギリスにとっても、今頃は実際よりも安くなっていたかもしれない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a state in the eastern US	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the eastern US	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
The produce of tobacco, in consequence of a market so much more extensive than any which it has hitherto enjoyed, might, and probably would, by this time have been so much increased as to reduce the profits of a tobacco plantation to their natural level with those of a corn plantation, which it is supposed they are still somewhat above.	タバコの生産量は、これまでに享受してきたどの市場よりもはるかに広大な市場のおかげで、今頃は大幅に増加し、タバコ農園の利益をトウモロコシ農園の利益と自然なレベルにまで低下させていたかもしれないし、おそらくそうだっただろう。	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	consequence|おかげ|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up until the present	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or uncertainty	probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely; almost certainly	by this time|今頃|adverb|by now; by the present time	so much|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	natural level|自然なレベル|noun|the normal or average level of something	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that produces large yellow seeds that are eaten as food	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm, especially in a tropical or subtropical country, on which crops such as coffee, sugar, or tobacco are grown
The price of tobacco might, and probably would, by this time have fallen somewhat lower than it is at present.	タバコの価格は、今頃は現在よりも多少下がっていたかもしれないし、おそらくそうだっただろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or uncertainty	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	by this time|今頃|adverb|by now; by the present time	have fallen|下がっていた|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; a little	lower|より低い|adjective|less high or tall	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
An equal quantity of the commodities, either of England or of those other countries, might have purchased in Maryland and Virginia a greater quantity of tobacco than it can do at present, and consequently have been sold there for so much a better price.	イギリスや他の国々の同量の商品は、メリーランドやバージニアで現在よりも多くのタバコを購入することができ、その結果、そこではるかに良い価格で販売されていたかもしれない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	equal|同量の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a state in the U.S.	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the U.S.	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
So far as that weed, therefore, can, by its cheapness and abundance, increase the enjoyments, or augment the industry, either of England or of any other country, it would probably, in the case of a free trade, have produced both these effects in somewhat a greater degree than it can do at present.	したがって、この雑草が安価で豊富にあることで、イギリスや他の国の楽しみを増やしたり、産業を増大させたりすることができる限り、自由貿易の場合には、おそらく現在よりも多少大きな程度でこれらの効果を生み出していただろう。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	weed|雑草|noun|a plant that is not valued where it is growing and is usually of vigorous growth	cheapness|安価|noun|the quality of being cheap	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a small amount	greater degree|大きな程度|noun|a higher level or amount	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
England, indeed, would not, in this case, have had any advantage over other countries.	実際、この場合、イギリスは他の国々に対して何の優位性も持たなかっただろう。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	would not|持たなかっただろう|auxiliary verb|be unwilling to	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
She might have bought the tobacco of her colonies somewhat cheaper, and consequently have sold some of her own commodities somewhat dearer, than she actually does;	イギリスは、植民地のタバコを実際よりも多少安く買い、その結果、自国の商品の一部を多少高く売っていたかもしれない。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	dearer|高く|adjective|high in price or value
but she could neither have bought the one cheaper, nor sold the other dearer, than any other country might have done.	しかし、イギリスは他の国が行えたよりも安く買うことも、高く売ることもできなかっただろう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either; not one nor the other	have bought|買えた|verb|to have purchased	cheaper|安く|adjective|less expensive	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	sold|売る|verb|to have sold	dearer|高く|adjective|more expensive	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	any other|他の|adjective|some other; any of the others	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	might have done|行えた|verb|to have been able to do
She might, perhaps, have gained an absolute, but she would certainly have lost a relative advantage.	イギリスは、おそらく絶対的な優位性を得ていたかもしれないが、相対的な優位性は確実に失っていただろう。	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	relative|相対的な|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else

In order, however, to obtain this relative advantage in the colony trade, in order to execute the invidious and malignant project of excluding, as much as possible, other nations from any share in it, England, there are very probable reasons for believing, has not only sacrificed a part of the absolute advantage which she, as well as every other nation, might have derived from that trade, but has subjected herself both to an absolute and to a relative disadvantage in almost every other branch of trade.	しかし、植民地貿易においてこの相対的優位性を得るために、他の国々をできるだけその貿易から排除するという、嫉妬深く悪意に満ちた計画を実行するために、イギリスは、他のすべての国々と同様に、その貿易から得られたはずの絶対的優位性の一部を犠牲にしただけでなく、貿易の他のほとんどすべての分野で絶対的にも相対的にも不利な立場に立たされたと信じるに足る理由がある。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the purpose of	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	relative|相対的|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	execute|実行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	invidious|嫉妬深い|adjective|causing or likely to cause resentment or anger	malignant|悪意に満ちた|adjective|deliberately harmful; spiteful	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	exclude|排除する|verb|shut or keep out	as much as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion belonging to, due to, or contributed by a person or group	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	there are|ある|verb|exist	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up (something important or valued) for the sake of achieving something else	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	disadvantage|不利|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group or class	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group

When, by the act of navigation, England assumed to herself the monopoly of the colony trade, the foreign capitals which had before been employed in it, were necessarily withdrawn from it.	航海条例によって、イギリスが植民地貿易の独占を自ら引き受けたとき、それまで植民地貿易に使われていた外国資本は、必然的にそこから撤退させられた。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (later Great Britain) and its colonies	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	assume|引き受ける|verb|take on oneself	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	foreign capital|外国資本|noun|capital invested in a country by foreigners	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	withdraw|撤退する|verb|move back or away from a place or position
The English capital, which had before carried on but a part of it, was now to carry on the whole.	これまでその一部を担っていたイギリス資本は、今や全体を担うことになった。	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	carry on|担う|verb|continue doing something	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, activity, or period of time	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount or extent of something
The capital which had before supplied the colonies with but a part of the goods which they wanted from Europe, was now all that was employed to supply them with the whole.	これまで植民地にヨーロッパから必要とされる商品の一部しか供給していなかった資本が、今や植民地にすべてを供給するために使われるようになった。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	supply|供給する|verb|make available	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	want|必要とする|verb|feel a need or a wish for	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	employ|使う|verb|use	now|今や|adverb|at the present time
But it could not supply them with the whole;	しかし、それは植民地にすべてを供給することはできなかった。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	could not|できなかった|auxiliary verb|be unable to	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	them|植民地|pronoun|the colonies	with|に|preposition|having or possessing	the whole|すべて|noun|all of something
and the goods with which it did supply them were necessarily sold very dear.	そして、それが植民地に供給した商品は、必然的に非常に高く売られた。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	dear|高く|adjective|high in price or value
The capital which had before bought but a part of the surplus produce of the colonies, was now all that was employed to buy the whole.	これまで植民地の余剰生産物の一部しか購入していなかった資本が、今やすべてを購入するために使われるようになった。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	buy|購入する|verb|get by paying for	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	employ|使う|verb|use	now|今や|adverb|at the present time; currently
But it could not buy the whole at any thing near the old price;	しかし、それは旧価格に近い価格ですべてを購入することはできなかった。	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	old|旧|adjective|having existed for a long time; not new	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
and therefore, whatever it did buy, it necessarily bought very cheap.	したがって、それが何を買おうとも、必然的に非常に安く買った。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely
But in an employment of capital, in which the merchant sold very dear, and bought very cheap, the profit must have been very great, and much above the ordinary level of profit in other branches of trade.	しかし、商人が非常に高く売り、非常に安く買うという資本の使用においては、利益は非常に大きく、他の貿易部門の通常の利益水準をはるかに上回っていたに違いない。	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	above|上回る|preposition|at a higher level or position than	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
This superiority of profit in the colony trade could not fail to draw from other branches of trade a part of the capital which had before been employed in them.	植民地貿易におけるこの利益の優位性は、他の貿易部門から、以前にそれらに使われていた資本の一部を引き寄せることに失敗することはできなかった。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward or into a place	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
But this revulsion of capital, as it must have gradually increased the competition of capitals in the colony trade, so it must have gradually diminished that competition in all those other branches of trade;	しかし、この資本の反転は、植民地貿易における資本の競争を徐々に増大させたに違いないので、他のすべての貿易部門における競争を徐々に減少させたに違いない。	revulsion|反転|noun|a strong feeling of disgust	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
as it must have gradually lowered the profits of the one, so it must have gradually raised those of the other, till the profits of all came to a new level, different from, and somewhat higher, than that at which they had been before.	それが徐々に一方の利益を低下させたに違いないので、それは徐々に他方の利益を上昇させたに違いない。すべての利益が以前とは異なる、そしてやや高い新しい水準に達するまでである。	as|なので|conjunction|because	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	lower|低下させる|verb|make or become lower	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	one|一方|noun|the number 1	raise|上昇させる|verb|make or become higher	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or space when	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, grown, or created	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality

This double effect of drawing capital from all other trades, and of raising the rate of profit somewhat higher than it otherwise would have been in all trades, was not only produced by this monopoly upon its first establishment, but has continued to be produced by it ever since.	他のすべての貿易から資本を引き出し、すべての貿易においてそうでなければ得られたであろう利益率よりもやや高くするこの二重の効果は、この独占が最初に確立されたときに生み出されただけでなく、それ以来ずっと生み出され続けている。	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something toward oneself	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	raise|高くする|verb|lift or move something to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	double|二重|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process

First, This monopoly has been continually drawing capital from all other trades, to be employed in that of the colonies.	第一に、この独占は、植民地貿易に使われるために、他のすべての貿易から絶えず資本を引き出してきた。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	draw|引き出す|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

Though the wealth of Great Britain has increased very much since the establishment of the act of navigation, it certainly has not increased in the same proportion as that or the colonies.	航海条例の制定以来、イギリスの富は非常に増大したが、それは確かに植民地の富と同じ割合では増大していない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route	act|制定|noun|a thing done; deed	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
But the foreign trade of every country naturally increases in proportion to its wealth, its surplus produce in proportion to its whole produce;	しかし、どの国の外国貿易も、その富に比例して、その余剰生産物がその全生産物に比例して、自然に増加する。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	wealth|富|noun|an abundance of valuable possessions or money	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a manufacturing process
and Great Britain having engrossed to herself almost the whole of what may be called the foreign trade of the colonies, and her capital not having increased in the same proportion as the extent of that trade, she could not carry it on without continually withdrawing from other branches of trade some part of the capital which had before been employed in them, as well as withholding from them a great deal more which would otherwise have gone to them.	そして、イギリスは植民地の外国貿易と呼べるもののほとんどすべてを独占し、その資本はその貿易の規模と同じ割合で増加しなかったので、イギリスは他の貿易部門から以前にそこで使われていた資本の一部を継続的に引き出すことなく、また、そうでなければそこに投入されていたであろうより多くの資本をそこから差し控えることなく、それを継続することができなかった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	engrossed|独占した|verb|occupy the whole of someone's attention or time	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something	withdraw|引き出す|verb|take (money) out of an account	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	employ|使う|verb|use something as a means of achieving something	withhold|差し控える|verb|refuse to give or grant	deal|多く|noun|a large amount
Since the establishment of the act of navigation, accordingly, the colony trade has been continually increasing, while many other branches of foreign trade, particularly of that to other parts of Europe, have been continually decaying.	したがって、航海条例の制定以来、植民地貿易は絶えず増加しているが、他の多くの外国貿易部門、特にヨーロッパの他の地域との貿易は絶えず衰退している。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (and later Great Britain) and its colonies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	decay|衰退|verb|rot or decompose
Our manufactures for foreign sale, instead of being suited, as before the act of navigation, to the neighbouring market of Europe, or to the more distant one of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea, have the greater part of them, been accommodated to the still more distant one of the colonies;	外国向けの我々の製品は、航海条例以前のように、ヨーロッパの近隣市場や地中海を取り囲む国々のより遠い市場に適合する代わりに、その大部分が、さらに遠い植民地の市場に適合させられた。	foreign sale|外国向け|noun|sale to a foreign country	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	being suited|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707, Great Britain) and its colonies	neighbouring market|近隣市場|noun|a market that is close by	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	more distant|より遠い|adjective|farther away	lie round|取り囲む|verb|be situated around	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	still more distant|さらに遠い|adjective|even farther away	one of the colonies|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
to the market in which they have the monopoly, rather than to that in which they have many competitors.	多くの競合他社がいる市場ではなく、独占している市場に適合させられた。	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that competes with others in the same industry or market
The causes of decay in other branches of foreign trade, which, by Sir Matthew Decker and other writers, have been sought for in the excess and improper mode of taxation, in the high price of labour, in the increase of luxury, etc.	マシュー・デッカー卿や他の著述家によって、過剰で不適切な課税方法、労働価格の高騰、贅沢の増加などにおいて求められてきた、外国貿易の他の部門の衰退の原因は、	decay|衰退|noun|a gradual decline in strength, numbers, or quality	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	Sir Matthew Decker|マシュー・デッカー卿|noun|a British merchant and writer on economic subjects	writer|著述家|noun|a person who has written a book or article	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or right	mode|方法|noun|a way of doing something	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of a tax or taxes	high price|高騰|noun|a price that is higher than usual	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense
may all be found in the overgrowth of the colony trade.	すべて植民地貿易の過成長に見出される。	be found in|見出される|verb|be present in	overgrowth|過成長|noun|excessive growth
The mercantile capital of Great Britain, though very great, yet not being infinite, and though greatly increased since the act of navigation, yet not being increased in the same proportion as the colony trade, that trade could not possibly be carried on without withdrawing some part of that capital from other branches of trade, nor consequently without some decay of those other branches.	イギリスの商業資本は、非常に大きいとはいえ無限ではなく、航海条例以来大きく増加したとはいえ、植民地貿易と同じ割合で増加したわけではないので、その貿易は、他の貿易部門からその資本の一部を引き出さずに、また結果的に他の部門が衰退することなしに、継続することはできなかった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	mercantile capital|商業資本|noun|the capital invested in a business	very great|非常に大きい|adjective|of a high standard or quality	infinite|無限|adjective|having no limits or boundaries	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	decay|衰退|noun|the state or process of rotting or decomposition

England, it must be observed, was a great trading country, her mercantile capital was very great, and likely to become still greater and greater every day, not only before the act of navigation had established the monopoly of the corn trade, but before that trade was very considerable.	イギリスは、航海条例が穀物貿易の独占を確立する前だけでなく、その貿易が非常に重要になる前でさえ、偉大な貿易国であり、その商業資本は非常に大きく、日々ますます大きくなる可能性があったことに注意しなければならない。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be observed|注意する|verb|notice or perceive	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	trading|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	mercantile|商業の|adjective|relating to trade or commerce	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	likely|ありそうな|adjective|probable; having a high probability	become|なる|verb|come to be	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	every day|毎日|adverb|on a daily basis	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	act|条例|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize, wheat, or rye	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	very|非常に|adjective|in a high degree; extremely	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent
In the Dutch war, during the government of Cromwell, her navy was superior to that of Holland; and in that which broke out in the beginning of the reign of Charles II., it was at least equal, perhaps superior to the united navies of France and Holland.	クロムウェル政権下のオランダ戦争では、イギリス海軍はオランダ海軍よりも優れていたし、チャールズ二世の治世の初めに勃発した戦争では、少なくともフランスとオランダの連合海軍と同等、あるいはそれ以上だった。	Dutch war|オランダ戦争|noun|a war between the Dutch and the English	Cromwell|クロムウェル|noun|an English military and political leader	navy|海軍|noun|the military branch of a country that fights at sea	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe
Its superiority, perhaps, would scarce appear greater in the present times, at least if the Dutch navy were to bear the same proportion to the Dutch commerce now which it did then.	その優位性は、少なくともオランダ海軍が当時と同じ割合でオランダの商業を担っていたとしたら、おそらく現代ではそれほど大きくは見えないだろう。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better or greater than another	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	present time|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	Dutch navy|オランダ海軍|noun|the navy of the Netherlands	bear|担う|verb|carry or support	Dutch commerce|オランダの商業|noun|the commercial activity of the Netherlands	then|当時|adverb|at that time; at the time in question
But this great naval power could not, in either of those wars, be owing to the act of navigation.	しかし、この強大な海軍力は、どちらの戦争でも航海条例のおかげではありえなかった。	great|強大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	naval|海軍の|adjective|of or relating to a navy	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	could not|ありえなかった|auxiliary verb|be not able to	either|どちらの|determiner|one or the other of two people or things	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	be owing to|おかげでは|verb|be caused by	act|条例|noun|a law passed by a legislative body
During the first of them, the plan of that act had been but just formed;	最初の戦争では、その条例の計画はちょうど策定されたばかりだった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	act|条例|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	just|ちょうど|adverb|exactly; precisely	form|策定する|verb|make or produce
and though, before the breaking out of the second, it had been fully enacted by legal authority, yet no part of it could have had time to produce any considerable effect, and least of all that part which established the exclusive trade to the colonies.	そして、第二次戦争が勃発する前に、それは法的な権限によって完全に制定されていたが、そのどの部分も、かなりの効果を生み出す時間を持つことはできなかったし、植民地との独占貿易を確立した部分は、最も効果を生み出す時間がなかった。	second|第二次|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	breaking out|勃発|noun|a sudden occurrence of something unwelcome	legal|法的な|adjective|of or relating to law	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	fully|完全に|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	enacted|制定|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	least|最も|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	established|確立|verb|cause to be widely known or accepted	exclusive|独占|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
Both the colonies and their trade were inconsiderable then, in comparison of what they are how.	植民地もその貿易も、当時は現在の状況と比べれば取るに足らないものだった。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	inconsiderable|取るに足らない|adjective|not worth considering; unimportant	then|当時|adverb|at that time; in those days	comparison|比較|noun|the act of examining the qualities or characteristics of two or more things and finding the differences between them	what|状況|noun|the state of affairs; the way things are
The island of Jamaica was an unwholesome desert, little inhabited, and less cultivated.	ジャマイカ島は不健康な砂漠で、ほとんど人が住んでおらず、耕作もほとんど行われていなかった。	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	Jamaica|ジャマイカ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	unwholesome|不健康な|adjective|not good for one's health	desert|砂漠|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation	little|ほとんど|adverb|to a small extent	inhabited|住んでいる|verb|live in or occupy	less|ほとんどない|adverb|to a smaller extent	cultivated|耕作されている|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
New York and New Jersey were in the possession of the Dutch, the half of St. Christopher’s in that of the French.	ニューヨークとニュージャージーはオランダ人の所有であり、セントクリストファーの半分はフランス人の所有だった。	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	New Jersey|ニュージャージー|noun|a state in the northeastern U.S.	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	St. Christopher's|セントクリストファー|noun|an island in the West Indies	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France
The island of Antigua, the two Carolinas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Nova Scotia, were not planted.	アンティグア島、二つのカロライナ、ペンシルバニア、ジョージア、ノバスコシアは開拓されていなかった。	Antigua|アンティグア|noun|an island in the West Indies	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	Carolinas|カロライナ|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	Georgia|ジョージア|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	Nova Scotia|ノバスコシア|noun|a province in eastern Canada	plant|開拓する|verb|establish or introduce
Virginia, Maryland, and New England were planted;	バージニア、メリーランド、ニューイングランドは開拓されていた。	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a state in the U.S.	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a state in the U.S.	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a region in the U.S.	plant|開拓する|verb|establish or introduce
and though they were very thriving colonies, yet there was not perhaps at that time, either in Europe or America, a single person who foresaw, or even suspected, the rapid progress which they have since made in wealth, population, and improvement.	そして、それらは非常に繁栄した植民地だったが、当時はヨーロッパにもアメリカにも、それ以来、富、人口、改良において急速な進歩を遂げたことを予見したり、疑ったりした人は一人もいなかった。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand	suspect|疑う|verb|have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof	rapid|急速な|adjective|done or occurring with great speed or force	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
The island of Barbadoes, in short, was the only British colony of any consequence, of which the condition at that time bore any resemblance to what it is at present.	要するに、バルバドス島は、当時の状況が現在の状況に似ている唯一の重要なイギリス植民地だった。	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	Barbadoes|バルバドス|noun|an island country in the Caribbean	in short|要するに|adverb|in brief; in a few words	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	consequence|重要な|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	at that time|当時|noun|at the time in question	at present|現在|noun|at the present time; now
The trade of the colonies, of which England, even for some time after the act of navigation, enjoyed but a part (for the act of navigation was not very strictly executed till several years after it was enacted), could not at that time be the cause of the great trade of England, nor of the great naval power which was supported by that trade.	航海条例後しばらくの間、イギリスがその一部しか享受していなかった植民地貿易(航海条例は制定後数年間は厳密に執行されなかった)は、当時のイギリスの貿易の拡大や、その貿易に支えられた海軍力の拡大の原因ではありえなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	act|条例|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	great|拡大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	naval|海軍|adjective|of or relating to a navy or navies	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act
The trade which at that time supported that great naval power was the trade of Europe, and of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea.	当時、その強大な海軍力を支えた貿易は、ヨーロッパと地中海周辺諸国の貿易だった。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	great|強大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	naval|海軍の|adjective|of or relating to a navy	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
But the share which Great Britain at present enjoys of that trade could not support any such great naval power.	しかし、イギリスが現在その貿易で享受しているシェアは、そのような強大な海軍力を支えることはできない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	naval|海軍の|adjective|of or relating to a navy	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act
Had the growing trade of the colonies been left free to all nations, whatever share of it might have fallen to Great Britain, and a very considerable share would probably have fallen to her, must have been all an addition to this great trade of which she was before in possession.	植民地の貿易拡大がすべての国に自由に任されていたら、そのシェアがどれほどイギリスに落ちたとしても、そしてかなりのシェアがおそらくイギリスに落ちたとしても、それはすべてイギリスが以前に所有していたこの大貿易に追加されたに違いない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	grow|拡大|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	share|シェア|noun|a part or portion of a whole	fall|落ちる|verb|move or come quickly from a higher to a lower level	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something
In consequence of the monopoly, the increase of the colony trade has not so much occasioned an addition to the trade which Great Britain had before, as a total change in its direction.	独占の結果、植民地貿易の増加は、イギリスが以前に持っていた貿易に追加されるというよりは、その方向性が完全に変わった。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	direction|方向|noun|a course along which someone or something moves

Secondly, This monopoly has necessarily contributed to keep up the rate of profit, in all the different branches of British trade, higher than it naturally would have been, had all nations been allowed a free trade to the British colonies.	第二に、この独占は、すべての国がイギリスの植民地との自由貿易を許されていたら、当然そうだったであろうよりも高く、イギリス貿易のすべての異なる部門で利潤率を維持することに必然的に貢献した。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	allow|許す|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

The monopoly of the colony trade, as it necessarily drew towards that trade a greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would have gone to it of its own accord, so, by the expulsion of all foreign capitals, it necessarily reduced the whole quantity of capital employed in that trade below what it naturally would have been in the case of a free trade.	植民地貿易の独占は、必然的にイギリスの資本のより大きな割合を、自発的に流入する量よりもその貿易に引き寄せたので、すべての外国資本の排除によって、必然的にその貿易に投入される資本の総量を、自由貿易の場合に当然そうだったであろう量よりも少なくした。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself, as by exerting a force or creating a vacuum	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	accord|合意|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute	expulsion|排除|noun|the action of expelling someone or something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage the services of (someone)	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural or normal way	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions
But, by lessening the competition of capitals in that branch of trade, it necessarily raised the rate of profit in that branch.	しかし、その貿易部門での資本の競争を減らすことで、必然的にその部門の利潤率が上昇した。	lessen|減らす|verb|make or become less	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	raise|上昇させる|verb|move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
By lessening, too, the competition of British capitals in all other branches of trade, it necessarily raised the rate of British profit in all those other branches.	他のすべての貿易部門でのイギリス資本の競争も減らすことで、必然的に他のすべての部門でのイギリスの利潤率が上昇した。	lessen|減らす|verb|make or become less	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Whatever may have been, at any particular period since the establishment of the act of navigation, the state or extent of the mercantile capital of Great Britain, the monopoly of the colony trade must, during the continuance of that state, have raised the ordinary rate of British profit higher than it otherwise would have been, both in that and in all the other branches of British trade.	航海条例の制定以来、特定の時期にイギリスの商業資本の状態や規模がどうであれ、植民地貿易の独占は、その状態が続く限り、イギリス貿易の他のすべての部門と同様、その部門でも、イギリスの通常の利潤率をそうでない場合よりも高めたに違いない。	Whatever may have been|どうであれ|noun|no matter what	at any particular period|特定の時期に|noun|at a specific time	since the establishment of|制定以来|noun|since the founding of	the act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (and later Great Britain) and its colonies	the state or extent of|状態や規模|noun|the condition or size of	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	the monopoly of|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	the colony trade|植民地貿易|noun|trade between a colony and its parent country	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	during the continuance of|続く限り|noun|during the continuation of	that state|その状態|noun|the condition of being in that state	have raised|高めた|verb|cause to rise	the ordinary rate of|通常の利潤率|noun|the usual rate of	British profit|イギリスの利潤|noun|the profit made by British companies	higher than it otherwise would have been|そうでない場合よりも|noun|higher than it would have been otherwise	both in that and in all the other branches of|その部門でも、イギリス貿易の他のすべての部門と同様|noun|both in that department and in all the other branches of	British trade|イギリス貿易|noun|trade between Great Britain and other countries
If, since the establishment of the act of navigation, the ordinary rate of British profit has fallen considerably, as it certainly has, it must have fallen still lower, had not the monopoly established by that act contributed to keep it up.	航海条例の制定以来、イギリスの通常の利潤率がかなり低下したとすれば、確かにそうであるように、その条例によって確立された独占がそれを維持するのに貢献しなかったならば、それはさらに低下したに違いない。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (later Great Britain) and its colonies	establishment|制定|noun|the act of establishing something	ordinary rate|通常の利潤率|noun|the usual rate	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent	fallen|低下した|verb|decrease in amount, value, or quality	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	lower|さらに低下した|adjective|less high	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level

But whatever raises, in any country, the ordinary rate of profit higher than it otherwise would be, necessarily subjects that country both to an absolute, and to a relative disadvantage in every branch of trade of which she has not the monopoly.	しかし、どの国でも、通常の利潤率をそうでない場合よりも高くする原因が何であれ、その国は独占していない貿易のあらゆる部門で、絶対的にも相対的にも不利な立場に立たざるを得ない。	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	subject|さらす|verb|cause to experience or undergo	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	relative|相対的|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	disadvantage|不利|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service

It subjects her to an absolute disadvantage;	それはその国を絶対的に不利な立場に置く。	subject|置く|verb|cause to experience or undergo	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	disadvantage|不利|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success
because, in such branches of trade, her merchants cannot get this greater profit without selling dearer than they otherwise would do, both the goods of foreign countries which they import into their own, and the goods of their own country which they export to foreign countries.	なぜなら、そのような貿易部門では、その国の商人は、自国に輸入する外国の商品と、外国に輸出する自国の商品の両方を、そうでない場合よりも高く売らなければ、この大きな利益を得ることができないからである。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
Their own country must both buy dearer and sell dearer;	自国はより高く買い、より高く売らなければならない。	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	dearer|より高く|adjective|more expensive	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
must both buy less, and sell less;	より少なく買い、より少なく売らなければならない。	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	both|両方|conjunction|the two people or things mentioned	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
must both enjoy less and produce less, than she otherwise would do.	そうでない場合よりも、より少なく享受し、より少なく生産しなければならない。	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	both|両方|conjunction|and; as well as	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials

It subjects her to a relative disadvantage;	それは、その国を相対的に不利な立場に置く。	subject|置く|verb|cause to experience or undergo	relative|相対的|adjective|existing or having its effect only in relation to something else	disadvantage|不利|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success
because, in such branches of trade, it sets other countries, which are not subject to the same absolute disadvantage, either more above her or less below her, than they otherwise would be.	なぜなら、そうした貿易部門において、同じ絶対的不利を被っていない他の国々を、そうでない場合よりも、その国より上か下にするからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	set|する|verb|put, lay, or stand (something) in a specified place or position	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	disadvantage|不利|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	subject|被る|verb|be exposed to or affected by	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	would be|そうでない場合|auxiliary verb|used to express a possible or probable situation or event
It enables them both to enjoy more and to produce more, in proportion to what she enjoys and produces.	それは、その国が享受し、生産するものに比例して、他の国々がより多く享受し、より多く生産することを可能にする。	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It renders their superiority greater, or their inferiority less, than it otherwise would be.	それは、そうでない場合よりも、他の国々の優位性をより大きく、あるいは劣位性をより小さくする。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	superiority|優位性|noun|the quality or state of being superior	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	inferiority|劣位性|noun|the quality or state of being inferior	less|より小さい|adjective|smaller in size, amount, or degree	otherwise|そうでない場合|adverb|in a different way	would be|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a possible or probable situation or event
By raising the price of her produce above what it otherwise would be, it enables the merchants of other countries to undersell her in foreign markets, and thereby to justle her out of almost all those branches of trade, of which she has not the monopoly.	その国の生産物の価格をそうでない場合よりも高くすることで、他の国の商人が外国市場でその国より安く売り、それによってその国が独占していない貿易部門のほとんどすべてからその国を押しのけることができるようになる。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	above|より高く|preposition|at a higher level or position than	otherwise|そうでない場合|adverb|in a different way	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	undersell|より安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	justle|押しのける|verb|push or knock against someone or something	out of|から|preposition|from inside to outside	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service

Our merchants frequently complain of the high wages of British labour, as the cause of their manufactures being undersold in foreign markets;	我が国の商人は、イギリスの労働者の賃金が高いために、外国市場で自国の製品が安く売られていると不満を漏らすことが多い。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	complain|不満を漏らす|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance	high wages|高い賃金|noun|a large amount of money that is paid to someone for work	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in a manual or industrial job	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	undersold|安く売られる|verb|sell something at a lower price than someone else	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country
but they are silent about the high profits of stock.	しかし、彼らは株の高収益については沈黙している。	silent|沈黙している|adjective|making no sound or noise	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	profit|収益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
They complain of the extravagant gain of other people;	彼らは他人の法外な利益に不満を漏らす。	complain|不満を漏らす|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing much more than is usual or expected	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources
but they say nothing of their own.	しかし、彼らは自分たちの利益については何も言わない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	say nothing of|何も言わない|verb|not to mention; to say nothing of	their own|自分たちの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned
The high profits of British stock, however, may contribute towards raising the price of British manufactures, in many cases, as much, and in some perhaps more, than the high wages of British labour.	しかし、イギリスの株の高収益は、多くの場合、イギリスの労働者の高賃金と同じくらい、あるいはそれ以上に、イギリスの製品の価格を上げることに貢献しているかもしれない。	high profit|高収益|noun|a large amount of money that a company makes	British stock|イギリスの株|noun|the stock of a British company	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	British manufacture|イギリスの製品|noun|a product that is made in Britain	many case|多くの場合|noun|a large number of situations	as much|同じくらい|adverb|to the same extent	high wage|高賃金|noun|a large amount of money that a worker is paid	British labour|イギリスの労働者|noun|a person who works in Britain

It is in this manner that the capital of Great Britain, one may justly say, has partly been drawn and partly been driven from the greater part of the different branches of trade of which she has not the monopoly;	このように、イギリスの資本は、一部は引き出され、一部は独占していないさまざまな貿易部門の大部分から追い出されたと言っても過言ではない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	justly|正当に|adverb|in a fair and just way	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	draw|引き出す|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	drive|追い出す|verb|cause to move or be moved in a specified way, especially forcibly	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
from the trade of Europe, in particular, and from that of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea.	特にヨーロッパの貿易や地中海沿岸諸国の貿易からである。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and North Africa

It has partly been drawn from those branches of trade, by the attraction of superior profit in the colony trade, in consequence of the continual increase of that trade, and of the continual insufficiency of the capital which had carried it on one year to carry it on the next.	植民地貿易の継続的な増加と、ある年にそれを行った資本が翌年には不足するという結果として、植民地貿易における優れた利益の魅力によって、一部はこれらの貿易部門から引き出された。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; not completely	draw|引き出す|verb|to take out or remove	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	attraction|魅力|noun|the quality of being attractive or appealing	continual|継続的|adjective|happening or done without interruption	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	carry|行う|verb|to take or bring from one place to another	next|翌年|adjective|coming immediately after the time of writing or speaking

It has partly been driven from them, by the advantage which the high rate of profit established in Great Britain gives to other countries, in all the different branches of trade of which Great Britain has not the monopoly.	イギリスが独占していないさまざまな貿易部門において、イギリスで確立された高収益率が他の国々に与える利点によって、一部はこれらの国々から追い出された。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	high rate|高率|noun|a high level or amount	profit|収益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market

As the monopoly of the colony trade has drawn from those other branches a part of the British capital, which would otherwise have been employed in them, so it has forced into them many foreign capitals which would never have gone to them, had they not been expelled from the colony trade.	植民地貿易の独占が、他の部門からイギリス資本の一部を引き出したため、そうでなければそれらの部門に投入されていたであろうが、植民地貿易から追放されなければ、決してそれらの部門に投入されることのなかった多くの外国資本を、それらの部門に投入せざるを得なくなった。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	draw|引き出す|verb|to move or cause to move in a specified way	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main stem	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|投入する|verb|to use or utilize	force|投入せざるを得なくなる|verb|to make someone or something do something	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	expel|追放する|verb|to force someone to leave a place, especially a country
In those other branches of trade, it has diminished the competition of British capitals, and thereby raised the rate of British profit higher than it otherwise would have been.	他の貿易部門では、イギリス資本の競争が減り、それによってイギリスの利潤率がそうでなければありえたよりも高くなった。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; if not	have been|ありえた|auxiliary verb|be or have been in the past
On the contrary, it has increased the competition of foreign capitals, and thereby sunk the rate of foreign profit lower than it otherwise would have been.	それどころか、外国資本の競争が激化し、それによって外国の利潤率がそうでなければありえたよりも低くなった。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	increase|激化する|verb|become or make greater or more intense	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	sink|低くなる|verb|go down below the surface of something	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	have been|ありえた|auxiliary verb|be or have been in the past
Both in the one way and in the other, it must evidently have subjected Great Britain to a relative disadvantage in all those other branches of trade.	どちらにしても、イギリスは他のすべての貿易部門で相対的に不利な立場に置かれたに違いない。	both in the one way and in the other|どちらにしても|adverb|no matter which of two alternatives is chosen	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	relative disadvantage|相対的に不利な立場|noun|a position of disadvantage compared to others	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

The colony trade, however, it may perhaps be said, is more advantageous to Great Britain than any other;	しかし、植民地貿易は、他のどの貿易よりもイギリスにとって有利であると言えるかもしれない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit
and the monopoly, by forcing into that trade a greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would otherwise have gone to it, has turned that capital into an employment, more advantageous to the country than any other which it could have found.	そして、独占は、そうでなければその貿易に投入されたであろうよりも大きな割合のイギリスの資本をその貿易に投入することによって、その資本を、国にとって他のどの投資よりも有利な投資に変えた。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|投資|noun|the state of having paid work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The most advantageous employment of any capital to the country to which it belongs, is that which maintains there the greatest quantity of productive labour, and increases the most the annual produce of the land and labour of that country.	資本が属する国にとって最も有利な資本の用途は、その国で最も多くの生産的労働を維持し、その国の土地と労働の年産物を最も増加させるものである。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive|生産的|adjective|having the power of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	annual|年産物|adjective|occurring once every year	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
But the quantity of productive labour which any capital employed in the foreign trade of consumption can maintain, is exactly in proportion, it has been shown in the second book, to the frequency of its returns.	しかし、消費財の外国貿易に投下された資本が維持できる生産的労働の量は、第二篇で示したように、その回収頻度に正比例する。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible product	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	return|回収|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity
A capital of a thousand pounds, for example, employed in a foreign trade of consumption, of which the returns are made regularly once in the year, can keep in constant employment, in the country to which it belongs, a quantity of productive labour, equal to what a thousand pounds can maintain there for a year.	例えば、消費財の外国貿易に投下され、年に一度定期的に回収される千ポンドの資本は、その資本が属する国で、千ポンドが一年間に維持できる量に等しい生産的労働を、常に雇用し続けることができる。	thousand pounds|千ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	return|回収|noun|the amount of money that a company makes in a particular period of time	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	year|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	keep|維持する|verb|to continue to have or do something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having a paid job	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	thousand pounds|千ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	year|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days
If the returns are made twice or thrice in the year, it can keep in constant employment a quantity of productive labour, equal to what two or three thousand pounds can maintain there for a year.	年に二回、三回回収されるなら、二千ポンド、三千ポンドが一年間に維持できる量に等しい生産的労働を、常に雇用し続けることができる。	return|回収|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	twice|二回|adverb|two times	thrice|三回|adverb|three times	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	keep|維持する|verb|cause to continue; maintain	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible good or service	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in number, amount, or value	two or three thousand pounds|二千ポンド、三千ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep
A foreign trade of consumption carried on with a neighbouring, is, upon that account, in general, more advantageous than one carried on with a distant country;	そのため、消費財の外国貿易は、近隣国との貿易が、遠隔国との貿易よりも、一般的に有利である。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|being close to or next to something	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something	advantageous|有利|adjective|favourable to success or to a favourable outcome
and, for the same reason, a direct foreign trade of consumption, as it has likewise been shown in the second book, is in general more advantageous than a round-about one.	そして、同じ理由で、第二篇で示したように、消費財の直接貿易は、一般的に、間接貿易よりも有利である。	for the same reason|同じ理由で|adverb|for the same cause or purpose	direct|直接|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	show|示す|verb|to make visible or noticeable	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit

But the monopoly of the colony trade, so far as it has operated upon the employment of the capital of Great Britain, has, in all cases, forced some part of it from a foreign trade of consumption carried on with a neighbouring, to one carried on with a more distant country, and in many cases from a direct foreign trade of consumption to a round-about one.	しかし、植民地貿易の独占は、それがイギリスの資本の使用に影響を与えた限りにおいて、あらゆる場合に、その一部を近隣国との消費財の外国貿易から、より遠隔国との貿易に、そして多くの場合、消費財の直接貿易から間接貿易に追いやった。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|使用|noun|the condition of having paid work	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|next to or very near	distant|遠隔|adjective|far away in space or time	direct|直接|adjective|extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping	round-about|間接|adjective|not direct; circuitous

First, The monopoly of the colony trade has, in all cases, forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from a foreign trade of consumption carried on with a neighbouring, to one carried on with a more distant country.	第一に、植民地貿易の独占は、あらゆる場合に、イギリスの資本の一部を近隣国との消費財の外国貿易から、より遠隔国との貿易に追いやった。	First|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|next to or very near another place	distant|遠隔|adjective|far away in space or time

It has, in all cases, forced some part of that capital from the trade with Europe, and with the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea, to that with the more distant regions of America and the West Indies; from which the returns are necessarily less frequent, not only on account of the greater distance, but on account of the peculiar circumstances of those countries.	それは、あらゆる場合に、その資本の一部をヨーロッパや地中海沿岸諸国との貿易から、より遠いアメリカや西インド諸島との貿易に追いやった。距離が遠いだけでなく、これらの国の特殊な事情のために、必然的に回収頻度が低下する。	in all cases|あらゆる場合に|adverb|in every case; always	force|追いやる|verb|make someone or something move or go somewhere	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: the largest inland sea in the world	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	return|回収|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	frequently|頻度|adverb|often; many times	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or unusual	circumstance|事情|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
New colonies, it has already been observed, are always understocked.	すでに述べたように、新しい植民地は常に資本不足である。	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	understocked|資本不足|adjective|having an insufficient supply of something
Their capital is always much less than what they could employ with great profit and advantage in the improvement and cultivation of their land.	彼らの資本は、彼らが土地の改良や耕作に大きな利益と利点をもって投入できるものよりも常にずっと少ない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	much less|ずっと少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent or degree	employ|投入する|verb|use or engage	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants
They have a constant demand, therefore, for more capital than they have of their own;	したがって、彼らは常に自分たちが持っている以上の資本を必要としている。	have a constant demand|常に必要としている|verb|to need something all the time	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	more|以上の|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
and, in order to supply the deficiency of their own, they endeavour to borrow as much as they can of the mother country, to whom they are, therefore, always in debt.	そして、自分たちの不足を補うために、彼らは母国からできるだけ多くを借りようと努力し、そのため、彼らは常に母国に借金をしている。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	supply|補う|verb|provide or furnish	deficiency|不足|noun|the state or fact of being deficient	their own|自分たちの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	to whom|そのため|pronoun|to which	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	in debt|借金をしている|adjective|owing money
The most common way in which the colonies contract this debt, is not by borrowing upon bond of the rich people of the mother country, though they sometimes do this too, but by running as much in arrear to their correspondents, who supply them with goods from Europe, as those correspondents will allow them.	植民地がこの負債を負う最も一般的な方法は、母国の金持ちから債券で借りることではなく、時にはそうすることもあるが、ヨーロッパから商品を供給してくれる取引先に、その取引先が許す限り支払いを滞らせることである。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	contract|負う|verb|catch or develop a disease	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation promising to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use (something belonging to someone else) with the intention of returning it	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	run|滞らせる|verb|be in charge of or manage	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters	allow|許す|verb|give (someone) permission to do something
Their annual returns frequently do not amount to more than a third, and sometimes not to so great a proportion of what they owe.	彼らの年間収益は、しばしば三分の一を超えず、時には借金の割合に比べてそれほど大きくない。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company makes in a particular period of time	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts of something	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	great|大きくない|adjective|of major significance or importance	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	owe|借金|verb|have a debt or obligation to pay or repay
The whole capital, therefore, which their correspondents advance to them, is seldom returned to Britain in less than three, and sometimes not in less than four or five years.	したがって、取引先が彼らに前払いする全資本が、3年未満でイギリスに返済されることはめったになく、時には4、5年未満で返済されることはない。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	three|3|numeral|the number 3	four|4|numeral|the number 4	five|5|numeral|the number 5
But a British capital of a thousand pounds, for example, which is returned to Great Britain only once in five years, can keep in constant employment only one-fifth part of the British industry which it could maintain, if the whole was returned once in the year;	しかし、例えば、5年に一度しかイギリスに返済されない1000ポンドのイギリス資本は、その全額が年に一度返済された場合に維持できるイギリス産業の5分の1しか常時雇用できない。	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of Great Britain	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	return|返済される|verb|go or come back to a place or person	five|5|noun|the number 5	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	keep|維持できる|verb|continue to have, do, or be	constant|常時|adjective|non-varying	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
and, instead of the quantity of industry which a thousand pounds could maintain for a year, can keep in constant employment the quantity only which two hundred pounds can maintain for a year.	そして、1000ポンドで1年間維持できる産業の量の代わりに、200ポンドで1年間維持できる量だけを常時雇用できる。	thousand pounds|1000ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	a year|1年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	two hundred pounds|200ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	a year|1年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days
The planter, no doubt, by the high price which he pays for the goods from Europe, by the interest upon the bills which he grants at distant dates, and by the commission upon the renewal of those which he grants at near dates, makes up, and probably more than makes up, all the loss which his correspondent can sustain by this delay.	農園主は、疑いなく、ヨーロッパからの品物に支払う高価格、遠い期日に支払う手形の利子、近い期日に支払う手形の更新手数料によって、取引先がこの遅延によって被る損失をすべて補填し、おそらくそれ以上の補填をしている。	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	distant date|遠い期日|noun|a date that is far in the future	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	grant|支払う|verb|give or allow something to someone	near date|近い期日|noun|a date that is soon	renewal|更新|noun|the act of renewing something	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for selling or buying goods or services	make up|補填する|verb|compensate for	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	delay|遅延|noun|a period of time by which something is late or postponed
But, though he make up the loss of his correspondent, he cannot make up that of Great Britain.	しかし、彼は取引先の損失を補填しても、イギリスの損失を補填することはできない。	make up|補填する|verb|compensate for	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
In a trade of which the returns are very distant, the profit of the merchant may be as great or greater than in one in which they are very frequent and near;	回収が非常に遠い貿易では、商人の利益は、回収が非常に頻繁で近い貿易と同じかそれ以上になることがある。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	return|回収|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a business makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	frequent|頻繁|adjective|happening or done many times	near|近い|adjective|not far away in space or time
but the advantage of the country in which he resides, the quantity of productive labour constantly maintained there, the annual produce of the land and labour, must always be much less.	しかし、彼が住んでいる国の利益、そこで常に維持されている生産労働の量、土地と労働の年間生産量は、常にずっと少なくなる。	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products
That the returns of the trade to America, and still more those of that to the West Indies, are, in general, not only more distant, but more irregular and more uncertain, too, than those of the trade to any part of Europe, or even of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea, will readily be allowed, I imagine, by everybody who has any experience of those different branches of trade.	アメリカとの貿易の回収、さらには西インド諸島との貿易の回収は、一般的に、ヨーロッパのどの地域、あるいは地中海周辺の国々との貿易よりも、より遠いだけでなく、より不規則で不確実であることは、これらの異なる貿易部門の経験がある人なら誰でもすぐに認めるだろう。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Mediterranean sea|地中海|noun|a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and North Africa	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

Secondly, The monopoly of the colony trade, has, in many cases, forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from a direct foreign trade of consumption, into a round-about one.	第二に、植民地貿易の独占は、多くの場合、イギリスの資本の一部を直接的な消費のための対外貿易から、遠回りの貿易へと追いやった。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	many cases|多くの場合|noun|a large number of instances	force|追いやる|verb|make someone or something move or go somewhere	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	direct|直接的な|adjective|involving no intermediary	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between different countries	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct

Among the enumerated commodities which can be sent to no other market but Great Britain, there are several of which the quantity exceeds very much the consumption of Great Britain, and of which, a part, therefore, must be exported to other countries.	イギリス以外の市場に送ることができない列挙された商品の中には、その量がイギリスの消費量をはるかに上回るものがいくつかあり、その一部は他の国に輸出しなければならない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	enumerate|列挙する|verb|specify one by one	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
But this cannot be done without forcing some part of the capital of Great Britain into a round-about foreign trade of consumption.	しかし、これはイギリスの資本の一部を遠回りの消費のための対外貿易に追い込まなければできない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	force|追い込む|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct; circuitous	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
Maryland, and Virginia, for example, send annually to Great Britain upwards of ninety-six thousand hogsheads of tobacco, and the consumption of Great Britain is said not to exceed fourteen thousand.	例えば、メリーランドとバージニアは、毎年イギリスに九万六千ホッグスヘッド以上のタバコを送っているが、イギリスの消費量は一万四千を超えないといわれている。	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the southern U.S.	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	ninety-six thousand|九万六千|numeral|96,000	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	fourteen thousand|一万四千|numeral|14,000
Upwards of eighty-two thousand hogsheads, therefore, must be exported to other countries, to France, to Holland, and, to the countries which lie round the Baltic and Mediterranean seas.	したがって、八万二千ホッグスヘッド以上は、フランス、オランダ、バルト海や地中海沿岸の国々など、他の国々に輸出されなければならない。	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	eighty-two thousand|八万二千|numeral|82000	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be exported|輸出される|verb|be sent to another country for sale	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Baltic|バルト海|noun|a sea in northern Europe	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia
But that part of the capital of Great Britain which brings those eighty-two thousand hogsheads to Great Britain, which re-exports them from thence to those other countries, and which brings back from those other countries to Great Britain either goods or money in return, is employed in a round-about foreign trade of consumption;	しかし、この八万二千ホッグスヘッドをイギリスに運び、そこから他の国々に再輸出し、その見返りとして他の国々からイギリスに商品や貨幣を持ち帰るイギリスの資本の部分は、遠回りの消費のための対外貿易に使われており、	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	eighty-two thousand|八万二千|numeral|82000	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	re-export|再輸出|verb|export something that has been imported	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|return with something	return|見返り|noun|something given in exchange for something else	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	employ|使われる|verb|use something as a means of achieving something	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	foreign|対外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and is necessarily forced into this employment, in order to dispose of this great surplus.	この大きな余剰を処分するために、必然的にこの用途に追い込まれている。	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	force|追い込む|verb|make someone do something against their will
If we would compute in how many years the whole of this capital is likely to come back to Great Britain, we must add to the distance of the American returns that of the returns from those other countries.	この資本の全体が何年でイギリスに戻ってくるかを計算しようとするなら、アメリカからの回収期間に他の国々からの回収期間を加えなければならない。	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	distance|期間|noun|the space or time between two points, lines, events, or objects	return|回収|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
If, in the direct foreign trade of consumption which we carry on with America, the whole capital employed frequently does not come back in less than three or four years, the whole capital employed in this round-about one is not likely to come back in less than four or five.	アメリカとの直接的な消費のための対外貿易では、投入された資本全体が三、四年未満で戻ってこないことが多いので、この遠回りの貿易に投入された資本全体は四、五年未満で戻ってくることはないだろう。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	come back|戻ってくる|verb|return to a place	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	four or five|四、五年|noun|a period of four or five years
If the one can keep in constant employment but a third or a fourth part of the domestic industry which could be maintained by a capital returned once in the year, the other can keep in constant employment but a fourth or a fifth part of that industry.	前者が、年に一度回収される資本によって維持できる国内産業の三分の一または四分の一しか常時雇用を維持できないとすれば、後者はその産業の四分の一または五分の一しか常時雇用を維持できない。	keep in constant employment|常時雇用を維持する|verb phrase|keep people employed all the time	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	fourth|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	domestic industry|国内産業|noun phrase|industry in one's own country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	returned|回収される|verb|come or go back to a place or person	other|後者|noun|the remaining one of two people or things	fourth|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts
At some of the outports a credit is commonly given to those foreign correspondents to whom they export them tobacco.	いくつかの地方港では、タバコを輸出する外国の取引先に信用を与えるのが一般的である。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	outport|地方港|noun|a small port or harbor	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters to another person	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed
At the port of London, indeed, it is commonly sold for ready money: the rule is Weigh and pay.	確かにロンドン港では、通常は現金で売られている。ルールは「計量して支払う」である。	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available immediately	rule|ルール|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	weigh|計量する|verb|measure the weight of	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
At the port of London, therefore, the final returns of the whole round-about trade are more distant than the returns from America, by the time only which the goods may lie unsold in the warehouse;	したがって、ロンドン港では、この遠回りの貿易全体の最終的な収益は、アメリカからの収益よりも、商品が倉庫で売れずに残っている時間だけ遅れる。	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	return|収益|noun|the money that a business or investment makes	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale
where, however, they may sometimes lie long enough.	しかし、そこでは、時には十分に長く残っていることがある。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	long|長く|adjective|having a great distance or duration	enough|十分に|adverb|to the required degree or extent
But, had not the colonies been confined to the market of Great Britain for the sale of their tobacco, very little more of it would probably have come to us than what was necessary for the home consumption.	しかし、植民地がタバコの販売をイギリス市場に限定されていなかったら、国内消費に必要な量よりも少し多い程度しか、おそらく我々のところには来なかっただろう。	be confined to|限定される|verb|be limited to	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	come to|来る|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services used in a country
The goods which Great Britain purchases at present for her own consumption with the great surplus of tobacco which she exports to other countries, she would, in this case, probably have purchased with the immediate produce of her own industry, or with some part of her own manufactures.	イギリスが現在、他の国に輸出しているタバコの余剰分で自国消費のために購入している商品は、この場合、おそらく自国の産業の直接の生産物や自国の製造品の一部で購入していただろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	for her own consumption|自国消費のために|noun phrase|for the purpose of being used or consumed by oneself	with the great surplus of tobacco|タバコの余剰分で|noun phrase|with the excess of tobacco	which she exports to other countries|他の国に輸出している|relative clause|that Great Britain exports to other countries	she would|イギリスは|pronoun|Great Britain	in this case|この場合|noun phrase|in the situation being described	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	have purchased|購入していただろう|verb phrase|would have bought	with the immediate produce of her own industry|自国の産業の直接の生産物で|noun phrase|with the goods that are produced directly by Great Britain's industries	or with some part of her own manufactures|自国の製造品の一部で|noun phrase|or with some of the goods that are manufactured in Great Britain
That produce, those manufactures, instead of being almost entirely suited to one great market, as at present, would probably have been fitted to a great number of smaller markets.	その生産物や製造品は、現在のように一つの大きな市場にほぼ完全に適合するのではなく、おそらく多数の小さな市場に適合していただろう。	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	manufacture|製造品|noun|something that is manufactured	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	almost entirely|ほぼ完全に|adverb|to a very great extent	suit|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	one|一つ|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely; almost certainly	fit|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	great number|多数|noun|a large number	smaller|小さな|adjective|of less than average size
Instead of one great round-about foreign trade of consumption, Great Britain would probably have carried on a great number of small direct foreign trades of the same kind.	イギリスは、一つの大きな迂回的な消費のための対外貿易の代わりに、おそらく同じ種類の多数の小さな直接的な対外貿易を行っていただろう。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	one|一つの|determiner|the number 1	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	round-about|迂回的な|adjective|not direct	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	have carried on|行っていただろう|verb|continue doing something	a great number of|多数の|noun|a large number of	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
On account of the frequency of the returns, a part, and probably but a small part, perhaps not above a third or a fourth of the capital which at present carries on this great round-about trade, might have been sufficient to carry on all those small direct ones;	回収の頻度から考えて、現在この大きな迂回貿易を行っている資本の一部、おそらくはごく一部、おそらく三分の一か四分の一以下で、これらすべての小さな直接貿易を行うのに十分だったかもしれない。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	return|回収|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	above|以上|preposition|at a higher level or position than	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	those|それらの|determiner|used to refer to a group of people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	direct|直接|adjective|extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping
might have kept in constant employment an equal quantity of British industry;	同量のイギリス産業を常に雇用し続けることができたかもしれない。	keep in|保つ|verb|maintain or cause to continue	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	equal|同量の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
and have equally supported the annual produce of the land and labour of Great Britain.	そして、イギリスの土地と労働の年間生産量を同等に支えてきたかもしれない。	equally|同等に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
All the purposes of this trade being, in this manner, answered by a much smaller capital, there would have been a large spare capital to apply to other purposes;	この貿易のすべての目的は、このように、はるかに小さな資本で答えられるので、他の目的に適用するための大きな余裕資本があっただろう。	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	apply|適用する|verb|make use of something as relevant to a particular situation or purpose
to improve the lands, to increase the manufactures, and to extend the commerce of Great Britain; to come into competition at least with the other British capitals employed in all those different ways, to reduce the rate of profit in them all, and thereby to give to Great Britain, in all of them, a superiority over other countries, still greater than what she at present enjoys.	土地を改良し、製造業を増やし、イギリスの商業を拡大するためである。少なくとも、これらすべての異なる方法で使用されている他のイギリスの資本と競争し、それらすべてで利潤率を下げ、それによってイギリスに、それらすべてにおいて、他の国々に対する優位性を与え、現在享受しているものよりもさらに大きな優位性を与えるためである。	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	come into|になる|verb|start to be in a particular state or condition	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employed|使用されている|verb|use or engage the services of (someone)	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another thing	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree; even more	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	what|もの|noun|the thing or things that	she|イギリス|pronoun|used to refer to a woman, girl, or female animal previously mentioned or easily identified	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time

The monopoly of the colony trade, too, has forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from all foreign trade of consumption to a carrying trade;	植民地貿易の独占もまた、イギリスの資本の一部をすべての消費の外国貿易から運搬貿易へと追いやった。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another
and, consequently from supporting more or less the industry of Great Britain, to be employed altogether in supporting partly that of the colonies, and partly that of some other countries.	そして、その結果、イギリスの産業を多かれ少なかれ支えることから、一部は植民地の産業を、一部は他の国の産業を支えることに、すべて使われるようになった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

The goods, for example, which are annually purchased with the great surplus of eighty-two thousand hogsheads of tobacco annually re-exported from Great Britain, are not all consumed in Great Britain.	例えば、毎年イギリスから再輸出される八万二千ホッグスヘッドのたばこの大きな余剰で毎年購入される商品は、すべてイギリスで消費されるわけではない。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	tobacco|たばこ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked	re-export|再輸出|verb|export something that has been imported	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	consume|消費する|verb|eat or drink
Part of them, linen from Germany and Holland, for example, is returned to the colonies for their particular consumption.	その一部、例えばドイツやオランダの麻布は、植民地の特定の消費のために返却される。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	return|返却される|verb|go or come back to a place or person	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, group, class, or category	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
But that part of the capital of Great Britain which buys the tobacco with which this linen is afterwards bought, is necessarily withdrawn from supporting the industry of Great Britain, to be employed altogether in supporting, partly that of the colonies, and partly that of the particular countries who pay for this tobacco with the produce of their own industry.	しかし、この麻布を買うためにたばこを買うイギリスの資本の一部は、必然的にイギリスの産業を支えることから撤退し、一部は植民地の産業を、一部はたばこの代金を自国の産業で支払う特定の国の産業を支えることにすべて使われることになる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	tobacco|たばこ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	withdraw|撤退する|verb|move back or away from a place or position	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products

The monopoly of the colony trade, besides, by forcing towards it a much greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would naturally have gone to it, seems to have broken altogether that natural balance which would otherwise have taken place among all the different branches of British industry.	そのうえ、植民地貿易の独占は、自然に流入するよりもはるかに大きな割合のイギリスの資本を植民地貿易に流入させることで、イギリス産業のあらゆる部門の間に生じていたはずの自然な均衡を完全に破壊してしまったように思われる。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	break|破壊する|verb|cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or force	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	balance|均衡|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	take place|生じる|verb|happen	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
The industry of Great Britain, instead of being accommodated to a great number of small markets, has been principally suited to one great market.	イギリスの産業は、多数の小さな市場に適応するのではなく、主に一つの大市場に適応してきた。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	accommodate|適応する|verb|provide with lodging or sufficient space for	great number|多数|noun|a large number	small market|小さな市場|noun|a market with a small number of buyers and sellers	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	one great market|一つの大市場|noun|a market with a large number of buyers and sellers
Her commerce, instead of running in a great number of small channels, has been taught to run principally in one great channel.	イギリスの商業は、多数の小さな経路を流れるのではなく、主に一つの大経路を流れるように教え込まれてきた。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	run|流れる|verb|move or cause to move quickly and easily	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	teach|教え込む|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	one|一つ|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average
But the whole system of her industry and commerce has thereby been rendered less secure;	しかし、それによってイギリスの産業と商業のシステム全体がより不安定になった。	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or related services	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many as before	secure|安全な|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.
the whole state of her body politic less healthful than it otherwise would have been.	イギリスの政治体制全体が、そうでなければもっと健全だっただろう。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity	less|もっと|adjective|not as much or as many	healthful|健全|adjective|conducive to good health	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; in other circumstances
In her present condition, Great Britain resembles one of those unwholesome bodies in which some of the vital parts are overgrown, and which, upon that account, are liable to many dangerous disorders, scarce incident to those in which all the parts are more properly proportioned.	現在の状況では、イギリスは、重要な部分のいくつかが過度に成長し、そのために、すべての部分がより適切に釣り合っている場合にはほとんど起こらない多くの危険な障害を起こしやすい、不健康な身体の1つに似ている。	present condition|現在の状況|noun|the state of things at the present time	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	unwholesome|不健康な|adjective|not conducive to health	vital part|重要な部分|noun|a part that is essential to the functioning of something	overgrown|過度に成長した|adjective|having grown too much	upon that account|そのために|adverb|for that reason	liable|起こしやすい|adjective|likely to do or suffer from something	dangerous disorder|危険な障害|noun|a condition that is harmful to one's health	scarce incident|ほとんど起こらない|noun|an event that is rare or unusual	properly proportioned|適切に釣り合っている|adjective|having the correct or desirable proportions
A small stop in that great blood-vessel, which has been artificially swelled beyond its natural dimensions, and through which an unnatural proportion of the industry and commerce of the country has been forced to circulate, is very likely to bring on the most dangerous disorders upon the whole body politic.	人工的に自然な大きさを超えて膨らみ、国産業と商業の不自然な割合が循環させられている大血管のわずかな停止は、政治体制全体に最も危険な障害をもたらす可能性が非常に高い。	blood-vessel|血管|noun|a tube in the body that carries blood	swell|膨らむ|verb|grow or cause to grow bigger or rounder	unnatural|不自然な|adjective|not natural; artificial	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	circulate|循環する|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	bring on|もたらす|verb|cause to happen or occur	disorder|障害|noun|a disruption of normal physical or mental functions	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	body politic|政治体制|noun|a state or nation considered as a political entity
The expectation of a rupture with the colonies, accordingly, has struck the people of Great Britain with more terror than they ever felt for a Spanish armada, or a French invasion.	したがって、植民地との決裂の予想は、イギリスの人々をスペインの無敵艦隊やフランスの侵略に対して感じたよりも大きな恐怖に襲った。	expectation|予想|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case	rupture|決裂|noun|a break or breach	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	strike|襲う|verb|hit forcibly and deliberately with one's hand or a weapon or other implement, especially as a way of attacking someone or something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	terror|恐怖|noun|extreme fear	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	armada|無敵艦隊|noun|a fleet of warships	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	invasion|侵略|noun|an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity
It was this terror, whether well or ill grounded, which rendered the repeal of the stamp act, among the merchants at least, a popular measure.	根拠の有無にかかわらず、この恐怖が、少なくとも商人の間で、印紙法の廃止を人気のある政策にした。	terror|恐怖|noun|a state of intense fear	well or ill grounded|根拠の有無にかかわらず|adjective|having or not having a good reason	repeal|廃止|noun|the action of revoking or annulling a law or congressional act	stamp act|印紙法|noun|a law that required all legal documents to be printed on stamped paper	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	popular|人気のある|adjective|liked or admired by many people	measure|政策|noun|a course of action taken to achieve a particular end
In the total exclusion from the colony market, was it to last only for a few years, the greater part of our merchants used to fancy that they foresaw an entire stop to their trade;	植民地市場から完全に締め出されたとしても、それが数年間続くだけなら、我々の商人の大部分は、彼らの貿易が完全に停止することを予見していたと想像していた。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	total|完全な|adjective|complete; entire	exclusion|締め出し|noun|the action of excluding or being excluded	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	a few years|数年間|noun|a small number of years	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	used to|かつて|auxiliary verb|did or was something in the past	fancy|想像する|verb|think that something is the case or that something is likely to happen	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of something before it happens or exists	entire|完全な|adjective|complete; whole	stop|停止|noun|the cessation of an activity or process	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
the greater part of our master manufacturers, the entire ruin of their business;	我々の製造業者の大部分は、事業の完全な破綻を予見していた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	master manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who owns or runs a factory	entire ruin|完全な破綻|noun|the complete destruction of something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
and the greater part of our workmen, an end of their employment.	そして、我々の労働者の大部分は、雇用の終わりを予見していた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed
A rupture with any of our neighbours upon the continent, though likely, too, to occasion some stop or interruption in the employments of some of all these different orders of people, is foreseen, however, without any such general emotion.	大陸の隣国との断交は、これらの様々な階層の人々の一部の雇用に何らかの停止や中断をもたらす可能性もあるが、そのような一般的な感情を伴わずに予見される。	rupture|断交|noun|a break or breach in a relationship	neighbour|隣国|noun|a country next to another	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	stop|停止|noun|a cessation of movement or activity	interruption|中断|noun|a stoppage of an activity	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	emotion|感情|noun|a strong feeling
The blood, of which the circulation is stopt in some of the smaller vessels, easily disgorges itself into the greater, without occasioning any dangerous disorder;	小さな血管の一部で循環が止まった血液は、危険な障害を引き起こすことなく、容易に大きな血管に吐き出される。	blood|血液|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body	circulation|循環|noun|the action of moving or flowing freely through a closed system	stop|止まる|verb|cease moving or operating	vessel|血管|noun|a tube in the body through which blood or lymph flows	disgorge|吐き出す|verb|discharge or eject violently or in large quantities	disorder|障害|noun|a disruption of normal physical or mental functions
but, when it is stopt in any of the greater vessels, convulsions, apoplexy, or death, are the immediate and unavoidable consequences.	しかし、それが大きな血管のいずれかで止まると、痙攣、脳卒中、または死が、即座に避けられない結果となる。	stop|止まる|verb|come to an end	convulsion|痙攣|noun|a violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles	apoplexy|脳卒中|noun|a sudden loss of consciousness resulting from a rupture or obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain	death|死|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	immediate|即座の|adjective|happening or done without delay	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented
If but one of those overgrown manufactures, which, by means either of bounties or of the monopoly of the home and colony markets, have been artificially raised up to any unnatural height, finds some small stop or interruption in its employment, it frequently occasions a mutiny and disorder alarming to government, and embarrassing even to the deliberations of the legislature.	補助金や本国と植民地市場の独占によって、不自然な高さにまで人工的に引き上げられた、過度に成長した製造業のうちのたった一つでさえ、雇用に小さな停止や中断が生じると、政府を驚かせ、立法府の審議にさえ当惑させる反乱や混乱をしばしば引き起こす。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	overgrown|過度に成長した|adjective|having grown too much	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward, typically a sum of money, offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	home|本国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	unnatural|不自然な|adjective|contrary to the ordinary course of nature; abnormal	height|高さ|noun|the measurement from base to top or from top to bottom	artificially|人工的に|adverb|in an artificial manner	find|生じる|verb|discover or notice	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	stop|停止|noun|the cessation of an activity or process	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity or process	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	mutiny|反乱|noun|an open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers	disorder|混乱|noun|a state of confusion or lack of order	alarming|驚かせ|adjective|causing or likely to cause alarm	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	embarrassing|当惑させる|adjective|causing one to feel awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed	deliberation|審議|noun|careful consideration before decision
How great, therefore, would be the disorder and confusion, it was thought, which must necessarily be occasioned by a sudden and entire stop in the employment of so great a proportion of our principal manufacturers?	したがって、我が国の主要な製造業者のこれほど大きな割合の雇用が突然完全に停止することによって必然的に引き起こされる混乱と混乱は、どれほど大きいだろうかと考えられた。	how great|どれほど大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	confusion|混乱|noun|a state of being uncertain about something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	sudden|突然|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	entire|完全に|adjective|with no part left out; whole	stop|停止|noun|a cessation of movement or activity	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale

Some moderate and gradual relaxation of the laws which give to Great Britain the exclusive trade to the colonies, till it is rendered in a great measure free, seems to be the only expedient which can, in all future times, deliver her from this danger;	イギリスに植民地との独占貿易を与える法律を、それが大いに自由になるまで、適度に緩和し、段階的に緩和することが、将来にわたってこの危険からイギリスを救うことができる唯一の方便であるように思われる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	gradual|段階的な|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	relaxation|緩和|noun|the state of being free from tension and anxiety	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	measure|大いに|noun|a step taken for a particular purpose	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	expedient|方便|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	deliver|救う|verb|rescue; save	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury
which can enable her, or even force her, to withdraw some part of her capital from this overgrown employment, and to turn it, though with less profit, towards other employments;	それは、イギリスがこの過大な雇用から資本の一部を引き上げ、利益は少なくなるが他の雇用に振り向けることを可能にし、あるいは強制することさえできる。	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	overgrown|過大な|adjective|too large or too old	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	turn|振り向ける|verb|change direction, position, or course	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and which, by gradually diminishing one branch of her industry, and gradually increasing all the rest, can, by degrees, restore all the different branches of it to that natural, healthful, and proper proportion, which perfect liberty necessarily establishes, and which perfect liberty can alone preserve.	そして、イギリスの産業の一部門を徐々に縮小し、残りのすべてを徐々に増加させることによって、完全な自由が必然的に確立し、完全な自由だけが維持できる、自然で健全で適切な比率に、そのすべての異なる部門を段階的に戻すことができる。	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	diminish|縮小する|verb|make or become smaller or less	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	increase|増加する|verb|make or become greater or more	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	degree|段階|noun|a unit of measurement of angles	restore|戻す|verb|bring back to a former condition	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	healthful|健全な|adjective|promoting or conducive to health	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state
To open the colony trade all at once to all nations, might not only occasion some transitory inconveniency, but a great permanent loss, to the greater part of those whose industry or capital is at present engaged in it.	植民地貿易をすべての国に一斉に開放することは、現在その産業や資本が従事している人々の大部分にとって、一時的な不便を招くだけでなく、永続的な大きな損失をもたらす可能性がある。	open|開放する|verb|make accessible	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	all at once|一斉に|adverb|all together; simultaneously	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	some|いくらかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	transitory|一時的な|adjective|not permanent	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The sudden loss of the employment, even of the ships which import the eighty-two thousand hogsheads of tobacco, which are over and above the consumption of Great Britain, might alone be felt very sensibly.	イギリスの消費量を超える八万二千ホッグスヘッドのタバコを輸入する船でさえ、突然の失業は、それだけでも非常に敏感に感じられる可能性がある。	sudden|突然の|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning	loss|喪失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	eighty-two thousand|八万二千|numeral|the number 82000	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	alone|それだけで|adverb|without anyone or anything else	be felt|感じられる|verb|be perceived or experienced	sensibly|敏感に|adverb|in a way that is based on good judgment or reason
Such are the unfortunate effects of all the regulations of the mercantile system.	以上が重商主義のあらゆる規制の不幸な影響である。	such|以上|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable
They not only introduce very dangerous disorders into the state of the body politic, but disorders which it is often difficult to remedy, without occasioning, for a time at least, still greater disorders.	それらは、国家の状態に非常に危険な混乱をもたらすだけでなく、少なくともしばらくの間、さらに大きな混乱を招くことなく是正することがしばしば困難な混乱をもたらす。	introduce|もたらす|verb|bring in or establish	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	body politic|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	remedy|是正する|verb|set right; make right	occasion|招く|verb|be the cause of	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree
In what manner, therefore, the colony trade ought gradually to be opened;	したがって、どのような方法で植民地貿易を徐々に開放すべきか。	in what manner|どのような方法で|adverb|in what way	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	ought|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	be opened|開放される|verb|be made available to the public
what are the restraints which ought first, and what are those which ought last, to be taken away;	最初に撤廃すべき制限は何か、最後に撤廃すべき制限は何か。	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	ought|べき|auxiliary verb|should	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	take away|撤廃する|verb|remove or withdraw something
or in what manner the natural system of perfect liberty and justice ought gradually to be restored, we must leave to the wisdom of future statesmen and legislators to determine.	あるいは、完全な自由と正義の自然なシステムをどのように徐々に回復させるべきかについては、将来の政治家や立法者の知恵に委ねなければならない。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce an alternative	in what manner|どのように|adverb|in what way	natural system|自然なシステム|noun|a system that is not artificial	perfect liberty|完全な自由|noun|the state of being free from all restrictions or limitations	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	be restored|回復される|verb|be returned to a former condition	leave to|委ねる|verb|allow or cause to be in the care of	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of being wise; knowledge and good judgment	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the government of a country	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws

Five different events, unforeseen and unthought of, have very fortunately concurred to hinder Great Britain from feeling, so sensibly as it was generally expected she would, the total exclusion which has now taken place for more than a year (from the first of December 1774) from a very important branch of the colony trade, that of the twelve associated provinces of North America.	予期せぬ、また考えもしなかった五つの出来事が、幸いにも同時に起こり、イギリスが、植民地貿易の非常に重要な部門である北アメリカの十二の連合州との貿易から、一年以上(一七七四年十二月一日から)完全に締め出されたことを、一般に予想されていたほどはっきりと感じないようにした。	five|五つ|noun|the number 5	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	unforeseen|予期せぬ|adjective|not anticipated or expected	unthought of|考えもしなかった|adjective|not considered or expected	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	fortunately|幸いにも|adverb|happening by good luck; luckily	concur|同時に起こる|verb|happen at the same time	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	feeling|感じ|noun|an emotional state or reaction	sensibly|はっきりと|adverb|in a way that is based on good judgment or reason	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	expect|予想する|verb|regard as likely to happen	take place|起こる|verb|happen	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	first|最初|noun|the person or thing that comes first	December|十二月|noun|the twelfth month of the year	twelve|十二|noun|the number 12	associated|連合した|adjective|joined or connected	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere extending northward from the Colombia-Panama border and including Central America, Mexico, the islands of the Caribbean Sea, the united states, Canada, and Greenland
First, those colonies, in preparing themselves for their non-importation agreement, drained Great Britain completely of all the commodities which were fit for their market;	第一に、これらの植民地は、輸入禁止協定に備えて、イギリスから市場に適したすべての商品を完全に吸い上げてしまった。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	prepare|備える|verb|make ready for use or consideration	non-importation agreement|輸入禁止協定|noun|an agreement not to import goods	drain|吸い上げる|verb|draw off or away gradually	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
secondly, the extra ordinary demand of the Spanish flota has, this year, drained Germany and the north of many commodities, linen in particular, which used to come into competition, even in the British market, with the manufactures of Great Britain;	第二に、スペイン艦隊の異常な需要が、今年、ドイツや北欧から多くの商品を吸い上げ、特にリネンは、イギリス市場でさえイギリスの製品と競合するようになった。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	extra ordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to own a particular good	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	flota|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	this year|今年|noun|the year that is now in progress	drain|吸い上げる|verb|draw off or away gradually	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	north|北欧|noun|the direction in which a compass needle normally points	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	particular|特に|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people or language	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Europe
thirdly, the peace between Russia and Turkey has occasioned an extraordinary demand from the Turkey market, which, during the distress of the country, and while a Russian fleet was cruizing in the Archipelago, had been very poorly supplied;	第三に、ロシアとトルコの間の和平は、トルコ市場からの異常な需要を引き起こしたが、この市場は、国の苦境の間、またロシア艦隊が群島を巡航している間は、非常に貧弱な供給しか受けていなかった。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe and western Asia	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	cruize|巡航する|verb|sail about on a pleasure trip	Archipelago|群島|noun|a group of islands	poorly|貧弱に|adverb|in a bad or inadequate manner	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with
fourthly, the demand of the north of Europe for the manufactures of Great Britain has been increasing from year to year, for some time past;	第四に、ヨーロッパ北部のイギリス製品に対する需要は、ここしばらく年々増加している。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	north|北部|noun|the direction that is to your left when you are facing east	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to own a particular good	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
and, fifthly, the late partition, and consequential pacification of Poland, by opening the market of that great country, have, this year, added an extraordinary demand from thence to the increasing demand of the north.	そして第五に、最近の分割とそれに伴うポーランドの平和化は、その大国の市場を開くことで、今年、北部の需要の増加に、そこからの異常な需要を加えた。	fifthly|第五に|adverb|in the fifth place	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	partition|分割|noun|the action of dividing or separating something into parts	consequential|それに伴う|adjective|following as a result or effect	pacification|平和化|noun|the action of making something peaceful	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in central Europe	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	this year|今年|noun|the year that is happening now	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
These events are all, except the fourth, in their nature transitory and accidental;	これらの出来事は、四番目を除いて、すべて本質的に一時的で偶発的なものである。	these|これらの|determiner|the ones being mentioned or discussed	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	fourth|四番目|ordinal number|coming after the third and before the fifth in position	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	transitory|一時的|adjective|lasting only for a short time	accidental|偶発的|adjective|happening by chance or accident
and the exclusion from so important a branch of the colony trade, if unfortunately it should continue much longer, may still occasion some degree of distress.	そして、植民地貿易の非常に重要な部門からの排除は、もし不幸にもそれがずっと長く続くならば、依然としてある程度の苦境をもたらすかもしれない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exclusion|排除|noun|the action of excluding or being excluded	unfortunately|不幸にも|adverb|it is unlucky that	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain
This distress, however, as it will come on gradually, will be felt much less severely than if it had come on all at once;	しかし、この苦境は、徐々に起こってくるので、一度に起こった場合よりもはるかに軽く感じられるだろう。	distress|苦境|noun|a state of extreme difficulty or trouble	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	come on|起こる|verb|start to happen or exist	all at once|一度に|adverb|suddenly; without warning
and, in the mean time, the industry and capital of the country may find a new employment and direction, so as to prevent this distress from ever rising to any considerable height.	そして、その間に、この苦境が決してかなりの高さにまで上昇しないように、国の産業と資本は新しい雇用と方向性を見出すかもしれない。	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|during the intervening period	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	direction|方向性|noun|a course along which someone or something moves	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something

The monopoly of the colony trade, therefore, so far as it has turned towards that trade a greater proportion of the capital of Great Britain than what would otherwise have gone to it, has in all cases turned it, from a foreign trade of consumption with a neighbouring, into one with a more distant country;	したがって、植民地貿易の独占は、それがなければその貿易に回っていたであろうよりも、イギリスの資本のより大きな割合をその貿易に向けた限りにおいて、すべての場合において、それを近隣諸国との消費の外国貿易から、より遠い国との貿易に変えた。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|next to or very near	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
in many cases from a direct foreign trade of consumption into a round-about one;	多くの場合、消費の直接的な外国貿易から、遠回りの貿易へと変えた。	in many cases|多くの場合|adverb|frequently; often	direct|直接的な|adjective|without an intermediary	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	round-about|遠回りの|adjective|not direct; circuitous
and, in some cases, from all foreign trade of consumption into a carrying trade.	そして、場合によっては、消費のすべての外国貿易から運送貿易へと変えた。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in some cases|場合によっては|adverb|sometimes; occasionally	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	into|へと|preposition|expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something ends up in a place, situation, or state	carrying trade|運送貿易|noun|trade in which goods are transported from one place to another
It has, in all cases, therefore, turned it from a direction in which it would have maintained a greater quantity of productive labour, into one in which it can maintain a much smaller quantity.	したがって、それはすべての場合において、より多くの生産的労働を維持していたであろう方向から、はるかに少ない量しか維持できない方向へと変えた。	in all cases|すべての場合において|adverb|without exception	turn|変える|verb|cause to move around an axis or a center	direction|方向|noun|the course along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something
By suiting, besides, to one particular market only, so great a part of the industry and commerce of Great Britain, it has rendered the whole state of that industry and commerce more precarious and less secure, than if their produce had been accommodated to a greater variety of markets.	そのうえ、イギリスの産業と商業の非常に大きな部分を、ただ一つの特定の市場に適合させることによって、その産業と商業の全体の状態を、その生産物がより多様な市場に適合させられた場合よりも、より不安定でより不確実なものにした。	suit|適合させる|verb|be right or appropriate for	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	one|一つの|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	only|ただ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	great|非常に大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|something less than the whole	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	whole|全体の|adjective|all of; entire	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position; unstable	less|より少ない|determiner|a smaller amount of	secure|不確実な|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.	render|した|verb|cause to be or become	if|場合|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	accommodate|適合させられた|verb|provide with a place to live or stay	variety|多様な|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied

We must carefully distinguish between the effects of the colony trade and those of the monopoly of that trade.	我々は、植民地貿易の効果と、その貿易の独占の効果を注意深く区別しなければならない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	carefully|注意深く|adverb|taking care to avoid damage or risk	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different
The former are always and necessarily beneficial;	前者は常に、また必然的に有益である。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary logical consequence	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous
the latter always and necessarily hurtful.	後者は常に、また必然的に有害である。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage
But the former are so beneficial, that the colony trade, though subject to a monopoly, and, notwithstanding the hurtful effects of that monopoly, is still, upon the whole, beneficial, and greatly beneficial, though a good deal less so than it otherwise would be.	しかし、前者は非常に有益なので、植民地貿易は、独占の対象であり、また、その独占の有害な効果にもかかわらず、全体としては、依然として有益であり、また、かなり有益であるが、そうでなければそうであるよりもかなり少ない。	so|とても|adverb|to a great extent	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	subject to|対象である|adjective|liable to be affected by	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	upon the whole|全体としては|adverb|taking everything into consideration	greatly|かなり|adverb|to a great extent	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	would be|であろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a possible or probable situation or action

The effect of the colony trade, in its natural and free state, is to open a great though distant market, for such parts of the produce of British industry as may exceed the demand of the markets nearer home, of those of Europe, and of the countries which lie round the Mediterranean sea.	植民地貿易の効果は、その自然で自由な状態では、英国産業の生産物の一部が、より近い市場、ヨーロッパの市場、地中海周辺の国の市場の需要を超える可能性があるため、遠く離れた大きな市場を開くことである。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	great|大きい|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural and other primary products	part|一部|noun|something less than the whole	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	nearer|より近い|adjective|closer	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent in the northern hemisphere, separated from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea and from Asia by the Ural Mountains	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a large sea between Europe, North Africa, and southwest Asia, connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar
In its natural and free state, the colony trade, without drawing from those markets any part of the produce which had ever been sent to them, encourages Great Britain to increase the surplus continually, by continually presenting new equivalents to be exchanged for it.	植民地貿易は、その自然で自由な状態では、それらの市場からこれまでに送られた生産物の一部を引き出すことなく、英国がそれと交換される新しい等価物を継続的に提示することにより、余剰を継続的に増やすことを奨励している。	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something toward oneself or in a specified direction	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	present|提示する|verb|give or confer	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	equivalent|等価物|noun|a person or thing that is equal to or corresponds with another in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
In its natural and free state, the colony trade tends to increase the quantity of productive labour in Great Britain, but without altering in any respect the direction of that which had been employed there before.	植民地貿易は、その自然で自由な状態では、英国の生産労働の量を増やす傾向があるが、以前にそこで雇用されていた労働の方向をいかなる点でも変えることはなかった。	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something, especially that can be measured	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	altering|変える|verb|make or become different	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or detail	direction|方向|noun|a course along which someone or something moves	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
In the natural and free state of the colony trade, the competition of all other nations would hinder the rate of profit from rising above the common level, either in the new market, or in the new employment.	植民地貿易の自然で自由な状態では、他のすべての国の競争は、新しい市場でも新しい雇用でも、利益率が通常のレベルを超えるのを妨げるだろう。	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
The new market, without drawing any thing from the old one, would create, if one may say so, a new produce for its own supply;	新しい市場は、古い市場から何も引き出すことなく、いわば、自らの供給のための新しい生産物を生み出すだろう。	new market|新しい市場|noun|a market that has recently been created	old market|古い市場|noun|a market that has existed for a long time	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something out of a place	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being; make or produce	own supply|自らの供給|noun|the supply of something that is produced by or belongs to the person or group mentioned
and that new produce would constitute a new capital for carrying on the new employment, which, in the same manner, would draw nothing from the old one.	そして、その新しい生産物は、新しい雇用を遂行するための新しい資本を構成するだろうが、それは同じように、古い雇用から何も引き出さないだろう。	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having started recently	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having started recently	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having started recently	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something out of a place	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time

The monopoly of the colony trade, on the contrary, by excluding the competition of other nations, and thereby raising the rate of profit, both in the new market and in the new employment, draws produce from the old market, and capital from the old employment.	反対に、植民地貿易の独占は、他の国の競争を排除し、それによって新しい市場と新しい雇用の両方で利潤率を上げることで、古い市場から生産物を引き出し、古い雇用から資本を引き出す。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	other nations|他の国|noun|a large human community sharing a common culture, history, language, and territory	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	new market|新しい市場|noun|a market that has not yet been exploited	new employment|新しい雇用|noun|a job that has not yet been filled	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something toward oneself or in a specified direction	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	old market|古い市場|noun|a market that has been in existence for a long time	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
To augment our share of the colony trade beyond what it otherwise would be, is the avowed purpose of the monopoly.	植民地貿易における我々のシェアを、そうでなければあり得る以上に増やすことが、独占の公然の目的である。	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	share|シェア|noun|a portion of something owned or produced	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	beyond|以上に|preposition|at or to the further side of	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	be|あり得る|verb|exist or occur	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
If our share of that trade were to be no greater with, than it would have been without the monopoly, there could have been no reason for establishing the monopoly.	もし、その貿易における我々のシェアが、独占がなければそうだったであろうよりも大きくならないのであれば、独占を確立する理由はあり得なかっただろう。	share|シェア|noun|a portion of something owned or produced	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for
But whatever forces into a branch of trade, of which the returns are slower and more distant than those of the greater part of other trades, a greater proportion of the capital of any country, than what of its own accord would go to that branch, necessarily renders the whole quantity of productive labour annually maintained there, the whole annual produce of the land and labour of that country, less than they otherwise would be.	しかし、他の貿易の大部分のそれよりも収益が遅く、より遠い貿易部門に、どんな国の資本のより大きな割合を、その部門に自発的に行くものよりも強制するものは何であれ、必然的にそこで毎年維持される生産的労働の総量、その国の土地と労働の年間生産量を、そうでなければそうであるよりも少なくする。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization makes	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	accord|合意|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	less|より少ない|adjective|smaller in amount or degree
It keeps down the revenue of the inhabitants of that country below what it would naturally rise to, and thereby diminishes their power of accumulation.	それは、その国の住民の収入を、自然に上昇するであろう水準よりも低く抑え、それによって彼らの蓄積力を低下させる。	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	revenue|収入|noun|income	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	diminish|低下させる|verb|make or become less
It not only hinders, at all times, their capital from maintaining so great a quantity of productive labour as it would otherwise maintain, but it hinders it from increasing so fast as it would otherwise increase, and, consequently, from maintaining a still greater quantity of productive labour.	それは、常に、彼らの資本がそうでなければ維持するであろうほど多くの生産的労働を維持することを妨げるだけでなく、そうでなければ増加するであろうほど速く増加することを妨げ、その結果、さらに多くの生産的労働を維持することを妨げる。	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible product	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed; quickly	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent

The natural good effects of the colony trade, however, more than counterbalance to Great Britain the bad effects of the monopoly;	しかし、植民地貿易の自然な良い効果は、独占の悪い効果をイギリスに十分に補って余りある。	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	counterbalance|補う|verb|to act against with an equal weight or force	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
so that, monopoly and altogether, that trade, even as it is carried on at present, is not only advantageous, but greatly advantageous.	そのため、独占と総じて、その貿易は、現在行われているように、有利なだけでなく、非常に有利である。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	altogether|総じて|adverb|in total	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	greatly|非常に|adverb|to a great extent
The new market and the new employment which are opened by the colony trade, are of much greater extent than that portion of the old market and of the old employment which is lost by the monopoly.	植民地貿易によって開かれた新しい市場と新しい雇用は、独占によって失われた古い市場と古い雇用の部分よりもはるかに大きい。	new market|新しい市場|noun|a market that has not been previously exploited	new employment|新しい雇用|noun|a job that has not been previously created	colony trade|植民地貿易|noun|trade between a colony and its mother country	old market|古い市場|noun|a market that has been previously exploited	old employment|古い雇用|noun|a job that has been previously created	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
The new produce and the new capital which has been created, if one may say so, by the colony trade, maintain in Great Britain a greater quantity of productive labour than what can have been thrown out of employment by the revulsion of capital from other trades of which the returns are more frequent.	植民地貿易によって生み出された新しい生産物と新しい資本は、イギリスにおいて、収益がより頻繁にある他の貿易からの資本の反転によって失業させられたものよりも、より多くの生産的労働を維持している。	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue in a certain state	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	throw out|失業させる|verb|get rid of; discard	return|収益|noun|a profit from an investment	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often; happening repeatedly
If the colony trade, however, even as it is carried on at present, is advantageous to Great Britain, it is not by means of the monopoly, but in spite of the monopoly.	しかし、植民地貿易が、現在行われているように、イギリスに有利であるならば、それは独占によってではなく、独占にもかかわらずである。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding

It is rather for the manufactured than for the rude produce of Europe, that the colony trade opens a new market.	植民地貿易が新しい市場を開くのは、ヨーロッパの粗野な生産物よりもむしろ製造業のためである。	rather|むしろ|adverb|more readily or willingly	for|のため|preposition|with the object or purpose of	manufactured|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	open|開く|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities
Agriculture is the proper business of all new colonies;	農業はすべての新しい植民地の適切な事業である。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
a business which the cheapness of land renders more advantageous than any other.	土地の安さが他のどの事業よりも有利にする事業である。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being cheap	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit
They abound, therefore, in the rude produce of land;	したがって、彼らは土地の粗野な生産物に富んでいる。	abound|富む|verb|be plentiful or in great supply	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
and instead of importing it from other countries, they have generally a large surplus to export.	そして、それを他の国から輸入する代わりに、彼らは通常、輸出する大きな余剰がある。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	other country|他の国|noun|a country other than the one you are in	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	large surplus|大きな余剰|noun|a large amount of something that is more than what is needed	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to a foreign country
In new colonies, agriculture either draws hands from all other employments, or keeps them from going to any other employment.	新しい植民地では、農業は他のすべての雇用から労働者を引き寄せるか、他の雇用に移らないようにする。	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or in a particular job	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	keep|移らないようにする|verb|cause to remain in a specified state
There are few hands to spare for the necessary, and none for the ornamental manufactures.	必需品に割く労働者はほとんどおらず、装飾品に割く労働者はいない。	hand|労働者|noun|a person who works	spare|割く|verb|give up or do without	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	ornamental|装飾品|adjective|serving to decorate or embellish	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
The greater part of the manufactures of both kinds they find it cheaper to purchase of other countries than to make for themselves.	両方の種類の製造品の大部分は、自分たちで作るよりも他の国から購入する方が安いことがわかる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacture|製造品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	both|両方|determiner|the two	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	purchase|購入|verb|buy	other countries|他の国|noun|the remainder of the countries in the world	make|作る|verb|create or produce
It is chiefly by encouraging the manufactures of Europe, that the colony trade indirectly encourages its agriculture.	植民地貿易が間接的にヨーロッパの農業を奨励するのは、主にヨーロッパの製造業を奨励することによる。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
The manufacturers of Europe, to whom that trade gives employment, constitute a new market for the produce of the land, and the most advantageous of all markets;	その貿易が雇用を与えるヨーロッパの製造業者は、土地の生産物のための新しい市場を形成し、すべての市場の中で最も有利である。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	constitute|形成する|verb|be or form a part of	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit
the home market for the corn and cattle, for the bread and butcher’s meat of Europe, is thus greatly extended by means of the trade to America.	こうして、ヨーロッパの穀物や家畜、パンや肉の国内市場は、アメリカとの貿易によって大きく拡大した。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	cattle|家畜|noun|an animal of the ox family	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	butcher's meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal that is slaughtered for food	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America

But that the monopoly of the trade of populous and thriving colonies is not alone sufficient to establish, or even to maintain, manufactures in any country, the examples of Spain and Portugal sufficiently demonstrate.	しかし、人口が多く繁栄している植民地の貿易の独占だけでは、どの国においても製造業を確立したり、維持したりするのに十分ではないことは、スペインとポルトガルの例が十分に示している。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population	thriving|繁栄している|adjective|flourishing or prospering	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the groundwork for	maintain|維持する|verb|to keep in good condition	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; the westernmost country of continental Europe
Spain and Portugal were manufacturing countries before they had any considerable colonies.	スペインとポルトガルは、かなりの植民地を持つ以前は製造業国だった。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Since they had the richest and most fertile in the world, they have both ceased to be so.	彼らは世界で最も豊かで最も肥沃な国を持って以来、両国ともそうではなくなった。	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	fertile|肥沃|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	both|両国|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	cease|～でなくなる|verb|come or bring to an end

In Spain and Portugal, the bad effects of the monopoly, aggravated by other causes, have, perhaps, nearly overbalanced the natural good effects of the colony trade.	スペインとポルトガルでは、独占の悪影響が他の原因によって悪化し、おそらく植民地貿易の自然な良い影響をほぼ上回っている。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	bad effect|悪影響|noun|a negative consequence	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	aggravate|悪化する|verb|make worse	other cause|他の原因|noun|another reason	overbalance|上回る|verb|be greater in weight, value, or importance than	natural good effect|自然な良い影響|noun|a positive consequence that is not caused by human intervention	colony trade|植民地貿易|noun|commerce between a colony and its parent country
These causes seem to be other monopolies of different kinds: the degradation of the value of gold and silver below what it is in most other countries;	これらの原因は、他の種類の独占であるように思われる。金と銀の価値が他のほとんどの国よりも低下していることである。	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	degradation|低下|noun|the state of being degraded	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	below|よりも|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of; more than half of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
the exclusion from foreign markets by improper taxes upon exportation, and the narrowing of the home market, by still more improper taxes upon the transportation of goods from one part of the country to another;	輸出に対する不適切な課税による外国市場からの排除、国内の一部から別の部分への商品の輸送に対するさらに不適切な課税による国内市場の縮小である。	exclusion|排除|noun|the act of excluding or the state of being excluded	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	improper tax|不適切な課税|noun|a tax that is not fair or just	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting or the state of being exported	narrowing|縮小|noun|the act of making or becoming narrower	home market|国内市場|noun|a market within one's own country	still more|さらに|adverb|to an even greater extent	improper tax|不適切な課税|noun|a tax that is not fair or just	transportation|輸送|noun|the act of transporting or the state of being transported	one part|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	another|別の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
but above all, that irregular and partial administration of justice which often protects the rich and powerful debtor from the pursuit of his injured creditor, and which makes the industrious part of the nation afraid to prepare goods for the consumption of those haughty and great men, to whom they dare not refuse to sell upon credit, and from whom they are altogether uncertain of repayment.	しかし何よりも、不規則で偏った司法行政は、しばしば金持ちで強力な債務者を傷ついた債権者の追求から守り、国民の勤勉な部分を、信用販売を拒否する勇気もなく、返済が全く不確かな傲慢で偉大な人々の消費のために商品を準備することを恐れさせる。	above all|何よりも|adverb|more than anything else	irregular|不規則な|adjective|not regular	partial|偏った|adjective|not complete or total	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	often|しばしば|adverb|many times; frequently	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	injured|傷ついた|adjective|physically or mentally harmed	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	pursuit|追求|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	afraid|恐れる|adjective|feeling fear or worry	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	haughty|傲慢な|adjective|arrogantly superior and disdainful	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	dare|勇気がある|verb|have the courage to do something new or dangerous	refuse|拒否する|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	uncertain|不確かな|adjective|not known or definite; doubtful

In England, on the contrary, the natural good effects of the colony trade, assisted by other causes, have in a great measure conquered the bad effects of the monopoly.	逆にイギリスでは、植民地貿易の自然な良い影響が他の原因によって助けられ、独占の悪影響を大いに克服した。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	great|大いに|adjective|of major significance or importance	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	conquer|克服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	bad|悪い|adjective|not good or satisfactory	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
These causes seem to be, the general liberty of trade, which, notwithstanding some restraints, is at least equal, perhaps superior, to what it is in any other country;	これらの原因は、貿易の一般的な自由であり、それは、いくつかの制約があるにもかかわらず、少なくとも他のどの国よりも同等か、おそらく優れているように思われる。	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
the liberty of exporting, duty free, almost all sorts of goods which are the produce of domestic industry, to almost any foreign country;	国内産業の産物であるほとんどすべての種類の商品を、ほとんどすべての外国に無税で輸出する自由である。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	free|無税|adjective|not costing or charging anything	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	sort|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	goods|商品|noun|merchandise or possessions	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to the home	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own
and what, perhaps, is of still greater importance, the unbounded liberty of transporting them from one part of our own country to any other, without being obliged to give any account to any public office, without being liable to question or examination of any kind;	そして、おそらくさらに重要なのは、国内の一部から他の場所にそれらを輸送する無制限の自由であり、いかなる公職にも説明する義務を負うことなく、いかなる種類の質問や検査を受ける義務もない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	what|何|pronoun|the thing or things that	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	is|である|verb|be	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to a greater extent	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	the|その|article|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	unbounded|無制限の|adjective|not limited or restricted	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	transporting|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	them|それら|pronoun|used to refer to a group of people or things that have already been mentioned	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	one|1つ|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1	part|一部|noun|a piece or section of something	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	our|私たちの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the speaker and one or more other people previously mentioned or easily identified	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	to|に|preposition|used to indicate a destination	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; no matter how much or how many	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	being|であること|verb|be	obliged|義務付けられる|verb|make (someone) legally or morally bound to an action or course of action	to|に|preposition|used to indicate a destination	give|与える|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; no matter how much or how many	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation or transaction	to|に|preposition|used to indicate a destination	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; no matter how much or how many	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	office|事務所|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	being|であること|verb|be	liable|責任を負う|adjective|legally responsible for something	to|に|preposition|used to indicate a destination	question|質問|noun|a statement asking for information	or|または|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and
but, above all, that equal and impartial administration of justice, which renders the rights of the meanest British subject respectable to the greatest, and which, by securing to every man the fruits of his own industry, gives the greatest and most effectual encouragement to every sort of industry.	しかし、何よりも、最も卑劣な英国臣民の権利を最も偉大なものに尊重し、すべての人に自分の産業の成果を確保することによって、あらゆる種類の産業に最大かつ最も効果的な励ましを与える、平等で公平な司法行政である。	above all|何よりも|adverb|more than anything else	equal|平等な|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	impartial|公平な|adjective|just or fair; unbiased	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are enforced and that justice is done	meanest|最も卑劣な|adjective|the most unkind, spiteful, or unfair	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	respectable|尊敬される|adjective|worthy of respect	greatest|最も偉大な|adjective|of the highest quality or eminence	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe or certain	fruit|成果|noun|the result or outcome of something	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity

If the manufactures of Great Britain, however, have been advanced, as they certainly have, by the colony trade, it has not been by means of the monopoly of that trade, but in spite of the monopoly.	しかし、イギリスの製造業が、確かにそうであるように、植民地貿易によって進歩してきたのであれば、それはその貿易の独占によってではなく、独占にもかかわらずである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding
The effect of the monopoly has been, not to augment the quantity, but to alter the quality and shape of a part of the manufactures of Great Britain, and to accommodate to a market, from which the returns are slow and distant, what would otherwise have been accommodated to one from which the returns are frequent and near.	独占の効果は、量を増やすのではなく、イギリスの製造業の一部の品質と形状を変え、収益が遅く遠い市場に適応させることであり、そうでなければ収益が頻繁で近い市場に適応していたであろう。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	shape|形状|noun|the external form, contours, or outline of someone or something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	return|収益|noun|a profit from an investment	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or done without speed or in a leisurely manner	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done many times at short intervals	near|近い|adjective|not far away in space or time
Its effect has consequently been, to turn a part of the capital of Great Britain from an employment in which it would have maintained a greater quantity of manufacturing industry, to one in which it maintains a much smaller, and thereby to diminish, instead of increasing, the whole quantity of manufacturing industry maintained in Great Britain.	その結果、その効果は、イギリスの資本の一部を、より多くの製造業を維持していたであろう雇用から、はるかに少ない雇用に転換し、それによってイギリスで維持されている製造業の全体量を増やすのではなく減少させることになった。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	turn|転換する|verb|change from one thing to another	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	manufacturing industry|製造業|noun|the industry that makes things	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

The monopoly of the colony trade, therefore, like all the other mean and malignant expedients of the mercantile system, depresses the industry of all other countries, but chiefly that of the colonies, without in the least increasing, but on the contrary diminishing, that of the country in whose favour it is established.	したがって、植民地貿易の独占は、重商主義の他のすべての卑劣で悪意のある方策と同様に、他のすべての国の産業を抑圧するが、主に植民地の産業を抑圧し、その国のためにそれが確立された国の産業を増加させるどころか、逆に減少させる。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or unfair	malignant|悪意のある|adjective|deliberately harmful	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving an end	depress|抑圧する|verb|make (someone) feel very unhappy and without hope	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	favour|恩恵|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of

The monopoly hinders the capital of that country, whatever may, at any particular time, be the extent of that capital, from maintaining so great a quantity of productive labour as it would otherwise maintain, and from affording so great a revenue to the industrious inhabitants as it would otherwise afford.	独占は、その国の資本が、いついかなる時でも、その資本の範囲がどうであれ、そうでなければ維持されるであろう生産的労働の量を維持すること、また、そうでなければ勤勉な住民に与えられるであろう収入を与えることを妨げる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue in existence	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible or intangible good or service	afford|与える|verb|be able to pay for	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
But as capital can be increased only by savings from revenue, the monopoly, by hindering it from affording so great a revenue as it would otherwise afford, necessarily hinders it from increasing so fast as it would otherwise increase, and consequently from maintaining a still greater quantity of productive labour, and affording a still greater revenue to the industrious inhabitants of that country.	しかし、資本は収入からの貯蓄によってのみ増加させることができるので、独占は、そうでなければ得られるであろう収入を得ることを妨げることによって、必然的にそうでなければ増加するであろうほど速く増加することを妨げ、その結果、より多くの生産的労働を維持し、その国の勤勉な住民にさらに大きな収入を与えることを妨げる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue in existence	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	afford|与える|verb|have enough money to pay for	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily
One great original source of revenue, therefore, the wages of labour, the monopoly must necessarily have rendered, at all times, less abundant than it otherwise would have been.	したがって、収入の大きな元の源泉の1つである労働賃金は、独占によって、そうでなければ得られたであろうよりも、常に少なくならざるを得ない。	one great original source|1つの大きな元の源泉|noun phrase|the first and most important source	revenue|収入|noun|income	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	render|少なくする|verb|cause to be or become	less abundant|少なく|adjective phrase|not as much	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have been|得られたであろう|auxiliary verb|be in the past

By raising the rate of mercantile profit, the monopoly discourages the improvement of land.	独占は、商業的利益率を上げることで、土地の改良を阻害する。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something
The profit of improvement depends upon the difference between what the land actually produces, and what, by the application of a certain capital, it can be made to produce.	改良の利益は、土地が実際に生産するものと、一定の資本を投入することで生産できるものとの差に依存する。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt; confident	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	application|投入|noun|the act of putting something into operation
If this difference affords a greater profit than what can be drawn from an equal capital in any mercantile employment, the improvement of land will draw capital from all mercantile employments.	この差が、商業的雇用において同等の資本から得られる利益よりも大きい場合、土地の改良はすべての商業的雇用から資本を引き出すことになる。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	draw|引き出す|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved	mercantile|商業的|adjective|relating to trade or commerce	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
If the profit is less, mercantile employments will draw capital from the improvement of land.	利益が少ない場合は、商業的雇用は土地の改良から資本を引き出すことになる。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	draw|引き出す|verb|to take or pull out	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something or the state of being improved	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Whatever, therefore, raises the rate of mercantile profit, either lessens the superiority, or increases the inferiority of the profit of improvement: and, in the one case, hinders capital from going to improvement, and in the other draws capital from it;	したがって、商業的利益率を上げるものは何であれ、改良利益の優位性を低下させるか、劣位性を高めるかであり、前者の場合は資本が改良に向かうのを妨げ、後者の場合は資本を改良から引き出すことになる。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	lessen|低下させる|verb|make or become less	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better or greater than another or others	increase|高める|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	inferiority|劣位性|noun|the state or quality of being lower in rank, status, or quality	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	go|向かう|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	draw|引き出す|verb|move or cause to move in a specified way
but by discouraging improvement, the monopoly necessarily retards the natural increase of another great original source of revenue, the rent of land.	しかし、独占は改良を阻害することで、必然的にもう一つの大きな収入源である土地の賃借料の自然増加を遅らせる。	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	natural increase|自然増加|noun|the increase in a population that occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate	another|もう一つの|adjective|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	original source|収入源|noun|the place or thing from which something comes or is obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property
By raising the rate of profit, too, the monopoly necessarily keeps up the market rate of interest higher than it otherwise would be.	また、独占は利潤率を上げることで、必然的に市場金利をそうでない場合よりも高く維持する。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rate of interest|金利|noun|the amount of interest due per period of time, expressed as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently
But the price of land, in proportion to the rent which it affords, the number of years purchase which is commonly paid for it, necessarily falls as the rate of interest rises, and rises as the rate of interest falls.	しかし、土地の価格は、それがもたらす地代に比例して、通常支払われる年数に比例して、金利が上昇すると必然的に下落し、金利が下落すると上昇する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something or have something	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one amount or value is the same as another in relation to a third	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	number|年数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	rise|上昇する|verb|move or cause to move from a lower to a higher level
The monopoly, therefore, hurts the interest of the landlord two different ways, by retarding the natural increase, first, of his rent, and, secondly, of the price which he would get for his land, in proportion to the rent which it affords.	したがって、独占は、地主の利害を二つの異なる方法で傷つける。第一に、地主の地代の自然増加を遅らせ、第二に、地主が土地から得る価格の自然増加を、それがもたらす地代に比例して遅らせることによってである。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	hurt|傷つける|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	first|第一に|adverb|before any others in time or order; earliest	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for

The monopoly, indeed, raises the rate of mercantile profit and thereby augments somewhat the gain of our merchants.	独占は、確かに、商業的利益率を上げ、それによって我々の商人の利益を多少増やす。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	gain|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
But as it obstructs the natural increase of capital, it tends rather to diminish than to increase the sum total of the revenue which the inhabitants of the country derive from the profits of stock;	しかし、独占は資本の自然増加を妨げるので、国の住民が株の利益から得る収入の総額を増やすよりも減らす傾向がある。	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	tend|傾向がある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	sum|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares
a small profit upon a great capital generally affording a greater revenue than a great profit upon a small one.	大きな資本に対する小さな利益は、一般的に小さな資本に対する大きな利益よりも大きな収入をもたらす。	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	great|大きな|adjective|of a size that is greater than average or usual	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	greater|より大きな|adjective|of a size that is greater than average or usual	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
The monopoly raises the rate of profit, but it hinders the sum of profit from rising so high as it otherwise would do.	独占は利潤率を上げるが、利潤の総額がそうでなければそうであるほど高くなるのを妨げる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	sum|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	rise|上がる|verb|go up	high|高く|adjective|of great vertical extent

All the original sources of revenue, the wages of labour, the rent of land, and the profits of stock, the monopoly renders much less abundant than they otherwise would be.	独占は、収入のすべての元の源泉、労働の賃金、土地の地代、株の利益を、そうでなければそうであるよりもはるかに少なくする。	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes	revenue|収入|noun|income	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	abundant|豊富|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
To promote the little interest of one little order of men in one country, it hurts the interest of all other orders of men in that country, and of all the men in all other countries.	独占は、一国の一階級のわずかな利益を促進するために、その国の他のすべての階級の利益と、他のすべての国のすべての人々の利益を損なう。	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	one|一|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	hurt|損なう|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	man|人|noun|an adult male human being

It is solely by raising the ordinary rate of profit, that the monopoly either has proved, or could prove, advantageous to any one particular order of men.	独占が、ある特定の階級の人々にとって有利であることが証明されたり、証明されたりするのは、通常の利潤率を上げることだけである。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	prove|証明する|verb|demonstrate the truth or existence of by evidence or argument	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	order|階級|noun|a social class or rank
But besides all the bad effects to the country in general, which have already been mentioned as necessarily resulting from a higher rate of profit, there is one more fatal, perhaps, than all these put together, but which, if we may judge from experience, is inseparably connected with it.	しかし、すでに述べたように、利潤率の上昇から必然的に生じる国全体への悪影響のほかに、おそらくこれらすべてを合わせたよりも致命的なものがもう1つあるが、経験から判断すれば、それはそれと密接に関連している。	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; apart from	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	general|全体|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	mention|述べる|verb|refer to briefly	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	result|結果|noun|a consequence, effect, or outcome of something	higher|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	there is|ある|verb|exist	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	fatal|致命的な|adjective|causing death	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole quantity or extent of	put together|合わせる|verb|assemble or join	which|それ|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	inseparably|密接に|adverb|in a way that cannot be separated	connect|関連する|verb|bring into or establish a relationship between
The high rate of profit seems everywhere to destroy that parsimony which, in other circumstances, is natural to the character of the merchant.	利潤率の高さは、他の状況では商人の性格に自然に備わっている倹約を、どこでも破壊しているように見える。	high rate|高さ|noun|the quality of being high	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	seem|見える|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thrift	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who trades with foreign countries
When profits are high, that sober virtue seems to be superfluous, and expensive luxury to suit better the affluence of his situation.	利潤が高いと、その地味な美徳は余計なものに思え、高価な贅沢が彼の状況の豊かさによく合うように思われる。	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	virtue|美徳|noun|behaviour showing high moral standards	superfluous|余計な|adjective|unnecessary, especially through being more than enough	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	suit|合う|verb|be convenient or acceptable to	affluence|豊かさ|noun|the state of having a great deal of money; wealth
But the owners of the great mercantile capitals are necessarily the leaders and conductors of the whole industry of every nation;	しかし、大商人資本の所有者は、必然的にあらゆる国の産業全体の指導者であり、指揮者である。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	mercantile|商人|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	leader|指導者|noun|the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	conductor|指揮者|noun|a person who directs the performance of a musical work by an orchestra or choir
and their example has a much greater influence upon the manners of the whole industrious part of it than that of any other order of men.	そして、彼らの模範は、他のどの階級の模範よりも、その国の勤勉な部分全体の風習に大きな影響を及ぼす。	example|模範|noun|a person or thing regarded as a perfect specimen of something	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	manner|風習|noun|a way of doing something	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that has been divided	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position
If his employer is attentive and parsimonious, the workman is very likely to be so too;	雇用主が注意深く倹約家であれば、労働者もそうである可能性が非常に高い。	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	attentive|注意深い|adjective|paying close attention	parsimonious|倹約家|adjective|unwilling to spend money	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	very likely|非常に高い|adverb|very probably
but if the master is dissolute and disorderly, the servant, who shapes his work according to the pattern which his master prescribes to him, will shape his life, too, according to the example which he sets him.	しかし、主人が放蕩で無秩序であれば、主人が定めた型に従って仕事をする使用人は、主人が示した手本に従って自分の人生も形作っていくだろう。	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	dissolute|放蕩|adjective|lacking in moral restraint	disorderly|無秩序|adjective|lacking order or regularity	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	pattern|型|noun|a repeated decorative design	prescribe|定める|verb|officially or legally determine or order	shape|形作る|verb|give a particular shape to	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	example|手本|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule
Accumulation is thus prevented in the hands of all those who are naturally the most disposed to accumulate;	こうして、蓄積に最も向いている人々の手で蓄積が妨げられる。	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	prevent|妨げる|verb|keep from happening or arising	naturally|最も向いている|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|向いている|verb|make someone inclined to do something	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm
and the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour, receive no augmentation from the revenue of those who ought naturally to augment them the most.	そして、生産的労働の維持に充てられる資金は、本来最も増加させるべき人々の収入から増加を受けない。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	augmentation|増加|noun|an increase	revenue|収入|noun|income	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	naturally|本来|adverb|in a natural manner	most|最も|adverb|to the greatest extent
The capital of the country, instead of increasing, gradually dwindles away, and the quantity of productive labour maintained in it grows every day less and less.	国の資本は増加するどころか、次第に減少し、そこで維持される生産的労働の量は日々ますます少なくなる。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly and steadily	dwindle|減少する|verb|become smaller or fewer	away|離れて|adverb|from a place	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of something	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of something
Have the exorbitant profits of the merchants of Cadiz and Lisbon augmented the capital of Spain and Portugal?	カディスやリスボンの商人の法外な利益はスペインやポルトガルの資本を増大させたか?	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more intense	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Have they alleviated the poverty, have they promoted the industry, of those two beggarly countries?	彼らは貧困を軽減し、この二つの貧しい国の産業を促進しただろうか?	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make less severe	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
Such has been the tone of mercantile expense in those two trading cities, that those exorbitant profits, far from augmenting the general capital of the country, seem scarce to have been sufficient to keep up the capitals upon which they were made.	これら二つの貿易都市における商業的支出の傾向は、法外な利益が国の一般資本を増大させるどころか、それらが得られた資本を維持するのに十分ではなかったように思われる。	tone|傾向|noun|the general character of a place or period	mercantile|商業的|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	trading|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	far from|どころか|adverb|not at all	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	scarce|十分ではなかった|adjective|insufficient for the demand	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
Foreign capitals are every day intruding themselves, if I may say so, more and more into the trade of Cadiz and Lisbon.	外国資本は、私がそう言うことができるならば、毎日カディスとリスボンの貿易にますます侵入している。	foreign capital|外国資本|noun|capital invested in a country by foreigners	every day|毎日|adverb|on a daily basis	intrude|侵入する|verb|come or go into a place or situation without being invited or welcomed	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal
It is to expel those foreign capitals from a trade which their own grows every day more and more insufficient for carrying on, that the Spaniards and Portuguese endeavour every day to straiten more and more the galling bands of their absurd monopoly.	スペイン人とポルトガル人が毎日彼らのばかげた独占の苛立たしい束縛をますます厳しくしようと努力しているのは、彼ら自身の資本が日々ますます不足している貿易から外国資本を追い出すためである。	expel|追い出す|verb|force (someone) to leave a place, especially a country, or an organization	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	grow|なる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day; daily	insufficient|不足している|adjective|not enough	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	Spaniard|スペイン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Spain	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Portugal	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
Compare the mercantile manners of Cadiz and Lisbon with those of Amsterdam, and you will be sensible how differently the conduct and character of merchants are affected by the high and by the low profits of stock.	カディスとリスボンの商業慣行をアムステルダムのそれと比較すれば、商人の行動と性格が株の高利益と低利益によってどれほど異なる影響を受けるかが分かるだろう。	compare|比較する|verb|find the difference between two or more things	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	manner|慣行|noun|a way of doing something	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital of Portugal	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital of the Netherlands	conduct|行動|noun|the way in which someone behaves	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment
The merchants of London, indeed, have not yet generally become such magnificent lords as those of Cadiz and Lisbon; but neither are they in general such attetitive and parsimonious burghers as those of Amsterdam.	確かに、ロンドンの商人は、まだカディスやリスボンの商人のような壮大な領主にはなっていないが、アムステルダムの商人のような勤勉で倹約家な市民でもない。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	magnificent|壮大な|adjective|very impressive or very good	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital city of Portugal	neither|どちらでもない|conjunction|not either	general|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	attentive|勤勉な|adjective|paying close attention	parsimonious|倹約家な|adjective|unwilling to spend money	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a town
They are supposed, however, many of them, to be a good deal richer than the greater part of the former, and not quire so rich as many of the latter: but the rate of their profit is commonly much lower than that of the former, and a good deal higher than that of the latter.	しかし、彼らの多くは、前者の大部分よりもかなり裕福であり、後者の多くほど裕福ではないと考えられているが、彼らの利益率は、通常、前者のそれよりもはるかに低く、後者のそれよりもかなり高い。	be supposed to|と考えられている|verb|be generally regarded as having a particular quality	many of|多く|noun|a large number of	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	richer|裕福|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	not so|それほどない|adverb|to a lesser extent	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	lower|低い|adjective|of less than average height	higher|高い|adjective|of more than average height
Light come, light go, says the proverb;	諺にもあるように、簡単に手に入れたものは簡単に失われる。	proverb|諺|noun|a short, well-known saying that states a general truth or piece of advice
and the ordinary tone of expense seems everywhere to be regulated, not so much according to the real ability of spending, as to the supposed facility of getting money to spend.	そして、どこでも支出の通常の調子は、支出の実際の能力に従ってというよりは、支出するお金を得ると考えられる容易さに従って調整されているように思われる。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	tone|調子|noun|the general character of something	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	regulated|調整されている|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	spending|支出|noun|the action of spending money	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	facility|容易さ|noun|ease in doing something

It is thus that the single advantage which the monopoly procures to a single order of men, is in many different ways hurtful to the general interest of the country.	こうして、独占が特定の階級の人々にもたらす唯一の利益は、さまざまな方法で国の一般利益を損なうのである。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	procure|もたらす|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	single|唯一の|adjective|not accompanied by another; solitary	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	man|人々|noun|an adult male human being	hurtful|損なう|adjective|causing emotional pain or distress	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

To found a great empire for the sole purpose of raising up a people of customers, may at first sight, appear a project fit only for a nation of shopkeepers.	顧客を育てることだけを目的として大帝国を築くことは、一見すると、商人の国にしかふさわしくない計画のように思われるかもしれない。	found|築く|verb|establish or originate	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	sole purpose|唯一の目的|noun|the only reason for doing something	raise up|育てる|verb|help to grow or develop	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	at first sight|一見すると|adverb|when first seen	appear|思われる|verb|seem	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	fit|ふさわしい|adjective|right or suitable for a particular purpose	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
It is, however, a project altogether unfit for a nation of shopkeepers, but extremely fit for a nation whose government is influenced by shopkeepers.	しかし、それは商人の国にはまったくふさわしくない計画だが、政府が商人の影響を受けている国には非常にふさわしい計画である。	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	unfit|ふさわしくない|adjective|unsuitable; inappropriate	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shopkeeper|商人|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself
Such statesmen, and such statesmen only, are capable of fancying that they will find some advantage in employing the blood and treasure of their fellow-citizens, to found and maintain such an empire.	そのような政治家、そしてそのような政治家だけが、そのような帝国を築き維持するために、同胞の血と宝を費やすことで何らかの利益を得られると想像することができる。	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the government of a country	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	fancy|想像する|verb|to think that something is the case or that something is likely	find|見つける|verb|to discover or notice something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	employ|費やす|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	found|築く|verb|to establish or create something	maintain|維持する|verb|to cause or enable something to continue	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
Say to a shopkeeper, Buy me a good estate, and I shall always buy my clothes at your shop, even though I should pay somewhat dearer than what I can have them for at other shops;	店主に「私に良い土地を買ってくれたら、他の店で買うよりも多少高くても、いつもあなたの店で服を買うよ」と言ってみよう。	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	dearer|高い|adjective|costing more
and you will not find him very forward to embrace your proposal.	すると、彼があなたの提案を受け入れることにあまり乗り気でないことがわかるだろう。	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	forward|乗り気|adjective|eager or willing	embrace|受け入れる|verb|accept or support willingly
But should any other person buy you such an estate, the shopkeeper will be much obliged to your benefactor if he would enjoin you to buy all your clothes at his shop.	しかし、他の誰かがあなたにそのような土地を買ってくれたら、その店主はあなたの恩人があなたに服をすべて自分の店で買うように命じてくれたら、とても感謝するだろう。	any other person|他の誰か|noun|any person other than the one mentioned	buy|買う|verb|acquire by paying for	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	be obliged to|感謝する|verb|be grateful to	benefactor|恩人|noun|a person who gives money or other help to a person or cause	enjoin|命じる|verb|order or command	clothes|服|noun|things that people wear	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold
England purchased for some of her subjects, who found themselves uneasy at home, a great estate in a distant country.	イギリスは、自国で不安を感じている臣民のために、遠い国に大きな土地を購入した。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	uneasy|不安な|adjective|feeling or showing worry or nervousness	home|自国|noun|the country where one lives	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The price, indeed, was very small, and instead of thirty years purchase, the ordinary price of land in the present times, it amounted to little more than the expense of the different equipments which made the first discovery, reconnoitered the coast, and took a fictitious possession of the country.	実際、その価格は非常に安く、現在の土地の通常価格である30年分ではなく、最初の発見、海岸の偵察、そしてその国の架空の所有権を獲得するためのさまざまな装備の費用に少し上乗せした程度の金額だった。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	thirty years|30年|noun|a period of 30 years	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	equipment|装備|noun|the necessary items for a particular purpose	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	discovery|発見|noun|the finding of something new, or the process of finding it	reconnoiter|偵察する|verb|to make a preliminary inspection of	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	fictitious|架空の|adjective|not real or true	possession|所有|noun|the state of having something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The land was good, and of great extent;	その土地は良質で、広大だった。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	great|広大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	extent|広がり|noun|the area covered by something
and the cultivators having plenty of good ground to work upon, and being for some time at liberty to sell their produce where they pleased, became, in the course of little more than thirty or forty years (between 1620 and 1660), so numerous and thriving a people, that the shopkeepers and other traders of England wished to secure to themselves the monopoly of their custom.	耕作者は耕作に適した土地を豊富に持ち、しばらくの間は自分の好きな場所で農産物を自由に販売することができたため、わずか30年から40年の間に(1620年から1660年の間)、イギリスの店主や他の商人たちが彼らの習慣の独占権を自分たちのものにしたいと考えるほど、多くの人々が繁栄するようになった。	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	plenty|豊富|noun|a lot of something	good|適した|adjective|to be desired or approved of	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	work upon|耕作する|verb|to cultivate	some time|しばらく|noun|a period of time	at liberty|自由に|adverb|free to do as one wishes	sell|販売する|verb|to give or hand over in exchange for money	produce|農産物|noun|agricultural products	where|場所|adverb|in or to what place	pleased|好きな|adjective|happy or satisfied	become|なる|verb|to come to be	little more than|わずか|adverb|only a small amount more than	thirty or forty years|30年から40年|noun|a period of time	between|の間|preposition|in the interval separating	so|とても|adverb|to a great extent	numerous|多くの|adjective|great in number	thriving|繁栄する|verb|to flourish or prosper	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	wish|考える|verb|to feel or express a strong desire or hope for something	secure|確保する|verb|to make safe or certain	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to the speaker and one or more other people as the object of a verb or preposition	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	custom|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice
Without pretending, therefore, that they had paid any part, either of the original purchase money, or of the subsequent expense of improvement, they petitioned the parliament, that the cultivators of America might for the future be confined to their shop;	そのため、彼らは当初の購入代金やその後の改良費用の一部を支払ったと偽ることなく、アメリカの耕作者が将来自分たちの店に閉じ込められるように議会に請願した。	without pretending|偽ることなく|adverb|without making a false show of something	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	original|当初の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	purchase|購入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	money|代金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	petition|請願|verb|make or present a formal request to	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	future|将来|noun|the time that is still to come	confine|閉じ込める|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, time, or circumstances	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold
first, for buying all the goods which they wanted from Europe; and, secondly, for selling all such parts of their own produce as those traders might find it convenient to buy.	第一に、彼らがヨーロッパから必要とするすべての商品を購入すること、第二に、それらの商人が購入するのに都合の良いと思われる自家生産物のすべての部分を販売することである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	buy|購入する|verb|get by paying money	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	second|第二に|adverb|after the first; next	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
For they did not find it convenient to buy every part of it.	彼らはそのすべての部分を購入するのが都合がよいとは思わなかったからである。	find|思う|verb|to discover or notice	convenient|都合がよい|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole
Some parts of it imported into England, might have interfered with some of the trades which they themselves carried on at home.	その一部をイギリスに輸入すると、彼ら自身が国内で行っている貿易の一部に干渉する恐れがあった。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	interfere|干渉する|verb|get involved in something that is not your concern	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Those particular parts of it, therefore, they were willing that the colonists should sell where they could;	そのため、彼らはその特定の部分を入植者が売れるところで売ることを望んでいた。	those|その|determiner|the; those	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; special	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	were willing|望んでいた|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	that|その|determiner|the; those	colonists|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a new colony	should sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	where|どこで|adverb|in or to what place	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to
the farther off the better;	遠ければ遠いほどよかった。	the farther off the better|遠ければ遠いほどよかった|phrase|the farther away something is, the better it is
and upon that account proposed that their market should be confined to the countries south of Cape Finisterre.	そしてその理由で、彼らの市場をフィニステレ岬の南の国々に限定することを提案した。	upon that account|その理由で|adverb|for that reason	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	Cape Finisterre|フィニステレ岬|noun|a cape in northwestern Spain
A clause in the famous act of navigation established this truly shopkeeper proposal into a law.	有名な航海条例の条項は、この真に商店主の提案を法律に定めた。	act of navigation|航海条例|noun|a series of English laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (and later Great Britain) and its colonies	clause|条項|noun|a separate section of a legal document	establish|定める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	shopkeeper|商店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

The maintenance of this monopoly has hitherto been the principal, or more properly, perhaps, the sole end and purpose of the dominion which Great Britain assumes over her colonies.	この独占の維持は、これまでのところ、イギリスがその植民地に対して行使する支配の主要な、あるいはもっと適切に言えば、おそらく唯一の目的である。	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up until the present	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	more properly|もっと適切に言えば|adverb|more correctly	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	dominion|支配|noun|the power to govern	assume|行使する|verb|take on or undertake	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
In the exclusive trade, it is supposed, consists the great advantage of provinces, which have never yet afforded either revenue or military force for the support of the civil government, or the defence of the mother country.	独占貿易には、これまで民政の支援や母国の防衛のために収入や軍事力を供給したことのない地方の大きな利点があるとされている。	exclusive trade|独占貿易|noun|a trade in which a particular company or country is the only one allowed to sell a particular product	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	great advantage|大きな利点|noun|a large benefit or gain	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	afford|供給する|verb|be able to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped	civil government|民政|noun|the government of a country by civilians	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
The monopoly is the principal badge of their dependency, and it is the sole fruit which has hitherto been gathered from that dependency.	独占は、彼らの従属の主要な証であり、それはこれまでのところ、その従属から得られた唯一の果実である。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	badge|証|noun|a symbol or emblem	dependency|従属|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	fruit|果実|noun|the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten
Whatever expense Great Britain has hitherto laid out in maintaining this dependency, has really been laid out in order to support this monopoly.	イギリスがこれまでこの従属を維持するために費やした費用は、すべてこの独占を維持するために費やされたものである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	hitherto|これまで|adverb|up to this time; until now	lay out|費やす|verb|spend money	dependency|従属|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
The expense of the ordinary peace establishment of the colonies amounted, before the commencement of the present disturbances to the pay of twenty regiments of foot;	植民地の通常の平和体制の費用は、現在の騒動が始まる前は、歩兵20連隊の給与に相当した。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	establishment|体制|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	amount|相当する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	foot|歩兵|noun|a soldier who fights on foot
to the expense of the artillery, stores, and extraordinary provisions, with which it was necessary to supply them;	彼らに供給する必要があった大砲、備蓄品、特別な食料の費用に相当した。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	artillery|大砲|noun|large guns used in warfare	store|備蓄品|noun|a place where things are sold	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
and to the expense of a very considerable naval force, which was constantly kept up, in order to guard from the smuggling vessels of other nations, the immense coast of North America, and that of our West Indian islands.	そして、他の国の密輸船から北アメリカの広大な海岸と西インド諸島の海岸を守るために、常に維持されていた非常に大きな海軍力の費用に相当した。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	naval force|海軍力|noun|the military branch of a country that is responsible for conducting military operations at sea	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain or continue at a certain rate or level	smuggling vessel|密輸船|noun|a ship used for smuggling	other nation|他の国|noun|a country other than one's own	immense coast|広大な海岸|noun|a very large coast	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	West Indian islands|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea
The whole expense of this peace establishment was a charge upon the revenue of Great Britain, and was, at the same time, the smallest part of what the dominion of the colonies has cost the mother country.	この平和体制の全費用はイギリスの歳入に負担をかけたが、同時に、植民地の支配が母国にかけた費用のごく一部でもあった。	whole expense|全費用|noun|the total amount of money spent	peace establishment|平和体制|noun|a system of government in which the military is not in control	charge|負担|noun|a financial burden	revenue|歳入|noun|the income of a government	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	smallest part|ごく一部|noun|the least amount	dominion|支配|noun|the power to rule	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country in which one was born
If we would know the amount of the whole, we must add to the annual expense of this peace establishment, the interest of the sums which, in consequence of their considering her colonies as provinces subject to her dominion, Great Britain has, upon different occasions, laid out upon their defence.	全体の金額を知りたいなら、この平和体制の年間費用に、イギリスが植民地を支配下にある属州と見なした結果、さまざまな機会に防衛に費やした金額の利子を加えなければならない。	amount|金額|noun|the total of two or more quantities added together	whole|全体|noun|all of something	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	establishment|体制|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
We must add to it, in particular, the whole expense of the late war, and a great part of that of the war which preceded it.	特に、最近の戦争の全費用と、それに先立つ戦争の費用の大部分を加えなければならない。	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	in particular|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms the whole	precede|先立つ|verb|come before in time
The late war was altogether a colony quarrel;	最近の戦争は、まったくもって植民地の争いだった。	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	altogether|まったくもって|adverb|completely; totally	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	quarrel|争い|noun|an angry argument or disagreement
and the whole expense of it, in whatever part of the world it might have been laid out, whether in Germany or the East Indies, ought justly to be stated to the account of the colonies.	そして、その全費用は、ドイツであれ東インドであれ、世界のどこで支払われたとしても、植民地の勘定に計上されるべきである。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	have been laid out|支払われた|verb|have been spent	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|expressing duty or moral obligation	justly|正当に|adverb|in a just manner	be stated|計上される|verb|be recorded in a financial statement	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions
It amounted to more than ninety millions sterling, including not only the new debt which was contracted, but the two shillings in the pound additional land tax, and the sums which were every year borrowed from the sinking fund.	それは、契約された新たな負債だけでなく、1ポンドにつき2シリングの地租増額分、および毎年償却基金から借り入れた金額を含めて、9000万ポンド以上に達した。	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	ninety millions|9000万|noun|the number 90000000	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	include|含む|verb|comprise or contain as a part	new|新たな|adjective|recently made, grown, or created	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	additional|増額分|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	borrow|借り入れる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset
The Spanish war which began in 1739 was principally a colony quarrel.	1739年に始まったスペイン戦争は、主に植民地の争いだった。	Spanish war|スペイン戦争|noun|a war between Spain and another country	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	1739|1739年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	quarrel|争い|noun|an angry argument or disagreement
Its principal object was to prevent the search of the colony ships, which carried on a contraband trade with the Spanish Main.	その主な目的は、スペイン本土との密貿易を行っている植民地船の捜索を阻止することだった。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	search|捜索|noun|an attempt to find something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	Spanish Main|スペイン本土|noun|the mainland of Spain	contraband|密貿易|noun|illegal or smuggled goods
This whole expense is, in reality, a bounty which has been given in order to support a monopoly.	この全費用は、実際には、独占を維持するために支払われた補助金である。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
The pretended purpose of it was to encourage the manufactures, and to increase the commerce of Great Britain.	その偽りの目的は、製造業を奨励し、イギリスの商業を増大させることだった。	pretend|偽りの|adjective|not real; false	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater or more numerous
But its real effect has been to raise the rate of mercantile profit, and to enable our merchants to turn into a branch of trade, of which the returns are more slow and distant than those of the greater part of other trades, a greater proportion of their capital than they otherwise would have done;	しかし、その実際の効果は、商業利益率を上げ、我が国の商人が、他の貿易の大部分よりも収益が遅く遠い貿易部門に、そうでなければ行っていたであろうよりも大きな割合の資本を投入できるようにすることだった。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one who trades with foreign countries	turn into|変える|verb|change or cause to change from one thing into another	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|部門|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization makes in a particular period of time	slow|遅い|adjective|moving or operating or done at a low speed	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have done|行っていた|verb|perform or complete
two events which, if a bounty could have prevented, it might perhaps have been very well worth while to give such a bounty.	もし補助金で防ぐことができたなら、そのような補助金を与えることはおそらく非常に価値があったであろう二つの出来事である。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a present	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal

Under the present system of management, therefore, Great Britain derives nothing but loss from the dominion which she assumes over her colonies.	したがって、現在の管理システムの下では、イギリスは植民地に対する支配から損失以外何も得ていない。	under the present system|現在のシステムの下で|noun phrase|in the current situation	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	nothing but|以外何も|noun phrase|only; exclusively	loss|損失|noun|the state of having lost something	dominion|支配|noun|the power to govern	assume|持つ|verb|suppose to be the case, without proof	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country

To propose that Great Britain should voluntarily give up all authority over her colonies, and leave them to elect their own magistrates, to enact their own laws, and to make peace and war, as they might think proper, would be to propose such a measure as never was, and never will be, adopted by any nation in the world.	イギリスが自発的に植民地に対するすべての権限を放棄し、植民地が適切と考えるように、独自の行政官を選出し、独自の法律を制定し、和平と戦争を行うように任せるべきだと提案することは、世界のどの国も採用したことがなく、また採用することもないような措置を提案することだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	never|決して～ない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	measure|措置|noun|an action that is taken to achieve a particular purpose
No nation ever voluntarily gave up the dominion of any province, how troublesome soever it might be to govern it, and how small soever the revenue which it afforded might be in proportion to the expense which it occasioned.	どんなに統治が面倒であっても、また、その州から得られる収入が、その州にかかる費用に比べてどれほど少なかったとしても、自発的に州の支配権を放棄した国はかつてなかった。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	dominion|支配権|noun|the power to govern	province|州|noun|a large division of a country	troublesome|面倒な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	revenue|収入|noun|income	afford|得られる|verb|be able to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	occasion|かかる|verb|cause or produce
Such sacrifices, though they might frequently be agreeable to the interest, are always mortifying to the pride of every nation;	そのような犠牲は、しばしば利害にかなうかもしれないが、常にあらゆる国のプライドを傷つける。	sacrifice|犠牲|noun|the act of giving up something important for the sake of achieving something else	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	agreeable|かなう|adjective|able to be accepted; satisfactory	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and, what is perhaps of still greater consequence, they are always contrary to the private interest of the governing part of it, who would thereby be deprived of the disposal of many places of trust and profit, of many opportunities of acquiring wealth and distinction, which the possession of the most turbulent, and, to the great body of the people, the most unprofitable province, seldom fails to afford.	そして、おそらくさらに重要なのは、それらは常にその国の統治部分の私的利益に反していることであり、それによって、最も混乱し、国民の大多数にとって最も不利益な州の所有がほとんど失敗することのない、富と名声を得る多くの機会、多くの信頼と利益の場所の処分を奪われることになる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	what|何|pronoun|used to ask for information	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to a greater extent	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	consequence|結果|noun|something that happens as a result of something else	they|それら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature, direction, or meaning	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	governing|統治|adjective|having the power to make and enforce laws	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	deprived|奪われる|verb|take or keep away from someone or something	disposal|処分|noun|the action of getting rid of something	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	trust|信頼|noun|a firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	acquiring|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	distinction|名声|noun|a difference or contrast between two or more things or people	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	turbulent|混乱した|adjective|in a state of confusion or disorder	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	unprofitable|不利益な|adjective|not making a profit	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving something	afford|与える|verb|have enough money to pay for
The most visionary enthusiasts would scarce be capable of proposing such a measure, with any serious hopes at least of its ever being adopted.	最も空想的な熱狂者でさえ、そのような措置が少なくとも採用されることを真剣に期待して提案することはほとんどできないだろう。	visionary|空想的な|adjective|thinking about or planning the future with imagination or wisdom	enthusiast|熱狂者|noun|a person who is very interested in a particular activity or subject	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	measure|措置|noun|an action taken to achieve a purpose	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	serious|真剣な|adjective|requiring much thought or work	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen
If it was adopted, however, Great Britain would not only be immediately freed from the whole annual expense of the peace establishment of the colonies, but might settle with them such a treaty of commerce as would effectually secure to her a free trade, more advantageous to the great body of the people, though less so to the merchants, than the monopoly which she at present enjoys.	しかし、もしそれが採用されれば、イギリスは植民地の平和維持のための年間経費の全額から即座に解放されるだけでなく、現在享受している独占よりも、商人にとってはそれほどではないが、国民の大多数にとってより有利な自由貿易を効果的に確保できるような通商条約を植民地と結ぶことができるだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	free|解放される|verb|release from captivity, confinement, or slavery	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	establishment|維持|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	settle|結ぶ|verb|reach an agreement about	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach securely	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to the advantage of; favourable	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in
By thus parting good friends, the natural affection of the colonies to the mother country, which, perhaps, our late dissensions have well nigh extinguished, would quickly revive.	こうして仲良く別れることで、おそらく最近の不和によってほとんど消滅してしまった植民地の母国に対する自然な愛情がすぐによみがえるだろう。	part|別れる|verb|separate	good friend|仲の良い友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	natural affection|自然な愛情|noun|a feeling of love or fondness	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	dissension|不和|noun|a disagreement that causes angry argument	extinguish|消滅する|verb|cause to stop burning or shining	quickly|すぐに|adverb|at a fast speed	revive|よみがえる|verb|come back to life
It might dispose them not only to respect, for whole centuries together, that treaty of commerce which they had concluded with us at parting, but to favour us in war as well as in trade, and instead of turbulent and factious subjects, to become our most faithful, affectionate, and generous allies;	それは彼らが何世紀にもわたって、別れの際に我々と結んだ通商条約を尊重するだけでなく、貿易だけでなく戦争においても我々に有利に働き、混乱した党派的な臣民ではなく、我々の最も忠実で愛情深く、寛大な同盟国となるように仕向けるかもしれない。	dispose|仕向ける|verb|make someone inclined to do something	respect|尊重する|verb|have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	whole centuries|何世紀にもわたって|noun|a period of one hundred years	together|共に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	conclude|結ぶ|verb|bring to an end	parting|別れ|noun|the action of leaving or being left	favour|有利に働く|verb|regard with approval	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	turbulent|混乱した|adjective|in a state of confusion or disorder	factious|党派的な|adjective|causing disagreement or division	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal, constant, and steadfast	affectionate|愛情深い|adjective|feeling or showing love or great fondness	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	ally|同盟国|noun|a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose
and the same sort of parental affection on the one side, and filial respect on the other, might revive between Great Britain and her colonies, which used to subsist between those of ancient Greece and the mother city from which they descended.	そして、一方では親の愛情、他方では親孝行という同じ種類のものが、古代ギリシャの植民地とその母都市の間に存在していたように、イギリスとその植民地の間にも復活するかもしれない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	mother city|母都市|noun|a city from which a colony was founded	revive|復活する|verb|come back to life; return to consciousness

In order to render any province advantageous to the empire to which it belongs, it ought to afford, in time of peace, a revenue to the public, sufficient not only for defraying the whole expense of its own peace establishment, but for contributing its proportion to the support of the general government of the empire.	属する帝国に有利な州にするためには、平和な時期には、自国の平和維持のための全費用を賄うだけでなく、帝国の一般政府の支援にその割合を貢献するのに十分な収入を国民に提供すべきである。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or have something	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	revenue|収入|noun|income	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	establishment|維持|noun|the action of establishing something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	general government|一般政府|noun|the central government of a country
Every province necessarily contributes, more or less, to increase the expense of that general government.	どの州も、多かれ少なかれ、その一般政府の支出を増やすことに貢献している。	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	general government|一般政府|noun|the central government of a country
If any particular province, therefore, does not contribute its share towards defraying this expense, an unequal burden must be thrown upon some other part of the empire.	したがって、特定の州がこの費用を賄うためにその分担金を支払わない場合、不平等な負担が帝国の他の部分に課せられることになる。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	contribute|支払う|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	share|分担金|noun|a part or portion of a whole	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	unequal|不平等な|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	throw|課する|verb|move or cause to move forcefully through the air	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
The extraordinary revenue, too, which every province affords to the public in time of war, ought, from parity of reason, to bear the same proportion to the extraordinary revenue of the whole empire, which its ordinary revenue does in time of peace.	戦時中に各州が国民に提供する臨時収入も、平時における通常収入と同じく、帝国全体の臨時収入に対して同じ割合を占めるべきである。	extraordinary revenue|臨時収入|noun|revenue that is not expected to continue in the future	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to do or have something	public|国民|noun|the people of a country	time of war|戦時中|noun|a period of time during which a war is taking place	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	parity of reason|同じく|noun|the sameness of something	bear|占める|verb|to have or show	proportion|割合|noun|a part of a whole	whole empire|帝国全体|noun|all of an empire	ordinary revenue|通常収入|noun|revenue that is expected to continue in the future	time of peace|平時|noun|a period of time during which there is no war
That neither the ordinary nor extraordinary revenue which Great Britain derives from her colonies, bears this proportion to the whole revenue of the British empire, will readily be allowed.	イギリスが植民地から得る通常収入も臨時収入も、大英帝国の収入全体に対してこの割合を占めていないことは、すぐに認められるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	bear|占める|verb|be in a particular relation to	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	British empire|大英帝国|noun|the United Kingdom and the territories that were once under its control	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	allow|認める|verb|admit as true; accept the existence or truth of
The monopoly, it has been supposed, indeed, by increasing the private revenue of the people of Great Britain, and thereby enabling them to pay greater taxes, compensates the deficiency of the public revenue of the colonies.	独占は、確かに、イギリス国民の私的収入を増やし、それによって彼らがより多くの税金を支払うことを可能にすることによって、植民地の公的収入の不足を補うと考えられている。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	private revenue|私的収入|noun|income from private sources	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income from public sources	deficiency|不足|noun|a lack or shortage	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
But this monopoly, I have endeavoured to show, though a very grievous tax upon the colonies, and though it may increase the revenue of a particular order of men in Great Britain, diminishes, instead of increasing, that of the great body of the people, and consequently diminishes, instead of increasing, the ability of the great body of the people to pay taxes.	しかし、この独占は、植民地に課せられる非常に重い税金であり、イギリスの特定の階級の収入を増やすかもしれないが、国民の大多数の収入を増やすどころか減らし、その結果、国民の大多数の税金を支払う能力を増やすどころか減らすことを示そうと努力した。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	show|示す|verb|make visible or noticeable	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
The men, too, whose revenue the monopoly increases, constitute a particular order, which it is both absolutely impossible to tax beyond the proportion of other orders, and extremely impolitic even to attempt to tax beyond that proportion, as I shall endeavour to show in the following book.	独占によって収入が増加する人々もまた、特定の階級を構成しており、他の階級の割合を超えて課税することは絶対に不可能であり、その割合を超えて課税しようとすることさえも非常に非政治的である。	revenue|収入|noun|income	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	order|階級|noun|a social class or rank	beyond|超えて|preposition|at or to the further side of	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	absolutely|絶対に|adverb|in an absolute manner or to an absolute degree	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	even|さえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	impolitic|非政治的|adjective|not in accordance with good policy; unwise	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
No particular resource, therefore, can be drawn from this particular order.	したがって、この特定の階級から特別な資源を引き出すことはできず、	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	draw|引き出す|verb|to take or get something from a place	order|階級|noun|a group of people with the same social, economic, or educational level

The colonies may be taxed either by their own assemblies, or by the parliament of Great Britain.	植民地は、独自の議会またはイギリス議会によって課税される。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more options	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe

That the colony assemblies can never be so managed as to levy upon their constituents a public revenue, sufficient, not only to maintain at all times their own civil and military establishment, but to pay their proper proportion of the expense of the general government of the British empire, seems not very probable.	植民地議会が、常に自らの文民および軍事施設を維持するだけでなく、大英帝国の一般政府の支出に適切な割合を支払うのに十分な公的収入を、その構成員に課税するよう管理されることは、あまりありそうにない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	constituent|構成員|noun|a member of a constituency	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	civil|文民|adjective|of or relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or public institution	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	general government|一般政府|noun|the central government of a country	British empire|大英帝国|noun|the former British colonies and dominions and their dependencies	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being
It was a long time before even the parliament of England, though placed immediately under the eye of the sovereign, could be brought under such a system of management, or could be rendered sufficiently liberal in their grants for supporting the civil and military establishments even of their own country.	イギリス議会でさえ、主権者の目の前に置かれていたにもかかわらず、そのような管理システムの下に置かれたり、自国の文民および軍事施設を支援するための補助金が十分に自由に支給されるようになるまでには、長い時間がかかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	grant|補助金|noun|a sum of money given by a government or public body for a particular purpose	support|支援|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	civil|文民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or public institution
It was only by distributing among the particular members of parliament a great part either of the offices, or of the disposal of the offices arising from this civil and military establishment, that such a system of management could be established, even with regard to the parliament of England.	イギリス議会でさえ、このような管理システムが確立されたのは、この文民および軍事施設から生じる役職の大部分を、議会の特定のメンバーに分配することによってのみだった。	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	civil|文民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or public institution	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	regard|に関して|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
But the distance of the colony assemblies from the eye of the sovereign, their number, their dispersed situation, and their various constitutions, would render it very difficult to manage them in the same manner, even though the sovereign had the same means of doing it;	しかし、植民地議会が主権者の目の届かないところにあること、その数、分散した状況、さまざまな憲法により、主権者が同じ方法で管理する手段を持っていたとしても、同じように管理することは非常に困難になるだろう。	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	eye|目|noun|the organ of vision	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic law of a country or state	manage|管理する|verb|to be in charge of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	do|行う|verb|to perform or execute
and those means are wanting.	そして、その手段が欠けている。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	those|その|determiner|used to refer to a specific person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	want|欠ける|verb|to feel a need or a wish for
It would be absolutely impossible to distribute among all the leading members of all the colony assemblies such a share, either of the offices, or of the disposal of the offices, arising from the general government of the British empire, as to dispose them to give up their popularity at home, and to tax their constituents for the support of that general government, of which almost the whole emoluments were to be divided among people who were strangers to them.	大英帝国の中央政府から生じる役職や役職の処分のいずれかを、すべての植民地議会のすべての主要メンバーに分配して、彼らが自国での人気を放棄し、その中央政府を支援するために有権者に課税するよう仕向けることは絶対に不可能だろう。その中央政府の報酬のほとんどすべては、彼らにとって見知らぬ人々の間で分配されることになる。	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	leading member|主要メンバー|noun|a person who has a lot of influence in a group	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have been elected to make laws for a country or area	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned, earned, or produced	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	general government|中央政府|noun|the central governing body of a country or state	British empire|大英帝国|noun|the former British colonies and dominions and their dependencies	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	popularity|人気|noun|the state or condition of being liked or admired by many people	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	constituent|有権者|noun|a member of a constituency	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	stranger|見知らぬ人|noun|a person whom one does not know
The unavoidable ignorance of administration, besides, concerning the relative importance of the different members of those different assemblies, the offences which must frequently be given, the blunders which must constantly be committed, in attempting to manage them in this manner, seems to render such a system of management altogether impracticable with regard to them.	そのうえ、これらの異なる議会の異なるメンバーの相対的な重要性に関する行政の避けられない無知、頻繁に犯されるに違いない違反、この方法で管理しようとする際に常に犯されるに違いない失態は、そのような管理システムを彼らに関してまったく非現実的なものにしているように思われる。	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have come together for a purpose	relative|相対的な|adjective|considered in relation or in proportion to something else	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	offence|違反|noun|a crime or illegal act	constantly|常に|adverb|all the time; continuously	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	blunder|失態|noun|a stupid or careless mistake	attempt|試みる|verb|try to do something	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of or responsible for	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	impracticable|非現実的な|adjective|not feasible; not practicable

The colony assemblies, besides, cannot be supposed the proper judges of what is necessary for the defence and support of the whole empire.	そのうえ、植民地議会は帝国全体の防衛と支援に何が必要かについて適切な判断を下せるとは考えられない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who make and change laws	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	support|支援|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of receiving this assistance	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor
The care of that defence and support is not entrusted to them.	その防衛と支援の管理は彼らに委ねられていない。	care|管理|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	support|支援|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of receiving such assistance	entrust|委ねる|verb|assign responsibility for; confide
It is not their business, and they have no regular means of information concerning it.	それは彼らの仕事ではなく、彼らはそれに関する情報の定期的な手段を持っていない。	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	have no|持っていない|verb|not have	regular|定期的な|adjective|done or happening frequently or at fixed times	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance
The assembly of a province, like the vestry of a parish, may judge very properly concerning the affairs of its own particular district, but can have no proper means of judging concerning those of the whole empire.	教区の教区委員会のように、ある地方の議会は、その地方の特定の地区の事情については非常に適切に判断できるかもしれないが、帝国全体の事情については適切に判断する手段がない。	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who make and change laws	province|地方|noun|a large area of land that is part of a country	parish|教区|noun|a small administrative division of a county	vestry|教区委員会|noun|a room in a church where the priest's robes and other things are kept	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or suitable way	affair|事情|noun|a matter or situation	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
It cannot even judge properly concerning the proportion which its own province bears to the whole empire, or concerning the relative degree of its wealth and importance, compared with the other provinces;	自分の属する地方が帝国全体に占める割合や、他の地方と比較した富や重要性の相対的な程度についてさえ、適切に判断することはできない。	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	compare|比較する|verb|estimate, measure, or note the similarity or dissimilarity between
because those other provinces are not under the inspection and superintendency of the assembly of a particular province.	なぜなら、他の地方は特定の地方議会の検査や監督下にないからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	under|下にある|preposition|below or beneath	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination or investigation	superintendency|監督|noun|the position or work of a superintendent	assembly|議会|noun|a legislative body
What is necessary for the defence and support of the whole empire, and in what proportion each part ought to contribute, can be judged of only by that assembly which inspects and super-intends the affairs of the whole empire.	帝国全体の防衛と支援に何が必要か、また各部分がどの程度貢献すべきかは、帝国全体の情勢を検査し監督する議会によってのみ判断できる。	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	support|支援|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of receiving this	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	inspect|検査する|verb|look at (something) closely and thoroughly	super-intend|監督する|verb|direct or supervise the execution of (a project or activity)	affair|情勢|noun|an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been mentioned	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose

It has been proposed, accordingly, that the colonies should be taxed by requisition, the parliament of Great Britain determining the sum which each colony ought to pay, and the provincial assembly assessing and levying it in the way that suited best the circumstances of the province.	それに応じて、植民地は徴用によって課税され、イギリス議会が各植民地が支払うべき金額を決定し、地方議会がその地方の状況に最も適した方法でそれを査定し徴収することが提案された。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	be taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	requisition|徴用|noun|an official order to take something, especially for military purposes	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express moral obligation	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	provincial assembly|地方議会|noun|the legislative branch of a provincial government	assess|査定する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)
What concerned the whole empire would in this way be determined by the assembly which inspects and superintends the affairs of the whole empire;	こうして帝国全体に関わる事柄は、帝国全体の情勢を検査し監督する議会によって決定されることになる。	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	concern|関わる|verb|be about or connected with	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who make laws for a country or state	inspect|検査する|verb|look at or examine closely and thoroughly	superintend|監督する|verb|supervise or direct	affair|情勢|noun|a matter or situation
and the provincial affairs of each colony might still be regulated by its own assembly.	そして、各植民地の地方情勢は、依然としてその植民地自身の議会によって規制されるかもしれない。	provincial|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a province	affair|情勢|noun|a matter of public concern	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
Though the colonies should, in this case, have no representatives in the British parliament, yet, if we may judge by experience, there is no probability that the parliamentary requisition would be unreasonable.	この場合、植民地はイギリス議会に代表者をもたないはずだが、経験から判断するならば、議会の徴用が不合理になる可能性はない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	parliamentary|議会の|adjective|of or relating to a parliament	requisition|徴用|noun|an official order to supply something	unreasonable|不合理|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense
The parliament of England has not, upon any occasion, shewn the smallest disposition to overburden those parts of the empire which are not represented in parliament.	イギリス議会は、いかなる場合にも、議会に代表されていない帝国の部分に過重な負担をかける傾向を少しも示していない。	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	shew|示す|verb|to make known or indicate	disposition|傾向|noun|a tendency or inclination	overburden|過重な負担をかける|verb|to load with too great a burden	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	represent|代表する|verb|to act on behalf of	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country
The islands of Guernsey and Jersey, without any means of resisting the authority of parliament, are more lightly taxed than any part of Great Britain.	ガーンジー島とジャージー島は、議会の権限に抵抗する手段をもたないにもかかわらず、イギリスのどの地域よりも軽い税負担である。	Guernsey|ガーンジー島|noun|a British island in the English Channel	Jersey|ジャージー島|noun|a British island in the English Channel	without|もたない|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	lightly|軽い|adverb|to a small extent	tax|税負担|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Parliament, in attempting to exercise its supposed right, whether well or ill grounded, of taxing the colonies, has never hitherto demanded of them anything which even approached to a just proportion to what was paid by their fellow subjects at home.	議会は、植民地に課税するという、根拠の有無にかかわらず、その想定される権利を行使しようとする際に、これまでのところ、本国の同胞が支払った額に正当な割合に近づくものさえも要求したことがない。	Parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body in the United Kingdom	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up until the present	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for something	fellow|同胞|noun|a person in the same position, involved in the same activity, or otherwise having a particular relationship with another	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	just|正当な|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair
If the contribution of the colonies, besides, was to rise or fall in proportion to the rise or fall of the land-tax, parliament could not tax them without taxing, at the same time, its own constituents, and the colonies might, in this case, be considered as virtually represented in parliament.	そのうえ、植民地の貢献が地租の増減に比例して増減するならば、議会は同時に自らの選挙区民に課税せずに植民地に課税することはできないし、この場合、植民地は事実上議会に代表されていると見なされるかもしれない。	contribution|貢献|noun|a gift or payment	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	rise|増加|verb|go up	fall|減少|verb|go down	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	land-tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	tax|課税|verb|impose a tax on	constituent|選挙区民|noun|a member of a constituency	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country

Examples are not wanting of empires in which all the different provinces are not taxed, if I may be allowed the expression, in one mass;	例を挙げると、もし私が表現を許されるならば、すべての異なる州が一つの集団として課税されていない帝国が存在する。	example|例|noun|something that is typical of its kind or that illustrates a general rule	want|存在する|verb|be lacking or missing	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase that means something	mass|集団|noun|a large number of people or things
but in which the sovereign regulates the sum which each province ought to pay, and in some provinces assesses and levies it as he thinks proper;	しかし、その中で君主は各州が支払うべき金額を調整し、一部の州では適切と考える方法で課税し徴収する。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	assess|課税する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard
while in others he leaves it to be assessed and levied as the respective states of each province shall determine.	一方、他の州では、各州のそれぞれの州が決定する方法で課税し徴収することを認めている。	while|一方|conjunction|at the same time; during the time that	leave|認める|verb|go away from a place	assess|課税する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in
In some provinces of France, the king not only imposes what taxes he thinks proper, but assesses and levies them in the way he thinks proper.	フランスの一部の地方で、国王は適切と考えられる税金を課すだけでなく、適切と考えられる方法で課税し徴収する。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; in addition	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard	assess|課税する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)
From others he demands a certain sum, but leaves it to the states of each province to assess and levy that sum as they think proper.	他の地方では、国王は一定額を要求するが、その額を適切と考える方法で課税し徴収することは各州の州に任せている。	from others|他の地方では|adverb|from other people	demand|要求する|verb|ask for with authority	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	assess|課税する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or ability of	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances
According to the scheme of taxing by requisition, the parliament of Great Britain would stand nearly in the same situation towards the colony assemblies, as the king of France does towards the states of those provinces which still enjoy the privilege of having states of their own, the provinces of France which are supposed to be the best governed.	徴用による課税の制度によれば、イギリス議会は、フランス国王が、いまだに独自の州を持つ特権を享受している州、つまり最もよく統治されていると考えられているフランスの州に対して行うように、植民地議会に対してほぼ同じ立場をとることになる。	scheme|制度|noun|a systematic plan of action	taxing|課税|noun|the imposition of a tax	requisition|徴用|noun|an official order to supply something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have come together for a purpose	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	best|最もよく|adverb|to the highest degree or extent	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority

But though, according to this scheme, the colonies could have no just reason to fear that their share of the public burdens should ever exceed the proper proportion to that of their fellow-citizens at home, Great Britain might have just reason to fear that it never would amount to that proper proportion.	しかし、この制度によれば、植民地は、公的負担の分担が本国の同胞の分担に対する適切な割合を超えることを恐れる正当な理由はないが、イギリスは、それが適切な割合に達しないことを恐れる正当な理由があるかもしれない。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated by or in	scheme|制度|noun|a systematic plan of future action	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	public burden|公的負担|noun|a cost or responsibility that is shared by all members of a society	share|分担|noun|a portion of something owned, earned, or contributed	fellow-citizen|同胞|noun|a person who is a citizen of the same country as another	home|本国|noun|the country where one was born or has legal citizenship	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	proper proportion|適切な割合|noun|the correct or desirable amount or extent of something
The parliament of Great Britain has not, for some time past, had the same established authority in the colonies, which the French king has in those provinces of France which still enjoy the privilege of having states of their own.	イギリス議会は、しばらく前から、フランス国王が、いまだに独自の州を持つ特権を享受しているフランスの州に対して持っているような、植民地における確立された権限を持っていない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	some time past|しばらく前から|noun|a period of time in the past	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a country	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	still|いまだに|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)
The colony assemblies, if they were not very favourably disposed (and unless more skilfully managed than they ever have been hitherto, they are not very likely to be so), might still find many pretences for evading or rejecting the most reasonable requisitions of parliament.	植民地議会は、もしあまり好意的に処置されなかったら(そして、これまで以上に巧みに管理されない限り、そうはならないだろう)、議会の最も合理的な要求を回避したり拒否したりするための多くの口実を見つけるかもしれない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws for a country or area	favourably|好意的に|adverb|in a positive way	dispose|処置する|verb|deal with or settle	skilfully|巧みに|adverb|in a way that shows skill	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of or responsible for	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now	evade|回避する|verb|avoid or escape from	reject|拒否する|verb|refuse to accept, consider, or use	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislature in a country
A French war breaks out, we shall suppose;	フランスとの戦争が勃発したとしよう。	break out|勃発する|verb|start suddenly	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	suppose|しよう|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge
ten millions must immediately be raised, in order to defend the seat of the empire.	帝国の首都を守るために、一千万を即座に調達しなければならない。	ten million|一千万|noun|a very large number	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; without delay	be raised|調達される|verb|be collected or obtained	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	seat|首都|noun|the place where the government of a country is located	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
This sum must be borrowed upon the credit of some parliamentary fund mortgaged for paying the interest.	この金額は、利子の支払いのために抵当に入れられた議会基金の信用で借りなければならない。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	mortgage|抵当に入れる|verb|make a loan on the security of	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
Part of this fund parliament proposes to raise by a tax to be levied in Great Britain; and part of it by a requisition to all the different colony assemblies of America and the West Indies.	議会はこの基金の一部をイギリスで徴収する税金で調達し、一部をアメリカと西インド諸島のすべての植民地議会への要求で調達することを提案している。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	raise|調達する|verb|collect or bring together	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	requisition|要求|noun|an official order to supply something	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea
Would people readily advance their money upon the credit of a fund which partly depended upon the good humour of all those assemblies, far distant from the seat of the war, and sometimes, perhaps, thinking themselves not much concerned in the event of it?	人々は、戦場から遠く離れ、時には自分たちが戦争にあまり関係がないと思っているかもしれない、すべての議会の機嫌に一部依存している基金の信用で、すぐにお金を前払いするだろうか?	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	humour|機嫌|noun|a state of mind	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws for a country or area	distant|遠く|adjective|far away in space or time	seat|戦場|noun|a place where something important happens	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	concerned|関係がある|adjective|involved or interested in something	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place
Upon such a fund, no more money would probably be advanced than what the tax to be levied in Great Britain might be supposed to answer for.	そのような基金では、おそらくイギリスで徴収される税金が答えると想定される額以上のお金は前払いされないだろう。	upon|～の上に|preposition|on top of	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	no more|それ以上ない|adjective|not any more	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	be advanced|前払いされる|verb|be paid or given before it is due	what|何|pronoun|that which; the thing that	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be levied|徴収される|verb|be imposed or collected	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	be supposed|想定される|verb|be assumed or believed to be the case	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply to a question or statement
The whole burden of the debt contracted on account of the war would in this manner fall, as it always has done hitherto, upon Great Britain; upon a part of the empire, and not upon the whole empire.	戦争のために負った負債の全負担は、これまで常にそうであったように、イギリスに、帝国全体ではなく帝国の一部にかかることになる。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	contract|負う|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	fall|かかる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress
Great Britain is, perhaps, since the world began, the only state which, as it has extended its empire, has only increased its expense, without once augmenting its resources.	イギリスは、おそらく世界が始まって以来、帝国を拡大するにつれて、資源を一度も増やすことなく、支出だけを増やした唯一の国家である。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support
Other states have generally disburdened themselves, upon their subject and subordinate provinces, of the most considerable part of the expense of defending the empire.	他の国々は、一般的に、帝国を守るための費用の最も重要な部分を、臣下や従属する属州に負担させてきた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	disburden|負担させる|verb|relieve of a burden	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause	subject|臣下|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	subordinate|従属する|adjective|lower in rank or importance	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	empire|帝国|noun|an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
Great Britain has hitherto suffered her subject and subordinate provinces to disburden themselves upon her of almost this whole expense.	イギリスはこれまで、臣下や従属する属州に、この費用のほとんどすべてを負担させてきた。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	hitherto|これまで|adverb|up to this time; until now	suffer|負担させる|verb|cause to undergo or experience something	subject|臣下|noun|a person who is under the authority of another	subordinate|従属する|adjective|lower in rank or position	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	disburden|負担させる|verb|relieve of a burden	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In order to put Great Britain upon a footing of equality with her own colonies, which the law has hitherto supposed to be subject and subordinate, it seems necessary, upon the scheme of taxing them by parliamentary requisition, that parliament should have some means of rendering its requisitions immediately effectual, in case the colony assemblies should attempt to evade or reject them;	イギリスを、これまで法律上は従属的であると考えられてきた自国の植民地と平等な立場に置くためには、議会の要求によって植民地に課税するという制度では、植民地議会がその要求を回避したり拒否したりしようとした場合に、議会がその要求を即座に有効にする何らかの手段を持つことが必要であるように思われる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	put upon|置く|verb|place on top of	footing|立場|noun|the basis on which something is established or operates	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up until the present	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	subject|従属的|adjective|under the authority or control of another	subordinate|従属的|adjective|lower in rank or position	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	scheme|制度|noun|a systematic plan of action	taxing|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	parliamentary|議会の|adjective|of or relating to a parliament	requisition|要求|noun|an official order to supply something	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	rendering|有効にする|verb|cause to be or become	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	effectual|有効にする|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery	reject|拒否する|verb|refuse to accept, consider, or give approval to
and what those means are, it is not very easy to conceive, and it has not yet been explained.	そして、その手段が何であるかということは、あまり容易に想像できるものではなく、また、まだ説明されていない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	what|何|pronoun|used to ask for information	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	conceive|想像する|verb|form an idea or opinion of	not|ない|adverb|used to express negation	very|あまり|adverb|to a great degree	easy|容易|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	not|まだ|adverb|used to express negation	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time; so far

Should the parliament of Great Britain, at the same time, be ever fully established in the right of taxing the colonies, even independent of the consent of their own assemblies, the importance of those assemblies would, from that moment, be at an end, and with it, that of all the leading men of British America.	同時に、イギリス議会が、植民地議会の同意なしに植民地に課税する権利を完全に確立したならば、その瞬間から、植民地議会の重要性は終わりを告げ、それに伴って、イギリス領アメリカのすべての指導者たちの重要性も終わりを告げるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	fully|完全に|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have come together for a purpose	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	with|伴って|preposition|accompanied by	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	leading|指導者|adjective|most important or influential	man|男性|noun|an adult male human being
Men desire to have some share in the management of public affairs, chiefly on account of the importance which it gives them.	人々は、主にそれが自分たちに与える重要性のために、公務の管理に何らかの役割を持ちたいと望んでいる。	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	have some share|何らかの役割を持つ|verb|have a part in something	management|管理|noun|the process of managing something	public affairs|公務|noun|the business of government	chiefly|主に|adverb|mostly; mainly	importance|重要性|noun|the quality of being important	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something
Upon the power which the greater part of the leading men, the natural aristocracy of every country, have of preserving or defending their respective importance, depends the stability and duration of every system of free government.	自由政府のあらゆる制度の安定性と存続期間は、指導者層の大部分、つまりあらゆる国の自然的貴族が、それぞれの重要性を維持し、擁護する力にかかっている。	Upon|～に|preposition|on	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	leading men|指導者層|noun|the people who are in charge of an organization or group	natural aristocracy|自然的貴族|noun|the people who are born into a wealthy or powerful family	every country|あらゆる国|noun|all the countries in the world	preserving|維持する|verb|keep something in its original state	defending|擁護する|verb|support or protect someone or something	stability|安定性|noun|the state of being stable	duration|存続期間|noun|the length of time that something continues or lasts	free government|自由政府|noun|a government that allows its citizens to have a lot of freedom
In the attacks which those leading men are continually making upon the importance of one another, and in the defence of their own, consists the whole play of domestic faction and ambition.	国内の派閥と野心のすべては、指導者たちが互いの重要性を絶えず攻撃し、自分たちの重要性を守ろうとするところにある。	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place	leading man|指導者|noun|a man who is in charge of a group or organization	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	defence|守り|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something
The leading men of America, like those of all other countries, desire to preserve their own importance.	アメリカの指導者たちは、他のすべての国の指導者たちと同様に、自分たちの重要性を維持したいと望んでいる。	leading man|指導者|noun|a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important
They feel, or imagine, that if their assemblies, which they are fond of calling parliaments, and of considering as equal in authority to the parliament of Great Britain, should be so far degraded as to become the humble ministers and executive officers of that parliament, the greater part of their own importance would be at an end.	彼らは、自分たちの議会をイギリス議会と同等の権限を持つと見なし、議会と呼ぶことを好んでいるが、もしその議会がイギリス議会の卑屈な大臣や執行官になるほど地位を落としたら、自分たちの重要性の大部分が失われてしまうだろうと感じている。	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws for a country or state	fond|好む|adjective|having a strong liking for	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	humble|卑屈な|adjective|having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	executive officer|執行官|noun|a person responsible for the administration and management of a company or organization	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something
They have rejected, therefore, the proposal of being taxed by parliamentary requisition, and, like other ambitious and high-spirited men, have rather chosen to draw the sword in defence of their own importance.	そのため、彼らは議会の要求によって課税されるという提案を拒否し、他の野心的で気概のある人々と同じように、自分たちの重要性を守るために剣を抜くことを選んだ。	reject|拒否する|verb|refuse to accept, consider, or use	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	parliamentary|議会の|adjective|of or relating to a parliament	requisition|要求|noun|an official order to supply something	ambitious|野心的な|adjective|having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed	high-spirited|気概のある|adjective|having a lively and cheerful personality	draw|抜く|verb|pull or move out of a sheath or scabbard	sword|剣|noun|a weapon with a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand guard, used for thrusting or striking and now typically worn as part of ceremonial dress	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important

Towards the declension of the Roman republic, the allies of Rome, who had borne the principal burden of defending the state and extending the empire, demanded to be admitted to all the privileges of Roman citizens.	ローマ共和国の衰退期に、国家を守り、帝国を拡大する主な重荷を負っていたローマの同盟国は、ローマ市民のすべての特権を認めることを要求した。	Roman republic|ローマ共和国|noun|the period of ancient Roman civilization from 509 BC to 27 BC	declension|衰退|noun|a gradual decline in quality, value, or importance	ally|同盟国|noun|a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	principal burden|主な重荷|noun|the main responsibility or difficulty	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	empire|帝国|noun|an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	demand|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
Upon being refused, the social war broke out.	拒否されると、社会戦争が勃発した。	upon|すると|preposition|on; immediately after	refuse|拒否する|verb|express unwillingness to accept or consider	break out|勃発する|verb|start suddenly and develop quickly
During the course of that war, Rome granted those privileges to the greater part of them, one by one, and in proportion as they detached themselves from the general confederacy.	その戦争の過程で、ローマは彼らの大部分に、彼らが一般連合から離脱するにつれて、一つ一つ、それらの特権を与えた。	during the course of|過程で|preposition|in or throughout the duration of	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	grant|与える|verb|give, especially officially or formally	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	one by one|一つ一つ|adverb|individually and in succession	in proportion as|につれて|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	detach|離脱する|verb|separate or disconnect	general confederacy|一般連合|noun|a union of states or other organizations
The parliament of Great Britain insists upon taxing the colonies;	イギリス議会は植民地に課税することを主張している。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	insist|主張する|verb|demand something forcefully	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
and they refuse to be taxed by a parliament in which they are not represented.	そして、彼らは代表されていない議会によって課税されることを拒否している。	refuse|拒否する|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	be taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country
If to each colony which should detach itself from the general confederacy, Great Britain should allow such a number of representatives as suited the proportion of what it contributed to the public revenue of the empire, in consequence of its being subjected to the same taxes, and in compensation admitted to the same freedom of trade with its fellow-subjects at home;	もし、一般連合から離脱する各植民地に対して、イギリスが、同じ税金が課せられ、その代償として本国の同胞臣民との貿易の自由を認められた結果、帝国の公的収入に貢献した割合に見合った数の代表を認めるならば、	detach|離脱する|verb|separate or disconnect	general confederacy|一般連合|noun|a union of states or other organizations	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	allow|認める|verb|permit or let	such a number of|そのような数の|determiner|a number of	representative|代表|noun|a person who represents another person or a group of people	suited|見合った|adjective|appropriate or fitting	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	subjected to|課せられる|verb|be exposed to or affected by	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	compensation|代償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	admit|認める|verb|allow to enter	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	fellow-subjects|同胞臣民|noun|a person who is a citizen or subject of the same country as another	home|本国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
the number of its representatives to be augmented as the proportion of its contribution might afterwards augment;	その貢献の割合が後で増加するかもしれないので、その代表の数は増加される。	number|数|noun|a quantity of things	representative|代表|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	be augmented|増加される|verb|be made greater or more	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	contribution|貢献|noun|something that is given to help a cause	afterwards|後で|adverb|later; subsequently
a new method of acquiring importance, a new and more dazzling object of ambition, would be presented to the leading men of each colony.	重要性を獲得する新しい方法、野心の新しい、よりまばゆい対象が、各植民地の指導者たちに提示されるだろう。	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	object|対象|noun|a thing that is seen or touched	present|提示される|verb|to give or send something to someone	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Instead of piddling for the little prizes which are to be found in what may be called the paltry raffle of colony faction, they might then hope, from the presumption which men naturally have in their own ability and good fortune, to draw some of the great prizes which sometimes come from the wheel of the great state lottery of British politics.	植民地派閥のわずかなくじ引きとも呼ばれるもので見つかる小さな賞品をめぐって争う代わりに、彼らは、人間が自分の能力と幸運に自然に持っている推定から、イギリス政治の大国家宝くじの車輪から時々出てくる大きな賞品のいくつかを引き当てることを期待するかもしれない。	Instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	piddling|争う|verb|to be busy with trivial matters	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	prize|賞品|noun|something offered as a reward	be found|見つかる|verb|to be discovered or noticed	what may be called|とも呼ばれる|noun phrase|an alternative name for something	paltry|わずかな|adjective|very small in amount	raffle|くじ引き|noun|a lottery in which the winner is given a prize	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized group within a larger group	hope|期待する|verb|to want something to happen or be true	presumption|推定|noun|a belief that something is true even though it has not been proved	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	ability|能力|noun|the power or skill to do something	good fortune|幸運|noun|luck	draw|引き当てる|verb|to pull or move something toward oneself	some of|いくつか|noun phrase|a part of a group or amount	great|大きな|adjective|large in size	prize|賞品|noun|something offered as a reward	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally	come from|出てくる|verb|to have a particular origin or source	wheel|車輪|noun|a circular object that turns on an axle and is used to move a vehicle or other object	great state lottery|大国家宝くじ|noun phrase|a lottery that is run by the government and offers large prizes	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or area
Unless this or some other method is fallen upon, and there seems to be none more obvious than this, of preserving the importance and of gratifying the ambition of the leading men of America, it is not very probable that they will ever voluntarily submit to us;	この方法か他の方法がとられない限り、また、アメリカの指導者たちの重要性を保ち、野心を満足させるためにこれ以上に明白な方法はないと思われるので、彼らが自発的に私たちに従うことはまずあり得ない。	fall upon|とられる|verb|be chosen or adopted	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	preserve|保つ|verb|keep in its original state	importance|重要性|noun|the quality of being important	gratify|満足させる|verb|give (someone) pleasure or satisfaction	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	submit|従う|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person
and we ought to consider, that the blood which must be shed in forcing them to do so, is, every drop of it, the blood either of those who are, or of those whom we wish to have for our fellow citizens.	そして、彼らにそうさせるために流さなければならない血は、一滴一滴が、私たちの仲間の市民であるか、あるいは私たちが仲間の市民にしたいと思っている人々の血であることを考慮すべきである。	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	consider|考慮する|verb|think carefully about	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	shed|流す|verb|cause to flow	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues	drop|滴|noun|a small round mass of liquid	fellow citizen|仲間の市民|noun|a person who lives in the same country as you
They are very weak who flatter themselves that, in the state to which things have come, our colonies will be easily conquered by force alone.	物事が起こった状態で、私たちの植民地が力だけで簡単に征服されるだろうと自惚れている彼らは非常に弱い。	flatter oneself|自惚れる|verb|have an unduly high opinion of oneself	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	come|起こる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by military force	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear
The persons who now govern the resolutions of what they call their continental congress, feel in themselves at this moment a degree of importance which, perhaps, the greatest subjects in Europe scarce feel.	彼らが大陸会議と呼ぶものの決議を現在支配している人々は、この瞬間、おそらくヨーロッパで最も偉大な臣下がほとんど感じないほどの重要性を自分自身で感じている。	govern|支配する|verb|rule or control	resolution|決議|noun|a formal expression of opinion or intention	continental congress|大陸会議|noun|the first national government of the United States	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand
From shopkeepers, trades men, and attorneys, they are become statesmen and legislators, and are employed in contriving a new form of government for an extensive empire, which, they flatter themselves, will become, and which, indeed, seems very likely to become, one of the greatest and most formidable that ever was in the world.	彼らは店主、商人、弁護士から政治家や立法者となり、広大な帝国のための新しい統治形態を考案することに従事しているが、彼らは自惚れており、世界で最も偉大で手強い帝国の一つになるだろうと自負している。	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	attorney|弁護士|noun|a person who is a lawyer	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the management of state affairs	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	contrive|考案する|verb|to plan or devise	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler	flatter|自惚れる|verb|to praise or compliment someone excessively	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly	seem|思われる|verb|to appear to be	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	greatest|最も偉大な|adjective|of the highest quality	formidable|手強い|adjective|inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable
Five hundred different people, perhaps, who, in different ways, act immediately under the continental congress, and five hundred thousand, perhaps, who act under those five hundred, all feel, in the same manner, a proportionable rise in their own importance.	おそらく500人の異なる人々が、異なる方法で大陸会議の直下で行動し、おそらく50万人がその500人の下で行動しているが、彼らは皆、同じように、自分自身の重要性が比例して高まっていると感じている。	five hundred|500|noun|the number 500	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	act|行動する|verb|do something	immediately|直ちに|adverb|at once; without delay	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	continental congress|大陸会議|noun|the first national government of the United States	five hundred thousand|50万人|noun|the number 500,000	feel|感じる|verb|experience a particular emotion	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	rise|上昇|noun|an increase	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important
Almost every individual of the governing party in America fills, at present, in his own fancy, a station superior, not only to what he had ever filled before, but to what he had ever expected to fill;	アメリカの与党のほとんどすべての個人は、現在、彼自身の空想の中で、彼がこれまでに満たしてきたものだけでなく、彼がこれまでに満たすことを期待してきたものよりも優れた地位を占めている。	Almost every individual|ほとんどすべての個人|noun|almost all people	governing party|与党|noun|the political party that is in power	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	fill|占める|verb|occupy or take up	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	in one's own fancy|自分の空想の中で|noun|in one's own imagination	station|地位|noun|a position or place where someone or something is located	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	not only to|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	what|もの|noun|the thing that	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion	fill|満たす|verb|make or become full	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen
and unless some new object of ambition is presented either to him or to his leaders, if he has the ordinary spirit of a man, he will die in defence of that station.	そして、彼または彼の指導者に野心の新しい対象が提示されない限り、彼が普通の人間精神を持っているならば、彼はその地位を守るために死ぬだろう。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having come into existence recently	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	present|提示する|verb|give something to someone formally or ceremonially	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	leader|指導者|noun|the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	ordinary|普通の|adjective|normal or usual	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	die|死ぬ|verb|stop living	defence|守り|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	station|地位|noun|a place where someone or something is located or has been put

It is a remark of the President Heynaut, that we now read with pleasure the account of many little transactions of the Ligue, which, when they happened, were not, perhaps, considered as very important pieces of news.	ハイノー大統領の見解では、我々は今、リーグの多くの小さな取引の記録を喜んで読んでいるが、それが起こったときには、おそらくあまり重要なニュースとは考えられていなかった。	President Heynaut|ハイノー大統領|noun|the president of the Ligue	Ligue|リーグ|noun|a political and military alliance of Roman Catholic nobles formed in 1576 to prevent the succession of the Protestant Henry of Navarre to the French throne	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	news|ニュース|noun|a report of recent events
But everyman then, says he, fancied himself of some importance;	しかし、当時は誰もが自分を何か重要な人物だと思い込んでいた、と彼は言う。	everyman|誰もが|noun|every person	then|当時|adverb|at that time	fancy|思い込む|verb|to believe something that is not true	himself|自分を|pronoun|the male person or animal that is being discussed	some|何か|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	importance|重要な人物|noun|the state or quality of being important
and the innumerable memoirs which have come down to us from those times, were the greater part of them written by people who took pleasure in recording and magnifying events, in which they flattered themselves they had been considerable actors.	そして、当時から私たちに伝わってきた無数の回想録は、その大部分が、自分たちがかなりの役者であったと自負していた出来事を記録し、拡大することに喜びを感じた人々によって書かれたものだった。	come down to|伝わる|verb|be handed down from the past	innumerable|無数の|adjective|too many to be counted	memoir|回想録|noun|a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	take pleasure in|喜びを感じる|verb|enjoy doing something	record|記録する|verb|set down in writing	magnify|拡大する|verb|make something appear bigger than it really is	flatter oneself|自負する|verb|have an unduly high opinion of oneself	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in size or amount	actor|役者|noun|a person whose profession is acting on the stage, in movies, or on television
How obstinately the city of Paris, upon that occasion, defended itself, what a dreadful famine it supported, rather than submit to the best, and afterwards the most beloved of all the French kings, is well known.	そのときパリ市がどれほど頑固に自衛したか、フランスの王の中で最も優れ、後に最も愛された王に従うよりも、どれほど恐ろしい飢饉に耐えたかはよく知られている。	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	occasion|とき|noun|a particular time	obstinately|頑固に|adverb|in a determined and unyielding manner	defend|自衛する|verb|protect oneself from attack	dreadful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering	famine|飢饉|noun|a severe shortage of food	support|耐える|verb|to bear or endure	submit|従う|verb|to yield to the authority or control of another	best|最も優れた|adjective|of the highest quality	beloved|最も愛された|adjective|greatly loved	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people
The greater part of the citizens, or those who governed the greater part of them, fought in defence of their own importance, which, they foresaw, was to be at an end whenever the ancient government should be re-established.	市民の大部分、あるいはその大部分を支配していた人々は、古代政府が再建されればいつでも終わりになると予見していた自分たちの重要性を守るために戦った。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	govern|支配する|verb|rule or control	fight|戦う|verb|take part in a violent confrontation	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	re-establish|再建する|verb|establish or introduce again
Our colonies, unless they can be induced to consent to a union, are very likely to defend themselves, against the best of all mother countries, as obstinately as the city of Paris did against one of the best of kings.	私たちの植民地は、連合に同意するよう説得されない限り、パリ市が最も優れた王の一人に対して行ったように、すべての母国の中で最も優れた国に対して頑固に自衛する可能性が非常に高い。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	union|連合|noun|the state of being joined or connected together	consent|同意|verb|give permission for something to happen	mother country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	obstinately|頑固に|adverb|in a determined and unyielding manner	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country

The idea of representation was unknown in ancient times.	代表制という考えは古代には知られていなかった。	idea|考え|noun|a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of action	representation|代表制|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past
When the people of one state were admitted to the right of citizenship in another, they had no other means of exercising that right, but by coming in a body to vote and deliberate with the people of that other state.	ある国の人々が別の国の市民権を認められた場合、その権利を行使する手段は、集団で投票に参加し、その国の人々と審議する以外になかった。	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	citizenship|市民権|noun|the status of a citizen with rights and duties	admit|認める|verb|to allow to enter	exercise|行使する|verb|to use or apply	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	deliberate|審議する|verb|to think carefully about something
The admission of the greater part of the inhabitants of Italy to the privileges of Roman citizens, completely ruined the Roman republic.	イタリアの住民の大部分がローマ市民の特権を認められたことで、ローマ共和国は完全に破滅した。	admission|認めること|noun|the action or process of admitting someone or something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	Roman citizen|ローマ市民|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman state	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
It was no longer possible to distinguish between who was, and who was not, a Roman citizen.	もはや誰がローマ市民で誰がそうでないかを区別することは不可能だった。	be no longer possible|もはや不可能である|verb|not be possible anymore	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	Roman citizen|ローマ市民|noun|a citizen of the ancient Roman state
No tribe could know its own members.	どの部族も自分の部族員を知ることができなかった。	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information
A rabble of any kind could be introduced into the assemblies of the people, could drive out the real citizens, and decide upon the affairs of the republic, as if they themselves had been such.	どんな種類の暴徒でも人民議会に導入され、真の市民を追い出し、自分たちがそうであるかのように共和国の事務を決定することができた。	rabble|暴徒|noun|a disorderly crowd	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who have come together for a purpose	people|人民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	drive out|追い出す|verb|force to leave	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a city or town	decide|決定する|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	affair|事務|noun|a matter or concern	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
But though America were to send fifty or sixty new representatives to parliament, the door-keeper of the house of commons could not find any great difficulty in distinguishing between who was and who was not a member.	しかし、アメリカが50人か60人の新しい代表を議会に送ったとしても、下院の門番は誰が議員で誰が議員でないかを区別するのに大きな困難を感じることはなかった。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	fifty or sixty|50人か60人|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and ten	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	representative|代表|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	house of commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	door-keeper|門番|noun|a person who guards a door	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different
Though the Roman constitution, therefore, was necessarily ruined by the union of Rome with the allied states of Italy, there is not the least probability that the British constitution would be hurt by the union of Great Britain with her colonies.	したがって、ローマの憲法は、ローマとイタリアの同盟国の連合によって必然的に破壊されたが、イギリスの憲法がイギリスとその植民地の連合によって損なわれる可能性はほとんどない。	Roman constitution|ローマの憲法|noun|the constitution of ancient Rome	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	ruined|破壊された|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	British constitution|イギリスの憲法|noun|the constitution of the United Kingdom	hurt|損なわれる|verb|cause damage to	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
That constitution, on the contrary, would be completed by it, and seems to be imperfect without it.	それどころか、その憲法はそれによって完成され、それがなければ不完全であるように思われる。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite; rather	be completed|完成される|verb|be finished; be done	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
The assembly which deliberates and decides concerning the affairs of every part of the empire, in order to be properly informed, ought certainly to have representatives from every part of it.	帝国のあらゆる部分の事務について審議し決定する議会は、適切な情報を得るために、確かにそのあらゆる部分から代表者を招集するべきである。	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws	deliberate|審議する|verb|think carefully about something	decide|決定する|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts of something	affair|事務|noun|a matter of public concern	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or suitable manner	inform|知らせる|verb|give information to	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is chosen to act or speak for another person or group	ought|するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	have|招集する|verb|possess, own, or hold
That this union, however, could be easily effectuated, or that difficulties, and great difficulties, might not occur in the execution, I do not pretend.	しかし、この連合が簡単に実現できるとか、その実施に困難や大きな困難が生じないなどとは、私は主張しない。	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	effectuate|実現する|verb|to cause to happen; bring about	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	execution|実施|noun|the carrying out or putting into effect of a plan, order, or course of action	pretend|主張する|verb|to claim to be or do something that you are not or cannot do
I have yet heard of none, however, which appear insurmountable.	しかし、私はまだ乗り越えられないような困難は聞いたことがない。	have yet heard of|聞いたことがない|verb|have not heard of	none|なし|pronoun|not any	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	appear|思われる|verb|seem	insurmountable|乗り越えられないような|adjective|too great or extreme to be overcome
The principal, perhaps, arise, not from the nature of things, but from the prejudices and opinions of the people, both on this and on the other side of the Atlantic.	主な困難は、おそらく物事の性質からではなく、大西洋のこちら側と向こう側の両方の人々の偏見や意見から生じている。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	on this|こちら側|preposition|on the side of the speaker	on the other side|向こう側|preposition|on the side opposite to the speaker	Atlantic|大西洋|noun|the 2nd largest ocean; separates Europe and Africa from North and South America

We on this side the water are afraid lest the multitude of American representatives should overturn the balance of the constitution, and increase too much either the influence of the crown on the one hand, or the force of the democracy on the other.	海のこちら側にいる我々は、アメリカの代表者の多数が憲法のバランスを覆し、一方では王冠の影響力を、他方では民主主義の力を過度に増大させてしまうのではないかと恐れている。	this side|こちら側|noun|the side that is closer to the speaker	water|海|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its people or language or culture	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	overturn|覆す|verb|cause to change from one state to its opposite	balance|バランス|noun|a state of equilibrium	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear
But if the number of American representatives were to be in proportion to the produce of American taxation, the number of people to be managed would increase exactly in proportion to the means of managing them, and the means of managing to the number of people to be managed.	しかし、アメリカの代表者の数がアメリカの課税の産物に比例するならば、管理されるべき人々の数は、彼らを管理する手段に正確に比例して増加し、管理されるべき人々の数に対する管理手段も増加するだろう。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its people	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
The monarchical and democratical parts of the constitution would, after the union, stand exactly in the same degree of relative force with regard to one another as they had done before.	憲法の君主制と民主制の部分は、連合後も、以前と同じように互いに対して相対的な力の程度が全く同じになるだろう。	monarchical|君主制|adjective|of or relating to a monarch or monarchy	democratical|民主制|adjective|of or relating to democracy	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	stand|なる|verb|be in a specified state or condition	exactly|全く|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	relative|相対的な|adjective|existing or having a specified relationship in comparison to something else	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	regard|に対して|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	one another|互い|pronoun|each other	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously

The people on the other side of the water are afraid lest their distance from the seat of government might expose them to many oppressions;	海の向こう側の人々は、政府の所在地から遠く離れているために、多くの抑圧にさらされるのではないかと恐れている。	the other side|向こう側|noun|the opposite side	water|海|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	be afraid|恐れている|verb|be scared or frightened	lest|ために|conjunction|for fear that	distance|遠く離れている|noun|the space between two points	seat|所在地|noun|a place where someone or something is located	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	expose|さらされる|verb|make (something) visible, accessible, or known	oppression|抑圧|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control
but their representatives in parliament, of which the number ought from the first to be considerable, would easily be able to protect them from all oppression.	しかし、議会における彼らの代表者は、その数は最初からかなりのものであるべきだが、彼らをあらゆる抑圧から容易に守ることができるだろう。	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	representative|代表者|noun|a person who is a member of a legislative body	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
The distance could not much weaken the dependency of the representative upon the constituent, and the former would still feel that he owed his seat in parliament, and all the consequence which he derived from it, to the good-will of the latter.	距離は、代表者の有権者への依存をあまり弱めることはできず、前者は依然として、議会の議席と、そこから得られるすべての結果を、後者の善意に負っていることを感じるだろう。	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	weaken|弱める|verb|make or become weaker	dependency|依存|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like	representative|代表者|noun|a person who represents another person or a group of people	constituent|有権者|noun|a member of a constituency	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	owe|負う|verb|have a debt to (someone)	seat|議席|noun|a place where someone may sit	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things mentioned
It would be the interest of the former, therefore, to cultivate that good-will, by complaining, with all the authority of a member of the legislature, of every outrage which any civil or military officer might be guilty of in those remote parts of the empire.	したがって、前者の利益は、立法府の一員としてのすべての権限をもって、帝国の遠隔地で文官や武官が犯したあらゆる暴行を訴えることによって、その善意を育むことであろう。	cultivate|育む|verb|to grow or produce	good-will|善意|noun|a friendly, helpful, or cooperative attitude	complain|訴える|verb|to express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	outrage|暴行|noun|an act of violence or other violation of the law	civil|文官|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|武官|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority, especially in the armed forces	guilty|犯した|adjective|having committed a specified or implied offense	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler
The distance of America from the seat of government, besides, the natives of that country might flatter themselves, with some appearance of reason too, would not be of very long continuance.	そのうえ、アメリカが政府の所在地から遠く離れていることは、その国の原住民が、ある程度の理由をつけて、あまり長く続かないだろうと自らを喜ばせているかもしれない。	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	seat|所在地|noun|a place where someone or something is located	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	flatter|喜ばせる|verb|to praise or compliment someone excessively	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing or being continued
Such has hitherto been the rapid progress of that country in wealth, population, and improvement, that in the course of little more than a century, perhaps, the produce of the American might exceed that of the British taxation.	これまでのところ、その国の富、人口、改善の急速な進歩は、1世紀余りの間に、おそらくアメリカの産物がイギリスの課税の産物を超えるかもしれないほどである。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|up to this time; until now	rapid|急速な|adjective|very fast or quick	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	course|間に|noun|the route or direction followed by a ship, aircraft, road, or river	century|世紀|noun|a period of one hundred years	exceed|超える|verb|be greater or better than
The seat of the empire would then naturally remove itself to that part of the empire which contributed most to the general defence and support of the whole.	そうすれば、帝国の所在地は、当然のことながら、帝国全体の防衛と支援に最も貢献した帝国の一部に移ることになる。	seat|所在地|noun|the place where something is located	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	remove|移る|verb|move from one place to another	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	support|支援|noun|the action of giving assistance to someone or something

The discovery of America, and that of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind.	アメリカの発見と喜望峰を経由した東インドへの航路の発見は、人類の歴史に記録された二つの最も偉大で重要な出来事である。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively
Their consequences have already been great;	その結果はすでに大きく、	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
but, in the short period of between two and three centuries which has elapsed since these discoveries were made, it is impossible that the whole extent of their consequences can have been seen.	しかし、これらの発見がなされてから二、三世紀という短い期間では、その結果の全容を見ることは不可能である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in the short period of|短い期間に|noun phrase|in a short period of time	between two and three centuries|二、三世紀|noun phrase|between two and three hundred years	which has elapsed|経過した|relative clause|that has passed	since|以来|preposition|in the time following	these discoveries|これらの発見|noun phrase|these acts of discovering something	were made|なされた|passive voice|were done	it is impossible that|不可能である|noun phrase|it is not possible that	the whole extent of|全容|noun phrase|the entire scope of	their consequences|その結果|noun phrase|the results of their actions	can have been seen|見ることができた|verb phrase|was able to be seen
What benefits or what misfortunes to mankind may hereafter result from those great events, no human wisdom can foresee.	これらの偉大な出来事から、今後人類にどのような利益や不幸が生じるのか、人間の知恵では予測できない。	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	hereafter|今後|adverb|from now on; in the future	result|生じる|verb|be produced or caused by	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand; predict
By uniting in some measure the most distant parts of the world, by enabling them to relieve one another’s wants, to increase one another’s enjoyments, and to encourage one another’s industry, their general tendency would seem to be beneficial.	世界の最も遠い部分をある程度結びつけ、互いの欲求を満たし、互いの楽しみを増やし、互いの産業を奨励することによって、それらの一般的な傾向は有益であるように思われる。	unite|結びつける|verb|join or combine	measure|ある程度|noun|a quantity that has magnitude, extent, or degree	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	relieve|満たす|verb|alleviate or reduce	want|欲求|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	beneficial|有益である|adjective|favourable or advantageous
To the natives, however, both of the East and West Indies, all the commercial benefits which can have resulted from those events have been sunk and lost in the dreadful misfortunes which they have occasioned.	しかし、東インド諸島と西インド諸島の両方の原住民にとって、これらの出来事から生じ得るすべての商業的利益は、それらが引き起こした恐ろしい不幸の中に沈み、失われてしまった。	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	result|生じる|verb|be caused or produced by	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	sink|沈む|verb|go down below the surface of water	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	dreadful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck; an unfortunate event	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce
These misfortunes, however, seem to have arisen rather from accident than from any thing in the nature of those events themselves.	しかし、これらの不幸は、それらの出来事自体の性質にある何かからというよりは、むしろ偶然から生じたように思われる。	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	accident|偶然|noun|something that happens unexpectedly or by chance	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place
At the particular time when these discoveries were made, the superiority of force happened to be so great on the side of the Europeans, that they were enabled to commit with impunity every sort of injustice in those remote countries.	これらの発見がなされた特定の時期には、ヨーロッパ側の力の優位性がたまたま非常に大きかったため、彼らはこれらの遠い国々であらゆる種類の不正を犯しても罰せられなかった。	particular time|特定の時期|noun|a specific time	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	happen|たまたま|verb|take place by chance	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a person from Europe	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	impunity|罰せられない|noun|exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness
Hereafter, perhaps, the natives of those countries may grow stronger, or those of Europe may grow weaker;	今後、おそらくこれらの国の原住民は強くなるかもしれないし、ヨーロッパの原住民は弱くなるかもしれない。	hereafter|今後|adverb|from now on	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	grow|強くなる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	weaker|弱くなる|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking physical or mental strength
and the inhabitants of all the different quarters of the world may arrive at that equality of courage and force which, by inspiring mutual fear, can alone overawe the injustice of independent nations into some sort of respect for the rights of one another.	そして、世界のあらゆる地域の住民は、勇気と力の平等に到達するかもしれないが、それは相互の恐怖を抱かせることで、独立国の不正を畏怖させ、互いの権利をある程度尊重させることだけができる。	quarter|地域|noun|a part of a town or city having a particular character	arrive at|到達する|verb|reach a destination	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	mutual|相互の|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm	inspire|抱かせる|verb|fill with a feeling or emotion	overawe|畏怖させる|verb|fill with awe	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	respect|尊重|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something
But nothing seems more likely to establish this equality of force, than that mutual communication of knowledge, and of all sorts of improvements, which an extensive commerce from all countries to all countries naturally, or rather necessarily, carries along with it.	しかし、この力の平等を確立するうえで、あらゆる国からあらゆる国への広範な商業が自然に、あるいはむしろ必然的に伴う知識やあらゆる種類の改善の相互伝達以上に適したものはないと思われる。	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundation for	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	more likely|より適した|adjective|more probable	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, or skill that you get from experience or education	mutual|相互の|adjective|having the same relationship to each other	communication|伝達|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	rather|むしろ|adverb|more truly or accurately	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	carry|伴う|verb|take or bring with one

In the mean time, one of the principal effects of those discoveries has been, to raise the mercantile system to a degree of splendour and glory which it could never otherwise have attained to.	その間に、これらの発見の主な効果の1つは、重商主義を他の方法では決して達成できなかったほどの壮麗さと栄光にまで高めることだった。	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|during the intervening period	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	raise|高める|verb|move something to a higher position	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is unchangeable	splendour|壮麗|noun|magnificence and grandeur	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honour won by notable achievements	otherwise|他の方法では|adverb|in a different way	attain|達成する|verb|succeed in doing or gaining something
It is the object of that system to enrich a great nation, rather by trade and manufactures than by the improvement and cultivation of land, rather by the industry of the towns than by that of the country.	この制度の目的は、土地の改良や耕作よりも貿易や製造業によって、また農村の産業よりも都市の産業によって、大国を豊かにすることである。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	enrich|豊かにする|verb|make rich or richer	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
But in consequence of those discoveries, the commercial towns of Europe, instead of being the manufacturers and carriers for but a very small part of the world (that part of Europe which is washed by the Atlantic ocean, and the countries which lie round the Baltic and Mediterranean seas), have now become the manufacturers for the numerous and thriving cultivators of America, and the carriers, and in some respects the manufacturers too, for almost all the different nations of Asia, Africa, and America.	しかし、これらの発見の結果、ヨーロッパの商業都市は、世界のごく一部(大西洋に面したヨーロッパの一部とバルト海と地中海を取り囲む国々)の製造業者や運送業者ではなく、アメリカの多数の繁栄する耕作者のための製造業者となり、アジア、アフリカ、アメリカのほとんどすべての国々のための運送業者、そしてある意味製造業者にもなった。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	commercial|商業|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	Atlantic|大西洋|noun|the 2nd largest of the world's oceans	ocean|海|noun|a large expanse of sea	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Baltic|バルト海|noun|a sea in northern Europe	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a sea that lies between Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia	America|アメリカ|noun|a land mass in the western hemisphere that is often considered a continent in its own right as well as a part of North America	numerous|多数の|adjective|great in number; many	thriving|繁栄する|adjective|flourishing or prospering	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia	America|アメリカ|noun|a land mass in the western hemisphere that is often considered a continent in its own right as well as a part of North America
Two new worlds have been opened to their industry, each of them much greater and more extensive than the old one, and the market of one of them growing still greater and greater every day.	2つの新しい世界が彼らの産業に開かれ、それぞれが古い世界よりもはるかに大きく広大で、そのうちの1つの市場は日々ますます大きくなっている。	two|2つの|numeral|one more than one	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having come into existence	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	open|開かれる|verb|move a door or window so as to leave a space allowing access and vision	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	each|それぞれ|determiner|every one of two or more people or things	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	one|1つの|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	grow|大きくなる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time

The countries which possess the colonies of America, and which trade directly to the East Indies, enjoy indeed the whole show and splendour of this great commerce.	アメリカの植民地を所有し、東インド諸島と直接貿易を行っている国々は、確かにこの偉大な商業の全貌と壮麗さを楽しんでいる。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	enjoy|楽しむ|verb|take delight or pleasure in	whole|全貌|noun|all of something	splendour|壮麗さ|noun|the state or quality of being splendid; magnificence
Other countries, however, notwithstanding all the invidious restraints by which it is meant to exclude them, frequently enjoy a greater share of the real benefit of it.	しかし、他の国々は、それらを排除することを意図したあらゆる不当な制約にもかかわらず、しばしばその真の利益のより大きな部分を享受している。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	all|あらゆる|determiner|the whole amount of	invidious|不当な|adjective|causing resentment or anger	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out	mean|意図する|verb|intend	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger; bigger	share|部分|noun|a portion of something	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit
The colonies of Spain and Portugal, for example, give more real encouragement to the industry of other countries than to that of Spain and Portugal.	例えば、スペインとポルトガルの植民地は、スペインとポルトガルの産業よりも他の国の産業をより真に奨励している。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
In the single article of linen alone, the consumption of those colonies amounts, it is said (but I do not pretend to warrant the quantity ), to more than three millions sterling a-year.	リネンだけでも、これらの植民地の消費量は年間300万ポンド以上になるといわれている(しかし、私はその量を保証するつもりはない)。	single|単一の|adjective|only one	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	alone|だけで|adverb|without anyone or anything else	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	it is said|いわれている|verb|people say that	more than|以上|adjective|greater than	three millions|300万|noun|the number 3,000,000	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
But this great consumption is almost entirely supplied by France, Flanders, Holland, and Germany.	しかし、この大量消費は、ほとんどすべてフランス、フランドル、オランダ、ドイツによって供給されている。	great|大量の|adjective|of major significance or importance	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using a resource	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	entirely|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Flanders|フランドル|noun|a region in northern Belgium	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in central Europe
Spain and Portugal furnish but a small part of it.	スペインとポルトガルは、そのごく一部を供給しているにすぎない。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	small|ごく一部|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree
The capital which supplies the colonies with this great quantity of linen, is annually distributed among, and furnishes a revenue to, the inhabitants of those other countries.	植民地にこの大量のリネンを供給する資本は、毎年これらの他の国の住民に分配され、収入をもたらしている。	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	furnish|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
The profits of it only are spent in Spain and Portugal, where they help to support the sumptuous profusion of the merchants of Cadiz and Lisbon.	その利益だけがスペインとポルトガルで使われ、カディスとリスボンの商人の豪華な浪費を支えている。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	spend|使われる|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; the westernmost country of continental Europe	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain on the Atlantic Ocean	Lisbon|リスボン|noun|the capital and largest city of Portugal

Even the regulations by which each nation endeavours to secure to itself the exclusive trade of its own colonies, are frequently more hurtful to the countries in favour of which they are established, than to those against which they are established.	各国が自国の植民地との独占貿易を確保しようとする規制でさえ、その規制が制定された国よりも、その規制が制定された国に有利な国に害を与えることが多い。	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach securely	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	establish|制定する|verb|set up or start	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to
The unjust oppression of the industry of other countries falls back, if I may say so, upon the heads of the oppressors, and crushes their industry more than it does that of those other countries.	他の国の産業に対する不当な抑圧は、いわば抑圧者の頭上に降りかかり、他の国の産業よりも自国の産業をより強く押しつぶす。	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	fall back|降りかかる|verb|retreat or withdraw	head|頭上|noun|the upper or front part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	crush|押しつぶす|verb|reduce to a pulpy mass by applying pressure
By those regulations, for example, the merchant of Hamburg must send the linen which he destines for the American market to London, and he must bring back from thence the tobacco which he destines for the German market;	例えば、これらの規制によって、ハンブルクの商人はアメリカ市場向けのリネンをロンドンに送り、ドイツ市場向けのタバコをそこから持ち帰らなければならない。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	destine|向け|verb|intend for a particular purpose	American|アメリカ|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	bring back|持ち帰る|verb|cause to return to a previous state	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	German|ドイツ|adjective|of or relating to Germany
because he can neither send the one directly to America, nor bring the other directly from thence.	なぜなら、彼はアメリカに直接送ることも、そこから直接持ち帰ることもできないからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	bring|持ち帰る|verb|take or carry with oneself from one place to another	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place
By this restraint he is probably obliged to sell the one somewhat cheaper, and to buy the other somewhat dearer, than he otherwise might have done;	この制約によって、彼はおそらく、そうでなければできたであろうよりも、一方を多少安く売り、他方を多少高く買わざるを得ない。	by this restraint|この制約によって|noun phrase|by this restriction	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|forced or compelled to do something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	one|一方|noun|a particular thing or person	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	dearer|高く|adjective|high in price or value	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	might have done|できたであろう|verb phrase|could have done
and his profits are probably somewhat abridged by means of it.	そして、彼の利益はおそらくそれによって多少減らされる。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; a little	abridge|減らす|verb|make shorter	by means of|によって|preposition|using; with the help of
In this trade, however, between Hamburg and London, he certainly receives the returns of his capital much more quickly than he could possibly have done in the direct trade to America, even though we should suppose, what is by no means the case, that the payments of America were as punctual as those of London.	しかし、ハンブルクとロンドンの間のこの貿易では、アメリカへの直接貿易でできたであろうよりも、彼は確かにずっと早く資本の回収を受けとる。たとえ、アメリカの支払いがロンドンの支払いと同じくらい時間厳守であったとしても、決してそうではないのだが。	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	return|回収|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization makes in a particular period of time	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	direct|直接|adjective|involving no intermediary	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	punctual|時間厳守|adjective|happening or doing something at the agreed or proper time	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England
In the trade, therefore, to which those regulations confine the merchant of Hamburg, his capital can keep in constant employment a much greater quantity of German industry than he possibly could have done in the trade from which he is excluded.	したがって、これらの規制がハンブルクの商人を制限している貿易では、彼の資本は、彼が排除されている貿易でできたであろうよりも、はるかに多くのドイツ産業を常に雇用し続けることができる。	confine|制限する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	keep|保つ|verb|continue or cause to continue in a specified condition, position, course, etc.	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out; prevent from entering or being included
Though the one employment, therefore, may to him perhaps be less profitable than the other, it cannot be less advantageous to his country.	したがって、一方の雇用は、彼にとって他方よりも利益が少ないかもしれないが、彼の国にとって不利になることはない。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	profitable|利益がある|adjective|yielding a financial gain	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	less|不利になる|adjective|not as much or as many	advantageous|有利になる|adjective|to one's benefit
It is quite otherwise with the employment into which the monopoly naturally attracts, if I may say so, the capital of the London merchant.	独占が自然に引き寄せる雇用については、そう言ってもよければ、ロンドンの商人の資本とはまったく異なる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	attract|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
That employment may, perhaps, be more profitable to him than the greater part of other employments;	その雇用は、おそらく、他の雇用の大部分よりも彼にとって利益が大きいかもしれない。	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	profitable|利益が大きい|adjective|yielding a financial gain	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed
but on account of the slowness of the returns, it cannot be more advantageous to his country.	しかし、収益の遅さのために、彼の国にとってより有利になることはない。	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	slowness|遅さ|noun|the quality of being slow	return|収益|noun|the money that a company makes in a particular period of time	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

After all the unjust attempts, therefore, of every country in Europe to engross to itself the whole advantage of the trade of its own colonies, no country has yet been able to engross to itself any thing but the expense of supporting in time of peace, and of defending in time of war, the oppressive authority which it assumes over them.	したがって、ヨーロッパのすべての国が、自国の植民地の貿易の利益をすべて独占しようとする不当な試みをすべて行った後でも、平和な時期に支援し、戦争の時期に防衛するための費用以外に、植民地に対して行使する抑圧的な権限を独占することができた国は、まだ一つもない。	after all|結局|adverb|in spite of everything	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to do something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	engross|独占する|verb|occupy all of someone's attention or time	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	assume|行使する|verb|suppose to be the case, without proof
The inconveniencies resulting from the possession of its colonies, every country has engrossed to itself completely.	植民地の所有に起因する不便は、どの国も完全に独占している。	inconvenience|不便|noun|a lack of ease or comfort	result|起因する|verb|be caused or produced by	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	every|どの|adjective|each and all of a group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	engrossed|独占する|verb|occupy the whole of someone's attention or time
The advantages resulting from their trade, it has been obliged to share with many other countries.	植民地との貿易から生じる利益は、他の多くの国々と分かち合うことを余儀なくされている。	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	result|生じる|verb|be produced or caused by	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something in common with others	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

At first sight, no doubt, the monopoly of the great commerce of America naturally seems to be an acquisition of the highest value.	一見したところ、アメリカの偉大な商業の独占は、当然のことながら、最高の価値を持つ獲得物であるように思われる。	at first sight|一見したところ|adverb|when first seen	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	acquisition|獲得物|noun|something that is obtained or acquired	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest value or importance
To the undiscerning eye of giddy ambition it naturally presents itself, amidst the confused scramble of politics and war, as a very dazzling object to fight for.	目がくらむような野心の持ち主には、政治と戦争の混乱した争いのなかで、当然のことながら、戦うべき非常にまばゆい対象として映る。	undiscerning|見境のない|adjective|lacking in discernment or good judgment	giddy|目がくらむような|adjective|having a sensation of whirling or spinning	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	present|映る|verb|to give or show something to someone	confused|混乱した|adjective|being in a state of confusion	scramble|争い|noun|a struggle or competition for something	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or area	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	dazzling|まばゆい|adjective|extremely bright	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed
The dazzling splendour of the object, however, the immense greatness of the commerce, is the very quality which renders the monopoly of it hurtful, or which makes one employment, in its own nature necessarily less advantageous to the country than the greater part of other employments, absorb a much greater proportion of the capital of the country than what would otherwise have gone to it.	しかし、その対象のまばゆい輝き、つまり商業の巨大さこそが、その独占を有害なものにしている、あるいは、本質的に他のほとんどの職業よりも国にとって不利な職業に、そうでなければ投入されるよりもはるかに多くの国の資本を吸収させている性質そのものなのである。	dazzling|まばゆい|adjective|extremely bright	splendour|輝き|noun|magnificence; glory	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	immense|巨大な|adjective|extremely large or great	greatness|巨大さ|noun|the quality of being great	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	employment|職業|noun|a paid job	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; beneficial	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	gone|投入される|verb|move or travel

The mercantile stock of every country, it has been shown in the second book, naturally seeks, if one may say so, the employment most advantageous to that country.	第二篇で示したように、あらゆる国の商業資本は、いわば自然にその国にとって最も有利な用途を求める。	mercantile stock|商業資本|noun|the capital of a merchant or of a mercantile company	every country|あらゆる国|noun|all the countries in the world	second book|第二篇|noun|the second book in a series	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	seek|求める|verb|try to get or find	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; to one's benefit
If it is employed in the carrying trade, the country to which it belongs becomes the emporium of the goods of all the countries whose trade that stock carries on.	それが運送業に使われれば、その資本が属する国は、その資本が運送する貿易を行うすべての国の物資の集散地となる。	be employed in|使われれば|verb|be used for	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	become|なる|verb|come to be	emporium|集散地|noun|a large store stocking a wide range of goods	carry on|運送する|verb|continue doing something
But the owner of that stock necessarily wishes to dispose of as great a part of those goods as he can at home.	しかし、その資本の所有者は、必然的に、それらの物資のできるだけ多くの部分を自国で処分したいと望む。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	good|物資|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	as great a part of|できるだけ多くの部分|noun phrase|the largest possible amount of	at home|自国で|adverb|in one's own country
He thereby saves himself the trouble, risk, and expense of exportation;	そうすれば、輸出に伴う手間、危険、費用を省くことができる。	save|省く|verb|keep from being lost or wasted	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	risk|危険|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and he will upon that account be glad to sell them at home, not only for a much smaller price, but with somewhat a smaller profit, than he might expect to make by sending them abroad.	そのため、彼は、それらを海外に送ることで得られるであろう利益よりも、はるかに安い価格で、しかも多少利益が減ったとしても、喜んで自国で売るだろう。	upon that account|そのため|adverb|for that reason	be glad to|喜んで〜する|verb|be happy to	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	much smaller|はるかに安い|adjective|a lot less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	but|しかも|conjunction|and also	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent	smaller|減った|adjective|less	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	he might expect to make|得られるであろう利益|verb|to think that something will probably happen	by sending|送ることで|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries
He naturally, therefore, endeavours as much as he can to turn his carrying trade into a foreign trade of consumption,	したがって、彼は当然、自分の運送業を消費のための対外貿易に変えようと努力する。	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	turn|変える|verb|cause to move around an axis or center	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
If his stock, again, is employed in a foreign trade of consumption, he will, for the same reason, be glad to dispose of, at home, as great a part as he can of the home goods which he collects in order to export to some foreign market, and he will thus endeavour, as much as he can, to turn his foreign trade of consumption into a home trade.	一方、彼の資本が消費のための対外貿易に使われるなら、彼は同じ理由で、外国市場に輸出するために集めた国産品のできるだけ多くの部分を自国で処分したいと思うだろうし、そうして彼は、できるだけ自分の消費のための対外貿易を国内貿易に変えようと努力するだろう。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	same reason|同じ理由|noun|the same cause or explanation	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	home|自国|noun|the country where one lives	great part|できるだけ多くの部分|noun|a large portion	collect|集める|verb|gather together	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market in a foreign country	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
The mercantile stock of every country naturally courts in this manner the near, and shuns the distant employment: naturally courts the employment in which the returns are frequent, and shuns that in which they are distant and slow;	あらゆる国の商業資本は、このようにして、当然、近い場所での使用を望み、遠い場所での使用を避ける。当然、回収が頻繁な使用を望み、回収が遠くで遅い使用を避ける。	mercantile stock|商業資本|noun|the capital of a merchant or of a mercantile company	every country|あらゆる国|noun|all countries	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	court|望む|verb|try to win the love of	near|近い|adjective|not far away	shun|避ける|verb|keep away from	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	return|回収|noun|the act of returning	frequent|頻繁|adjective|happening often	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	slow|遅い|adjective|not fast
naturally courts the employment in which it can maintain the greatest quantity of productive labour in the country to which it belongs, or in which its owner resides, and shuns that in which it can maintain there the smallest quantity.	当然、それが属する国、あるいはその所有者が住んでいる国で、生産的労働を最大量維持できる使用を望み、そこで最小量しか維持できない使用を避ける。	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	court|望む|verb|try to win the support or favor of	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
It naturally courts the employment which in ordinary cases is most advantageous, and shuns that which in ordinary cases is least advantageous to that country.	当然、通常の場合に最も有利な使用を望み、通常の場合にその国にとって最も不利な使用を避ける。	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	court|望む|verb|try to win	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	advantageous|有利|adjective|favourable	shun|避ける|verb|keep away from or avoid	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

But if, in any one of those distant employments, which in ordinary cases are less advantageous to the country, the profit should happen to rise somewhat higher than what is sufficient to balance the natural preference which is given to nearer employments, this superiority of profit will draw stock from those nearer employments, till the profits of all return to their proper level.	しかし、通常の場合に国にとってあまり有利でない遠隔地での使用のいずれかで、利益が、より近い使用に与えられる自然な選好と釣り合うのに十分な額よりも多少高く上昇するなら、この利益の優位性は、すべての利益が適切な水準に戻るまで、より近い使用から資本を引き寄せるだろう。	distant|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in space or time	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	balance|釣り合う|verb|be equal or equivalent to	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	preference|選好|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another	nearer|より近い|adjective|closer	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better or greater than another	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move towards oneself or itself	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
This superiority of profit, however, is a proof that, in the actual circumstances of the society, those distant employments are somewhat understocked in proportion to other employments, and that the stock of the society is not distributed in the properest manner among all the different employments carried on in it.	しかし、この利益の優位性は、社会の実際の状況では、遠隔地での使用は他の使用に比べて資本が不足しており、社会の資本がその中で営まれているすべての異なる使用の間に適切な方法で分配されていないことを証明している。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better or greater than another	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	understocked|不足|adjective|having an insufficient supply of something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has available for use	properest|適切な|adjective|most suitable or appropriate	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something
It is a proof that something is either bought cheaper or sold dearer than it ought to be, and that some particular class of citizens is more or less oppressed, either by paying more, or by getting less than what is suitable to that equality which ought to take place, and which naturally does take place, among all the different classes of them.	それは、何かが本来よりも安く買われているか、高く売られていること、そして市民の特定の階級が、本来あるべき、そして実際には自然に存在する平等に適したものよりも多く支払うか、少なく受け取るかによって、多かれ少なかれ抑圧されていることを証明している。	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	dearer|高く|adjective|high in price or value	ought to be|本来|verb|should be	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	oppressed|抑圧されている|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	more|多く|adjective|greater in amount, degree, or extent	less|少なく|adjective|smaller in amount, degree, or extent	suitable|適した|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities	ought to take place|本来あるべき|verb|should happen	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	take place|存在する|verb|happen
Though the same capital never will maintain the same quantity of productive labour in a distant as in a near employment, yet a distant employment maybe as necessary for the welfare of the society as a near one;	同じ資本が、近い使用と遠い使用で同じ量の生産的労働を維持することは決してないが、遠い使用は近い使用と同じくらい社会の福祉に必要かもしれない。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	near|近い|adjective|not far away in space or time	employment|使用|noun|the condition of having paid work	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	welfare|福祉|noun|the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
the goods which the distant employment deals in being necessary, perhaps, for carrying on many of the nearer employments.	遠隔地での使用が扱う商品は、おそらく、より近い使用の多くを遂行するために必要である。	distant|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in space or time	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	deal in|扱う|verb|trade in	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	many|多く|determiner|a large number of
But if the profits of those who deal in such goods are above their proper level, those goods will be sold dearer than they ought to be, or somewhat above their natural price, and all those engaged in the nearer employments will be more or less oppressed by this high price.	しかし、そのような商品を扱う人々の利益が適正水準を上回っている場合、それらの商品は本来よりも高く、あるいは自然価格を多少上回って販売され、より近い使用に従事している人々はすべて、この高価格によって多かれ少なかれ抑圧されることになる。	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	proper|適正な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	dearer|より高く|adjective|more expensive	ought to be|本来|verb|should be	natural price|自然価格|noun|the price of a good or service in a free market	engaged in|従事している|verb|be involved in	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	oppressed|抑圧される|verb|be subjected to harsh and authoritarian treatment
Their interest, therefore, in this case, requires, that some stock should be withdrawn from those nearer employments, and turned towards that distant one, in order to reduce its profits to their proper level, and the price of the goods which it deals in to their natural price.	したがって、この場合、彼らの利益のためには、その利益を適正水準にまで引き下げ、扱う商品の価格を自然価格にまで引き下げるために、より近い使用からある程度の資本を引き上げ、遠い使用に向ける必要がある。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	turn|向ける|verb|change direction	profit|利益|noun|financial gain	proper|適正な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	level|水準|noun|a standard or grade	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature
In this extraordinary case, the public interest requires that some stock should be withdrawn from those employments which, in ordinary cases, are more advantageous, and turned towards one which, in ordinary cases, is less advantageous to the public;	この異常な場合には、公益のためには、通常の場合にはより有利な使用からある程度の資本を引き上げ、通常の場合には公衆にとってあまり有利ではない使用に向ける必要がある。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	public interest|公益|noun|the well-being of the general public	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	employment|使用|noun|the state of being employed	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	turn|向ける|verb|change direction	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
and, in this extraordinary case, the natural interests and inclinations of men coincide as exactly with the public interests as in all other ordinary cases, and lead them to withdraw stock from the near, and to turn it towards the distant employments.	そして、この異常な場合には、人間の自然な利益と傾向は、他のすべての通常の場合と同様に、公益と正確に一致し、彼らが近くから資本を引き上げ、遠くの使用に向けるように導く。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	inclination|傾向|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	coincide|一致する|verb|occur at the same time	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or exact	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	lead|導く|verb|cause (someone or something) to go in a particular direction	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take (something) back or away from a place	turn|向ける|verb|change direction, position, or course

It is thus that the private interests and passions of individuals naturally dispose them to turn their stock towards the employments which in ordinary cases, are most advantageous to the society.	このように、個人の私利私欲や情熱は、通常の場合、社会にとって最も有利な用途に資本を向けるように自然に配置される。	private interest|私利私欲|noun|the interest of an individual or group of individuals	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|配置する|verb|arrange or place in a particular way	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	ordinary case|通常の場合|noun|a case that is not unusual or special	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable or beneficial
But if from this natural preference they should turn too much of it towards those employments, the fall of profit in them, and the rise of it in all others, immediately dispose them to alter this faulty distribution.	しかし、この自然な選好から、彼らがあまりにも多くの資本をそうした用途に向けると、それらの用途での利潤の低下と、他のすべての用途での利潤の上昇が、すぐにこの誤った配分を変更するように彼らを配置する。	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	preference|選好|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	turn|向ける|verb|change direction	too much|あまりにも多くの|adverb|more than is usual, expected, or necessary	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	fall|低下|noun|a decrease in the amount, value, or quality of something	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the amount, value, or quality of something	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	dispose|配置する|verb|arrange or position	faulty|誤った|adjective|having a defect or weakness	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients
Without any intervention of law, therefore, the private interests and passions of men naturally lead them to divide and distribute the stock of every society among all the different employments carried on in it;	したがって、法律の介入なしに、人間の私利私欲や情熱は、自然に彼らをあらゆる社会の資本をその中で営まれているあらゆる異なる用途に分割し、分配するように導く。	intervention|介入|noun|the action of intervening	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	private|私利私欲|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about doing something	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	lead|導く|verb|be in charge or command of	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	employment|用途|noun|the state of having paid work
as nearly as possible in the proportion which is most agreeable to the interest of the whole society.	できるだけ社会全体の利益に最も適合する割合で。	as nearly as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	in the proportion|割合で|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	most agreeable|最も適合する|adjective|most pleasant or attractive	the interest of the whole society|社会全体の利益|noun|the benefit or advantage of the whole society

All the different regulations of the mercantile system necessarily derange more or less this natural and most advantageous distribution of stock.	重商主義のあらゆる異なる規制は、必然的にこの自然で最も有利な資本の分配を多かれ少なかれ狂わせる。	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase the wealth of the nation by encouraging exports and limiting imports	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	derange|狂わせる|verb|make insane	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has and uses to make a profit
But those which concern the trade to America and the East Indies derange it, perhaps, more than any other;	しかし、アメリカや東インド諸島との貿易に関する規制は、おそらく他のどの規制よりもそれを狂わせる。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	derange|狂わせる|verb|make insane	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different
because the trade to those two great continents absorbs a greater quantity of stock than any two other branches of trade.	なぜなら、この二つの大陸との貿易は、他のどの二つの貿易部門よりも多くの資本を吸収するからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization
The regulations, however, by which this derangement is effected in those two different branches of trade, are not altogether the same.	しかし、この二つの異なる貿易部門でこの混乱をもたらす規制は、まったく同じではない。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	derangement|混乱|noun|a state of disorder or confusion	effect|もたらす|verb|cause to happen; bring about	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally
Monopoly is the great engine of both;	独占は両者の大きな原動力である。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	engine|原動力|noun|a machine that provides power for a vehicle or other device
but it is a different sort of monopoly.	しかし、それは異なる種類の独占である。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
Monopoly of one kind or another, indeed, seems to be the sole engine of the mercantile system.	実際、何らかの独占は、重商主義の唯一の原動力であるように思われる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	one kind or another|何らかの|noun|some kind or another	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	engine|原動力|noun|a machine that provides power for a vehicle or other device	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government seeks to maximize the nation's trade surplus

In the trade to America, every nation endeavours to engross as much as possible the whole market of its own colonies, by fairly excluding all other nations from any direct trade to them.	アメリカ貿易では、どの国も、他のすべての国を自国の植民地との直接貿易から公正に排除することで、自国の植民地の市場全体を可能な限り独占しようと努力している。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	as much as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	fairly|公正に|adverb|justly or impartially	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out; prevent from entering	direct|直接|adjective|extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping
During the greater part of the sixteenth century, the Portuguese endeavoured to manage the trade to the East Indies in the same manner, by claiming the sole right of sailing in the Indian seas, on account of the merit of having first found out the road to them.	16世紀の大部分にわたって、ポルトガル人は、東インドへの道を最初に発見した功績を理由に、インド洋を航海する独占権を主張することで、東インドとの貿易を同じように管理しようと努力した。	During the greater part of|大部分にわたって|preposition|for most of	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia	same manner|同じように|noun|in the same way	claiming|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	sole right|独占権|noun|the exclusive right to do something	sailing|航海|noun|the activity of travelling by ship	Indian seas|インド洋|noun|the body of water between India and Africa	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	find out|発見する|verb|discover or notice something	road|道|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport
The Dutch still continue to exclude all other European nations from any direct trade to their spice islands.	オランダは、今でも他のヨーロッパ諸国を香辛料諸島との直接貿易から排除し続けている。	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the official language of the Netherlands	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from entering or being included	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	direct|直接|adjective|without an intermediary	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Monopolies of this kind are evidently established against all other European nations, who are thereby not only excluded from a trade to which it might be convenient for them to turn some part of their stock, but are obliged to buy the goods which that trade deals in, somewhat dearer than if they could import them themselves directly from the countries which produced them.	この種の独占は、明らかに他のすべてのヨーロッパ諸国に対して確立されており、それによって、彼らが株の一部を回すのに都合の良い貿易から排除されるだけでなく、その貿易が扱う商品を、生産国から直接輸入できる場合よりもやや高額で購入する義務を負うことになる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	exclude|排除する|verb|to shut or keep out	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials	turn|回す|verb|to change direction, position, or course	deal in|扱う|verb|to be involved in the buying and selling of	import|輸入する|verb|to bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	produce|生産する|verb|to make or create something

But since the fall of the power of Portugal, no European nation has claimed the exclusive right of sailing in the Indian seas, of which the principal ports are now open to the ships of all European nations.	しかし、ポルトガルの権力の衰退以来、ヨーロッパのどの国もインド洋を航海する独占権を主張しておらず、現在では主要な港がすべてのヨーロッパ諸国の船に開放されている。	fall|衰退|noun|a decrease in the amount, value, or quality of something	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, southwestern Europe	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	claim|主張する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	sail|航海する|verb|travel by ship	Indian|インドの|adjective|of or relating to India or its people	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	open|開放されている|adjective|allowing access, passage, or a view through an empty space; not closed or blocked	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel
Except in Portugal, however, and within these few years in France, the trade to the East Indies has, in every European country, been subjected to an exclusive company.	しかし、ポルトガルを除いて、そしてここ数年フランスでは、東インドとの貿易は、すべてのヨーロッパ諸国で、独占会社に従属させられている。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	within|以内|preposition|inside; not beyond	these few years|ここ数年|noun|the last few years	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the buying and selling of goods and services	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	European country|ヨーロッパ諸国|noun|a country in Europe	subjected to|従属させられている|verb|be under the control of	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to sell a particular product or service
Monopolies of this kind are properly established against the very nation which erects them.	この種の独占は、それを打ち立てた国に対して適切に確立されている。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
The greater part of that nation are thereby not only excluded from a trade to which it might be convenient for them to turn some part of their stock, but are obliged to buy the goods which that trade deals in somewhat dearer than if it was open and free to all their countrymen.	その国の大部分は、それによって、彼らが株の一部を回すのに都合の良い貿易から排除されるだけでなく、その貿易が扱う商品を、すべての国民に開放され自由に輸入できる場合よりもやや高額で購入する義務を負うことになる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; in addition	excluded|排除される|verb|shut out; not included	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	turn|回す|verb|change direction	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials	obliged|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	deal|扱う|verb|be concerned with or engaged in	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent	dearer|高額で|adjective|costing a lot of money	open|開放される|verb|allow access to	free|自由に|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
Since the establishment of the English East India company, for example, the other inhabitants of England, over and above being excluded from the trade, must have paid, in the price of the East India goods which they have consumed, not only for all the extraordinary profits which the company may have made upon those goods in consequence of their monopoly, but for all the extraordinary waste which the fraud and abuse inseparable from the management of the affairs of so great a company must necessarily have occasioned.	例えば、イギリス東インド会社の設立以来、イギリスの他の住民は、貿易から排除されているだけでなく、彼らが消費した東インド商品の価格で、会社が独占の結果としてそれらの商品に対して得たすべての特別利益だけでなく、そのような大企業の業務管理に不可欠な詐欺や不正行為が必然的に引き起こしたすべての特別な無駄に対しても支払わなければならなかった。	English East India company|イギリス東インド会社|noun|a British joint-stock company	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or use up	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	waste|無駄|noun|an act or instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be something they are not	abuse|不正行為|noun|the improper use of something	inseparable|不可欠な|adjective|unable to be separated or treated separately	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	affair|業務|noun|a matter or event	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to
The absurdity of this second kind of monopoly, therefore, is much more manifest than that of the first.	したがって、この第二種の独占の不条理は、第一種の独占の不条理よりもはるかに明白である。	absurdity|不条理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a particular market	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order or importance

Both these kinds of monopolies derange more or less the natural distribution of the stock of the society;	これらの独占はどちらも、社会の資本の自然な分配を多かれ少なかれ狂わせてしまう。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	these|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	derange|狂わせる|verb|make insane	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
but they do not always derange it in the same way.	しかし、常に同じ方法で狂わせるわけでもない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	do not always|常に～するわけではない|auxiliary verb|not every time; not always	derange|狂わせる|verb|make insane	in the same way|同じ方法で|adverb|in the same manner

Monopolies of the first kind always attract to the particular trade in which they are established a greater proportion of the stock of the society than what would go to that trade of its own accord.	第一種の独占は、常に、独占が成立している特定の貿易に、社会の資本のより大きな割合を、自発的にその貿易に投入されるよりも多く引き寄せる。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; ever; continually	attract|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself, as by magnetic or gravitational force	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	establish|成立する|verb|cause to be set up or arranged	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	accord|自発的に|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute

Monopolies of the second kind may sometimes attract stock towards the particular trade in which they are established, and sometimes repel it from that trade, according to different circumstances.	第二種の独占は、状況によって、独占が成立している特定の貿易に資本を引き寄せる場合もあれば、その貿易から資本を遠ざける場合もある。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	attract|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself, as by magnetic or gravitational force	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	repel|遠ざける|verb|drive away; cause to retreat
In poor countries, they naturally attract towards that trade more stock than would otherwise go to it.	貧しい国では、独占がなければその貿易に投入されるよりも多くの資本を、独占が成立している特定の貿易に引き寄せる。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	attract|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself, as if by a magnetic force	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	otherwise|なければ|adverb|in a different way	go to|投入される|verb|be used for a particular purpose	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	attract towards|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to oneself or itself, as if by a magnetic force
In rich countries, they naturally repel from it a good deal of stock which would otherwise go to it.	豊かな国では、独占がなければその貿易に投入されるかなりの資本を、独占が成立している特定の貿易から遠ざける。	rich country|豊かな国|noun|a country with a high standard of living	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	repel|遠ざける|verb|drive away; force to retreat	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	otherwise|なければ|adverb|if not; in other circumstances	go to|投入される|verb|be given to	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

Such poor countries as Sweden and Denmark, for example, would probably have never sent a single ship to the East Indies, had not the trade been subjected to an exclusive company.	例えば、スウェーデンやデンマークのような貧しい国は、貿易が独占会社に従属していなかったら、おそらく東インドに船を一隻も送らなかっただろう。	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to or connected with a single person or group	company|会社|noun|a business organization
The establishment of such a company necessarily encourages adventurers.	そのような会社の設立は必然的に冒険者を勇気づける。	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	encourage|勇気づける|verb|give support, courage, or hope to
Their monopoly secures them against all competitors in the home market, and they have the same chance for foreign markets with the traders of other nations.	彼らの独占は、国内市場のすべての競合他社に対して彼らを守り、彼らは他の国の貿易業者と同じく海外市場への機会を持つ。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	secure|守る|verb|make safe; protect	competitor|競合他社|noun|a business rival	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a good or service within a country	foreign market|海外市場|noun|the market for a good or service outside a country	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades goods or services
Their monopoly shows them the certainty of a great profit upon a considerable quantity of goods, and the chance of a considerable profit upon a great quantity.	彼らの独占は、かなりの量の商品で大きな利益が確実に得られ、大量の商品でかなりの利益が得られる可能性があることを示している。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	show|示す|verb|to make visible or apparent	certainty|確実性|noun|the quality of being certain or inevitable	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	considerable|かなりの|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	chance|可能性|noun|the possibility of something happening
Without such extraordinary encouragement, the poor traders of such poor countries would probably never have thought of hazarding their small capitals in so very distant and uncertain an adventure as the trade to the East Indies must naturally have appeared to them.	そのような特別な奨励がなければ、そのような貧しい国の貧しい貿易業者は、東インドへの貿易が彼らにとって当然のことながら現れたに違いないので、彼らの小さな資本を非常に遠く不確かな冒険にさらすことを考えたことはなかっただろう。	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time	uncertain|不確かな|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting, typically hazardous, experience or activity	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the islands of Southeast Asia	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible or noticeable

Such a rich country as Holland, on the contrary, would probably, in the case of a free trade, send many more ships to the East Indies than it actually does.	逆に、オランダのような豊かな国は、自由貿易の場合、実際にそうしているよりもはるかに多くの船を東インドに送るだろう。	such a|そのような|determiner|of the type or kind described	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	in the case of|の場合|preposition|if	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	many more|はるかに多くの|determiner|a lot more	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	actually|実際に|adverb|as the case or situation really is
The limited stock of the Dutch East India company probably repels from that trade many great mercantile capitals which would otherwise go to it.	オランダ東インド会社の限られた株は、おそらくそうでなければその貿易に投入されるであろう多くの大きな商業資本をその貿易から遠ざけている。	Dutch East India company|オランダ東インド会社|noun|a company established in 1602	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	repel|遠ざける|verb|drive away; force to retreat	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The mercantile capital of Holland is so great, that it is, as it were, continually overflowing, sometimes into the public funds of foreign countries, sometimes into loans to private traders and adventurers of foreign countries, sometimes into the most round-about foreign trades of consumption, and sometimes into the carrying trade.	オランダの商業資本は非常に大きく、いわば絶えずあふれ、時には外国の公的資金に、時には外国の私貿易業者や冒険家への貸付に、時には最も遠回りの消費のための外国貿易に、時には運送業に流れている。	mercantile capital|商業資本|noun|capital invested in business	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	so great|非常に大きい|adjective|very large	as it were|いわば|adverb|in a way; so to speak	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	overflow|あふれる|verb|flow over the brim of	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	foreign countries|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	public funds|公的資金|noun|money belonging to the government	private traders|私貿易業者|noun|a person who trades on their own account	adventurers|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	most round-about|最も遠回りの|adjective|most indirect	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods
All near employments being completely filled up, all the capital which can be placed in them with any tolerable profit being already placed in them, the capital of Holland necessarily flows towards the most distant employments.	すべての近隣の雇用が完全に満たされ、許容できる利益を得てそこに投入できるすべての資本がすでに投入されているので、オランダの資本は必然的に最も遠い雇用に向かって流れる。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	near|近隣の|adjective|close in space or time	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	fill up|満たされる|verb|make or become full	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	flow|流れる|verb|move or cause to move easily and freely	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	distant|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time
The trade to the East Indies, if it were altogether free, would probably absorb the greater part of this redundant capital.	東インド貿易は、もし完全に自由であれば、おそらくこの余剰資本の大部分を吸収するだろう。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	redundant|余剰|adjective|not or no longer needed or useful	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The East Indies offer a market both for the manufactures of Europe, and for the gold and silver, as well as for the several other productions of America, greater and more extensive than both Europe and America put together.	東インドは、ヨーロッパの製品と金銀、そしてアメリカの他のいくつかの製品の両方にとって、ヨーロッパとアメリカを合わせたよりも大きく広範な市場を提供している。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	offer|提供する|verb|present for consideration, discussion, or use	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the continent of Europe	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area

Every derangement of the natural distribution of stock is necessarily hurtful to the society in which it takes place;	資本の自然な配分のあらゆる混乱は、それが起こる社会に必然的に有害である。	derangement|混乱|noun|a state of disorder	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	take place|起こる|verb|happen	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage
whether it be by repelling from a particular trade the stock which would otherwise go to it, or by attracting towards a particular trade that which would not otherwise come to it.	それが、特定の貿易から、そうでなければそこに流入する資本を排除することによってであれ、そうでなければそこに流入しない資本を特定の貿易に引き寄せることによってであれ。	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce a question	be|である|verb|to exist or live	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	repelling|排除する|verb|drive away; force to retreat	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	go|流入する|verb|move or travel	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	attracting|引き寄せる|verb|draw to oneself or itself	towards|に|preposition|in the direction of	that|それ|pronoun|the thing mentioned before	which|それ|pronoun|the thing mentioned before	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention or determination	not|ない|adverb|used to express negation	come|流入する|verb|move or travel
If, without any exclusive company, the trade of Holland to the East Indies would be greater than it actually is, that country must suffer a considerable loss, by part of its capital being excluded from the employment most convenient for that port.	もし、独占会社がなければ、オランダの東インド貿易は実際よりも大きくなるだろうが、その国は、その港に最も都合の良い雇用から資本の一部が排除されることによって、かなりの損失を被ることになるだろう。	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to produce or sell a particular product or service	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload
And, in the same manner, if, without an exclusive company, the trade of Sweden and Denmark to the East Indies would be less than it actually is, or, what perhaps is more probable, would not exist at all, those two countries must likewise suffer a considerable loss, by part of their capital being drawn into an employment which must be more or less unsuitable to their present circumstances.	そして、同様に、もし独占会社がなければ、スウェーデンとデンマークの東インド貿易は実際よりも小さくなるか、あるいはもっとありそうなことだが、まったく存在しなくなるだろうが、この二つの国もまた、資本の一部が現在の状況に多かれ少なかれ不適切な雇用に引き込まれることによって、かなりの損失を被ることになるだろう。	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to trade in a particular area	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia	less than|よりも小さい|preposition|not as much as	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact	more probable|もっとありそうな|adjective|more likely to happen	not exist at all|まったく存在しない|verb|not be real or present	those two countries|この二つの国|noun|the two countries mentioned	likewise|同様に|adverb|in the same way	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	considerable loss|かなりの損失|noun|a large amount of money or other valuable things that is lost	part of|一部|noun|a piece or section of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	being drawn into|引き込まれる|verb|be attracted or pulled into	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	unsuitable|不適切な|adjective|not appropriate or suitable	present circumstances|現在の状況|noun|the situation that exists now
Better for them, perhaps, in the present circumstances, to buy East India goods of other nations, even though they should pay somewhat dearer, than to turn so great a part of their small capital to so very distant a trade, in which the returns are so very slow, in which that capital can maintain so small a quantity of productive labour at home, where productive labour is so much wanted, where so little is done, and where so much is to do.	彼らにとって、おそらく、現状では、彼らのわずかな資本の大部分を、収益が非常に遅く、その資本が国内の生産労働の量を非常に少なく維持できる、非常に遠い貿易に回すよりも、多少高く支払うとしても、他の国の東インドの製品を購入する方が良いだろう。生産労働が非常に求められ、ほとんど行われておらず、多くのことが行われるべきである。	East India|東インド|noun|the eastern part of India	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	other nations|他の国|noun|a country other than one's own	present circumstances|現状|noun|the current situation	pay|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for a good or service	somewhat dearer|多少高く|adverb|to a small extent	small capital|わずかな資本|noun|a small amount of money	so great a part|大部分|noun|a large part	so very distant a trade|非常に遠い貿易|noun|a trade that is very far away	returns|収益|noun|the profit from an investment	so very slow|非常に遅い|adverb|very slowly	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	so small a quantity|非常に少ない量|noun|a very small amount	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	so much wanted|非常に求められる|verb|to be desired or required	so little is done|ほとんど行われていない|verb|to be performed or accomplished	so much is to do|多くのことが行われるべきである|verb|to be performed or accomplished

Though without an exclusive company, therefore, a particular country should not be able to carry on any direct trade to the East Indies, it will not from thence follow, that such a company ought to be established there, but only that such a country ought not, in these circumstances, to trade directly to the East Indies.	したがって、独占会社がなければ、特定の国は東インドとの直接貿易を行うことができなくなるが、そこから、そのような会社がそこに設立されるべきであるという結論には至らず、そのような国は、このような状況では、東インドと直接貿易を行うべきではないという結論に至る。	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to produce or sell a particular product or service	particular country|特定の国|noun|a specific country	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	direct trade|直接貿易|noun|trade between two countries without the involvement of a third country	follow|至る|verb|come after something in time	ought to be established|設立されるべきである|verb|should be set up	ought not|行うべきではない|verb|should not do	these circumstances|このような状況|noun|the current situation	directly|直接|adverb|without going through an intermediary
That such companies are not in general necessary for carrying on the East India trade, is sufficiently demonstrated by the experience of the Portuguese, who enjoyed almost the whole of it for more than a century together, without any exclusive company.	東インド貿易を行うためにそのような会社が一般的に必要ではないことは、独占会社なしに1世紀以上もの間、そのほとんどすべてを享受してきたポルトガル人の経験によって十分に実証されている。	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	company|会社|noun|a business organization

No private merchant, it has been said, could well have capital sufficient to maintain factors and agents in the different ports of the East Indies, in order to provide goods for the ships which he might occasionally send thither;	民間の商人は、時折そこへ送り出す船に商品を供給するために、東インドのさまざまな港に代理人や代理店を維持するのに十分な資本を持つことはできないと言われている。	private merchant|民間の商人|noun|a person who trades in commodities for a living	have been said|言われている|verb|be said	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	factor|代理人|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	agent|代理店|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	provide|供給する|verb|make available for use; supply	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	send|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of
and yet, unless he was able to do this, the difficulty of finding a cargo might frequently make his ships lose the season for returning;	それでも、彼がこれを行うことができなければ、貨物を見つけるのが困難なために、彼の船は帰りの季節を失うかもしれない。	and yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so	unless|～でなければ|conjunction|except if; if not	be able to|できる|verb|have the ability to	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	difficulty|困難|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	make|作る|verb|cause to happen or exist	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	season|季節|noun|one of the four divisions of the year
and the expense of so long a delay would not only eat up the whole profit of the adventure, but frequently occasion a very considerable loss.	そして、それだけ長い遅延の費用は、冒険の利益をすべて食いつぶすだけでなく、しばしば非常に大きな損失をもたらす。	so long|それだけ長い|adverb|for a long time	delay|遅延|noun|the action of delaying or the state of being delayed	expense|費用|noun|the cost incurred in making or doing something	eat up|食いつぶす|verb|consume all of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting, typically hazardous, experience or activity	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	occasion|もたらす|verb|be the cause of or reason for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
This argument, however, if it proved any thing at all, would prove that no one great branch of trade could be carried on without an exclusive company, which is contrary to the experience of all nations.	しかし、この議論は、もし何かを証明するとすれば、独占会社なしには貿易の大きな分野はどれも行えないことを証明することになるが、これはすべての国の経験に反している。	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	prove|証明する|verb|to show that something is true or correct	thing|事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|not shared with others	company|会社|noun|a business organization	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or direction	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events
There is no great branch of trade, in which the capital of any one private merchant is sufficient for carrying on all the subordinate branches which must be carried on, in order to carry on the principal one.	貿易の主要な分野において、主要な分野を営むために営まなければならないすべての従属的な分野を営むのに、一人の民間商人の資本で十分な分野はない。	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	great|主要な|adjective|of major significance or importance	private|民間の|adjective|not owned or controlled by the government	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	subordinate|従属的な|adjective|lower in rank or position	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main
But when a nation is ripe for any great branch of trade, some merchants naturally turn their capitals towards the principal, and some towards the subordinate branches of it;	しかし、一国が貿易の主要な分野に熟したとき、一部の商人は当然、主要な分野に資本を向け、一部の商人は従属的な分野に資本を向ける。	nation|一国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	ripe|熟した|adjective|(of fruit or grain) ready to be eaten or harvested	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	subordinate|従属的な|adjective|lower in rank or importance
and though all the different branches of it are in this manner carried on, yet it very seldom happens that they are all carried on by the capital of one private merchant.	そして、そのすべての異なる分野がこのようにして営まれているが、それらがすべて一人の民間商人の資本によって営まれていることはめったにない。	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	private|民間|adjective|belonging to or for the use of an individual or group of individuals rather than the public or the state	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
If a nation, therefore, is ripe for the East India trade, a certain portion of its capital will naturally divide itself among all the different branches of that trade.	したがって、一国が東インド貿易に熟したならば、その資本の一定部分は、当然、その貿易のすべての異なる分野に分割される。	nation|一国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	ripe|熟した|adjective|ready to be eaten	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	branch|分野|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk
Some of its merchants will find it for their interest to reside in the East Indies, and to employ their capitals there in providing goods for the ships which are to be sent out by other merchants who reside in Europe.	その商人の一部は、東インドに住み、ヨーロッパに住む他の商人によって送り出される船に商品を提供するのにそこで資本を投入することが自分たちの利益になると考える。	some|一部|noun|an unspecified number or amount	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia	employ|投入する|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	send out|送り出す|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; dispatch	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The settlements which different European nations have obtained in the East Indies, if they were taken from the exclusive companies to which they at present belong, and put under the immediate protection of the sovereign, would render this residence both safe and easy, at least to the merchants of the particular nations to whom those settlements belong.	東インドでヨーロッパのさまざまな国が獲得した居留地は、もし現在属している独占会社から取り上げられて、君主の直接の保護下に置かれたなら、少なくともそれらの居留地が属する特定の国の商人にとって、この居住を安全で容易なものにするだろう。	settlement|居留地|noun|a place where people have settled	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	obtain|獲得する|verb|get, acquire, or secure	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to produce or sell a particular product or service	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	safe|安全な|adjective|free from danger or risk	easy|容易な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort
If, at any particular time, that part of the capital of any country which of its own accord tended and inclined, if I may say so, towards the East India trade, was not sufficient for carrying on all those different branches of it, it would be a proof that, at that particular time, that country was not ripe for that trade, and that it would do better to buy for some time, even at a higher price, from other European nations, the East India goods it had occasion for, than to import them itself directly from the East Indies.	もし、ある特定の時期に、ある国の資本のうち、自発的に東インド貿易に向かう傾向にある部分が、そのすべての異なる分野を営むのに十分でなかったとしたら、それはその特定の時期に、その国がその貿易に熟していないことの証拠であり、しばらくの間は、必要とする東インドの品物を、他のヨーロッパ諸国から、たとえ高値であっても買う方が、東インドから直接輸入するよりも得策である。	at any particular time|ある特定の時期に|adverb|at a specific time	of its own accord|自発的に|adverb|without being asked or forced	tend|傾向がある|verb|be likely to behave in a particular manner	incline|傾く|verb|move or cause to move at an angle	East India trade|東インド貿易|noun|trade between the East Indies and other countries	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	different branch|異なる分野|noun|a different part of a subject or area of knowledge	at that particular time|その特定の時期に|adverb|at a specific time	ripe|熟している|adjective|ready to be eaten	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	even at a higher price|たとえ高値であっても|adverb|even if the price is higher	other European nations|他のヨーロッパ諸国|noun|other countries in Europe	East India goods|東インドの品物|noun|goods from the East Indies	have occasion for|必要とする|verb|need	directly|直接|adverb|without going through an intermediary
What it might lose by the high price of those goods, could seldom be equal to the loss which it would sustain by the distraction of a large portion of its capital from other employments more necessary, or more useful, or more suitable to its circumstances and situation, than a direct trade to the East Indies.	これらの品物の高値によって失われるかもしれないものは、東インドとの直接貿易よりも、より必要、より有用、あるいはその状況や立場に適した他の用途から、資本の大部分をそらすことによって被る損失に等しくなることはめったにない。	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	high price|高値|noun|a price that is higher than average	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	distraction|そらす|noun|something that prevents someone from giving full attention to something else	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	employment|用途|noun|the state of having paid work	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	useful|有用|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	suitable|適した|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	situation|立場|noun|the state of affairs that exists	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia

Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established, in either of those countries, such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America.	ヨーロッパ人はアフリカの海岸と東インドの両方に多くの重要な居留地を持っているが、アメリカの島々や大陸にあるような多数の繁栄した植民地を、これらの国のどちらにもまだ確立していない。	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Europe	possess|持っている|verb|have as belonging to one; own	settlement|居留地|noun|a place where people have come to live	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	continent|大陸|noun|a large land mass on Earth
Africa, however, as well as several of the countries comprehended under the general name of the East Indies, is inhabited by barbarous nations.	しかし、アフリカは、東インドという総称で理解されるいくつかの国々と同様に、野蛮な国々が住んでいる。	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	comprehend|理解する|verb|grasp mentally; understand	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
But those nations were by no means so weak and defenceless as the miserable and helpless Americans; and in proportion to the natural fertility of the countries which they inhabited, they were, besides, much more populous.	しかし、これらの国々は、惨めで無力なアメリカ人ほど弱く無防備ではなかったし、住んでいる国の自然の豊かさに比例して、はるかに人口が多かった。	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	defenceless|無防備な|adjective|without protection or defence	miserable|惨めな|adjective|wretchedly unhappy or uncomfortable	helpless|無力な|adjective|lacking the power to help oneself	American|アメリカ人|noun|a citizen of the United States	in proportion to|～に比例して|preposition|in a manner that is directly related to	natural fertility|自然の豊かさ|noun|the ability of an organism to produce offspring without human intervention	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	populous|人口が多い|adjective|having a large population
The most barbarous nations either of Africa or of the East Indies, were shepherds;	アフリカや東インドの最も野蛮な国々は羊飼いだった。	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep
even the Hottentots were so.	ホッテントット族でさえそうだった。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	Hottentots|ホッテントット族|noun|a member of a pastoral people of southern Africa
But the natives of every part of America, except Mexico and Peru, were only hunters and the difference is very great between the number of shepherds and that of hunters whom the same extent of equally fertile territory can maintain.	しかし、メキシコとペルーを除くアメリカのあらゆる地域の先住民は狩人だけであり、同じ程度の肥沃な地域が維持できる羊飼いの数と狩人の数には大きな違いがある。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States	Mexico|メキシコ|noun|a country in southern North America	Peru|ペルー|noun|a country in western South America	native|先住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	hunter|狩人|noun|a person who hunts animals	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	difference|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	extent|程度|noun|the area covered by something	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many crops or much vegetation	territory|地域|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
In Africa and the East Indies, therefore, it was more difficult to displace the natives, and to extend the European plantations over the greater part of the lands of the original inhabitants.	したがって、アフリカや東インドでは、先住民を移住させ、ヨーロッパ人の農園を先住民の土地の大部分に拡大することは、より困難だった。	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	displace|移住させる|verb|move or cause to move from the usual or proper place	native|先住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Europe	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops such as coffee, sugar, or tobacco are grown
The genius of exclusive companies, besides, is unfavourable, it has already been observed, to the growth of new colonies, and has probably been the principal cause of the little progress which they have made in the East Indies.	その上、すでに述べたように、独占会社の性質は新しい植民地の成長に不利であり、おそらく東インドでほとんど進歩しなかった主な原因だった。	exclusive company|独占会社|noun|a company that has the exclusive right to trade in a particular area or with a particular country	genius|性質|noun|the special and distinctive character or qualities of a person, place, or thing	unfavourable|不利な|adjective|not favourable; adverse	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	East Indies|東インド|noun|the former name for the countries of Southeast Asia
The Portuguese carried on the trade both to Africa and the East Indies, without any exclusive companies;	ポルトガル人は、独占会社なしに、アフリカと東インドの両方と貿易を行った。	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	company|会社|noun|a business organization
and their settlements at Congo, Angola, and Benguela, on the coast of Africa, and at Goa in the East Indies though much depressed by superstition and every sort of bad government, yet bear some resemblance to the colonies of America, and are partly inhabited by Portuguese who have been established there for several generations.	アフリカ沿岸のコンゴ、アンゴラ、ベンゲラ、東インドのゴアにある彼らの居住地は、迷信やあらゆる種類の悪政によってかなり落ち込んでいるが、アメリカの植民地に多少似ており、一部には数世代にわたってそこに定住したポルトガル人が住んでいる。	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	Congo|コンゴ|noun|a republic in west central Africa	Angola|アンゴラ|noun|a republic in southwestern Africa	Benguela|ベンゲラ|noun|a city in Angola	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	Goa|ゴア|noun|a state in India	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation	bad government|悪政|noun|a government that is not good	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	several generations|数世代|noun|a number of generations
The Dutch settlements at the Cape of Good Hope and at Batavia, are at present the most considerable colonies which the Europeans have established, either in Africa or in the East Indies; and both those settlements are peculiarly fortunate in their situation.	喜望峰とバタビアのオランダ人居住地は、現在、ヨーロッパ人がアフリカや東インドに設立した最も重要な植民地であり、どちらの居住地もその立地において特に幸運である。	The Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa	Batavia|バタビア|noun|the capital of the Dutch East Indies	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	European|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Europe	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent after Asia	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	both|どちらも|determiner|the two	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	fortunate|幸運な|adjective|having or bringing good luck	situation|立地|noun|the place or position in which something is located
The Cape of Good Hope was inhabited by a race of people almost as barbarous, and quite as incapable of defending themselves, as the natives of America.	喜望峰には、アメリカ先住民とほぼ同じくらい野蛮で、自衛能力のない人種が住んでいた。	The Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa	be inhabited by|住む|verb|live in or occupy	race|人種|noun|a group of people who share similar and distinctive physical characteristics	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	native|先住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
It is, besides, the half-way house, if one may say so, between Europe and the East Indies, at which almost every European ship makes some stay, both in going and returning.	そのうえ、ヨーロッパと東インドの中間地点とも言える場所であり、ヨーロッパの船はほとんどすべて、行き帰りにそこで滞在する。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	half-way house|中間地点|noun|a place where people who have been in prison or in a mental hospital can live and be helped to return to normal life	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	every|すべて|determiner|each and all of a group	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	make|滞在する|verb|cause to be or become	some|いくらか|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	stay|滞在|noun|a period of residence in a place	both|行き帰り|conjunction|used before the first of two words or phrases joined by and to indicate that they are to be considered together
The supplying of those ships with every sort of fresh provisions, with fruit, and sometimes with wine, affords alone a very extensive market for the surplus produce of the colonies.	これらの船にあらゆる種類の新鮮な食料、果物、時にはワインを供給することは、植民地の余剰生産物にとって非常に広大な市場を提供する。	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with	fresh|新鮮な|adjective|recently produced or harvested	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	fruit|果物|noun|the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or provide	alone|単独で|adverb|without any other people or things	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
What the Cape of Good Hope is between Europe and every part of the East Indies, Batavia is between the principal countries of the East Indies.	喜望峰がヨーロッパと東インドのあらゆる地域の間にあるように、バタビアは東インドの主要国の間にある。	Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	Batavia|バタビア|noun|the capital of the Dutch East Indies	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main
It lies upon the most frequented road from Indostan to China and Japan, and is nearly about mid-way upon that road.	インドから中国や日本への最も頻繁に利用される道沿いにあり、その道のほぼ中間にある。	lie|ある|verb|be in a certain place or position	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Japan|日本|noun|a country in East Asia	road|道|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport
Almost all the ships too, that sail between Europe and China, touch at Batavia; and it is, over and above all this, the centre and principal mart of what is called the country trade of the East Indies; not only of that part of it which is carried on by Europeans, but of that which is carried on by the native Indians; and vessels navigated by the inhabitants of China and Japan, of Tonquin, Malacca, Cochin-China, and the island of Celebes, are frequently to be seen in its port.	ヨーロッパと中国の間を航行する船もほとんどすべてバタビアに寄港するし、それ以上に、東インドのいわゆる国産品貿易の中心であり、主要な市場である。ヨーロッパ人によって行われている部分だけでなく、インド人によって行われている部分も含めてである。そして、中国や日本、トンキン、マラッカ、コーチシナ、セレベス島の住民が操縦する船が、その港に頻繁に見られるのだ。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Batavia|バタビア|noun|the capital of the Dutch East Indies	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	Europeans|ヨーロッパ人|noun|a person from Europe	Indians|インド人|noun|a person from India	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Japan|日本|noun|a country in East Asia	Tonquin|トンキン|noun|a region in northern Vietnam	Malacca|マラッカ|noun|a city in Malaysia	Cochin-China|コーチシナ|noun|a region in southern Vietnam	Celebes|セレベス|noun|an island in Indonesia	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times
Such advantageous situations have enabled those two colonies to surmount all the obstacles which the oppressive genius of an exclusive company may have occasionally opposed to their growth.	このような有利な状況により、この二つの植民地は、独占会社の抑圧的な天才が時折その成長に反対したかもしれないあらゆる障害を乗り越えることができた。	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favorable	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	surmount|乗り越える|verb|overcome	obstacle|障害|noun|something that obstructs or hinders	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	oppose|反対する|verb|be against	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size
They have enabled Batavia to surmount the additional disadvantage of perhaps the most unwholesome climate in the world.	バタビアは、おそらく世界で最も不健康な気候というさらなる不利な条件を乗り越えることができた。	Batavia|バタビア|noun|the capital of the Dutch East Indies	surmount|乗り越える|verb|overcome (a difficulty or obstacle)	disadvantage|不利な条件|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	climate|気候|noun|the weather averaged over a period of time

The English and Dutch companies, though they have established no considerable colonies, except the two above mentioned, have both made considerable conquests in the East Indies.	イギリスとオランダの会社は、上記の二つを除いて、大した植民地を建設しなかったが、どちらも東インドでかなりの征服を行った。	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	Dutch|オランダ|noun|the language of the Netherlands	company|会社|noun|a business organization	establish|建設する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the text	mention|述べる|verb|to refer to something briefly	East Indies|東インド|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force
But in the manner in which they both govern their new subjects, the natural genius of an exclusive company has shewn itself most distinctly.	しかし、両社とも新しい臣民を統治する方法において、独占会社の天才性が最もはっきりと現れている。	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	govern|統治する|verb|rule over	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|not shared with others	company|会社|noun|a business organization
In the spice islands, the Dutch are said to burn all the spiceries which a fertile season produces, beyond what they expect to dispose of in Europe with such a profit as they think sufficient.	香辛料諸島では、オランダ人は豊作の季節に生産される香辛料のうち、ヨーロッパで十分な利益を得て処分できると期待する量を超えた分をすべて焼却していると言われている。	spice island|香辛料諸島|noun|a group of islands in the Moluccas	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a person from the Netherlands	burn|焼却する|verb|be on fire; be consumed by fire	fertile season|豊作の季節|noun|a time of year when crops grow well	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	beyond|超えた|preposition|on or to the farther side of	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion about something	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required
In the islands where they have no settlements, they give a premium to those who collect the young blossoms and green leaves of the clove and nutmeg trees, which naturally grow there, but which this savage policy has now, it is said, almost completely extirpated.	彼らが定住していない島では、クローブやナツメグの木の若い花や緑の葉を集めた人に報奨金を与えているが、これらの木は自然に生育しているが、この野蛮な政策によって今ではほとんど完全に根絶されていると言われている。	settlement|定住地|noun|a place where people live	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	give a premium|報奨金を与える|verb|give a reward	collect|集める|verb|gather together	young blossom|若い花|noun|a flower that has not yet fully developed	green leaf|緑の葉|noun|a leaf that is green in color	clove|クローブ|noun|a type of spice	nutmeg|ナツメグ|noun|a type of spice	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural way	grow|生育する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	savage|野蛮な|adjective|fierce, violent, and uncontrolled	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	now|今では|adverb|at the present time	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	completely|完全に|adverb|totally	extirpate|根絶する|verb|to destroy or remove completely
Even in the islands where they have settlements, they have very much reduced, it is said, the number of those trees.	彼らが定住している島々でさえ、それらの木の数を非常に減らしていると言われている。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than; also	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	very much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more than one
If the produce even of their own islands was much greater than what suited their market, the natives, they suspect, might find means to convey some part of it to other nations;	彼らは、自分たちの島の産物でさえ、市場に適したものよりもはるかに多ければ、原住民はその一部を他の国に運ぶ手段を見つけるかもしれないと疑っている。	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	convey|運ぶ|verb|transport or carry	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and the best way, they imagine, to secure their own monopoly, is to take care that no more shall grow than what they themselves carry to market.	そして、彼らは、自分たちの独占を確保するための最善の方法は、自分たちが市場に運ぶもの以上に成長しないように注意することだと考えている。	best|最善の|adjective|of the highest quality, excellence, or standing	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach securely	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices	take care|注意する|verb|be careful or cautious	grow|成長する|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
By different arts of oppression, they have reduced the population of several of the Moluccas nearly to the number which is sufficient to supply with fresh provisions, and other necessaries of life, their own insignificant garrisons, and such of their ships as occasionally come there for a cargo of spices.	彼らはさまざまな弾圧の術によって、モルッカ諸島のいくつかの人口を、新鮮な食料やその他の生活必需品、自分たちの取るに足らない駐屯地、そして香辛料の積み荷のために時折そこにやってくる自分たちの船に供給するのに十分な数まで減らしてしまった。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	art|術|noun|a skill at doing something	oppression|弾圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	Moluccas|モルッカ諸島|noun|an archipelago in Indonesia	nearly|まで|adverb|almost	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	fresh|新鮮な|adjective|recently produced or harvested	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	other|その他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|too small or unimportant to be worth consideration	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post where troops are stationed	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	ship|船|noun|a vessel larger than a boat for transporting people or goods by sea	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; infrequently	come|やってくる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	there|そこ|adverb|in, at, or to that place	cargo|積み荷|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle
Under the government even of the Portuguese, however, those islands are said to have been tolerably well inhabited.	しかし、ポルトガル人の政府の下でさえ、これらの島々には人が住んでいたと言われている。	under the government|政府の下で|noun phrase|under the control of the government	even|さえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	Portuguese|ポルトガル人|noun|a person from Portugal	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	those islands|これらの島々|noun phrase|the islands that are being talked about	are said to have been|と言われている|verb phrase|it is said that something was	tolerably|かなり|adverb|to a moderate degree	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner	inhabited|住んでいた|verb|live in a place
The English company have not yet had time to establish in Bengal so perfectly destructive a system.	イギリスの会社は、ベンガル地方にこれほど完全に破壊的なシステムを構築する時間はまだなかった。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	company|会社|noun|a business organization	have not yet had time to|まだ時間がなかった|verb|have not had the opportunity to	establish|構築する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	Bengal|ベンガル地方|noun|a region in the northeast of South Asia	so perfectly destructive a system|これほど完全に破壊的なシステム|noun|a system that is so destructive that it is perfect
The plan of their government, however, has had exactly the same tendency.	しかし、彼らの政府の計画は全く同じ傾向にあった。	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing
It has not been uncommon, I am well assured, for the chief, that is, the first clerk or a factory, to order a peasant to plough up a rich field of poppies, and sow it with rice, or some other grain.	私が確信しているのは、工場の主任、つまり一等書記官が、農民にケシの豊かな畑を耕して、米や他の穀物を植えるように命じることは珍しくなかったということだ。	uncommon|珍しい|adjective|not common; unusual	chief|主任|noun|the person with the highest rank in an organization	first clerk|一等書記官|noun|the clerk with the highest rank in an organization	factory|工場|noun|a building or set of buildings with facilities for manufacturing goods	peasant|農民|noun|a poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land	plough|耕す|verb|turn up the soil with a plough	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	field|畑|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	poppy|ケシ|noun|a plant with large, delicate petals and a round seed capsule	sow|植える|verb|plant seeds in the ground	rice|米|noun|a type of grass that is grown in warm climates and has a seed that is used as food	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a plant that is used as food
The pretence was, to prevent a scarcity of provisions;	その口実は、食料不足を防ぐためだった。	pretence|口実|noun|a false appearance or action intended to deceive; a pretext	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something
but the real reason, to give the chief an opportunity of selling at a better price a large quantity of opium which he happened then to have upon hand.	しかし、本当の理由は、その主任がたまたま手元に持っていた大量のアヘンをより良い価格で売る機会を与えることだった。	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	chief|主任|noun|the person with the highest rank in an organization	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	large|大量の|adjective|of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity	opium|アヘン|noun|a drug obtained from the dried juice of the opium poppy	happen|たまたま|verb|take place by chance or without apparent cause	hand|手元|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb
Upon other occasions, the order has been reversed;	他の機会には、その命令は逆転した。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	reverse|逆転する|verb|turn the other way around
and a rich field of rice or other grain has been ploughed up, in order to make room for a plantation of poppies, when the chief foresaw that extraordinary profit was likely to be made by opium.	そして、主任がアヘンで異常な利益が得られると予見したときには、ケシのプランテーションのための場所をつくるために、米や他の穀物の豊かな畑が耕された。	rice|米|noun|a grass that is cultivated in warm climates and is the source of the staple food of many Asian countries	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	plough|耕す|verb|turn up the soil with a plough	poppy|ケシ|noun|a plant with showy flowers	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown for sale	opium|アヘン|noun|a drug obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	foresaw|予見する|verb|see or know in advance
The servants of the company have, upon several occasions, attempted to establish in their own favour the monopoly of some of the most important branches, not only of the foreign, but of the inland trade of the country.	会社の使用人は、何度か、外国貿易だけでなく、国内貿易の最も重要な部門のいくつかの独占を自分たちの利益のために確立しようとした。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	company|会社|noun|a business organization	upon|際に|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be recognized and accepted	favour|利益|noun|an advantage to or from someone or something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main stem	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	inland|内陸の|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country
Had they been allowed to go on, it is impossible that they should not, at some time or another, have attempted to restrain the production of the particular articles of which they had thus usurped the monopoly, not only to the quantity which they themselves could purchase, but to that which they could expect to sell with such a profit as they might think sufficient.	もし彼らが続けることを許されていたら、彼らが独占を奪った特定の品物の生産を、彼ら自身が購入できる量だけでなく、彼らが十分と考えるような利益をもって販売できると期待できる量に制限しようとしないことはありえない。	be allowed to|許される|verb|be permitted to	go on|続ける|verb|continue	at some time or another|いつか|adverb|at some point in the future	attempt to|しようとする|verb|try to	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	article|品物|noun|an object	thus|このように|adverb|in this way	usurp|奪う|verb|take over by force	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	expect to|期待する|verb|anticipate	sell|販売する|verb|exchange for money	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough
In the course of a century or two, the policy of the English company would, in this manner, have probably proved as completely destructive as that of the Dutch.	一世紀か二世紀の間に、イギリスの会社の政策は、このようにして、おそらくオランダの政策と同じくらい完全に破壊的であることが証明されただろう。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	a century or two|一世紀か二世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	company|会社|noun|a business organization	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	in this manner|このようにして|adverb|in this way	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	as completely destructive as|同じくらい完全に破壊的|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	Dutch|オランダ|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or language

Nothing, however, can be more directly contrary to the real interest of those companies, considered as the sovereigns of the countries which they have conquered, than this destructive plan.	しかし、この破壊的な計画ほど、征服した国の主権者と考えられるこれらの会社の真の利益に直接反するものはない。	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	company|会社|noun|a business organization	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something
In almost all countries, the revenue of the sovereign is drawn from that of the people.	ほとんどすべての国で、主権者の収入は国民の収入から得られる。	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	draw|得る|verb|obtain from a specified source	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
The greater the revenue of the people, therefore, the greater the annual produce of their land and labour, the more they can afford to the sovereign.	したがって、国民の収入が大きいほど、土地と労働の年間生産量が大きいほど、主権者に支払う余裕ができる。	the greater|大きいほど|adjective|larger	revenue|収入|noun|income	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	the greater|大きいほど|adjective|larger	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	the more|より|adjective|a larger amount or number of	afford|支払う余裕ができる|verb|have enough money to pay for	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
It is his interest, therefore, to increase as much as possible that annual produce.	したがって、主権者の利益は、その年間生産量を可能な限り増やすことにある。	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit to oneself	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced
But if this is the interest of every sovereign, it is peculiarly so of one whose revenue, like that of the sovereign of Bengal, arises chiefly from a land-rent.	しかし、これがすべての主権者の利益であるならば、ベンガル主権者の収入のように、主に地代から生じる収入を持つ主権者の利益である。	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	revenue|収入|noun|income	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of South Asia	arise|生じる|verb|come into being; originate	land-rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land
That rent must necessarily be in proportion to the quantity and value of the produce;	その地代は必然的に生産物の量と価値に比例しなければならない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and both the one and the other must depend upon the extent of the market.	そして、そのどちらも市場の規模に依存しなければならない。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something
The quantity will always be suited, with more or less exactness, to the consumption of those who can afford to pay for it;	量は、多かれ少なかれ正確に、それを支払う余裕のある人々の消費に適合する。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be suited|適合する|verb|be appropriate or suitable for	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being exact; precision	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
and the price which they will pay will always be in proportion to the eagerness of their competition.	そして、彼らが支払う価格は、常に彼らの競争の熱意に比例する。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	eagerness|熱意|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to do or have something
It is the interest of such a sovereign, therefore, to open the most extensive market for the produce of his country, to allow the most perfect freedom of commerce, in order to increase as much as possible the number and competition of buyers;	したがって、そのような君主の利益は、自国の生産物に対して最も広範な市場を開き、買い手の数と競争を可能な限り増やすために、最も完全な商業の自由を認めることである。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	open|開く|verb|make or become accessible	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	allow|認める|verb|permit	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
and upon this account to abolish, not only all monopolies, but all restraints upon the transportation of the home produce from one part of the country to another, upon its exportation to foreign countries, or upon the importation of goods of any kind for which it can be exchanged.	そして、この理由で、すべての独占だけでなく、国内生産物を国内の一部から別の場所へ輸送すること、外国への輸出、または交換できるあらゆる種類の商品の輸入に対するすべての制限を廃止することである。	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else
He is in this manner most likely to increase both the quantity and value of that produce, and consequently of his own share of it, or of his own revenue.	彼は、この方法で、その生産物の量と価値の両方を増加させ、その結果、彼自身の取り分、または彼自身の収入を増加させる可能性が最も高い。	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	most likely|最も可能性が高い|adverb|having the greatest chance of happening	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	own|自身の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	share|取り分|noun|a portion of something owned, held, or produced in common	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source

But a company of merchants, are, it seems, incapable of considering themselves as sovereigns, even after they have become such.	しかし、商人の会社は、彼らがそうなってしまった後でさえ、自分たちを君主と見なすことができないようだ。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	even|後でさえ|adverb|also; too; as well
Trade, or buying in order to sell again, they still consider as their principal business, and by a strange absurdity, regard the character of the sovereign as but an appendix to that of the merchant;	貿易、つまり再び売るために買うことを、彼らは依然として主要な事業と考えており、奇妙な不条理によって、君主の性格を商人の性格の付録にすぎないと見なしている。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	strange|奇妙な|adjective|unusual or surprising in a way that is unsettling or hard to understand	absurdity|不条理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities for profit
as something which ought to be made subservient to it, or by means of which they may be enabled to buy cheaper in India, and thereby to sell with a better profit in Europe.	貿易に従属させられるべきもの、あるいはインドでより安く買い、それによってヨーロッパでより良い利益をもって売ることができる手段としてである。	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	be made|される|verb|be created or produced	subservient|従属する|adjective|subordinate in position or importance	by means of|によって|preposition|using	be enabled|できる|verb|be made possible	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	cheaper|より安く|adjective|less expensive	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	better|より良い|adjective|more desirable or satisfactory
They endeavour, for this purpose, to keep out as much as possible all competitors from the market of the countries which are subject to their government, and consequently to reduce, at least, some part of the surplus produce of those countries to what is barely sufficient for supplying their own demand, or to what they can expect to sell in Europe, with such a profit as they may think reasonable.	この目的のために、彼らは、自国の政府の支配下にある国の市場から、できるだけすべての競合他社を締め出そうとし、その結果、少なくとも、これらの国の余剰生産物の一部を、自国の需要を満たすのに十分な量、あるいは、彼らが合理的と考えるような利益をもってヨーロッパで販売できると期待できる量にまで減らそうとしている。	for this purpose|この目的のために|adverb|for this reason	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	as much as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	keep out|締め出す|verb|prevent from entering	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	subject to|支配下にある|adjective|under the control or influence of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; at the minimum	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	barely|かろうじて|adverb|only just; almost not	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	supply|満たす|verb|provide with what is needed	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic
Their mercantile habits draw them in this manner, almost necessarily, though perhaps insensibly, to prefer, upon all ordinary occasions, the little and transitory profit of the monopolist to the great and permanent revenue of the sovereign;	彼らの商習慣は、ほとんど必然的に、おそらく無意識のうちに、あらゆる通常の機会に、独占者の小さく一時的な利益を君主の大きく永続的な収入よりも優先するように、彼らをこの方法で引き寄せる。	mercantile|商習慣|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward or into a place	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	insensibly|無意識のうちに|adverb|without being aware of it	prefer|優先する|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	little|小さい|adjective|small in size	transitory|一時的な|adjective|lasting only for a short time	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person or group having exclusive control over a commodity or service	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler
and would gradually lead them to treat the countries subject to their government nearly as the Dutch treat the Moluccas.	そして、彼らが自国の政府の支配下にある国々を、オランダ人がモルッカ諸島を扱うように扱うように、徐々に導いていくだろう。	lead|導く|verb|be in charge or command of	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain way	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	Moluccas|モルッカ諸島|noun|an archipelago in eastern Indonesia
It is the interest of the East India company, considered as sovereigns, that the European goods which are carried to their Indian dominions should be sold there as cheap as possible;	東インド会社の利益は、主権者として考えると、インドの領土に運ばれるヨーロッパの商品が、そこでできるだけ安く売られることである。	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	Indian|インドの|adjective|of or relating to India or its people	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of a ruler or government	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value
and that the Indian goods which are brought from thence should bring there as good a price, or should be sold there as dear as possible.	そして、そこから運ばれてくるインドの商品は、そこでできるだけ良い値段で売られるか、あるいはできるだけ高く売られるべきである。	Indian|インドの|adjective|of or relating to India or its people	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	price|値段|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	dear|高価な|adjective|high in price; costly
But the reverse of this is their interest as merchants.	しかし、これとは逆に、商人としての利益がある。	reverse|逆|noun|the opposite of something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods
As sovereigns, their interest is exactly the same with that of the country which they govern.	主権者としての彼らの利益は、彼らが統治する国の利益と全く同じである。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	interest|利益|noun|a benefit or advantage	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control
As merchants, their interest is directly opposite to that interest.	商人としての彼らの利益は、その利益とは正反対である。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	interest|利益|noun|the money that a person or organization receives from an investment or from saving money	directly|正反対|adverb|in a direct manner	opposite|正反対|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction

But if the genius of such a government, even as to what concerns its direction in Europe, is in this manner essentially, and perhaps incurably faulty, that of its administration in India is still more so.	しかし、もしそのような政府の天才が、ヨーロッパにおけるその方向性に関するものであるとしても、本質的に、そしておそらくは不治の病であるならば、インドにおけるその統治の天才はさらにそうである。	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	direction|方向性|noun|the course or line along which something moves, faces, or is aimed	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	administration|統治|noun|the management of a country's affairs
That administration is necessarily composed of a council of merchants, a profession no doubt extremely respectable, but which in no country in the world carries along with it that sort of authority which naturally overawes the people, and without force commands their willing obedience.	その政権は必然的に商人評議会で構成されているが、商人という職業は間違いなく非常に尊敬されているが、世界のどの国でも、人々を自然に畏敬の念を抱かせ、強制なしに彼らの喜んで従うような権威を伴っているわけではない。	administration|政権|noun|the management of a business or organization	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	be composed of|で構成されている|verb|be made up of	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws or decisions	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation	respectable|尊敬されている|adjective|worthy of respect	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders and enforce obedience	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	overawe|畏敬の念を抱かせる|verb|fill with awe	force|強制|noun|coercion or compulsion, especially with the use or threat of violence	command|従う|verb|give an authoritative order	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something
Such a council can command obedience only by the military force with which they are accompanied;	そのような評議会は、彼らが伴っている軍事力によってのみ服従を命じることができる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area	command|命じる|verb|give an authoritative order	obedience|服従|noun|the quality of being obedient	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	accompany|伴う|verb|go somewhere with someone
and their government is, therefore, necessarily military and despotical.	したがって、彼らの政府は必然的に軍事的で独裁的である。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	military|軍事的|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	despotical|独裁的|adjective|of or relating to a despot or despotism
Their proper business, however, is that of merchants.	しかし、彼らの本業は商人である。	proper|本業|adjective|belonging to oneself or itself	business|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services for a profit	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand
It is to sell, upon their master’s account, the European goods consigned to them, and to buy, in return, Indian goods for the European market.	それは、主人の勘定で、彼らに委託されたヨーロッパの商品を売り、その見返りにヨーロッパ市場向けのインドの商品を買うことである。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	consign|委託する|verb|hand over or deliver to another for care, use, or disposal	return|見返り|noun|the value of a good or service that is received in exchange for something else	Indian|インドの|adjective|of or relating to India or its people	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
It is to sell the one as dear, and to buy the other as cheap as possible, and consequently to exclude, as much as possible, all rivals from the particular market where they keep their shop.	それは、一方をできるだけ高く売り、他方をできるだけ安く買い、その結果、彼らが店を構えている特定の市場からすべてのライバルをできるだけ排除することである。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price	exclude|排除する|verb|keep or shut out	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity
The genius of the administration, therefore, so far as concerns the trade of the company, is the same as that of the direction.	したがって、会社の貿易に関する限り、経営陣の天才は経営陣の天才と同じである。	administration|経営陣|noun|the management of a business	genius|天才|noun|a person who is exceptionally intelligent or creative, either generally or in some particular respect	concern|関する|verb|be about or connected with	company|会社|noun|a business organization	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It tends to make government subservient to the interest of monopoly, and consequently to stunt the natural growth of some parts, at least, of the surplus produce of the country, to what is barely sufficient for answering the demand of the company.	それは政府を独占の利益に従属させ、その結果、少なくとも国の余剰生産物の一部の自然成長を、会社の需要に応えるのに十分な程度に阻害する傾向がある。	make|する|verb|cause to be or become	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	subservient|従属する|adjective|subordinate in position or importance	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a particular market	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	stunt|阻害する|verb|prevent from growing or developing properly	natural growth|自然成長|noun|the increase in the size of an organism or its parts that occurs in the normal course of development	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of something	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; at the minimum	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	barely|かろうじて|adverb|scarcely; only just	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	answering|応える|verb|say or write something in reply	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay a price for a good or service

All the members of the administration besides, trade more or less upon their own account;	そのうえ、経営陣の全員が多かれ少なかれ自分たちの勘定で取引している。	all the members|全員|noun|the entire group of people	administration|経営陣|noun|the management of a business	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	their own account|自分たちの勘定|noun|their own money
and it is in vain to prohibit them from doing so.	そして、彼らがそうすることを禁止しても無駄である。	in vain|無駄に|adverb|to no purpose; without success	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point
Nothing can be more completely foolish than to expect that the clerk of a great counting-house, at ten thousand miles distance, and consequently almost quite out of sight, should, upon a simple order from their master, give up at once doing any sort of business upon their own account abandon for ever all hopes of making a fortune, of which they have the means in their hands;	一万マイルも離れた、つまりほとんど見えない場所にある大きな会計事務所の事務員が、主人からの簡単な命令で、自分たちの手でできるあらゆる事業をすぐに放棄し、手元にある手段で財を成すという希望を永遠に捨て去ることを期待するほど愚かなことはない。	clerk|事務員|noun|an office worker who keeps records, accounts, or performs general office duties	counting-house|会計事務所|noun|an office where accounts are kept	ten thousand miles|一万マイル|noun|a very long distance	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	consequently|つまり|adverb|as a result	quite|ほとんど|adverb|very or completely	out of sight|見えない|adjective|not visible	upon|～で|preposition|on	simple|簡単な|adjective|easy to understand or do	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	at once|すぐに|adverb|immediately	doing|行う|verb|perform or carry out	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	upon|～で|preposition|on	their own account|自分たちの手で|noun|for their own benefit	abandon|捨て去る|verb|give up completely	for ever|永遠に|adverb|always	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	making|成す|verb|create or produce	fortune|財|noun|a large amount of money or assets	which|～の|relative pronoun|that	they have|手元にある|verb|possess or own	means|手段|noun|a method or way of doing something	in their hands|手元にある|noun|in their possession
and content themselves with the moderate salaries which those masters allow them, and which, moderate as they are, can seldom be augmented, being commonly as large as the real profits of the company trade can afford.	そして、主人が許す適度な給料で満足し、その給料は、適度なものではあるが、会社取引の実際の利益が許す限り大きくなるので、めったに増額されることはない。	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	allow|許す|verb|permit	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater	commonly|普通|adverb|usually; generally	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	afford|許す|verb|have enough money to pay for
In such circumstances, to prohibit the servants of the company from trading upon their own account, can have scarce any other effect than to enable its superior servants, under pretence of executing their master’s order, to oppress such of the inferior ones as have had the misfortune to fall under their displeasure.	このような状況で、会社の使用人が自分たちの勘定で取引することを禁止することは、主人の命令を実行するという口実のもとで、上級使用人が不幸にも不興を買った下級使用人を抑圧することを可能にする以外にほとんど効果がない。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	own account|自分の勘定|noun|for one's own benefit	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	superior|上級|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	order|命令|noun|an authoritative command or instruction	execute|実行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	pretence|口実|noun|an excuse or pretext	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	fall under|陥る|verb|come under the control or influence of	displeasure|不興|noun|a feeling of annoyance or slight anger
The servants naturally endeavour to establish the same monopoly in favour of their own private trade as of the public trade of the company.	使用人は当然、会社の公的取引と同じように、自分たちの私的取引に有利な独占を確立しようとする。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
If they are suffered to act as they could wish, they will establish this monopoly openly and directly, by fairly prohibiting all other people from trading in the articles in which they choose to deal;	もし彼らが望むように行動することを許されるなら、彼らは他のすべての人々が彼らが扱うことを選択した品物の取引を公正に禁止することによって、この独占を公然と直接的に確立するだろう。	suffer|許される|verb|allow or permit	act|行動する|verb|do something	wish|望む|verb|want something to happen	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundation for	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	openly|公然と|adverb|in a way that is not hidden	directly|直接的に|adverb|without an intermediary	fairly|公正に|adverb|justly or impartially	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	choose|選択する|verb|pick or select from a number of alternatives
and this, perhaps, is the best and least oppressive way of establishing it.	そして、これはおそらく、それを確立するための最良かつ最も抑圧的でない方法である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これは|pronoun|the person or thing that is near or next to the speaker	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	least|最も抑圧的でない|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or start something
But if, by an order from Europe, they are prohibited from doing this, they will, notwithstanding, endeavour to establish a monopoly of the same kind secretly and indirectly, in a way that is much more destructive to the country.	しかし、もしヨーロッパからの命令で、彼らがこれをすることを禁止されたら、彼らはそれにかかわらず、国にとってもっと破壊的な方法で、秘密裏に、間接的に、同じ種類の独占を確立しようとするだろう。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	secretly|秘密裏に|adverb|in a secret manner	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm
They will employ the whole authority of government, and pervert the administration of Justice, in order to harass and ruin those who interfere with them in any branch of commerce, which by means of agents, either concealed, or at least not publicly avowed, they may choose to carry on.	彼らは政府の全権限を行使し、司法の運営を歪めて、隠された、あるいは少なくとも公に認められていない代理人によって、彼らが続けることを選ぶかもしれない商業のどの分野においても、彼らを妨害する人々を悩ませ、破滅させるだろう。	employ|行使する|verb|use or apply	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	pervert|歪める|verb|cause to turn aside from the proper or true course	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business, organization, or institution	justice|司法|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	harass|悩ませる|verb|subject to aggressive pressure or intimidation	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	interfere|妨害する|verb|prevent or obstruct (an action, event, or process) by interfering or intervening	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main stem, root, or nerve	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	publicly|公に|adverb|in a public manner	avow|認める|verb|declare openly, as something to be proud of	carry on|続ける|verb|continue in a specified way
But the private trade of the servants will naturally extend to a much greater variety of articles than the public trade of the company.	しかし、使用人の私貿易は、当然のことながら、会社の公貿易よりもはるかに多様な品目に及ぶだろう。	private trade|私貿易|noun|trade conducted by private individuals or companies	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	variety|多様|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object
The public trade of the company extends no further than the trade with Europe, and comprehends a part only of the foreign trade of the country.	会社の公貿易はヨーロッパとの貿易にしか及ばず、国の貿易の一部しか理解していない。	public trade|公貿易|noun|trade that is open to all	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	foreign trade|貿易|noun|trade between different countries
But the private trade of the servants may extend to all the different branches both of its inland and foreign trade.	しかし、使用人の私貿易は、内国貿易と外国貿易の両方のあらゆる部門に及ぶ可能性がある。	private trade|私貿易|noun|trade conducted by private individuals or companies	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	inland|内国|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own
The monopoly of the company can tend only to stunt the natural growth of that part of the surplus produce which, in the case of a free trade, would be exported to Europe.	会社の独占は、自由貿易の場合にはヨーロッパに輸出されるであろう余剰生産物のその部分の自然な成長を阻害する傾向があるだけである。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	company|会社|noun|a business organization	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	stunt|阻害する|verb|hinder the growth or development of	natural growth|自然な成長|noun|the increase in size or number of a living thing or population	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
That of the servants tends to stunt the natural growth of every part of the produce in which they choose to deal;	使用人の独占は、彼らが扱うことを選択した生産物のあらゆる部分の自然な成長を阻害する傾向がある。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	stunt|阻害する|verb|hinder the growth or development of	natural growth|自然な成長|noun|the increase in size or amount of something without the aid of artificial stimulants	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives
of what is destined for home consumption, as well as of what is destined for exportation;	輸出向けのものだけでなく、国内消費向けのものも含めてである。	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of a good or service that is used in a country	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale
and consequently to degrade the cultivation of the whole country, and to reduce the number of its inhabitants.	その結果、国全体の耕作を衰退させ、住民の数を減らすことになる。	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	degrade|衰退させる|verb|make worse or less effective	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
It tends to reduce the quantity of every sort of produce, even that of the necessaries of life, whenever the servants of the country choose to deal in them, to what those servants can both afford to buy and expect to sell with such a profit as pleases them.	使用人が扱うことを選択した場合には、あらゆる種類の生産物、生活必需品でさえも、使用人が購入できる量と、満足できる利益を乗せて販売できると期待できる量にまで減らす傾向がある。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	deal|扱う|verb|take action with or in regard to	afford|購入できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	expect|期待できる|verb|regard as likely to happen	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	please|満足できる|verb|cause to feel happy or satisfied

From the nature of their situation, too, the servants must be more disposed to support with rigourous severity their own interest, against that of the country which they govern, than their masters can be to support theirs.	使用人は、その立場から、主人が自分の利益を守るよりも、彼らが支配する国の利益に反して、自分の利益を厳しく守ろうとする傾向がある。	from the nature of|立場から|noun phrase|from the inherent character of	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a given moment	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	must|～に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be disposed to|～する傾向がある|verb phrase|be inclined to	support|守る|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	rigourous severity|厳しく|noun phrase|with great severity	their own|自分の|possessive determiner|belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	against|反して|preposition|in opposition to	that of|～の|noun phrase|the thing or things belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	which|～の|relative pronoun|that; who; whom	they|彼ら|personal pronoun|people in general	govern|支配する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	theirs|自分たちの|possessive pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves
The country belongs to their masters, who cannot avoid having some regard for the interest of what belongs to them;	国は主人のものであり、主人は自分の所有物の利益をある程度考慮せざるを得ない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person or thing	have regard for|考慮する|verb|take into account; consider	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something
but it does not belong to the servants.	しかし、国は使用人のものではない。	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
The real interest of their masters, if they were capable of understanding it, is the same with that of the country; {The interest of every proprietor of India stock, however, is by no means the same with that of the country in the government of which his vote gives him some influence.—See book v, chap. 1, part ii.}and it is from ignorance chiefly, and the meanness of mercantile prejudice, that they ever oppress it.	主人の真の利益は、もし彼らがそれを理解できるならば、国の利益と同じである。しかし、インド株の所有者の利益は、その投票が政府に影響を与える国の利益とは決して同じではない。第五篇第一章第二節を参照。彼らがそれを抑圧するのは、主に無知と商売上の偏見の卑劣さからである。	real interest|真の利益|noun|the actual interest	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	India stock|インド株|noun|a stock that is traded on the Indian stock exchange	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all; mainly	mercantile|商売上の|adjective|relating to trade or commerce	prejudice|偏見|noun|preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority
But the real interest of the servants is by no means the same with that of the country, and the most perfect information would not necessarily put an end to their oppressions.	しかし、使用人の真の利益は、決して国の利益と同じではなく、最も完全な情報であっても、必ずしも彼らの抑圧を終わらせるわけではない。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	real interest|真の利益|noun|the true benefit or advantage	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	most perfect|最も完全な|adjective|the most complete or best	information|情報|noun|knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop or cease	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
The regulations, accordingly, which have been sent out from Europe, though they have been frequently weak, have upon most occasions been well meaning.	したがって、ヨーロッパから送られてきた規制は、しばしば弱いものであったが、ほとんどの場合、善意に基づくものであった。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	send out|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	well meaning|善意の|adjective|having or showing a good intention
More intelligence, and perhaps less good meaning, has sometimes appeared in those established by the servants in India.	インドの使用人によって制定された規制には、より多くの知性と、おそらくより少ない善意が現れることがあった。	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	intelligence|知性|noun|the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount or degree	good|善意|noun|the quality of being morally right or acceptable	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia
It is a very singular government in which every member of the administration wishes to get out of the country, and consequently to have done with the government, as soon as he can, and to whose interest, the day after he has left it, and carried his whole fortune with him, it is perfectly indifferent though the whole country was swallowed up by an earthquake.	それは政権のメンバー全員が国外への脱出を望んでいる非常に特異な政府であり、その結果、その政府との関係をできるだけ早く終わらせるために、そして自分の利益のために、全財産を持って立ち去った翌日には、国全体が地震に飲み込まれたとしても、完全に無関心になる。	administration|政権|noun|the management of a country's affairs	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	get out of|脱出する|verb|leave or escape from	as soon as|できるだけ早く|adverb|at the earliest possible time	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	leave|立ち去る|verb|go away from a place	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	swallow up|飲み込む|verb|engulf or devour	earthquake|地震|noun|a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, typically caused by movement along a fault line that runs through the Earth's crust

I mean not, however, by any thing which I have here said, to throw any odious imputation upon the general character of the servants of the East India company, and touch less upon that of any particular persons.	しかし、私がここで述べたことは、東インド会社の使用人の一般的な性格に嫌悪感を抱かせるものではなく、特定の人物については触れないようにしている。	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	thing|事|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	say|述べる|verb|express (something) in words	throw|抱かせる|verb|cause to be in a specified state	imputation|嫌悪感|noun|the attribution of a fault or crime to someone	general character|一般的な性格|noun|the overall quality or nature of someone or something	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	touch|触れる|verb|come into or be in contact with	particular person|特定の人物|noun|an individual person
It is the system of government, the situation in which they are placed, that I mean to censure, not the character of those who have acted in it.	私が非難したいのは、政府のシステムであり、彼らが置かれている状況であり、その中で行動した人々の性格ではない。	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	situation|状況|noun|all of the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	censure|非難する|verb|express severe disapproval of	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
They acted as their situation naturally directed, and they who have clamoured the loudest against them would probably not have acted better themselves.	彼らは状況に応じて自然に行動し、彼らに対して最も大きな声で叫んだ人々は、おそらく自分たちでより良い行動をとることはできなかっただろう。	act|行動する|verb|do something	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	direct|導く|verb|control the course of; guide	clamour|叫ぶ|verb|make a loud and confused noise	loud|大きな|adjective|producing or capable of producing much noise	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause
In war and negotiation, the councils of Madras and Calcutta, have upon several occasions, conducted themselves with a resolution and decisive wisdom, which would have done honour to the senate of Rome in the best days of that republic.	戦争と交渉において、マドラスとカルカッタの評議会は、何度か、その共和国の最盛期にローマの元老院に名誉を与えたであろう決意と決断力のある知恵をもって行動した。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	negotiation|交渉|noun|discussion aimed at reaching an agreement	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area	Madras|マドラス|noun|the former name of Chennai	Calcutta|カルカッタ|noun|the former name of Kolkata	several|何度か|adjective|more than two but not very many	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	conduct|行動する|verb|behave in a specified way	resolution|決意|noun|a firm decision to do or not to do something	decisive|決断力のある|adjective|having or showing the ability to make decisions quickly and effectively	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
The members of those councils, however, had been bred to professions very different from war and politics.	しかし、これらの評議会のメンバーは、戦争や政治とは非常に異なる職業に育てられていた。	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires a high level of education, training, or skill	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power
But their situation alone, without education, experience, or even example, seems to have formed in them all at once the great qualities which it required, and to have inspired them both with abilities and virtues which they themselves could not well know that they possessed.	しかし、教育も経験も、あるいは手本さえもない彼らの状況だけが、彼らに必要な偉大な資質を一気に形成し、彼ら自身が持っていることをよく知らない能力と美徳を彼らに吹き込んだように思われる。	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	example|手本|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a person or thing	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	form|形成する|verb|bring into existence	quality|資質|noun|a distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by someone or something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	inspire|吹き込む|verb|fill with the urge or ability to do or feel something, especially to do something creative	ability|能力|noun|possession of the means or skill to do something	virtue|美徳|noun|behavior showing high moral standards
If upon some occasions, therefore, it has animated them to actions of magnanimity which could not well have been expected from them, we should not wonder if, upon others, it has prompted them to exploits of somewhat a different nature.	したがって、ある場合には、彼らに期待できないような寛大な行動を彼らに促したとしても、他の場合には、彼らが多少異なる性質の功績を成し遂げたとしても不思議ではない。	upon some occasions|ある場合には|noun|at some times	animate|促す|verb|give life or energy to	magnanimity|寛大な|noun|the quality of being generous and forgiving	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	upon others|他の場合には|noun|at other times	prompt|成し遂げる|verb|cause to happen	exploit|功績|noun|a notable or heroic act	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; a little	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other

Such exclusive companies, therefore, are nuisances in every respect;	したがって、そのような独占会社はあらゆる点で迷惑である。	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	company|会社|noun|a business organization	nuisance|迷惑|noun|a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance
always more or less inconvenient to the countries in which they are established, and destructive to those which have the misfortune to fall under their government.	常に多かれ少なかれ、設立された国にとって不便であり、その支配下に入るという不幸に見舞われた国にとっては破壊的である。	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck; an unfortunate event	fall under|見舞われる|verb|be classified or included in	government|支配|noun|the action or manner of governing or controlling


## CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSION OF THE MERCANTILE SYSTEM.	第八章: 重商主義の結論	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or result of a discussion or meeting	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends on its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"

Though the encouragement of exportation, and the discouragement of importation, are the two great engines by which the mercantile system proposes to enrich every country, yet, with regard to some particular commodities, it seems to follow an opposite plan: to discourage exportation, and to encourage importation.	輸出の奨励と輸入の抑制は、重商主義があらゆる国を豊かにするために提案する二つの大きな原動力であるが、しかし、いくつかの特定の商品に関して、それは反対の計画に従っているように思われる。輸出を抑制し、輸入を奨励することである。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	discouragement|抑制|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	engine|原動力|noun|a machine that provides power for a vehicle or for some other device with moving parts	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	opposite|反対の|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	discourage|抑制する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to someone
Its ultimate object, however, it pretends, is always the same, to enrich the country by an advantageous balance of trade.	しかし、その最終的な目的は、貿易の有利なバランスによって国を豊かにすることであると主張している。	ultimate|最終的な|adjective|last or final	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	pretend|主張する|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or that you are not doing	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed	enrich|豊かにする|verb|make rich or richer	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	balance|バランス|noun|an even distribution of weight or amount	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It discourages the exportation of the materials of manufacture, and of the instruments of trade, in order to give our own workmen an advantage, and to enable them to undersell those of other nations in all foreign markets;	自国の労働者に有利に働き、あらゆる外国市場で他国の労働者よりも安く売れるようにするため、製造材料や貿易手段の輸出を抑制している。	discourage|抑制する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works in a factory or other place of employment	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and by restraining, in this manner, the exportation of a few commodities, of no great price, it proposes to occasion a much greater and more valuable exportation of others.	そして、この方法で、高くない価格の少数の品物の輸出を抑制することによって、他の品物のより大きく、より価値のある輸出を促進することを提案している。	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back; keep under control	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	commodity|品物|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	occasion|促進する|verb|cause or give rise to
It encourages the importation of the materials of manufacture, in order that our own people may be enabled to work them up more cheaply, and thereby prevent a greater and more valuable importation of the manufactured commodities.	自国の人々がより安価に加工できるようにするため、製造材料の輸入を奨励し、それによって、より大きく、より価値のある製造品目の輸入を防ぐ。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or causing to be brought into a country or region	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	work up|加工する|verb|to make or produce by intensive or complex effort	cheaply|安価に|adverb|at a low price	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep or stop from happening or arising
I do not observe, at least in our statute book, any encouragement given to the importation of the instruments of trade.	少なくとも我が国の法令集では、貿易手段の輸入を奨励するような記述は見当たらない。	observe|見当たらない|verb|notice or perceive	statute book|法令集|noun|a book containing the statutes of a state or country	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement
When manufactures have advanced to a certain pitch of greatness, the fabrication of the instruments of trade becomes itself the object of a great number of very important manufactures.	製造業がある程度の規模にまで成長すると、貿易手段の製造自体が非常に重要な製造業の対象となる。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	advance|成長する|verb|move forward	certain|ある程度の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	pitch|規模|noun|the degree, extent, or intensity of something	greatness|規模|noun|the quality of being great	fabrication|製造|noun|the making of something, especially on a large scale	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	become|なる|verb|come to be	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed
To give any particular encouragement to the importation of such instruments, would interfere too much with the interest of those manufactures.	そのような手段の輸入を特別に奨励することは、これらの製造業の利益を大きく損なうことになる。	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	interfere|損なう|verb|prevent from happening or developing	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
Such importation, therefore, instead of being encouraged, has frequently been prohibited.	そのため、そのような輸入は奨励されるどころか、しばしば禁止されてきた。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	instead of|どころか|conjunction|as an alternative to	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid
Thus the importation of wool cards, except from Ireland, or when brought in as wreck or prize goods, was prohibited by the 3rd of Edward IV.; which prohibition was renewed by the 39th of Elizabeth, and has been continued and rendered perpetual by subsequent laws.	こうして、エドワード四世の三度目の治世に、アイルランドからのもの、あるいは難破船や戦利品として持ち込まれたものを除いて、羊毛梳きの輸入が禁止された。この禁止はエリザベス女王の三十九度目の治世に更新され、その後の法律によって継続され、永続的なものとなった。	Thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	card|梳き|noun|a tool with wire teeth for combing wool or cotton	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	when|時|conjunction|at or during the time that	brought in|持ち込まれる|verb|introduce or cause to be introduced	wreck|難破船|noun|the destruction of a ship at sea	prize|戦利品|noun|something that is won as a reward for success or achievement	prohibited|禁止される|verb|formally or legally forbid	Edward IV|エドワード四世|noun|King of England from 4 March 1461 to 9 April 1483	renewed|更新される|verb|make or become new, fresh, or strong again	Elizabeth|エリザベス女王|noun|Queen of England from 17 November 1558 to 24 March 1603	rendered|される|verb|cause to be or become	perpetual|永続的|adjective|never ending or changing

The importation of the materials of manufacture has sometimes been encouraged by an exemption from the duties to which other goods are subject, and sometimes by bounties.	製造原料の輸入は、他の品目に課せられる関税を免除したり、補助金を支給したりして奨励されることもある。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	material|原料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	subject|課せられる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	bounty|補助金|noun|a generous gift

The importation of sheep’s wool from several different countries, of cotton wool from all countries, of undressed flax, of the greater part of dyeing drugs, of the greater part of undressed hides from Ireland, or the British colonies, of seal skins from the British Greenland fishery, of pig and bar iron from the British colonies, as well as of several other materials of manufacture, has been encouraged by an exemption from all duties, if properly entered at the custom-house.	羊毛の輸入は、いくつかの異なる国から、綿花はすべての国から、未加工の亜麻、染料の大部分、アイルランドやイギリスの植民地からの未加工の皮の大部分、イギリスのグリーンランド漁業からのアザラシの皮、イギリスの植民地からの銑鉄や棒鉄、その他いくつかの製造原料は、税関に適切に申告すれば、すべての関税が免除されるため、奨励されている。	sheep's wool|羊毛|noun|the hair of a sheep	several different countries|いくつかの異なる国|noun|a number of countries that are not the same	cotton wool|綿花|noun|a soft, fluffy material made from the fibers of the cotton plant	all countries|すべての国|noun|every country in the world	undressed flax|未加工の亜麻|noun|flax that has not been processed	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	dyeing drugs|染料|noun|a substance used to color something	undressed hides|未加工の皮|noun|animal skins that have not been processed	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic Ocean	British colonies|イギリスの植民地|noun|the colonies of the British Empire	British Greenland fishery|イギリスのグリーンランド漁業|noun|the fishing industry in Greenland that is controlled by the British	pig and bar iron|銑鉄や棒鉄|noun|iron that has been cast into a pig or bar	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or products	exemption|免除|noun|the release from an obligation or liability	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or appropriate manner	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where customs are collected
The private interest of our merchants and manufacturers may, perhaps, have extorted from the legislature these exemptions, as well as the greater part of our other commercial regulations.	わが国の商人や製造業者の私的利益は、おそらく、これらの免除や、わが国の他の商業規制の大部分を立法府から強要したのかもしれない。	private interest|私的利益|noun|the interest of a private individual or group	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others	commercial regulation|商業規制|noun|a rule or law that governs commercial activity
They are, however, perfectly just and reasonable;	しかし、それらは完全に公正で合理的である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	just|公正な|adjective|fair; just	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment
and if, consistently with the necessities of the state, they could be extended to all the other materials of manufacture, the public would certainly be a gainer.	そして、国家の必要性に従って、それらが他のすべての製造原料にまで拡大されれば、国民は確かに利益を得るだろう。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	public|国民|noun|the people as a whole	gainer|利益を得る|noun|a person who gains something

The avidity of our great manufacturers, however, has in some cases extended these exemptions a good deal beyond what can justly be considered as the rude materials of their work.	しかし、わが国の大手製造業者の貪欲さは、場合によっては、これらの免除を、彼らの仕事の粗雑な材料と正当に考えられる範囲をはるかに超えて拡大してきた。	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire for something	great|大手|adjective|of major significance or importance	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	rude|粗雑な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made
By the 24th Geo. II. chap. 46, a small duty of only 1d. the pound was imposed upon the importation of foreign brown linen yarn, instead of much higher duties, to which it had been subjected before, viz.	24代ジョージ二世の第46章では、外国の茶色の麻糸の輸入には、以前に課せられていたはるかに高い関税の代わりに、1ポンドあたりわずか1ペニーという低い関税が課せられた。	24th|24代|adjective|the ordinal number of twenty-four	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a male given name	II.|二世|noun|the second	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	46|46|noun|the cardinal number forty-six	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	only|わずか|adverb|no more than; solely	1d.|1ペニー|noun|a former British coin worth one penny	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from a foreign country	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	brown|茶色|adjective|of the color intermediate between red and yellow in the spectrum	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	yarn|糸|noun|a continuous length of interlocked fibers, either natural or synthetic, used in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making	instead|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative or substitute for	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	which|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	viz.|すなわち|abbreviation|namely
of 6d. the pound upon sail yarn, of 1s. the pound upon all French and Dutch yarn, and of £2:13:4 upon the hundred weight of all spruce or Muscovia yarn.	帆布糸には1ポンドあたり6ペンス、すべてのフランス糸とオランダ糸には1ポンドあたり1シリング、すべてのスプルース糸またはモスクワ糸の100ポンドあたり2ポンド13シリング4ペンスである。	6d.|6ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight in the United Kingdom	sail yarn|帆布糸|noun|a type of yarn used for making sails	1s.|1シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	French|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Dutch|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	£2:13:4|2ポンド13シリング4ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	hundred weight|100ポンド|noun|a unit of weight in the United Kingdom	spruce|スプルース|noun|a type of tree	Muscovia|モスクワ|noun|a city in Russia
But our manufacturers were not long satisfied with this reduction: by the 29th of the same king, chap.	しかし、わが国の製造業者は、この削減に長く満足していなかった。同じ国王の第29章では、	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	satisfied|満足する|adjective|feeling or showing that you have had enough of something	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book
15, the same law which gave a bounty upon the exportation of British and Irish linen, of which the price did not exceed 18d. the yard, even this small duty upon the importation of brown linen yarn was taken away.	15、価格が1ヤード18ペンスを越えないイギリスとアイルランドの麻布の輸出に奨励金を出した同じ法律で、茶色の麻糸の輸入に対するこのわずかな関税さえも撤廃された。	15|15|number|fifteen	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	Irish|アイルランド|adjective|of or relating to Ireland or its people	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exceed|越える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	brown|茶色|adjective|of a color produced by mixing red, yellow, and black	linen yarn|麻糸|noun|a thread or yarn made from flax fibers	take away|撤廃する|verb|remove or withdraw something
In the different operations, however, which are necessary for the preparation of linen yarn, a good deal more industry is employed, than in the subsequent operation of preparing linen cloth from linen yarn.	しかし、麻糸の製造に必要なさまざまな工程では、麻糸から麻布を製造する後工程よりも、かなり多くの労働力が投入されている。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	operation|工程|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	preparation|製造|noun|the action or process of making something ready for use or consumption	linen yarn|麻糸|noun|a thread or strand made from fibers of the flax plant	subsequent|後|adjective|coming after something in time; following	operation|工程|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work	linen cloth|麻布|noun|a fabric woven from fibers of the flax plant	industry|労働力|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
To say nothing of the industry of the flax-growers and flaxdressers, three or four spinners at least are necessary in order to keep one weaver in constant employment;	亜麻栽培者や亜麻梳毛業者の労働は言うまでもなく、一人の織工を常に雇用し続けるためには、少なくとも三、四人の紡績工が必要である。	to say nothing of|言うまでもなく|adverb|not to mention	industry|労働|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	flax-grower|亜麻栽培者|noun|a person who grows flax	flaxdresser|亜麻梳毛業者|noun|a person who dresses flax	three or four|三、四|numeral|the number 3 or 4	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of; for the purpose of	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, hold, or maintain	one|一人|numeral|the number 1	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying; invariable	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed
and more than four-fifths of the whole quantity of labour necessary for the preparation of linen cloth, is employed in that of linen yarn;	そして、麻布の製造に必要な労働量全体の5分の4以上が、麻糸の製造に投入されている。	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	four-fifths|5分の4|noun|a fraction equal to four divided by five	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessary|必要|adjective|required; essential	preparation|製造|noun|the action or process of getting something ready for use or consideration	linen cloth|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	employed|投入される|verb|use or engage	linen yarn|麻糸|noun|a thread made from the fibers of the flax plant
but our spinners are poor people;	しかし、我々の紡績工は貧しい人々である。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins yarn or thread	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support
women commonly scattered about in all different parts of the country, without support or protection.	女性は通常、支援も保護もなしに、国のあらゆる場所に散らばっている。	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	scatter|散らばる|verb|throw about or move about in an unsystematic way	about|あらゆる場所に|adverb|in all directions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It is not by the sale of their work, but by that of the complete work of the weavers, that our great master manufacturers make their profits.	我々の大手製造業者は、彼らの仕事の販売によってではなく、織工の完成した仕事の販売によって利益を得ている。	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
As it is their interest to sell the complete manufacture as dear, so it is to buy the materials as cheap as possible.	完成品を高く売ることが彼らの利益であるように、材料をできるだけ安く買うことも彼らの利益である。	complete|完成した|adjective|having all the necessary parts	manufacture|製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price or value
By extorting from the legislature bounties upon the exportation of their own linen, high duties upon the importation of all foreign linen, and a total prohibition of the home consumption of some sorts of French linen, they endeavour to sell their own goods as dear as possible.	彼らは、自国の麻布の輸出に対する補助金、すべての外国製麻布の輸入に対する高関税、およびフランス製麻布の一部の国内で消費の全面禁止を立法府から強要することで、自国の製品をできるだけ高く売ろうとしている。	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	linen|麻布|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of prohibiting something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	dear|高く|adjective|high in price
By encouraging the importation of foreign linen yarn, and thereby bringing it into competition with that which is made by our own people, they endeavour to buy the work of the poor spinners as cheap as possible.	彼らは、外国製の麻糸の輸入を奨励し、それによって自国の人々が作った麻糸と競争させることで、貧しい紡績工の仕事をできるだけ安く買おうとしている。	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing in goods or services from a foreign country	foreign|外国製|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	yarn|糸|noun|a continuous length of interlocked fibers, either natural or synthetic, used in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	bring into|持ち込む|verb|cause to be in a specified state	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins yarn or thread	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
They are as intent to keep down the wages of their own weavers, as the earnings of the poor spinners;	彼らは、貧しい紡績工の収入と同様に、自国の織工の賃金を抑えようと躍起になっている。	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes cloth by weaving	intent|躍起になる|adjective|having one's mind or attention fixed on something	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	spinner|紡績工|noun|a person who spins yarn or thread
and it is by no means for the benefit of the workmen that they endeavour either to raise the price of the complete work, or to lower that of the rude materials.	そして、彼らが完成品の価格を上げたり、原材料の価格を下げようと努力するのは、決して労働者の利益のためではない。	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	for the benefit of|～のために|preposition|for the good of	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	lower|下げる|verb|make or become lower
It is the industry which is carried on for the benefit of the rich and the powerful, that is principally encouraged by our mercantile system.	我々の重商主義によって主に奨励されているのは、富裕層や権力者の利益のために行われている産業である。	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money or valuable possessions	powerful|権力者|noun|a person who has a lot of power or influence	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends on its supply of capital, and that the global volume of trade is unchangeable
That which is carried on for the benefit of the poor and the indigent is too often either neglected or oppressed.	貧しい人々や困窮している人々の利益のために行われているのは、あまりにもしばしば無視されたり、抑圧されたりしている。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	indigent|困窮している|adjective|lacking food, clothing, and other necessities of life because of poverty	benefit|利益|noun|something that promotes or enhances well-being	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	too often|あまりにもしばしば|adverb|very frequently	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority

Both the bounty upon the exportation of linen, and the exemption from the duty upon the importation of foreign yarn, which were granted only for fifteen years, but continued by two different prolongations, expire with the end of the session of parliament which shall immediately follow the 24th of June 1786.	リネンの輸出に対する奨励金と、外国製の糸の輸入に対する関税の免除は、どちらも15年間のみ認められていたが、2回の延長によって継続され、1786年6月24日の直後に続く議会の会期の終了とともに失効する。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	foreign|外国製|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	yarn|糸|noun|a continuous length of interlocked fibers, either natural or synthetic, used in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making	fifteen years|15年間|noun|a period of time equal to 15 years	two|2回|noun|the number 2	prolongation|延長|noun|the action of prolonging something	expire|失効する|verb|come to an end	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	session|会期|noun|a period of time during which a parliament or other legislative body meets	immediately|直後|adverb|at once; instantly	24th of June 1786|1786年6月24日|noun|the 24th day of the month of June in the year 1786

The encouragement given to the importation of the materials of manufacture by bounties, has been principally confined to such as were imported from our American plantations.	奨励金による製造材料の輸入に対する奨励は、主にアメリカのプランテーションから輸入されたものに限定されている。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its inhabitants	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown

The first bounties of this kind were those granted about the beginning of the present century, upon the importation of naval stores from America.	この種の最初の奨励金は、今世紀の初め頃にアメリカから海軍の備品を輸入する際に与えられた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	about|頃|preposition|near or around (a time, place, or amount)	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	present|今|adjective|existing or happening now	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	upon|際に|preposition|on	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
Under this denomination were comprehended timber fit for masts, yards, and bowsprits;	この名称の下には、マスト、ヤード、バウスプリットに適した木材が含まれていた。	under|下|preposition|below or beneath	denomination|名称|noun|a name or descriptive phrase	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	fit|適した|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	mast|マスト|noun|a tall upright post, typically on a ship or boat, on which sails or rigging are hung	yard|ヤード|noun|a unit of length equal to 3 feet or 36 inches	bowsprit|バウスプリット|noun|a spar projecting forward from the bow of a ship
hemp, tar, pitch, and turpentine.	麻、タール、ピッチ、テレビン油。	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	tar|タール|noun|a black sticky substance that is obtained from coal or wood	pitch|ピッチ|noun|a black sticky substance that is obtained from coal or wood	turpentine|テレビン油|noun|a liquid that is obtained from trees and is used to make paint and varnish
The bounty, however, of £1 the ton upon masting-timber, and that of £6 the ton upon hemp, were extended to such as should be imported into England from Scotland.	しかし、マスト用木材の1トンあたり1ポンドの奨励金と、麻の1トンあたり6ポンドの奨励金は、スコットランドからイングランドに輸入されるものにも拡大された。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	timber|木材|noun|wood prepared for use in building and construction	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
Both these bounties continued, without any variation, at the same rate, till they were severally allowed to expire;	これらの奨励金はどちらも、それぞれが失効するまで、何の変更もなく同じ率で継続された。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	variation|変更|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	expire|失効する|verb|come to an end
that upon hemp on the 1st of January 1741, and that upon masting-timber at the end of the session of parliament immediately following the 24th June 1781.	麻の奨励金は1741年1月1日に、マスト用木材の奨励金は1781年6月24日の直後の議会会期の終わりに失効した。	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	1st of January 1741|1741年1月1日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1741	masting-timber|マスト用木材|noun|timber used for making masts	24th June 1781|1781年6月24日|noun|the twenty-fourth day of the sixth month of the year 1781	immediately following|直後|adverb|right after	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	session|会期|noun|a period of time during which a parliament or other legislative body meets	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	expire|失効する|verb|come to an end

The bounties upon the importation of tar, pitch, and turpentine, underwent, during their continuance, several alterations.	タール、ピッチ、テレビン油の輸入に対する奨励金は、存続期間中に何度か変更された。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods and services produced in one country into another	tar|タール|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	pitch|ピッチ|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	turpentine|テレビン油|noun|a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin from pine trees	undergo|変更される|verb|experience or be subjected to	continuance|存続期間|noun|the state of remaining in existence	several|何度か|adjective|more than two but not very many	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering or being altered
Originally, that upon tar was £4 the ton;	当初、タールの奨励金は1トンあたり4ポンドだった。	originally|当初|adverb|at or from the beginning	tar|タール|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds
that upon pitch the same;	ピッチの奨励金も同じだった。	pitch|ピッチ|noun|a black or dark viscous liquid obtained as a residue in the distillation of coal tar	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
and that upon turpentine £3 the ton.	テレビン油の奨励金は1トンあたり3ポンドだった。	turpentine|テレビン油|noun|a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin from pine trees	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds
The bounty of £4 the ton upon tar was afterwards confined to such as had been prepared in a particular manner;	タールの1トンあたり4ポンドの奨励金は、後に特定の方法で製造されたものに限定された。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	tar|タール|noun|a black sticky substance obtained by the distillation of wood or coal	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	afterwards|後に|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
that upon other good, clean, and merchantable tar was reduced to £2:4s. the ton.	他の良質で清潔で市場性のあるタールの奨励金は、1トンあたり2ポンド4シリングに減額された。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	good|良質な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	clean|清潔な|adjective|free from dirt, marks, or stains	merchantable|市場性のある|adjective|of good enough quality to be sold	reduce|減額する|verb|make or become smaller or less	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds
The bounty upon pitch was likewise reduced to £1, and that upon turpentine to £1:10s. the ton.	ピッチの奨励金も同様に1トンあたり1ポンドに減額され、テレビン油の奨励金は1トンあたり1ポンド10シリングに減額された。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	pitch|ピッチ|noun|a black sticky substance obtained from coal tar	reduce|減額する|verb|make or become smaller or less	turpentine|テレビン油|noun|a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin from pine trees	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds

The second bounty upon the importation of any of the materials of manufacture, according to the order of time, was that granted by the 21st Geo. II. chap.30, upon the importation of indigo from the British plantations.	製造原料の輸入に対する二番目の奨励金は、時系列に従えば、英国の植民地からの藍の輸入に対して、ジョージ二世の21年目の第30章によって認められた奨励金である。	second|二番目の|adjective|coming after the first in position	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	material|原料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	order|順序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	granted|認められた|verb|give or allow (something) to	indigo|藍|noun|a blue dye obtained from plants	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|植民地|noun|a large estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown
When the plantation indigo was worth three-fourths of the price of the best French indigo, it was, by this act, entitled to a bounty of 6d. the pound.	植民地の藍が最高級のフランスの藍の価格の4分の3の価値がある場合、この法律によって、1ポンドあたり6ペンスの奨励金が認められた。	plantation|植民地|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown, often by resident workers	indigo|藍|noun|a blue dye obtained from plants	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a specified value	three-fourths|4分の3|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	best|最高級の|adjective|of the highest quality	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	entitled|認められた|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
This bounty, which, like most others, was granted only for a limited time, was continued by several prolongations, but was reduced to 4d. the pound.	この奨励金は、他のほとんどの奨励金と同様に、限られた期間だけ認められていたが、何度か延長され、1ポンドあたり4ペンスに減額された。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	continue|延長される|verb|persist in an activity or process	reduce|減額される|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
It was allowed to expire with the end of the session of parliament which followed the 25th March 1781.	1781年3月25日以降の議会会期の終了とともに失効することが認められた。	expire|失効する|verb|come to an end	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	session|会期|noun|a period of time during which a parliament or other legislative body meets

The third bounty of this kind was that granted (much about the time that we were beginning sometimes to court, and sometimes to quarrel with our American colonies), by the 4th. Geo. III. chap. 26, upon the importation of hemp, or undressed flax, from the British plantations.	この種の三番目の奨励金は、英国の植民地からの麻や未加工の亜麻の輸入に対して、ジョージ三世の4年目の第26章によって認められた奨励金である(我々がアメリカの植民地と時に懇願し、時に争い始めた頃のことである)。	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	grant|認める|verb|give or allow something to someone	time|頃|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	court|懇願する|verb|try to win the love of	quarrel|争う|verb|argue or disagree with someone	fourth|4年目|adjective|coming after three others in a series	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|植民地|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops are grown for sale, especially in tropical and subtropical areas
This bounty was granted for twenty-one years, from the 24th June 1764 to the 24th June 1785.	この奨励金は、1764年6月24日から1785年6月24日までの21年間認められた。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	grant|認める|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	twenty-one years|21年間|noun|a period of time lasting for twenty-one years	24th June 1764|1764年6月24日|noun|a date	24th June 1785|1785年6月24日|noun|a date
For the first seven years, it was to be at the rate of £8 the ton;	最初の7年間は、1トンあたり8ポンドの割合で支給されることになっていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	seven|7|numeral|the number 7	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	be to|することになっている|auxiliary verb|be expected or required to	rate|割合|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against another quantity or measure	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds
for the second at £6; and for the third at £4.	次の7年間は6ポンド、最後の7年間は4ポンドである。	for the second|次の7年間|noun phrase|the second one	at £6|6ポンド|noun phrase|six pounds	for the third|最後の7年間|noun phrase|the third one	at £4|4ポンド|noun phrase|four pounds
It was not extended to Scotland, of which the climate (although hemp is sometimes raised there in small quantities, and of an inferior quality) is not very fit for that produce.	スコットランドには適用されなかったが、スコットランドの気候は(麻が少量生産されることはあるが、品質は劣る)麻の生産にはあまり適していない。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is used to make a strong fiber	raise|生産する|verb|grow or breed	small quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	inferior quality|品質が劣る|noun|a quality that is not as good as others	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products
Such a bounty upon the importation of Scotch flax in England would have been too great a discouragement to the native produce of the southern part of the united kingdom.	スコットランド産の亜麻をイングランドに輸入する際にこのような奨励金が支給されていたら、連合王国の南部で生産される国産の亜麻に大きな打撃を与えていただろう。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	Scotch|スコットランド産の|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people or language	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that has blue flowers and produces seeds that are used to make linseed oil and linen	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	discouragement|打撃|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	native|国産の|adjective|belonging to a particular place by birth	produce|生産される|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	southern|南部|adjective|situated in the south	united kingdom|連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

The fourth bounty of this kind was that granted by the 5th Geo. III. chap. 45, upon the importation of wood from America.	この種の奨励金の四つ目は、アメリカからの木材の輸入に対して、第5ジョージ3世第45章によって認められたものだ。	fourth|四つ目|adjective|coming after three others in a series	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	fifth|第5|adjective|coming after four others in a series	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a male given name	III.|3世|noun|the third	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	four|4|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
It was granted for nine years from the 1st January 1766 to the 1st January 1775.	1766年1月1日から1775年1月1日までの9年間認められた。	be granted|認められる|verb|be given or allowed	nine years|9年間|noun|a period of nine years	1st January 1766|1766年1月1日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1766	1st January 1775|1775年1月1日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1775
During the first three years, it was to be for every hundred-and-twenty good deals, at the rate of £1, and for every load containing fifty cubic feet of other square timber, at the rate of 12s.	最初の3年間は、良質の板材120枚につき1ポンド、その他の角材50立方フィートを含む荷につき12シリングだった。	first three years|最初の3年間|noun|the first three years	hundred-and-twenty|120|noun|one hundred and twenty	good deals|良質の板材|noun|good deals	fifty cubic feet|50立方フィート|noun|fifty cubic feet	square timber|角材|noun|square timber
For the second three years, it was for deals, to be at the rate of 15s., and for other squared timber at the rate of 8s.;	次の3年間は、板材は15シリング、その他の角材は8シリングだった。	second|次の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; next	three years|3年間|noun|a period of three years	deal|板材|noun|a piece of sawn timber	15s.|15シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	other|その他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number or group	squared timber|角材|noun|a piece of timber sawn into a square or rectangular cross section	8s.|8シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
and for the third three years, it was for deals, to be at the rate of 10s.; and for every other squared timber at the rate of 5s.	そして最後の3年間は、板材は10シリング、その他の角材は5シリングだった。	third|3番目の|adjective|coming after the second and before the fourth in position	three years|3年間|noun|a period of three years	deal|板材|noun|a piece of sawn timber	10s|10シリング|noun|ten shillings	every other|その他の|adjective|each alternate	squared timber|角材|noun|a piece of timber with a square or rectangular cross section	5s|5シリング|noun|five shillings

The fifth bounty of this kind was that granted by the 9th Geo. III. chap. 38, upon the importation of raw silk from the British plantations.	この種の5番目の奨励金は、第9代ジョージ3世の第38章によって、イギリスの植民地からの生糸の輸入に対して認められた。	fifth|5番目|adjective|coming after four others in a series	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	ninth|第9代|adjective|coming after eight others in a series	Geo. III.|ジョージ3世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	38|第38章|noun|the thirty-eighth chapter	upon|に対して|preposition|on	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|植民地|noun|a colony
It was granted for twenty-one years, from the 1st January 1770, to the 1st January 1791.	それは1770年1月1日から1791年1月1日までの21年間認められた。	be granted|認められる|verb|be given or allowed	twenty-one years|21年間|noun|a period of time lasting for twenty-one years	1st January 1770|1770年1月1日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1770	1st January 1791|1791年1月1日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1791
For the first seven years, it was to be at the rate of £25 for every hundred pounds value;	最初の7年間は、100ポンドの価値に対して25ポンドの割合だった。	first seven years|最初の7年間|noun|the first seven years	hundred pounds|100ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
for the second, at £20; and for the third, at £15.	次の7年間は20ポンド、最後の7年間は15ポンドだった。	for the second|次の7年間|noun phrase|the second in a series	at £20|20ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	for the third|最後の7年間|noun phrase|the third in a series	at £15|15ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
The management of the silk-worm, and the preparation of silk, requires so much hand-labour, and labour is so very dear in America, that even this great bounty, I have been informed, was not likely to produce any considerable effect.	蚕の飼育と絹の製造には非常に多くの手作業が必要であり、アメリカでは労働力が非常に高価なので、この多額の奨励金でさえ、あまり大きな効果は期待できないと聞いている。	management|飼育|noun|the process of managing something	silk-worm|蚕|noun|the larva of the silk moth	preparation|製造|noun|the process of getting something ready	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	hand-labour|手作業|noun|work done with the hands	labour|労働力|noun|the work done by people	dear|高価|adjective|costing a lot of money	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause

The sixth Bounty of this kind was that granted by 11th Geo. III. chap. 50, for the importation of pipe, hogshead, and barrelstaves and leading from the British plantations.	この種の奨励金の六番目は、ジョージ三世第十一年法第五十章で認められた、パイプ、ホッグスヘッド、バレルステイブ、および鉛のイギリス植民地からの輸入に対するものである。	sixth|六番目|adjective|coming after the fifth and before the seventh in position	Bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward or payment	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	granted|認められた|verb|give or allow	11th|第十一年|adjective|coming after the tenth and before the twelfth in position	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a man's name	III.|三世|adjective|coming after the second and before the fourth in position	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	50|五十|adjective|coming after the forty-ninth and before the fifty-first in position	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country	pipe|パイプ|noun|a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey liquids, gases, or electrical signals	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	barrelstaves|バレルステイブ|noun|the staves of a barrel	leading|鉛|noun|a soft, malleable, toxic, bluish-white metal, atomic number 82	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|植民地|noun|a large estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown
It was granted for nine years, from 1st January 1772 to the 1st January 1781.	これは、一七七二年一月一日から一七八一年一月一日までの九年間認められた。	be granted|認められる|verb|be given or allowed	nine years|九年間|noun|a period of nine years	1st January 1772|一七七二年一月一日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1772	1st January 1781|一七八一年一月一日|noun|the first day of the first month of the year 1781
For the first three years, it was, for a certain quantity of each, to be at the rate of £6;	最初の三年間は、一定量について、それぞれ六ポンドの率で、	for the first three years|最初の三年間は|noun phrase|the first three years	for a certain quantity|一定量について|noun phrase|a certain quantity	at the rate of|の率で|noun phrase|at the rate of	six pounds|六ポンド|noun phrase|six pounds
for the second three years at £4;	次の三年間は四ポンドの率で、	for|～の間|preposition|during	second|次の|adjective|coming after the first in time or order	three years|三年|noun|a period of three years	at|～の率で|preposition|at the rate of	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
and for the third three years at £2.	最後の三年間は二ポンドの率で支給された。	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	three years|三年|noun|a period of three years	at|で|preposition|used to indicate a rate or value

The seventh and last bounty of this kind was that granted by the 19th Geo. III chap. 37, upon the importation of hemp from Ireland.	この種の七番目で最後の奨励金は、アイルランドからの麻の輸入に対して、ジョージ三世第十九年法第三十七章によって認められた。	seventh|七番目|adjective|coming after six others in a series; 7th	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	granted|認められた|verb|give or allow (something) to someone	19th|第十九年|adjective|coming after eighteen others in a series; 19th	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a man's name	III|三世|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	37|第三十七章|adjective|coming after thirty-six others in a series; 37th	upon|に対して|preposition|on top of; on	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber and for its seeds	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe
It was granted in the same manner as that for the importation of hemp and undressed flax from America, for twenty-one years, from the 24th June 1779 to the 24th June 1800.	それは、一七七九年六月二十四日から一八〇〇年六月二十四日までの二十一年間にわたり、アメリカからの麻と未加工亜麻の輸入に対して認められたのと同じ方法で認められた。	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country	hemp|麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	undressed|未加工の|adjective|not processed or treated	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	twenty-one years|二十一年|noun|a period of time lasting for twenty-one years	24th June 1779|一七七九年六月二十四日|noun|a date	24th June 1800|一八〇〇年六月二十四日|noun|a date
The term is divided likewise into three periods, of seven years each;	その期間は同様に、それぞれ七年の三つの期間に分けられ、	term|期間|noun|a period of time	divide|分ける|verb|separate into parts	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	seven|七年|noun|the number 7
and in each of those periods, the rate of the Irish bounty is the same with that of the American.	そして、これらの期間のそれぞれにおいて、アイルランドの奨励金の率はアメリカのそれと同じである。	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	Irish|アイルランド|adjective|of or relating to Ireland or its people	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	American|アメリカ|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its people
It does not, however, like the American bounty, extend to the importation of undressed flax.	しかし、それはアメリカの奨励金とは違って、未加工亜麻の輸入には及ばない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its people	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach or touch something	undressed|未加工の|adjective|not having been processed or treated	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber and its seeds
It would have been too great a discouragement to the cultivation of that plant in Great Britain.	イギリスにおけるその植物の栽培にとって、それはあまりにも大きな妨害となったであろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	cultivation|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in a permanent site, absorbing water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll
When this last bounty was granted, the British and Irish legislatures were not in much better humour with one another, than the British and American had been before.	この最後の奨励金が認められたとき、イギリスとアイルランドの立法府は、イギリスとアメリカが以前そうであったよりも、互いにあまり良い関係ではなかった。	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	grant|認める|verb|to give or allow something	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	Irish|アイルランド|adjective|of or relating to Ireland or its people	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	humour|関係|noun|the quality of being funny or amusing	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	American|アメリカ|adjective|of or relating to the United States or its people	before|以前|adverb|earlier or previously
But this boon to Ireland, it is to be hoped, has been granted under more fortunate auspices than all those to America.	しかし、アイルランドへのこの恩恵は、アメリカへのすべての恩恵よりも、より幸運な後援のもとで認められたことを期待したい。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	boon|恩恵|noun|a thing that is helpful or beneficial	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America
The same commodities, upon which we thus gave bounties, when imported from America, were subjected to considerable duties when imported from any other country.	アメリカから輸入されたときに、我々がこのように奨励金を出した同じ商品は、他の国から輸入されたときには、かなりの関税が課せられた。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	give|出す|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	import|輸入する|verb|bring in goods or services from another country	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
The interest of our American colonies was regarded as the same with that of the mother country.	我々のアメリカ植民地の利益は、母国の利益と同じであると見なされていた。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	mother country|母国|noun|the country from which a colony has been founded
Their wealth was considered as our wealth.	彼らの富は我々の富と見なされていた。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about something	as|として|conjunction|used to indicate that something is the same as or similar to something else
Whatever money was sent out to them, it was said, came all back to us by the balance of trade, and we could never become a farthing the poorer by any expense which we could lay out upon them.	彼らに送金された金はすべて貿易収支によって我々のもとに戻ってくるのであり、彼らに支出することによって我々が少しでも貧しくなることはありえないと言われた。	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	send out|送金する|verb|dispatch or send	come back|戻ってくる|verb|return to a place	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	lay out|支出する|verb|spend money	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
They were our own in every respect, and it was an expense laid out upon the improvement of our own property, and for the profitable employment of our own people.	彼らはあらゆる点で我々自身のものであり、それは我々自身の財産の改善と我々自身の人々の有益な雇用のために費やされた費用だった。	in every respect|あらゆる点で|adverb|in all aspects	our own|我々自身の|adjective|belonging to or connected with the speaker	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	profitable|有益な|adjective|yielding a financial profit	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
It is unnecessary, I apprehend, at present to say anything further, in order to expose the folly of a system which fatal experience has now sufficiently exposed.	致命的な経験が今や十分に暴露したシステムの愚かさを暴露するために、現時点でこれ以上何かを言う必要はないと私は理解している。	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	apprehend|理解する|verb|perceive or understand	at present|現時点で|adverb|now; at this time	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	anything|何か|pronoun|something; anything at all	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	expose|暴露する|verb|make (something) visible, known, or vulnerable	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	fatal|致命的な|adjective|causing death
Had our American colonies really been a part of Great Britain, those bounties might have been considered as bounties upon production, and would still have been liable to all the objections to which such bounties are liable, but to no other.	我々のアメリカ植民地が本当にイギリスの一部であったなら、これらの奨励金は生産に対する奨励金と見なされたかもしれないし、それでもそのような奨励金が負うべきすべての異議にさらされたであろうが、それ以外にはさらされなかったであろう。	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	production|生産|noun|the creation of goods and services	liable|さらされる|adjective|legally responsible for something	objection|異議|noun|an expression or statement of disapproval	other|その他|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about

The exportation of the materials of manufacture is sometimes discouraged by absolute prohibitions, and sometimes by high duties.	製造材料の輸出は、絶対禁止や高関税によって阻害されることもある。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent the development, progress, or growth of	absolute prohibition|絶対禁止|noun|a ban on something that is not allowed under any circumstances	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax or fee that is charged on goods when they are imported into a country

Our woollen manufacturers have been more successful than any other class of workmen, in persuading the legislature that the prosperity of the nation depended upon the success and extension of their particular business.	我々の毛織物製造業者は、国の繁栄は彼らの特定の事業の成功と拡大にかかっていると立法府を説得する点で、他のどの労働者階級よりも成功している。	woollen manufacturer|毛織物製造業者|noun|a person who makes woollen products	more successful|より成功している|adjective|having more success	any other class|他のどの階級|noun|any other group	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	persuade|説得する|verb|to cause someone to do or believe something by reasoning with them	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of government	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	depend|かかっている|verb|to be controlled or determined by	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something
They have not only obtained a monopoly against the consumers, by an absolute prohibition of importing woollen cloths from any foreign country;	彼らは、外国からの毛織物の輸入を絶対的に禁止することで、消費者に対する独占権を得ただけでなく、	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
but they have likewise obtained another monopoly against the sheep farmers and growers of wool, by a similar prohibition of the exportation of live sheep and wool.	生きた羊や羊毛の輸出を同様に禁止することで、羊農家や羊毛生産者に対しても独占権を得た。	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a particular market	sheep farmer|羊農家|noun|a person who raises sheep	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	live sheep|生きた羊|noun|a sheep that is alive	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	export|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale
The severity of many of the laws which have been enacted for the security of the revenue is very justly complained of, as imposing heavy penalties upon actions which, antecedent to the statutes that declared them to be crimes, had always been understood to be innocent.	収入の安全保障のために制定された多くの法律の厳しさは、犯罪であると宣言した法令に先立って、常に無実であると理解されていた行為に重い罰則を課すものとして、非常に正当に不満が言われている。	security|安全保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	severity|厳しさ|noun|the quality or state of being severe	complain|不満を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	innocent|無実|adjective|not guilty of a crime or offense
But the cruellest of our revenue laws, I will venture to affirm, are mild and gentle, in comparison to some of those which the clamour of our merchants and manufacturers has extorted from the legislature, for the support of their own absurd and oppressive monopolies.	しかし、我々の収入法の中で最も残酷なものは、我々の商人や製造業者の叫びが、彼ら自身の不条理で抑圧的な独占を支持するために立法府から強要したもののいくつかと比較して、穏やかで優しいものであると断言する。	revenue law|収入法|noun|a law that relates to the collection of revenue	cruel|残酷な|adjective|causing pain or suffering to others	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	clamour|叫び|noun|a loud and confused noise	extort|強要する|verb|obtain by force, threats, or other unfair means	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of government	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
Like the laws of Draco, these laws may be said to be all written in blood.	ドラコの法のように、これらの法はすべて血で書かれていると言える。	like|ように|preposition|similar to	law|法|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	be said to be|と言える|verb|be described as	all|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement

By the 8th of Elizabeth, chap.	エリザベス八世の時代には、第五章	Elizabeth|エリザベス|noun|a queen of England	8th|八世|noun|the ordinal number of eight	chap|第五章|noun|a chapter
3, the exporter of sheep, lambs, or rams, was for the first offence, to forfeit all his goods for ever, to suffer a year’s imprisonment, and then to have his left hand cut off in a market town, upon a market day, to be there nailed up;	3、羊、子羊、雄羊の輸出者は、最初の違反で、すべての品物を永久に没収され、1年間の懲役刑に処せられ、市場の日に市場の町で左手を切り落とされ、そこに釘付けにされることになっていた。	exporter|輸出者|noun|a person or company that exports goods or services	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	lamb|子羊|noun|a young sheep	ram|雄羊|noun|an adult male sheep	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	offence|違反|noun|a breach of a law or rule	forfeit|没収|verb|lose or be deprived of something as a penalty	good|品物|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	ever|永久に|adverb|at all times; always	suffer|処せられる|verb|experience something bad or unpleasant	imprisonment|懲役刑|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime	have|切り落とされる|verb|cause or allow someone or something to have something	left|左|adjective|on or towards the side of a person or thing that is to the west when the person or thing is facing north	hand|手|noun|the end of a person's arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	cut off|切り落とす|verb|remove by cutting	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset	be|釘付けにされる|verb|exist or occur in a specified place or way	there|そこに|adverb|in, at, or to that place or position
and for the second offence, to be adjudged a felon, and to suffer death accordingly.	そして二度目の違反では、重罪犯と判決され、それに応じて死刑に処せられる。	second|二度目|adjective|coming after the first in position	offence|違反|noun|a crime or other illegal act	adjudge|判決する|verb|to decide or declare after careful consideration	felon|重罪犯|noun|a person who has committed a serious crime	suffer|処せられる|verb|to experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	death|死刑|noun|the end of all physical and mental activity in a person or organism
To prevent the breed of our sheep from being propagated in foreign countries, seems to have been the object of this law.	この法律の目的は、イギリスの羊の品種が外国で繁殖するのを防ぐことだったようだ。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	breed|品種|noun|a group of animals or plants having common ancestors and characteristics	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
By the 13th and 14th of Charles II. chap. 18, the exportation of wool was made felony, and the exporter subjected to the same penalties and forfeitures as a felon.	チャールズ二世の第十三章と第十四章では、羊毛の輸出は重罪とされ、輸出者は重罪犯と同じ刑罰と没収を課せられた。	13th|第十三|noun|the ordinal number of thirteen	14th|第十四|noun|the ordinal number of fourteen	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	felony|重罪|noun|a crime of high seriousness	exporter|輸出者|noun|a person or company that exports goods	penalty|刑罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of a right or privilege or of something of value

For the honour of the national humanity, it is to be hoped that neither of these statutes was ever executed.	国民的人道主義の名誉のために、これらの法令のいずれも執行されたことがないことを期待したい。	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	national|国民的|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its people	humanity|人道主義|noun|the quality of being humane; kindness	hope|期待する|verb|want something to happen or be the case	neither|いずれも|determiner|not either; not one nor the other	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect
The first of them, however, so far as I know, has never been directly repealed, and serjeant Hawkins seems to consider it as still in force.	しかし、私の知る限り、そのうちの最初のものは直接廃止されたことはなく、ホーキンス軍曹はそれがまだ有効であると考えているようだ。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	repealed|廃止された|verb|revoke or annul (a law or congressional act)	serjeant|軍曹|noun|a non-commissioned officer in the British army	Hawkins|ホーキンス|noun|a surname	still|まだ|adverb|up to this or that time; as yet	in force|有効である|adjective|having legal or binding force
It may, however, perhaps be considered as virtually repealed by the 12th of Charles II. chap. 32, sect. 3, which, without expressly taking away the penalties imposed by former statutes, imposes a new penalty, viz.	しかし、それはおそらくチャールズ二世の第十二章第三十二節第三節によって事実上廃止されたと考えることができる。それは、以前の法令によって課せられた罰則を明示的に取り除くことなく、新しい罰則を課すものである。	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1661	12th|第十二章|noun|the ordinal number of twelve	32|第三十二節|noun|the ordinal number of thirty-two	3|第三節|noun|the ordinal number of three	virtually|事実上|adverb|in fact or to all intents and purposes	repealed|廃止された|verb|revoke or annul (a law or congressional act)	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	imposed|課せられた|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	explicitly|明示的|adverb|in a clear and detailed manner, leaving no room for confusion or doubt	take away|取り除く|verb|remove or carry something from a place	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, introduced, or discovered	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
that of 20s. for every sheep exported, or attempted to be exported, together with the forfeiture of the sheep, and of the owner’s share of the sheep.	輸出された、または輸出しようとした羊一頭につき20シリング、羊の没収、および羊の所有者の取り分である。	20s|20シリング|noun|a sum of money	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	exported|輸出される|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	attempted|試みられる|verb|try to do something	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of something as a penalty	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	share|取り分|noun|a part of a whole
The second of them was expressly repealed by the 7th and 8th of William III. chap. 28, sect. 4, by which it is declared that “Whereas the statute of the 13th and 14th of king Charles II. made against the exportation of wool, among other things in the said act mentioned, doth enact the same to be deemed felony, by the severity of which penalty the prosecution of offenders hath not been so effectually put in execution;	そのうちの二つ目は、ウィリアム三世の第七章と第八章の第二十八節第四節によって明示的に廃止され、次のように宣言されている。「チャールズ二世の第十三章と第十四章の法令は、羊毛の輸出を禁止するものであり、同法に定めるその他の事項は、これを重罪とみなすものとし、その刑罰の厳しさにより、違反者の起訴は効果的に執行されていない。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	expressly|明示的に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	repealed|廃止され|verb|revoke or annul (a law or congressional act)	7th|第七章|noun|the number 7	8th|第八章|noun|the number 8	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	28|第二十八節|noun|the number 28	4|第四節|noun|the number 4	declared|宣言されている|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or intention	13th|第十三章|noun|the number 13	14th|第十四章|noun|the number 14	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1660 to 1685	made|禁止するものであり|verb|cause to be or become	against|禁止するものであり|preposition|in opposition to	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	among|その他の事項|preposition|in the middle of	said|同法に定める|verb|express (something) in words	mentioned|定める|verb|refer to briefly	doth|みなすものとし|verb|does	enact|みなすものとし|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	same|これを|adjective|identical; not different	deemed|みなすものとし|verb|regard or consider in a specified way	felony|重罪|noun|a crime, typically one involving violence, regarded as more serious than a misdemeanor and usually punishable by imprisonment for more than one year or by death	severity|厳しさ|noun|the quality or state of being severe	penalty|刑罰|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	prosecution|起訴|noun|the institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge	hath|されていない|verb|has	so|効果的に|adverb|to such a great extent	put|執行されていない|verb|move or cause to move into a specified place or position	execution|執行されていない|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person
be it therefore enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that so much of the said act, which relates to the making the said offence felony, be repealed and made void.”	したがって、前述の権限により、前述の犯罪を重罪にすることに関連する前述の行為の大部分を廃止し、無効とする。」	be it therefore enacted|したがって、制定される|verb|be enacted	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	aforesaid|前述の|adjective|mentioned earlier	so much of|大部分|noun|a large part of	said act|前述の行為|noun|the act mentioned earlier	relate to|関連する|verb|be connected with	said offence|前述の犯罪|noun|the crime mentioned earlier	felony|重罪|noun|a crime of a serious nature	be repealed|廃止される|verb|be annulled	made void|無効にされる|verb|be made invalid

The penalties, however, which are either imposed by this milder statute, or which, though imposed by former statutes, are not repealed by this one, are still sufficiently severe.	しかし、このより穏やかな法令によって課せられるか、または以前の法令によって課せられたが、この法令によって廃止されない罰則は、依然として十分に厳しい。	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	milder|より穏やかな|adjective|less severe, harsh, or extreme	statute|法令|noun|a written law passed by a legislative body	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	repeal|廃止する|verb|officially cancel (a law or agreement)	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to the required degree or extent	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense
Besides the forfeiture of the goods, the exporter incurs the penalty of 3s. for every pound weight of wool, either exported or attempted to be exported, that is, about four or five times the value.	商品の没収に加えて、輸出者は輸出された、または輸出しようとした羊毛一ポンドにつき3シリング、つまり価値の約4、5倍の罰金を科せられる。	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of a right or property as a penalty	exporter|輸出者|noun|a person or company that exports goods or services	incur|科せられる|verb|become subject to	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Any merchant, or other person convicted of this offence, is disabled from requiring any debt or account belonging to him from any factor or other person.	この犯罪で有罪判決を受けた商人またはその他の人は、代理人またはその他の人から自分に属する債務または口座を要求することができない。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	convicted|有罪判決を受けた|verb|find or declare guilty of an offense or crime	offence|犯罪|noun|a crime or other illegal act	disabled|できない|verb|make unable to perform a normal function	require|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	account|口座|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time
Let his fortune be what it will, whether he is or is not able to pay those heavy penalties, the law means to ruin him completely.	彼の財産がどうなろうと、彼がそうした重い罰金を支払えるか否かに関わらず、法律は彼を完全に破滅させることを意味する。	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	be what it will|どうなろうと|verb|be what it is going to be	whether|かどうか|conjunction|if	heavy|重い|adjective|having a large mass or weight	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely
But, as the morals of the great body of the people are not yet so corrupt as those of the contrivers of this statute, I have not heard that any advantage has ever been taken of this clause.	しかし、国民の大多数の道徳観は、この法令の立案者の道徳観ほど堕落していないので、この条項を有利に利用したという話は聞いたことがない。	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	morals|道徳観|noun|a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do	corrupt|堕落した|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	contriver|立案者|noun|a person who devises or invents something	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	clause|条項|noun|a distinct section of a legal document
If the person convicted of this offence is not able to pay the penalties within three months after judgment, he is to be transported for seven years;	この犯罪で有罪判決を受けた者が、判決後3ヶ月以内に罰金を支払えない場合、7年間国外追放される。	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	convicted|有罪判決を受けた|verb|find or declare guilty of an offense or crime	offence|犯罪|noun|a crime or other violation of the law	able|できる|adjective|having the power or skill to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	within|以内に|preposition|inside the limits of	three months|3ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 30 days	judgment|判決|noun|the formal decision of a court of law	is to be|される|verb|will be	transported|国外追放される|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
and if he returns before the expiration of that term, he is liable to the pains of felony, without benefit of clergy.	そして、その期間が満了する前に帰国した場合、聖職者の恩恵を受けることなく、重罪の刑に処せられる。	expiration|満了|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	return|帰国|verb|go or come back to a place	liable|処せられる|adjective|legally responsible for something	felony|重罪|noun|a crime for which the punishment is usually more than one year in prison	benefit|恩恵|noun|something that is advantageous or good	clergy|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy
The owner of the ship, knowing this offence, forfeits all his interest in the ship and furniture.	この犯罪を知っている船主は、船と家具に対するすべての権利を失う。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for travelling on water	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	offence|犯罪|noun|a crime or other illegal act	forfeit|失う|verb|lose or be deprived of	interest|権利|noun|a right or title to property	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc
The master and mariners, knowing this offence, forfeit all their goods and chattels, and suffer three months imprisonment.	この犯罪を知っている船長と船員は、すべての動産を没収され、3ヶ月の懲役刑に処せられる。	master|船長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	mariner|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	offence|犯罪|noun|a crime or other illegal act	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of something as a penalty	good|動産|noun|a tangible object that is not real property	chattel|動産|noun|a tangible object that is not real property	suffer|処せられる|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant
By a subsequent statute, the master suffers six months imprisonment.	その後の法令により、船長は6ヶ月の懲役刑に処せられる。	by|により|preposition|near or next to	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	suffer|処せられる|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	imprisonment|懲役刑|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime

In order to prevent exportation, the whole inland commerce of wool is laid under very burdensome and oppressive restrictions.	輸出を防ぐために、羊毛の国内取引全体が非常に厄介で抑圧的な制限の下に置かれている。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	whole|全体|adjective|all of	inland|国内|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	commerce|取引|noun|the activity of buying and selling	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	lay|置く|verb|put into a specified position	under|下に|preposition|below	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree	burdensome|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty or trouble	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure
It cannot be packed in any box, barrel, cask, case, chest, or any other package, but only in packs of leather or pack-cloth, on which must be marked on the outside the words WOOL or YARN, in large letters, not less than three inches long, on pain of forfeiting the same and the package, and 8s. for every pound weight, to be paid by the owner or packer.	箱、樽、桶、ケース、箱、その他のパッケージに詰めることはできず、革や布のパッケージにのみ詰めることができ、その外側には長さ3インチ以上の大きな文字でWOOLまたはYARNと記入しなければならず、違反すると羊毛とパッケージを没収され、所有者または荷造り業者は1ポンドあたり8シリングを支払わなければならない。	box|箱|noun|a container with a flat base and sides, typically with a lid	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	cask|桶|noun|a barrel-shaped container made of wood or metal	case|ケース|noun|a container for holding or protecting something	chest|箱|noun|a large, strong box with a lid, used for storing or transporting clothes, household items, or other articles	package|パッケージ|noun|a small container in which something is sold	pack|詰める|verb|put things into a container	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal	pack-cloth|布|noun|a piece of cloth used for wrapping or packing something	mark|記入する|verb|write or draw something on the surface of something	outside|外側|noun|the external part of something	word|文字|noun|a unit of language that can be written or spoken	large|大きな|adjective|of great size or extent	letter|文字|noun|a character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech	less|以上|adjective|not as much or as many as	three|3|numeral|the number 3	inch|インチ|noun|a unit of length equal to 2.54 centimeters	long|長さ|noun|the measurement of the extent of something from end to end	pain|違反|noun|a highly unpleasant physical sensation caused by illness or injury	forfeit|没収|verb|lose or be deprived of something as a penalty	same|羊毛|adjective|being the same one as previously mentioned	package|パッケージ|noun|a small container in which something is sold	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	packer|荷造り業者|noun|a person who packs goods for transport
It cannot be loaden on any horse or cart, or carried by land within five miles of the coast, but between sun-rising, and sun-setting, on pain of forfeiting the same, the horses and carriages.	馬や荷車に積んだり、海岸から5マイル以内の陸路で運んだりすることはできないが、日の出から日没までの間には、馬や馬車を没収される恐れがある。	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	cart|荷車|noun|a small vehicle with two wheels that is pulled by a horse or other animal	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	five miles|5マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	land|陸路|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sun-rising|日の出|noun|the time when the sun appears in the sky	sun-setting|日没|noun|the time when the sun disappears below the horizon	pain|恐れ|noun|a feeling of great suffering	forfeit|没収|verb|lose or be deprived of something as a penalty	carriage|馬車|noun|a vehicle with wheels that is pulled by a horse
The hundred next adjoining to the sea coast, out of, or through which the wool is carried or exported, forfeits £20, if the wool is under the value of £10; and if of greater value, then treble that value, together with treble costs, to be sued for within the year.	羊毛が運び出されたり輸出されたりする海岸に隣接する百は、羊毛の価値が10ポンド未満であれば20ポンドを没収され、それ以上の価値であればその価値の3倍と3倍の費用を1年以内に請求される。	hundred|百|noun|a unit of division of a county in England	next|隣接する|adjective|immediately following in time	sea coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	out of|から|preposition|from inside	through|通って|preposition|from one end or side to the other	carry|運び出す|verb|take or bring from one place to another	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	greater|それ以上の|adjective|larger or more	treble|3倍|adjective|three times as great or many	cost|費用|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something	sue|請求される|verb|institute legal proceedings against a person or organization	within|以内に|preposition|before the end of (a period of time)
The execution to be against any two of the inhabitants, whom the sessions must reimburse, by an assessment on the other inhabitants, as in the cases of robbery.	強盗の場合と同様に、他の住民に課税して、セッションが返済しなければならない住民のいずれか2人に対して執行する。	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a legally condemned person	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	reimburse|返済する|verb|pay back	robbery|強盗|noun|the crime of stealing from a person or place by force or threat of force
And if any person compounds with the hundred for less than this penalty, he is to be imprisoned for five years;	そして、もし誰かがこの罰金よりも少ない額で百と和解したら、その人は5年間投獄される。	compound|和解する|verb|to settle a matter by mutual agreement	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed or incurred for a violation of law or rule	five years|5年間|noun|a period of five years
and any other person may prosecute.	そして、他の誰かが起訴することができる。	any other|他の誰か|determiner|some other; some more	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	prosecute|起訴する|verb|institute legal proceedings against a person or organization
These regulations take place through the whole kingdom.	これらの規制は王国全体に適用される。	take place|適用される|verb|happen or occur	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen

But in the particular counties of Kent and Sussex, the restrictions are still more troublesome.	しかし、ケントとサセックスの特定の郡では、制限はさらに厄介である。	Kent|ケント|noun|a county in southeast England	Sussex|サセックス|noun|a former kingdom in southern England	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, group, class, or category	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a country	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	troublesome|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems
Every owner of wool within ten miles of the sea coast must give an account in writing, three days after shearing, to the next officer of the customs, of the number of his fleeces, and of the places where they are lodged.	海岸から10マイル以内にいる羊毛の所有者はすべて、毛刈りから3日以内に、羊毛の数と保管場所を税関の担当官に書面で報告しなければならない。	ten miles|10マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	sea coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	three days|3日|noun|a period of time equal to 24 hours	shearing|毛刈り|noun|the action of cutting the wool off a sheep or other animal	give an account|報告する|verb|to tell someone about something	in writing|書面で|adverb|in written form	next|担当官|adjective|coming immediately after the one before	officer|担当官|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	lodge|保管場所|verb|to provide with temporary accommodation
And before he removes any part of them, he must give the like notice of the number and weight of the fleeces, and of the name and abode of the person to whom they are sold, and of the place to which it is intended they should be carried.	そして、その一部を移動する前に、羊毛の数と重量、販売先の人物の名前と住所、運搬先の場所について同様の通知を行わなければならない。	remove|移動する|verb|change the location of	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	give|行う|verb|cause to have or receive	notice|通知|noun|a statement that something is going to happen or has happened	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	fleece|羊毛|noun|the wool from a sheep	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	abode|住所|noun|a place where someone lives	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	carry|運搬する|verb|take or bring from one place to another
No person within fifteen miles of the sea, in the said counties, can buy any wool, before he enters into bond to the king, that no part of the wool which he shall so buy shall be sold by him to any other person within fifteen miles of the sea.	前述の郡の海から15マイル以内にいる人は、王との契約を結ぶまでは羊毛を購入することはできない。その契約では、購入した羊毛の一部を海から15マイル以内にいる他の人に販売することはできない。	fifteen miles|15マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 15 miles	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a country	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	buy|購入する|verb|acquire in exchange for payment	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	bond|契約|noun|a binding agreement between two or more parties	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
If any wool is found carrying towards the sea side in the said counties, unless it has been entered and security given as aforesaid, it is forfeited, and the offender also forfeits 3s. for every pound weight, if any person lay any wool, not entered as aforesaid, within fifteen miles of the sea, it must be seized and forfeited;	前述の郡で海岸に向かって運ばれている羊毛が発見された場合、前述のように登録され、保証が与えられていない限り、それは没収され、違反者は1ポンドの重量につき3シリングも没収される。前述のように登録されていない羊毛を海から15マイル以内に置いた場合、それは押収され、没収される。	county|郡|noun|the largest administrative division of a country	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	enter|登録される|verb|go or come in	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of	offender|違反者|noun|a person who has committed a crime	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	lay|置く|verb|put down	mile|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	seize|押収される|verb|take hold of suddenly and forcibly
and if, after such seizure, any person shall claim the same, he must give security to the exchequer, that if he is cast upon trial he shall pay treble costs, besides all other penalties.	そして、そのような押収の後、誰かがそれを請求する場合、彼は裁判にかけられた場合、他のすべての罰則に加えて3倍の費用を支払うという保証を歳入庁に与えなければならない。	seizure|押収|noun|the action of taking something by force	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	claim|請求する|verb|state or assert that something is the case	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	exchequer|歳入庁|noun|a government department responsible for collecting and managing revenue	trial|裁判|noun|a formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	treble|3倍|adjective|three times as great or many	cost|費用|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something	besides|加えて|preposition|as well as; in addition to	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract

When such restrictions are imposed upon the inland trade, the coasting trade, we may believe, cannot be left very free.	内陸貿易にこのような制限が課せられると、沿岸貿易は非常に自由に放置することはできないと信じられる。	inland trade|内陸貿易|noun|trade between two places in the same country	coasting trade|沿岸貿易|noun|trade between two places on the same coast	be imposed upon|課せられる|verb|be forced to accept or put up with	be left|放置される|verb|be in a specified state	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely
Every owner of wool, who carrieth, or causeth to be carried, any wool to any port or place on the sea coast, in order to be from thence transported by sea to any other place or port on the coast, must first cause an entry thereof to be made at the port from whence it is intended to be conveyed, containing the weight, marks, and number, of the packages, before he brings the same within five miles of that port, on pain of forfeiting the same, and also the horses, carts, and other carriages;	海岸の港や場所に羊毛を運搬したり、運搬させたりしている羊毛の所有者は、そこから海岸の他の場所や港に海上輸送されるために、まず、その港から5マイル以内に運び込む前に、荷物の重量、マーク、番号を記載した輸送予定の港にその旨を記入させなければならない。そうしないと、羊毛だけでなく、馬、荷車、その他の運搬具も没収される。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	cause|させる|verb|make something happen	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	sea coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea	entry|記入|noun|the action of going or coming in	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become	whence|～から|adverb|from what place or source	convey|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	contain|記載する|verb|have or hold within itself	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of a person or thing	mark|マーク|noun|a sign or symbol	number|番号|noun|a figure representing a particular quantity and used in counting and making calculations	package|荷物|noun|a small parcel or box	bring|運び込む|verb|take or carry from one place to another	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or have to give up something as a penalty	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged domesticated mammal that has been bred by humans for riding, racing, and carrying loads	cart|荷車|noun|a small vehicle pulled by a horse or other animal	carriage|運搬具|noun|a vehicle with wheels that is pulled by a horse
and also of suffering and forfeiting, as by the other laws in force against the exportation of wool.	また、羊毛の輸出を禁止する他の法律と同様に、罰金と没収の対象となる。	also|また|adverb|in addition; too; as well	suffering|罰金|noun|the state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship	forfeiting|没収|noun|the loss of something as a penalty for a mistake or fault	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
This law, however (1st of William III. chap. 32), is so very indulgent as to declare, that this shall not hinder any person from carrying his wool home from the place of shearing, though it be within five miles of the sea, provided that in ten days after shearing, and before he remove the wool, he do under his hand certify to the next officer of the customs the true number of fleeces, and where it is housed;	しかし、この法律(ウィリアム三世第一章三十二条)は、非常に寛大で、海から五マイル以内であっても、羊毛を刈り取った場所から自宅に持ち帰ることを妨げるものではないと宣言している。ただし、刈り取った後十日以内に、羊毛を移動する前に、羊毛の正確な数と保管場所を税関の担当官に証明しなければならない。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	chap|章|noun|a main division of a book	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or intention	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	home|自宅|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	shearing|刈り取る|verb|cut the wool off a sheep or other animal	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	mile|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers	ten days|十日|noun|a period of ten days	remove|移動する|verb|move something from one place to another	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	certify|証明する|verb|confirm or state officially that something is true or that someone has a particular status	officer|担当官|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	fleece|羊毛|noun|the woolly covering of a sheep or goat	house|保管場所|noun|a place where someone lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
and do not remove the same, without certifying to such officer, under his hand, his intention so to do, three days before.	また、三日前にその旨を担当官に証明せずに、羊毛を移動してはならない。	remove|移動する|verb|change the location of	three days before|三日前|noun|three days ago	certify|証明する|verb|confirm or state that something is true	officer|担当官|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization
Bond must be given that the wool to be carried coast-ways is to be landed at the particular port for which it is entered outwards;	海岸沿いに運搬される羊毛は、輸出入される特定の港で陸揚げされるという保証がなければならない。	bond|保証|noun|a written promise to pay a sum of money if a particular condition is not fulfilled	be given|与えられる|verb|be presented with	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	be carried|運搬される|verb|be transported	coast-ways|海岸沿い|noun|along the coast	be landed|陸揚げされる|verb|be brought ashore	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	be entered|輸出入される|verb|be imported or exported
and if my part of it is landed without the presence of an officer, not only the forfeiture of the wool is incurred, as in other goods, but the usual additional penalty of 3s. for every pound weight is likewise incurred.	そして、その一部が担当官の立ち会いなしに陸揚げされた場合、他の品物と同様に羊毛の没収だけでなく、一ポンドあたり三シリングという通常の追加罰金も科せられる。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	land|陸揚げされる|verb|arrive on land	officer|担当官|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of something as a penalty	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	incur|科せられる|verb|become subject to	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way

Our woollen manufacturers, in order to justify their demand of such extraordinary restrictions and regulations, confidently asserted, that English wool was of a peculiar quality, superior to that of any other country;	わが国の毛織物製造業者は、このような異常な制限や規制を要求することを正当化するために、イギリスの羊毛は他のどの国の羊毛よりも優れた独特の品質であると自信を持って主張した。	woollen manufacturer|毛織物製造業者|noun|a person who makes woollen products	extraordinary restriction|異常な制限|noun|a limit that is not normal	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or law that controls something	confidently assert|自信を持って主張する|verb|to state something strongly and with confidence	English wool|イギリスの羊毛|noun|wool from England	peculiar quality|独特の品質|noun|a quality that is unusual or strange	superior|優れた|adjective|better than average or usual	any other country|他のどの国|noun|any country other than the one being discussed
that the wool of other countries could not, without some mixture of it, be wrought up into any tolerable manufacture;	他の国の羊毛は、イギリスの羊毛を混ぜなければ、まともな製品に仕上げることができない。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	mixture|混合|noun|a combination of two or more things	tolerable|まともな|adjective|able to be endured	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory
that fine cloth could not be made without it;	イギリスの羊毛がなければ上質な布は作れない。	fine|上質な|adjective|of high quality	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	make|作る|verb|create or produce something
that England, therefore, if the exportation of it could be totally prevented, could monopolize to herself almost the whole woollen trade of the world;	したがって、イギリスは、もし羊毛の輸出を完全に阻止することができれば、世界の羊毛貿易のほとんどすべてを独占することができる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	totally|完全に|adverb|completely	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening	woollen|羊毛|adjective|made of wool	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and thus, having no rivals, could sell at what price she pleased, and in a short time acquire the most incredible degree of wealth by the most advantageous balance of trade.	こうして、ライバルがいなければ、イギリスは好きな価格で販売することができ、短期間で最も有利な貿易収支によって信じられないほどの富を獲得することができる。	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	have no rivals|ライバルがいない|verb|have no competitors	sell|販売する|verb|exchange or deliver for money	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	please|喜ばせる|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied	short time|短時間|noun|a small amount of time	acquire|獲得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
This doctrine, like most other doctrines which are confidently asserted by any considerable number of people, was, and still continues to be, most implicitly believed by a much greater number: by almost all those who are either unacquainted with the woollen trade, or who have not made particular inquiries.	この教義は、かなりの数の人々によって自信をもって主張されている他のほとんどの教義と同様に、はるかに多くの人々によって最も暗黙のうちに信じられており、今もなお信じられている。羊毛貿易に精通していない人、あるいは特別な調査をしていない人のほとんどすべてが信じている。	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	confidently|自信をもって|adverb|in a confident manner	assert|主張する|verb|state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	still|今もなお|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	implicitly|暗黙のうちに|adverb|in a way that is not directly expressed	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	woollen|羊毛の|adjective|made of wool	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
It is, however, so perfectly false, that English wool is in any respect necessary for the making of fine cloth, that it is altogether unfit for it.	しかし、イギリスの羊毛が上質な布を作るのに必要であるというのはまったくの嘘で、まったく適していない。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	fine|上質な|adjective|of high quality	cloth|布|noun|a piece of woven or knitted material	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally
Fine cloth is made altogether of Spanish wool.	上質な布はすべてスペイン産の羊毛で作られている。	fine|上質な|adjective|of high quality	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	Spanish|スペイン産の|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat
English wool, cannot be even so mixed with Spanish wool, as to enter into the composition without spoiling and degrading, in some degree, the fabric of the cloth.	イギリスの羊毛は、スペインの羊毛と混ぜても、布の織物をある程度損なったり劣化させたりせずに混ぜることはできない。	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	spoil|損なう|verb|damage or harm	degrade|劣化する|verb|make or become worse	fabric|織物|noun|a cloth made by weaving or knitting

It has been shown in the foregoing part of this work, that the effect of these regulations has been to depress the price of English wool, not only below what it naturally would be in the present times, but very much below what it actually was in the time of Edward III.	この著作の前半で示したように、これらの規制の効果は、イギリスの羊毛の価格を、現代の自然な価格よりも低くするだけでなく、エドワード三世の時代の実勢価格よりもはるかに低くすることだった。	It has been shown|示した|verb|to be demonstrated or proved	foregoing|前半|adjective|going before in time or order	effect|効果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	depress|低くする|verb|to push or pull down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	naturally|自然な|adverb|in a natural manner	present|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377
The price of Scotch wool, when, in consequence of the Union, it became subject to the same regulations, is said to have fallen about one half.	スコットランドの羊毛の価格は、連合の結果、同じ規制の対象となったとき、約半分に下落したと言われている。	Scotch wool|スコットランドの羊毛|noun|wool from Scotland	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	Union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided
It is observed by the very accurate and intelligent author of the Memoirs of Wool, the Reverend Mr. John Smith, that the price of the best English wool in England, is generally below what wool of a very inferior quality commonly sells for in the market of Amsterdam.	羊毛の回顧録の非常に正確で知的な著者であるジョン・スミス牧師は、イギリスで最高のイギリス産羊毛の価格は、一般的にアムステルダムの市場で非常に品質の低い羊毛が通常売られている価格よりも低いと述べている。	Memoirs of Wool|羊毛の回顧録|noun|a book about wool	Reverend|牧師|noun|a member of the clergy	John Smith|ジョン・スミス|noun|a person's name	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	below|より低い|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	what|もの|noun|the thing that	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	for|で|preposition|in exchange for	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
To depress the price of this commodity below what may be called its natural and proper price, was the avowed purpose of those regulations;	この商品の価格を、その自然で適正な価格と呼べる水準より低く抑えることが、これらの規制の公然の目的だった。	depress|抑える|verb|push or pull down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	below|より低く|preposition|in a lower position than	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proper|適正な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done
and there seems to be no doubt of their having produced the effect that was expected from them.	そして、それらが期待された効果を生み出したことに疑いの余地はないようだ。	there seems to be|～のようだ|verb|to appear to be	no doubt|疑いの余地はない|noun|a state of certainty	produce|生み出す|verb|to make or create something	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	expect|期待する|verb|to regard something as likely to happen or be the case

This reduction of price, it may perhaps be thought, by discouraging the growing of wool, must have reduced very much the annual produce of that commodity, though not below what it formerly was, yet below what, in the present state of things, it would probably have been, had it, in consequence of an open and free market, been allowed to rise to the natural and proper price.	この価格の低下は、羊毛の生産を阻害することによって、その商品の年間生産量を、以前の水準よりは低くはないにしても、現状では、もしそれが、開放的で自由な市場の結果として、自然で適正な価格に上昇することを許されていたら、おそらくそうだったであろう水準よりは、かなり低下させたに違いないと考えられる。	reduction|低下|noun|the act of reducing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	formerly|以前|adverb|in the past	below|より低く|preposition|lower than	present|現状|noun|the current situation	open|開放的|adjective|not closed or blocked	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proper|適正|adjective|truly or strictly so called	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
I am, however, disposed to believe, that the quantity of the annual produce cannot have been much, though it may, perhaps, have been a little affected by these regulations.	しかし、私は、年間生産量は、これらの規制によって多少の影響を受けたかもしれないが、それほど多くはなかったと信じる傾向がある。	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	much|多く|adverb|to a great extent or degree	though|かもしれない|conjunction|despite the fact that	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	affect|影響を受ける|verb|have an effect on	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority
The growing of wool is not the chief purpose for which the sheep farmer employs his industry and stock.	羊毛の生産は、羊飼いがその産業と家畜を雇用する主な目的ではない。	growing|生産|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	chief|主な|adjective|most important	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	sheep farmer|羊飼い|noun|a person who raises sheep	employ|雇用する|verb|use or engage the services of	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	stock|家畜|noun|animals or birds kept for breeding or rearing
He expects his profit, not so much from the price of the fleece, as from that of the carcase;	彼は、羊毛の価格からではなく、死体の価格から利益を期待している。	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	fleece|羊毛|noun|the woolly covering of a sheep or goat	carcase|死体|noun|the dead body of an animal
and the average or ordinary price of the latter must even, in many cases, make up to him whatever deficiency there may be in the average or ordinary price of the former.	そして、後者の平均価格または通常価格は、多くの場合、前者の平均価格または通常価格に不足がある場合でも、それを補わなければならない。	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	ordinary|通常|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an event or situation	make up|補う|verb|to compensate for something	deficiency|不足|noun|a lack or shortage	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned
It has been observed, in the foregoing part of this work, that ‘whatever regulations tend to sink the price, either of wool or of raw hides, below what it naturally would be, must, in an improved and cultivated country, have some tendency to raise the price of butcher’s meat.	この著作の前半で、羊毛や生皮の価格を自然な価格より下げる傾向のある規制は、改良され耕作された国では、肉屋の肉の価格を上げる傾向があるに違いないと述べた。	observe|述べる|verb|say or state	foregoing|前半|adjective|going before in time; preceding	work|著作|noun|a book or other written material	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	sink|下げる|verb|go or cause to go below the surface of water	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	raw|生|adjective|not cooked	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	naturally|自然な|adverb|in a natural manner	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat
The price, both of the great and small cattle which are fed on improved and cultivated land, must be sufficient to pay the rent which the landlord, and the profit which the farmer, has reason to expect from improved and cultivated land.	改良され耕作された土地で飼育される大小の家畜の価格は、地主が改良され耕作された土地から期待する地代と、農民が期待する利益を支払うのに十分でなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	small|小さい|adjective|of minor significance or importance	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	feed|飼育する|verb|give food to	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen
If it is not, they will soon cease to feed them.	そうでなければ、彼らはすぐに家畜に餌をやめてしまうだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	not|そうでなければ|adverb|a word that is used to express negation	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end	feed|餌をやる|verb|give food to
Whatever part of this price, therefore, is not paid by the wool and the hide, must be paid by the carcase.	したがって、この価格のどの部分も羊毛と皮で支払われない場合は、死体で支払わなければならない。	whatever|どの部分も|pronoun|no matter what	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	carcase|死体|noun|the dead body of an animal
The less there is paid for the one, the more must be paid for the other.	一方の支払いが少ないほど、他方の支払いは多くなる。	the less|少ないほど|determiner|a smaller amount of	there is|ある|verb|exist	paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due	the more|多いほど|determiner|a larger amount of	must be|なる|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due
In what manner this price is to be divided upon the different parts of the beast, is indifferent to the landlords and farmers, provided it is all paid to them.	この価格を家畜のどの部分に割り当てるかは、地主や農民にとっては、すべて支払われる限り、どうでもいいことである。	in what manner|どのように|adverb|in what way	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	be to be divided|割り当てられる|verb|be to be split up	different part|部分|noun|a piece of something	beast|家畜|noun|an animal	indifferent|どうでもいい|adjective|having no particular interest or concern	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	provided|限り|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
In an improved and cultivated country, therefore, their interest as landlords and farmers cannot be much affected by such regulations, though their interest as consumers may, by the rise in the price of provisions.’	したがって、改良され耕作された国では、地主や農民としての彼らの利益は、そのような規制によってあまり影響を受けることはないが、消費者としての彼らの利益は、食料品の価格の上昇によって影響を受けるかもしれない。」	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an authority	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods or services	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level or amount of something
According to this reasoning, therefore, this degradation in the price of wool is not likely, in an improved and cultivated country, to occasion any diminution in the annual produce of that commodity;	したがって、この推論によれば、改良され耕作された国では、羊毛の価格の低下は、その商品の年間生産量の減少をもたらす可能性は低い。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated or reported by	this reasoning|この推論|noun|the process of giving reasons	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	degradation|低下|noun|the state of being degraded	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	not likely|可能性は低い|adjective|not probable; not having a good chance of occurring	improved|改良された|adjective|made better	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	occasion|もたらす|verb|be the cause of	diminution|減少|noun|the state or process of becoming less	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something produced
except so far as, by raising the price of mutton, it may somewhat diminish the demand for, and consequently the production of, that particular species of butcher’s meat,	ただし、羊肉の価格を上げることで、その特定の種類の食肉の需要と生産が多少減少する可能性がある。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	mutton|羊肉|noun|the flesh of a sheep	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	butcher|食肉|noun|a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat
Its effect, however, even in this way, it is probable, is not very considerable.	しかし、その効果は、この方法でさえ、おそらくあまり大きくない。	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	in this way|この方法で|adverb|in this manner	probable|おそらく|adjective|likely to happen or be true	not very|あまり|adverb|to a small extent or degree	considerable|大きい|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent

But though its effect upon the quantity of the annual produce may not have been very considerable, its effect upon the quality, it may perhaps be thought, must necessarily have been very great.	しかし、年間生産量への影響はそれほど大きくなかったかもしれないが、品質への影響は必然的に非常に大きかったと考えられる。	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products	may not have been|そうではなかったかもしれない|auxiliary verb|it is possible that something is not the case	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	considerable|大きい|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|it is possible that something is the case	be thought|考えられる|verb|have a particular opinion about something	must|必然的に|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	have been|だった|auxiliary verb|something happened in the past
The degradation in the quality of English wool, if not below what it was in former times, yet below what it naturally would have been in the present state of improvement and cultivation, must have been, it may perhaps be supposed, very nearly in proportion to the degradation of price.	英国の羊毛の品質の低下は、以前の品質を下回ることはなかったとしても、現在の改良と栽培の状態で自然に得られるはずの品質を下回っていたに違いない。おそらく、価格の低下にほぼ比例していたと考えられる。	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	English|英国の|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	if not|なかったとしても|conjunction|even if not	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	what|もの|noun|the thing that	it was|それがあった|verb|it existed	in former times|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; still; even so	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	what|もの|noun|the thing that	it would have been|それがあっただろう|verb|it would have existed	in the present state|現在の状態で|noun|the current situation	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected	cultivation|栽培|noun|the process of growing plants	must have been|だったに違いない|verb|it was very likely	it may perhaps be supposed|おそらく考えられる|verb|it is possible to think	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or value of something else	degradation|低下|noun|a reduction in quality	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
As the quality depends upon the breed, upon the pasture, and upon the management and cleanliness of the sheep, during the whole progress of the growth of the fleece, the attention to these circumstances, it may naturally enough be imagined, can never be greater than in proportion to the recompence which the price of the fleece is likely to make for the labour and expense which that attention requires.	品質は、羊毛の成長の全過程において、品種、牧草地、羊の管理と清潔さに依存しているので、これらの状況への注意は、当然のことながら、羊毛の価格がその注意に必要な労働と費用に対して支払う報酬に比例する以上に大きくなることはありえない。	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	breed|品種|noun|a group of animals or plants within a species having similar characteristics and developed by deliberate selection	pasture|牧草地|noun|an area of land covered with grass and other plants suitable for grazing animals	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	cleanliness|清潔さ|noun|the state of being clean	sheep|羊|noun|an animal that is often kept for its wool or its meat	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	fleece|羊毛|noun|the wool covering of a sheep or goat	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
It happens, however, that the goodness of the fleece depends, in a great measure, upon the health, growth, and bulk of the animal: the same attention which is necessary for the improvement of the carcase is, in some respect, sufficient for that of the fleece.	しかし、羊毛の良さは、動物の健康、成長、大きさに大きく依存している。死体の改善に必要な注意は、ある意味、羊毛の改善にも十分である。	fleece|羊毛|noun|the woolly covering of a sheep or goat	goodness|良さ|noun|the quality of being good	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	bulk|大きさ|noun|the main or greater part of something	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required
Notwithstanding the degradation of price, English wool is said to have been improved considerably during the course even of the present century.	価格の低下にもかかわらず、英国の羊毛は、今世紀の間でさえかなり改善されたと言われている。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	degradation|低下|noun|the state of being degraded	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	English|英国の|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a great extent; very much	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	present|今|adjective|existing or occurring now	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
The improvement, might, perhaps, have been greater if the price had been better;	価格がもっと良ければ、改善はもっと大きかったかもしれない。	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	have been|だったかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	greater|もっと大きかった|adjective|larger in size or amount	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
but the lowness of price, though it may have obstructed, yet certainly it has not altogether prevented that improvement.	しかし、価格の低さは、改善を妨げたかもしれないが、確かに改善を完全に阻止したわけではない。	lowness|低さ|noun|the quality or state of being low	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	obstruct|妨げる|verb|be or get in the way of	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something or the state of being improved

The violence of these regulations, therefore, seems to have affected neither the quantity nor the quality of the annual produce of wool, so much as it might have been expected to do (though I think it probable that it may have affected the latter a good deal more than the former);	したがって、これらの規制の暴力は、羊毛の年間生産量にも品質にも、期待されていたほど影響を与えていないようである(前者よりも後者にかなり影響を与えた可能性があると思うが)。	violence|暴力|noun|the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or kill	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products	wool|羊毛|noun|the fine soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen or be the case	former|前者|adjective|denoting the first or first mentioned of two people or things	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent than
and the interest of the growers of wool, though it must have been hurt in some degree, seems upon the whole, to have been much less hurt than could well have been imagined.	そして、羊毛生産者の利益は、ある程度損害を受けたに違いないが、全体としては、想像していたよりもはるかに損害が少なかったように思われる。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows something	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	hurt|損害|noun|physical or mental pain or suffering	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	whole|全体|noun|all of something	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case

These considerations, however, will not justify the absolute prohibition of the exportation of wool;	しかし、これらの考慮は、羊毛の輸出の絶対禁止を正当化するものではない。	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat
but they will fully justify the imposition of a considerable tax upon that exportation.	しかし、それらは、その輸出にかなりの税金を課すことを十分に正当化するだろう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	fully|十分に|adverb|completely; totally	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	imposition|課すこと|noun|the action of imposing something	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something

To hurt, in any degree, the interest of any one order of citizens, for no other purpose but to promote that of some other, is evidently contrary to that justice and equality of treatment which the sovereign owes to all the different orders of his subjects.	ある階級の市民の利益を、他の階級の利益を促進する以外の目的で、少しでも損なうことは、明らかに、君主が臣民のあらゆる階級に対して負っている公正で平等な待遇に反する。	hurt|損なう|verb|cause damage to	degree|少しでも|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	owe|負っている|verb|have or feel a duty or obligation to do or pay something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler
But the prohibition certainly hurts, in some degree, the interest of the growers of wool, for no other purpose but to promote that of the manufacturers.	しかし、この禁止は、羊毛生産者の利益を、製造業者の利益を促進する以外の目的で、ある程度損なうことは確かである。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	hurt|損なう|verb|cause damage to	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft, fine, curly hair forming the coat of a sheep, goat, or similar animal, especially when shorn and prepared for use in making cloth or yarn	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage

Every different order of citizens is bound to contribute to the support of the sovereign or commonwealth.	あらゆる階級の市民は、君主や国家の維持に貢献する義務がある。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	bound|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	support|維持|noun|the action of helping or encouraging someone or something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	commonwealth|国家|noun|an independent country or community, especially a democratic republic
A tax of five, or even of ten shillings, upon the exportation of every tod of wool, would produce a very considerable revenue to the sovereign.	羊毛一トッドの輸出につき五シリング、あるいは十シリングでさえの税金は、君主に非常に大きな収入をもたらすだろう。	five|五|noun|the number 5	ten|十|noun|the number 10	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
It would hurt the interest of the growers somewhat less than the prohibition, because it would not probably lower the price of wool quite so much.	それは、羊毛の価格をそれほど下げないだろうから、禁止よりも生産者の利益を多少は損なうだろう。	hurt|損なう|verb|cause damage to	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
It would afford a sufficient advantage to the manufacturer, because, though he might not buy his wool altogether so cheap as under the prohibition, he would still buy it at least five or ten shillings cheaper than any foreign manufacturer could buy it, besides saving the freight and insurance which the other would be obliged to pay.	それは製造業者に十分な利益をもたらすだろう。なぜなら、彼は羊毛を禁止されているほど安く買うことはできないかもしれないが、それでも外国の製造業者が買うことができるよりも少なくとも五シリングか十シリング安く買うことができるし、他の製造業者が支払わなければならない運賃や保険を節約できるからである。	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods	insurance|保険|noun|a security in case of loss or damage	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods bought, or services rendered
It is scarce possible to devise a tax which could produce any considerable revenue to the sovereign, and at the same time occasion so little inconveniency to anybody.	君主にかなりの収入をもたらし、同時に誰にもほとんど不便を与えないような税金を考え出すことはほとんど不可能である。	devise|考え出す|verb|plan or invent a complex procedure or mechanism	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|もたらす|verb|cause to happen or exist	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at one and the same time; concurrently	occasion|与える|verb|cause or produce	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or discomfort

The prohibition, notwithstanding all the penalties which guard it, does not prevent the exportation of wool.	禁止は、それを守るあらゆる罰則にもかかわらず、羊毛の輸出を阻止していない。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	guard|守る|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
It is exported, it is well known, in great quantities.	よく知られているように、羊毛は大量に輸出されている。	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	well known|よく知られている|adjective|known by many people	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount
The great difference between the price in the home and that in the foreign market, presents such a temptation to smuggling, that all the rigour of the law cannot prevent it.	国内価格と海外市場価格の大きな差は、密輸の誘惑となり、法律の厳しさをもってしてもそれを防ぐことはできない。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	foreign|海外|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	temptation|誘惑|noun|a desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	law|法律|noun|a rule or system of rules recognized by a country or community as regulating the actions of its members and having binding legal force	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
This illegal exportation is advantageous to nobody but the smuggler.	この違法輸出は密輸業者以外には誰にも利益をもたらさない。	illegal|違法|adjective|contrary to or forbidden by law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	advantageous|利益をもたらす|adjective|favourable to success or to a favourable outcome	nobody|誰にも|pronoun|no person; no one	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who smuggles goods
A legal exportation, subject to a tax, by affording a revenue to the sovereign, and thereby saving the imposition of some other, perhaps more burdensome and inconvenient taxes, might prove advantageous to all the different subjects of the state.	課税される合法的な輸出は、主権者に収入をもたらし、それによって他の、おそらくより負担が大きく不便な税金の課税を免れることで、国家のすべての異なる臣民に利益をもたらすかもしれない。	legal|合法的な|adjective|permitted by law	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	subject to|課税される|verb|be affected by	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation, excise, etc.	save|免れる|verb|prevent the occurrence of	imposition|課税|noun|the action of imposing something, or the state of being imposed	burdensome|負担が大きい|adjective|involving a great deal of effort	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	prove|利益をもたらす|verb|turn out to be	advantageous|利益をもたらす|adjective|favourable; beneficial	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory

The exportation of fuller’s earth, or fuller’s clay, supposed to be necessary for preparing and cleansing the woollen manufactures, has been subjected to nearly the same penalties as the exportation of wool.	羊毛製品の準備と洗浄に必要とされるフルラー土、またはフルラー粘土の輸出は、羊毛の輸出とほぼ同じ罰則の対象となっている。	fuller's earth|フルラー土|noun|a claylike substance that is used to remove grease from wool	fuller's clay|フルラー粘土|noun|a claylike substance that is used to remove grease from wool	woollen manufacture|羊毛製品|noun|a product made from wool	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract
Even tobacco-pipe clay, though acknowledged to be different from fuller’s clay, yet, on account of their resemblance, and because fuller’s clay might sometimes be exported as tobacco-pipe clay, has been laid under the same prohibitions and penalties.	タバコパイプ粘土でさえ、フルラー粘土とは異なると認められているにもかかわらず、その類似性と、フルラー粘土がタバコパイプ粘土として輸出される可能性があることから、同じ禁止と罰則の対象となっている。	tobacco-pipe clay|タバコパイプ粘土|noun|a type of clay used to make tobacco pipes	fuller's clay|フルラー粘土|noun|a type of clay used to clean and whiten wool	be acknowledged to be|認められている|verb|be recognized or accepted as being	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	resemblance|類似性|noun|the state of being alike or similar	might|可能性がある|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	be exported|輸出される|verb|be sent to another country for sale	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law or rule

By the 13th and 14th of Charles II. chap, 7, the exportation, not only of raw hides, but of tanned leather, except in the shape of boots, shoes, or slippers, was prohibited;	チャールズ二世の第十三条と第十四条によって、第七章では、生皮だけでなく、ブーツ、靴、スリッパの形状を除く鞣し革の輸出が禁止された。	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1661	13th|第十三条|noun|the ordinal number of thirteen	14th|第十四条|noun|the ordinal number of fourteen	7|第七章|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	raw|生|adjective|not cooked	hide|皮|noun|the skin of an animal	tanned|鞣し|adjective|made into leather by tanning	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal	boot|ブーツ|noun|a covering for the foot and lower leg	shoe|靴|noun|a covering for the foot	slipper|スリッパ|noun|a light indoor shoe	prohibited|禁止された|verb|formally or legally forbid
and the law gave a monopoly to our boot-makers and shoe-makers, not only against our graziers, but against our tanners.	そして、この法律は、我が国の牧畜業者だけでなく、皮なめし業者に対しても、我が国の靴職人に独占権を与えた。	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	boot-maker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes boots	shoe-maker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises livestock	tanner|皮なめし業者|noun|a person who tans hides
By subsequent statutes, our tanners have got themselves exempted from this monopoly, upon paying a small tax of only one shilling on the hundred weight of tanned leather, weighing one hundred and twelve pounds.	その後の法令によって、我が国の皮なめし業者は、百十二ポンドの重さの鞣し革百斤に対してわずか一シリングという少額の税金を支払うことで、この独占から免除された。	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	tanner|皮なめし業者|noun|a person who tans hides	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone from an obligation or requirement	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a particular market	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	small|少額の|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	tanned|鞣し革|adjective|made from leather that has been tanned	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	twelve|十二|noun|the number 12	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom
They have obtained likewise the drawback of two-thirds of the excise duties imposed upon their commodity, even when exported without further manufacture.	彼らはまた、それ以上の製造をせずに輸出する場合でさえ、彼らの商品に課せられる物品税の三分の二の払い戻しを得た。	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem	two-thirds|三分の二|noun|a fraction equal to two divided by three	excise duty|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale
All manufactures of leather may be exported duty free;	すべての皮革製品は免税で輸出できる。	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	free|免税|adjective|not subject to a particular tax or charge
and the exporter is besides entitled to the drawback of the whole duties of excise.	そして、輸出業者は、そのうえ、物品税の全額の払い戻しを受ける権利がある。	exporter|輸出業者|noun|a person or company that exports goods or services	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	entitled|権利がある|verb|have a right to	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem
Our graziers still continue subject to the old monopoly.	我が国の牧畜業者は、依然として古い独占の対象となっている。	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises livestock for a living	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or in a certain state	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
Graziers, separated from one another, and dispersed through all the different corners of the country, cannot, without great difficulty, combine together for the purpose either of imposing monopolies upon their fellow-citizens, or of exempting themselves from such as may have been imposed upon them by other people.	牧畜業者は、互いに離れており、国のあらゆる隅々に散らばっているので、同胞に独占を課したり、他の人々によって課せられた独占から自分たちを免除したりする目的で、大きな困難なしに団結することはできない。	Graziers|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises livestock	separate|離れる|verb|move or cause to move apart	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge together	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	fellow-citizen|同胞|noun|a person who is a citizen of the same country as another	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
Manufacturers of all kinds, collected together in numerous bodies in all great cities, easily can.	あらゆる種類の製造業者は、すべての大都市に多数の団体として集まっており、簡単にできる。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	all kinds|あらゆる種類|noun|all sorts	collect|集まる|verb|come together	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other	numerous|多数の|adjective|very many	body|団体|noun|a group of people with a particular purpose	great city|大都市|noun|a large city	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to
Even the horns of cattle are prohibited to be exported;	牛の角でさえ輸出が禁止されている。	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	horn|角|noun|a hard pointed projection on the head of an animal	be prohibited|禁止されている|verb|be forbidden; be not allowed
and the two insignificant trades of the horner and comb-maker enjoy, in this respect, a monopoly against the graziers.	そして、角細工師と櫛細工師という二つの取るに足らない商売は、この点で牧畜業者に対して独占を享受している。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|of minor importance	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	grazier|牧畜業者|noun|a person who raises livestock for sale

Restraints, either by prohibitions, or by taxes, upon the exportation of goods which are partially, but not completely manufactured, are not peculiar to the manufacture of leather.	部分的に製造されたが、完全には製造されていない商品の輸出に対する禁止または課税による制限は、皮革製造業に特有のものではない。	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	partially|部分的に|adverb|to some extent; not completely	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to a person, place, or thing; particular	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making shoes, clothes, furniture, and other objects
As long as anything remains to be done, in order to fit any commodity for immediate use and consumption, our manufacturers think that they themselves ought to have the doing of it.	何かをしなければならない限り、即時の使用と消費に適合させるために、我々の製造業者は、彼ら自身がそれをしなければならないと考えている。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	remain to be done|しなければならない|verb|be still to be done	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	fit|適合させる|verb|be of the right shape and size	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	ought to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|should; must	have the doing of|しなければならない|verb|be obliged to do something
Woollen yarn and worsted are prohibited to be exported, under the same penalties as wool even white cloths we subject to a duty upon exportation;	毛糸と梳毛糸は、羊毛と同じ罰則のもとで輸出が禁止されており、白布でさえ輸出に課税されている。	woollen yarn|毛糸|noun|a yarn made from wool	worsted|梳毛糸|noun|a smooth yarn made from wool	be prohibited to be exported|輸出が禁止されている|verb|be forbidden to be sent to another country	under the same penalties|同じ罰則のもとで|noun|under the same punishment	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	white cloth|白布|noun|a cloth that is white	be subject to|課税されている|verb|be required to pay	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending something to another country
and our dyers have so far obtained a monopoly against our clothiers.	そして、我々の染色業者は、これまでのところ、我々の衣料品業者に対して独占権を得ている。	dyer|染色業者|noun|a person who dyes things	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	clothier|衣料品業者|noun|a person who makes or sells clothes
Our clothiers would probably have been able to defend themselves against it;	我々の衣料品業者は、おそらくそれに対して自衛することができただろう。	clothier|衣料品業者|noun|a person who makes or sells clothes	defend|自衛する|verb|take action to protect oneself from attack	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to
but it happens that the greater part of our principal clothiers are themselves likewise dyers.	しかし、我々の主要な衣料品業者の大部分は、彼ら自身も染色業者である。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	clothier|衣料品業者|noun|a person who makes or sells clothes	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is the same as the object	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	dyer|染色業者|noun|a person who dyes things
Watch-cases, clock-cases, and dial-plates for clocks and watches, have been prohibited to be exported.	時計のケース、時計のケース、時計の文字盤は輸出が禁止されている。	watch-case|時計のケース|noun|the metal or plastic container for the mechanism of a watch	clock-case|時計のケース|noun|the metal or plastic container for the mechanism of a clock	dial-plate|文字盤|noun|the face of a clock or watch	be prohibited|禁止されている|verb|be forbidden; be not allowed
Our clock-makers and watch-makers are, it seems, unwilling that the price of this sort of workmanship should be raised upon them by the competition of foreigners.	我々の時計職人は、外国人の競争によってこの種の職人の価格が上がることを望んでいないようだ。	clock-maker|時計職人|noun|a person who makes clocks	watch-maker|時計職人|noun|a person who makes watches	unwilling|望んでいない|adjective|not willing; reluctant	this sort of|この種の|determiner|of this kind	workmanship|職人|noun|the quality of work produced by a craftsman	be raised|上がること|verb|be increased	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country

By some old statutes of Edward III, Henry VIII. and Edward VI. the exportation of all metals was prohibited.	エドワード三世、ヘンリー八世、エドワード六世の古い法令によって、すべての金属の輸出が禁止された。	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	Henry VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 1509 to 1547	Edward VI|エドワード六世|noun|King of England from 1547 to 1553	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid
Lead and tin were alone excepted, probably on account of the great abundance of those metals;	鉛と錫だけは例外だったが、おそらくこれらの金属が非常に豊富だったためだろう。	lead|鉛|noun|a soft, malleable, heavy, toxic, bluish-white metal, atomic number 82	tin|錫|noun|a soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal, atomic number 50	alone|だけ|adverb|only; solely	except|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	abundance|豊富|noun|a very large quantity of something
in the exportation of which a considerable part of the trade of the kingdom in those days consisted.	その輸出は、当時の王国の貿易のかなり大きな部分を占めていた。	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	considerable|かなり大きな|adjective|large in amount or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	those days|当時|noun|the past
For the encouragement of the mining trade, the 5th of William and Mary, chap.17, exempted from this prohibition iron, copper, and mundic metal made from British ore.	鉱業貿易を奨励するため、ウィリアムとメアリーの第五章第十七条は、イギリスの鉱石から作られた鉄、銅、マンディック金属をこの禁止から除外した。	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	mining|鉱業|noun|the process or business of extracting coal or other minerals	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	William and Mary|ウィリアムとメアリー|noun|joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	exempt|除外する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	iron|鉄|noun|a strong, hard magnetic silvery-gray metal	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity	mundic|マンディック|noun|a mineral containing arsenic and iron	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	ore|鉱石|noun|a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted
The exportation of all sorts of copper bars, foreign as well as British, was afterwards permitted by the 9th and 10th of William III. chap 26.	その後、イギリス製だけでなく外国製のあらゆる種類の銅棒の輸出が、ウィリアム三世の第九章と第十章によって許可された。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal	bar|棒|noun|a long thin piece of wood, metal, or another material	foreign|外国製|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	British|イギリス製|adjective|of or from Great Britain	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	chap|章|noun|a main division of a book
The exportation of unmanufactured brass, of what is called gun-metal, bell-metal, and shroff metal, still continues to be prohibited.	未加工の真鍮、いわゆる砲金、鐘金、シュロフ金の輸出は、依然として禁止されている。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	unmanufactured|未加工の|adjective|not manufactured	brass|真鍮|noun|a yellow alloy of copper and zinc	gun-metal|砲金|noun|a type of bronze used for making guns	bell-metal|鐘金|noun|a type of bronze used for making bells	shroff metal|シュロフ金|noun|a type of bronze used for making coins	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	be prohibited|禁止される|verb|not be allowed
Brass manufactures of all sorts may be exported duty free.	あらゆる種類の真鍮製品は、無税で輸出できる。	brass|真鍮|noun|a yellow alloy of copper and zinc	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been manufactured	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	free|無税|adjective|not costing or charging anything

The exportation of the materials of manufacture, where it is not altogether prohibited, is, in many cases, subjected to considerable duties.	製造材料の輸出は、全面的に禁止されていない場合でも、多くの場合、かなりの関税が課せられる。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	altogether|全面的に|adverb|completely; totally	prohibited|禁止されている|verb|formally or legally forbid	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	subjected|課せられる|verb|cause to undergo or experience	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods

By the 8th Geo. I. chap.15, the exportation of all goods, the produce of manufacture of Great Britain, upon which any duties had been imposed by former statutes, was rendered duty free.	ジョージ一世第八章第十五条により、従来の法令で関税が課せられていた英国製のすべての製品の輸出が免税となった。	8th|第八|adjective|coming after seven others in a series; 8th	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a male given name	I.|一世|noun|the first	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	15|第十五|adjective|coming after fourteen others in a series; 15th	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	former|従来|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	statute|法令|noun|a written law passed by a legislative body	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	free|免税|adjective|not costing or charging anything
The following goods, however, were excepted: alum, lead, lead-ore, tin, tanned leather, copperas, coals, wool, cards, white woollen cloths, lapis calaminaris, skins of all sorts, glue, coney hair or wool, hares wool, hair of all sorts, horses, and litharge of lead.	しかし、次の品目は例外とされた。ミョウバン、鉛、鉛鉱石、錫、なめし革、硫酸鉄、石炭、羊毛、カード、白毛織物、カラミナ鉱石、あらゆる種類の皮、にかよ、ウサギの毛または羊毛、野ウサギの羊毛、あらゆる種類の毛、馬、鉛丹である。	alum|ミョウバン|noun|a double sulfate of aluminum and potassium or ammonium	lead|鉛|noun|a soft, malleable, heavy, toxic, bluish-white metal	lead-ore|鉛鉱石|noun|a mineral from which lead can be extracted	tin|錫|noun|a soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal	tanned leather|なめし革|noun|leather that has been tanned	copperas|硫酸鉄|noun|a green crystalline hydrated ferrous sulfate	coals|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown combustible mineral	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft, curly, fine hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	card|カード|noun|a piece of thick, stiff paper or thin pasteboard	white woollen cloths|白毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	lapis calaminaris|カラミナ鉱石|noun|a mineral consisting of zinc carbonate	skins|皮|noun|the outer layer of the body of a person or animal	glue|にかよ|noun|an adhesive substance used to stick objects or materials together	coney hair or wool|ウサギの毛または羊毛|noun|the hair or wool of a rabbit	hares wool|野ウサギの羊毛|noun|the wool of a hare	hair|毛|noun|a threadlike structure that grows from the skin of an animal	horses|馬|noun|a large, four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	litharge of lead|鉛丹|noun|a red oxide of lead
If you except horses, all these are either materials of manufacture, or incomplete manufactures (which may be considered as materials for still further manufacture), or instruments of trade.	馬を除けば、これらはすべて製造材料か、未完成品(さらに製造を進めるための材料と考えられる)か、貿易の道具である。	except|除く|verb|not include; exclude	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	incomplete|未完成|adjective|not finished or complete	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
This statute leaves them subject to all the old duties which had ever been imposed upon them, the old subsidy, and one per cent.	この法令では、これらの品目にはこれまで課せられていたすべての古い関税、古い補助金、一パーセントの関税が課せられる。	leave|課せられる|verb|cause to remain in a specified condition	subject|品目|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	one percent|一パーセント|noun|a proportion or share in every hundred
outwards.	輸出関税である。	outwards|輸出|adjective|going or directed toward the outside

By the same statute, a great number of foreign drugs for dyers use are exempted from all duties upon importation.	同じ法令で、染色業者が使用する外国の薬品は、輸入に際してすべての関税が免除されている。	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	dyer|染色業者|noun|a person who dyes things	drug|薬品|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods and services produced in one country into another
Each of them, however, is afterwards subjected to a certain duty, not indeed a very heavy one, upon exportation.	しかし、その後、それらの品目はすべて、輸出に際して、それほど重くない関税が課せられる。	each of|すべて|determiner|every one of	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	certain|ある|determiner|some but not much	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly	heavy|重い|adjective|having a large mass or weight	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
Our dyers, it seems, while they thought it for their interest to encourage the importation of those drugs, by an exemption from all duties, thought it likewise for their own interest to throw some small discouragement upon their exportation.	わが国の染色業者は、これらの薬品の輸入を奨励するために、すべての関税を免除することが自分たちの利益になると考えていたが、同時に、その輸出に多少の障害を与えることも自分たちの利益になると考えていたようである。	dyer|染色業者|noun|a person who dyes things	drug|薬品|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	exportation|輸出|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another
The avidity, however, which suggested this notable piece of mercantile ingenuity, most probably disappointed itself of its object.	しかし、この商売上の巧妙な工夫を思いつかせたのは貪欲さだったが、おそらくその目的は達成されなかった。	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire for something	suggest|思いつかせる|verb|cause to think of or consider	notable|巧妙な|adjective|worthy of attention or notice	piece|工夫|noun|a portion of something	mercantile|商売上の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	ingenuity|巧妙さ|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	most probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely	disappoint|達成されない|verb|fail to meet the hopes or expectations of	object|目的|noun|a goal or purpose
It necessarily taught the importers to be more careful than they might otherwise have been, that their importation should not exceed what was necessary for the supply of the home market.	輸入業者は、輸入量が国内市場の供給に必要な量を超えないように、そうでなければあり得たよりも注意深くならざるを得なかった。	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that brings in goods from a foreign country	careful|注意深い|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
The home market was at all times likely to be more scantily supplied;	国内市場は常に供給不足になりがちだった。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	be likely to|しがちである|verb|be probable or expected	be more scantily supplied|供給不足になりがちである|verb|be provided in a smaller amount than is needed or wanted
the commodities were at all times likely to be somewhat dearer there than they would have been, had the exportation been rendered as free as the importation.	輸出が輸入と同じように自由に行われていたならば、商品は常に国内市場では、そうでない場合よりも多少高価になったであろう。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	at all times|常に|adverb|always; on all occasions	likely|ありそうな|adjective|probable; having a high probability	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	dearer|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	there|国内市場|noun|that place	have been|そうでない場合|verb|be in the past	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing

By the above-mentioned statute, gum senega, or gum arabic, being among the enumerated dyeing drugs, might be imported duty free.	上記の法令により、セネガルゴムやアラビアゴムは、列挙された染料薬品に含まれているので、無税で輸入できる。	above-mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	gum senega|セネガルゴム|noun|a type of gum	gum arabic|アラビアゴム|noun|a type of gum	among|中に|preposition|in the middle of	enumerate|列挙する|verb|count or list one by one	drug|薬品|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	might|できる|auxiliary verb|have the potential to; be able to	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods
They were subjected, indeed, to a small poundage duty, amounting only to threepence in the hundred weight, upon their re-exportation.	確かに、再輸出の際には、百ウェイトあたりわずか3ペンスという少額の重量税が課せられていた。	be subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	small|少額の|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	poundage duty|重量税|noun|a tax on the weight of goods	amount to|わずか|verb|be equal to	threepence|3ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth three pennies	hundred weight|百ウェイト|noun|a unit of weight equal to 112 pounds	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of imported goods
France enjoyed, at that time, an exclusive trade to the country most productive of those drugs, that which lies in the neighbourhood of the Senegal;	当時、フランスは、これらの薬品を最も多く生産している国、セネガル近郊にある国との独占貿易を享受していた。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent	productive|生産している|adjective|producing much or many	drug|薬品|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	exclusive|独占|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things
and the British market could not be easily supplied by the immediate importation of them from the place of growth.	そして、イギリス市場は、生産地からの直接輸入によって容易に供給することができなかった。	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	immediate|直接|adjective|happening or done without delay	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
By the 25th Geo. II. therefore, gum senega was allowed to be imported (contrary to the general dispositions of the act of navigation) from any part of Europe.	そのため、ジョージ二世の25年目には、セネガルゴムは(航海条例の一般的な規定に反して)ヨーロッパのどこからでも輸入することが許可された。	25th|25年目|noun|the ordinal number of twenty-five	Geo. II.|ジョージ二世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 11 June 1727	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	gum senega|セネガルゴム|noun|a gum obtained from the stems of a plant	be allowed to|許可される|verb|be permitted to	be imported|輸入される|verb|be brought into a country from abroad for sale	contrary to|反して|preposition|opposite to; against	the general dispositions of the act of navigation|航海条例の一般的な規定|noun|the general rules of the act of navigation	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
As the law, however, did not mean to encourage this species of trade, so contrary to the general principles of the mercantile policy of England, it imposed a duty of ten shillings the hundred weight upon such importation, and no part of this duty was to be afterwards drawn back upon its exportation.	しかし、この法律は、イギリスの商業政策の一般原則に反して、この種の貿易を奨励することを意図したものではなかったので、そのような輸入に対して百ウェイトあたり10シリングの関税を課し、この関税の一部はその後輸出時に還付されることはなかった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	mean|意図する|verb|intend to convey or indicate	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	general principle|一般原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	mercantile policy|商業政策|noun|a policy or set of policies that encourages or discourages trade and commercial activity	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	ten shillings|10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	hundred weight|百ウェイト|noun|a unit of weight equal to 112 pounds avoirdupois	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	draw back|還付する|verb|to move or cause to move back or away
The successful war which began in 1755 gave Great Britain the same exclusive trade to those countries which France had enjoyed before.	1755年に始まった戦争の勝利により、イギリスはフランスが以前に享受していた国々との独占貿易を獲得した。	1755|1755年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
Our manufactures, as soon as the peace was made, endeavoured to avail themselves of this advantage, and to establish a monopoly in their own favour both against the growers and against the importers of this commodity.	我が国の製造業者は、和平が成立するとすぐに、この利点を生かして、この商品の生産者と輸入業者の両方に対して、自分たちに有利な独占を確立しようと努力した。	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	avail oneself of|～を利用する|verb|make good use of	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows something	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that imports goods or services
By the 5th of Geo. III. therefore, chap. 37, the exportation of gum senega, from his majesty’s dominions in Africa, was confined to Great Britain, and was subjected to all the same restrictions, regulations, forfeitures, and penalties, as that of the enumerated commodities of the British colonies in America and the West Indies.	そのため、ジョージ三世の5年目には、第37章で、アフリカの陛下の領土からのセネガルゴムの輸出はイギリスに限定され、アメリカと西インド諸島のイギリス植民地の列挙された商品と同じ制限、規制、没収、罰則の対象となった。	5th|5年目|noun|the ordinal number of five	Geo. III.|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	37|37|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirty-six and one	exportation|輸出|noun|the act of exporting	gum senega|セネガルゴム|noun|a type of gum	majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address a sovereign	dominion|領土|noun|a territory over which a sovereign exercises power	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	subjected|対象となる|verb|be exposed to or affected by	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of property or a right as a penalty	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea
Its importation, indeed, was subjected to a small duty of sixpence the hundred weight;	確かに、その輸入には百ウェイトあたり6ペンスというわずかな関税が課せられていた。	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods into a country from abroad for sale	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	small|わずかな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	weight|ウェイト|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs
but its re-exportation was subjected to the enormous duty of one pound ten shillings the hundred weight.	しかし、その再輸出には百ウェイトあたり1ポンド10シリングという莫大な関税が課せられていた。	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of something that has been imported	subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	enormous|莫大な|adjective|very large or great	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	hundred weight|百ウェイト|noun|a unit of weight equal to 112 pounds
It was the intention of our manufacturers, that the whole produce of those countries should be imported into Great Britain; and in order that they themselves might be enabled to buy it at their own price, that no part of it should be exported again, but at such an expense as would sufficiently discourage that exportation.	我が国の製造業者の意図は、これらの国の生産物はすべてイギリスに輸入されるべきであり、彼ら自身がそれを自分たちの価格で買えるようにするためには、その一部を再輸出することはできないが、その輸出を十分に阻害するほどの費用をかけて再輸出することであった。	intention|意図|noun|an aim or plan	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something
Their avidity, however, upon this, as well as upon many other occasions, disappointed itself of its object.	しかし、このときも他の多くの場合と同様に、彼らの貪欲さは目的を達成できなかった。	avidity|貪欲さ|noun|a strong desire for something	upon|際に|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	disappoint|達成できなかった|verb|fail to meet the hopes or expectations of	object|目的|noun|a goal or purpose
This enormous duty presented such a temptation to smuggling, that great quantities of this commodity were clandestinely exported, probably to all the manufacturing countries of Europe, but particularly to Holland, not only from Great Britain, but from Africa.	この莫大な関税は密輸の誘惑となり、この商品はイギリスからだけでなくアフリカからも、おそらくヨーロッパのすべての製造国に、特にオランダに大量に密輸された。	enormous|莫大な|adjective|extremely large or great	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to have or do something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	clandestinely|密かに|adverb|done secretly or without the knowledge of others	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	manufacturing|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles from raw materials by hand or by machine	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of Europe	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent after Asia, chiefly in the southern hemisphere
Upon this account, by the 14th Geo. III. chap.10, this duty upon exportation was reduced to five shillings the hundred weight.	このため、14代目ジョージ3世の第10章で、この輸出関税は100ウェイトあたり5シリングに引き下げられた。	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	14th|14代目|adjective|the ordinal number of fourteen	Geo. III.|ジョージ3世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	chap.10|第10章|noun|chapter 10	this duty|この関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	hundred weight|100ウェイト|noun|a unit of weight equal to 112 pounds

In the book of rates, according to which the old subsidy was levied, beaver skins were estimated at six shillings and eight pence a piece;	旧補助金が徴収されていた税率表では、ビーバーの毛皮は1枚6シリング8ペンスと見積もられていた。	book of rates|税率表|noun|a book that lists the rates of taxes	old subsidy|旧補助金|noun|a subsidy that is no longer in effect	be levied|徴収される|verb|be imposed or collected	beaver skin|ビーバーの毛皮|noun|the fur of a beaver	six shillings and eight pence|6シリング8ペンス|noun|a sum of money	a piece|1枚|noun|a single item
and the different subsidies and imposts which, before the year 1722, had been laid upon their importation, amounted to one-fifth part of the rate, or to sixteen pence upon each skin;	そして、1722年以前には、その輸入に対して課せられていたさまざまな補助金や課税は、税率の5分の1、つまり1枚の皮につき16ペンスに達していた。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	impost|課税|noun|a tax, usually on imported goods	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	rate|税率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	sixteen|16|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of fifteen and one	pence|ペンス|noun|a unit of money of the United Kingdom, equal to one-hundredth of a pound
all of which, except half the old subsidy, amounting only to twopence, was drawn back upon exportation.	そのすべては、わずか2ペンスに相当する旧補助金の半分を除いて、輸出時に還付された。	all of which|そのすべては|pronoun|the whole of which	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	amount|相当する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	twopence|2ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth two pennies	draw back|還付される|verb|to take back or withdraw	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
This duty, upon the importation of so important a material of manufacture, had been thought too high;	このような重要な製造原料の輸入に対するこの関税は、高すぎると考えられていた。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country	material|原料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent
and, in the year 1722, the rate was reduced to two shillings and sixpence, which reduced the duty upon importation to sixpence, and of this only one-half was to be drawn back upon exportation.	そして1722年に税率は2シリング6ペンスに引き下げられ、輸入関税は6ペンスに引き下げられ、そのうち半分だけが輸出時に還付されることになった。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in the year|年に|noun|a period of time	rate|税率|noun|the amount of a charge or payment	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	two|2|numeral|one more than one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency	of this|うち|noun|of this	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	one-half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	be to be|されることになった|verb|be to be	draw back|還付する|verb|move or pull back	upon|時に|preposition|on
The same successful war put the country most productive of beaver under the dominion of Great Britain; and beaver skins being among the enumerated commodities, the exportation from America was consequently confined to the market of Great Britain.	同じく勝利を収めた戦争によって、ビーバーの生産量が最も高い国がイギリスの支配下に入り、ビーバーの毛皮は列挙品目の一つであったため、アメリカからの輸出は結果的にイギリス市場に限定された。	put|置く|verb|move something to a specified place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing much or many	beaver|ビーバー|noun|a large rodent that builds dams	dominion|支配|noun|supreme authority	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	skin|毛皮|noun|the outer covering of a person or animal	commodity|品目|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
Our manufacturers soon bethought themselves of the advantage which they might make of this circumstance;	我が国の製造業者は、すぐにこの状況から得られる利益を思いついた。	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	bethink oneself|思いつく|verb|to think of or realize something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
and in the year 1764, the duty upon the importation of beaver skin was reduced to one penny, but the duty upon exportation was raised to sevenpence each skin, without any drawback of the duty upon importation.	そして1764年には、ビーバーの毛皮の輸入関税は1ペニーに引き下げられたが、輸出関税は1枚あたり7ペニーに引き上げられ、輸入関税の還付は一切行われなかった。	the year 1764|1764年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	beaver skin|ビーバーの毛皮|noun|the fur of a beaver	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	one penny|1ペニー|noun|a British pre-decimal coin worth one two-hundred-and-fortieth of a pound	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending something to another country for sale	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	sevenpence|7ペニー|noun|a British pre-decimal coin worth seven pennies	drawback|還付|noun|a disadvantage or problem	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad
By the same law, a duty of eighteen pence the pound was imposed upon the exportation of beaver wool or woumbs, without making any alteration in the duty upon the importation of that commodity, which, when imported by British, and in British shipping, amounted at that time to between fourpence and fivepence the piece.	同じ法律によって、ビーバーの毛皮やウームの輸出には1ポンドあたり18ペンスの関税が課せられたが、その商品の輸入関税には変更が加えられず、イギリス人によってイギリスの船で輸入された場合には、当時1枚あたり4ペンスから5ペンスとなった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	beaver|ビーバー|noun|a large rodent that builds dams	wool|毛皮|noun|the soft, curly, or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	woumb|ウーム|noun|a type of beaver fur	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	British|イギリス人|noun|a citizen of the United Kingdom	shipping|船|noun|the transport of people or goods by sea	amount|なる|verb|to be equal to or equivalent to	fourpence|4ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth four pennies	fivepence|5ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth five pennies

Coals may be considered both as a material of manufacture, and as an instrument of trade.	石炭は製造の材料としても、貿易の道具としても考えることができる。	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown combustible mineral	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services
Heavy duties, accordingly, have been imposed upon their exportation, amounting at present (1783) to more than five shillings the ton, or more than fifteen shillings the chaldron, Newcastle measure;	それに応じて、石炭の輸出には重い関税が課せられ、現在(1783年)では1トンあたり5シリング以上、ニューカッスル尺度では1チャルドロンあたり15シリング以上となっている。	heavy duty|重い関税|noun|a high tax or fee	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	more than|以上|preposition|greater than	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	more than|以上|preposition|greater than	fifteen shillings|15シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	chaldron|チャルドロン|noun|a unit of volume for coal, coke, or charcoal, equal to 36 bushels	Newcastle measure|ニューカッスル尺度|noun|a system of units of measurement used in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, England
which is, in most cases, more than the original value of the commodity at the coal-pit, or even at the shipping port for exportation.	これは、ほとんどの場合、炭鉱や輸出用の積出港での原価よりも高い。	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually	more than|より多い|adjective|greater in number or amount	original value|原価|noun|the cost of producing a good or service	coal-pit|炭鉱|noun|a mine in which coal is extracted	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	shipping port|積出港|noun|a port from which goods are shipped

The exportation, however, of the instruments of trade, properly so called, is commonly restrained, not by high duties, but by absolute prohibitions.	しかし、正確に言えば、貿易の道具の輸出は、高額の関税ではなく、絶対的な禁止によって制限されている。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back; keep under control	high|高額の|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something
Thus, by the 7th and 8th of William III chap.20, sect.8, the exportation of frames or engines for knitting gloves or stockings, is prohibited, under the penalty, not only of the forfeiture of such frames or engines, so exported, or attempted to be exported, but of forty pounds, one half to the king, the other to the person who shall inform or sue for the same.	こうして、ウィリアム三世の第七条と第八条によって、第20章第8節では、手袋や靴下を編むための機械や装置の輸出は、輸出された、あるいは輸出しようとした機械や装置の没収だけでなく、40ポンドの罰金が科せられ、その半分は国王に、残りはそれを告発したり訴訟を起こした者に支払われる。	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689	7th|第七条|noun|the ordinal number of seven	8th|第八条|noun|the ordinal number of eight	chap.20|第20章|noun|chapter 20	sect.8|第8節|noun|section 8	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	frame|機械|noun|a rigid structure that surrounds or encloses something such as a door or window	engine|装置|noun|a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion	knitting|編む|verb|make by knitting	glove|手袋|noun|a covering for the hand	stocking|靴下|noun|a close-fitting covering for the foot and lower part of the leg	prohibited|禁止される|verb|formally or legally forbid	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of a right or privilege or of something of value	forty pounds|40ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	inform|告発する|verb|give (someone) facts or information	sue|訴訟を起こす|verb|institute legal proceedings against (a person or organization)
In the same manner, by the 14th Geo. III. chap. 71, the exportation to foreign parts, of any utensils made use of in the cotton, linen, woollen, and silk manufactures, is prohibited under the penalty, not only of the forfeiture of such utensils, but of two hundred pounds, to be paid by the person who shall offend in this manner;	同様に、第14代ジョージ三世の第71章では、綿、麻、毛織物、絹織物に使用される道具の海外への輸出は、そのような道具の没収だけでなく、この方法で違反した者が支払うべき200ポンドの罰金の対象となる。	In the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	14th|第14代|adjective|the ordinal number of fourteen	Geo. III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	chap. 71|第71章|noun|chapter 71	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	foreign|海外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	part|部分|noun|a piece or portion of something	utensil|道具|noun|a tool, container, or other article that is used in a kitchen and that is typically made of metal, glass, or plastic	cotton|綿|noun|a soft, white, fibrous substance that surrounds the seeds of a tropical and subtropical plant and is used as raw material in the production of textiles and cotton goods	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	woollen|毛織物|adjective|made of wool	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used in making textiles and garments	manufacture|織物|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of a right or privilege as a penalty	two hundred pounds|200ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	offend|違反する|verb|cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful
and likewise of two hundred pounds, to be paid by the master of the ship, who shall knowingly suffer such utensils to be loaded on board his ship.	そして同様に、そのような道具を船に積み込むことを故意に許した船長が支払うべき200ポンドの罰金の対象となる。	two hundred pounds|200ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	master|船長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	knowingly|故意に|adverb|with full knowledge or awareness	suffer|許す|verb|allow or permit	utensil|道具|noun|a tool or implement	be loaded on board|積み込む|verb|be put on a ship or aircraft

When such heavy penalties were imposed upon the exportation of the dead instruments of trade, it could not well be expected that the living instrument, the artificer, should be allowed to go free.	貿易の道具の輸出にこのような重い罰金が課せられると、生きた道具である職人が自由に国外に出ることを許されるとは思えなかった。	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed for a crime or other offense	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	dead|死んだ|adjective|no longer having or seeming to have life	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	living|生きた|adjective|alive	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	allow|許す|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	go|行く|verb|move at a regular and fairly rapid pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once
Accordingly, by the 5th Geo. I. chap. 27, the person who shall be convicted of enticing any artificer, of or in any of the manufactures of Great Britain, to go into any foreign parts, in order to practise or teach his trade, is liable, for the first offence, to be fined in any sum not exceeding one hundred pounds, and to three months imprisonment, and until the fine shall be paid;	したがって、第5代ジョージ一世の第27章では、イギリスの製造業に従事する職人を、その職業に従事したり教えたりするために外国に誘い出したとして有罪判決を受けた者は、初犯では100ポンド以下の罰金と3ヶ月の懲役、および罰金が支払われるまで服役することになる。	Accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	5th|第5|adjective|coming after four others in a series; 5th	Geo.|ジョージ|noun|a man's name	I.|一世|noun|the first	chap.|章|noun|a main division of a book	27|27|numeral|the number 27	person|者|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	shall|する|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	be convicted of|で有罪判決を受ける|verb|be found guilty of a crime	enticing|誘い出す|verb|attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage	any|いずれかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	in|に|preposition|expressing location	any|いずれかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	manufactures|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	to go into|に行く|verb|move or travel toward or into	any|いずれかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	parts|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the intention of	practise|従事する|verb|regularly or frequently do or perform	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	is liable|することになる|verb|be legally responsible for	for|で|preposition|expressing purpose	the first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; 1st	offence|犯罪|noun|a breach of a law or rule	to be fined|罰金を科せられる|verb|be punished by having to pay a sum of money	in|で|preposition|expressing location	any|いずれかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	not exceeding|を超えない|verb|be no greater than	one hundred|100|numeral|the number 100	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of Great Britain	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	to|に|preposition|expressing location	three|3|numeral|the number 3	months|ヶ月|noun|each of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided	imprisonment|懲役|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses
and for the second offence, to be fined in any sum, at the discretion of the court, and to imprisonment for twelve months, and until the fine shall be paid.	そして二度目の違反では、裁判所の裁量で罰金が科せられ、12ヶ月の懲役と罰金が支払われるまで服役することになる。	second|二度目|adjective|coming after the first in position	offence|違反|noun|a crime or other illegal act	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	twelve months|12ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	imprisonment|懲役|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	be paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due
By the 23d Geo. II. chap. 13, this penalty is increased, for the first offence, to five hundred pounds for every artificer so enticed, and to twelve months imprisonment, and until the fine shall be paid;	23代ジョージ二世の第13章では、この罰則は初犯では誘惑された職人1人につき500ポンドに増額され、12ヶ月の懲役と罰金が支払われるまで服役することになる。	23d Geo. II.|23代ジョージ二世|noun|the 23rd year of the reign of George II	chap.|第|noun|chapter	13|13|noun|the number 13	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	first|初犯|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	offence|犯罪|noun|a crime or other illegal act	five hundred pounds|500ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	entice|誘惑する|verb|attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage	twelve months|12ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 12 months	imprisonment|懲役|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a punishment for a crime or other offence
and for the second offence, to one thousand pounds, and to two years imprisonment, and until the fine shall be paid.	そして二度目の違反では、1000ポンドの罰金と2年の懲役、および罰金が支払われるまで服役することになる。	second|二度目|adjective|coming after the first in position	offence|違反|noun|a crime or other illegal act	thousand|1000|adjective|the number 1000	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	two|2|adjective|the number 2	years|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	imprisonment|懲役|noun|the state of being confined in prison as a punishment imposed on a person who has been found guilty of a crime	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	shall|なる|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	be paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due

By the former of these two statutes, upon proof that any person has been enticing any artificer, or that any artificer has promised or contracted to go into foreign parts, for the purposes aforesaid, such artificer may be obliged to give security, at the discretion of the court, that he shall not go beyond the seas, and may be committed to prison until he give such security.	これら二つの法令の最初のものによって、誰かが職人を誘惑していること、あるいは職人が前述の目的のために外国に行くことを約束したり契約したりしていることを証明すれば、その職人は裁判所の裁量で、海を越えて行かないという保証を与えることを義務付けられ、そのような保証を与えるまで刑務所に入れられることがある。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	former|最初の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	these|これら|determiner|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	upon|の|preposition|on	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement	that|その|conjunction|used to introduce a clause giving further information about a person or thing previously mentioned	any|どれか|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	has been|されている|auxiliary verb|used to form the present perfect and past perfect tenses	enticing|誘惑|verb|attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage	any|どれか|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	that|その|conjunction|used to introduce a clause giving further information about a person or thing previously mentioned	any|どれか|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	has promised|約束した|verb|make a promise	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	contracted|契約した|verb|make or enter into a contract	to go|行くこと|verb|move or travel from one place to another	into|に|preposition|expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something becomes enclosed or surrounded by something else	foreign|外国|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	parts|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	for|のために|preposition|used to indicate purpose	the|その|determiner|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	purposes|目的|noun|the intention to do something	aforesaid|前述の|adjective|previously mentioned	such|そのような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	may be|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	obliged|義務付けられる|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	to give|与えること|verb|freely transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	at|で|preposition|expressing location	the|その|determiner|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation	of|の|preposition|on	the|その|determiner|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	that|その|conjunction|used to introduce a clause giving further information about a person or thing previously mentioned

If any artificer has gone beyond the seas, and is exercising or teaching his trade in any foreign country, upon warning being given to him by any of his majesty’s ministers or consuls abroad, or by one of his majesty’s secretaries of state, for the time being, if he does not, within six months after such warning, return into this realm, and from henceforth abide and inhabit continually within the same, he is from thenceforth declared incapable of taking any legacy devised to him within this kingdom, or of being executor or administrator to any person, or of taking any lands within this kingdom, by descent, devise, or purchase.	職人が海を越えて外国に行き、外国で商売をしたり教えたりしている場合、海外の陛下の大臣や領事、あるいは陛下の国務長官のいずれかから警告を受けた場合、その警告から6ヶ月以内にこの国に戻り、今後もこの国内に住み続けることができない場合は、この国で遺贈された遺産を受け取ったり、遺言執行者や管理者になったり、この国で土地を相続、遺贈、購入したりすることができなくなる。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	go beyond|越える|verb|exceed	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	trade|商売|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	warning|警告|noun|a statement or event that indicates a possible danger, problem, or other unpleasant situation	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address or refer to a sovereign	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	consul|領事|noun|an official appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect and assist citizens of the consul's own country	secretary|長官|noun|a person employed by an individual or in an office to assist with correspondence, keep records, make appointments, and carry out similar tasks	time being|当面|noun|the present time	do not|できない|verb|fail to	within|以内に|preposition|inside	six months|6ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person	realm|国|noun|a kingdom	abide|住む|verb|live in or at a place	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	within|以内に|preposition|inside	take|受け取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	legacy|遺産|noun|money or property left to someone in a will	devise|遺贈する|verb|give or leave by will	executor|遺言執行者|noun|a person appointed by a testator to carry out the instructions in their will	administrator|管理者|noun|a person responsible for the administration of an organization	take|取得する|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	descent|相続|noun|the passing on of property or title from an ancestor to an heir	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for
He likewise forfeits to the king all his lands, goods, and chattels;	彼はまた、すべての土地、財産、動産を国王に没収される。	forfeit|没収される|verb|lose or be deprived of something by way of penalty	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	good|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	chattel|動産|noun|a movable possession
is declared an alien in every respect;	あらゆる点で外国人と宣言される。	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	alien|外国人|noun|a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something
and is put out of the king’s protection.	そして国王の保護から外される。	put out|外される|verb|be removed from	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something

It is unnecessary, I imagine, to observe how contrary such regulations are to the boasted liberty of the subject, of which we affect to be so very jealous;	このような規制が、我々が非常に嫉妬している国民の自慢の自由にどれほど反しているかを観察する必要はないだろう。	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or character	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	subject|国民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	boast|自慢する|verb|speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements	jealous|嫉妬する|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages
but which, in this case, is so plainly sacrificed to the futile interests of our merchants and manufacturers.	しかし、この場合、それは我々の商人や製造業者の無益な利益のために明らかに犠牲にされている。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	in this case|この場合|noun|in the situation that is being discussed	so plainly|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is easy to understand	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up something important for the sake of achieving something else	futile|無益な|adjective|producing no result or effect	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale

The laudable motive of all these regulations, is to extend our own manufactures, not by their own improvement, but by the depression of those of all our neighbours, and by putting an end, as much as possible, to the troublesome competition of such odious and disagreeable rivals.	これらすべての規制の立派な動機は、自国の製造業を、自国の製造業の改善によってではなく、近隣諸国の製造業の不況によって、また、そのような憎しみに満ちた不快なライバルとの厄介な競争を可能な限り終わらせることによって、拡大することである。	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	depression|不況|noun|a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced	neighbour|近隣諸国|noun|a person who lives next door or near you	end|終わらせる|noun|the final part of something	competition|競争|noun|a situation in which people or businesses compete with each other	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal
Our master manufacturers think it reasonable that they themselves should have the monopoly of the ingenuity of all their countrymen.	我々の製造業者の親方は、彼ら自身がすべての同胞の独創性を独占することが合理的だと考えている。	master manufacturer|製造業者の親方|noun|a person who owns and runs a factory	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion about something	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is the person or thing mentioned	have the monopoly of|独占する|verb|be the only one to have or do something	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	countryman|同胞|noun|a person from the same country as oneself
Though by restraining, in some trades, the number of apprentices which can be employed at one time, and by imposing the necessity of a long apprenticeship in all trades, they endeavour, all of them, to confine the knowledge of their respective employments to as small a number as possible;	一部の業種では、一度に雇用できる見習いの数を制限し、すべての業種で長期の見習いを義務付けることで、彼らは皆、それぞれの職業の知識を可能な限り少数の人に限定しようと努力している。	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	trade|業種|noun|a business or occupation	apprentice|見習い|noun|a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	long|長期の|adjective|having a great extent or duration	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	small|少数の|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	possible|可能な限り|adjective|able to be done or achieved
they are unwilling, however, that any part of this small number should go abroad to instruct foreigners.	しかし、彼らはこの少数の人々の一部が外国人に教えるために海外に行くことを望んでいない。	unwilling|望んでいない|adjective|not willing; reluctant	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	small number|少数の人々|noun|a small amount or quantity	go abroad|海外に行く|verb|travel to a foreign country	instruct|教える|verb|teach or educate	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country

Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production;	消費はすべての生産の唯一の目的である。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting that of the consumer.	そして生産者の利益は、消費者の利益を促進するために必要な範囲でのみ考慮されるべきである。	producer|生産者|noun|a person who creates or produces something	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	attend to|考慮する|verb|take care of; deal with	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services

The maxim is so perfectly self-evident, that it would be absurd to attempt to prove it.	この格言は完全に自明なので、それを証明しようとするのはばかげている。	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	self-evident|自明|adjective|evident without proof or reasoning	absurd|ばかげている|adjective|ridiculously incongruous or inappropriate
But in the mercantile system, the interest of the consumer is almost constantly sacrificed to that of the producer;	しかし、重商主義では、消費者の利益はほとんど常に生産者の利益のために犠牲にされている。	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase exports and reduce imports	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	interest|利益|noun|the money that is paid for the use of money	producer|生産者|noun|a person who makes or produces something
and it seems to consider production, and not consumption, as the ultimate end and object of all industry and commerce.	そして、消費ではなく生産をすべての産業と商業の最終目的と見なしているようだ。	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being; regard as	production|生産|noun|the act of producing	consumption|消費|noun|the act of consuming	ultimate|最終的な|adjective|last or final	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

In the restraints upon the importation of all foreign commodities which can come into competition with those of our own growth or manufacture, the interest of the home consumer is evidently sacrificed to that of the producer.	自国で生産または製造されたものと競合する可能性のあるすべての外国製品の輸入を制限することで、国内消費者の利益は明らかに生産者の利益のために犠牲にされている。	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	importation|輸入|noun|the commercial introduction of goods or services produced in one country into another	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commodity|製品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing	growth|生産|noun|the process of increasing in size or amount	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machinery, especially on a large scale	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|an act of giving up something important for the sake of achieving something else	producer|生産者|noun|a person, company, or country that makes, grows, or supplies goods or commodities for sale
It is altogether for the benefit of the latter, that the former is obliged to pay that enhancement of price which this monopoly almost always occasions.	前者がこの独占がほとんど常に引き起こす価格の上昇を支払う義務を負うのは、まったく後者の利益のためである。	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	obliged|義務を負う|adjective|morally or legally bound to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase or improvement in quality, value, or extent	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce

It is altogether for the benefit of the producer, that bounties are granted upon the exportation of some of his productions.	生産者の利益のために、生産物の一部の輸出に対して奨励金が支給される。	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	producer|生産者|noun|a person who produces something	production|生産物|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	grant|支給する|verb|give or allow something to someone, especially officially or formally
The home consumer is obliged to pay, first the tax which is necessary for paying the bounty;	国内消費者は、まず奨励金を支払うために必要な税金を支払う義務を負う。	home consumer|国内消費者|noun|a consumer who lives in the same country as the product is produced	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
and, secondly, the still greater tax which necessarily arises from the enhancement of the price of the commodity in the home market.	そして、第二に、国内市場における商品の価格の上昇から必然的に生じるさらに大きな税金を支払う義務を負う。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country

By the famous treaty of commerce with Portugal, the consumer is prevented by duties from purchasing of a neighbouring country, a commodity which our own climate does not produce;	ポルトガルとの有名な通商条約によって、消費者は、自国の気候では生産できない商品を近隣国から購入することを関税によって阻まれている。	Portugal|ポルトガル|noun|a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	prevent|阻む|verb|keep from happening or arising	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	purchase|購入|verb|buy	neighbouring country|近隣国|noun|a country that is next to or near another country	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
but is obliged to purchase it of a distant country, though it is acknowledged, that the commodity of the distant country is of a worse quality than that of the near one.	しかし、遠い国の品物は近い国の品物よりも品質が悪いと認められているにもかかわらず、遠い国から購入することを余儀なくされている。	be obliged to|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced to	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	distant|遠い|adjective|far away	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	commodity|品物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	worse|悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
The home consumer is obliged to submit to this inconvenience, in order that the producer may import into the distant country some of his productions, upon more advantageous terms than he otherwise would have been allowed to do.	国内消費者は、生産者が遠い国に自分の生産物の一部を、そうでなければ許可されるよりも有利な条件で輸入できるように、この不便に従わざるを得ない。	home consumer|国内消費者|noun|a consumer who lives in the same country as the producer	submit|従う|verb|to yield to the authority or control of another	inconvenience|不便|noun|something that causes trouble or difficulty	producer|生産者|noun|a person who produces something	distant country|遠い国|noun|a country that is far away	production|生産物|noun|something that is produced	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	term|条件|noun|a condition or requirement that is part of an agreement	import|輸入する|verb|to bring in goods or services from another country	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	allow|許可する|verb|to give permission for something to happen
The consumer, too, is obliged to pay whatever enhancement in the price of those very productions this forced exportation may occasion in the home market.	消費者もまた、この強制的な輸出によって国内市場で生じる生産物の価格の上昇分を支払う義務を負う。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	obliged|義務を負う|adjective|required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	enhancement|上昇分|noun|an increase	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	production|生産物|noun|something that is produced	forced|強制的な|adjective|done or produced with effort	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods and services to another country for sale	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce

But in the system of laws which has been established for the management of our American and West Indian colonies, the interest of the home consumer has been sacrificed to that of the producer, with a more extravagant profusion than in all our other commercial regulations.	しかし、アメリカや西インド諸島の植民地を管理するために制定された法制度では、国内消費者の利益は生産者の利益のために犠牲にされており、他のすべての商業規制よりも贅沢に浪費されている。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	American|アメリカ|noun|a citizen of the United States	West Indian|西インド諸島|noun|a citizen of the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|an act of giving up something important for the sake of achieving something else	producer|生産者|noun|a person, company, or country that makes, grows, or supplies goods or commodities for sale	extravagant|贅沢な|adjective|costing a lot of money	profusion|浪費|noun|a large amount of something	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority
A great empire has been established for the sole purpose of raising up a nation of customers, who should be obliged to buy, from the shops of our different producers, all the goods with which these could supply them.	大帝国は、顧客の国を育てることだけを目的として設立された。顧客の国は、我々の様々な生産者の店から、彼らが供給できるすべての商品を購入する義務を負う。	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large and powerful empire	sole purpose|唯一の目的|noun|the only reason for doing something	raise up|育てる|verb|to bring up or rear	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a store or business	be obliged to|義務を負う|verb|to be required to do something	buy|購入する|verb|to obtain in exchange for money	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	producer|生産者|noun|a person who makes or produces something	supply|供給する|verb|to provide or furnish something
For the sake of that little enhancement of price which this monopoly might afford our producers, the home consumers have been burdened with the whole expense of maintaining and defending that empire.	この独占が我々の生産者に与えるわずかな価格上昇のために、国内の消費者はその帝国を維持し防衛するための全費用を負担させられている。	for the sake of|のために|preposition|with the aim or purpose of	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in quality, value, or extent	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	afford|与える|verb|be able to pay for	producer|生産者|noun|a person who makes or produces something	home consumer|国内の消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	burden|負担させる|verb|be a heavy load for	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	defend|防衛する|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm
For this purpose, and for this purpose only, in the two last wars, more than two hundred millions have been spent, and a new debt of more than a hundred and seventy millions has been contracted, over and above all that had been expended for the same purpose in former wars.	この目的のためだけに、過去二回の戦争で二億ポンド以上が費やされ、過去の戦争で同じ目的のために費やされた額をはるかに上回る、一億七千万ポンド以上の新たな負債を抱えた。	for this purpose|この目的のため|noun phrase|for this reason	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	two|二|numeral|one more than one	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	more than|以上|noun phrase|in excess of	two hundred millions|二億|numeral|two hundred million	have been spent|費やされた|verb|be used up or consumed	a new debt|新たな負債|noun phrase|a new financial obligation	more than|以上|noun phrase|in excess of	a hundred and seventy millions|一億七千万|numeral|a hundred and seventy million	has been contracted|抱えた|verb|be made smaller or shorter	over and above|はるかに上回る|noun phrase|in addition to	all that|額|noun phrase|the whole amount of	had been expended|費やされた|verb|be used up or consumed	for the same purpose|同じ目的のために|noun phrase|for the same reason	in former wars|過去の戦争で|noun phrase|in previous wars
The interest of this debt alone is not only greater than the whole extraordinary profit which, it never could be pretended, was made by the monopoly of the colony trade, but than the whole value of that trade, or than the whole value of the goods which, at an average, have been annually exported to the colonies.	この負債の利子だけでも、植民地貿易の独占によって得られた特別利益の総額よりも大きいだけでなく、その貿易の総額よりも、あるいは平均して毎年植民地に輸出されている商品の総額よりも大きい。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	alone|だけでも|adverb|only; without anyone or anything else	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a particular commodity or service	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale

It cannot be very difficult to determine who have been the contrivers of this whole mercantile system;	この重商主義システム全体の考案者が誰かを決定するのはそれほど難しくはない。	determine|決定する|verb|decide or settle in advance	mercantile system|重商主義システム|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase the wealth of the nation by encouraging exports and limiting imports
not the consumers, we may believe, whose interest has been entirely neglected;	消費者ではないことは確かで、彼らの利益は完全に無視されている。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly
but the producers, whose interest has been so carefully attended to;	生産者であり、彼らの利益は非常に注意深く守られている。	producer|生産者|noun|a person who creates or produces something	interest|利益|noun|money that is paid for the use of money that you have lent	carefully|注意深く|adverb|taking care to avoid damage or risk	attend to|守る|verb|to take care of or deal with something
and among this latter class, our merchants and manufacturers have been by far the principal architects.	そしてこの後者の階級の中で、我々の商人と製造業者が、これまでのところ主な設計者であった。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	principal|主な|adjective|most important	architect|設計者|noun|a person who designs buildings
In the mercantile regulations which have been taken notice of in this chapter, the interest of our manufacturers has been most peculiarly attended to;	この章で注目されている商業規制では、我々の製造業者の利益が最も特別に守られている。	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	take notice of|注目する|verb|to become aware of	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	peculiarly|特別に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	attend to|守る|verb|to take care of
and the interest, not so much of the consumers, as that of some other sets of producers, has been sacrificed to it.	そして、消費者の利益というよりは、他の生産者集団の利益が、そのために犠牲にされている。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	producer|生産者|noun|a person who makes or produces something	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up something important for the sake of achieving something else


## CHAPTER IX: OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, OR OF THOSE SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY WHICH REPRESENT THE PRODUCE OF LAND, AS EITHER THE SOLE OR THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF THE REVENUE AND WEALTH OF EVERY COUNTRY.	第九章: 農業システム、または土地の生産物を、あらゆる国の収入と富の唯一の、あるいは主要な源泉とみなす政治経済のシステムについて。	CHAPTER IX|第九章|noun|the ninth chapter	AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS|農業システム|noun|a system of farming	POLITICAL ECONOMY|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	PRODUCE|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	LAND|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	SOLE|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	PRINCIPAL|主要な|adjective|most important	SOURCE|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes	REVENUE|収入|noun|income	WEALTH|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions

The agricultural systems of political economy will not require so long an explanation as that which I have thought it necessary to bestow upon the mercantile or commercial system.	政治経済の農業システムは、私が商業システムに与える必要があると考えたほど長い説明を必要としないだろう。	agricultural system|農業システム|noun|a system of agriculture	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	require|必要とする|verb|need	explanation|説明|noun|a statement that makes something clear	bestow|与える|verb|give or confer	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	commercial|商業の|adjective|of or relating to commerce

That system which represents the produce of land as the sole source of the revenue and wealth of every country, has so far as I know, never been adopted by any nation, and it at present exists only in the speculations of a few men of great learning and ingenuity in France.	土地の生産物をあらゆる国の収入と富の唯一の源泉とみなすシステムは、私の知る限り、どの国にも採用されたことがなく、現在のところ、フランスの非常に博識で独創的な少数の人々の思索の中にのみ存在している。	represent|みなす|verb|consider or regard as	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes	revenue|収入|noun|income	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	at present|現在のところ|adverb|at the present time; now	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	speculation|思索|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	great|非常に|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	learning|博識|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	ingenuity|独創性|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive
It would not, surely, be worth while to examine at great length the errors of a system which never has done, and probably never will do, any harm in any part of the world.	世界のどこにも害を及ぼしたことがなく、おそらく今後も及ぼすことのないシステムの誤りを長々と検討する価値は、確かにないだろう。	examine|検討する|verb|inspect or investigate thoroughly and systematically	at great length|長々と|adverb|for a long time	error|誤り|noun|a mistake	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	do|及ぼす|verb|cause to happen or occur	harm|害|noun|physical or mental damage or injury	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
I shall endeavour to explain, however, as distinctly as I can, the great outlines of this very ingenious system.	しかし、私はこの非常に独創的なシステムの概要をできるだけ明確に説明するよう努めるつもりだ。	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	distinctly|明確に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	outline|概要|noun|a general description of the main points of something	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network

Mr. Colbert, the famous minister of Lewis XIV. was a man of probity, of great industry, and knowledge of detail;	ルイ14世の有名な大臣コルベール氏は、誠実で勤勉で、細部にまで精通した人物だった。	Mr. Colbert|コルベール氏|noun|a French statesman who served as the Minister of Finance of France from 1665 to 1683 under King Louis XIV	Lewis XIV|ルイ14世|noun|King of France from 1643 to 1715	probity|誠実|noun|the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency	great|勤勉|adjective|of major significance or importance	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	knowledge|精通|noun|familiarity with someone or something, which may have been acquired through experience or education
of great experience and acuteness in the examination of public accounts;	公会計の調査に長けた経験豊富で明敏な人物だった。	of great experience|経験豊富な|adjective|having a lot of experience	acuteness|明敏な|noun|the quality of being quick to notice things	examination|調査|noun|the act of inspecting something closely	public accounts|公会計|noun|the accounts of a government or public body
and of abilities, in short, every way fitted for introducing method and good order into the collection and expenditure of the public revenue.	要するに、公的収入の徴収と支出に方法と秩序を導入するのにあらゆる点で適した能力の持ち主だった。	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something	in short|要するに|adverb|in brief; in a few words	every way|あらゆる点で|adverb|in every way; in all respects	fit|適した|verb|be suitable for	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	collection|徴収|noun|the action or process of collecting	expenditure|支出|noun|the action of spending money
That minister had unfortunately embraced all the prejudices of the mercantile system, in its nature and essence a system of restraint and regulation, and such as could scarce fail to be agreeable to a laborious and plodding man of business, who had been accustomed to regulate the different departments of public offices, and to establish the necessary checks and controls for confining each to its proper sphere.	残念ながら、この大臣は重商主義のあらゆる偏見を抱いていたが、その本質は抑制と規制のシステムであり、官庁のさまざまな部署を規制し、それぞれを適切な範囲に限定するために必要なチェックとコントロールを確立することに慣れていた勤勉で地道な実業家にとって、ほとんど好ましくないものではなかった。	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	unfortunately|残念ながら|adverb|it is unlucky that	embrace|抱く|verb|hold closely in one's arms	prejudice|偏見|noun|preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	essence|本質|noun|the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something	restraint|抑制|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	regulation|規制|noun|an official rule or law that says how something should be done	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	laborious|勤勉な|adjective|requiring a lot of effort	plodding|地道な|adjective|slow, steady, and unimaginative	business|実業家|noun|a person who works in the business world	accustom|慣れる|verb|make or become used to something	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	department|部署|noun|a division of a large organization such as a government, university, or business	public office|官庁|noun|a government department or other public body	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	check|チェック|noun|a mark (✓) to show that something has been noted or completed	control|コントロール|noun|the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, time, or circumstances	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	sphere|範囲|noun|an area of activity, interest, or expertise
The industry and commerce of a great country, he endeavoured to regulate upon the same model as the departments of a public office;	彼は、大国の産業と商業を官庁の部門と同じモデルで規制しようとした。	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	great country|大国|noun|a country that is powerful and influential	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	public office|官庁|noun|a government department or other public body
and instead of allowing every man to pursue his own interest his own way, upon the liberal plan of equality, liberty, and justice, he bestowed upon certain branches of industry extraordinary privileges, while he laid others under as extraordinary restraints.	そして、平等、自由、正義という自由主義的な計画に基づいて、すべての人が自分の利益を自分のやり方で追求することを許す代わりに、彼は産業の特定の部門に特別な特権を与え、他の部門には特別な制約を課した。	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	own interest|自分の利益|noun|the benefit or advantage of oneself	own way|自分のやり方|noun|one's own method or manner	liberal|自由主義的な|adjective|favorable to or respectful of individual rights and freedoms	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated character or quality	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	lay|課す|verb|put or place	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits
He was not only disposed, like other European ministers, to encourage more the industry of the towns than that of the country;	彼は他のヨーロッパの大臣たちと同様に、地方の産業よりも都市の産業を奨励する傾向があっただけでなく、	He|彼|pronoun|the man being discussed	like|と同様に|preposition|similar to	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support to	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
but, in order to support the industry of the towns, he was willing even to depress and keep down that of the country.	都市の産業を支援するために、地方の産業を抑圧し、抑えようとさえした。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	depress|抑圧する|verb|make sad or less hopeful	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing
In order to render provisions cheap to the inhabitants of the towns, and thereby to encourage manufactures and foreign commerce, he prohibited altogether the exportation of corn, and thus excluded the inhabitants of the country from every foreign market, for by far the most important part of the produce of their industry.	町の住民に食料を安く提供し、それによって製造業や外国貿易を奨励するために、彼は穀物の輸出を全面的に禁止し、その結果、農村部の住民は、彼らの産業の生産物の最も重要な部分である穀物を、すべての外国市場から締め出された。	render|提供する|verb|cause to be or become	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	foreign commerce|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	altogether|全面的に|adverb|completely; totally	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	exclude|締め出す|verb|shut or keep out	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|農村部|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
This prohibition, joined to the restraints imposed by the ancient provincial laws of France upon the transportation of corn from one province to another, and to the arbitrary and degrading taxes which are levied upon the cultivators in almost all the provinces, discouraged and kept down the agriculture of that country very much below the state to which it would naturally have risen in so very fertile a soil, and so very happy a climate.	この禁止は、フランスの古代地方法によって、ある地方から別の地方への穀物の輸送に課せられた制限と、ほとんどすべての地方で耕作者に課せられる独断的で品位を落とす税金と相まって、その国の農業を、非常に肥沃な土壌と非常に恵まれた気候の中で自然に成長したであろう状態よりもはるかに低い状態に落とし込んだ。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	join|加わる|verb|connect or fasten together	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	provincial|地方|adjective|of or concerning a province	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used as food	arbitrary|独断的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	degrading|品位を落とす|adjective|causing a severe loss in the quality and value of someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	discourage|落胆させる|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	keep down|低い状態に保つ|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is expected or not surprising	rise|成長する|verb|go up or increase	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many crops or much fruit	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
This state of discouragement and depression was felt more or less in every different part of the country, and many different inquiries were set on foot concerning the causes of it.	この落胆と不況の状態は、国のあらゆる地域で多かれ少なかれ感じられ、その原因について多くの異なる調査が行われた。	discouragement|落胆|noun|the action of discouraging someone or the state of being discouraged	depression|不況|noun|a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	every different part|あらゆる地域|noun|each and every part	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inquiry|調査|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.
One of those causes appeared to be the preference given, by the institutions of Mr. Colbert, to the industry of the towns above that of the country.	その原因の1つは、コルベール氏の制度によって、都市の産業が地方の産業よりも優先されていることにあるように思われた。	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	appear|思われる|verb|seem	preference|優先|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	Mr. Colbert|コルベール氏|noun|Jean-Baptiste Colbert, a French politician	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity

If the rod be bent too much one way, says the proverb, in order to make it straight, you must bend it as much the other.	棒をまっすぐにするためには、棒を一方へ曲げすぎたら、もう一方へも同じだけ曲げなければならないという諺がある。	rod|棒|noun|a long thin piece of wood or metal	bend|曲げる|verb|to cause to assume a curved or angular form	proverb|諺|noun|a short, well-known pithy saying that expresses a general truth or piece of advice	straight|まっすぐ|adjective|without a bend, curve, or deviation	bend|曲げる|verb|to cause to assume a curved or angular form
The French philosophers, who have proposed the system which represents agriculture as the sole source of the revenue and wealth of every country, seem to have adopted this proverbial maxim;	農業をあらゆる国の収入と富の唯一の源泉とするシステムを提案したフランスの哲学者たちは、この諺を採用したようである。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own
and, as in the plan of Mr. Colbert, the industry of the towns was certainly overvalued in comparison with that of the country, so in their system it seems to be as certainly under-valued.	そして、コルベール氏の計画では、都市の産業は地方の産業と比較して確かに過大評価されていたので、彼らのシステムでは、それは確かに過小評価されているように思われる。	Mr. Colbert|コルベール氏|noun|Jean-Baptiste Colbert, a French politician	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	country|地方|noun|a large human settlement	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being

The different orders of people, who have ever been supposed to contribute in any respect towards the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, they divide into three classes.	彼らは、国の土地と労働の年間生産物に何らかの点で貢献すると考えられてきたさまざまな階級の人々を、3つの階級に分けている。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; always	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	annual|年間|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	three|3|numeral|the number 3	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common and differentiated from others by kind, type, or quality
The first is the class of the proprietors of land.	第一は土地所有者の階級である。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
The second is the class of the cultivators, of farmers and country labourers, whom they honour with the peculiar appellation of the productive class.	第二は、彼らが生産階級という独特の呼称で尊敬する農民や農村労働者の階級である。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	cultivator|農民|noun|a person who grows crops	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops	country labourer|農村労働者|noun|a person who works in the countryside	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or unusual	appellation|呼称|noun|a name or descriptive phrase	honour|尊敬する|verb|to regard with great respect	productive class|生産階級|noun|the class of people who produce goods and services
The third is the class of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, whom they endeavour to degrade by the humiliating appellation of the barren or unproductive class.	第三は、彼らが不毛な階級、あるいは非生産的階級という屈辱的な呼称で格下げしようとする職人、製造業者、商人の階級である。	third|第三|noun|the ordinal number of three	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	degrade|格下げする|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality of	humiliating|屈辱的な|adjective|extremely embarrassing or degrading	appellation|呼称|noun|a descriptive phrase that is used to refer to a person or thing	barren|不毛な|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing

The class of proprietors contributes to the annual produce, by the expense which they may occasionally lay out upon the improvement of the land, upon the buildings, drains, inclosures, and other ameliorations, which they may either make or maintain upon it, and by means of which the cultivators are enabled, with the same capital, to raise a greater produce, and consequently to pay a greater rent.	所有者階級は、土地の改良、建物、排水路、囲い込み、その他の改良に時折支出する費用によって年間生産物に貢献し、それによって耕作者は同じ資本でより多くの生産物を生産し、結果としてより多くの地代を支払うことができるようになる。	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; from time to time	lay out|支出する|verb|spend money on	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	drain|排水路|noun|a channel or pipe carrying off surplus water	inclosure|囲い込み|noun|the action of enclosing something	amelioration|改良|noun|the action of making something better	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	raise|生産する|verb|cause to grow or increase	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
This advanced rent may be considered as the interest or profit due to the proprietor, upon the expense or capital which he thus employs in the improvement of his land.	この上昇した地代は、所有者が土地の改良に費やした費用または資本に対して、所有者に支払われるべき利子または利益と考えることができる。	advanced|上昇した|adjective|having progressed or developed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	consider|考えることができる|verb|think carefully about	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
Such expenses are in this system called ground expenses (depenses foncieres).	このような費用は、このシステムでは地代(depenses foncieres)と呼ばれる。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	ground|地代|noun|the surface of the earth	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

The cultivators or farmers contribute to the annual produce, by what are in this system called the original and annual expenses (depenses primitives, et depenses annuelles), which they lay out upon the cultivation of the land.	耕作者や農民は、このシステムでは原始的費用と年次費用(depenses primitives, et depenses annuelles)と呼ばれるものを土地の耕作に費やすことで、年間生産物に貢献している。	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	farmer|農民|noun|a person who farms	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	original|原始的|adjective|existing from the beginning	annual|年次|adjective|happening or done once a year	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lay out|費やす|verb|spend money on something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
The original expenses consist in the instruments of husbandry, in the stock of cattle, in the seed, and in the maintenance of the farmer’s family, servants, and cattle, during at least a great part of the first year of his occupancy, or till he can receive some return from the land.	原始的費用は、農具、家畜、種子、農民の家族、使用人、家畜の維持費であり、少なくとも入居後最初の1年の大部分、または土地から何らかの収入を得るまでは、農民の家族、使用人、家畜の維持費である。	original|原始的|adjective|existing from the beginning	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	husbandry|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	stock|家畜|noun|a supply of goods or materials	seed|種子|noun|a plant's unit of reproduction	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	occupancy|入居|noun|the action or fact of living in or using a building or land	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or the event mentioned	receive|得る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	some|何らかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	return|収入|noun|a profit from an investment
The annual expenses consist in the seed, in the wear and tear of instruments of husbandry, and in the annual maintenance of the farmer’s servants and cattle, and of his family too, so far as any part of them can be considered as servants employed in cultivation.	年間経費は、種子、農具の損耗、農民の使用人や家畜、そして家族の年間維持費であり、その一部が耕作に従事する使用人と見なされる限り、家族の年間維持費も含まれる。	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	seed|種子|noun|a plant's unit of reproduction	wear and tear|損耗|noun|damage or deterioration caused by normal use	instrument|農具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	husbandry|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	annual maintenance|年間維持費|noun|the cost of keeping something in good condition over a period of one year	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops
That part of the produce of the land which remains to him after paying the rent, ought to be sufficient, first, to replace to him, within a reasonable time, at least during the term of his occupancy, the whole of his original expenses, together with the ordinary profits of stock;	地代を支払った後に残る土地の生産物の一部は、まず、合理的な時間内に、少なくとも彼の占有期間中に、彼の元の費用の全額と株の通常の利益を彼に返済するのに十分でなければならない。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	ought to|～するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	replace|返済する|verb|take the place of	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	during|～の間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	occupancy|占有|noun|the action or fact of occupying a place	whole|全額|noun|all of something	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning; earliest	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	together with|～と共に|preposition|in addition to; as well as	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials
and, secondly, to replace to him annually the whole of his annual expenses, together likewise with the ordinary profits of stock.	そして、第二に、彼の年間経費の全額と株の通常の利益を毎年彼に返済することである。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	replace|返済する|verb|to take the place of	whole|全額|noun|all of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Those two sorts of expenses are two capitals which the farmer employs in cultivation;	これら二種類の費用は、農民が耕作に用いる二つの資本である。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	employ|用いる|verb|use or engage	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
and unless they are regularly restored to him, together with a reasonable profit, he cannot carry on his employment upon a level with other employments;	そして、それらが合理的な利益とともに定期的に彼に返済されない限り、彼は他の職業と同等のレベルで職業を続けることができない。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	restore|返済する|verb|return something to a former condition	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
but, from a regard to his own interest, must desert it as soon as possible, and seek some other.	しかし、彼自身の利益への配慮から、できるだけ早くそれを捨てて、他の何かを探さなければならない。	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	as soon as possible|できるだけ早く|adverb|without delay; immediately	seek|探す|verb|try to find or obtain
That part of the produce of the land which is thus necessary for enabling the farmer to continue his business, ought to be considered as a fund sacred to cultivation, which, if the landlord violates, he necessarily reduces the produce of his own land, and, in a few years, not only disables the farmer from paying this racked rent, but from paying the reasonable rent which he might otherwise have got for his land.	農民が事業を継続できるようにするために必要な土地の生産物のその部分は、耕作に神聖な資金と見なされるべきであり、地主が違反した場合、必然的に自分の土地の生産物を減らし、数年のうちに、農民がこの賃借料を支払えなくなるだけでなく、そうでなければ自分の土地で得られたかもしれない合理的な賃借料を支払えなくなる。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	sacred|神聖な|adjective|connected with a god or gods	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation and use of land for growing crops	violate|違反する|verb|break or fail to comply with	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	few|数|adjective|a small number of	disable|不能にする|verb|make unable to perform a particular function	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|in a different way	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold
The rent which properly belongs to the landlord, is no more than the neat produce which remains after paying, in the completest manner, all the necessary expenses which must be previously laid out, in order to raise the gross or the whole produce.	地主に正当に属する地代は、総生産物または全生産物を生産するために、事前に支払わなければならないすべての必要経費を最も完全な方法で支払った後に残る純生産物にすぎない。	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	raise|生産する|verb|cause to grow or increase	gross|総|adjective|without tax or other deductions	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	previously|事前に|adverb|before; earlier	lay out|支払う|verb|spend money on something	order|ために|noun|a command or instruction	raise|生産する|verb|cause to grow or increase
It is because the labour of the cultivators, over and above paying completely all those necessary expenses, affords a neat produce of this kind, that this class of people are in this system peculiarly distinguished by the honourable appellation of the productive class.	耕作者の労働が、これらの必要経費をすべて完全に支払うことに加えて、この種の純生産物を生み出すため、この階級の人々は、このシステムにおいて、生産階級という名誉ある呼称によって特に区別される。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	honourable|名誉ある|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	appellation|呼称|noun|a name or descriptive phrase that is given to a person, place, or thing
Their original and annual expenses are for the same reason called, In this system, productive expenses, because, over and above replacing their own value, they occasion the annual reproduction of this neat produce.	彼らの元々の経費と年間経費は、同じ理由で、このシステムでは生産経費と呼ばれている。なぜなら、彼ら自身の価値を置き換えることに加えて、彼らはこの純生産物の年間再生を引き起こすからである。	original|元々の|adjective|existing from the beginning	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	reproduction|再生|noun|the action or process of making a copy of something

The ground expenses, as they are called, or what the landlord lays out upon the improvement of his land, are, in this system, too, honoured with the appellation of productive expenses.	地代と呼ばれるもの、または地主が自分の土地の改良に費やすものは、このシステムでも生産的経費という呼称で尊敬されている。	ground expense|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	productive expense|生産的経費|noun|an expense that is incurred in the production of goods or services
Till the whole of those expenses, together with the ordinary profits of stock, have been completely repaid to him by the advanced rent which he gets from his land, that advanced rent ought to be regarded as sacred and inviolable, both by the church and by the king;	これらの経費のすべてが、株の通常の利益とともに、彼が自分の土地から得る前払い地代によって完全に返済されるまで、その前払い地代は教会と王の両方によって神聖で不可侵なものと見なされるべきである。	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or space when	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	completely|完全に|adverb|totally	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	advanced rent|前払い地代|noun|rent that is paid in advance	ought to be regarded as|見なされるべきである|verb|should be considered	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some special use	inviolable|不可侵な|adjective|that cannot or should not be violated or broken	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch
ought to be subject neither to tithe nor to taxation.	十分の一税も課税も受けるべきではない。	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	be subject to|受けるべきである|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of one's income given to the church	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes
If it is otherwise, by discouraging the improvement of land, the church discourages the future increase of her own tithes, and the king the future increase of his own taxes.	そうでなければ、土地の改良を阻害することによって、教会は自分の十分の一税の将来の増加を阻害し、王は自分の税金の将来の増加を阻害する。	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of one's income	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
As in a well ordered state of things, therefore, those ground expenses, over and above reproducing in the completest manner their own value, occasion likewise, after a certain time, a reproduction of a neat produce, they are in this system considered as productive expenses.	したがって、物事が整然と整っている状態では、これらの地代は、それ自体の価値を最も完全な方法で再現するだけでなく、一定期間後に純生産物の再現も引き起こすため、このシステムでは生産的経費と見なされる。	well ordered|整然と整っている|adjective|arranged in a neat, tidy, or systematic way	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	ground expense|地代|noun|the amount of money paid for the use of land	over and above|だけでなく|adverb|in addition to	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	time|期間|noun|the space or span of time	reproduction|再現|noun|the action or process of reproducing something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt, impurities, or adulterants	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision

The ground expenses of the landlord, however, together with the original and the annual expenses of the farmer, are the only three sorts of expenses which in this system are considered as productive.	しかし、地主の地代は、農民の元本と年額経費と合わせて、このシステムで生産的と見なされる唯一の3種類の経費である。	ground expense|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out	together with|合わせて|adverb|in addition to	original|元本|noun|the principal sum of money lent or invested	annual expense|年額経費|noun|the cost of something incurred over a year	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	three|3|numeral|the number 3	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being; regard as	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing
All other expenses, and all other orders of people, even those who, in the common apprehensions of men, are regarded as the most productive, are, in this account of things, represented as altogether barren and unproductive.	他のすべての経費、および他のすべての階級の人々は、人々の一般的な理解では最も生産的であると見なされている人々でさえ、この説明では、まったく不毛で非生産的であると表現されている。	all other|他のすべての|determiner|the remaining ones	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	apprehension|理解|noun|an understanding of something	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely or entirely	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities

Artificers and manufacturers, in particular, whose industry, in the common apprehensions of men, increases so much the value of the rude produce of land, are in this system represented as a class of people altogether barren and unproductive.	特に、人々の一般的な理解では、その産業が土地の粗野な生産物の価値を非常に高めている職人や製造業者は、このシステムではまったく不毛で非生産的な人々の階級として表されている。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by all members of a group	apprehension|理解|noun|the ability to understand something	increase|高める|verb|make or become greater or more	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely	barren|不毛な|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing
Their labour, it is said, replaces only the stock which employs them, together with its ordinary profits.	彼らの労働は、彼らを雇用している資本とその通常の利潤を補填するだけだと言われている。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
That stock consists in the materials, tools, and wages, advanced to them by their employer;	その資本は、雇用主から前払いされる材料、道具、賃金で構成されている。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	consist in|～で構成される|verb|be composed of	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
and is the fund destined for their employment and maintenance.	そして、それは彼らの雇用と維持のために運命づけられた資金である。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	destined|運命づけられた|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something
Its profits are the fund destined for the maintenance of their employer.	その利潤は、雇用主の維持のために運命づけられた資金である。	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people
Their employer, as he advances to them the stock of materials, tools, and wages, necessary for their employment, so he advances to himself what is necessary for his own maintenance;	彼らの雇用主は、彼らの雇用に必要な材料、道具、賃金の資本を彼らに前払いするのと同じように、自分自身の維持に必要なものを自分自身に前払いする。	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition
and this maintenance he generally proportions to the profit which he expects to make by the price of their work.	そして、この維持費は、通常、彼らの仕事の価格によって得られる利益に比例する。	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a particular relationship in terms of size, number, amount, etc.	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Unless its price repays to him the maintenance which he advances to himself, as well as the materials, tools, and wages, which he advances to his workmen, it evidently does not repay to him the whole expense which he lays out upon it.	その価格が、彼が自分自身に前払いする維持費と、彼が労働者に前払いする材料、道具、賃金を彼に返済しない限り、それは明らかに彼がそれに費やした全費用を彼に返済しない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	tool|道具|noun|a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived or understood	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The profits of manufacturing stock, therefore, are not, like the rent of land, a neat produce which remains after completely repaying the whole expense which must be laid out in order to obtain them.	したがって、製造業資本の利潤は、土地の地代のように、それを得るために費やさなければならない全費用を完全に返済した後に残る純生産物ではない。	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	repay|返済する|verb|pay back (money)	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure
The stock of the farmer yields him a profit, as well as that of the master manufacturer;	農場主の資本は、製造業者の資本と同様に、彼に利潤をもたらす。	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or give	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and it yields a rent likewise to another person, which that of the master manufacturer does not.	そして、それは製造業者の資本がそうではないのと同様に、他の人に地代をもたらす。	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or give	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	another|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	person|人|noun|a human being	master|製造業者|noun|a person who has control over others	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The expense, therefore, laid out in employing and maintaining artificers and manufacturers, does no more than continue, if one may say so, the existence of its own value, and does not produce any new value.	したがって、職人や製造業者を雇用し維持するために費やされる費用は、いわば、それ自身の価値の存在を継続するだけで、新しい価値を生み出すことはない。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lay out|費やす|verb|spend money	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create
It is, therefore, altogether a barren and unproductive expense.	したがって、それは全く不毛で非生産的な費用である。	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	barren|不毛な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing offspring	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The expense, on the contrary, laid out in employing farmers and country labourers, over and above continuing the existence of its own value, produces a new value the rent of the landlord.	それとは対照的に、農場主や農村労働者を雇用するために費やされる費用は、それ自身の価値の存在を継続する以上に、地主の地代という新しい価値を生み出す。	on the contrary|それとは対照的に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lay out|費やす|verb|spend money	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country labourer|農村労働者|noun|a person who works in the countryside	over and above|以上に|adverb|in addition to	continue|継続する|verb|keep doing something	existence|存在|noun|the state of existing	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create something	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
It is, therefore, a productive expense.	したがって、それは生産的な費用である。	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	productive|生産的な|adjective|having the power of producing	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

Mercantile stock is equally barren and unproductive with manufacturing stock.	商業資本は製造業資本と同様に不毛で非生産的である。	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	stock|資本|noun|the total amount of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	barren|不毛の|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing
It only continues the existence of its own value, without producing any new value.	それは新しい価値を生み出すことなく、ただそれ自身の価値の存在を継続するだけである。	continue|継続する|verb|keep doing something	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Its profits are only the repayment of the maintenance which its employer advances to himself during the time that he employs it, or till he receives the returns of it.	その利潤は、雇用者がそれを雇用している間、あるいはその見返りを受けるまで、雇用者が自分自身に前払いする維持費の返済にすぎない。	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	repayment|返済|noun|the action of paying back a loan	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	advance|前払いする|verb|move forward	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	return|見返り|noun|the action of coming or going back to a place or activity
They are only the repayment of a part of the expense which must be laid out in employing it.	それは、それを雇用する際に支払わなければならない費用の一部を返済するだけである。	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	be laid out|支払われる|verb|be spent

The labour of artificers and manufacturers never adds any thing to the value of the whole annual amount of the rude produce of the land.	職人や製造業者の労働は、土地の粗生産物の年間総額に何も付加しない。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	add|付加する|verb|join or combine	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	amount|総額|noun|a quantity of something	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners; uncouth	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products
It adds, indeed, greatly to the value of some particular parts of it.	確かに、それはその一部の価値を大いに高める。	add|高める|verb|increase the amount or number of	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	greatly|大いに|adverb|very much; to a great extent	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
But the consumption which, in the mean time, it occasions of other parts, is precisely equal to the value which it adds to those parts;	しかし、その間に他の部分で生じる消費は、それらの部分に付加される価値と正確に等しい。	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|during the intervening period	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
so that the value of the whole amount is not, at any one moment of time, in the least augmented by it.	そのため、全体の価値は、どの瞬間においても、それによって少しも増加しない。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	amount|量|noun|a quantity of something	at any one moment|どの瞬間においても|noun phrase|at any particular time	in the least|少しも|adverb|to the smallest extent	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
The person who works the lace of a pair of fine ruffles for example, will sometimes raise the value of, perhaps, a pennyworth of flax to £30 sterling.	例えば、上等なフリルのレースを編む人は、おそらく1ペニーの価値しかない亜麻の価値を30ポンドにまで高めるだろう。	pair|一対|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	fine|上等な|adjective|of high quality	ruffle|フリル|noun|a strip of fabric gathered or pleated on one edge	lace|レース|noun|a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open pattern	work|編む|verb|make or produce something by knitting	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	pennyworth|1ペニーの価値|noun|the amount of something that can be bought for a penny	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its fiber and its seeds	30 pounds|30ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains
But though, at first sight, he appears thereby to multiply the value of a part of the rude produce about seven thousand and two hundred times, he in reality adds nothing to the value of the whole annual amount of the rude produce.	しかし、一見すると、それによって未加工生産物の一部の価値を約七千二百倍に増やしているように見えるが、実際には未加工生産物の年間総額の価値には何も加えていない。	at first sight|一見すると|adverb|when first seen or considered	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	about|約|adverb|approximately	add|加える|verb|join or combine	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The working of that lace costs him, perhaps, two years labour.	そのレースを編むのに、おそらく二年分の労働を費やす。	work|編む|verb|to make or produce something by working	cost|費やす|verb|to require the expenditure of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The £30 which he gets for it when it is finished, is no more than the repayment of the subsistence which he advances to himself during the two years that he is employed about it.	完成したときに受け取る30ポンドは、そのレースに従事している二年間に自分自身に前払いした生活費の返済にすぎない。	30 pounds|30ポンド|noun|an amount of money	get|受け取る|verb|receive	finish|完成する|verb|bring to an end; complete	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	repayment|返済|noun|the act of paying back	subsistence|生活費|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	two years|二年間|noun|a period of time	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage the services of	lace|レース|noun|a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern
The value which, by every day’s, month’s, or year’s labour, he adds to the flax, does no more than replace the value of his own consumption during that day, month, or year.	毎日、毎月、毎年の労働によって亜麻に付加する価値は、その日、その月、その年の間に消費した価値を補填するにすぎない。	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day	month|月|noun|a period of time of about 30 days	year|年|noun|a period of time of about 365 days	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant that is grown for its seeds and fiber	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	day|日|noun|a period of time of about 24 hours	month|月|noun|a period of time of about 30 days	year|年|noun|a period of time of about 365 days
At no moment of time, therefore, does he add any thing to the value of the whole annual amount of the rude produce of the land: the portion of that produce which he is continually consuming, being always equal to the value which he is continually producing.	したがって、彼は土地の未加工生産物の年間総額の価値に何も加えていない。彼が絶えず消費している生産物の部分は、常に彼が絶えず生産している価値に等しい。	at no moment of time|いかなる瞬間にも|adverb|at no time; never	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	amount|総額|noun|a quantity of something	rude|未加工|adjective|in a natural state; not processed or refined	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
The extreme poverty of the greater part of the persons employed in this expensive, though trifling manufacture, may satisfy us that the price of their work does not, in ordinary cases, exceed the value of their subsistence.	この高価だが取るに足らない製造業に従事している人々の大部分が極貧であることは、彼らの仕事の価格が通常の場合、彼らの生計の価値を超えていないことを納得させてくれる。	extreme poverty|極貧|noun|the state of being extremely poor	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	employed|従事している|verb|have a job	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	trifling|取るに足らない|adjective|unimportant or of little value	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	satisfy|納得させる|verb|cause to be pleased or contented	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
It is otherwise with the work of farmers and country labourers.	農民や田舎の労働者の仕事はそうではない。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work
The rent of the landlord is a value which, in ordinary cases, it is continually producing over and above replacing, in the most complete manner, the whole consumption, the whole expense laid out upon the employment and maintenance both of the workmen and of their employer.	地主の地代は、通常の場合、労働者とその雇用者の両方の雇用と維持に費やされた全消費、全費用を最も完全な方法で補填する以上に絶えず生み出している価値である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption; continuously	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	over and above|以上に|adverb|in addition to; more than	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lay out|費やす|verb|spend	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people

Artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, can augment the revenue and wealth of their society by parsimony only;	職人、製造業者、商人は、倹約によってのみ社会の収入と富を増やすことができる。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	revenue|収入|noun|income	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; economy
or, as it is expressed in this system, by privation, that is, by depriving themselves of a part of the funds destined for their own subsistence.	あるいは、この体系で表現されているように、欠乏によって、つまり、自分たちの生計のために運命づけられた資金の一部を自分たちから奪うことによってである。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	as|ように|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that describes a way in which something happens or is done	express|表現する|verb|represent or convey in words	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network	privation|欠乏|noun|lack of the basic necessities of life	that is|つまり|conjunction|used to introduce a rephrasing or explanation of a previous statement	deprive|奪う|verb|take something away from someone or something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, activity, or period of time	destiny|運命|noun|the events that will happen to a particular person or thing in the future	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive
They annually reproduce nothing but those funds.	彼らは毎年、それらの資金以外は何も生み出さない。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	reproduce|生み出す|verb|make a copy of	nothing but|以外は何も|adverb|only; exclusively	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
Unless, therefore, they annually save some part of them, unless they annually deprive themselves of the enjoyment of some part of them, the revenue and wealth of their society can never be, in the smallest degree, augmented by means of their industry.	したがって、彼らが毎年その一部を貯蓄しない限り、彼らが毎年その一部の享受を自分たちから奪わない限り、彼らの社会の収入と富は、彼らの産業によって少しも増加することはできない。	unless|～しない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	deprive|奪う|verb|take something away from someone	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	revenue|収入|noun|income	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	never|決して～ない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	augment|増加する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
Farmers and country labourers, on the contrary, may enjoy completely the whole funds destined for their own subsistence, and yet augment, at the same time, the revenue and wealth of their society.	逆に、農民や田舎の労働者は、自分たちの生計のために運命づけられた資金のすべてを完全に享受しながら、同時に社会の収入と富を増やすことができる。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly; absolutely	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	destined|運命づけられた|adjective|intended for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing needed to stay alive	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
Over and above what is destined for their own subsistence, their industry annually affords a neat produce, of which the augmentation necessarily augments the revenue and wealth of their society.	彼ら自身の生計のために運命づけられたものを越えて、彼らの産業は毎年純生産物を生み出し、その増加は必然的に彼らの社会の収入と富を増加させる。	over and above|越えて|adverb|in addition to	destined|運命づけられた|adjective|intended for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	augmentation|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	revenue|収入|noun|income	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions
Nations, therefore, which, like France or England, consist in a great measure, of proprietors and cultivators, can be enriched by industry and enjoyment.	したがって、フランスやイギリスのように、所有者と耕作者からなる国は、産業と享受によって豊かになることができる。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something
Nations, on the contrary, which, like Holland and Hamburgh, are composed chiefly of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, can grow rich only through parsimony and privation.	逆に、オランダやハンブルクのように、主に商人、職人、製造業者からなる国は、倹約と困窮によってのみ豊かになることができる。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Hamburgh|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	be composed of|からなる|verb|be made up of	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	grow rich|豊かになる|verb|become wealthy	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	privation|困窮|noun|a state of extreme poverty
As the interest of nations so differently circumstanced is very different, so is likewise the common character of the people.	このように状況の異なる国々の利害が大きく異なるように、国民の共通の性格も同様に異なる。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	differently|異なる|adverb|in a different way	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area
In those of the former kind, liberality, frankness, and good fellowship, naturally make a part of their common character;	前者の国では、寛大さ、率直さ、仲間意識が自然と国民の共通の性格の一部をなしている。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	frankness|率直さ|noun|the quality of being honest and direct	fellowship|仲間意識|noun|a feeling of friendship and closeness	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
in the latter, narrowness, meanness, and a selfish disposition, averse to all social pleasure and enjoyment.	後者の国では、狭量さ、卑劣さ、利己的な性質が、あらゆる社会的喜びや楽しみを嫌う。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	narrowness|狭量さ|noun|the quality of being narrow	meanness|卑劣さ|noun|the quality of being mean	selfish|利己的な|adjective|concerned chiefly with one's own interests, benefits, welfare, etc., regardless of others	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	averse|嫌う|adjective|having a feeling of intense dislike	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment	enjoyment|楽しみ|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something

The unproductive class, that of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, is maintained and employed altogether at the expense of the two other classes, of that of proprietors, and of that of cultivators.	非生産的階級、つまり商人、職人、製造業者の階級は、他の二つの階級、つまり所有者と耕作者の階級を犠牲にして維持され、雇用されている。	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	class|階級|noun|a set of people or things with similar characteristics	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	altogether|犠牲にして|adverb|completely; totally	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops
They furnish it both with the materials of its work, and with the fund of its subsistence, with the corn and cattle which it consumes while it is employed about that work.	彼らは、その仕事の材料と、その仕事に従事している間に消費する穀物や家畜を、その生計の資金とともに提供している。	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	cattle|家畜|noun|cows, bulls, or oxen	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	while|間に|conjunction|during the time that	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
The proprietors and cultivators finally pay both the wages of all the workmen of the unproductive class, and the profits of all their employers.	所有者と耕作者は、最終的には非生産的階級のすべての労働者の賃金と、その雇用者のすべての利潤を支払うことになる。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Those workmen and their employers are properly the servants of the proprietors and cultivators.	これらの労働者とその雇用者は、正しくは所有者と耕作者の召使である。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	employer|雇用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops
They are only servants who work without doors, as menial servants work within.	彼らは、召使が屋内で働くように、屋外で働く召使にすぎない。	only|ただ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result	without|屋外で|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	door|ドア|noun|a hinged barrier used to close an entrance to a room or building	as|ように|conjunction|used to indicate that something happens in the same way that something else happens	menial|召使|noun|a person who does work that requires little skill or training	within|屋内で|preposition|inside; not outside
Both the one and the other, however, are equally maintained at the expense of the same masters.	しかし、どちらも同じ主人の費用で平等に維持されている。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	one|一方|determiner|the first of two people or things mentioned	other|他方|determiner|the second of two people or things mentioned	equally|平等に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The labour of both is equally unproductive.	どちらの労働も等しく非生産的である。	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing
It adds nothing to the value of the sum total of the rude produce of the land.	それは土地の粗野な生産物の総額の価値に何も加えない。	add|加える|verb|join or combine	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	sum total|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Instead of increasing the value of that sum total, it is a charge and expense which must be paid out of it.	その総額の価値を増やす代わりに、それはそこから支払わなければならない費用と経費である。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	sum total|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	charge|費用|noun|a price asked for a service or a product	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

The unproductive class, however, is not only useful, but greatly useful, to the other two classes.	しかし、非生産的階級は、他の二つの階級にとって有用であるだけでなく、非常に有用である。	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	useful|有用|adjective|capable of being used	greatly|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very much
By means of the industry of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, the proprietors and cultivators can purchase both the foreign goods and the manufactured produce of their own country, which they have occasion for, with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labour, than what they would be obliged to employ, if they were to attempt, in an awkward and unskilful manner, either to import the one, or to make the other, for their own use.	商人、職人、製造業者の産業によって、所有者と耕作者は、自分たちの使用のために、不器用で不器用な方法で、一方を輸入するか、他方を作るかを試みた場合、彼らが雇用を余儀なくされるよりも、はるかに少ない量の自分たちの労働の生産物で、彼らが必要とする外国製品と自国の製造製品の両方を購入することができる。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes things in a factory	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|things that are produced	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	awkward|不器用な|adjective|clumsy or difficult to handle	unskilful|不器用な|adjective|lacking skill or expertise	attempt|試みる|verb|to try to do something	import|輸入する|verb|to bring goods into a country from another country	make|作る|verb|to create or produce something	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
By means of the unproductive class, the cultivators are delivered from many cares, which would otherwise distract their attention from the cultivation of land.	非生産的階級によって、耕作者は多くの心配から解放され、そうでなければ土地の耕作から注意をそらされることになる。	unproductive class|非生産的階級|noun|a class of people who do not produce goods or services	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	care|心配|noun|a feeling of worry or concern	distract|そらす|verb|to cause to turn away from the original focus of interest or attention	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops
The superiority of produce, which in consequence of this undivided attention, they are enabled to raise, is fully sufficient to pay the whole expense which the maintenance and employment of the unproductive class costs either the proprietors or themselves.	この分割されない注意の結果として、彼らが上げることができる生産物の優位性は、非生産的階級の維持と雇用が所有者または彼ら自身のどちらかにかかる全費用を支払うのに十分である。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	undivided|分割されない|adjective|not divided or separated	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of something	class|階級|noun|a set or category of things having some property in common	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of (a specified sum)	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	themselves|彼ら自身|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause
The industry of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, though in its own nature altogether unproductive, yet contributes in this manner indirectly to increase the produce of the land.	商人、職人、製造業者の産業は、その性質上全く非生産的であるが、このようにして間接的に土地の生産物を増やすのに貢献している。	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly; in a roundabout way	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
It increases the productive powers of productive labour, by leaving it at liberty to confine itself to its proper employment, the cultivation of land;	それは、生産的労働をその適切な雇用、土地の耕作に限定する自由を与えることによって、生産的労働の生産力を増大させる。	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	proper employment|適切な雇用|noun|a job that is suitable for someone	cultivation of land|土地の耕作|noun|the process of preparing land for growing crops
and the plough goes frequently the easier and the better, by means of the labour of the man whose business is most remote from the plough.	そして、鋤から最も遠い仕事をしている人の労働によって、鋤はしばしばより簡単でより良くなる。	plough|鋤|noun|a large farming tool with sharp blades that is pulled across the soil to turn it over	go|行く|verb|move or travel	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	easier|より簡単|adjective|more easy	better|より良い|adjective|more good	by means of|によって|preposition|using; with the help of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular paid work	remote|遠い|adjective|far away in space or time

It can never be the interest of the proprietors and cultivators, to restrain or to discourage, in any respect, the industry of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers.	商人、職人、製造業者の産業を、いかなる点においても制限したり、阻害したりすることは、所有者や耕作者の利益にはなり得ない。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
The greater the liberty which this unproductive class enjoys, the greater will be the competition in all the different trades which compose it, and the cheaper will the other two classes be supplied, both with foreign goods and with the manufactured produce of their own country.	この非生産的階級が享受する自由が大きければ大きいほど、それを構成するあらゆる異なる業種での競争は激しくなり、他の二つの階級は、外国製品と自国の工業製品の両方をより安く供給されることになる。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	trade|業種|noun|a business or occupation	compose|構成する|verb|make up; constitute	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or cost	supply|供給する|verb|make available for use; provide	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise	manufactured|工業|adjective|made by hand or machine	produce|製品|noun|something that is produced

It can never be the interest of the unproductive class to oppress the other two classes.	他の二つの階級を抑圧することは、非生産的階級の利益にはなり得ない。	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one
It is the surplus produce of the land, or what remains after deducting the maintenance, first of the cultivators, and afterwards of the proprietors, that maintains and employs the unproductive class.	非生産的階級を維持し、雇用しているのは、土地の余剰生産物、つまり、まず耕作者の、次に所有者の維持費を差し引いた後に残るものである。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	maintenance|維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining something	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status
The greater this surplus, the greater must likewise be the maintenance and employment of that class.	この余剰が大きければ大きいほど、その階級の維持と雇用も同様に大きくなる。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of keeping something in good condition	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having a paid job
The establishment of perfect justice, of perfect liberty, and of perfect equality, is the very simple secret which most effectually secures the highest degree of prosperity to all the three classes.	完全な正義、完全な自由、完全な平等の確立は、三つの階級すべてに最高度の繁栄を最も効果的に確保する、非常に単純な秘訣である。	establishment|確立|noun|the act of establishing something	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	simple|単純な|adjective|easily understood or done; presenting few difficulties	secret|秘訣|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	secure|確保する|verb|fasten or attach securely	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	degree|度合い|noun|the extent, measure, or scope of something	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success, wealth, or good fortune

The merchants, artificers, and manufacturers of those mercantile states, which, like Holland and Hamburgh, consist chiefly of this unproductive class, are in the same manner maintained and employed altogether at the expense of the proprietors and cultivators of land.	オランダやハンブルクのように、主にこの非生産的階級からなる商業国家の商人、職人、製造業者は、同じように土地の所有者と耕作者の犠牲で維持され、雇用されている。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Hamburgh|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops
The only difference is, that those proprietors and cultivators are, the greater part of them, placed at a most inconvenient distance from the merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, whom they supply with the materials of their work and the fund of their subsistence;	唯一の違いは、これらの所有者と耕作者の大部分が、彼らが仕事の材料と生計の資金を供給している商人、職人、製造業者から最も不便な距離に位置していることである。	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	material|材料|noun|a substance that is used to make something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble or difficulty	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points
are the inhabitants of other countries, and the subjects of other governments.	他の国の住民であり、他の政府の臣民である。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

Such mercantile states, however, are not only useful, but greatly useful, to the inhabitants of those other countries.	しかし、そのような商業国家は、他の国の住民にとって有用であるだけでなく、非常に有用である。	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	useful|有用な|adjective|being of use or service	greatly|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
They fill up, in some measure, a very important void;	彼らはある程度、非常に重要な空白を埋めている。	fill up|埋める|verb|make or become full	in some measure|ある程度|adverb|to some extent	very|非常に|adverb|in a high degree	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	void|空白|noun|an empty space
and supply the place of the merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, whom the inhabitants of those countries ought to find at home, but whom, from some defect in their policy, they do not find at home.	そして、それらの国の住民が自国で見つけるべきであるが、政策上の欠陥から自国では見つけられない商人、職人、製造業者の代わりを務めている。	supply|務める|verb|to provide or furnish	place|代わり|noun|a particular position, point, or area in space	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	find|見つける|verb|to discover or notice	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	defect|欠陥|noun|a fault or flaw

It can never be the interest of those landed nations, if I may call them so, to discourage or distress the industry of such mercantile states, by imposing high duties upon their trade, or upon the commodities which they furnish.	私がそう呼ぶならば、それらの農業国にとって、そのような商業国家の貿易や彼らが提供する商品に高い関税を課すことで、彼らの産業を阻害したり、苦しめたりすることは決して利益にはならない。	landed|農業|adjective|owning much land	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	distress|苦しめる|verb|cause pain or suffering to	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide
Such duties, by rendering those commodities dearer, could serve only to sink the real value of the surplus produce of their own land, with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which those commodities are purchased.	このような義務は、それらの商品をより貴重なものにすることによって、それらの商品が購入される価格、あるいは、同じことになるが、彼ら自身の土地の余剰生産物の実質価値を下落させるだけであり得る。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	dear|貴重な|adjective|regarded with deep affection	serve|し得る|verb|be of use to	sink|下落させる|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	real|実質|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Such duties could only serve to discourage the increase of that surplus produce, and consequently the improvement and cultivation of their own land.	そのような関税は、その余剰生産物の増加を阻害し、その結果、自国の土地の改良と耕作を阻害する役割を果たすだけである。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	serve|果たす|verb|be used for	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
The most effectual expedient, on the contrary, for raising the value of that surplus produce, for encouraging its increase, and consequently the improvement and cultivation of their own land, would be to allow the most perfect freedom to the trade of all such mercantile nations.	それどころか、その余剰生産物の価値を高め、その増加を促進し、その結果として自国の土地の改良と耕作を促進するための最も効果的な方策は、そのような商業国家すべての貿易に最も完全な自由を認めることであろう。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the contrary; rather	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	encourage|促進する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	allow|認める|verb|permit to have or do something	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services

This perfect freedom of trade would even be the most effectual expedient for supplying them, in due time, with all the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, whom they wanted at home;	この完全な貿易の自由は、彼らが国内で必要とするすべての職人、製造業者、商人を適時供給するための最も効果的な方策でさえある。	freedom of trade|貿易の自由|noun|the right to engage in economic transactions without government restrictions	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	due time|適時|noun|the proper or appropriate time	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities
and for filling up, in the properest and most advantageous manner, that very important void which they felt there.	そして、彼らがそこで感じた非常に重要な空白を、最も適切で最も有利な方法で埋めるために。	fill up|埋める|verb|to make or become full	properest|最も適切な|adjective|most suitable or fitting	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	void|空白|noun|an empty space

The continual increase of the surplus produce of their land would, in due time, create a greater capital than what would be employed with the ordinary rate of profit in the improvement and cultivation of land;	彼らの土地の余剰生産物の継続的な増加は、やがて、土地の改良と耕作に通常の利潤率で投入されるよりも大きな資本を生み出すだろう。	continual increase|継続的な増加|noun|a steady increase	surplus produce|余剰生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced in excess of what is needed	due time|やがて|noun|the proper or appropriate time	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being	greater capital|大きな資本|noun|a large amount of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employed|投入される|verb|use or engage	ordinary rate of profit|通常の利潤率|noun|the usual rate of return on an investment	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops
and the surplus part of it would naturally turn itself to the employment of artificers and manufacturers, at home.	そして、その余剰部分は、当然のことながら、国内の職人や製造業者の雇用に回されるだろう。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	turn|回される|verb|change direction	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
But these artificers and manufacturers, finding at home both the materials of their work and the fund of their subsistence, might immediately, even with much less art and skill be able to work as cheap as the little artificers and manufacturers of such mercantile states, who had both to bring from a greater distance.	しかし、これらの職人や製造業者は、自国で仕事の材料と生計の資金の両方を見つけ、すぐに、はるかに少ない技術と技能で、両方を遠くから運んでこなければならないそのような商業国家の小さな職人や製造業者と同じくらい安く働くことができるかもしれない。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	little|小さい|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things previously mentioned	bring|運ぶ|verb|take or carry someone or something to a place	distance|距離|noun|the space or interval between two points or objects
Even though, from want of art and skill, they might not for some time be able to work as cheap, yet, finding a market at home, they might be able to sell their work there as cheap as that of the artificers and manufacturers of such mercantile states, which could not be brought to that market but from so great a distance;	技術や技能の不足から、しばらくは安く働けないかもしれないが、国内に市場を見つければ、そのような商業国家の職人や製造業者と同じくらい安く作品を売ることができるかもしれない。	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	for some time|しばらく|adverb|for a period of time	cheap|安く|adjective|low in price or value	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	work|作品|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory	bring|持ち込む|verb|cause to come to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	distance|距離|noun|the space or interval between two points or objects
and as their art and skill improved, they would soon be able to sell it cheaper.	そして、彼らの技術と技能が向上すれば、すぐにもっと安く売れるようになるだろう。	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	improve|向上する|verb|become better	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability or opportunity to do something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value
The artificers and manufacturers of such mercantile states, therefore, would immediately be rivalled in the market of those landed nations, and soon after undersold and justled out of it altogether.	したがって、そのような商業国家の職人や製造業者は、すぐにこれらの農業国の市場で競合し、すぐに安値で売られ、市場から完全に追い出されてしまうだろう。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	rival|競合する|verb|be in competition with	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time; before long	undersell|安値で売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	justle|追い出す|verb|push or knock against	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally
The cheapness of the manufactures of those landed nations, in consequence of the gradual improvements of art and skill, would, in due time, extend their sale beyond the home market, and carry them to many foreign markets, from which they would, in the same manner, gradually justle out many of the manufacturers of such mercantile nations.	技術と技能の段階的な向上の結果として、これらの農業国の製造業の安さは、やがて国内市場を超えて販売を拡大し、多くの外国市場に運び、そこから同じように、そのような商業国家の製造業者の多くを徐々に追い出していくだろう。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	landed|農業|adjective|owning much land	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	gradual|段階的|adjective|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	improvement|向上|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	due time|やがて|noun|the proper or appropriate time	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling something	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for a product or service within a country	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	foreign market|外国市場|noun|the market for a product or service outside a country	manner|同じように|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	gradually|徐々に|adverb|taking place or changing slowly or by degrees	justle|追い出す|verb|push or knock against someone or something roughly or carelessly	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods or provides services for sale	mercantile|商業|adjective|relating to trade or commerce

This continual increase, both of the rude and manufactured produce of those landed nations, would, in due time, create a greater capital than could, with the ordinary rate of profit, be employed either in agriculture or in manufactures.	これらの農業国の粗製品と製造製品の両方のこの継続的な増加は、やがて、通常の利益率で農業または製造業のいずれかに使用できるよりも大きな資本を生み出すだろう。	continual|継続的な|adjective|happening or done without interruption	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a manufacturing process	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	landed|農業|adjective|owning much land	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	due time|やがて|noun|the proper or appropriate time	create|生み出す|verb|cause to come into being	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	employ|使用する|verb|use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
The surplus of this capital would naturally turn itself to foreign trade and be employed in exporting, to foreign countries, such parts of the rude and manufactured produce of its own country, as exceeded the demand of the home market.	この資本の余剰は、当然、対外貿易に転じ、自国の粗製品や製造製品のうち、国内市場の需要を超える部分を外国に輸出するために使われるだろう。	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	turn|転じる|verb|change direction	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	employ|使われる|verb|use	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	rude|粗製品|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	manufactured|製造製品|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|製品|noun|something that is produced	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country
In the exportation of the produce of their own country, the merchants of a landed nation would have an advantage of the same kind over those of mercantile nations, which its artificers and manufacturers had over the artificers and manufacturers of such nations;	自国の生産物の輸出において、農業国の商人は、その職人や製造業者がそのような国の職人や製造業者に対して持っているのと同じ種類の利点を、商業国の商人に対して持つだろう。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	landed nation|農業国|noun|a country that is primarily agricultural	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	mercantile nation|商業国|noun|a country that is primarily commercial	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
the advantage of finding at home that cargo, and those stores and provisions, which the others were obliged to seek for at a distance.	他国が遠くで探さなければならない貨物や物資や食料を、自国で見つけられるという利点である。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	cargo|貨物|noun|the goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	store|物資|noun|a place where goods may be bought	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	home|自国|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	other|他国|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	distance|遠く|noun|the space or interval between two points or objects
With inferior art and skill in navigation, therefore, they would be able to sell that cargo as cheap in foreign markets as the merchants of such mercantile nations;	したがって、航海術や技能が劣っていても、彼らはそのような商業国の商人と同じくらい安く、外国市場でその貨物を売ることができるだろう。	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of low quality or value	art|術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	navigation|航海術|noun|the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	foreign|外国の|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities, especially one dealing with foreign countries	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
and with equal art and skill they would be able to sell it cheaper.	そして、同等の航海術や技能があれば、彼らはそれをもっと安く売ることができるだろう。	art|術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value
They would soon, therefore, rival those mercantile nations in this branch of foreign trade, and, in due time, would justle them out of it altogether.	したがって、彼らはすぐにこの貿易分野で商業国と競合し、やがて彼らを完全に追い出してしまうだろう。	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	rival|競合する|verb|be in competition with	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	due time|やがて|noun|the proper or appropriate time	justle|追い出す|verb|push or knock against someone or something

According to this liberal and generous system, therefore, the most advantageous method in which a landed nation can raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own, is to grant the most perfect freedom of trade to the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of all other nations.	したがって、この自由で寛大なシステムによれば、農業国が自国の職人、製造業者、商人を育て上げるのに最も有利な方法は、他のすべての国の職人、製造業者、商人に最も完全な貿易の自由を与えることである。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated or reported by	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	landed|農業|adjective|owning much land	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, etc., and who live in a particular country or area	raise up|育て上げる|verb|to help someone or something grow or develop	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	grant|与える|verb|to give or allow something	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It thereby raises the value of the surplus produce of its own land, of which the continual increase gradually establishes a fund, which, in due time, necessarily raises up all the artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, whom it has occasion for.	それによって自国の余剰生産物の価値を高め、その継続的な増加によって次第に基金が確立され、やがて必然的に必要とされるすべての職人、製造業者、商人を育て上げることになる。	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	own|自国|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	land|国|noun|the territory of a nation or state	continual|継続的|adjective|happening or done without interruption	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size, amount, or degree	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual way; slowly	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	due time|やがて|noun|the proper or appropriate time	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	raise up|育て上げる|verb|to help someone or something to grow or develop	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities

When a landed nation on the contrary, oppresses, either by high duties or by prohibitions, the trade of foreign nations, it necessarily hurts its own interest in two different ways.	逆に、農業国が高関税や禁止によって外国貿易を抑圧すると、必然的に二つの異なる方法で自国の利益を損なうことになる。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	landed nation|農業国|noun|a country that is primarily agricultural	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	hurt|損なう|verb|cause damage to	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
First, by raising the price of all foreign goods, and of all sorts of manufactures, it necessarily sinks the real value of the surplus produce of its own land, with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which, it purchases those foreign goods and manufactures.	第一に、すべての外国製品やあらゆる種類の製品の価格を上げることで、必然的に自国の余剰生産物の実際の価値を下げ、その余剰生産物やその価格で外国製品や製品を購入することになる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than your own	good|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing that is made in a factory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	sink|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	real|実際の|adjective|not imagined; actual or true	value|価値|noun|the importance or worth of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|a thing that is produced	land|国|noun|the ground surface of the earth	purchase|購入する|verb|buy something
Secondly, by giving a sort of monopoly of the home market to its own merchants, artificers, and manufacturers, it raises the rate of mercantile and manufacturing profit, in proportion to that of agricultural profit;	第二に、自国の商人、職人、製造業者に国内市場の独占権を与えることで、農業利益の割合に応じて商業利益と製造利益の割合を高める。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services in a particular country	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, value, or level of	rate|割合|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	mercantile|商業|adjective|relating to trade or commerce	manufacturing|製造|adjective|relating to the manufacture of goods	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and, consequently, either draws from agriculture a part of the capital which had before been employed in it, or hinders from going to it a part of what would otherwise have gone to it.	その結果、農業に従事していた資本の一部を農業から引き出したり、そうでなければ農業に従事していた資本の一部が農業に従事しないように妨害したりすることになる。	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something out of a place	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage	hinder|妨害する|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	go|従事する|verb|move or travel
This policy, therefore, discourages agriculture in two different ways;	したがって、この政策は二つの異なる方法で農業を阻害する。	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent the development, progress, or growth of	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
first, by sinking the real value of its produce, and thereby lowering the rate of its profits;	第一に、農産物の実際の価値を下げ、それによって利益率を下げることである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	sink|下げる|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	produce|農産物|noun|agricultural products	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
and, secondly, by raising the rate of profit in all other employments.	第二に、他のすべての雇用において利益率を上げることである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
Agriculture is rendered less advantageous, and trade and manufactures more advantageous, than they otherwise would be;	農業は、そうでなければそうであるよりも不利になり、貿易と製造業はより有利になる。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	more|より多く|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	be|である|verb|to exist or live
and every man is tempted by his own interest to turn, as much as he can, both his capital and his industry from the former to the latter employments.	そして、誰もが自分の利益のために、できる限り資本と産業を前者から後者の雇用に転換しようとする誘惑に駆られる。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	turn|転換する|verb|change direction	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work

Though, by this oppressive policy, a landed nation should be able to raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own, somewhat sooner than it could do by the freedom of trade;	このような抑圧的な政策によって、土地を所有する国は、貿易の自由によってそうするよりも、やや早く自国の職人、製造業者、商人を育てることができるはずであるが、	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	landed|土地を所有する|adjective|owning much land	raise up|育てる|verb|to bring up; to rear	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
a matter, however, which is not a little doubtful;	しかし、これは少なからず疑わしい問題である。	a matter|問題|noun|a question or problem to be considered	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	not a little|少なからず|adverb|to a considerable extent	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable; uncertain
yet it would raise them up, if one may say so, prematurely, and before it was perfectly ripe for them.	それでも、もしそう言うことができるなら、それは時期尚早に、そして彼らにとって完全に熟す前に、彼らを育てることになるだろう。	raise|育てる|verb|bring up	prematurely|時期尚早に|adverb|before the usual or proper time	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	ripe|熟す|adjective|ready to be eaten
By raising up too hastily one species of industry, it would depress another more valuable species of industry.	ある種の産業をあまりに急いで育てることで、より価値のある別の産業を押し下げることになる。	raise up|育てる|verb|to cause to grow or increase	hastily|急いで|adverb|quickly and carelessly	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
By raising up too hastily a species of industry which duly replaces the stock which employs it, together with the ordinary profit, it would depress a species of industry which, over and above replacing that stock, with its profit, affords likewise a neat produce, a free rent to the landlord.	ある種の産業をあまりに急いで育てることで、それを用いる資本を通常の利潤とともに適切に回収する産業を押し下げ、その資本を利潤とともに回収するだけでなく、地主に純生産物、つまり自由地代をもたらす産業を押し下げることになる。	raise up|育てる|verb|to cause to grow or increase	hastily|急いで|adverb|quickly and carelessly	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services in an economy	duly|適切に|adverb|in a proper or appropriate manner	replace|回収する|verb|to take the place of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	depress|押し下げる|verb|to push or hold down	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or provide something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
It would depress productive labour, by encouraging too hastily that labour which is altogether barren and unproductive.	それは、まったく不毛で非生産的な労働をあまりに急いで奨励することで、生産的労働を押し下げるだろう。	depress|押し下げる|verb|push or pull down	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	hastily|急いで|adverb|very quickly; hurriedly	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to

In what manner, according to this system, the sum total of the annual produce of the land is distributed among the three classes above mentioned, and in what manner the labour of the unproductive class does no more than replace the value of its own consumption, without increasing in any respect the value of that sum total, is represented by Mr Quesnai, the very ingenious and profound author of this system, in some arithmetical formularies.	この体系によれば、土地の年間生産物の総額がどのように上記の三つの階級に分配されるのか、また非生産的階級の労働がどのようにしてその総額の価値を少しも増加させることなく、自らの消費の価値を補填するだけなのかは、この体系の非常に独創的で深遠な著者であるケネー氏によって、いくつかの算術的な定式で表されている。	in what manner|どのように|adverb|in what way	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated or reported by	this system|この体系|noun|the system being discussed	the sum total|総額|noun|the total amount	the annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the amount of something produced in a year	the land|土地|noun|the ground	is distributed|分配される|verb|be shared out	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	the three classes|三つの階級|noun|the three groups	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier	in what manner|どのように|adverb|in what way	the labour|労働|noun|work	the unproductive class|非生産的階級|noun|the class that does not produce anything	does no more than|だけである|verb|only do	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	the value|価値|noun|the worth of something	its own consumption|自らの消費|noun|the amount of something that it consumes	without increasing|増加させることなく|verb|not make or become greater	in any respect|少しも|adverb|to any degree	the value|価値|noun|the worth of something	that sum total|その総額|noun|the total amount	is represented|表されている|verb|be shown or expressed	by Mr Quesnai|ケネー氏によって|noun|the person who created the system	the very ingenious|非常に独創的な|adjective|very clever or original	and profound|深遠な|adjective|having or showing great knowledge or insight	author|著者|noun|the writer of a book, article, or report	this system|この体系|noun|the system being discussed	in some arithmetical formularies|いくつかの算術的な定式で|noun|in some mathematical formulas
The first of these formularies, which, by way of eminence, he peculiarly distinguishes by the name of the Economical Table, represents the manner in which he supposes this distribution takes place, in a state of the most perfect liberty, and, therefore, of the highest prosperity;	これらの定式の最初のものは、彼が特に経済表という名で区別しているもので、最も完全な自由の状態、つまり最も繁栄した状態で、この分配が行われると彼が考える方法を表している。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	these|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	formularies|定式|noun|a set of fixed words that are used in a ceremony or in a particular situation	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	eminence|卓越|noun|the quality of being very good or important	peculiarly|特に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	take place|起こる|verb|happen	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	highest|最も高い|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent
in a state where the annual produce is such as to afford the greatest possible neat produce, and where each class enjoys its proper share of the whole annual produce.	年間生産物が最大の純生産物を生み出すような状態であり、各階級が年間生産物全体から適切な分け前を得ている状態である。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	afford|生み出す|verb|to be able to do or have something	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	enjoy|得る|verb|to take delight or pleasure in	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	whole|全体|noun|all of something
Some subsequent formularies represent the manner in which he supposes this distribution is made in different states of restraint and regulation;	その後のいくつかの定式は、この分配がさまざまな制約や規制の状態で行われると彼が考える方法を表している。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	formulary|定式|noun|a collection of formulas	represent|表す|verb|stand for or correspond to	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority
in which, either the class of proprietors, or the barren and unproductive class, is more favoured than the class of cultivators;	所有者階級か、不毛で非生産的な階級のどちらかが、耕作者階級よりも優遇されている。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	barren|不毛の|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops
and in which either the one or the other encroaches, more or less, upon the share which ought properly to belong to this productive class.	そして、どちらかがこの生産的な階級に属するべき分け前を多かれ少なかれ侵害している。	encroach|侵害する|verb|intrude on	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	productive|生産的な|adjective|having the power of producing	class|階級|noun|a group sharing the same economic or social status
Every such encroachment, every violation of that natural distribution, which the most perfect liberty would establish, must, according to this system, necessarily degrade, more or less, from one year to another, the value and sum total of the annual produce, and must necessarily occasion a gradual declension in the real wealth and revenue of the society;	このような侵害、最も完全な自由が確立するであろう自然な分配の侵害はすべて、このシステムによれば、必然的に年々、年間生産物の価値と総額を多かれ少なかれ低下させ、必然的に社会の真の富と収入を徐々に減少させる。	encroachment|侵害|noun|an intrusion or trespass on a person's rights or property	violation|侵害|noun|an act of breaking the law or a rule	natural distribution|自然な分配|noun|the distribution of something in nature	perfect liberty|完全な自由|noun|the freedom to do whatever one wants	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or create something on a firm or permanent basis	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	degrade|低下させる|verb|to make something worse or of a lower quality	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	from one year to another|年々|adverb|with each passing year	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of something produced in a year	real wealth|真の富|noun|the actual value of something, as opposed to its nominal value	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization	gradual declension|徐々に減少|noun|a gradual decrease in something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|to cause or produce something
a declension, of which the progress must be quicker or slower, according to the degree of this encroachment, according as that natural distribution, which the most perfect liberty would establish, is more or less violated.	この侵害の程度に応じて、最も完全な自由が確立するであろう自然な分配が多かれ少なかれ侵害されるに応じて、その進行がより速くまたはより遅くなければならない衰退である。	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance	progress|進行|noun|the process of developing or moving gradually towards a more advanced state	quicker|より速く|adjective|more quick	slower|より遅く|adjective|more slow	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	encroachment|侵害|noun|the act of encroaching on something	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	violated|侵害される|verb|break or fail to comply with (a rule or formal agreement)
Those subsequent formularies represent the different degrees of declension which, according to this system, correspond to the different degrees in which this natural distribution of things is violated.	これらの後続の定式は、このシステムによれば、この自然な分配が侵害される程度の違いに対応する、衰退の程度の違いを表している。	subsequent|後続の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	formulary|定式|noun|a collection of formulas	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or condition	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	correspond|対応する|verb|be similar or equivalent to	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	violate|侵害する|verb|break or fail to comply with

Some speculative physicians seem to have imagined that the health of the human body could be preserved only by a certain precise regimen of diet and exercise, of which every, the smallest violation, necessarily occasioned some degree of disease or disorder proportionate to the degree of the violation.	一部の思索的な医師は、人体の健康は、食事と運動の特定の正確な養生法によってのみ維持できると想像していたようであり、そのすべて、最小の違反は、必然的に違反の程度に比例したある程度の病気や障害を引き起こした。	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	speculative|思索的な|adjective|involving or based on conjecture rather than knowledge	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	human body|人体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being	preserve|維持する|verb|maintain in its original state	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	certain|特定の|determiner|a specific but unspecified	precise|正確な|adjective|exact or accurate	regimen|養生法|noun|a prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health	diet|食事|noun|the kinds of food that a person, animal, or community habitually eats	exercise|運動|noun|activity requiring physical effort, carried out especially to sustain or improve health and fitness	every|すべて|determiner|each and all of a group	smallest|最小の|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	violation|違反|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a rule or formal agreement	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	some degree|ある程度|noun|an amount or extent of something	disease|病気|noun|a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury	disorder|障害|noun|a disruption of normal physical or mental functions or structures
Experience, however, would seem to shew, that the human body frequently preserves, to all appearance at least, the most perfect state of health under a vast variety of different regimens;	しかし、経験によれば、人体は、少なくともすべての外観において、非常に多様な養生法の下で最も完全な健康状態を維持することが多いように思われる。	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	human body|人体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	appearance|外観|noun|the way that someone or something looks	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time
even under some which are generally believed to be very far from being perfectly wholesome.	一般的に完全に健康的であるとは程遠いと信じられている養生法の下でさえも。	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of or in the event that	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is flawless or faultless	wholesome|健康的|adjective|promoting health or well-being of mind or spirit
But the healthful state of the human body, it would seem, contains in itself some unknown principle of preservation, capable either of preventing or of correcting, in many respects, the bad effects even of a very faulty regimen.	しかし、人体の健康な状態は、それ自体に、非常に欠陥のある養生法でさえも、多くの点でその悪影響を予防または是正することができる、未知の保存原理を含んでいるように思われる。	healthful|健康な|adjective|promoting or conducive to health	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	human body|人体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	unknown|未知の|adjective|not known or familiar	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	prevent|予防する|verb|keep or stop from happening	correct|是正する|verb|set or make right	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	faulty|欠陥のある|adjective|having a defect or weakness	regimen|養生法|noun|a prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet
Mr Quesnai, who was himself a physician, and a very speculative physician, seems to have entertained a notion of the same kind concerning the political body, and to have imagined that it would thrive and prosper only under a certain precise regimen, the exact regimen of perfect liberty and perfect justice.	ケネー氏は、自身が医師であり、非常に思索的な医師であったが、政治体に関しても同様の考えを抱いていたようであり、完全な自由と完全な正義という正確な養生法の下でのみ、政治体が繁栄し、成功するだろうと想像していたようである。	Mr Quesnai|ケネー氏|noun|a French economist	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	speculative|思索的な|adjective|involving or based on conjecture rather than knowledge	political body|政治体|noun|a body of people who are organized for political action	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper	prosper|成功する|verb|be fortunate or successful	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	certain|ある|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated character	precise|正確な|adjective|exact or accurate	regimen|養生法|noun|a systematic plan for therapy	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment
He seems not to have considered, that in the political body, the natural effort which every man is continually making to better his own condition, is a principle of preservation capable of preventing and correcting, in many respects, the bad effects of a political economy, in some degree both partial and oppressive.	彼は、政治体において、すべての人が自分の状態を改善するために絶えず行っている自然な努力が、政治経済の悪影響を多くの点で予防し、是正することができる保存の原理であることを考慮していなかったようである。	political body|政治体|noun|a body of people who are involved in politics	natural effort|自然な努力|noun|an effort that is not forced or strained	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	prevent|予防する|verb|keep from happening or arising	correct|是正する|verb|set or make right	many respects|多くの点で|noun|a large number of ways	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between political institutions and economic systems	bad effect|悪影響|noun|an effect that is harmful or undesirable	some degree|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	partial|偏った|adjective|not complete or total	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
Such a political economy, though it no doubt retards more or less, is not always capable of stopping altogether, the natural progress of a nation towards wealth and prosperity, and still less of making it go backwards.	そのような政治経済は、多かれ少なかれ遅らせることは間違いないが、常に完全に停止できるわけではなく、国家の富と繁栄に向けた自然な進歩を後退させることはできない。	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	stop|停止する|verb|cease moving or operating	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	backwards|後退|adverb|in a reverse direction
If a nation could not prosper without the enjoyment of perfect liberty and perfect justice, there is not in the world a nation which could ever have prospered.	もし完全な自由と完全な正義を享受せずに国家が繁栄できないのであれば、世界に繁栄できた国家は存在しない。	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	prosper|繁栄する|verb|be fortunate or successful	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment	enjoyment|享受|noun|the state or process of taking delight in something	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
In the political body, however, the wisdom of nature has fortunately made ample provision for remedying many of the bad effects of the folly and injustice of man;	しかし、政治体においては、自然の知恵は幸いにも人間の愚かさと不正義の悪影響の多くを是正するための十分な準備をしてきた。	political body|政治体|noun|a body of people who are responsible for governing a country or state	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	fortunately|幸いにも|adverb|happening by good luck; luckily	remedy|是正する|verb|to put right; to correct	bad effect|悪影響|noun|an effect that is harmful or undesirable	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	injustice|不正義|noun|lack of fairness or justice
it the same manner as it has done in the natural body, for remedying those of his sloth and intemperance.	それは、自然の身体の中で怠惰と不節制を是正するために行ってきたのと同じ方法である。	the same manner|同じ方法|noun|the same way	natural body|自然の身体|noun|the physical body of a person	remedy|是正する|verb|to put right; to correct	sloth|怠惰|noun|laziness	intemperance|不節制|noun|lack of moderation

The capital error of this system, however, seems to lie in its representing the class of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, as altogether barren and unproductive.	しかし、このシステムの最大の誤りは、職人、製造業者、商人の階級を全く不毛で非生産的なものとして表していることにあるように思われる。	capital|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	error|誤り|noun|a mistake	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	lie|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	represent|表す|verb|be a symbol of	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade or commerce	altogether|全く|adverb|completely	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing
The following observations may serve to shew the impropriety of this representation:—	以下の考察は、この表現の不適切さを示すのに役立つかもしれない。	the following|以下の|adjective|coming after the one already mentioned	observation|考察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use to	shew|示す|verb|to make known or indicate	impropriety|不適切さ|noun|the quality or state of being improper	representation|表現|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented

First, this class, it is acknowledged, reproduces annually the value of its own annual consumption, and continues, at least, the existence of the stock or capital which maintains and employs it.	第一に、この階級は、毎年、自らの年間消費量の価値を再生産し、少なくとも、それを維持し、雇用している資本の存在を継続させていることは認められている。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social, economic, or educational status	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	reproduce|再生産する|verb|produce again or anew	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for (someone) in return for regular pay
But, upon this account alone, the denomination of barren or unproductive should seem to be very improperly applied to it.	しかし、この説明だけでも、不毛または非生産的という呼称は、非常に不適切に適用されているように思われる。	upon|に基づいて|preposition|on	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	alone|だけで|adverb|only	denomination|呼称|noun|a name or descriptive phrase	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
We should not call a marriage barren or unproductive, though it produced only a son and a daughter, to replace the father and mother, and though it did not increase the number of the human species, but only continued it as it was before.	父と母に代わる息子と娘しか生み出さず、人類の数を増やさず、以前のままにしか継続しなかったとしても、私たちは結婚を不毛または非生産的と呼ぶべきではない。	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	daughter|娘|noun|a female offspring	replace|代わる|verb|take the place of	father|父|noun|a male parent	mother|母|noun|a female parent	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
Farmers and country labourers, indeed, over and above the stock which maintains and employs them, reproduce annually a neat produce, a free rent to the landlord.	農民や田舎の労働者は、確かに、彼らを維持し、雇用している資本に加えて、毎年、地主への純粋な生産物、無償の地代を再生産している。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	over and above|に加えて|preposition|in addition to	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	free|無償の|adjective|without cost or payment	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of land or property that is rented or leased to another
As a marriage which affords three children is certainly more productive than one which affords only two, so the labour of farmers and country labourers is certainly more productive than that of merchants, artificers, and manufacturers.	三人の子供を産む結婚が二人しか産まない結婚よりも確かに生産的であるように、農民や田舎の労働者の労働は商人、職人、製造業者の労働よりも確かに生産的である。	afford|産む|verb|to be able to do or have something without causing problems	three|三人|adjective|the number 3	two|二人|adjective|the number 2	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale
The superior produce of the one class, however, does not, render the other barren or unproductive.	しかし、一方の階級の優れた生産物は、他方の階級を不毛または非生産的にするわけではない。	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	one|一方|adjective|being a single unit or thing	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	render|するわけではない|verb|cause to be or become	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing

Secondly, it seems, on this account, altogether improper to consider artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, in the same light as menial servants.	第二に、この理由から、職人、製造業者、商人を下私と同じように見なすのは全く不適切であるように思われる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	on this account|この理由から|adverb|for this reason	altogether|全く|adverb|completely	improper|不適切|adjective|not suitable or proper	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	menial servant|下僕|noun|a servant who does unskilled work
The labour of menial servants does not continue the existence of the fund which maintains and employs them.	下私の労働は、彼らを維持し、雇用している資金の存在を継続させるものではない。	menial servant|下僕|noun|a person who performs menial tasks	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
Their maintenance and employment is altogether at the expense of their masters, and the work which they perform is not of a nature to repay that expense.	彼らの維持と雇用はすべて主人の負担であり、彼らが行う仕事はその費用を返済する性質のものではない。	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	employment|雇用|noun|the state of being employed	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	expense|負担|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	perform|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
That work consists in services which perish generally in the very instant of their performance, and does not fix or realize itself in any vendible commodity, which can replace the value of their wages and maintenance.	その仕事は、一般的にその遂行の瞬間に消滅するサービスから成り、彼らの賃金と維持の価値を置き換えることができる、売却可能な商品に固定されたり、実現したりすることはない。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	consist in|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	perish|消滅する|verb|die or be destroyed	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	fix|固定する|verb|make or become firm, stable, or stationary	realize|実現する|verb|cause to happen; bring about	vendible|売却可能な|adjective|capable of being sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition
The labour, on the contrary, of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, naturally does fix and realize itself in some such vendible commodity.	それとは対照的に、職人、製造業者、商人の労働は、当然のことながら、そのような売却可能な商品に固定され、実現される。	on the contrary|それとは対照的に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural or normal way	fix|固定される|verb|make or become firm, stable, or secure	realize|実現される|verb|achieve or make real	vendible|売却可能な|adjective|able to be sold	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
It is upon this account that, in the chapter in which I treat of productive and unproductive labour, I have classed artificers, manufacturers, and merchants among the productive labourers, and menial servants among the barren or unproductive.	私が生産的労働と非生産的労働を扱った章で、職人、製造業者、商人を生産的労働者に、下私を不毛または非生産的労働者に分類したのは、このためである。	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	treat|扱う|verb|deal with in a certain way	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	class|分類する|verb|assign to a class or category	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	productive labourer|生産的労働者|noun|a person who produces goods or services	barren|不毛|adjective|unable to produce offspring or fruit	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	menial servant|下僕|noun|a person who does unskilled or lowly work

Thirdly, it seems, upon every supposition, improper to say, that the labour of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, does not increase the real revenue of the society.	第三に、どんな仮定をしても、職人、製造業者、商人の労働が社会の現実の収入を増やさないと言うのは不適切であるように思われる。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	every|どんな|adjective|each and all	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation	improper|不適切|adjective|not suitable or proper	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	real|現実の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
Though we should suppose, for example, as it seems to be supposed in this system, that the value of the daily, monthly, and yearly consumption of this class was exactly equal to that of its daily, monthly, and yearly production;	例えば、この体系で想定されているように、この階級の日、月、年の消費の価値が、その日、月、年の生産の価値と正確に等しいと仮定しても、	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network	daily|日|adjective|happening or done every day	monthly|月|adjective|happening or done every month	yearly|年|adjective|happening or done every year	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured
yet it would not from thence follow, that its labour added nothing to the real revenue, to the real value of the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	それでも、その労働が現実の収入、社会の土地と労働の年間生産物の現実の価値に何も加えなかったという結論にはならない。	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; even so; still	follow|結論にはならない|verb|to come after something in time	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	add|加える|verb|to join or combine something with something else	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	real|現実の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
An artificer, for example, who, in the first six months after harvest, executes ten pounds worth of work, though he should, in the same time, consume ten pounds worth of corn and other necessaries, yet really adds the value of ten pounds to the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	例えば、収穫後の最初の六ヶ月間に十ポンドの価値のある仕事をする職人は、同じ期間に十ポンドの価値のある穀物やその他の必需品を消費するとしても、実際には社会の土地と労働の年間生産物に十ポンドの価値を加えている。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	the first six months|最初の六ヶ月間|noun|the first six months of a year	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of crops	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	the same time|同じ期間|noun|the same period of time	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	other|その他の|adjective|additional	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	the annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced by a country in one year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
While he has been consuming a half-yearly revenue of ten pounds worth of corn and other necessaries, he has produced an equal value of work, capable of purchasing, either to himself, or to some other person, an equal half-yearly revenue.	彼は十ポンドの価値のある穀物やその他の必需品の半年分の収入を消費している間に、自分自身または他の誰かに半年分の収入を買うことができる同等の価値の仕事を産み出している。	half-yearly|半年分の|adjective|occurring twice a year	revenue|収入|noun|income	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	purchase|買う|verb|buy	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	some other person|他の誰か|noun|an unspecified person	half-yearly|半年分の|adjective|occurring twice a year
The value, therefore, of what has been consumed and produced during these six months, is equal, not to ten, but to twenty pounds.	したがって、この六ヶ月間に消費され生産されたものの価値は、十ポンドではなく二十ポンドに等しい。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	twenty pounds|二十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces
It is possible, indeed, that no more than ten pounds worth of this value may ever have existed at any one moment of time.	実際、この価値の十ポンド以上の価値が、一瞬たりとも存在しなかったということはありうる。	ten pounds|10ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable, useful, or valuable	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being	one moment|一瞬|noun|a very short period of time
But if the ten pounds worth of corn and other necessaries which were consumed by the artificer, had been consumed by a soldier, or by a menial servant, the value of that part of the annual produce which existed at the end of the six months, would have been ten pounds less than it actually is in consequence of the labour of the artificer.	しかし、職人が消費した十ポンドの価値のある穀物やその他の必需品を、兵士や下男が消費していたら、六ヶ月の終わりに存在した年産物のその部分の価値は、職人の労働の結果として実際にあるよりも十ポンド少なかっただろう。	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	menial servant|下男|noun|a person who does unskilled or lowly work	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to half a year	ten pounds|十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
Though the value of what the artificer produces, therefore, should not, at any one moment of time, be supposed greater than the value he consumes, yet, at every moment of time, the actually existing value of goods in the market is, in consequence of what he produces, greater than it otherwise would be.	したがって、職人が生産するものの価値は、一瞬たりとも彼が消費する価値よりも大きいと考えるべきではないが、それでも、あらゆる瞬間に、市場に実際に存在する商品の価値は、彼が生産したものの結果として、そうでない場合よりも大きくなる。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	be|なる|verb|exist or occur

When the patrons of this system assert, that the consumption of artificers, manufacturers, and merchants, is equal to the value of what they produce, they probably mean no more than that their revenue, or the fund destined for their consumption, is equal to it.	この体系の支持者が、職人、製造業者、商人の消費は彼らが生産するものの価値に等しいと主張するとき、彼らはおそらく彼らの収入、あるいは彼らの消費に充てられる資金がそれに等しいということ以上のことを意味していない。	patron|支持者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	assert|主張する|verb|state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person involved in trade or commerce	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	destined|充てられる|verb|(of a person or thing) intended for a particular purpose or end	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status
But if they had expressed themselves more accurately, and only asserted, that the revenue of this class was equal to the value of what they produced, it might readily have occurred to the reader, that what would naturally be saved out of this revenue, must necessarily increase more or less the real wealth of the society.	しかし、もし彼らがもっと正確に表現し、この階級の収入は彼らが生産するものの価値に等しいとだけ主張していたら、読者はすぐに、この収入から自然に貯蓄されるものは、必然的に社会の真の富を多かれ少なかれ増加させるに違いないと考えたかもしれない。	express|表現する|verb|show or represent by a symbol, formula, etc.	accurately|正確に|adverb|in a way that is exact or correct	assert|主張する|verb|state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same economic or social status	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	reader|読者|noun|a person who reads	occur|起こる|verb|come into existence; happen	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions
In order, therefore, to make out something like an argument, it was necessary that they should express themselves as they have done;	したがって、議論のようなものを理解するためには、彼らが行ったように自分自身を表現する必要があった。	in order|ために|adverb|with the intention of	make out|理解する|verb|to understand something	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	express|表現する|verb|to show or make known one's feelings or thoughts	themselves|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to the speaker and one or more other people as the object of a verb or preposition	as|ように|conjunction|in the way that	they|彼ら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	have done|行った|verb|to have performed or accomplished something
and this argument, even supposing things actually were as it seems to presume them to be, turns out to be a very inconclusive one.	そして、この議論は、物事が実際にそうであると思われているようにあったとしても、非常に決定的ではないことが判明する。	even supposing|仮に|adverb|although it is not likely	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	turn out|判明する|verb|to be discovered or revealed	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely

Fourthly, farmers and country labourers can no more augment, without parsimony, the real revenue, the annual produce of the land and labour of their society, than artificers, manufacturers, and merchants.	第四に、農民や田舎の労働者は、職人、製造業者、商人と同じく、節約なしに、実質収入、つまり社会の土地と労働の年間生産量を増やすことはできない。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country labourer|田舎の労働者|noun|a person who works in the countryside	no more|これ以上ない|adverb|not any more; not any longer	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	parsimony|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	real revenue|実質収入|noun|the income of a person or organization after deducting all costs and expenses	annual produce|年間生産量|noun|the total amount of goods or services produced in a year	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods
The annual produce of the land and labour of any society can be augmented only in two ways;	どんな社会の土地と労働の年間生産量も、二つの方法でしか増やすことができない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one; 2
either, first, by some improvement in the productive powers of the useful labour actually maintained within it;	第一に、その社会で実際に維持されている有用労働の生産力の改善によってである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	useful labour|有用労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services that are directly consumed or used	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition; keep up
or, secondly, by some increase in the quantity of that labour.	第二に、その労働量の増加によってである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing

The improvement in the productive powers of useful labour depends, first, upon the improvement in the ability of the workman;	有用労働の生産力の改善は、第一に、労働者の能力の改善に依存する。	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	useful labour|有用労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services that have value	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work
and, secondly, upon that of the machinery with which he works.	第二に、労働者が働く機械の改善に依存する。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	work|働く|verb|be engaged in physical or mental activity in order to achieve a purpose of result
But the labour of artificers and manufacturers, as it is capable of being more subdivided, and the labour of each workman reduced to a greater simplicity of operation, than that of farmers and country labourers;	しかし、職人や製造業者の労働は、農民や田舎の労働者の労働よりも、より細分化することができ、各労働者の労働はより単純な作業に還元できるため、	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	country|田舎|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled manual work for wages	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts	workman|労働者|noun|a man who works, especially in a factory or other place of employment	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	simplicity|単純|noun|the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do
so it is likewise capable of both these sorts of improvement in a much higher degree {See book i chap.	同様に、これらの両方の種類の改善をはるかに高い程度に行うことができる。	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something or the state of being improved	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present
1.}
In this respect, therefore, the class of cultivators can have no sort of advantage over that of artificers and manufacturers.	したがって、この点では、耕作者の階級は職人や製造業者の階級に勝る利点はまったくない。	in this respect|この点では|adverb|in this particular case	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale

The increase in the quantity of useful labour actually employed within any society must depend altogether upon the increase of the capital which employs it;	どんな社会においても、実際に雇用されている有用労働の量の増加は、それを雇用する資本の増加に完全に依存している。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	actually|実際に|adverb|as the truth or facts of a situation; really	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
and the increase of that capital, again, must be exactly equal to the amount of the savings from the revenue, either of the particular persons who manage and direct the employment of that capital, or of some other persons, who lend it to them.	そして、その資本の増加は、その資本の雇用を管理し指揮する特定の個人、またはそれを貸し付ける他の個人のいずれかの収入からの貯蓄額と正確に等しくなければならない。	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or correct	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money that a person has saved	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of and responsible for the running of	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of	particular|特定の|adjective|used to single out an individual member of a specified group or class	person|個人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily on the condition that it or its equivalent be returned
If merchants, artificers, and manufacturers are, as this system seems to suppose, naturally more inclined to parsimony and saving than proprietors and cultivators, they are, so far, more likely to augment the quantity of useful labour employed within their society, and consequently to increase its real revenue, the annual produce of its land and labour.	もし商人、職人、製造業者が、この体系が想定しているように、所有者や耕作者よりも倹約や貯蓄に自然と傾いているのであれば、彼らは、これまでのところ、社会の中で雇用されている有用労働の量を増やし、その結果、その土地と労働の年間生産物である実質収入を増やす可能性が高い。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes things in a factory	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural way	inclined|傾いている|adjective|having a tendency or preference for	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business	cultivator|耕作者|noun|a person who grows crops	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	useful|有用な|adjective|having a practical purpose or use	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process

Fifthly and lastly, though the revenue of the inhabitants of every country was supposed to consist altogether, as this system seems to suppose, in the quantity of subsistence which their industry could procure to them;	五番目、そして最後に、この体系が想定しているように、あらゆる国の住民の収入は、彼らの産業が彼らに提供できる生存量に完全に依存していると考えられたとしても、	fifthly|五番目|adverb|in the fifth place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	revenue|収入|noun|income	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	procure|提供する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
yet, even upon this supposition, the revenue of a trading and manufacturing country must, other things being equal, always be much greater than that of one without trade or manufactures.	それでも、この仮定に基づいてさえ、貿易と製造業が盛んな国の収入は、他の条件が同じであれば、貿易や製造業のない国の収入よりも常にずっと大きくなければならない。	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; even so	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	upon|に基づいて|preposition|on	supposition|仮定|noun|a hypothesis or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation	trading|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles from raw materials by hand or by machinery	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	being|である|verb|exist or live	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles from raw materials by hand or by machinery
By means of trade and manufactures, a greater quantity of subsistence can be annually imported into a particular country, than what its own lands, in the actual state of their cultivation, could afford.	貿易と製造業によって、ある国に毎年、その国の土地が実際の耕作状態で提供できる量よりも多くの生存物資を輸入することができる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	subsistence|生存物資|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	afford|提供する|verb|be able to pay for
The inhabitants of a town, though they frequently possess no lands of their own, yet draw to themselves, by their industry, such a quantity of the rude produce of the lands of other people, as supplies them, not only with the materials of their work, but with the fund of their subsistence.	町の住民は、自分たちの土地を所有していないことが多いが、それでも、自分たちの産業によって、他の人々の土地の粗野な生産物を、自分たちの仕事の材料だけでなく、生存の資金としても供給するほどの量を自分たちのもとに引き寄せている。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of existing or living
What a town always is with regard to the country in its neighbourhood, one independent state or country may frequently be with regard to other independent states or countries.	町がその近隣の田舎に対して常にそうであるように、一つの独立した州や国は、他の独立した州や国に対してしばしばそうである。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	one|一つの|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with others	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one of two or more people or things; not the one already mentioned or implied
It is thus that Holland draws a great part of its subsistence from other countries;	オランダがその生存の大部分を他の国から引き出しているのはこのようにしてである。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something toward oneself	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion	subsistence|生存|noun|the condition of being able to live	other countries|他の国|noun|countries other than the one being discussed
live cattle from Holstein and Jutland, and corn from almost all the different countries of Europe.	ホルシュタインやユトランドから生きた牛を、ヨーロッパのほとんどすべての国から穀物を。	live cattle|生きた牛|noun|cattle that are alive	Holstein|ホルシュタイン|noun|a breed of dairy cattle	Jutland|ユトランド|noun|a peninsula of northern Europe	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
A small quantity of manufactured produce, purchases a great quantity of rude produce.	少量の工業製品で大量の粗野な生産物を購入する。	small quantity|少量|noun|a small amount	manufactured produce|工業製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	great quantity|大量|noun|a large amount	rude produce|粗野な生産物|noun|a product that is made in a rough or unrefined way
A trading and manufacturing country, therefore, naturally purchases, with a small part of its manufactured produce, a great part of the rude produce of other countries;	したがって、貿易と製造業が盛んな国は、当然のことながら、その工業製品のごく一部で、他の国の粗野な生産物の大部分を購入する。	trading|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacturing|製造業|noun|the activity of making things in large quantities	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	small part|ごく一部|noun|a small portion or amount	manufactured produce|工業製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	great part|大部分|noun|a large portion or amount	rude produce|粗野な生産物|noun|a product that is made in a rough or unrefined way
while, on the contrary, a country without trade and manufactures is generally obliged to purchase, at the expense of a great part of its rude produce, a very small part of the manufactured produce of other countries.	一方、逆に、貿易や製造業のない国は、一般的に、その粗野な生産物の大部分を犠牲にして、他の国の工業製品のごく一部を購入せざるを得ない。	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	very|ごく一部|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
The one exports what can subsist and accommodate but a very few, and imports the subsistence and accommodation of a great number.	一方は、ごく少数の人しか生存し、生活できないものを輸出し、多数の人の生存と生活を輸入する。	one|一方|noun|the number 1	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	subsist|生存する|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level	accommodate|生活する|verb|provide with a place to live	very few|ごく少数の|adjective|a small number of	import|輸入する|verb|bring in goods or services from another country for sale	great number|多数|noun|a large number
The other exports the accommodation and subsistence of a great number, and imports that of a very few only.	他方は、多数の人々の生活と生存を輸出し、ごく少数の人々の生活と生存を輸入する。	the other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more things	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	accommodation|生活|noun|a place to live	subsistence|生存|noun|the state or fact of continuing to live or exist	a great number|多数|noun|a large number	a very few|ごく少数|noun|a small number
The inhabitants of the one must always enjoy a much greater quantity of subsistence than what their own lands, in the actual state of their cultivation, could afford.	一方の住民は、常に、自国の土地が、実際の耕作状態では、供給できる量よりもはるかに多くの生存手段を享受しなければならない。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	subsistence|生存手段|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	afford|供給できる|verb|have enough money to pay for
The inhabitants of the other must always enjoy a much smaller quantity.	他方の住民は、常に、はるかに少ない量しか享受できない。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	other|他方|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	smaller|少ない|adjective|of less size, amount, or value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing

This system, however, with all its imperfections, is perhaps the nearest approximation to the truth that has yet been published upon the subject of political economy;	しかし、この体系は、あらゆる不完全性があるにもかかわらず、おそらく政治経済学という主題についてこれまでに出版されたものの中で真実に最も近い近似である。	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	imperfection|不完全性|noun|the quality or condition of being imperfect	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	nearest|最も近い|adjective|the superlative form of near	approximation|近似|noun|an estimate, guess, or rough calculation	truth|真実|noun|the quality or state of being true	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	political economy|政治経済学|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	publish|出版する|verb|prepare and issue for public distribution, as a book, newspaper, or engraving
and is upon that account, well worth the consideration of every man who wishes to examine with attention the principles of that very important science.	そして、その理由から、この非常に重要な科学の原理を注意深く調べたいと願うすべての人が考慮する価値がある。	upon that account|その理由から|adverb|for that reason	well worth|考慮する価値がある|adjective|worth the time, effort, or cost	consideration|考慮|noun|careful thought, especially about the possible effects of an action	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	wish|願う|verb|want something to happen or be the case	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
Though in representing the labour which is employed upon land as the only productive labour, the notions which it inculcates are, perhaps, too narrow and confined;	土地に投入される労働を唯一の生産的労働として表す際に、それが教え込む概念は、おそらく、あまりに狭く限定されている。	represent|表す|verb|to be a symbol of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|投入する|verb|to use or utilize	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	notion|概念|noun|a general understanding	inculcate|教え込む|verb|to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions	narrow|狭い|adjective|of small width	confined|限定されている|adjective|restricted or limited
yet in representing the wealth of nations as consisting, not in the unconsumable riches of money, but in the consumable goods annually reproduced by the labour of the society, and in representing perfect liberty as the only effectual expedient for rendering this annual reproduction the greatest possible, its doctrine seems to be in every respect as just as it is generous and liberal.	しかし、国富は消費できない貨幣の富ではなく、社会の労働によって毎年再生産される消費財から成ると表し、完全な自由をこの毎年の再生産を可能な限り最大にするための唯一の効果的な方策として表す際に、その教義はあらゆる点で寛大で自由主義的であるのと同じくらい公正であるように思われる。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	unconsumable|消費できない|adjective|not able to be used up	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	reproduce|再生産する|verb|produce again or anew	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	good|財|noun|that which is morally right or acceptable	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	rendering|する|verb|cause to be or become; make	annual|毎年の|adjective|occurring once every year	reproduction|再生産|noun|the action or process of reproducing something	greatest|最大の|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above the normal or average	possible|可能な限り|adjective|that may be done, achieved, or dealt with	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group or class	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	liberal|自由主義的|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas
Its followers are very numerous;	その信奉者は非常に多い。	follower|信奉者|noun|a person who follows or supports a particular person or set of ideas	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great many
and as men are fond of paradoxes, and of appearing to understand what surpasses the comprehensions of ordinary people, the paradox which it maintains, concerning the unproductive nature of manufacturing labour, has not, perhaps, contributed a little to increase the number of its admirers.	そして、人々はパラドックスを好み、普通の人々の理解を超えるものを理解しているように見えることから、製造業労働の非生産的性質に関してそれが主張するパラドックスは、おそらく、その崇拝者の数を増やすことに少しは貢献したであろう。	paradox|パラドックス|noun|a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth	fond of|好む|adjective|having a strong liking for	ordinary|普通の|adjective|with no special or distinctive features; normal or usual	maintain|主張する|verb|to keep in a certain state, position, or condition	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	contribute|貢献する|verb|to give or supply in common with others	admirer|崇拝者|noun|a person who admires someone or something
They have for some years past made a pretty considerable sect, distinguished in the French republic of letters by the name of the Economists.	彼らは過去数年間、かなり大きな宗派を形成し、フランスの文芸共和国ではエコノミストという名で知られている。	for some years past|過去数年間|noun|the last few years	make|形成する|verb|form or create	pretty considerable|かなり大きな|adjective|quite large	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong	distinguish|知られている|verb|be a characteristic of	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	letter|文芸|noun|a written message	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	Economist|エコノミスト|noun|a person who studies economics
Their works have certainly been of some service to their country;	彼らの著作は確かに彼らの国に役立った。	work|著作|noun|a book or other written material	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	some|ある|determiner|a quantity that is not specified or known	service|役立つ|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
not only by bringing into general discussion, many subjects which had never been well examined before, but by influencing, in some measure, the public administration in favour of agriculture.	これまで十分に検討されたことのない多くのテーマを一般に議論するだけでなく、農業に有利なように行政に影響を与えることで、彼らの著作は確かに彼らの国に役立った。	bring into|持ち込む|verb|cause to be in a specified state	general discussion|一般的な議論|noun|a discussion that is not specific to any particular topic	many subjects|多くのテーマ|noun|a topic of study or discussion	well examined|十分に検討された|adjective|having been studied or investigated thoroughly	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	public administration|行政|noun|the management of the affairs of a state or community	favour|有利にする|verb|be partial to; prefer	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
It has been in consequence of their representations, accordingly, that the agriculture of France has been delivered from several of the oppressions which it before laboured under.	したがって、フランスの農業が以前に苦しんでいたいくつかの抑圧から解放されたのは、彼らの代表の結果であった。	in consequence of|の結果として|preposition|as a result of	representation|代表|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	deliver|解放する|verb|set free; rescue	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	labour|苦しむ|verb|work hard; toil
The term, during which such a lease can be granted, as will be valid against every future purchaser or proprietor of the land, has been prolonged from nine to twenty-seven years.	そのような賃貸借契約が認められる期間は、土地の将来のすべての購入者または所有者に対して有効であり、9年から27年に延長された。	term|期間|noun|a period of time	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	grant|認める|verb|to give, allow, or admit	valid|有効|adjective|having legal force or effect	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	prolonged|延長された|verb|to extend the duration of	nine|9|numeral|the number 9	twenty-seven|27|numeral|the number 27
The ancient provincial restraints upon the transportation of corn from one province of the kingdom to another, have been entirely taken away;	王国の一地方から別の地方への穀物の輸送に対する古代地方の制約は、完全に取り除かれた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	provincial|地方|adjective|of or relating to a province	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize, grown for its seed	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire
and the liberty of exporting it to all foreign countries, has been established as the common law of the kingdom in all ordinary cases.	そして、すべての外国への輸出の自由は、すべての通常の場合に王国の慣習法として確立された。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	common law|慣習法|noun|the body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals	ordinary case|通常の場合|noun|a case that is not unusual or special
This sect, in their works, which are very numerous, and which treat not only of what is properly called Political Economy, or of the nature and causes or the wealth of nations, but of every other branch of the system of civil government, all follow implicitly, and without any sensible variation, the doctrine of Mr. Qttesnai.	この学派は、非常に数が多く、政治経済学、あるいは国民の富の性質や原因だけでなく、市民政府のシステムの他のすべての分野を扱っている彼らの著作の中で、すべて暗黙のうちに、そして何の賢明な変化もなく、ケネー氏の教義に従っている。	sect|学派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	work|著作|noun|a book or other written material	numerous|数多い|adjective|consisting of a great many	treat|扱う|verb|deal with or discuss in a certain way	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	Political Economy|政治経済学|noun|the branch of economics that deals with the role of government in the economy	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	civil government|市民政府|noun|the system of government that is responsible for the administration of a country or state	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	implicitly|暗黙のうちに|adverb|in a way that is not directly expressed	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	variation|変化|noun|a change in the usual way of doing something	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group
There is, upon this account, little variety in the greater part of their works.	このため、彼らの作品の大部分にはほとんど変化がない。	there is|ある|verb|exist	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	variety|変化|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	their|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	work|作品|noun|a product of effort, especially one that is creative
The most distinct and best connected account of this doctrine is to be found in a little book written by Mr. Mercier de la Riviere, some time intendant of Martinico, entitled, The natural and essential Order of Political Societies.	この教義の最も明確で最も関連性のある説明は、マルティニコの管理者であったメルシエ・ド・ラ・リヴィエール氏が書いた『政治社会の自然で本質的な秩序』という小冊子に見られる。	distinct|明確な|adjective|able to be perceived as different or individual	connected|関連性のある|adjective|having a relationship or link	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	be found|見られる|verb|be discovered or noticed	little|小冊子|adjective|small in size	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	Mercier de la Riviere|メルシエ・ド・ラ・リヴィエール|noun|a French economist	Martinico|マルティニコ|noun|an island in the Caribbean	entitled|題する|verb|give a title to	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	essential|本質的な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	order|秩序|noun|a state in which everything is in its correct or appropriate place	political|政治的な|adjective|relating to the government or public affairs of a country
The admiration of this whole sect for their master, who was himself a man of the greatest modesty and simplicity, is not inferior to that of any of the ancient philosophers for the founders of their respective systems.	この学派全体が、最も謙虚で素朴な人であった師匠を敬愛する気持ちは、古代哲学者たちがそれぞれの体系の創始者を敬愛する気持ちに劣るものではない。	admiration|敬愛|noun|a feeling of respect and liking for somebody or something	sect|学派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	master|師匠|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	modesty|謙虚|noun|the quality or state of being unassuming or moderate in the estimation of one's abilities	simplicity|素朴|noun|the state or quality of being simple	inferior|劣る|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	system|体系|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method
‘There have been since the world began,’ says a very diligent and respectable author, the Marquis de Mirabeau, ‘three great inventions which have principally given stability to political societies, independent of many other inventions which have enriched and adorned them.	非常に勤勉で尊敬すべき著者であるミラボー侯爵は、「世界が始まって以来、政治社会を豊かにし、飾ってきた他の多くの発明とは別に、主に政治社会に安定を与えてきた3つの偉大な発明があった」と述べている。	since the world began|世界が始まって以来|adverb|since the beginning of time	says|述べている|verb|express (something) in words	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	diligent|勤勉な|adjective|showing care and effort in your work or duties	respectable|尊敬すべき|adjective|worthy of respect	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	Marquis de Mirabeau|ミラボー侯爵|noun|a French writer, orator and statesman	three|3つの|numeral|the number 3	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process that has been invented	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	give|与える|verb|cause (someone or something) to receive or have something	stability|安定|noun|the state of being stable	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to government, a government, or the conduct of government	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	independent|別に|adjective|not depending on another for livelihood or subsistence	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process that has been invented	enrich|豊かにする|verb|improve the quality or value of	adorn|飾る|verb|be an attractive addition to
The first is the invention of writing, which alone gives human nature the power of transmitting, without alteration, its laws, its contracts, its annals, and its discoveries.	第一は文字の発明であり、これだけが人間の本性に、その法、契約、年報、発見を変更することなく伝達する力を与えている。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process that has been invented by someone	writing|文字|noun|the activity or skill of writing	alone|だけ|adverb|without anyone or anything else	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	human nature|人間の本性|noun|the general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioral traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	transmit|伝達する|verb|cause to pass on from one place or person to another	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering or being altered	law|法|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	contract|契約|noun|a written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or tenancy, that is intended to be enforceable by law	annals|年報|noun|a record of events year by year	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered
The second is the invention of money, which binds together all the relations between civilized societies.	第二は貨幣の発明であり、文明社会間のあらゆる関係を結びつけるものである。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	bind|結びつける|verb|tie or fasten together	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The third is the economical table, the result of the other two, which completes them both by perfecting their object;	第三は経済表であり、他の二つの結果であり、その目的を完成させることによって両者を完成させるものである。	third|第三|noun|the ordinal number of three	economical|経済的|adjective|of or relating to the economy	table|表|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	result|結果|noun|something that happens or comes about as a consequence of something else	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	two|二つ|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one	complete|完成させる|verb|make whole or perfect	both|両者|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal
the great discovery of our age, but of which our posterity will reap the benefit.’	我々の時代の偉大な発見であるが、その恩恵を享受するのは我々の子孫であろう。」	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	discovery|発見|noun|the act of finding something new	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	posterity|子孫|noun|all future generations of people	reap|享受する|verb|to get as a result of effort or action	benefit|恩恵|noun|something that is helpful or useful

As the political economy of the nations of modern Europe has been more favourable to manufactures and foreign trade, the industry of the towns, than to agriculture, the industry of the country;	近代ヨーロッパ諸国の政治経済は、農業よりも製造業や外国貿易、都市の産業に有利に働いてきた。	modern|近代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	favourable|有利|adjective|giving an advantage	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	town|都市|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
so that of other nations has followed a different plan, and has been more favourable to agriculture than to manufactures and foreign trade.	他の国々は異なる計画に従い、製造業や外国貿易よりも農業に有利に働いてきた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	favourable|有利|adjective|to the advantage of someone or something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries

The policy of China favours agriculture more than all other employments.	中国の政策は、他のあらゆる職業よりも農業を優遇している。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	favour|優遇する|verb|regard with approval	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	employment|職業|noun|the state of having paid work
In China, the condition of a labourer is said to be as much superior to that of an artificer, as in most parts of Europe that of an artificer is to that of a labourer.	中国では、労働者の地位は職人の地位よりもはるかに優れていると言われているが、ヨーロッパのほとんどの地域では、職人の地位は労働者の地位よりも優れている。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	condition|地位|noun|the state of something	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	part|地域|noun|a piece of something
In China, the great ambition of every man is to get possession of a little bit of land, either in property or in lease;	中国では、誰もが所有権や賃借権で少しでも土地を所有することを大いに望んでいる。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	great ambition|大いに望む|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	get possession of|所有する|verb|to have as one's own	a little bit of|少しでも|noun|a small amount of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	either in property or in lease|所有権や賃借権で|noun|the right to possess and use something
and leases are there said to be granted upon very moderate terms, and to be sufficiently secured to the lessees.	そして、そこでは賃借権は非常に穏当な条件で与えられ、賃借人に対して十分に保証されていると言われている。	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	be granted|与えられる|verb|be allowed to have or do something	moderate|穏当な|adjective|not extreme; reasonable	term|条件|noun|a condition or requirement that must be met	be secured|保証される|verb|be guaranteed or protected
The Chinese have little respect for foreign trade.	中国人は外国貿易をあまり尊重していない。	Chinese|中国人|noun|a person from China	have little respect for|あまり尊重していない|verb|not have much respect for	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
Your beggarly commerce! was the language in which the mandarins of Pekin used to talk to Mr. De Lange, the Russian envoy, concerning it {See the Journal of Mr. De Lange, in Bell’s Travels, vol.	北京の官僚がロシアの特使であるデ・ランゲ氏と話すときに使っていた言葉は「あなたの乞食のような商売!」だった。	Your beggarly commerce!|あなたの乞食のような商売!|noun|a phrase used by the mandarins of Pekin to describe the trade between Russia and China	Pekin|北京|noun|the capital of China	mandarin|官僚|noun|a high-ranking official in the Chinese government	Mr. De Lange|デ・ランゲ氏|noun|the Russian envoy to China	Russian|ロシア|noun|a country in Eurasia	envoy|特使|noun|a person sent on a special mission, usually as a representative of a government	Bell’s Travels|ベルの旅行記|noun|a book by John Bell, a Scottish doctor who traveled to China in the 18th century
ii. p. 258, 276, 293.}.	ii. p. 258, 276, 293.}	ii. p. 258, 276, 293.}|ii. p. 258, 276, 293.}|noun|ii. p. 258, 276, 293.}
Except with Japan, the Chinese carry on, themselves, and in their own bottoms, little or no foreign trade;	日本人を除いて、中国人は、自分たちで、自分たちの船で、ほとんど、あるいはまったく外国貿易を営んでいない。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	Japan|日本|noun|an island country located in East Asia	Chinese|中国人|noun|a person from China	carry on|営む|verb|to continue doing something	themselves|自分たちで|pronoun|used to emphasize that the subject of the sentence is the person or thing mentioned	own|自分たちの|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	bottom|船|noun|the lowest part of a ship	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったくない|determiner|not any	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
and it is only into one or two ports of their kingdom that they even admit the ships of foreign nations.	そして、彼らが外国の船を受け入れるのは、彼らの王国の一つか二つの港だけである。	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	one or two|一つか二つ|noun|a small number of	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	foreign nation|外国|noun|a country other than one's own
Foreign trade, therefore, is, in China, every way confined within a much narrower circle than that to which it would naturally extend itself, if more freedom was allowed to it, either in their own ships, or in those of foreign nations.	したがって、中国では、外国貿易は、自国の船であれ、外国の船であれ、より自由に許可されていれば、自然に拡大する範囲よりもはるかに狭い範囲に限定されている。	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	every way|あらゆる点で|adverb|in every way	confined|限定されている|verb|be kept within limits	narrower|狭い|adjective|of small width	circle|範囲|noun|a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center)	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel

Manufactures, as in a small bulk they frequently contain a great value, and can upon that account be transported at less expense from one country to another than most parts of rude produce, are, in almost all countries, the principal support of foreign trade.	工業製品は、小さな容積に大きな価値を内包していることが多く、そのため、ほとんどすべての国で、粗製生産物のほとんどの部分よりも、国から国への輸送にかかる費用が少なく、外国貿易の主要な支えとなっている。	manufacture|工業製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	bulk|容積|noun|the main mass or majority of something	frequently|多く|adverb|often; many times	contain|内包する|verb|have or hold within	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial transactions of a business or person over a period of time	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries
In countries, besides, less extensive, and less favourably circumstanced for inferior commerce than China, they generally require the support of foreign trade.	そのうえ、中国ほど広大ではなく、下等な商業に適した環境に恵まれていない国では、一般的に外国貿易の支援が必要である。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent; not so much	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent; not so much	favourably|適した|adverb|in a way that is positive or advantageous	circumstanced|環境に恵まれた|adjective|in a particular situation or set of circumstances	inferior|下等な|adjective|of low standard or quality	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	support|支援|noun|help, typically of a practical nature	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries
Without an extensive foreign market, they could not well flourish, either in countries so moderately extensive as to afford but a narrow home market, or in countries where the communication between one province and another was so difficult, as to render it impossible for the goods of any particular place to enjoy the whole of that home market which the country could afford.	広大な外国市場がなければ、狭い国内市場しか提供できないほど適度に広大な国でも、ある地方と別の地方とのコミュニケーションが非常に困難で、特定の場所の商品がその国が提供できる国内市場全体を享受することが不可能である国でも、それらはうまく繁栄することができなかった。	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	flourish|繁栄する|verb|to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	moderately extensive|適度に広大な|adjective|covering a large area but not too large	narrow|狭い|adjective|having a small distance from one side to the other	home market|国内市場|noun|a market within one's own country	communication|コミュニケーション|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	difficult|困難な|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; definite	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	enjoy|享受する|verb|to take delight or pleasure in	whole|全体|noun|all of something	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to pay for
The perfection of manufacturing industry, it must be remembered, depends altogether upon the division of labour;	製造業の完成は、労働分業に完全に依存していることを忘れてはならない。	perfection|完成|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	manufacturing industry|製造業|noun|the industry that makes things	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	division of labour|労働分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force
and the degree to which the division of labour can be introduced into any manufacture, is necessarily regulated, it has already been shewn, by the extent of the market.	そして、労働分業がどの程度製造業に導入できるかは、すでに示したように、市場の規模によって必然的に調整される。	division of labour|労働分業|noun|the separation of the work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	be introduced into|導入される|verb|be brought into use or operation	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	regulated|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
But the great extent of the empire of China, the vast multitude of its inhabitants, the variety of climate, and consequently of productions in its different provinces, and the easy communication by means of water-carriage between the greater part of them, render the home market of that country of so great extent, as to be alone sufficient to support very great manufactures, and to admit of very considerable subdivisions of labour.	しかし、中国帝国の広大さ、その住民の膨大な数、気候の多様性、そしてその結果としてのさまざまな地方での生産物の多様性、そしてそれらの大部分の間の水上輸送による容易なコミュニケーションは、その国の国内市場を非常に広大なものにし、それだけで非常に大規模な製造業を支え、労働の非常に細分化を認めるのに十分である。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	extent|広大さ|noun|the area covered by something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	multitude|膨大な数|noun|a large number of people	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	production|生産物|noun|something that is produced	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	communication|コミュニケーション|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	water-carriage|水上輸送|noun|transportation by water	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	great extent|非常に広大|noun|a large area	alone|それだけで|adverb|without any other people or things	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge	subdivision|細分化|noun|the division of something into smaller parts
The home market of China is, perhaps, in extent, not much inferior to the market of all the different countries of Europe put together.	中国の国内市場は、おそらく、ヨーロッパのすべての国々の市場を合わせた市場に比べて、それほど劣っていない。	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services produced in the home country	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	extent|程度|noun|the area covered by something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	put together|合わせる|verb|to combine or join two or more things
A more extensive foreign trade, however, which to this great home market added the foreign market of all the rest of the world, especially if any considerable part of this trade was carried on in Chinese ships, could scarce fail to increase very much the manufactures of China, and to improve very much the productive powers of its manufacturing industry.	しかし、この大規模な国内市場に世界の他のすべての国々の海外市場を加えた、より広範な対外貿易は、特にこの貿易のかなりの部分が中国の船で行われていた場合、中国の製造業を大幅に増加させ、その製造業の生産力を大幅に向上させることはほとんど不可能だった。	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	foreign market|海外市場|noun|the market for goods and services outside a country	Chinese ship|中国の船|noun|a ship that is owned or operated by a Chinese company	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a goal	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	improve|向上させる|verb|make or become better	productive power|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods or services
By a more extensive navigation, the Chinese would naturally learn the art of using and constructing, themselves, all the different machines made use of in other countries, as well as the other improvements of art and industry which are practised in all the different parts of the world.	より広範な航海によって、中国人は当然、他の国々で使用されているさまざまな機械のすべてを自分たちで使用し、構築する技術を学び、世界のさまざまな地域で実践されている芸術や産業の他の改良も学ぶだろう。	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	navigation|航海|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	Chinese|中国人|noun|a native or inhabitant of China, or a person of Chinese descent	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	construct|構築|verb|build or make	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Upon their present plan, they have little opportunity of improving themselves by the example of any other nation, except that of the Japanese.	彼らの現在の計画では、日本人を除いて、他の国の例によって自分たちを改善する機会はほとんどない。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	Japanese|日本人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Japan

The policy of ancient Egypt, too, and that of the Gentoo government of Indostan, seem to have favoured agriculture more than all other employments.	古代エジプトの政策も、インドのヒンドゥー教徒政府の政策も、他のすべての職業よりも農業を優遇していたようだ。	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	Indostan|インド|noun|a republic in South Asia	Gentoo|ヒンドゥー教徒|noun|a member of the Hindu religion	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	favour|優遇する|verb|prefer one thing over another

Both in ancient Egypt and Indostan, the whole body of the people was divided into different casts or tribes each of which was confined, from father to son, to a particular employment, or class of employments.	古代エジプトとインドの両方で、国民全体がさまざまなカーストや部族に分けられ、それぞれが父から息子へと特定の職業、または職業の階級に限定されていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	body|国民|noun|the main part of a person	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	cast|カースト|noun|a social class in India	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	father|父|noun|a man who has a child	son|息子|noun|a boy or man in relation to his parents	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	employment|職業|noun|the condition of having paid work	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status
The son of a priest was necessarily a priest;	僧侶の息子は必然的に僧侶だった。	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	priest|僧侶|noun|a person who performs religious ceremonies	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably
the son of a soldier, a soldier;	兵士の息子は兵士だった。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	son|息子|noun|a male offspring of a human being	of|の|preposition|belonging to (a person or thing)
the son of a labourer, a labourer;	労働者の息子は労働者だった。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	son|息子|noun|a male offspring of a human being
the son of a weaver, a weaver;	織工の息子は織工だった。	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	weaver|織工|noun|a person who weaves
the son of a tailor, a tailor, etc.	仕立て屋の息子は仕立て屋だった。	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	tailor|仕立て屋|noun|a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes
In both countries, the cast of the priests holds the highest rank, and that of the soldiers the next;	両国とも、僧侶のカーストの地位が最も高く、次に兵士のカーストの地位が高い。	both|両方|adjective|the two	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	priest|僧侶|noun|a person who performs religious ceremonies, especially in the Roman Catholic Church	hold|持つ|verb|have or possess	rank|地位|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army
and in both countries the cast of the farmers and labourers was superior to the casts of merchants and manufacturers.	そして、両国とも農民と労働者のカーストの地位は商人と製造業者のカーストの地位よりも高かった。	both|両方|adjective|the two	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale

The government of both countries was particularly attentive to the interest of agriculture.	両国の政府は農業の利益に特に注意を払っていた。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	attentive|注意を払う|adjective|paying attention; observant	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
The works constructed by the ancient sovereigns of Egypt, for the proper distribution of the waters of the Nile, were famous in antiquity, and the ruined remains of some of them are still the admiration of travellers.	ナイル川の水を適切に分配するためにエジプトの古代君主によって建設された工事は、古代では有名であり、その一部の遺跡は依然として旅行者の憧れである。	construct|建設する|verb|build or make	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right	distribution|分配|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	Nile|ナイル川|noun|a river in northeastern Africa	famous|有名|adjective|known about by many people	antiquity|古代|noun|the ancient world	ruin|遺跡|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	admiration|憧れ|noun|a feeling of respect and approval
Those of the same kind which were constructed by the ancient sovereigns of Indostan, for the proper distribution of the waters of the Ganges, as well as of many other rivers, though they have been less celebrated, seem to have been equally great.	ガンジス川や他の多くの川の水を適切に分配するために、インドスタンの古代君主によって建設された同種の工事は、あまり知られていないが、同様に偉大だったようである。	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	Ganges|ガンジス川|noun|a river in northern India	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent	celebrated|知られていない|adjective|widely known and discussed	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same manner or to the same extent	great|偉大だった|adjective|of major significance or importance
Both countries, accordingly, though subject occasionally to dearths, have been famous for their great fertility.	したがって、両国とも、時折飢饉に見舞われることはあったが、その豊かな生産力で有名だった。	both|両方の|adjective|the two	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	subject|見舞われる|verb|be exposed to or affected by	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	dearth|飢饉|noun|a lack of something	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	fertility|生産力|noun|the ability to produce offspring
Though both were extremely populous, yet, in years of moderate plenty, they were both able to export great quantities of grain to their neighbours.	両国とも非常に人口が多かったが、それでも、適度に豊かな年には、両国とも大量の穀物を近隣諸国に輸出することができた。	both|両国とも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	populous|人口が多かった|adjective|having a large population	years|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	moderate|適度に|adjective|not extreme	plenty|豊かな|noun|a state or condition of abundance	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass	neighbour|近隣諸国|noun|a person who lives near or next door to the speaker

The ancient Egyptians had a superstitious aversion to the sea;	古代エジプト人は海に対して迷信的な嫌悪感を抱いていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egyptian|エジプト人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Egypt	have|抱く|verb|feel or experience	superstitious|迷信的な|adjective|having or showing a belief in superstitions	aversion|嫌悪感|noun|a feeling of intense dislike
and as the Gentoo religion does not permit its followers to light a fire, nor consequently to dress any victuals, upon the water, it, in effect, prohibits them from all distant sea voyages.	そして、ヒンドゥー教は信者に火を灯すことを許さず、結果として水上で食事を調理することも許さないので、事実上、遠洋航海をすべて禁止している。	Gentoo|ヒンドゥー教|noun|a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	follower|信者|noun|a person who follows or adheres to a particular faith, philosophy, or political party	light a fire|火を灯す|verb|to start a fire	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	dress|調理する|verb|to prepare food for eating	victuals|食事|noun|food or provisions	upon|水上|preposition|on the surface of	prohibit|禁止する|verb|to formally or legally forbid	distant|遠洋|adjective|far away in space or time	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea
Both the Egyptians and Indians must have depended almost altogether upon the navigation of other nations for the exportation of their surplus produce;	エジプト人もインド人も、余剰生産物の輸出については、ほとんどすべて他の国の海運に依存していたに違いない。	Egyptian|エジプト人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Egypt	Indian|インド人|noun|a native or inhabitant of India	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	navigation|海運|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
and this dependency, as it must have confined the market, so it must have discouraged the increase of this surplus produce.	そして、この依存関係は、市場を限定していたに違いないので、この余剰生産物の増加を阻害していたに違いない。	dependency|依存関係|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter someone from doing something	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
It must have discouraged, too, the increase of the manufactured produce, more than that of the rude produce.	それはまた、粗野な生産物よりも、製造された生産物の増加を阻害したに違いない。	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent the development, progress, or growth of	increase|増加|noun|the act or process of becoming greater or more	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by hand or machine	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners
Manufactures require a much more extensive market than the most important parts of the rude produce of the land.	製造業は、土地の粗野な生産物の最も重要な部分よりも、はるかに広範な市場を必要とする。	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
A single shoemaker will make more than 300 pairs of shoes in the year;	一人の靴職人は、年間300足以上の靴を作る。	single|一人の|adjective|only one	shoemaker|靴職人|noun|a person who makes shoes	make|作る|verb|create or produce something	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	pair|足|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun
and his own family will not, perhaps, wear out six pairs.	そして、彼自身の家族は、おそらく、6足を履きつぶすことはないだろう。	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	wear out|履きつぶす|verb|to use something so much that it is no longer good or useful
Unless, therefore, he has the custom of, at least, 50 such families as his own, he cannot dispose of the whole product of his own labour.	したがって、彼は少なくとも自分の家族のような50家族の注文を受けない限り、自分の労働の全生産物を処分することはできない。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of; throw away	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	product|生産物|noun|something that is made or produced	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The most numerous class of artificers will seldom, in a large country, make more than one in 50, or one in a 100, of the whole number of families contained in it.	大国では、最も数の多い職人階級は、その国に含まれる家族の総数の50分の1、または100分の1を超えることはめったにない。	most numerous|最も数の多い|adjective|the largest in number	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	large country|大国|noun|a country with a large population or area	more than|を超える|preposition|in excess of	one in 50|50分の1|noun|a fraction	one in a 100|100分の1|noun|a fraction	whole number|総数|noun|an integer	family|家族|noun|a group of people who live together and are related by blood or marriage
But in such large countries, as France and England, the number of people employed in agriculture has, by some authors been computed at a half, by others at a third and by no author that I know of, at less that a fifth of the whole inhabitants of the country.	しかし、フランスやイギリスのような大国では、農業に従事する人の数は、一部の著者によって半分、他の著者によって3分の1と計算されており、私の知る限り、その国の全住民の5分の1未満と計算した著者はいない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	large|大|adjective|of great size or extent	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	people|人|noun|a human being	employed|従事する|verb|have a job	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	less|未満|adjective|not as much or as many	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
But as the produce of the agriculture of both France and England is, the far greater part of it, consumed at home, each person employed in it must, according to these computations, require little more than the custom of one, two, or, at most, of four such families as his own, in order to dispose of the whole produce of his own labour.	しかし、フランスとイギリスの両国の農産物は、その大部分が国内で消費されているので、これらの計算によれば、農業に従事する各人は、自分の労働の全生産物を処分するために、自分の家族のような1、2、またはせいぜい4家族の注文を必要とするにすぎない。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage the services of	computation|計算|noun|the action of calculating	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	custom|注文|noun|a regular or usual practice	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Agriculture, therefore, can support itself under the discouragement of a confined market much better than manufactures.	したがって、農業は、市場が限られているという不利な状況の下でも、製造業よりもはるかにうまく自立できる。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	support|自立できる|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	discouragement|不利な状況|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	confined|限られている|adjective|restricted in size, amount, or extent	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
In both ancient Egypt and Indostan, indeed, the confinement of the foreign market was in some measure compensated by the conveniency of many inland navigations, which opened, in the most advantageous manner, the whole extent of the home market to every part of the produce of every different district of those countries.	実際、古代エジプトとインドスタンの両国では、外国市場の閉鎖は、多くの内陸水運の便宜によってある程度補われ、これらの国のあらゆる異なる地区のあらゆる生産物に対して、最も有利な方法で国内市場の全範囲を開放した。	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	confinement|閉鎖|noun|the state of being confined	foreign market|外国市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country	inland navigation|内陸水運|noun|the transport of goods or people by boat on rivers, canals, or lakes	conveniency|便宜|noun|the quality of being convenient	open|開放|verb|to make accessible or available	home market|国内市場|noun|the market within one's own country	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city
The great extent of Indostan, too, rendered the home market of that country very great, and sufficient to support a great variety of manufactures.	インドスタンの広大さもまた、その国の国内市場を非常に大きくし、多種多様な製造業を支えるのに十分なものにした。	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	great extent|広大さ|noun|the large size or amount of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	very great|非常に大きい|adjective|extremely large or important	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	great variety|多種多様|noun|a large number of different types of things	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
But the small extent of ancient Egypt, which was never equal to England, must at all times, have rendered the home market of that country too narrow for supporting any great variety of manufactures.	しかし、古代エジプトの小さな範囲は、決してイギリスに匹敵するものではなく、常にその国の国内市場を、多種多様な製造業を支えるには狭すぎるものにしていたに違いない。	small extent|小さな範囲|noun|a small area	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	at all times|常に|adverb|always	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	too narrow|狭すぎる|adjective|not wide enough	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	great variety|多種多様|noun|a large number of different things	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
Bengal accordingly, the province of Indostan which commonly exports the greatest quantity of rice, has always been more remarkable for the exportation of a great variety of manufactures, than for that of its grain.	したがって、インドスタンの州で、通常最も多くの米を輸出しているベンガルは、穀物の輸出よりも、多種多様な製造業の輸出で常に注目を集めてきた。	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of South Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|a region in the northeast of South Asia	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	rice|米|noun|a type of grass that is grown for its edible grain	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	remarkable|注目を集める|adjective|worthy of attention; striking	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a food plant
Ancient Egypt, on the contrary, though it exported some manufactures, fine linen in particular, as well as some other goods, was always most distinguished for its great exportation of grain.	逆に古代エジプトは、他の品物同様、特に上質なリネンなどの製品を輸出していたが、穀物の輸出量が非常に多いことで常に際立っていた。	Ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	fine linen|上質なリネン|noun|a type of cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal grass
It was long the granary of the Roman empire.	長い間ローマ帝国の穀倉だった。	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	granary|穀倉|noun|a building for storing grain

The sovereigns of China, of ancient Egypt, and of the different kingdoms into which Indostan has, at different times, been divided, have always derived the whole, or by far the most considerable part, of their revenue, from some sort of land tax or land rent.	中国、古代エジプト、そしてインドスタンが様々な時代に分割された様々な王国の君主は、常に収入の全部、あるいは大部分を、ある種の土地税や地代から得ていた。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	different times|様々な時代|noun|various times	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	revenue|収入|noun|income	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	land rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land
This land tax, or land rent, like the tithe in Europe, consisted in a certain proportion, a fifth, it is said, of the produce of the land, which was either delivered in kind, or paid in money, according to a certain valuation, and which, therefore, varied from year to year, according to all the variations of the produce.	この土地税、あるいは地代は、ヨーロッパの十分の一税のように、一定の割合、つまり土地の生産物の五分の一で構成され、それは現物で納入されるか、一定の評価額に従って金銭で支払われ、したがって、生産物のあらゆる変動に応じて年ごとに変動した。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	land rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	consist in|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	deliver|納入する|verb|bring and hand over (a letter, parcel, or ordered goods)	kind|現物|noun|the equivalent in money	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in form, quality, or extent
It was natural, therefore, that the sovereigns of those countries should be particularly attentive to the interests of agriculture, upon the prosperity or declension of which immediately depended the yearly increase or diminution of their own revenue.	したがって、これらの国の君主が農業の利益に特に注意を払うのは当然のことであり、その繁栄や衰退は、彼ら自身の収入の年々の増減に直接依存していた。	natural|当然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	attentive|注意を払う|adjective|paying close attention to something	interest|利益|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or hesitation	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	yearly|年々の|adjective|happening or done once a year or every year	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less

The policy of the ancient republics of Greece, and that of Rome, though it honoured agriculture more than manufactures or foreign trade, yet seems rather to have discouraged the latter employments, than to have given any direct or intentional encouragement to the former.	古代ギリシャ共和国とローマの政策は、農業を製造業や貿易よりも重視していたが、前者に直接的または意図的な奨励を与えたというよりは、むしろ後者の雇用を阻害したように思われる。	The policy of|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	republics|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	though|が|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	honour|重視する|verb|regard with great respect	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	more than|よりも|conjunction|to a greater extent than	manufactures|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	yet|が|conjunction|but at the same time; nevertheless	rather|むしろ|adverb|to a certain extent; somewhat	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	employments|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	than|よりも|conjunction|to a greater extent than	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	any|いずれかの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	direct|直接的|adjective|extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping	intentional|意図的|adjective|done on purpose; deliberate	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	former|前者|adjective|denoting the first or first mentioned of two people or things
In several of the ancient states of Greece, foreign trade was prohibited altogether;	古代ギリシャのいくつかの都市国家では、貿易は全面的に禁止されていた。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	foreign trade|貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	altogether|全面的に|adverb|completely; totally
and in several others, the employments of artificers and manufacturers were considered as hurtful to the strength and agility of the human body, as rendering it incapable of those habits which their military and gymnastic exercises endeavoured to form in it, and as thereby disqualifying it, more or less, for undergoing the fatigues and encountering the dangers of war.	そして他のいくつかの都市国家では、職人や製造業者の雇用は、人体の強さと敏捷性を損なうものと考えられ、軍事訓練や体操訓練によって身につけようとしている習慣を身につけることができず、それによって多かれ少なかれ、戦争の疲労や危険に耐えることができなくなると考えられていた。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	hurtful|損なう|adjective|causing pain or damage	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	agility|敏捷性|noun|the ability to move or think quickly and easily	human body|人体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a human being	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	military|軍事|adjective|relating to or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces	gymnastic|体操|adjective|relating to or involving gymnastics	exercise|訓練|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to maintain or improve health and fitness	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	form|身につける|verb|to take on a particular shape or quality	disqualify|耐えられない|verb|to prevent from having or doing something	fatigue|疲労|noun|extreme tiredness	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury
Such occupations were considered as fit only for slaves, and the free citizens of the states were prohibited from exercising them.	そのような職業は奴隷にしか適さないと考えられ、国家の自由市民はそれを営むことを禁じられていた。	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	exercise|営む|verb|perform or carry out	prohibit|禁じる|verb|formally or legally forbid
Even in those states where no such prohibition took place, as in Rome and Athens, the great body of the people were in effect excluded from all the trades which are now commonly exercised by the lower sort of the inhabitants of towns.	ローマやアテネのように、そのような禁止が行われなかった国でさえ、人々の大部分は、現在では町の下層階級の住民が一般的に営んでいるすべての商売から事実上排除されていた。	even in|でさえ|adverb|also; as well; in addition	those|それらの|determiner|the; those	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	where|で|adverb|in or at the place that	no such|そのような|determiner|not any such	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	as in|のように|adverb|for example	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital city of Greece	the great body of|大部分|noun|the majority of	the people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	were|だった|verb|be	in effect|事実上|adverb|in practice or actuality, even if not formally or explicitly	excluded|排除される|verb|shut out; keep out	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	the trades|商売|noun|a skilled job, especially one requiring manual skills	which|もの|relative pronoun|that which; the thing that	are now|現在|adverb|at the present time	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	exercised|営む|verb|do or carry out	by|によって|preposition|used to indicate an agent, instrument, cause, or means	the lower sort of|下層階級|noun|the lower class	the inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a possessive relationship	towns|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city
Such trades were, at Athens and Rome, all occupied by the slaves of the rich, who exercised them for the benefit of their masters, whose wealth, power, and protection, made it almost impossible for a poor freeman to find a market for his work, when it came into competition with that of the slaves of the rich.	アテネやローマでは、そのような商売はすべて富裕層の奴隷が占めており、彼らは主人のために商売を営んでいたが、主人の富、権力、保護によって、貧しい自由民が富裕層の奴隷と競合するようになったとき、自分の仕事の市場を見つけることはほとんど不可能だった。	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital of Greece	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital of Italy	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	rich|富裕層|noun|a person with a great deal of money or property	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|権力|noun|the ability to control or influence people or things	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	competition|競合|noun|the activity or condition of competing
Slaves, however, are very seldom inventive;	しかし、奴隷はめったに独創的ではない。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	inventive|独創的|adjective|having or showing creativity or imagination
and all the most important improvements, either in machinery, or in the arrangement and distribution of work, which facilitate and abridge labour have been the discoveries of freemen.	そして、労働を容易にし、短縮する機械や仕事の配置や配分における最も重要な改善はすべて、自由民の発見であった。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	the most important|最も重要な|determiner|of the greatest significance or importance	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to show that two or more things are possible	machinery|機械|noun|machines in general	or|または|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in|における|preposition|used to show location, time, or manner	the arrangement|配置|noun|the way in which something is organized or arranged	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of people or things	which|それは|relative pronoun|used to refer to something previously mentioned	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	have been|であった|auxiliary verb|used to form the present perfect and past perfect tenses	the discoveries|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	of|の|preposition|used to show possession or belonging	freemen|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave
Should a slave propose any improvement of this kind, his master would be very apt to consider the proposal as the suggestion of laziness, and of a desire to save his own labour at the master’s expense.	奴隷がこの種の改善を提案したら、主人はその提案を怠惰の提案であり、主人の犠牲で自分の労働を節約したいという願望の提案と考えがちである。	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	laziness|怠惰|noun|the quality of being unwilling to work or use energy	desire|願望|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	save|節約する|verb|use less of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something
The poor slave, instead of reward would probably meet with much abuse, perhaps with some punishment.	哀れな奴隷は、報酬の代わりに、おそらく多くの虐待を受け、おそらく何らかの罰を受けるだろう。	poor|哀れな|adjective|deserving of pity	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	meet with|受ける|verb|experience or encounter	abuse|虐待|noun|the improper usage or treatment of something	punishment|罰|noun|a penalty imposed on someone as retribution for a crime or wrongdoing
In the manufactures carried on by slaves, therefore, more labour must generally have been employed to execute the same quantity of work, than in those carried on by freemen.	したがって、奴隷によって営まれる製造業では、自由民によって営まれる製造業よりも、同じ量の仕事をこなすために、一般的に多くの労働力が投入されなければならない。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
The work of the farmer must, upon that account, generally have been dearer than that of the latter.	そのため、農民の仕事は、一般的に後者の仕事よりも高価だったに違いない。	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	upon that account|そのため|adverb|for that reason	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	dearer|高価だった|adjective|costing a lot of money; expensive	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned
The Hungarian mines, it is remarked by Mr. Montesquieu, though not richer, have always been wrought with less expense, and therefore with more profit, than the Turkish mines in their neighbourhood.	モンテスキュー氏は、ハンガリーの鉱山は、それほど豊かではないが、近隣のトルコの鉱山よりも常に少ない費用で採掘され、したがってより多くの利益を上げていると述べている。	Hungarian|ハンガリーの|adjective|of or relating to Hungary or its people or language	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	Mr. Montesquieu|モンテスキュー氏|noun|a French political philosopher	richer|豊かではない|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	less expense|少ない費用|noun|a small amount of money spent	more profit|より多くの利益|noun|a financial gain	Turkish|トルコの|adjective|of or relating to Turkey or its people or language	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place
The Turkish mines are wrought by slaves;	トルコの鉱山は奴隷によって採掘されている。	Turkish|トルコの|adjective|of or relating to Turkey or its people or language	mine|鉱山|noun|a large hole in the ground from which coal or other minerals are removed	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them
and the arms of those slaves are the only machines which the Turks have ever thought of employing.	そして、トルコ人がこれまでに使用しようと考えた機械は、奴隷の腕だけである。	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	arm|腕|noun|an upper limb	machine|機械|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	Turk|トルコ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Turkey	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
The Hungarian mines are wrought by freemen, who employ a great deal of machinery, by which they facilitate and abridge their own labour.	ハンガリーの鉱山は自由民によって採掘されており、彼らは多くの機械を導入して、自分たちの労働を容易にし、短縮している。	Hungarian|ハンガリーの|adjective|of or relating to Hungary or its people or language	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	employ|導入する|verb|use or engage	machinery|機械|noun|a machine or machines	facilitate|容易にする|verb|make easier or less difficult	abridge|短縮する|verb|make shorter
From the very little that is known about the price of manufactures in the times of the Greeks and Romans, it would appear that those of the finer sort were excessively dear.	ギリシャやローマ時代の工業製品の価格についてはほとんど知られていないが、上等なものは非常に高価だったようである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	manufacture|工業製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Roman|ローマ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	finer|上等な|adjective|of high quality	excessively|非常に|adverb|to a very large degree	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
Silk sold for its weight in gold.	絹は重量に等しい金で売れた。	sell|売れる|verb|exchange or dispose of in return for money	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal of great value
It was not, indeed, in those times an European manufacture;	実際、当時はヨーロッパの工業製品ではなかった。	It|それ|pronoun|the thing or animal previously mentioned	was not|ではなかった|verb|be not	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	those times|当時|noun|the time in the past that is being discussed	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	manufacture|工業製品|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery
and as it was all brought from the East Indies, the distance of the carriage may in some measure account for the greatness of the price.	すべて東インドから運ばれてきたので、運搬距離が価格の高さの原因であると考えられる。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	carriage|運搬|noun|the action of transporting something	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	greatness|高さ|noun|the quality of being great	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
The price, however, which a lady, it is said, would sometimes pay for a piece of very fine linen, seems to have been equally extravagant;	しかし、女性が非常に上等なリネン一枚に支払う価格も、同様に法外だったようである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	lady|女性|noun|a woman of good breeding, refinement, and gentle manners	fine|上等な|adjective|of high quality	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	extravagant|法外な|adjective|costing a lot of money
and as linen was always either an European, or at farthest, an Egyptian manufacture, this high price can be accounted for only by the great expense of the labour which must have been employed about It, and the expense of this labour again could arise from nothing but the awkwardness of the machinery which is made use of.	リネンは常にヨーロッパ製か、遠くてもエジプト製だったので、この高価格は、それに費やされたに違いない労働の多大な費用によってのみ説明できるし、この労働の費用は、使用される機械の不器用さ以外には何も生じ得なかった。	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	European|ヨーロッパ製|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	farthest|遠くても|adjective|most distant	Egyptian|エジプト製|adjective|of or relating to Egypt or its people	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	account for|説明できる|verb|to give a satisfactory reason for	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	arise|生じる|verb|to come into being or existence
The price of fine woollens, too, though not quite so extravagant, seems, however, to have been much above that of the present times.	上等な毛織物の価格も、それほど法外ではないが、現在の価格をはるかに上回っていたようである。	fine|上等な|adjective|of high quality	woollen|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	extravagant|法外|adjective|costing a lot of money	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
Some cloths, we are told by Pliny {Plin. 1. ix.c.39.}, dyed in a particular manner, cost a hundred denarii, or £3:6s:8d. the pound weight.	プリニウスによれば、ある種の布は、特別な方法で染められ、百デナリウス、つまり一ポンドあたり三ポンド六シリング八ペンスの値段がしたという。	Pliny|プリニウス|noun|a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	cost|値段がする|verb|require the payment of	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	denarii|デナリウス|noun|a small silver coin of ancient Rome	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	weight|重さ|noun|the force of gravity on a body
Others, dyed in another manner, cost a thousand denarii the pound weight, or £33:6s:8d.	別の方法で染められた他の布は、一ポンドあたり千デナリウス、つまり三十三ポンド六シリング八ペンスの値段がした。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number or group	another|別の|adjective|one more; an additional	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	cost|値段がする|verb|require the payment of	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	denarius|デナリウス|noun|a small silver coin of ancient Rome	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	weight|重さ|noun|the amount that something weighs	thirty-three|三十三|noun|the number 33	six|六|noun|the number 6	eight|八|noun|the number 8	penny|ペンス|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound
The Roman pound, it must be remembered, contained only twelve of our avoirdupois ounces.	ローマのポンドは、我々の常衡オンスのわずか十二オンスしかなかったことを思い出さなければならない。	Roman pound|ローマのポンド|noun|a unit of mass used in ancient Rome	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	remember|思い出す|verb|have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	twelve|十二|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	avoirdupois ounce|常衡オンス|noun|a unit of mass equal to one sixteenth of a pound avoirdupois
This high price, indeed, seems to have been principally owing to the dye.	実際、この高価格は主に染料によるものだったようである。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	owing to|による|preposition|because of; on account of	dye|染料|noun|a substance used to color something
But had not the cloths themselves been much dearer than any which are made in the present times, so very expensive a dye would not probably have been bestowed upon them.	しかし、布そのものが現代で作られているものよりもずっと高価でなければ、それほど高価な染料はおそらく使われなかっただろう。	cloth|布|noun|a piece of fabric	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	present time|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	dye|染料|noun|a substance used to color something	bestow|使う|verb|to give or grant something to someone
The disproportion would have been too great between the value of the accessory and that of the principal.	付属物の価値と本体の価値の間の不均衡が大きすぎるだろう。	disproportion|不均衡|noun|a lack of proportion or symmetry	accessory|付属物|noun|a thing that can be added to something else in order to make it more useful, versatile, or attractive	principal|本体|noun|the person with the highest authority or most important position in an organization
The price mentioned by the same author {Plin. 1. viii.c.48.}, of some triclinaria, a sort of woollen pillows or cushions made use of to lean upon as they reclined upon their couches at table, passes all credibility;	同じ著者(プリニウス、第八巻第四十八章)が言及している、食卓の長椅子に横たわったときに寄りかかるのに使う一種のウールの枕やクッションであるトリクリナリアの価格は、信じがたいほど高い。	author|著者|noun|a person who writes books	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	woollen|ウールの|adjective|made of wool	pillow|枕|noun|a cushion for the head	cushion|クッション|noun|a soft pillow or pad used for comfort or decoration	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	pass|信じがたい|verb|be too great or extreme to be believed
some of them being said to have cost more than £30,000, others more than £300,000.	そのうちのいくつかは三万ポンド以上、他は三十万ポンド以上もしたと言われている。	some|いくつか|noun|an unspecified number or amount	more than|以上|preposition|greater than	30,000|三万|numeral|three times ten thousand	others|他|noun|the remaining ones	more than|以上|preposition|greater than	300,000|三十万|numeral|three hundred thousand
This high price, too, is not said to have arisen from the dye.	この高価格も、染料に由来するものではないと言われている。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	arise|由来する|verb|come into being or existence
In the dress of the people of fashion of both sexes, there seems to have been much less variety, it is observed by Dr. Arbuthnot, in ancient than in modern times;	アーバスノット博士の観察によれば、男女を問わず、上流階級の人々の衣服は、現代に比べて古代ではずっと多様性に乏しかったようである。	dress|衣服|noun|a garment for a woman or girl that has a skirt and bodice	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	fashion|上流階級|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament or manners of behavior	both sexes|男女|noun|both men and women	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	much less|ずっと少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent or degree	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	Dr. Arbuthnot|アーバスノット博士|noun|a Scottish physician, satirist, and polymath	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	modern times|現代|noun|the present period of history
and the very little variety which we find in that of the ancient statues, confirms his observation.	そして、古代彫刻の衣服にほとんど多様性が見られないことは、彼の観察を裏付けている。	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	confirm|裏付ける|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something
He infers from this, that their dress must, upon the whole, have been cheaper than ours;	彼はここから、彼らの衣服は、全体として、われわれの衣服よりも安かったに違いないと推論している。	infer|推論する|verb|deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements	dress|衣服|noun|a garment or garments covering the body	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	upon the whole|全体として|adverb|in general; generally speaking	ours|われわれの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the speaker and one or more other people previously mentioned or easily identified
but the conclusion does not seem to follow.	しかし、この結論は正しくないように思われる。	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or opinion reached after consideration	follow|正しい|verb|be right or correct
When the expense of fashionable dress is very great, the variety must be very small.	流行の衣服の費用が非常に大きいとき、その多様性は非常に小さいに違いない。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	fashionable|流行の|adjective|in accordance with the current fashion	dress|衣服|noun|an article of clothing	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; have to	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
But when, by the improvements in the productive powers of manufacturing art and industry, the expense of any one dress comes to be very moderate, the variety will naturally be very great.	しかし、製造業と工業の生産力の向上によって、衣服の費用が非常に安価になると、その多様性は当然非常に大きくなる。	manufacturing art and industry|製造業と工業|noun|the making of goods in large quantities	productive powers|生産力|noun|the ability to produce goods and services	improvements|向上|noun|the action of improving something	expense|費用|noun|the cost of doing or making something	very moderate|非常に安価|adjective|not very great or intense	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	very great|非常に大きく|adjective|very large or important
The rich, not being able to distinguish themselves by the expense of any one dress, will naturally endeavour to do so by the multitude and variety of their dresses.	富裕層は、衣服の費用によって自分を区別することができないので、当然、衣服の数と多様性によってそうしようとする。	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize or treat as different	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	dress|衣服|noun|a garment that covers the body	multitude|数|noun|a large number of people or things	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse

The greatest and most important branch of the commerce of every nation, it has already been observed, is that which is carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country.	すでに述べたように、あらゆる国の商業の最大かつ最も重要な部門は、都市の住民と農村の住民との間で行われる商業である。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality	most important|最も重要|adjective|of the highest importance	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	between|間で|preposition|in the interval separating two points in space, time, or sequence
The inhabitants of the town draw from the country the rude produce, which constitutes both the materials of their work and the fund of their subsistence;	都市の住民は、農村から粗野な生産物を入手し、それが彼らの仕事の材料と生計の資金の両方を構成している。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	draw|入手する|verb|get or obtain something	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
and they pay for this rude produce, by sending back to the country a certain portion of it manufactured and prepared for immediate use.	そして、彼らはこの粗野な生産物の代金を、その一部を製造してすぐに使えるように準備して農村に送り返すことで支払う。	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	send back|送り返す|verb|return something to the place it came from	country|農村|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	portion|一部|noun|a part of a whole	manufacture|製造する|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	immediate|すぐに|adjective|happening or done without delay
The trade which is carried on between these two different sets of people, consists ultimately in a certain quantity of rude produce exchanged for a certain quantity of manufactured produce.	これら二つの異なる人々の間で行われる貿易は、最終的には一定量の粗野な生産物と一定量の製造された生産物とを交換することにある。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	set|集団|noun|a group of people with a shared interest	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	consist in|にある|verb|be composed of	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	exchange|交換|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	manufacture|製造|verb|make (something) on a large scale using machinery
The dearer the latter, therefore, the cheaper the former;	したがって、後者が高ければ高いほど、前者は安くなる。	the dearer|高ければ高いほど|adjective|more expensive	the latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	the cheaper|安くなる|adjective|less expensive	the former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned
and whatever tends in any country to raise the price of manufactured produce, tends to lower that of the rude produce of the land, and thereby to discourage agriculture.	そして、どの国においても、製造された生産物の価格を上げる傾向にあるものは、その土地の粗野な生産物の価格を下げる傾向にあり、それによって農業を阻害する傾向にある。	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	manufactured|製造された|adjective|made by a machine or in a factory	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	tend|傾向にある|verb|be likely to do or be something	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or hope
The smaller the quantity of manufactured produce, which any given quantity of rude produce, or, what comes to the same thing, which the price of any given quantity of rude produce, is capable of purchasing, the smaller the exchangeable value of that given quantity of rude produce;	任意の量の粗野な生産物、あるいは同じことだが、任意の量の粗野な生産物の価格で購入できる製造された生産物の量が小さければ小さいほど、その任意の量の粗野な生産物の交換価値は小さくなる。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	manufactured produce|製造された生産物|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	rude produce|粗野な生産物|noun|a product that has not been processed or refined	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as estimated by the quantity of other goods or services for which it can be exchanged
the smaller the encouragement which either the landlord has to increase its quantity by improving, or the farmer by cultivating the land.	地主が改良によってその量を増やすか、農民が土地を耕作することによってその量を増やすか、どちらの奨励も小さくなる。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening
Whatever, besides, tends to diminish in any country the number of artificers and manufacturers, tends to diminish the home market, the most important of all markets, for the rude produce of the land, and thereby still further to discourage agriculture.	そのうえ、どの国においても、職人や製造業者の数を減らす傾向にあるものは、土地の粗野な生産物にとって、すべての市場の中で最も重要な国内市場を縮小する傾向にあり、それによって農業をさらに阻害する傾向にある。	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something

Those systems, therefore, which preferring agriculture to all other employments, in order to promote it, impose restraints upon manufactures and foreign trade, act contrary to the very end which they propose, and indirectly discourage that very species of industry which they mean to promote.	したがって、農業を他のすべての職業よりも優先し、それを促進するために製造業や外国貿易に制限を課す制度は、彼らが提案する目的に反して行動し、彼らが促進しようとしている産業のまさにその種を間接的に阻害する。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	promote|促進する|verb|to further the progress of	impose|課す|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between different countries	act|行動する|verb|to do something	contrary|反して|adjective|opposite in nature or character	propose|提案する|verb|to suggest (something) for consideration or discussion	discourage|阻害する|verb|to prevent or hinder	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity
They are so far, perhaps, more inconsistent than even the mercantile system.	彼らはこれまでのところ、おそらく重商主義よりも矛盾している。	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	inconsistent|矛盾している|adjective|not consistent; not in agreement or harmony
That system, by encouraging manufactures and foreign trade more than agriculture, turns a certain portion of the capital of the society, from supporting a more advantageous, to support a less advantageous species of industry.	この制度は、農業よりも製造業や外国貿易を奨励することで、社会の資本の一定部分を、より有利な産業を支援することから、より不利な産業を支援することへと転換させる。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	agriculture|農業|noun|the science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products	turn|転換させる|verb|change in course, direction, or position	certain|一定の|adjective|having no doubt; confident	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit; favorable	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
But still it really, and in the end, encourages that species of industry which it means to promote.	しかし、それでも実際には、そして最終的には、それが促進しようとしている産業の種を奨励する。	still|それでも|adverb|even now or even then	in the end|最終的には|adverb|at the end of a period of time or an event	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Those agricultural systems, on the contrary, really, and in the end, discourage their own favourite species of industry.	それどころか、これらの農業システムは、実際には、そして最終的には、自分たちの好きな産業を阻害する。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm

It is thus that every system which endeavours, either, by extraordinary encouragements to draw towards a particular species of industry a greater share of the capital of the society than what would naturally go to it, or, by extraordinary restraints, to force from a particular species of industry some share of the capital which would otherwise be employed in it, is, in reality, subversive of the great purpose which it means to promote.	このように、特別な奨励によって、特定の産業に社会の資本の自然に流入するよりも大きな割合を向けようとしたり、特別な制約によって、特定の産業から、そうでなければそこに投入される資本の一部を強制的に奪おうとするあらゆる制度は、実際には、それが促進しようとしている大目的を破壊するものである。	It is thus that|このように|adverb|in this way	every system|あらゆる制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	draw|向ける|verb|move or cause to move toward or into a place	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or group	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	go to|流入する|verb|move or travel toward or into	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	force|強制的に奪う|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in different circumstances	employ|投入される|verb|use or engage (someone or something) for a particular purpose	reality|実際には|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	subversive|破壊するもの|adjective|seeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage
It retards, instead of accelerating the progress of the society towards real wealth and greatness;	それは、社会の真の富と偉大さへの進歩を加速させるどころか、遅らせる。	retard|遅らせる|verb|make slow or slower	accelerate|加速させる|verb|cause to move or happen more quickly	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great or distinguished
and diminishes, instead of increasing, the real value of the annual produce of its land and labour.	そして、その土地と労働の年間生産物の真の価値を増やすどころか、減少させる。	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year

All systems, either of preference or of restraint, therefore, being thus completely taken away, the obvious and simple system of natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord.	したがって、優遇や制限のいずれの制度も完全に取り去られると、自然的自由という明白で単純な制度が自ずと確立される。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	preference|優遇|noun|the fact or condition of being preferred	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly; absolutely	take away|取り去る|verb|remove or carry something from a place	obvious|明白な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	natural liberty|自然的自由|noun|the freedom to do whatever one wants without being subject to any restrictions or limitations	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	of its own accord|自ずと|adverb|without being forced or asked; voluntarily
Every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interest his own way, and to bring both his industry and capital into competition with those of any other man, or order of men.	すべての人は、正義の法に違反しない限り、自分の利益を自分のやり方で追求し、自分の産業と資本を他の人や人々の集団のものと競争させることが完全に自由に許されている。	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	violate|違反する|verb|break or fail to comply with	law|法|noun|a rule or principle that is generally accepted as valid or true	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	own way|自分のやり方|noun|one's own method or manner	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered	order|集団|noun|a group of people with a particular shared interest or purpose
The sovereign is completely discharged from a duty, in the attempting to perform which he must always be exposed to innumerable delusions, and for the proper performance of which, no human wisdom or knowledge could ever be sufficient;	君主は、その遂行に際して常に無数の迷妄にさらされざるを得ず、また、その適切な遂行には人間の知恵や知識が決して十分ではありえないような義務から完全に解放される。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	discharge|解放される|verb|to release from an obligation or responsibility	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	attempt|遂行|verb|to try to do something	perform|遂行|verb|to carry out or accomplish	innumerable|無数の|adjective|too many to be counted	delusion|迷妄|noun|a false belief or opinion	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of being wise	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience
the duty of superintending the industry of private people, and of directing it towards the employments most suitable to the interests of the society.	民間の産業を監督し、それを社会の利益に最も適した用途に向ける義務である。	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	superintend|監督する|verb|supervise	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	private|民間の|adjective|not owned or controlled by the government	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region
According to the system of natural liberty, the sovereign has only three duties to attend to;	自然的自由の制度によれば、君主には三つの義務しか課せられていない。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated by or in	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	natural|自然的|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	have|課せられる|verb|possess, own, or hold	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation; a responsibility
three duties of great importance, indeed, but plain and intelligible to common understandings: first, the duty of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies;	確かに非常に重要な三つの義務だが、常識的に理解できる単純明快なものである。第一に、他の独立した社会からの暴力や侵略から社会を守る義務である。	three|三つの|adjective|the number 3	great importance|非常に重要な|noun|the quality of being important	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	plain|単純明快な|adjective|simple and easy to understand	intelligible|理解できる|adjective|able to be understood	common understanding|常識|noun|the general knowledge and judgment that a person of ordinary intelligence uses to deal with the situations of everyday life	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in order	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	protecting|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	invasion|侵略|noun|an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity
secondly, the duty of protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice;	第二に、社会の各構成員を、他の構成員の不正や抑圧から可能な限り保護する義務、つまり正確な司法行政を確立する義務である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	protecting|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	as far as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent possible	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	establishing|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business, organization, or institution
and, thirdly, the duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works, and certain public institutions, which it can never be for the interest of any individual, or small number of individuals to erect and maintain;	第三に、特定の公共事業や特定の公共施設を建設し維持する義務であり、これは個人や少数の個人の利益のために建設し維持することはできない。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	public works|公共事業|noun|construction projects of roads, bridges, dams, etc.	public institution|公共施設|noun|an institution that is owned and controlled by the government	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount
because the profit could never repay the expense to any individual, or small number of individuals, though it may frequently do much more than repay it to a great society.	なぜなら、利益は個人や少数の個人には決して費用を返済できないが、大社会には返済する以上の利益をもたらすことが多いからである。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back (money)	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	much more|はるかに多い|adverb|to a much greater extent or degree	great society|大社会|noun|a society that is large and complex

The proper performance of those several duties of the sovereign necessarily supposes a certain expense;	主権者のこれらの義務を適切に遂行するには、必然的に一定の費用がかかると想定される。	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	several|これらの|adjective|more than two but not very many	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge
and this expense again necessarily requires a certain revenue to support it.	そして、この費用を賄うためには、必然的に一定の収入が必要となる。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	support|賄う|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
In the following book, therefore, I shall endeavour to explain, first, what are the necessary expenses of the sovereign or commonwealth;	したがって、次の本では、まず、主権者や連邦の必要経費とは何かを説明する。	in the following book|次の本では|noun phrase|in the book that comes next	endeavour|説明する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and which of those expenses ought to be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society;	そして、それらの経費のうち、社会全体の一般的な寄付によって賄われるべきものはどれか。	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	contribution|寄付|noun|the action of giving money, time, help, etc., to a person or organization	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
and which of them, by that of some particular part only, or of some particular members of the society:	そして、それらの経費のうち、社会の特定の部分だけ、または特定のメンバーだけによって賄われるべきものはどれか。	and|そして|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	which|どれ|pronoun|which one or ones	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	them|それら|pronoun|those ones	by|によって|preposition|next to; beside	that|それ|pronoun|that one	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	or|または|conjunction|as an alternative or substitute for	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	members|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
secondly, what are the different methods in which the whole society may be made to contribute towards defraying the expenses incumbent on the whole society;	第二に、社会全体にかかる経費を賄うために、社会全体が貢献できるさまざまな方法は何か。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	incumbent|かかる|adjective|necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility
and what are the principal advantages and inconveniencies of each of those methods:	そして、それらの方法のそれぞれの主な利点と不便は何か。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused by a particular situation or action
and thirdly, what are the reasons and causes which have induced almost all modern governments to mortgage some part of this revenue, or to contract debts;	そして第三に、ほとんどすべての現代政府がこの収入の一部を担保にしたり、借金をしたりするようになった理由と原因は何か。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	revenue|収入|noun|income	mortgage|担保にする|verb|make a loan of money on the security of	contract|借金をする|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter
and what have been the effects of those debts upon the real wealth, the annual produce of the land and labour of the society.	そして、それらの負債が実質的な富、つまり社会の土地と労働の年間生産物にどのような影響を及ぼしたか。	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	real wealth|実質的な富|noun|the value of all the goods and services produced by a country in one year	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year
The following book, therefore, will naturally be divided into three chapters.	したがって、次の本は当然3つの章に分けられる。	following|次の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected; of course	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	three|3|numeral|the number 3	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book


## APPENDIX TO BOOK IV	第四篇補遺	appendix|補遺|noun|a section at the end of a book containing additional information	book|篇|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers

The two following accounts are subjoined, in order to illustrate and confirm what is said in the fifth chapter of the fourth book, concerning the Tonnage Bounty to the Whit-herring Fishery.	次の二つの説明は、第四篇第五章で述べたニシン漁業に対するトン数補助金について説明と確認をするために添付する。	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	following|次の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts about something	subjoin|添付する|verb|add at the end	illustrate|説明する|verb|make clear by using examples or comparisons	confirm|確認する|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	fifth|第五|adjective|coming after four others in a series; 5th	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	concern|関する|verb|be about or connected with	tonnage|トン数|noun|a measure of the size of a ship	bounty|補助金|noun|a sum of money paid by a government or other organization to encourage a particular industry or activity	whit-herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish that is eaten as food	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish
The reader, I believe, may depend upon the accuracy of both accounts.	読者は、両方の説明の正確さに依存してよいと思う。	reader|読者|noun|a person who reads	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	accuracy|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts about an event or situation

An account of Busses fitted out in Scotland for eleven Years, with the Number of empty Barrels carried out, and the Number of Barrels of Herrings caught;	11年間にスコットランドで装備されたバスの説明、運び出された空き樽の数、捕獲されたニシンの樽の数	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	fit out|装備する|verb|to supply with necessary equipment	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	eleven years|11年間|noun|a period of time lasting for 11 years	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	empty|空の|adjective|containing nothing	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	carry out|運び出す|verb|to take or bring something from inside to outside	catch|捕獲する|verb|to capture or seize	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten
also the Bounty, at a Medium, on each Barrel of Sea-sricks, and on each Barrel when fully packed.	塩漬けニシンの樽一樽あたりの平均補助金、および満杯の樽一樽あたりの平均補助金	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	medium|平均|noun|the middle point between two extremes	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	sea-sricks|塩漬けニシン|noun|a herring that has been preserved in salt	fully|満杯|adverb|completely or entirely

- Years Number of Empty Barrels Barrels of Her- Bounty paid on	年空き樽の数ニシンの樽支払われた補助金	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	empty|空き|adjective|containing nothing	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered by a government or other organization for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
- Busses carried out rings caught the Busses	バスが運び出したニシンの樽捕獲されたバス	carry out|運び出す|verb|take or bring something from inside to outside	ring|樽|noun|a round band of wood or metal that holds together the staves of a barrel	catch|捕獲|verb|capture or seize, especially after a chase
- £. s. d.	ポンドシリングペンス
- 1771 29 5,948 2,832 2,885 0 0
- 1772 168 41,316 22,237 11,055 7 6
- 1773 190 42,333 42,055 12,510 8 6
- 1774 240 59,303 56,365 26,932 2 6
- 1775 275 69,144 52,879 19,315 15 0
- 1776 294 76,329 51,863 21,290 7 6
- 1777 240 62,679 43,313 17,592 2 6
- 1778 220 56,390 40,958 16,316 2 6
- 1779 206 55,194 29,367 15,287 0 0
- 1780 181 48,315 19,885 13,445 12 6
- 1781 135 33,992 16,593 9,613 15 6
-
- Totals 2,186 550,943 378,347 £165,463 14 0	合計2,186 550,943 378,347 165,463ポンド14シリング0ペンス	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items	2,186|2,186|number|two thousand one hundred eighty-six	550,943|550,943|number|five hundred fifty thousand nine hundred forty-three	378,347|378,347|number|three hundred seventy-eight thousand three hundred forty-seven	£165,463|165,463ポンド|number|one hundred sixty-five thousand four hundred sixty-three pounds	14|14|number|fourteen	0|0|number|zero
-
- Sea-sticks 378,347 Bounty, at a medium, for each	海産棒378,347一本あたりの平均奨励金	Sea-sticks|海産棒|noun|a stick made of sea	Bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	at a medium|平均|noun|the average of a set of numbers	for each|一本あたり|preposition|for every one of a group
- barrel of sea-sticks, £ 0 8 21⁄4	海産棒一樽あたり0ポンド8シリング21⁄4ペンス	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	sea-stick|海産棒|noun|a stick made from a sea creature	0 8 21⁄4|0ポンド8シリング21⁄4ペンス|noun|a price
- But a barrel of sea-sticks	しかし海産棒一樽は	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	sea-stick|海産棒|noun|a stick made from a sea creature
- being only reckoned two thirds	三分の二としか見積もられていないので	only|しか|adverb|solely; merely	reckon|見積もる|verb|calculate or estimate	two thirds|三分の二|noun|a fraction equal to two divided by three
- of a barrel fully packed, one	一樽は完全に詰め込まれた状態で	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	packed|詰め込まれた|adjective|filled to capacity
- third to be deducted, which	三分の一が差し引かれるので	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	be deducted|差し引かれる|verb|be subtracted or taken away
- 1/3deducted 126,115 brings the bounty to £ 0 12 33⁄4	三分の一を差し引いた126,115は奨励金を0ポンド12シリング33⁄4ペンスにする	1/3|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	bring|する|verb|cause to come or go to a place	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	0|0|noun|the numerical digit 0	12|12|noun|the numerical digit 12	33⁄4|33⁄4|noun|the numerical digit 33⁄4
- Barrels fully	樽は完全に	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends
- packed 252,231	252,231樽が詰め込まれた	pack|詰め込む|verb|put things into a container	252,231|252,231|number|a number
-
- And if the herrings are exported, there is besides a	そしてニシンが輸出される場合には、さらに	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale
- premium of £ 0 2 8	0ポンド2シリング8ペンスの奨励金がある	premium|奨励金|noun|a sum of money added to an ordinary price or wage	0 2 8|0ポンド2シリング8ペンス|noun|a sum of money
- So the bounty paid by government in money for each	だから政府が支払う奨励金は、それぞれ	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
- barrel is £ 0 14 113⁄4	樽につき0ポンド14シリング113⁄4ペンスである	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	0|0|numeral|the number zero	14|14|numeral|the number fourteen	113⁄4|113⁄4|numeral|the number eleven and three quarters
-
- But if to this, the duty of the salt usually taken	しかし、これに通常使用される塩の関税を加えれば	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food
- credit for as expended in curing each barrel, which	各樽の塩漬けに使用される塩の関税を加えれば	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	cure|塩漬けにする|verb|preserve (food) by salting, smoking, drying, or other means	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
- at a medium, is, of foreign, one bushel and one-	平均すると、外国産の塩は1ブッシェル1クォーター	at a medium|平均すると|adverb|on average	foreign|外国産の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	one bushel|1ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	one-|1クォーター|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities
- fourth of a bushel, at 10s. a-bushel, be added, viz 0 12 6	1ブッシェル10シリングで、0 12 6	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry commodities	10s|10シリング|noun|ten shillings	0 12 6|0 12 6|noun|zero pounds, twelve shillings, and six pence
- the bounty on each barrel would amount to £ 1 7 53⁄4	各樽の奨励金は1ポンド7シリング53/4ペンスになる	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	amount to|になる|verb|to be equal to	1 7 53⁄4|1ポンド7シリング53/4ペンス|noun|one pound seven shillings and fifty-three pence
-
- If the herrings are cured with British salt, it will	ニシンがイギリスの塩で塩漬けされるなら、	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is eaten as food	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food
- stand thus, viz.	こうなる。	stand|なる|verb|be in a specified state or condition	thus|こう|adverb|in this way; like this	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
- Bounty as before £ 0 14 113⁄4	奨励金は前と同じく0ポンド14シリング113/4ペンス	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	before|前|adverb|earlier; previously	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	penny|ペンス|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom
- But if to this bounty, the duty on two bushels of	しかし、この奨励金に、二ブッシェルの塩に対する関税を加えれば、	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	two|二|numeral|one more than one	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry commodities
- Scotch salt, at 1s.6d. per bushel, supposed to be	一ブッシェルあたり1シリング6ペンスのスコットランドの塩に対する関税を加えれば、	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people or language	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	1s.6d.|1シリング6ペンス|noun|one shilling and sixpence	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and fruit	suppose|加えれば|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable
- the quantity, at a medium, used in curing each	一ブッシェルあたり1シリング6ペンスのスコットランドの塩に対する関税を加えれば、	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	medium|中間|noun|the middle quality, degree, or condition	cure|塩漬け|verb|preserve (food) by salting, smoking, or drying
- barrel is added, viz. 0 3 0	一樽の塩漬けに平均して使用される量は、0ポンド3シリング0ペンスである。	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say	0 3 0|0ポンド3シリング0ペンス|noun|the amount of money used to salt one barrel
- The bounty on each barrel will amount to £ 0 17 113⁄4	一樽あたりの奨励金は0ポンド17シリング113⁄4ペンスになる。	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to	0 17 113⁄4|0ポンド17シリング113⁄4ペンス|noun|a sum of money
-
- And when buss herrings are entered for home	そしてバス・ニシンが国内消費用に輸入される場合、	buss herring|バス・ニシン|noun|a type of herring	be entered for|輸入される|verb|be imported for	home|国内消費用|noun|domestic consumption
- consumption in Scotland, and pay the shilling a	スコットランドで消費され、一樽あたり1シリングを支払う場合、	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound
- barrel of duty, the bounty stands thus, to wit,	奨励金は以下のようになる。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	stand|なる|verb|be in a specified state or condition	wit|以下のようになる|noun|the ability to say clever and funny things
- as before £ 0 12 33⁄4	前述の通り0 12 33⁄4ポンド	as before|前述の通り|adverb|as stated or mentioned earlier	0 12 33⁄4|0 12 33⁄4|noun|a number
- From which the shilling a barrel is to be deducted 0 1 0	一樽あたり1シリングを差し引く0 1 0	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract or take away
- £ 0 11 33⁄4
-
- But to that there is to be added again, the duty of	しかし、それには再び、	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
- the foreign salt used curing a barrel of herring viz 0 12 6	ニシンの樽を塩漬けにするのに使用される外国の塩の税金が加算される0 12 6	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	used|使用される|verb|convert to a particular purpose or for a particular end	curing|塩漬けにする|verb|preserve (food) by salting, smoking, or drying	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	herring|ニシン|noun|a small silvery fish that is eaten as food	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say	0 12 6|0 12 6|noun|a number
- So that the premium allowed for each barrel of her-	ニシンの樽ごとに認められた奨励金は	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	allow|認める|verb|to give permission for something to happen	premium|奨励金|noun|a sum added to the usual price or interest
- rings entered for home consumption is £ 1 3 93⁄4	国内消費用に輸入されたニシンの樽ごとに認められた奨励金は1ポンド3シリング93⁄4ペンスである。	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of a good or service that is used in a country	enter|輸入される|verb|come or go into	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
- If the herrings are cured in British salt, it will	ニシンがイギリスの塩で塩漬けにされた場合、	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food
- stand as follows viz.	次のようになる。	stand|なる|verb|be in a specified state or condition	as follows|次のようになる|adverb|in the following manner	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
- Bounty on each barrel brought in by the busses, as	バス船によって輸入された樽ごとに支払われる奨励金は	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	bring in|輸入する|verb|cause to come or go into a place	bus|バス船|noun|a large seagoing fishing boat
- above £ 0 12 33⁄4	上記の通り0ポンド12シリング33⁄4ペンスである。	above|上記の通り|adverb|in or to a higher place or position	0|0|noun|the numerical digit 0	12|12|noun|the numerical digit 12	33⁄4|33⁄4|noun|the numerical digit 33⁄4
- From which deduct 1s. a-barrel, paid at the time	これから、輸入時に支払われる1樽あたり1シリングを差し引くと	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	1s.|1シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-barrel|1樽あたり|noun|a cylindrical container with rounded ends made of staves bound together with hoops	paid|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due	at the time|輸入時に|noun|the point in time at which something happens
- they are entered for home consumption 0 1 0	国内消費用に輸入された場合の奨励金は0ポンド1シリング0ペンスとなる。	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of a good or service that is used in a country	0 1 0|0ポンド1シリング0ペンス|noun|the amount of the bounty
- £ 0 11 33⁄4
-
- But if to the bounty, the the duty on two bushel	しかし、奨励金に2ブッシェルあたりの関税を加えると	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	two|2|numeral|one more than one	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and fruit
- of Scotch salt, at 1s.6d. per bushel supposed to	スコットランドの塩の1ブッシェルあたり1シリング6ペンスの関税は	Scotch|スコットランドの|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	1s.6d.|1シリング6ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	supposed to|するはずである|verb|be required or expected to do something
- be the quantity, at a medium, used in curing each	それぞれを塩漬けするのに使用される量であると考えられる	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	medium|平均|noun|the middle point between two extremes	cure|塩漬けする|verb|preserve by salting, smoking, or drying
- barrel, is added, viz 0 3 0	樽は、追加される、すなわち0 3 0	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	add|追加する|verb|join or combine two or more things together	viz|すなわち|adverb|namely; that is to say
- the premium for each barrel entered for home	国内消費用に輸入される各樽の奨励金は	premium|奨励金|noun|a sum of money paid for an insurance policy	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	enter|輸入される|verb|go or come in	home|国内消費用|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
- consumption will be £ 1 14 33⁄4	1ポンド14シリング33⁄4ペンスとなる	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	be|なる|verb|to be equal to	1 pound|1ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	14 shillings|14シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	33⁄4 pence|33⁄4ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one hundredth of a pound

Though the loss of duties upon herrings exported cannot, perhaps, properly be considered as bounty, that upon herrings entered for home consumption certainly may.	輸出されるニシンに対する関税の損失は、おそらく、適切に奨励金とは見なされないかもしれないが、国内消費用に輸入されるニシンに対する関税の損失は、確かにそう見なされるかもしれない。	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	herring|ニシン|noun|a small fish that is often eaten	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used by people in a country	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely

An account of the Quantity of Foreign Salt imported into Scotland, and of Scotch Salt delivered Duty-free from the Works there, for the Fishery, from the 5th. of April 1771 to the 5th. of April 1782 with the Medium of both for one Year.	スコットランドに輸入された外国塩の量と、1771年4月5日から1782年4月5日までの漁業用にスコットランドの塩田から無税で出荷されたスコットランド塩の量と、その両方の1年間の平均。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods	free|無税の|adjective|not costing or charging anything	deliver|出荷する|verb|take or send from one place to another	work|塩田|noun|a place where people work	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	5th|5日|noun|the ordinal number of five	April|4月|noun|the fourth month of the year	1771|1771年|noun|the year one thousand seven hundred seventy-one	1782|1782年|noun|the year one thousand seven hundred eighty-two	medium|平均|noun|the average of a set of numbers	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun

- Foreign Salt Scotch Salt delivered	外国塩スコットランド塩出荷量	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	Scotch|スコットランド|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	deliver|出荷|verb|take or send to the intended recipient
- PERIOD imported from the Works	期間塩田から出荷	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	import|出荷|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country
- Bushels Bushels	ブッシェルブッシェル	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods
-
- From 5th. April 1771 to	1771年4月5日から	from|から|preposition|indicating a starting point	5th|5日|noun|the fifth day of the month	April|4月|noun|the fourth month of the year	1771|1771年|noun|the year 1771	to|まで|preposition|indicating a destination
- 5th. April 1782 936,974 168,226	1782年4月5日まで936,974 168,226	5th|5日|noun|the fifth day of the month	April|4月|noun|the fourth month of the year	1782|1782年|noun|the year 1782	936,974|936,974|noun|the number 936,974	168,226|168,226|noun|the number 168,226
- Medium for one year 85,1591⁄2 15,2931⁄4	1年間の平均85,1591⁄2 15,2931⁄4	medium|平均|noun|the middle point between two extremes	one year|1年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	85,1591⁄2|85,1591⁄2|noun|a number	15,2931⁄4|15,2931⁄4|noun|a number

It is to be observed, that the bushel of foreign salt weighs 48lbs., that of British weighs 56lbs. only.	外国産塩のブッシェルは48ポンド、イギリス産塩のブッシェルは56ポンドしかないことに注意すべきである。	foreign|外国産|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	weigh|重さがある|verb|have a specified weight	48lbs|48ポンド|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	British|イギリス産|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	56lbs|56ポンド|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	only|しかない|adverb|and no more; solely; exclusively


## BOOK V: OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH	第五篇国家または共和国の収入について	BOOK V|第五篇|noun|the fifth book	REVENUE|収入|noun|income	SOVEREIGN|国家|noun|a supreme ruler	COMMONWEALTH|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives or by an elected or nominated president


## CHAPTER I: OF THE EXPENSES OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH.	第一章: 国家または共和国の支出について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sovereign|国家|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives or officers

PART I. Of the Expense of Defence.	第一節防衛費について	part|節|noun|a piece or portion of something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack

The first duty of the sovereign, that of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies, can be performed only by means of a military force.	国家の第一の義務は、社会を他の独立した社会の暴力や侵略から守ることであり、それは軍事力によってのみ遂行できる。	first|第一の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	sovereign|国家|noun|a supreme ruler	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	invasion|侵略|noun|an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place or sphere of activity	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear
But the expense both of preparing this military force in time of peace, and of employing it in time of war, is very different in the different states of society, in the different periods of improvement.	しかし、平和時にこの軍事力を準備し、戦争時にそれを動員する費用は、社会の状態や発展段階によって大きく異なる。	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	expense|費用|noun|the cost incurred in making or doing something	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	improvement|発展|noun|an addition or modification that makes something better

Among nations of hunters, the lowest and rudest state of society, such as we find it among the native tribes of North America, every man is a warrior, as well as a hunter.	北米の先住民族に見られる狩猟民族の社会は、最も低く最も未開な状態であり、すべての人が狩人であると同時に戦士である。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hunter|狩人|noun|a person who hunts animals	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least height	rudest|最も未開な|adjective|lacking refinement, good manners, or good taste	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	find|見られる|verb|discover or notice	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of	warrior|戦士|noun|a person who fights in battles
When he goes to war, either to defend his society, or to revenge the injuries which have been done to it by other societies, he maintains himself by his own labour, in the same manner as when he lives at home.	自分の社会を守るため、あるいは他の社会から受けた損害を復讐するために戦争に行くとき、彼は家にいるときと同じように自分の労働で生計を立てている。	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|start fighting a war	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	revenge|復讐する|verb|inflict harm on someone as a punishment for a wrong suffered at their hands	injury|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	maintain|生計を立てる|verb|support oneself by work	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	home|家|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
His society (for in this state of things there is properly neither sovereign nor commonwealth) is at no sort of expense, either to prepare him for the field, or to maintain him while he is in it.	彼の社会(この状態では、主権者も連邦も存在しない)は、彼を戦場に送り出す準備をしたり、戦場にいる間に彼を維持したりするために、何の費用もかかっていない。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	state|状態|noun|the way something is	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	field|戦場|noun|a large, open area of land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in existence; keep up

Among nations of shepherds, a more advanced state of society, such as we find it among the Tartars and Arabs, every man is, in the same manner, a warrior.	タタール人やアラブ人に見られる牧畜民族の社会は、より進歩した状態であり、すべての人が同じように戦士である。	among|～の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shepherd|牧畜民族|noun|a person who looks after sheep	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	advanced|進歩した|adjective|far on in development or progress	find|見られる|verb|discover or notice	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people who formerly occupied parts of central and eastern Europe and Asia	Arab|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and now inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group of people or things	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	warrior|戦士|noun|a person who fights in battles
Such nations have commonly no fixed habitation, but live either in tents, or in a sort of covered waggons, which are easily transported from place to place.	そのような民族は、通常、定住地を持たず、テントや、場所から場所へ簡単に移動できる屋根付きの荷車のようなものに住んでいる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	fixed|定住|adjective|not moving or intended to be moved	habitation|住居|noun|the place where one lives	tent|テント|noun|a portable shelter made of cloth	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	covered|屋根付き|adjective|having a roof	waggon|荷車|noun|a horse-drawn vehicle with four wheels	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty	transport|移動|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
The whole tribe, or nation, changes its situation according to the different seasons of the year, as well as according to other accidents.	部族や民族全体が、季節やその他の偶然の出来事によって状況を変えていく。	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, history, and, if they are a sovereign state, government	change|変える|verb|make or become different	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	season|季節|noun|each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	accident|偶然の出来事|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage
When its herds and flocks have consumed the forage of one part of the country, it removes to another, and from that to a third.	家畜の群れが国の一部の飼料を消費すると、別の場所に移動し、そこから三番目の場所に移動する。	herd|家畜の群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	flock|群れ|noun|a large group of birds, sheep, or goats	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	forage|飼料|noun|food for animals, especially plants growing in a field	remove|移動する|verb|go away from a place	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series
In the dry season, it comes down to the banks of the rivers;	乾季には川岸に降りてきて、	dry season|乾季|noun|the season of the year with the least rainfall	come down to|降りてくる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	bank|川岸|noun|the land alongside a river
in the wet season, it retires to the upper country.	雨季には上流に退く。	wet season|雨季|noun|the season of the year when most of the annual rainfall occurs	retire|退く|verb|withdraw or go away from a place or position
When such a nation goes to war, the warriors will not trust their herds and flocks to the feeble defence of their old men, their women and children;	そのような民族が戦争に行くとき、戦士たちは老人、女性、子供たちの弱い防御に家畜の群れを預けることはできない。	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|start a war	warrior|戦士|noun|a person who fights in battles	herd|家畜の群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	flock|群れ|noun|a large group of birds, sheep, or goats	feeble|弱い|adjective|lacking physical strength	defence|防御|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	old man|老人|noun|a man who is old	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty
and their old men, their women and children, will not be left behind without defence, and without subsistence.	そして、老人、女性、子供たちは、防御も生計手段もなしに残されることはない。	old man|老人|noun|a man who is old	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	be left behind|残される|verb|be left in a place or situation that has been abandoned or deserted	defence|防御|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	subsistence|生計手段|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
The whole nation, besides, being accustomed to a wandering life, even in time of peace, easily takes the field in time of war.	そのうえ、国民全体が平和な時でさえ放浪生活に慣れているので、戦争の時には容易に戦場に赴く。	whole nation|国民全体|noun|all the people of a country	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	wandering life|放浪生活|noun|a life of wandering	even in time of peace|平和な時でさえ|adverb|even when there is no war	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty	take the field|戦場に赴く|verb|go to a place where a battle is being fought
Whether it marches as an army, or moves about as a company of herdsmen, the way of life is nearly the same, though the object proposed by it be very different.	軍隊として行進しようと、牧畜民の一団として移動しようと、目的は大きく異なるが、生活様式はほぼ同じである。	march|行進する|verb|walk in a military manner with a regular measured tread	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	move|移動する|verb|change position	herdsman|牧畜民|noun|a person who tends livestock	way of life|生活様式|noun|the way in which people live	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other
They all go to war together, therefore, and everyone does as well as he can.	だから、彼らは皆一緒に戦争に行き、誰もができる限りのことをする。	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|start fighting a war	together|一緒に|adverb|with or near each other	everyone|誰もが|pronoun|every person	as well as|できる限り|adverb|to the utmost extent or degree
Among the Tartars, even the women have been frequently known to engage in battle.	タタール人の間では、女性でさえ戦闘に参加することがよく知られている。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	know|知られている|verb|be aware of; have knowledge of	engage in|参加する|verb|take part in; be involved in	battle|戦闘|noun|a fight between two or more armed forces
If they conquer, whatever belongs to the hostile tribe is the recompence of the victory;	彼らが勝利すれば、敵対部族に属するものは何であれ勝利の報酬となる。	conquer|勝利する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	hostile|敵対する|adjective|showing or feeling opposition or dislike	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment for something	victory|勝利|noun|an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition
but if they are vanquished, all is lost;	しかし、彼らが敗北すれば、すべてを失う。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	are vanquished|敗北する|verb|be defeated or overcome in a battle or other contest	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	is lost|失う|verb|be unable to find or recover
and not only their herds and flocks, but their women and children become the booty of the conqueror.	そして、彼らの家畜や羊の群れだけでなく、彼らの女性や子供たちも征服者の戦利品となる。	herd|家畜|noun|a large group of animals	flock|羊の群れ|noun|a large group of birds	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	become|なる|verb|come to be	booty|戦利品|noun|stolen goods	conqueror|征服者|noun|a person who conquers a country or area
Even the greater part of those who survive the action are obliged to submit to him for the sake of immediate subsistence.	戦闘を生き延びた者の大部分でさえ、当面の生活のために彼に従わざるを得ない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	survive|生き延びる|verb|continue to live or exist	action|戦闘|noun|the fact or state of acting or of being active	immediate|当面の|adjective|happening or done without delay	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to live and support oneself
The rest are commonly dissipated and dispersed in the desert.	残りは通常、砂漠に散り散りになる。	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	dissipate|散り散りになる|verb|break up and gradually disperse	desert|砂漠|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation

The ordinary life, the ordinary exercise of a Tartar or Arab, prepares him sufficiently for war.	タタール人やアラブ人の日常生活、日常の訓練は、戦争に十分な準備をさせる。	ordinary life|日常生活|noun|the daily life of a person	ordinary exercise|日常の訓練|noun|the daily training of a person	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	Arab|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula	prepare|準備させる|verb|make ready for use or consideration	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
Running, wrestling, cudgel-playing, throwing the javelin, drawing the bow, etc.	走ること、レスリング、棍棒術、やり投げ、弓を引くことなどである。	running|走ること|noun|the activity of moving at a speed faster than a walk	wrestling|レスリング|noun|a sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds	cudgel-playing|棍棒術|noun|the activity of using a short, thick stick as a weapon	throwing|投げること|noun|the activity of propelling something with force	javelin|やり|noun|a light spear thrown in a competitive sport	drawing|引くこと|noun|the activity of pulling something	bow|弓|noun|a weapon made of a curved piece of wood or plastic with a string stretched between its ends
are the common pastimes of those who live in the open air, and are all of them the images of war.	これらは野外で生活する人々の一般的な娯楽であり、どれも戦争のイメージである。	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	pastime|娯楽|noun|an activity that is done for enjoyment when one is not working	live|生活する|verb|be alive	open air|野外|noun|the space outside of buildings	image|イメージ|noun|a mental representation of something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
When a Tartar or Arab actually goes to war, he is maintained by his own herds and flocks, which he carries with him, in the same manner as in peace.	タタール人やアラブ人が実際に戦争に行くとき、彼は平和時と同じように、彼が連れていく彼自身の群れによって維持される。	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	Arab|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|start fighting a war	maintain|維持される|verb|keep in good condition	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals	flock|群れ|noun|a large group of birds	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
His chief or sovereign (for those nations have all chiefs or sovereigns) is at no sort of expense in preparing him for the field;	彼の酋長や君主(これらの国にはすべて酋長や君主がいる)は、彼を戦場に送り出す準備に何の費用もかからない。	chief|酋長|noun|the head of a tribe or clan	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	field|戦場|noun|a place where a battle is fought
and when he is in it, the chance of plunder is the only pay which he either expects or requires.	そして彼が戦場にいるとき、略奪の機会が彼が期待し、あるいは要求する唯一の報酬である。	be in|いる|verb|be present in	chance|機会|noun|a possibility	plunder|略奪|noun|the violent and dishonest taking of property	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	pay|報酬|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose

An army of hunters can seldom exceed two or three hundred men.	狩猟民族の軍隊は、めったに二、三百人を超えることはない。	army|軍隊|noun|a large organized military force equipped for fighting on land	hunter|狩猟民族|noun|a person who hunts animals	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
The precarious subsistence which the chace affords, could seldom allow a greater number to keep together for any considerable time.	狩猟がもたらす不安定な生計では、それ以上の人数が長期間一緒にいることはめったにできない。	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position; unstable	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	allow|できる|verb|to give permission to do something	greater|それ以上の|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	number|人数|noun|a quantity of people or things	keep together|一緒にいる|verb|to stay together	considerable|長い|adjective|large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
An army of shepherds, on the contrary, may sometimes amount to two or three hundred thousand.	対照的に、遊牧民の軍隊は、ときには二、三十万人にもなる。	army|軍隊|noun|a large organized military force equipped for fighting on land	shepherd|遊牧民|noun|a person who tends and rears sheep	on the contrary|対照的に|adverb|to the opposite effect	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to or equivalent to	two or three hundred thousand|二、三十万人|noun|a number
As long as nothing stops their progress, as long as they can go on from one district, of which they have consumed the forage, to another, which is yet entire;	彼らの前進を阻むものが何もないかぎり、彼らが飼料を消費し尽くした地区から、まだ手つかずの地区へと進むことができるかぎり、	as long as|かぎり|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	stop|阻む|verb|prevent from happening	progress|前進|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	as long as|かぎり|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	go on|進む|verb|continue	from|から|preposition|indicating a starting point	one|1つの|determiner|the number 1	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	of which|その|relative pronoun|of whom or of which	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	have consumed|消費し尽くした|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	the|その|definite article|used to refer to a particular thing previously mentioned or easily identified	forage|飼料|noun|food for animals	to|へ|preposition|indicating a destination	another|別の|determiner|an additional one	which|その|relative pronoun|of whom or of which	is|である|verb|be	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time; as of now	entire|手つかずの|adjective|complete; whole
there seems to be scarce any limit to the number who can march on together.	一緒に行進できる人数にほとんど制限はないようだ。	there seems to be|～のようだ|verb|appear to be	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	any|どんな～でも|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some indiscriminately of whatever quantity	limit|制限|noun|a point beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass	number|人数|noun|a quantity of people or things
A nation of hunters can never be formidable to the civilized nations in their neighbourhood;	狩猟民族は、近隣の文明国にとって恐ろしい存在にはなりえない。	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	hunter|狩猟|noun|a person who hunts animals	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	civilized|文明|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
a nation of shepherds may.	遊牧民族はそうかもしれない。	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	shepherd|遊牧民|noun|a person who tends and rears sheep
Nothing can be more contemptible than an Indian war in North America; nothing, on the contrary, can be more dreadful than a Tartar invasion has frequently been in Asia.	北米のインディアン戦争ほど軽蔑すべきものはない。逆に、アジアで頻繁に起こるタタール人の侵略ほど恐ろしいことはない。	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	Indian|インディアン|noun|a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the Americas	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	contemptible|軽蔑すべき|adjective|deserving contempt	contrary|逆に|adjective|opposite in nature or character	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of any of the Turkic peoples of the Eurasian steppes	invasion|侵略|noun|an act or instance of invading	Asia|アジア|noun|the largest continent in the world
The judgment of Thucydides, that both Europe and Asia could not resist the Scythians united, has been verified by the experience of all ages.	ヨーロッパとアジアの両方がスキタイ人の団結に抵抗できないというトゥキディデスの判断は、あらゆる時代の経験によって立証されている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	Scythians|スキタイ人|noun|a member of a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in Scythia from about the 7th century BC to about the 4th century AD	unite|団結する|verb|join or combine	Thucydides|トゥキディデス|noun|an ancient Greek historian	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and people live and die
The inhabitants of the extensive, but defenceless plains of Scythia or Tartary, have been frequently united under the dominion of the chief of some conquering horde or clan;	スキタイやタタールの広大だが無防備な平原の住民は、しばしば征服者集団や氏族の長の支配下に統合されてきた。	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	defenceless|無防備な|adjective|without protection or defence	plain|平原|noun|a large area of flat land with only a few trees on it	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	unite|統合される|verb|join or combine	dominion|支配|noun|supreme authority; sovereignty	chief|長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	conquering|征服者|adjective|having overcome and taken control of a country or area by force	horde|集団|noun|a large group of people	clan|氏族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
and the havock and devastation of Asia have always signalized their union.	そしてアジアの破壊と荒廃は常に彼らの団結を際立たせてきた。	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	havock|破壊|noun|widespread destruction	devastation|荒廃|noun|the state of being decayed, ruined, or destroyed	signalize|際立たせる|verb|to make noticeable or remarkable
The inhabitants of the inhospitable deserts of Arabia, the other great nation of shepherds, have never been united but once, under Mahomet and his immediate successors.	もう一つの偉大な遊牧民の国であるアラビアの住民は、マホメットとその直系の後継者の下で一度だけ統一されたことがある。	Arabia|アラビア|noun|a peninsula in southwestern Asia	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	inhospitable|住みにくい|adjective|not friendly or welcoming	desert|砂漠|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation	shepherd|遊牧民|noun|a person who tends and rears sheep	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	never|一度もない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time in the past or future; not at all	be united|統一される|verb|become joined or connected	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	Mahomet|マホメット|noun|the Arab prophet and founder of Islam	immediate|直系の|adjective|nearest in time or space	successor|後継者|noun|a person who takes over a position or role from someone else
Their union, which was more the effect of religious enthusiasm than of conquest, was signalized in the same manner.	彼らの団結は、征服というよりは宗教的熱狂の結果であったが、同じように際立っていた。	union|団結|noun|the state of being joined or connected together	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	religious|宗教的|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	enthusiasm|熱狂|noun|intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval	signalize|際立つ|verb|to make noticeable or remarkable
If the hunting nations of America should ever become shepherds, their neighbourhood would be much more dangerous to the European colonies than it is at present.	もしアメリカの狩猟民族が牧畜民になったら、彼らの近隣はヨーロッパの植民地にとって現在よりもはるかに危険になるだろう。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	hunting nation|狩猟民族|noun|a nation that hunts	shepherd|牧畜民|noun|a person who looks after sheep	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	European colony|ヨーロッパの植民地|noun|a colony of Europe	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

In a yet more advanced state of society, among those nations of husbandmen who have little foreign commerce, and no other manufactures but those coarse and household ones, which almost every private family prepares for its own use, every man, in the same manner, either is a warrior, or easily becomes such.	社会がさらに進歩した段階では、ほとんど対外貿易がなく、ほとんどすべての家庭が自家用に用意する粗雑な家庭用品以外の製造業がない農民の国々では、すべての人が同じように戦士であるか、簡単に戦士になることができる。	In a yet more advanced state of society|社会がさらに進歩した段階では|noun phrase|in a more advanced state of society	among those nations of husbandmen|農民の国々では|noun phrase|among the nations of husbandmen	who have little foreign commerce|ほとんど対外貿易がない|relative clause|who have little foreign commerce	and no other manufactures|製造業がない|noun phrase|and no other manufactures	but those coarse and household ones|粗雑な家庭用品以外の|noun phrase|but those coarse and household ones	which almost every private family prepares for its own use|ほとんどすべての家庭が自家用に用意する|relative clause|which almost every private family prepares for its own use	every man|すべての人が|noun phrase|every man	in the same manner|同じように|adverb phrase|in the same manner	either is a warrior|戦士であるか|noun phrase|either is a warrior	or easily becomes such|簡単に戦士になることができる|noun phrase|or easily becomes such
Those who live by agriculture generally pass the whole day in the open air, exposed to all the inclemencies of the seasons.	農業で生計を立てている人は、たいてい一日中屋外で過ごし、季節のあらゆる厳しさにさらされている。	live by|生計を立てる|verb|earn a living by	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	generally|たいてい|adverb|usually; in most cases	pass|過ごす|verb|go through or across	whole day|一日中|noun|the entire day	open air|屋外|noun|the space outside of buildings	exposed|さらされている|adjective|not protected from something	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
The hardiness of their ordinary life prepares them for the fatigues of war, to some of which their necessary occupations bear a great analogy.	彼らの日常生活の辛さは、戦争の疲労に備えさせ、その一部は彼らの必要な職業と非常に似ている。	hardiness|辛さ|noun|the quality of being able to endure difficult conditions	ordinary life|日常生活|noun|the regular activities of daily life	prepare|備えさせる|verb|make ready for something	fatigue|疲労|noun|extreme tiredness	some of which|その一部|noun phrase|a part of something	necessary occupation|必要な職業|noun phrase|a job that is required	bear a great analogy|非常に似ている|verb phrase|be very similar
The necessary occupation of a ditcher prepares him to work in the trenches, and to fortify a camp, as well as to inclose a field.	溝掘り人の必要な職業は、彼が塹壕で働き、野営地を要塞化し、また畑を囲む準備をさせる。	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular work, profession, or trade	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	trench|塹壕|noun|a long, narrow ditch	fortify|要塞化する|verb|strengthen or reinforce	camp|野営地|noun|a place with temporary accommodations of huts, tents, or other structures	inclose|囲む|verb|shut in on all sides; surround
The ordinary pastimes of such husbandmen are the same as those of shepherds, and are in the same manner the images of war.	そのような農民の日常の娯楽は羊飼いの娯楽と同じであり、同じように戦争のイメージである。	ordinary|日常の|adjective|normal or usual	pastime|娯楽|noun|an activity that you enjoy doing in your free time	husbandman|農民|noun|a person who farms	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	image|イメージ|noun|a mental representation of something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
But as husbandmen have less leisure than shepherds, they are not so frequently employed in those pastimes.	しかし、農民は羊飼いほど暇がないので、そうした娯楽にあまり従事していない。	husbandman|農民|noun|a person who cultivates land	have less leisure|暇がない|verb|have little free time	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	pastime|娯楽|noun|an activity that is done for enjoyment when one is not working	be employed in|従事する|verb|be engaged in
They are soldiers but soldiers not quite so much masters of their exercise.	彼らは兵士だが、訓練をそれほど積んでいない兵士である。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	exercise|訓練|noun|the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit
Such as they are, however, it seldom costs the sovereign or commonwealth any expense to prepare them for the field.	しかし、彼らのような人々は、戦場に送り出すために国家や連邦に費用がかかることはめったにない。	such as|のような|conjunction|for example	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	sovereign|国家|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	prepare|送り出す|verb|make ready for use or consideration	field|戦場|noun|a large, open area of land, especially one planted with crops or pasture

Agriculture, even in its rudest and lowest state, supposes a settlement, some sort of fixed habitation, which cannot be abandoned without great loss.	農業は、それが最も粗野で最も低い状態であっても、大きな損失なしに放棄することができない、ある種の定住、ある種の固定した居住を前提としている。	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	rudest|最も粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least importance or value	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	suppose|前提とする|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	settlement|定住|noun|the action of settling	fixed|固定した|adjective|not moving or able to be moved	habitation|居住|noun|the state or fact of living in a place	abandon|放棄する|verb|give up completely	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
When a nation of mere husbandmen, therefore, goes to war, the whole people cannot take the field together.	したがって、単なる農民の国が戦争に行くとき、国民全体が一緒に戦場に出ることはできない。	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	husbandman|農民|noun|a person who farms	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|start a war	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	take the field|戦場に出る|verb|go to war
The old men, the women and children, at least, must remain at home, to take care of the habitation.	少なくとも老人、女性、子供たちは、住居の世話をするために家に残らなければならない。	old man|老人|noun|a man who is old	woman|女性|noun|an adult human female	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	home|家|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	take care of|世話をする|verb|be responsible for; look after	habitation|住居|noun|a place where people live
All the men of the military age, however, may take the field, and in small nations of this kind, have frequently done so.	しかし、徴兵年齢の男性は全員戦場に出ることができ、この種の小国では、しばしばそうしてきた。	military age|徴兵年齢|noun|the age at which a person is required to serve in the military	take the field|戦場に出る|verb|go to war	small nation|小国|noun|a country with a small population	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times
In every nation, the men of the military age are supposed to amount to about a fourth or a fifth part of the whole body of the people.	どの国でも、徴兵年齢の男性は国民全体の約4分の1または5分の1を占めると考えられている。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	military age|徴兵年齢|noun|the age at which a person is required to serve in the military	amount to|占める|verb|to be equal to	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
If the campaign, too, should begin after seedtime, and end before harvest, both the husbandman and his principal labourers can be spared from the farm without much loss.	戦役もまた、種まきの後に始まり、収穫の前に終われば、農夫とその主な労働者の両方が、大きな損失を被ることなく農場を離れることができる。	campaign|戦役|noun|a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	seedtime|種まき|noun|the time of year for sowing seed	end|終わる|verb|finish or stop	before|前に|preposition|earlier or preceding (the event mentioned)	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of crops	husbandman|農夫|noun|a farmer	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	spare|離れる|verb|give up or do without	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
He trusts that the work which must be done in the mean time, can be well enough executed by the old men, the women, and the children.	その間にしなければならない仕事は、老人、女性、子供たちによって十分に遂行できると彼は信じている。	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|during the intervening period	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	be well enough executed|十分に遂行できる|verb|be carried out or accomplished	old men|老人|noun|a man who is old	women|女性|noun|an adult human female	children|子供たち|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority
He is not unwilling, therefore, to serve without pay during a short campaign;	だから、彼は短い戦役の間、無給で奉仕することを嫌がらない。	be unwilling|嫌がる|verb|be reluctant to do something	serve|奉仕する|verb|work as a servant	without pay|無給で|adverb|without receiving money
and it frequently costs the sovereign or commonwealth as little to maintain him in the field as to prepare him for it.	そして、彼を戦場に送り出す準備をすることと同じくらい、戦場で彼を維持するのに、君主や国家にほとんど費用がかからないことがよくある。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|国家|noun|a political unit	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue	field|戦場|noun|a place where a battle is fought	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration
The citizens of all the different states of ancient Greece seem to have served in this manner till after the second Persian war;	古代ギリシャのあらゆる国家の市民は、第二次ペルシア戦争後までこの方法で従軍していたようである。	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	second Persian war|第二次ペルシア戦争|noun|a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and the city-states of the Hellenic world that took place between 480 and 479 BC	serve|従軍する|verb|be a member of the armed forces
and the people of Peloponnesus till after the Peloponnesian war.	そして、ペロポネソス戦争後までペロポネソスの人々もそうだった。	Peloponnesus|ペロポネソス|noun|a large peninsula in southern Greece	Peloponnesian war|ペロポネソス戦争|noun|a war fought between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BC
The Peloponnesians, Thucydides observes, generally left the field in the summer, and returned home to reap the harvest.	トゥキディデスによれば、ペロポネソス人は通常夏に戦場を離れ、収穫のために帰郷したという。	Peloponnesians|ペロポネソス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Peloponnese	Thucydides|トゥキディデス|noun|an ancient Greek historian	observe|述べる|verb|to notice or perceive	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	leave|離れる|verb|go away from	field|戦場|noun|a place where a battle is fought	return|帰る|verb|go back to a place	home|故郷|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	reap|刈り取る|verb|cut or gather with a scythe or sickle	harvest|収穫|noun|the gathering of ripe crops
The Roman people, under their kings, and during the first ages of the republic, served in the same manner.	ローマ人は、王政下および共和政の初期には、同じように従軍していた。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	republic|共和政|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	serve|従軍する|verb|be a member of the armed forces
It was not till the seige of Veii, that they who staid at home began to contribute something towards maintaining those who went to war.	ヴェイイの包囲戦まで、家に残った人々は戦争に行った人々の維持のために何かを寄付し始めることはなかった。	not till|まで…ない|conjunction|not until	seige|包囲戦|noun|a military blockade of a city with the intent of conquering it by force or by attrition	Veii|ヴェイイ|noun|an ancient Etruscan city	staid|残った|adjective|respectable and unadventurous	home|家|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	contribute|寄付する|verb|give something, especially money, to a common fund or collection
In the European monarchies, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, both before, and for some time after, the establishment of what is properly called the feudal law, the great lords, with all their immediate dependents, used to serve the crown at their own expense.	ローマ帝国の廃墟の上に築かれたヨーロッパの君主国では、封建法と呼ばれるものが成立する前も後もしばらくの間、大領主たちは直属の家臣たちとともに、自費で王冠に仕えていた。	European monarchies|ヨーロッパの君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a monarch	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|an ancient empire that included large parts of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa	ruin|廃墟|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	before|前|preposition|earlier than; in front of	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	feudal law|封建法|noun|the legal system of feudalism	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	immediate dependent|直属の家臣|noun|a person who relies on someone or something for aid or support	serve|仕える|verb|work for	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch	at one's own expense|自費で|adverb|using one's own money
In the field, in the same manner as at home, they maintained themselves by their own revenue, and not by any stipend or pay which they received from the king upon that particular occasion.	戦場では、自宅にいるときと同じように、彼らは自分の収入で生活しており、その特定の機会に王から受け取った給与や支払いによって生活していたわけではない。	in the field|戦場では|adverb|in a place where a battle is being fought	in the same manner as|同じように|adverb|in the same way as	at home|自宅にいるとき|adverb|in one's own house	maintain|生活する|verb|support oneself by work	by one's own revenue|自分の収入で|adverb|by the money one earns	not by|わけではない|adverb|not by means of	any stipend|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment	pay|支払い|noun|money paid for work or a service	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	upon|際に|preposition|on the occasion of	particular occasion|特定の機会|noun|a specific event

In a more advanced state of society, two different causes contribute to render it altogether impossible that they who take the field should maintain themselves at their own expense.	社会がより進歩した段階では、二つの異なる原因が、戦場に赴く者が自費で生活することを全く不可能にするのに寄与している。	advanced|進歩した|adjective|far on in development or progress	state|段階|noun|a condition or stage of development	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	contribute|寄与する|verb|give or supply in common with others	render|不可能にする|verb|cause to be or become	altogether|全く|adverb|completely	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	take the field|戦場に赴く|verb|go to a place where a battle is being fought	maintain|生活する|verb|support oneself	expense|自費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
Those two causes are, the progress of manufactures, and the improvement in the art of war.	その二つの原因とは、製造業の進歩と戦争術の進歩である。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	art|術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice

Though a husbandman should be employed in an expedition, provided it begins after seedtime, and ends before harvest, the interruption of his business will not always occasion any considerable diminution of his revenue.	農夫が遠征に従事するとしても、それが種まきの後で始まり、収穫の前に終われば、彼の仕事の中断は、必ずしも彼の収入の著しい減少をもたらすわけではない。	husbandman|農夫|noun|a farmer	be employed in|従事する|verb|be engaged in	expedition|遠征|noun|a journey of exploration	begin|始まる|verb|start	after|後で|preposition|later or following	end|終わる|verb|finish	before|前に|preposition|earlier or preceding	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	diminution|減少|noun|the reduction in the size, amount, or value of something
Without the intervention of his labour, Nature does herself the greater part of the work which remains to be done.	彼の労働の介入なしに、自然は残された仕事の大部分を自分で行う。	intervention|介入|noun|the action or process of intervening	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	Nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	do|行う|verb|perform or carry out	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
But the moment that an artificer, a smith, a carpenter, or a weaver, for example, quits his workhouse, the sole source of his revenue is completely dried up.	しかし、例えば職人、鍛冶屋、大工、織工などが仕事場を辞めた瞬間、彼の収入の唯一の源泉は完全に枯渇してしまう。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	smith|鍛冶屋|noun|a person who works with metal	carpenter|大工|noun|a person who builds and repairs wooden structures	weaver|織工|noun|a person who makes fabric by weaving	quit|辞める|verb|leave a job, post, or position voluntarily	workhouse|仕事場|noun|a place where people are given work as a form of punishment or charity	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	source|源泉|noun|the place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income	dry up|枯渇する|verb|to run out of something
Nature does nothing for him;	自然は彼のために何もしてくれない。	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	do nothing|何もしない|verb|not do anything; be idle	for|のために|preposition|in order to get or reach
he does all for himself.	彼はすべて自分で行う。	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	all|すべて|adverb|completely; totally; wholly
When he takes the field, therefore, in defence of the public, as he has no revenue to maintain himself, he must necessarily be maintained by the public.	だから、彼が公衆を守るために戦場に赴くとき、彼には自分を維持する収入がないので、必然的に公衆によって維持されなければならない。	take the field|戦場に赴く|verb|go to a place where a battle is being fought	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources
But in a country, of which a great part of the inhabitants are artificers and manufacturers, a great part of the people who go to war must be drawn from those classes, and must, therefore, be maintained by the public as long as they are employed in its service.	しかし、住民の大部分が職人や製造業者である国では、戦争に行く人々の大部分はこれらの階級から引き出されなければならず、したがって、彼らがその奉仕に従事している限り、公衆によって維持されなければならない。	a great part of|大部分|noun|a large portion of	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	artificer|職人|noun|a person who makes things by hand	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes things in large quantities	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|fight in a war	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	be drawn from|引き出される|verb|be taken from	class|階級|noun|a group of people who share the same social, economic, or educational status	be maintained by|維持される|verb|be kept in good condition by	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	as long as|～する限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	be employed in|従事する|verb|be engaged in	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone

When the art of war, too, has gradually grown up to be a very intricate and complicated science;	戦争術もまた、次第に非常に複雑で複雑な科学へと成長した。	art of war|戦争術|noun|the art of military strategy and tactics	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	grow up|成長する|verb|become an adult	intricate|複雑な|adjective|very complicated or detailed	complicated|複雑な|adjective|consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate
when the event of war ceases to be determined, as in the first ages of society, by a single irregular skirmish or battle;	戦争の出来事が、社会の最初の時代のように、単一の不規則な小競り合いや戦いによって決定されなくなるとき、	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	cease|なくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	determine|決定される|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	single|単一の|adjective|not accompanied by another	irregular|不規則な|adjective|not regular	skirmish|小競り合い|noun|a minor fight in a war	battle|戦い|noun|a fight between armed forces
but when the contest is generally spun out through several different campaigns, each of which lasts during the greater part of the year;	しかし、コンテストは一般的に、それぞれが年間の大部分にわたって続くいくつかの異なるキャンペーンを通して展開されるとき、	contest|コンテスト|noun|a competition between rivals	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	spin out|展開される|verb|to be extended or expanded	campaign|キャンペーン|noun|a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective	last|続く|verb|to continue or endure	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
it becomes universally necessary that the public should maintain those who serve the public in war, at least while they are employed in that service.	戦争で公衆に奉仕する人々を、少なくともその奉仕に従事している間は、公衆が維持することが普遍的に必要になる。	become|なる|verb|come to be	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all people	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or last	serve|奉仕する|verb|work for as a servant	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	while|間|noun|a period of time	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
Whatever, in time of peace, might be the ordinary occupation of those who go to war, so very tedious and expensive a service would otherwise be by far too heavy a burden upon them.	平和な時代には、戦争に行く人々の通常の職業が何であれ、非常に退屈で高価な奉仕は、そうでなければ彼らにとってあまりにも重い負担となるだろう。	in time of peace|平和な時代には|noun phrase|during a period of peace	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	go to war|戦争に行く|verb phrase|fight in a war	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree	tedious|退屈な|adjective|too long, slow, or dull	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|if not	far|はるかに|adverb|by a great distance	heavy|重い|adjective|having a lot of weight	burden|負担|noun|a responsibility or duty that is difficult to bear
After the second Persian war, accordingly, the armies of Athens seem to have been generally composed of mercenary troops, consisting, indeed, partly of citizens, but partly, too, of foreigners;	したがって、第二次ペルシア戦争後、アテネの軍隊は一般に傭兵部隊で構成されていたようであり、実際には一部は市民で構成されていたが、一部は外国人で構成されていた。	second|第二次|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	Persian|ペルシア|adjective|of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital and largest city of Greece	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	compose|構成する|verb|make up	mercenary|傭兵|noun|a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army	troop|部隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	indeed|実際には|adverb|really; truly	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in part	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country
and all of them equally hired and paid at the expense of the state.	そして、彼ら全員が平等に雇われ、国家の費用で支払われた。	all of|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	hire|雇う|verb|employ for wages	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
From the time of the siege of Veii, the armies of Rome received pay for their service during the time which they remained in the field.	ヴェイイの包囲戦の頃から、ローマの軍隊は戦場に残っている間に彼らの奉仕に対する支払いを受けた。	siege|包囲戦|noun|the military blockade of a city with the intent of conquering it by force or by attrition	Veii|ヴェイイ|noun|an ancient Etruscan city	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	pay|支払い|noun|money paid for work or a service	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
Under the feudal governments, the military service, both of the great lords, and of their immediate dependents, was, after a certain period, universally exchanged for a payment in money, which was employed to maintain those who served in their stead.	封建政府のもとでは、大領主とその直属の家臣の両方の兵役は、一定期間を経て、彼らに代わって従軍した人々を維持するために使われる金銭での支払いに普遍的に交換された。	feudal government|封建政府|noun|a government in which the power is divided among a few powerful people	military service|兵役|noun|compulsory service in the armed forces	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power and influence	immediate dependent|直属の家臣|noun|a person who is directly dependent on another person for support	certain period|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed or known in advance	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or people	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	those who served in their stead|彼らに代わって従軍した人々|noun|people who served in the military in place of others

The number of those who can go to war, in proportion to the whole number of the people, is necessarily much smaller in a civilized than in a rude state of society.	戦争に行ける人の数は、国民全体の数に比べて、文明社会では未開社会よりも必然的にずっと少ない。	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|fight in a war	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	whole|全体|noun|all of something	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region
In a civilized society, as the soldiers are maintained altogether by the labour of those who are not soldiers, the number of the former can never exceed what the latter can maintain, over and above maintaining, in a manner suitable to their respective stations, both themselves and the other officers of government and law, whom they are obliged to maintain.	文明社会では、兵士は兵士ではない人々の労働によって維持されているので、前者の数は後者が維持できる数を超えることはできない。後者は、自分自身と、維持する義務のある政府や法律の他の役人の両方を、それぞれの地位に適した方法で維持する。	civilized society|文明社会|noun|a society that has developed a high level of culture and technology	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	altogether|全体として|adverb|completely or totally	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	over and above|その上|adverb|in addition to	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	suitable|適した|adjective|right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	station|地位|noun|a person's social or professional position	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	themselves|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to the speaker and one or more other people as the object of a verb or preposition	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command, especially in the armed forces	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	whom|誰|relative pronoun|used instead of "who" as the object of a verb or preposition	obliged|義務がある|adjective|morally or legally bound to do something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state
In the little agrarian states of ancient Greece, a fourth or a fifth part of the whole body of the people considered the themselves as soldiers, and would sometimes, it is said, take the field.	古代ギリシャの小さな農業国家では、国民全体の4分の1または5分の1が自分たちを兵士と考え、時には戦場に出ることもあったという。	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	agrarian|農業|adjective|relating to agriculture or agricultural production	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	fourth|4分の1|noun|the number 4 in a series	fifth|5分の1|noun|the number 5 in a series	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	take the field|戦場に出る|verb|go to war
Among the civilized nations of modern Europe, it is commonly computed, that not more than the one hundredth part of the inhabitants of any country can be employed as soldiers, without ruin to the country which pays the expense of their service.	近代ヨーロッパの文明国の間では、どの国の住民も100分の1以上を兵士として雇用することはできないと一般に計算されている。	modern Europe|近代ヨーロッパ|noun|the period of history from the end of the Middle Ages to the present day	civilized nation|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; normally	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	one hundredth|100分の1|noun|one part in a hundred	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone

The expense of preparing the army for the field seems not to have become considerable in any nation, till long after that of maintaining it in the field had devolved entirely upon the sovereign or commonwealth.	戦場に軍隊を準備する費用は、戦場で軍隊を維持する費用が完全に主権者または連邦に委ねられるまで、どの国でもかなりのものにはならなかったようである。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	field|戦場|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	commonwealth|連邦|noun|an independent country or community
In all the different republics of ancient Greece, to learn his military exercises, was a necessary part of education imposed by the state upon every free citizen.	古代ギリシャのあらゆる共和国では、軍事訓練を学ぶことは、国家がすべての自由市民に課した教育の必要な部分だった。	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	military exercise|軍事訓練|noun|a military training activity	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	free citizen|自由市民|noun|a person who is a legal member of a state or nation or who has legal rights and duties as a member of a state or nation
In every city there seems to have been a public field, in which, under the protection of the public magistrate, the young people were taught their different exercises by different masters.	どの都市にも公共の演習場があったようで、そこでは公職者の保護のもと、若者たちはさまざまな師匠からさまざまな訓練を教わっていた。	every city|どの都市にも|noun|all cities	public field|公共の演習場|noun|a place where people can go to exercise	public magistrate|公職者|noun|a person who holds a public office	young people|若者たち|noun|people who are young	different exercises|さまざまな訓練|noun|different types of exercise	different masters|さまざまな師匠|noun|different teachers
In this very simple institution consisted the whole expense which any Grecian state seems ever to have been at, in preparing its citizens for war.	この非常に単純な制度は、ギリシャのどの国家も戦争に備えて市民を準備する際に費やした費用のすべてだったようである。	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
In ancient Rome, the exercises of the Campus Martius answered the same purpose with those of the Gymnasium in ancient Greece.	古代ローマでは、カンプス・マルティウスの訓練は古代ギリシャのギムナジウムの訓練と同じ目的を果たした。	ancient Rome|古代ローマ|noun|the Roman civilization from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD	Campus Martius|カンプス・マルティウス|noun|a large public area in ancient Rome	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that is done to stay healthy or become stronger	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek civilization from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600)	Gymnasium|ギムナジウム|noun|a secondary school in some European countries
Under the feudal governments, the many public ordinances, that the citizens of every district should practise archery, as well as several other military exercises, were intended for promoting the same purpose, but do not seem to have promoted it so well.	封建政府のもとでは、各地区の市民が弓術やその他の軍事訓練を実施すべきであるという多くの公法令は、同じ目的を促進することを意図していたが、あまりうまく促進しなかったようである。	feudal government|封建政府|noun|a government in which the power is divided among a few powerful people	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	practise|実施する|verb|perform or exercise regularly	archery|弓術|noun|the sport or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows	military exercise|軍事訓練|noun|a training activity involving military personnel	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
Either from want of interest in the officers entrusted with the execution of those ordinances, or from some other cause, they appear to have been universally neglected;	これらの法令の執行を委任された役人の関心の欠如からか、あるいは他の原因からか、それらは普遍的に無視されていたようである。	either from|から|preposition|from	want of|欠如|noun|lack of	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	entrusted with|委任された|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action	ordinance|法令|noun|a law or rule made by a government or other authority	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned or considered	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	appear|ようである|verb|seem	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	neglected|無視された|verb|fail to care for properly
and in the progress of all those governments, military exercises seem to have gone gradually into disuse among the great body of the people.	そして、これらの政府の進歩の中で、軍事訓練は国民の大多数の間で徐々に使われなくなっていったようである。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	military exercise|軍事訓練|noun|a military training activity	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	disuse|使われなくなる|noun|the state of not being used	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people

In the republics of ancient Greece and Rome, during the whole period of their existence, and under the feudal governments, for a considerable time after their first establishment, the trade of a soldier was not a separate, distinct trade, which constituted the sole or principal occupation of a particular class of citizens;	古代ギリシャとローマの共和国では、その存在期間全体にわたって、また封建政府のもとでは、その成立後かなりの期間、兵士という職業は、特定の階級の市民の唯一の、あるいは主要な職業となるような、独立した、明確な職業ではなかった。	ancient Greece and Rome|古代ギリシャとローマ|noun|the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome	the whole period of their existence|その存在期間全体|noun|the entire time that something exists	feudal governments|封建政府|noun|a government in which the power is held by the nobility	for a considerable time|かなりの期間|noun|for a long time	the trade of a soldier|兵士という職業|noun|the occupation of being a soldier	a separate, distinct trade|独立した、明確な職業|noun|a job that is different from other jobs	the sole or principal occupation|唯一の、あるいは主要な職業|noun|the only or main job that someone does	a particular class of citizens|特定の階級の市民|noun|a group of citizens who are of the same social or economic status
every subject of the state, whatever might be the ordinary trade or occupation by which he gained his livelihood, considered himself, upon all ordinary occasions, as fit likewise to exercise the trade of a soldier, and, upon many extraordinary occasions, as bound to exercise it.	国家のすべての臣民は、生計を立てている通常の職業や仕事が何であれ、通常のあらゆる機会には、自分も同様に兵士の職業に従事するのに適していると考え、また、多くの特別な機会には、従事する義務があると考えていた。	every subject|すべての臣民|noun|all the people who are governed by a particular state or ruler	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	occupation|仕事|noun|a person's regular paid work	livelihood|生計|noun|a means of securing the necessities of life	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	himself|自分|pronoun|the male person or animal who is being discussed	upon|あらゆる|preposition|on	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	fit|適している|adjective|in good health	likewise|同様に|adverb|also	exercise|従事する|verb|use or apply	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	upon|多くの|preposition|on	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	bound|義務がある|adjective|obliged to do something

The art of war, however, as it is certainly the noblest of all arts, so, in the progress of improvement, it necessarily becomes one of the most complicated among them.	しかし、戦争の技術は、確かにすべての技術の中で最も高貴なものであるため、改良の進歩の中で、必然的にそれらの中で最も複雑なものの1つとなる。	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	complicated|複雑な|adjective|consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate
The state of the mechanical, as well as some other arts, with which it is necessarily connected, determines the degree of perfection to which it is capable of being carried at any particular time.	機械の状態は、必然的に関連する他の技術と同様に、特定の時点で達成できる完成度を決定する。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	mechanical|機械|noun|a machine or tool	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	connect|関連する|verb|be related to	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	degree|度合い|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	perfection|完成度|noun|the condition of being perfect	carry|達成する|verb|take or bring from one place to another
But in order to carry it to this degree of perfection, it is necessary that it should become the sole or principal occupation of a particular class of citizens;	しかし、それをこの程度の完成度にまで高めるためには、それが特定の階級の市民の唯一の、あるいは主要な職業となる必要がある。	carry|高める|verb|take or bring from one place to another	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	perfection|完成度|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank, importance, or value	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular work, profession, or trade
and the division of labour is as necessary for the improvement of this, as of every other art.	そして、分業は他のあらゆる技術と同様に、この技術の改良にも必要である。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of the work force	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	improvement|改良|noun|an instance of improving something or the state of being improved	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice
Into other arts, the division of labour is naturally introduced by the prudence of individuals, who find that they promote their private interest better by confining themselves to a particular trade, than by exercising a great number.	他の技術では、分業は個人の慎重さによって自然に導入され、個人は多数の技術を習得するよりも特定の技術に専念することによって私利をより促進できることに気づく。	division of labour|分業|noun|the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or a group of individuals	confine|専念する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|技術|noun|a skilled job, especially one requiring manual skills
But it is the wisdom of the state only, which can render the trade of a soldier a particular trade, separate and distinct from all others.	しかし、兵士の職業を他のすべての職業とは別個の特別な職業にすることができるのは、国家の知恵だけである。	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	render|することができる|verb|cause to be or become	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	separate|別個の|adjective|forming a unit that is not connected with others	distinct|区別される|adjective|not the same as something else
A private citizen, who, in time of profound peace, and without any particular encouragement from the public, should spend the greater part of his time in military exercises, might, no doubt, both improve himself very much in them, and amuse himself very well;	平和な時代に、公衆からの特別な励ましもなく、自分の時間の大部分を軍事演習に費やす民間人は、間違いなく、その中で自分自身を大いに向上させ、また、自分自身をとても楽しませることができるだろう。	private citizen|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the military, police, or other government agency	profound peace|平和な時代|noun|a time of great peace	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	particular encouragement|特別な励まし|noun|a specific type of encouragement	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	military exercise|軍事演習|noun|a training event for military personnel	improve|向上させる|verb|make or become better	amuse|楽しませる|verb|cause to laugh or smile
but he certainly would not promote his own interest.	しかし、彼は確かに自分の利益を促進することはできないだろう。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage
It is the wisdom of the state only, which can render it for his interest to give up the greater part of his time to this peculiar occupation;	彼の時間の大部分をこの特殊な職業に費やすことが彼の利益になるようにできるのは、国家の知恵だけである。	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	render|できる|verb|cause to be or become	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	give up|費やす|verb|to stop doing or having something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular work, profession, or trade
and states have not always had this wisdom, even when their circumstances had become such, that the preservation of their existence required that they should have it.	そして、国家は、その存在を維持するためにこの知恵が必要になったとしても、常にこの知恵を持っているわけではない。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	even when|～であっても|conjunction|although	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	become|なる|verb|start to be	preservation|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	existence|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	should|～するべきだ|modal verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness

A shepherd has a great deal of leisure;	羊飼いには多くの余暇がある。	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	great deal|多くの|noun|a lot	leisure|余暇|noun|time free from the demands of work or duty
a husbandman, in the rude state of husbandry, has some;	農業が未発達な段階にある農民には、ある程度の余暇がある。	husbandman|農民|noun|a farmer	rude|未発達な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|段階|noun|a condition or stage of development	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising plants and animals for food, fuel, and other products	some|ある程度の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	leisure|余暇|noun|time free from the demands of work or duty
an artificer or manufacturer has none at all.	職人や製造業者には全く余暇がない。	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	none|全く|pronoun|not any	at all|全く|adverb|in any way; to any extent
The first may, without any loss, employ a great deal of his time in martial exercises;	羊飼いは、何の損失もなく、多くの時間を武術の訓練に費やすことができる。	first|羊飼い|noun|the person or thing that is first	without any loss|何の損失もなく|adverb|without any loss	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage	a great deal of|多くの|noun|a large amount of	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	martial exercise|武術の訓練|noun|training in the martial arts
the second may employ some part of it;	農民は、ある程度の時間を武術の訓練に費やすことができる。	second|農民|noun|a person who works on a farm	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage	some part|ある程度|noun|a portion of something	it|時間|pronoun|the time
but the last cannot employ a single hour in them without some loss, and his attention to his own interest naturally leads him to neglect them altogether.	しかし、職人や製造業者は、何らかの損失を被ることなく、武術の訓練に時間を費やすことはできないし、自分の利益への関心から、当然のことながら、武術の訓練を全く怠ることになる。	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage	hour|時間|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	attention|関心|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly
Those improvements in husbandry, too, which the progress of arts and manufactures necessarily introduces, leave the husbandman as little leisure as the artificer.	工芸や製造業の進歩が必然的にもたらす農業の改善も、農民に職人と同じくらい余暇を与えない。	husbandry|農業|noun|the science of raising crops and animals	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	art|工芸|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	introduce|もたらす|verb|bring into use or operation	leave|与えない|verb|go away from a place	husbandman|農民|noun|a farmer	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman
Military exercises come to be as much neglected by the inhabitants of the country as by those of the town, and the great body of the people becomes altogether unwarlike.	軍事訓練は、町の住民と同じくらい田舎の住民にも無視されるようになり、国民の大多数は全く非戦闘的になる。	military exercise|軍事訓練|noun|a training activity involving military personnel	come to be|～になる|verb|become	as much|同じくらい|adverb|to the same degree or extent	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	great body|大多数|noun|the majority	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	altogether|全く|adverb|completely	unwarlike|非戦闘的|adjective|not inclined to fight or engage in warfare
That wealth, at the same time, which always follows the improvements of agriculture and manufactures, and which, in reality, is no more than the accumulated produce of those improvements, provokes the invasion of all their neighbours.	同時に、農業や製造業の改善に伴って常に生じる富は、実際にはそうした改善の蓄積された産物にすぎず、近隣諸国の侵略を招く。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	follow|伴う|verb|come after in time	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	accumulated|蓄積された|adjective|gathered together or acquired over a period of time	provoke|招く|verb|cause or give rise to	invasion|侵略|noun|an incursion of an army for conquest or plunder
An industrious, and, upon that account, a wealthy nation, is of all nations the most likely to be attacked;	勤勉で、それゆえに裕福な国は、あらゆる国の中で最も攻撃される可能性が高い。	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place
and unless the state takes some new measure for the public defence, the natural habits of the people render them altogether incapable of defending themselves.	そして、国家が公衆防衛のために何らかの新しい措置をとらない限り、人々の自然な習慣は彼らを全く自衛不能にする。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	take|とる|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	measure|措置|noun|an action taken to achieve a purpose	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	render|する|verb|to cause to be or become	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	incapable|不能|adjective|lacking the ability to do something

In these circumstances, there seem to be but two methods by which the state can make any tolerable provision for the public defence.	このような状況では、国家が公衆防衛のために許容できる準備を整える方法は二つしかないように思われる。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	make|整える|verb|cause to be or become	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	provision|準備|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack

It may either, first, by means of a very rigorous police, and in spite of the whole bent of the interest, genius, and inclinations of the people, enforce the practice of military exercises, and oblige either all the citizens of the military age, or a certain number of them, to join in some measure the trade of a soldier to whatever other trade or profession they may happen to carry on.	第一に、非常に厳しい警察によって、また、国民の関心、才能、傾向の全体的な傾向にもかかわらず、軍事演習の実施を強制し、兵役年齢のすべての市民、または一定数の市民に、彼らが従事する他のどんな職業や職業にも、ある程度は兵士の職業に加わることを義務付けることができる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	rigorous|厳しい|adjective|extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate	police|警察|noun|the civil force of a state responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	genius|才能|noun|exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability	inclination|傾向|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	enforce|強制する|verb|compel observance of or compliance with (a law, rule, or obligation)	practice|実施|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	military exercise|軍事演習|noun|a training event in which military personnel and equipment are used to simulate a real-world situation	oblige|義務付ける|verb|bind morally or legally	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	military age|兵役年齢|noun|the age at which a person is required to serve in the military	certain number|一定数|noun|a number that is not specified but is known to be more than one	join|加わる|verb|become a member of	measure|ある程度|noun|a step taken for a particular purpose	trade|職業|noun|a job or profession	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	carry on|従事する|verb|continue doing something

Or, secondly, by maintaining and employing a certain number of citizens in the constant practice of military exercises, it may render the trade of a soldier a particular trade, separate and distinct from all others.	あるいは、第二に、一定数の市民を維持し、軍事演習を常に実施することで、兵士の職業を他のすべての職業とは別個の特別な職業にすることができる。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	employ|実施する|verb|use or engage	certain|一定|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	practice|実施|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	exercise|演習|noun|a military training activity	render|することができる|verb|cause to be or become	trade|職業|noun|a job or line of work	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	separate|別個の|adjective|forming a unit that is distinct from others	distinct|別個の|adjective|not identical or similar

If the state has recourse to the first of those two expedients, its military force is said to consist in a militia;	国家がこの二つの方策のうちの最初のものに頼るならば、その軍事力は民兵からなると言われる。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	consist in|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency
if to the second, it is said to consist in a standing army.	もし二番目のものに頼るならば、それは常備軍からなると言われる。	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position	consist in|からなる|verb|be composed of	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
The practice of military exercises is the sole or principal occupation of the soldiers of a standing army, and the maintenance or pay which the state affords them is the principal and ordinary fund of their subsistence.	軍事演習の実施は、常備軍の兵士の唯一の、あるいは主要な職業であり、国家が彼らに与える維持費や給与は、彼らの生計の主要な、そして通常の資金である。	practice|実施|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	military exercise|軍事演習|noun|a military training activity	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular work, profession, or trade	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	pay|給与|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, influential, or significant	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
The practice of military exercises is only the occasional occupation of the soldiers of a militia, and they derive the principal and ordinary fund of their subsistence from some other occupation.	軍事演習の実施は、民兵の兵士にとって時折の職業にすぎず、彼らは生計の主要な、そして通常の資金を他の職業から得ている。	practice|実施|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	military exercise|軍事演習|noun|a military training activity	only|時折|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
In a militia, the character of the labourer, artificer, or tradesman, predominates over that of the soldier;	民兵では、労働者、職人、商人の性格が兵士の性格に優先する。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	predominate|優先する|verb|be greater in number or amount	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army
in a standing army, that of the soldier predominates over every other character;	常備軍では、兵士の性格が他のあらゆる性格に優先する。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	predominate|優先する|verb|be greater in number or amount
and in this distinction seems to consist the essential difference between those two different species of military force.	そして、この区別に、この二つの異なる種類の軍事力の間の本質的な違いがあるように思われる。	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	consist|ある|verb|be composed or made up of	essential|本質的な|adjective|of, relating to, or constituting the essence of something	difference|違い|noun|the state or relation of being different	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	species|種類|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	military|軍事的な|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear

Militias have been of several different kinds.	民兵にはいくつかの異なる種類があった。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	be of|～がある|verb|have a particular quality or characteristic
In some countries, the citizens destined for defending the state seem to have been exercised only, without being, if I may say so, regimented;	いくつかの国では、国家を守る運命にある市民は、私がそう言うことができるならば、連隊に編成されることなく、ただ訓練されただけであるように思われる。	some countries|いくつかの国|noun|an unspecified number of countries	citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of a particular country	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	exercise|訓練する|verb|train or practice	regiment|連隊|noun|a military unit	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words
that is, without being divided into separate and distinct bodies of troops, each of which performed its exercises under its own proper and permanent officers.	つまり、それぞれが独自の適切な常任将校の下で演習を行う、別個の明確な部隊に分割されることなく、である。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	being divided|分割されることなく|verb|be split into two or more parts	separate|別個の|adjective|not connected or joined	distinct|明確な|adjective|clearly different or separate	body|部隊|noun|a group of people who work together	troop|部隊|noun|a group of soldiers	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	perform|行う|verb|carry out or accomplish	exercise|演習|noun|a military training activity	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	permanent|常任の|adjective|lasting for a long time or forever	officer|将校|noun|a person who has a position of authority in the armed forces
In the republics of ancient Greece and Rome, each citizen, as long as he remained at home, seems to have practised his exercises, either separately and independently, or with such of his equals as he liked best;	古代ギリシャとローマの共和国では、各市民は、自宅にいる限り、別々に独立して、あるいは最も気に入った同等の者と、訓練を積んでいたようである。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	home|自宅|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	separately|別々に|adverb|not together or touching	independently|独立して|adverb|not dependent on another	exercise|訓練|noun|the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit	practise|積む|verb|perform or work at repeatedly so as to become proficient	equal|同等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	like|気に入る|verb|find agreeable or attractive
and not to have been attached to any particular body of troops, till he was actually called upon to take the field.	そして、実際に戦場に赴くよう求められるまで、特定の部隊に配属されることはなかった。	not to have been attached to|配属されることはなかった|verb|to be assigned to	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	body of troops|部隊|noun|a group of soldiers	till|まで|conjunction|up to the time that	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	called upon|求められる|verb|to be asked to do something	take the field|戦場に赴く|verb|to go to a place where a battle is being fought
In other countries, the militia has not only been exercised, but regimented.	他の国では、民兵は訓練されただけでなく、連隊に編成された。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	exercise|訓練する|verb|train or practice	regiment|連隊に編成する|verb|organize according to a strict discipline
In England, in Switzerland, and, I believe, in every other country of modern Europe, where any imperfect military force of this kind has been established, every militiaman is, even in time of peace, attached to a particular body of troops, which performs its exercises under its own proper and permanent officers.	イギリス、スイス、そして私の考えでは、この種の不完全な軍事力が確立されている現代ヨーロッパの他のすべての国では、すべての民兵は、平時でさえ、特定の部隊に配属され、独自の適切な常任将校の下で演習を行っている。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a country in Europe	modern Europe|現代ヨーロッパ|noun|Europe in the modern era	imperfect|不完全な|adjective|not perfect; having a defect or weakness	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	militiaman|民兵|noun|a member of a militia	peace|平時|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	attach|配属される|verb|to fasten or join	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	body of troops|部隊|noun|a group of soldiers	perform|行う|verb|to carry out or execute	exercise|演習|noun|a military training activity	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	permanent|常任の|adjective|lasting or intended to last indefinitely	officer|将校|noun|a person holding a position of authority in the armed forces

Before the invention of fire-arms, that army was superior in which the soldiers had, each individually, the greatest skill and dexterity in the use of their arms.	火器が発明されるまでは、兵士が個々に武器の使用に最も優れた技能と器用さを備えた軍隊が優れていた。	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	fire-arm|火器|noun|a weapon that uses the explosive force of gunpowder to propel a projectile	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	individually|個々に|adverb|one by one; separately	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used
Strength and agility of body were of the highest consequence, and commonly determined the fate of battles.	身体の強さと敏捷性は最も重要であり、通常、戦いの運命を決定した。	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	agility|敏捷性|noun|the ability to move or think quickly and easily	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	consequence|重要性|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in	fate|運命|noun|the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power
But this skill and dexterity in the use of their arms could be acquired only, in the same manner as fencing is at present, by practising, not in great bodies, but each man separately, in a particular school, under a particular master, or with his own particular equals and companions.	しかし、武器の使用におけるこの技能と器用さは、現在フェンシングがそうであるように、大集団ではなく、各自が別々に、特定の学校で、特定の師匠のもとで、あるいは自分自身の特定の同等の仲間と練習することによってのみ習得することができた。	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|the ability to move your hands or body quickly and easily	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	arm|武器|noun|a weapon	acquire|習得する|verb|to gain or obtain something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	fencing|フェンシング|noun|the sport of fighting with swords	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	practise|練習する|verb|to regularly do something as a way of improving your skill at it	body|集団|noun|a group of people	separately|別々に|adverb|not together	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	master|師匠|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	companion|仲間|noun|a person who accompanies another
Since the invention of fire-arms, strength and agility of body, or even extraordinary dexterity and skill in the use of arms, though they are far from being of no consequence, are, however, of less consequence.	火器が発明されて以来、身体の強さと敏捷性、あるいは武器の使用における並外れた器用さと技能は、無意味とは程遠いものの、重要性は低下している。	fire-arms|火器|noun|a weapon that uses the explosive force of gunpowder to propel a projectile	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	agility|敏捷性|noun|the ability to move or think quickly and easily	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	far from|程遠い|adverb|not at all	consequence|重要性|noun|the effect or result of an action or condition
The nature of the weapon, though it by no means puts the awkward upon a level with the skilful, puts him more nearly so than he ever was before.	武器の性質上、不器用な者が熟練者と同等になるわけではないが、以前よりもずっと近い位置に置かれる。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage	by no means|決して～ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	put|置く|verb|move something to a specified place	awkward|不器用な|adjective|lacking skill or dexterity	skilful|熟練した|adjective|having or showing skill, especially in a particular field	more nearly|ずっと近い|adverb|to a greater extent	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion
All the dexterity and skill, it is supposed, which are necessary for using it, can be well enough acquired by practising in great bodies.	それを使用するために必要なすべての器用さと技能は、大集団で練習することで十分に習得できると考えられている。	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	acquire|習得する|verb|gain or attain something	practice|練習する|verb|perform (an activity) or exercise (a skill) repeatedly in order to improve or maintain one's proficiency

Regularity, order, and prompt obedience to command, are qualities which, in modern armies, are of more importance towards determining the fate of battles, than the dexterity and skill of the soldiers in the use of their arms.	規律、秩序、命令への即時服従は、現代の軍隊において、兵士の武器使用における器用さや技能よりも、戦いの運命を決定する上でより重要な資質である。	regularity|規律|noun|the quality or condition of being regular	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	prompt|即時|adjective|done without delay	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	quality|資質|noun|a distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by someone or something	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	fate|運命|noun|the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power	battle|戦い|noun|a violent confrontation of opposing military forces in a war	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise
But the noise of fire-arms, the smoke, and the invisible death to which every man feels himself every moment exposed, as soon as he comes within cannon-shot, and frequently a long time before the battle can be well said to be engaged, must render it very difficult to maintain any considerable degree of this regularity, order, and prompt obedience, even in the beginning of a modern battle.	しかし、大砲の射程内に入るとすぐに、またしばしば戦闘が始まるずっと前から、誰もが常にさらされていると感じる火器の音、煙、目に見えない死は、現代の戦闘の開始時でさえ、この規律、秩序、即時服従をかなりの程度維持することを非常に困難にするに違いない。	fire-arm|火器|noun|a weapon that uses the explosive force of gunpowder to propel a projectile	smoke|煙|noun|a visible suspension of carbon or other particles in the air	invisible|目に見えない|adjective|not able to be seen	death|死|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	every moment|常に|adverb|at all times; always	exposed|さらされている|adjective|not protected from something	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	come within|に入る|verb|move or travel into	cannon-shot|大砲の射程|noun|the range of a cannon	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	long time|ずっと前から|noun|a period of time that seems to be longer than usual	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	battle|戦闘|noun|a fight between two or more armed forces	can be said to be|始まる|verb|be described as	engaged|交戦する|verb|be involved in	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	very difficult|非常に困難にする|adjective|extremely hard or challenging	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	any considerable degree|かなりの程度|noun|a large amount or extent	this|この|determiner|the person or thing mentioned or indicated	regularity|規律|noun|the quality or condition of being regular	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	prompt|即時|adjective|done without delay	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	even|でさえ|adverb|to the extent of; including	in the beginning of|開始時|noun|the time at which something begins	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times
In an ancient battle, there was no noise but what arose from the human voice;	古代の戦いでは、人間の声以外に音はなかった。	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	battle|戦い|noun|a violent confrontation of opposing military forces in a war	noise|音|noun|sound or a sound that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	human|人間の|adjective|of or characteristic of humankind or human beings	voice|声|noun|the sound produced in a person's larynx and uttered through the mouth, as speech or song
there was no smoke, there was no invisible cause of wounds or death.	煙もなければ、傷や死の目に見えない原因もなかった。	smoke|煙|noun|a cloud of small particles in the air	invisible|目に見えない|adjective|not able to be seen	cause|原因|noun|something that makes something else happen	wound|傷|noun|physical injury or harm that is done or sustained	death|死|noun|the end of a person's life
Every man, till some mortal weapon actually did approach him, saw clearly that no such weapon was near him.	誰もが、致命的な武器が実際に近づいてくるまでは、そのような武器が近くにないことをはっきりと見ていた。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or space when	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	mortal|致命的な|adjective|causing death	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	clearly|はっきりと|adverb|in a way that is easy to understand	see|見る|verb|perceive with the eyes; discern visually	no such|そのような|determiner|not of the type mentioned	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage	near|近くに|adverb|at or to a short distance away
In these circumstances, and among troops who had some confidence in their own skill and dexterity in the use of their arms, it must have been a good deal less difficult to preserve some degree of regularity and order, not only in the beginning, but through the whole progress of an ancient battle, and till one of the two armies was fairly defeated.	このような状況で、武器の使用に自信のある部隊の間では、開始時だけでなく、古代の戦いの全過程を通して、そして二つの軍隊のうち一方が完全に敗北するまで、ある程度の規律と秩序を維持することは、それほど難しくなかったに違いない。	in these circumstances|このような状況で|adverb|in this situation	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	troop|部隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of a cavalry regiment	have some confidence in|自信がある|verb|be sure of oneself	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	arm|武器|noun|a means of offense or defense	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	regularity|規律|noun|the quality of being regular	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	not only in the beginning|開始時だけでなく|adverb|not just at the start	through|通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	progress|過程|noun|the development of a situation or event	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space mentioned)	one|一方|noun|the number 1	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	fairly|完全に|adverb|completely
But the habits of regularity, order, and prompt obedience to command, can be acquired only by troops which are exercised in great bodies.	しかし、規律、秩序、命令への即時服従の習慣は、大集団で訓練された部隊によってのみ獲得できる。	regularity|規律|noun|the quality or condition of being regular	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	prompt|即時|adjective|done without delay	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	acquire|獲得する|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	troop|部隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of a cavalry regiment	exercise|訓練する|verb|train or cause to train	great body|大集団|noun|a large group of people

A militia, however, in whatever manner it may be either disciplined or exercised, must always be much inferior to a well disciplined and well exercised standing army.	しかし、民兵は、どんなに訓練され、訓練されていても、常によく訓練され、よく訓練された常備軍よりはるかに劣っているに違いない。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	disciplined|訓練された|adjective|showing a controlled form of behavior	exercised|訓練された|adjective|having been used or practiced	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	inferior|劣っている|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner	disciplined|訓練された|adjective|showing a controlled form of behavior	exercised|訓練された|adjective|having been used or practiced	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army

The soldiers who are exercised only once a week, or once a-month, can never be so expert in the use of their arms, as those who are exercised every day, or every other day;	週に一度、あるいは月に一度しか訓練を受けない兵士は、毎日、あるいは一日おきに訓練を受けている兵士ほど、武器の使用に熟練することはできない。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	exercise|訓練を受ける|verb|train or practice	once a week|週に一度|adverb|one time in a week	once a month|月に一度|adverb|one time in a month	every day|毎日|adverb|one time in a day	every other day|一日おき|adverb|one time in two days	use|使用|noun|the act of using something	weapon|武器|noun|an object that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage
and though this circumstance may not be of so much consequence in modern, as it was in ancient times, yet the acknowledged superiority of the Prussian troops, owing, it is said, very much to their superior expertness in their exercise, may satisfy us that it is, even at this day, of very considerable consequence.	そして、この状況は古代ほど現代ではそれほど重要ではないかもしれないが、それでもプロイセン軍の優越性は、彼らの訓練における優れた熟練度に大きく起因していると言われており、今日でさえ非常に重要な結果であることに満足できる。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	modern|現代|noun|the present time or period	ancient|古代|noun|the period of history in the Mediterranean world before the fall of the Western Roman Empire	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; still; even so	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	Prussian|プロイセン|noun|a former kingdom in north-central Europe	troop|軍|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army	owing|起因する|verb|have as a cause or source	exercise|訓練|noun|activity requiring physical effort, carried out especially to sustain or improve health and fitness	satisfy|満足する|verb|cause to be happy or pleased	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	this day|今日|noun|the present day	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	considerable|重要な|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice

The soldiers, who are bound to obey their officer only once a-week, or once a-month, and who are at all other times at liberty to manage their own affairs their own way, without being, in any respect, accountable to him, can never be under the same awe in his presence, can never have the same disposition to ready obedience, with those whose whole life and conduct are every day directed by him, and who every day even rise and go to bed, or at least retire to their quarters, according to his orders.	週に一度、あるいは月に一度だけ上官に従う義務があり、それ以外の時間は、いかなる点でも上官に責任を負うことなく、自分の仕事を自分のやり方で処理する自由がある兵士は、上官の前で同じ畏敬の念を抱くことは決してなく、毎日上官に生活や行動のすべてを指示され、毎日起床して就寝する、あるいは少なくとも上官の命令に従って宿舎に退く兵士と同じように、すぐに従う気持ちを持つことはできない。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	be bound to|義務がある|verb|be obliged to	obey|従う|verb|follow the commands, instructions, or orders of	officer|上官|noun|a person who has a position of authority in the armed forces	once a-week|週に一度|adverb|once every week	once a-month|月に一度|adverb|once every month	at liberty|自由がある|adjective|free to do as one pleases	manage|処理する|verb|be in charge of	affair|仕事|noun|a matter of business or public concern	own way|自分のやり方|noun|one's own method or manner	without being|～することなく|conjunction|not being	in any respect|いかなる点でも|adverb|in any way	accountable|責任を負う|adjective|responsible for	can never be|決して～ない|verb|can not ever be	under the same awe|同じ畏敬の念を抱く|noun|a feeling of reverential respect mixed with fear or wonder	in the presence of|の前で|preposition|in front of	can never have|決して～ない|verb|can not ever have	the same disposition|同じ気持ち|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	to ready obedience|すぐに従う|adjective|willing to obey	with those|～と同じように|preposition|in the same way as	whose whole life|すべて|noun|the entire amount or extent of	and conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	are every day directed|毎日指示される|verb|be given instructions or guidance	by him|上官に|pronoun|by that man	and who every day|毎日|adverb|once every day	even rise|起床する|verb|get out of bed	and go to bed|就寝する|verb|go to sleep	or at least|あるいは少なくとも|conjunction|or alternatively	retire|退く|verb|withdraw or go away	to their quarters|宿舎に|noun|a place where people live temporarily	according to|従って|preposition|in accordance with
In what is called discipline, or in the habit of ready obedience, a militia must always be still more inferior to a standing army, than it may sometimes be in what is called the manual exercise, or in the management and use of its arms.	規律と呼ばれるもの、あるいは即座に従う習慣において、民兵は常備軍よりも常に劣っているに違いないが、それは時として手動訓練と呼ばれるもの、あるいは武器の管理と使用においてそうであるかもしれない。	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	obedience|従順|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army of paid soldiers	manual exercise|手動訓練|noun|a military drill in which a weapon is handled but not fired	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
But, in modern war, the habit of ready and instant obedience is of much greater consequence than a considerable superiority in the management of arms.	しかし、現代の戦争では、即座に従う習慣は、武器の管理におけるかなりの優越性よりもはるかに重要である。	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	ready|即座の|adjective|prepared or available for immediate use	instant|即座の|adjective|happening or coming immediately	obedience|従う|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	consequence|重要性|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being superior	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	arms|武器|noun|a means of offense or defense

Those militias which, like the Tartar or Arab militia, go to war under the same chieftains whom they are accustomed to obey in peace, are by far the best.	タタールやアラブの民兵のように、平和に従うことに慣れている同じ首長の下で戦争に行く民兵は、はるかに優れている。	Tartar|タタール|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	Arab|アラブ|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens	go to war|戦争に行く|verb|start a war	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	best|優れている|adjective|of the highest quality
In respect for their officers, in the habit of ready obedience, they approach nearest to standing armies.	彼らの将校に対する敬意において、即座に従う習慣において、彼らは常備軍に最も近づいている。	respect|敬意|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	officer|将校|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	obedience|従順|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
The Highland militia, when it served under its own chieftains, had some advantage of the same kind.	ハイランド民兵は、自らの首長の下で従軍したとき、同じ種類の利点があった。	Highland militia|ハイランド民兵|noun|a militia in the Highlands	serve|従軍する|verb|be a member of the armed forces	chieftain|首長|noun|the leader of a clan or tribe	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
As the Highlanders, however, were not wandering, but stationary shepherds, as they had all a fixed habitation, and were not, in peaceable times, accustomed to follow their chieftain from place to place;	しかし、ハイランダーは放浪するのではなく、定住した羊飼いであり、彼らはすべて定住しており、平和な時代には首長を各地に追いかける習慣がなかった。	Highlander|ハイランダー|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Scottish Highlands	wander|放浪する|verb|move about aimlessly or unsystematically	stationary|定住した|adjective|not moving or intended to be moved	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	habitation|住居|noun|the place where one lives	peaceable|平和な|adjective|inclined or disposed to avoid strife or dissension	chieftain|首長|noun|the leader of a clan or tribe	follow|追いかける|verb|go after someone or something	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space
so, in time of war, they were less willing to follow him to any considerable distance, or to continue for any long time in the field.	そのため、戦時中は、かなりの距離を移動して首長に従ったり、長時間戦場に居続けることを好まなかった。	in time of|時に|preposition|at the time of	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	for any long time|長時間|noun|a long period of time	in the field|戦場で|noun|a place where a battle is fought
When they had acquired any booty, they were eager to return home, and his authority was seldom sufficient to detain them.	彼らは戦利品を獲得すると、帰宅を切望し、首長の権限で彼らを引き留めておくことはめったにできなかった。	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	booty|戦利品|noun|stolen goods	eager|切望する|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something	return|帰る|verb|go or come back to a place	home|家|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	detain|引き留める|verb|to keep from proceeding; to delay or retard
In point of obedience, they were always much inferior to what is reported of the Tartars and Arabs.	服従という点では、彼らは常にタタール人やアラブ人について報告されているよりもはるかに劣っていた。	in point of|という点では|preposition|in the matter of	obedience|服従|noun|the act of obeying	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	Arabs|アラブ人|noun|a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian Peninsula
As the Highlanders, too, from their stationary life, spend less of their time in the open air, they were always less accustomed to military exercises, and were less expert in the use of their arms than the Tartars and Arabs are said to be.	ハイランダーもまた、定住生活を送っているため、屋外で過ごす時間が少なく、軍事演習に慣れておらず、タタール人やアラブ人よりも武器の使用に熟練していなかったと言われている。	Highlander|ハイランダー|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Scottish Highlands	stationary|定住|adjective|not moving or intended to be moved	spend|過ごす|verb|pass or occupy (time) in a specified way	open air|屋外|noun|the space outside buildings	accustomed|慣れている|adjective|familiar with something through use or experience	military exercise|軍事演習|noun|a military training activity	expert|熟練|noun|a person who has a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage

A militia of any kind, it must be observed, however, which has served for several successive campaigns in the field, becomes in every respect a standing army.	しかし、どんな種類の民兵も、戦場で連続して数回従軍すれば、あらゆる点で常備軍になることに注意しなければならない。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	observe|注意する|verb|notice or perceive	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	serve|従軍する|verb|be a member of the armed forces	several|数回|adjective|more than two but not very many	successive|連続して|adjective|following one after another without interruption	campaign|従軍|noun|a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective	field|戦場|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	become|なる|verb|come to be	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
The soldiers are every day exercised in the use of their arms, and, being constantly under the command of their officers, are habituated to the same prompt obedience which takes place in standing armies.	兵士たちは毎日武器の使用訓練を受け、常に将校の指揮下にあるため、常備軍と同じように即座に服従する習慣が身につく。	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	every day|毎日|adverb|on each day	exercise|訓練を受ける|verb|train or practice	arm|武器|noun|a weapon	constantly|常に|adverb|all the time; continuously	officer|将校|noun|a person who holds a position of authority in the armed forces	command|指揮下|noun|the authority to give orders	habituated|習慣が身につく|verb|make or become used to	prompt|即座に|adjective|done without delay	obedience|服従|noun|the quality or state of being obedient	take place|起こる|verb|happen	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
What they were before they took the field, is of little importance.	彼らが戦場に出る前はどんなだったかということは、あまり重要ではない。	take the field|戦場に出る|verb|to go to a place where a battle is being fought	little|あまり|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important
They necessarily become in every respect a standing army, after they have passed a few campaigns in it.	彼らは戦場で数回従軍した後には、あらゆる点で常備軍になる。	become|なる|verb|come to be	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
Should the war in America drag out through another campaign, the American militia may become, in every respect, a match for that standing army, of which the valour appeared, in the last war at least, not inferior to that of the hardiest veterans of France and Spain.	アメリカの戦争がもう一度戦役を長引かせれば、アメリカの民兵はあらゆる点で常備軍に匹敵するようになるかもしれない。その勇気は、少なくとも前回の戦争では、フランスやスペインの最も勇敢な退役軍人のそれに劣らなかった。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	drag out|長引かせる|verb|make something last longer than necessary	campaign|戦役|noun|a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	match|匹敵する|verb|be equal to	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army of paid soldiers	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger	last war|前回の戦争|noun|the most recent war	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe

This distinction being well understood, the history of all ages, it will be found, hears testimony to the irresistible superiority which a well regulated standing army has over a militia.	この区別がよく理解されていると、あらゆる時代の歴史は、よく統制された常備軍が民兵に対して持つ圧倒的な優位性の証言を聞くことになるだろう。	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	well understood|よく理解されている|adjective|having a good understanding of something	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	all ages|あらゆる時代|noun|all of history	be found|わかる|verb|to be discovered or noticed	hear testimony|証言を聞く|verb|to listen to evidence given by a witness	irresistible superiority|圧倒的な優位性|noun|an advantage that cannot be overcome	well regulated|よく統制された|adjective|controlled or supervised effectively	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens

One of the first standing armies, of which we have any distinct account in any well authenticated history, is that of Philip of Macedon.	信頼できる歴史書に明確な記述がある最初の常備軍の1つは、マケドニアのフィリッポスのものである。	one of|1つ|noun|a member of a group of things	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	of which|その|relative pronoun|of the thing that	have|ある|verb|possess, own, or hold	any|1つ|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	distinct|明確な|adjective|clearly different	account|記述|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	in|で|preposition|within the limits or bounds of	any|1つ|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	well|信頼できる|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	authenticated|信頼できる|adjective|of undisputed origin; genuine	history|歴史書|noun|the study of past events	is|である|verb|be	that of|もの|noun|the thing or things belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	Philip|フィリッポス|noun|a male given name	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	Macedon|マケドニア|noun|an ancient kingdom in the north of Greece
His frequent wars with the Thracians, Illyrians, Thessalians, and some of the Greek cities in the neighbourhood of Macedon, gradually formed his troops, which in the beginning were probably militia, to the exact discipline of a standing army.	彼はトラキア人、イリュリア人、テッサリア人、マケドニア近隣のギリシャの都市のいくつかと頻繁に戦争をしており、当初はおそらく民兵だった彼の軍隊を、常備軍の厳しい規律に従って徐々に形成していった。	Thracians|トラキア人|noun|an ancient people of Thrace	Illyrians|イリュリア人|noun|an ancient people of the western Balkans	Thessalians|テッサリア人|noun|an ancient people of Thessaly	Macedon|マケドニア|noun|an ancient kingdom in the north of Greece	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	form|形成する|verb|to make or shape something	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers	beginning|当初|noun|the time when something starts	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	exact|厳しい|adjective|accurate or correct in every detail	discipline|規律|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using punishment to correct disobedience
When he was at peace, which he was very seldom, and never for any long time together, he was careful not to disband that army.	彼が平和な時、それはめったになく、長い時間続くことはなかったが、彼はその軍隊を解散させないように注意していた。	at peace|平和な|adjective|in a state of tranquility or quiet	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	never|決してない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	for any long time|長い時間|noun|a period of time that is long	together|続く|adverb|in or into one place, mass, or group	careful|注意する|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or risk	disband|解散させる|verb|break up and cease to exist as an organized group
It vanquished and subdued, after a long and violent struggle, indeed, the gallant and well exercised militias of the principal republics of ancient Greece; and afterwards, with very little struggle, the effeminate and ill exercised militia of the great Persian empire.	長く激しい闘争の末、古代ギリシャの主要共和国の勇敢でよく訓練された民兵を打ち負かし、征服し、その後、ほとんど闘争をせずに、大ペルシア帝国の女々しく訓練不足の民兵を打ち負かした。	vanquished|打ち負かす|verb|defeat thoroughly	subdued|征服する|verb|bring under control	long|長い|adjective|having a great extent or duration	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	struggle|闘争|noun|a violent or forceful effort to get free of restraint or constriction	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	gallant|勇敢な|adjective|brave; heroic	well exercised|よく訓練された|adjective|having been trained or practiced	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	very little|ほとんどない|adjective|not much; hardly any	struggle|闘争|noun|a violent or forceful effort to get free of restraint or constriction	effeminate|女々しい|adjective|having or showing qualities or characteristics regarded as typical of a woman	ill exercised|訓練不足の|adjective|not having been trained or practiced	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	Persian|ペルシア|adjective|of or relating to Persia or its people or language	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler, government, or emperor
The fall of the Greek republics, and of the Persian empire was the effect of the irresistible superiority which a standing arm has over every other sort of militia.	ギリシャ共和国とペルシア帝国の崩壊は、常備軍が他のあらゆる民兵に対して持つ圧倒的な優位性の結果だった。	fall|崩壊|noun|the act of falling	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Persian|ペルシア|adjective|of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under a single supreme authority	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	irresistible|圧倒的な|adjective|too strong or great to be resisted	superiority|優位性|noun|the quality or state of being superior	standing arm|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens rather than professional soldiers and is not part of a regular army
It is the first great revolution in the affairs of mankind of which history has preserved any distinct and circumstantial account.	これは、歴史が明確で状況に応じた説明を残している、人類の事件における最初の大革命である。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	affair|事件|noun|an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been referred to	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	preserve|残す|verb|keep alive or in existence	distinct|明確な|adjective|able to be perceived as different or separate	circumstantial|状況に応じた|adjective|dependent on circumstances	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action

The fall of Carthage, and the consequent elevation of Rome, is the second.	カルタゴの陥落とそれに伴うローマの台頭は二番目である。	fall|陥落|noun|the act of becoming lower or less	Carthage|カルタゴ|noun|an ancient city in North Africa	consequent|それに伴う|adjective|following as a result or effect	elevation|台頭|noun|the action of raising something to a higher position	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position or time
All the varieties in the fortune of those two famous republics may very well be accounted for from the same cause.	これら二つの有名な共和国の運命のあらゆる変化は、同じ原因から説明できる。	variety|変化|noun|the quality or state of being different or diverse	fortune|運命|noun|the course of events in a person's life	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	account for|説明する|verb|to give a satisfactory reason for	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition

From the end of the first to the beginning of the second Carthaginian war, the armies of Carthage were continually in the field, and employed under three great generals, who succeeded one another in the command;	第一次ポエニ戦争の終わりから第二次ポエニ戦争の始まりまで、カルタゴの軍隊は絶えず戦場におり、三人の偉大な将軍の下で働き、彼らは次々と指揮を執った。	the end of the first|第一次ポエニ戦争の終わり|noun phrase|the end of the first	the beginning of the second|第二次ポエニ戦争の始まり|noun phrase|the beginning of the second	Carthage|カルタゴ|noun|an ancient city in North Africa	army|軍隊|noun|a large organized military force equipped for fighting on land	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	field|戦場|noun|a large, open area of land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	employ|働く|verb|have a job	three|三人|noun|the number 3	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	general|将軍|noun|the highest-ranking military officer	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders	succeed|次々と|verb|be successful	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other
Amilcar, his son-in-law Asdrubal, and his son Annibal: first in chastising their own rebellious slaves, afterwards in subduing the revolted nations of Africa; and lastly, in conquering the great kingdom of Spain.	アミルカル、その義理の息子アスドルバル、その息子ハンニバルである。最初は彼ら自身の反抗的な奴隷を懲らしめ、その後はアフリカの反乱国家を征服し、最後にはスペインの大王国を征服した。	Amilcar|アミルカル|noun|a Carthaginian general	son-in-law|義理の息子|noun|the husband of one's daughter	Asdrubal|アスドルバル|noun|a Carthaginian general	son|息子|noun|a male child	Annibal|ハンニバル|noun|a Carthaginian general	first|最初|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	chastising|懲らしめる|verb|to punish or criticize someone severely	rebellious|反抗的な|adjective|showing a desire to resist authority, control, or convention	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	subduing|征服する|verb|to bring under control by force	revolted|反乱した|adjective|having rebelled	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place; finally	conquering|征服する|verb|to take control of a country or area by force	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe
The army which Annibal led from Spain into Italy must necessarily, in those different wars, have been gradually formed to the exact discipline of a standing army.	ハンニバルがスペインからイタリアに率いた軍隊は、これらのさまざまな戦争で、常備軍の正確な規律に徐々に形成されたに違いない。	Annibal|ハンニバル|noun|a Carthaginian general who led an army against Rome in the Second Punic War	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	form|形成される|verb|come into existence; be produced	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
The Romans, in the meantime, though they had not been altogether at peace, yet they had not, during this period, been engaged in any war of very great consequence;	その間、ローマ人は、まったく平和ではなかったが、この時期には、それほど重大な戦争には従事していなかった。	in the meantime|その間に|adverb|during the intervening period of time	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	during|この時期には|preposition|throughout the duration of	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
and their military discipline, it is generally said, was a good deal relaxed.	そして、彼らの軍事規律は、一般に、かなり緩和されていたと言われている。	military discipline|軍事規律|noun|the rules and regulations that govern the conduct of members of the armed forces	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	relaxed|緩和されていた|adjective|free from tension or anxiety
The Roman armies which Annibal encountered at Trebi, Thrasymenus, and Cannae, were militia opposed to a standing army.	ハンニバルがトレビ、トラシメヌス、カンネで遭遇したローマ軍は、常備軍に対抗する民兵だった。	Annibal|ハンニバル|noun|a Carthaginian general who led an army against Rome in the Second Punic War	encounter|遭遇する|verb|meet unexpectedly	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people	army|軍|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	oppose|対抗する|verb|be against	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
This circumstance, it is probable, contributed more than any other to determine the fate of those battles.	この状況は、おそらく、これらの戦いの運命を決定するのに他の何よりも貢献した。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	probable|おそらく|adjective|likely to happen or be true	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	fate|運命|noun|the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power

The standing army which Annibal left behind him in Spain had the like superiority over the militia which the Romans sent to oppose it;	ハンニバルがスペインに残した常備軍は、ローマ人がそれに対抗するために送った民兵に対して同様の優位性を持っていた。	Annibal|ハンニバル|noun|a Carthaginian general who led an army against Rome in the Second Punic War	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	leave behind|残す|verb|not take with one when one leaves	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	oppose|対抗する|verb|be against; disagree with	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens and is not a part of a regular army
and, in a few years, under the command of his brother, the younger Asdrubal, expelled them almost entirely from that country.	そして、数年のうちに、弟の若いハスドルバルの指揮のもと、彼らをその国からほぼ完全に追い出した。	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years	under the command of|指揮のもと|noun|under the authority of	brother|弟|noun|a male sibling	younger|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for a short time	expel|追い出す|verb|force to leave a place	almost entirely|ほぼ完全に|adverb|to a very great extent	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

Annibal was ill supplied from home.	ハンニバルは故郷から十分な補給を受けられなかった。	Annibal|ハンニバル|noun|a Carthaginian general who led an army against Rome in the Second Punic War	ill|十分な|adjective|not in good health; sick	supply|補給|verb|provide or furnish with something needed or wanted
The Roman militia, being continually in the field, became, in the progress of the war, a well disciplined and well exercised standing army;	ローマの民兵は、戦場に絶えずいたため、戦争の進行中に、よく訓練され、よく訓練された常備軍となった。	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	field|戦場|noun|a place where a battle is fought	become|なる|verb|come to be	progress|進行|noun|the process of improving or developing	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	well disciplined|よく訓練された|adjective|having or showing a high standard of discipline	well exercised|よく訓練された|adjective|having or showing a high standard of exercise	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
and the superiority of Annibal grew every day less and less.	そして、ハンニバルの優位性は日々小さくなっていった。	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	grow|小さくなる|verb|become smaller	every day|日々|adverb|daily
Asdrubal judged it necessary to lead the whole, or almost the whole, of the standing army which he commanded in Spain, to the assistance of his brother in Italy.	ハスドルバルは、スペインで指揮していた常備軍の全部、あるいはほとんど全部を、イタリアにいる兄の援助に導く必要があると判断した。	Asdrubal|ハスドルバル|noun|a Carthaginian general	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	lead|導く|verb|cause to go with oneself by holding and guiding	whole|全部|noun|all of something	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	brother|兄|noun|a man or boy in relation to other sons and daughters of his parents	Italy|イタリア|noun|a republic in southern Europe occupying the Italian Peninsula
In this march, he is said to have been misled by his guides;	この行進で、彼は案内人に惑わされたと言われている。	march|行進|noun|a long and tiring walk	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	be misled|惑わされる|verb|be deceived or fooled
and in a country which he did not know, was surprised and attacked, by another standing army, in every respect equal or superior to his own, and was entirely defeated.	そして、彼の知らない国で、あらゆる点で彼の軍隊と同等かそれ以上の別の常備軍に驚かされ、攻撃され、完全に敗北した。	in a country|国で|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	which he did not know|彼の知らない|relative clause|that he did not know	was surprised|驚かされ|verb|to be astonished or amazed	attacked|攻撃され|verb|to take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a military operation	by another standing army|別の常備軍に|noun phrase|a military force that is maintained on a permanent basis	in every respect|あらゆる点で|adverb|in every way	equal or superior|同等かそれ以上|adjective|of the same or greater value, amount, importance, or status	to his own|彼の軍隊に|noun phrase|the army that he owns	and was entirely defeated|完全に敗北した|verb|to be beaten in a battle or other contest

When Asdrubal had left Spain, the great Scipio found nothing to oppose him but a militia inferior to his own.	ハスドルバルがスペインを去ったとき、偉大なスキピオは彼に敵対するものは彼自身の民兵より劣っていることしか見つけられなかった。	Asdrubal|ハスドルバル|noun|a Carthaginian general	leave|去る|verb|go away from a place	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	Scipio|スキピオ|noun|a Roman general	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	oppose|敵対する|verb|be against	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower standard or quality
He conquered and subdued that militia, and, in the course of the war, his own militia necessarily became a well disciplined and well exercised standing army.	彼はその民兵を征服し、従属させ、戦争の過程で、彼自身の民兵は必然的によく訓練され、よく訓練された常備軍となった。	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	subdue|従属させる|verb|bring under control	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	course|過程|noun|the development of events over a period of time	well disciplined|よく訓練された|adjective|having or showing a high standard of discipline	well exercised|よく訓練された|adjective|having or showing a high standard of exercise	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
That standing army was afterwards carried to Africa, where it found nothing but a militia to oppose it.	その常備軍はその後アフリカに運ばれ、そこでは民兵しか敵対するものを見つけられなかった。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	nothing but|しか～ない|adverb|only; just	oppose|敵対する|verb|be against; be hostile to
In order to defend Carthage, it became necessary to recal the standing army of Annibal.	カルタゴを守るために、アニバルの常備軍を呼び戻す必要が生じた。	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	Carthage|カルタゴ|noun|an ancient city in North Africa	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	recal|呼び戻す|verb|bring back to mind	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
The disheartened and frequently defeated African militia joined it, and, at the battle of Zama, composed the greater part of the troops of Annibal.	落胆し、しばしば敗北したアフリカの民兵がそれに加わり、ザマの戦いでアニバル軍の大部分を構成した。	disheartened|落胆した|adjective|having lost confidence or hope	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	defeated|敗北した|adjective|having been beaten in a battle or other contest	African|アフリカの|adjective|of or relating to Africa or its people	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens	join|加わる|verb|to come together with another or others	battle|戦い|noun|a fight between two or more armed forces	compose|構成する|verb|to make up the whole of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	troops|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army
The event of that day determined the fate of the two rival republics.	その日の出来事は、2つのライバル共和国の運命を決定した。	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	fate|運命|noun|the development of events beyond a person's control, regarded as determined by a supernatural power	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	rival|ライバル|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same goal	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

From the end of the second Carthaginian war till the fall of the Roman republic, the armies of Rome were in every respect standing armies.	第二次ポエニ戦争の終わりからローマ共和国の滅亡まで、ローマの軍隊はあらゆる点で常備軍だった。	second|第二次|adjective|coming after the first in position	Carthaginian|ポエニ|adjective|of or relating to Carthage or its people	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	end|終わり|noun|the final part of something	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of becoming lower or less	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|in every way	stand|常備|verb|be in a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees
The standing army of Macedon made some resistance to their arms.	マケドニアの常備軍は、彼らの武器に多少の抵抗をした。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	make resistance|抵抗する|verb|fight against	arm|武器|noun|a weapon
In the height of their grandeur, it cost them two great wars, and three great battles, to subdue that little kingdom, of which the conquest would probably have been still more difficult, had it not been for the cowardice of its last king.	彼らの壮大さの絶頂期に、その小さな王国を征服するのに2つの大戦争と3つの大戦闘を要したが、その最後の王の臆病さがなければ、征服はおそらくもっと困難だっただろう。	height|絶頂期|noun|the highest point of something	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|the quality of being grand; impressiveness	cost|要する|verb|require to be paid for	two|2つの|numeral|one more than one	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	three|3つの|numeral|one more than two	battle|戦闘|noun|a fight between two or more armed forces	subdue|征服する|verb|bring under control by force	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	conquest|征服|noun|the act of conquering	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	still|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	difficult|困難|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	had it not been for|なければ|conditional phrase|if it were not for	cowardice|臆病さ|noun|lack of courage or bravery
The militias of all the civilized nations of the ancient world, of Greece, of Syria, and of Egypt, made but a feeble resistance to the standing armies of Rome.	古代世界のすべての文明国、ギリシャ、シリア、エジプトの民兵は、ローマの常備軍に対して弱い抵抗しかできなかった。	ancient world|古代世界|noun|the world of ancient times	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Syria|シリア|noun|a country in the Middle East	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	civilized nation|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	feeble|弱い|adjective|lacking physical strength	resistance|抵抗|noun|the ability not to be affected by something	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
The militias of some barbarous nations defended themselves much better.	一部の野蛮な国の民兵は、はるかによく防御した。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	defend|防御する|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger
The Scythian or Tartar militia, which Mithridates drew from the countries north of the Euxine and Caspian seas, were the most formidable enemies whom the Romans had to encounter after the second Carthaginian war.	ミトリダテスがエウクシン海とカスピ海の北の国々から引き抜いたスキタイ人またはタタール人の民兵は、ローマ人が第二次カルタゴ戦争後に遭遇しなければならなかった最も手強い敵だった。	Scythian|スキタイ人|noun|a member of a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in Scythia from about the 7th century BC to the 4th century AD	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	Mithridates|ミトリダテス|noun|a king of Pontus and a Roman enemy	Euxine|エウクシン海|noun|the ancient name for the Black Sea	Caspian|カスピ海|noun|a large salt lake in western Asia	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	second|第二次|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	Carthaginian|カルタゴ|noun|a citizen of ancient Carthage	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
The Parthian and German militias, too, were always respectable, and upon several occasions, gained very considerable advantages over the Roman armies.	パルティアとドイツの民兵も常に立派で、何度かローマ軍に対してかなりの優位に立った。	Parthian|パルティア|noun|a member of an ancient Iranian people who ruled an empire in the Middle East from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD	German|ドイツ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	respectable|立派な|adjective|worthy of respect	several|何度か|adjective|more than two but not very many	Roman|ローマ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	army|軍|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
In general, however, and when the Roman armies were well commanded, they appear to have been very much superior;	しかし、一般的に、ローマ軍がよく指揮されていたとき、彼らは非常に優れていたように思われる。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	army|軍|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner or to a high standard	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	appear|思われる|verb|seem	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
and if the Romans did not pursue the final conquest either of Parthia or Germany, it was probably because they judged that it was not worth while to add those two barbarous countries to an empire which was already too large.	そして、ローマ人がパルティアやドイツの最終的な征服を追求しなかったとしたら、それはおそらく、すでに大きすぎる帝国にこの二つの野蛮な国を加えることは価値がないと判断したからであろう。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	Parthia|パルティア|noun|an ancient kingdom in Asia	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	worth|価値がある|adjective|meriting attention or effort	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized or uncultured	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
The ancient Parthians appear to have been a nation of Scythian or Tartar extraction, and to have always retained a good deal of the manners of their ancestors.	古代のパルティア人はスキタイ人またはタタール人の血を引く民族であり、常に祖先の風習をかなり残していたように思われる。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Parthian|パルティア人|noun|a member of an ancient Iranian people who ruled an empire in the Middle East from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD	appear|思われる|verb|seem	Scythian|スキタイ人|noun|a member of an ancient nomadic people who inhabited the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea from about the 8th century BC to about the 4th century AD	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of any of the Turkic peoples who, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, overran Asia and much of eastern Europe in the 13th century	extraction|血統|noun|the ethnic origin of a person	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	retain|残す|verb|keep or continue to have	a good deal of|かなりの|noun|a large amount or extent of	manner|風習|noun|a way of behaving or doing something	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended
The ancient Germans were, like the Scythians or Tartars, a nation of wandering shepherds, who went to war under the same chiefs whom they were accustomed to follow in peace.	古代ゲルマン人は、スキタイ人やタタール人のように、平和な時代に従っていた同じ首長のもとで戦争に出かける遊牧民の民族だった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	German|ゲルマン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	Scythian|スキタイ人|noun|a member of a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in Scythia from about the 7th century BC to about the 4th century AD	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people who formed a state in the 15th century that included much of central and eastern Europe and Asia	wandering|遊牧民|adjective|moving from place to place	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	go to war|戦争に出かける|verb|to start fighting in a war	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other social group	follow|従う|verb|to go after someone or something	be accustomed to|慣れている|verb|to be used to something
‘Their militia was exactly of the same kind with that of the Scythians or Tartars, from whom, too, they were probably descended.	「彼らの民兵はスキタイ人やタタール人の民兵と全く同じ種類のものであり、彼らもまたおそらくその子孫であった。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	exactly|全く|adverb|in every way; totally	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality	Scythians|スキタイ人|noun|a member of a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in Scythia from the 7th to the 3rd century BC	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe who in the 13th century conquered much of Asia and eastern Europe and established the Golden Horde	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	probably|おそらく|adverb|very likely; almost certainly

Many different causes contributed to relax the discipline of the Roman armies.	ローマ軍の規律を緩める原因はいろいろあった。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|いろいろな|adjective|not the same	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	relax|緩める|verb|make or become less tense or anxious	discipline|規律|noun|training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people	army|軍|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
Its extreme severity was, perhaps, one of those causes.	その極端な厳しさが、おそらくその原因の一つだった。	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	severity|厳しさ|noun|the quality or state of being severe	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect
In the days of their grandeur, when no enemy appeared capable of opposing them, their heavy armour was laid aside as unnecessarily burdensome, their laborious exercises were neglected, as unnecessarily toilsome.	彼らの壮大な時代には、彼らに対抗できる敵が現れなかったので、彼らの重い鎧は不必要に重荷であるとして脇に置かれ、彼らの骨の折れる訓練は不必要に骨の折れるものとして無視された。	day|時代|noun|a period of time	grandeur|壮大|noun|splendor and impressiveness in appearance or style	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	oppose|対抗する|verb|be against; disagree with	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	armour|鎧|noun|a defensive covering worn in battle	lay aside|脇に置く|verb|put to one side	unnecessarily|不必要に|adverb|in an unnecessary manner	burdensome|重荷である|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty	laborious|骨の折れる|adjective|requiring much effort	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that is done to stay healthy or become stronger	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly
Under the Roman emperors, besides, the standing armies of Rome, those particularly which guarded the German and Pannonian frontiers, became dangerous to their masters, against whom they used frequently to set up their own generals.	その上、ローマ皇帝の下では、ローマの常備軍、特にドイツとパンノニアの国境を守っていた軍隊は、主人にとって危険なものとなり、主人に対してしばしば自分たちの将軍を立てた。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	Roman emperor|ローマ皇帝|noun|the ruler of the Roman Empire	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	German|ドイツ|noun|a person from Germany	Pannonian|パンノニア|noun|a person from Pannonia	frontier|国境|noun|the line that forms the boundary between two countries	become dangerous|危険になる|verb|start to be dangerous	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	set up|立てる|verb|establish or start	general|将軍|noun|the highest-ranking officer in the army
In order to render them less formidable, according to some authors, Dioclesian, according to others, Constantine, first withdrew them from the frontier, where they had always before been encamped in great bodies, generally of two or three legions each, and dispersed them in small bodies through the different provincial towns, from whence they were scarce ever removed, but when it became necessary to repel an invasion.	一部の著者によると、ディオクレティアヌス、他の著者によると、コンスタンティヌスは、彼らをそれほど恐ろしくないようにするために、まず彼らを国境から撤退させ、そこでは常に大集団で、通常はそれぞれ2、3個軍団で野営していたが、彼らを小集団に分散させて、侵略を撃退する必要が生じたとき以外はほとんど移動しなかった地方の町々に分散させた。	author|著者|noun|a person who writes books	Dioclesian|ディオクレティアヌス|noun|a Roman emperor who ruled from 284 to 305	Constantine|コンスタンティヌス|noun|a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 to 337	withdraw|撤退させる|verb|take away or back	frontier|国境|noun|the line that forms the boundary between two countries	encamp|野営する|verb|set up a camp	great body|大集団|noun|a large group of people	legion|軍団|noun|a large military unit	disperse|分散させる|verb|distribute or spread about	small body|小集団|noun|a small group of people	provincial town|地方の町|noun|a town in a province	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	remove|移動する|verb|change the location of	invasion|侵略|noun|an act of invading a country or region
Small bodies of soldiers, quartered in trading and manufacturing towns, and seldom removed from those quarters, became themselves trades men, artificers, and manufacturers.	貿易や製造業の町に駐屯し、めったにその駐屯地から移動しない小規模な兵士たちは、自ら商人、職人、製造業者となった。	small body|小規模な|noun|a small group of people	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	quarter|駐屯する|verb|to be stationed or lodged	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	remove|移動する|verb|to go away from a place	trade|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
The civil came to predominate over the military character;	市民が軍事的性格を支配するようになった。	civil|市民|noun|a person who is not a member of the military, police, or fire department	predominate|支配する|verb|be greater in number or amount	military|軍事的|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
and the standing armies of Rome gradually degenerated into a corrupt, neglected, and undisciplined militia, incapable of resisting the attack of the German and Scythian militias, which soon afterwards invaded the western empire.	そしてローマの常備軍は次第に堕落し、無視され、規律のない民兵となり、その後まもなく西ローマ帝国に侵攻したドイツとスキタイの民兵の攻撃に抵抗することができなくなった。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	degenerate|堕落する|verb|become worse or lower in quality	corrupt|堕落した|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	neglected|無視された|adjective|not receiving enough care or attention	undisciplined|規律のない|adjective|lacking discipline	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place	German|ドイツ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	Scythian|スキタイ|noun|a member of a nomadic people who lived in Scythia from the 8th to the 4th century BC	soon|まもなく|adverb|in or after a short time	invade|侵攻する|verb|enter a country or area in a large number, especially with military force
It was only by hiring the militia of some of those nations to oppose to that of others, that the emperors were for some time able to defend themselves.	皇帝たちがしばらくの間、自衛することができたのは、これらの国々の民兵を雇って他の国々の民兵に対抗させたことだけだった。	only by|によってのみ|adverb|and no other; and nothing more	hire|雇う|verb|employ for wages	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	oppose|対抗する|verb|be against	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	defend|自衛する|verb|make or keep safe by guarding or shielding from attack or harm
The fall of the western empire is the third great revolution in the affairs of mankind, of which ancient history has preserved any distinct or circumstantial account.	西ローマ帝国の滅亡は、古代史が明確なあるいは状況証拠を残している、人類の歴史における第三の大きな革命である。	fall|滅亡|noun|the act of falling	western empire|西ローマ帝国|noun|the western part of the Roman Empire	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	great revolution|大きな革命|noun|a great change in the way something is done	mankind|人類|noun|the human race	ancient history|古代史|noun|the history of the ancient world	preserve|残す|verb|keep in its original state	distinct|明確な|adjective|clearly different or separate	circumstantial|状況証拠|adjective|based on evidence that is not direct
It was brought about by the irresistible superiority which the militia of a barbarous has over that of a civilized nation;	それは、野蛮な国の民兵が文明国の民兵に対して持つ圧倒的な優位性によってもたらされた。	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	irresistible|圧倒的な|adjective|too strong or great to be resisted	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
which the militia of a nation of shepherds has over that of a nation of husbandmen, artificers, and manufacturers.	それは、羊飼いの国の民兵が農民、職人、製造業者の国の民兵に対して持つ圧倒的な優位性によってもたらされた。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	husbandman|農民|noun|a farmer	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	over|に対して|preposition|above or higher than	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen
The victories which have been gained by militias have generally been, not over standing armies, but over other militias, in exercise and discipline inferior to themselves.	民兵が勝利を収めたのは、通常、常備軍に対してではなく、訓練や規律において自分たちより劣る他の民兵に対してである。	victory|勝利|noun|an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	gain|収める|verb|obtain or win	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army of paid soldiers	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger	discipline|規律|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience
Such were the victories which the Greek militia gained over that of the Persian empire;	ギリシャの民兵がペルシア帝国の民兵に対して勝利を収めたのは、そうしたケースだった。	such|そうした|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	victory|勝利|noun|an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	gain|収める|verb|obtain or win	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	Persian|ペルシア|noun|a native or inhabitant of Persia	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
and such, too, were those which, in later times, the Swiss militia gained over that of the Austrians and Burgundians.	そして、後世にスイスの民兵がオーストリアやブルゴーニュの民兵に対して勝利を収めたのも、そうしたケースだった。	such|そうした|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	later|後世|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	Swiss|スイス|adjective|of or relating to Switzerland or its people	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	gain|勝利を収める|verb|obtain or win something by effort	Austrians|オーストリア|noun|a native or inhabitant of Austria	Burgundians|ブルゴーニュ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Burgundy

The military force of the German and Scythian nations, who established themselves upon ruins of the western empire, continued for some time to be of the same kind in their new settlements, as it had been in their original country.	西ローマ帝国の廃墟に居を構えたゲルマン民族とスキタイ民族の軍事力は、しばらくの間、彼らの新しい居住地でも、彼らの母国でそうであったように、同じ種類のものであり続けた。	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	German|ゲルマン民族|noun|a member of the Germanic peoples	Scythian|スキタイ民族|noun|a member of the Scythian peoples	establish oneself|居を構える|verb|to become established or accepted	ruin|廃墟|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	western empire|西ローマ帝国|noun|the western part of the Roman Empire	continue|続く|verb|to keep doing something	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	new settlement|新しい居住地|noun|a new place to live	original country|母国|noun|the country where one was born
It was a militia of shepherds and husbandmen, which, in time of war, took the field under the command of the same chieftains whom it was accustomed to obey in peace.	それは羊飼いと農民の民兵であり、戦時には平和な時に従うことに慣れた同じ首長の指揮のもとで戦場に赴いた。	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	husbandman|農民|noun|a person who farms	time of war|戦時|noun|a period of time during which a war is taking place	take the field|戦場に赴く|verb|go to a place where a battle is being fought	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
It was, therefore, tolerably well exercised, and tolerably well disciplined.	したがって、それはかなりよく訓練され、かなりよく統制されていた。	tolerably|かなり|adverb|to a moderate degree	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner	exercise|訓練する|verb|train or practice	discipline|統制する|verb|train or develop by instruction and exercise
As arts and industry advanced, however, the authority of the chieftains gradually decayed, and the great body of the people had less time to spare for military exercises.	しかし、芸術や産業が発展するにつれて、首長の権威は次第に衰え、国民の大多数は軍事演習に割く時間が減っていった。	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	advance|発展する|verb|move forward	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	chieftain|首長|noun|the leader of a tribe or clan	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly; over a long period of time	decay|衰える|verb|rot or decompose	great body|大多数|noun|the majority	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	spare|割く|verb|give up or do without	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
Both the discipline and the exercise of the feudal militia, therefore, went gradually to ruin, and standing armies were gradually introduced to supply the place of it.	そのため、封建民兵の規律と訓練はどちらも次第に衰退し、その代わりに常備軍が徐々に導入されていった。	discipline|規律|noun|training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control	exercise|訓練|noun|the activity of exerting your muscles in various ways to keep fit	feudal militia|封建民兵|noun|a military force composed of ordinary citizens	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	ruin|衰退|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
When the expedient of a standing army, besides, had once been adopted by one civilized nation, it became necessary that all its neighbours should follow the example.	そのうえ、常備軍という便法がいったん一つの文明国に採用されると、その隣国はすべてその手本に倣う必要が生じた。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	civilized nation|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	neighbour|隣国|noun|a country that is next to another country	follow the example|手本に倣う|verb|to do the same thing as someone else has done
They soon found that their safety depended upon their doing so, and that their own militia was altogether incapable of resisting the attack of such an army.	彼らはすぐに、自国の安全がそうすることにかかっていること、そして自国の民兵はそのような軍隊の攻撃に抵抗することがまったくできないことを知った。	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	find|知る|verb|discover or notice	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	do|すること|verb|perform an action	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place

The soldiers of a standing army, though they may never have seen an enemy, yet have frequently appeared to possess all the courage of veteran troops, and, the very moment that they took the field, to have been fit to face the hardiest and most experienced veterans.	常備軍の兵士は、敵を見たことがないかもしれないが、それでもしばしば老練な軍隊の勇気をすべて備えているように見え、戦場に出た瞬間に、最も頑強で経験豊富な老練兵と相まみえるにふさわしいように思われる。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	veteran|老練な|adjective|having a lot of experience in a particular area	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one	take the field|戦場に出る|verb|to start playing in a game or match	hardy|頑強な|adjective|strong and healthy	experienced|経験豊富な|adjective|having a lot of experience in a particular area	veteran|老練兵|noun|a person who has served in the military
In 1756, when the Russian army marched into Poland, the valour of the Russian soldiers did not appear inferior to that of the Prussians, at that time supposed to be the hardiest and most experienced veterans in Europe.	1756年、ロシア軍がポーランドに侵攻したとき、ロシア兵の勇気は、当時ヨーロッパで最も頑強で経験豊富な老練兵とされていたプロイセン兵の勇気に劣るようには見えなかった。	1756|1756年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Russian army|ロシア軍|noun|the military forces of Russia	march|侵攻する|verb|walk with regular and measured tread	Poland|ポーランド|noun|a country in Central Europe	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger	Russian soldier|ロシア兵|noun|a member of the military forces of Russia	appear|思われる|verb|seem	inferior|劣る|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	Prussian|プロイセン人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Prussia	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	hardy|頑強な|adjective|capable of enduring difficult conditions	experienced|経験豊富な|adjective|having knowledge or skill gained through practice	veteran|老練兵|noun|a person who has had long experience in a particular field
The Russian empire, however, had enjoyed a profound peace for near twenty years before, and could at that time have very few soldiers who had ever seen an enemy.	しかし、ロシア帝国はその前に20年近くも深い平和を享受しており、当時は敵を見たことがある兵士はほとんどいなかった。	Russian empire|ロシア帝国|noun|a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	profound peace|深い平和|noun|a state of peace that is deep and lasting	near twenty years|20年近く|noun|a period of time that is close to twenty years	at that time|当時|noun|the time in the past when something happened	very few|ほとんどいない|adjective|not many; a small number of	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army
When the Spanish war broke out in 1739, England had enjoyed a profound peace for about eight-and-twenty years.	1739年にスペイン戦争が勃発したとき、イギリスは約28年間にわたって深い平和を享受していた。	Spanish war|スペイン戦争|noun|a war between Spain and another country	break out|勃発する|verb|start suddenly	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	profound|深い|adjective|having or showing great knowledge or insight	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	about|約|adverb|approximately	eight-and-twenty years|28年間|noun|a period of 28 years
The valour of her soldiers, however, far from being corrupted by that long peace, was never more distinguished than in the attempt upon Carthagena, the first unfortunate exploit of that unfortunate war.	しかし、その長い平和によって堕落するどころか、その不幸な戦争の最初の不幸な功績であるカルタヘナへの攻撃において、イギリス兵の勇気はかつてないほど際立っていた。	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	far from|どころか|adverb|not at all; on the contrary	corrupt|堕落する|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	distinguish|際立つ|verb|be a distinctive feature of	attempt|攻撃|noun|an act of trying to achieve something	Carthagena|カルタヘナ|noun|a city in Colombia	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	exploit|功績|noun|a notable or heroic act
In a long peace, the generals, perhaps, may sometimes forget their skill;	長い平和の中で、将軍たちは時々自分の技能を忘れてしまうかもしれない。	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	general|将軍|noun|the highest-ranking military officer	forget|忘れる|verb|be unable to recall	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well
but where a well regulated standing army has been kept up, the soldiers seem never to forget their valour.	しかし、よく統制された常備軍が維持されているところでは、兵士たちは決して勇気を忘れないようだ。	well regulated|よく統制された|adjective|properly controlled	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	forget|忘れる|verb|not be able to remember	valour|勇気|noun|great courage in the face of danger

When a civilized nation depends for its defence upon a militia, it is at all times exposed to be conquered by any barbarous nation which happens to be in its neighbourhood.	文明国が防衛を民兵に依存している場合、その国はいつでも近隣の野蛮な国に征服される危険にさらされている。	civilized nation|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	be exposed to|さらされている|verb|be subjected to an action or influence	conquer|征服する|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force	barbarous nation|野蛮な国|noun|a country that is not civilized
The frequent conquests of all the civilized countries in Asia by the Tartars, sufficiently demonstrates the natural superiority which the militia of a barbarous has over that of a civilized nation.	アジアのすべての文明国がタタール人に頻繁に征服されたことは、野蛮な国の民兵が文明国の民兵に対して持つ自然な優位性を十分に示している。	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being better than something else	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of something
A well regulated standing army is superior to every militia.	よく統制された常備軍は、あらゆる民兵よりも優れている。	well regulated|よく統制された|adjective|properly controlled or supervised	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
Such an army, as it can best be maintained by an opulent and civilized nation, so it can alone defend such a nation against the invasion of a poor and barbarous neighbour.	そのような軍隊は、裕福で文明的な国によって最もよく維持できるため、貧しく野蛮な隣国の侵略に対してそのような国を単独で守ることができる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money; rich	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	alone|単独で|adverb|without any other people	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or wealth	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person or country next to or near another
It is only by means of a standing army, therefore, that the civilization of any country can be perpetuated, or even preserved, for any considerable time.	したがって、常備軍によってのみ、どの国の文明も永続化、あるいはかなりの期間保存することができる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	civilization|文明|noun|the stage of human social and cultural development and organisation that is considered most advanced	perpetuate|永続化する|verb|cause to continue or last forever	preserve|保存する|verb|keep in its original state	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent

As it is only by means of a well regulated standing army, that a civilized country can be defended, so it is only by means of it that a barbarous country can be suddenly and tolerably civilized.	文明国を守ることができるのは、よく統制された常備軍によってのみであるように、野蛮な国を突然、かなり文明化することができるのも、それによってのみである。	as|ように|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	by means of|によって|preposition|with the help of	well regulated|よく統制された|adjective|properly controlled	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	civilized country|文明国|noun|a country that has a high level of culture and development	be defended|守られる|verb|be protected	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	by means of|によって|preposition|with the help of	barbarous country|野蛮な国|noun|a country that is uncivilized	suddenly|突然|adverb|quickly and without warning	tolerably|かなり|adverb|moderately	civilized|文明化される|verb|be made more civilized
A standing army establishes, with an irresistible force, the law of the sovereign through the remotest provinces of the empire, and maintains some degree of regular government in countries which could not otherwise admit of any.	常備軍は、帝国の最も遠い地方に至るまで、抵抗できない力で主権者の法律を制定し、他の方法では認めることのできない国々である程度の正規の政府を維持している。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	irresistible force|抵抗できない力|noun|a force that cannot be resisted	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	remotest|最も遠い|adjective|most distant	province|地方|noun|a large area of a country	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	regular government|正規の政府|noun|a government that is recognized by the international community	admit|認める|verb|accept as true or valid
Whoever examines with attention, the improvements which Peter the Great introduced into the Russian empire, will find that they almost all resolve themselves into the establishment of a well regulated standing army.	ピョートル大帝がロシア帝国にもたらした改善を注意深く調べてみると、それらのほとんどすべてが、よく統制された常備軍の設立に帰着することがわかるだろう。	Peter the Great|ピョートル大帝|noun|Tsar of Russia and the first Emperor of the Russian Empire	Russian empire|ロシア帝国|noun|a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	resolve|帰着する|verb|find a solution to	well regulated|よく統制された|adjective|controlled or supervised effectively	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
It is the instrument which executes and maintains all his other regulations.	それは、彼の他のすべての規制を実行し、維持する道具である。	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	execute|実行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state
That degree of order and internal peace, which that empire has ever since enjoyed, is altogether owing to the influence of that army.	その帝国がそれ以来享受してきた秩序と国内の平和の程度は、すべてその軍隊の影響によるものである。	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	internal|国内の|adjective|situated or occurring within a country or region	peace|平和|noun|a state or period in which there is no war or a war has ended	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress	ever since|それ以来|adverb|continuously or repeatedly from a particular past time or event until the present	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely or totally	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land

Men of republican principles have been jealous of a standing army, as dangerous to liberty.	共和主義の原理を信奉する人々は、常備軍を自由にとって危険なものとして警戒してきた。	republican|共和主義の|adjective|of or relating to a republic	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	jealous|警戒する|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army of paid soldiers	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views
It certainly is so, wherever the interest of the general, and that of the principal officers, are not necessarily connected with the support of the constitution of the state.	将軍や主要な将校の利益が、必ずしも国家の憲法の支持と結びついていない場合は、確かにそうである。	general|将軍|noun|the highest-ranking military officer	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	officer|将校|noun|a person who holds a position of authority in the armed forces	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	support|支持|noun|the action of approving of and encouraging something
The standing army of Caesar destroyed the Roman republic.	カエサルの常備軍はローマ共和国を滅ぼした。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	Caesar|カエサル|noun|a Roman general and statesman	destroy|滅ぼす|verb|cause the destruction of	Roman republic|ローマ共和国|noun|the ancient Roman state
The standing army of Cromwell turned the long parliament out of doors.	クロムウェルの常備軍は長期議会を屋外に追い出した。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	Cromwell|クロムウェル|noun|an English military and political leader	turn out|追い出す|verb|expel or eject	long parliament|長期議会|noun|the English Parliament that sat from 1640 until 1660	out of doors|屋外に|adverb|outside a building
But where the sovereign is himself the general, and the principal nobility and gentry of the country the chief officers of the army;	しかし、君主自身が将軍であり、国の主要な貴族や紳士が軍の主要な将校である場合、	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	general|将軍|noun|the highest-ranking military officer	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	nobility|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	gentry|紳士|noun|a person of good breeding	army|軍|noun|the military forces of a country
where the military force is placed under the command of those who have the greatest interest in the support of the civil authority, because they have themselves the greatest share of that authority, a standing army can never be dangerous to liberty.	軍事力が、自らその権威の最大の部分を有しているために、市民権力の支持に最大の関心を持つ人々の指揮下に置かれている場合、常備軍は決して自由にとって危険なものにはなり得ない。	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	be placed under|置かれる|verb|be put under	command|指揮|noun|the authority to give orders	those who|人々|noun|people who	have the greatest interest in|最大の関心を持つ|verb|be most interested in	support|支持|noun|the action of approving of and encouraging someone or something	civil authority|市民権力|noun|the power of the government	because|ために|conjunction|for the reason that	have the greatest share of|最大の部分を有する|verb|have the biggest part of	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders or make decisions	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	can never be|決して～にはなり得ない|verb|can never become	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations
On the contrary, it may, in some cases, be favourable to liberty.	それどころか、場合によっては自由に有利なこともある。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	in some cases|場合によっては|adverb|in some instances	be favourable to|に有利である|verb|be advantageous to
The security which it gives to the sovereign renders unnecessary that troublesome jealousy, which, in some modern republics, seems to watch over the minutest actions, and to be at all times ready to disturb the peace of every citizen.	それが君主に与える安全保障は、現代の共和国のいくつかでは、些細な行動を見張り、いつでもすべての市民の平和を乱す準備ができているように見える、厄介な嫉妬を不必要にする。	security|安全保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	troublesome|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	jealousy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of resentment against someone because of that person's rivalry, success, or advantages	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	seem|見える|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	watch over|見張る|verb|to look after and protect someone or something	minute|些細な|adjective|very small in size, amount, or degree	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim	disturb|乱す|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	peace|平和|noun|a state or period of mutual concord with no fighting or war	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a particular town or city
Where the security of the magistrate, though supported by the principal people of the country, is endangered by every popular discontent;	国の主要な人々によって支持されているにもかかわらず、治安判事の安全があらゆる民衆の不満によって危険にさらされている場合、	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	support|支持|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	principal|主要な|adjective|most important, consequential, or influential	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	endanger|危険にさらす|verb|put at risk or in danger	popular|民衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	discontent|不満|noun|a feeling of dissatisfaction
where a small tumult is capable of bringing about in a few hours a great revolution, the whole authority of government must be employed to suppress and punish every murmur and complaint against it.	小さな騒動が数時間のうちに大革命を引き起こす可能性がある場合、政府の全権限を駆使して、政府に対するあらゆる不満や苦情を抑圧し、処罰しなければならない。	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	tumult|騒動|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	capable|可能性がある|adjective|having the ability to do something	bring about|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen	a few hours|数時間|noun|a small number of hours	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	employ|駆使する|verb|make use of	suppress|抑圧する|verb|forcibly put an end to	punish|処罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on
To a sovereign, on the contrary, who feels himself supported, not only by the natural aristocracy of the country, but by a well regulated standing army, the rudest, the most groundless, and the most licentious remonstrances, can give little disturbance.	それどころか、国の自然な貴族制だけでなく、よく統制された常備軍によっても支持されていると感じている君主にとって、最も無礼で、最も根拠がなく、最も放縦な抗議は、ほとんど混乱をもたらさない。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite; rather	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	support|支持|noun|the action of approving of and encouraging someone or something	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government or state ruled by an aristocracy	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; instead	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	regulated|統制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army of paid soldiers	rude|無礼な|adjective|offensively impolite or ill-mannered	groundless|根拠のない|adjective|without foundation or basis	licentious|放縦な|adjective|sexually unrestrained	remonstrances|抗議|noun|an expression of protest or disapproval	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	disturbance|混乱|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition
He can safely pardon or neglect them, and his consciousness of his own superiority naturally disposes him to do so.	彼は安全にそれらを許したり無視したりすることができ、彼自身の優越性の意識は自然にそうするように彼を配置する。	pardon|許す|verb|to forgive someone for a crime or offense	neglect|無視する|verb|to fail to care for properly	consciousness|意識|noun|the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings	superiority|優越性|noun|the quality of being better than something else	dispose|配置する|verb|to place or arrange in a particular way
That degree of liberty which approaches to licentiousness, can be tolerated only in countries where the sovereign is secured by a well regulated standing army.	放縦に近づくほどの自由は、君主がよく統制された常備軍によって守られている国でのみ許される。	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	licentiousness|放縦|noun|the state or quality of being licentious	tolerate|許す|verb|allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of without prohibition or hindrance	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	secure|守る|verb|make safe; protect	well regulated|よく統制された|adjective|properly controlled or supervised	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
It is in such countries only, that the public safety does not require that the sovereign should be trusted with any discretionary power, for suppressing even the impertinent wantonness of this licentious liberty.	このような国でのみ、この放縦な自由の無礼な放縦ささえも抑圧するために、君主に裁量権を委ねる必要が公衆の安全にはない。	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	public safety|公衆の安全|noun|the protection of the general public	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	discretionary power|裁量権|noun|the power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgment	suppress|抑圧する|verb|forcibly put an end to	impertinent|無礼な|adjective|rude and not showing proper respect	wantonness|放縦さ|noun|unrestrained and excessive behavior	licentious|放縦な|adjective|lacking legal or moral restraints	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations

The first duty of the sovereign, therefore, that of defending the society from the violence and injustice of other independent societies, grows gradually more and more expensive, as the society advances in civilization.	したがって、君主の第一の義務である、他の独立した社会の暴力や不正から社会を守るという義務は、社会が文明化が進むにつれて、次第にますます高額になる。	first duty|第一の義務|noun|the most important duty	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	defending|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	injustice|不正|noun|lack of fairness or justice	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	civilization|文明|noun|the stage of human social and cultural development and organisation that is considered most advanced
The military force of the society, which originally cost the sovereign no expense, either in time of peace, or in time of war, must, in the progress of improvement, first be maintained by him in time of war, and afterwards even in time of peace.	平時にも戦時にも、もともと君主に費用がかからなかった社会の軍事力は、改善の過程で、まず戦時に君主によって維持され、その後は平時にも維持されなければならない。	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	cost|かかる|verb|require to be paid for	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	time of peace|平時|noun|a period of time without war	time of war|戦時|noun|a period of time during which a war is taking place	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	progress|過程|noun|the process of improving or developing	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	be maintained|維持される|verb|be kept in good condition	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	even|にも|adverb|also; too; as well

The great change introduced into the art of war by the invention of fire-arms, has enhanced still further both the expense of exercising and disciplining any particular number of soldiers in time of peace, and that of employing them in time of war.	火器の発明によって戦術に導入された大きな変化は、平時にある特定数の兵士を訓練し、鍛錬する費用と、戦時に彼らを雇用する費用の両方をさらに増大させた。	art of war|戦術|noun|the art of military strategy and tactics	fire-arm|火器|noun|a weapon that uses the explosive force of gunpowder to propel a projectile	invention|発明|noun|the creation of something that has never existed before	great change|大きな変化|noun|a significant or important change	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	enhance|増大させる|verb|increase the value or quality of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	exercise|訓練|noun|physical activity that is done in order to become stronger and healthier	discipline|鍛錬|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior	particular number|特定の数|noun|a specific number	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	peace|平時|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦時|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
Both their arms and their ammunition are become more expensive.	彼らの武器と弾薬はどちらもより高価になった。	both|どちらも|conjunction|used to emphasize that two things are equally true	arm|武器|noun|a weapon, especially a firearm	ammunition|弾薬|noun|a supply of bullets or other projectiles	become|なる|verb|come to be; change into
A musket is a more expensive machine than a javelin or a bow and arrows;	マスケット銃は、投げ槍や弓矢よりも高価な道具である。	musket|マスケット銃|noun|a smoothbore muzzle-loading firearm	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	machine|道具|noun|an apparatus using or applying mechanical power and having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing a particular task	javelin|投げ槍|noun|a light spear thrown in a competitive sport or as a weapon	bow|弓|noun|a weapon made of a curved piece of wood or plastic with a string stretched between its ends, used for shooting arrows	arrow|矢|noun|a shaft with a pointed head and often with feathers at the other end, shot from a bow
a cannon or a mortar, than a balista or a catapulta.	大砲や迫撃砲は、バリスタやカタパルタよりも高価な道具である。	cannon|大砲|noun|a large, heavy gun that is usually mounted on a base or on wheels	mortar|迫撃砲|noun|a short cannon with a large bore that fires shells at high angles	balista|バリスタ|noun|an ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles	catapulta|カタパルタ|noun|a military machine used in ancient and medieval times for hurling large stones, spears, or other projectiles
The powder which is spent in a modern review is lost irrecoverably, and occasions a very considerable expense.	現代の観閲式で消費される火薬は回収不能に失われ、非常に大きな出費となる。	powder|火薬|noun|a dry substance consisting of a mixture of a combustible substance and an oxidizer	spend|消費する|verb|pay out or use up	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	review|観閲式|noun|a formal inspection of military or naval forces	irrecoverably|回収不能に|adverb|in a way that cannot be recovered	occasion|出費|noun|a particular time or event
The javelins and arrows which were thrown or shot in an ancient one, could easily be picked up again, and were, besides, of very little value.	古代の観閲式で投げられたり射られたりした投げ槍や矢は、簡単に拾い上げることができ、そのうえ、ほとんど価値がなかった。	javelin|投げ槍|noun|a light spear thrown in a sport or in hunting	arrow|矢|noun|a projectile with a pointed tip and a long shaft	throw|投げる|verb|propel through the air with a rapid movement of the arm and hand	shoot|射る|verb|hit or wound with a missile	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	pick up|拾い上げる|verb|lift or take up	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The cannon and the mortar are not only much dearer, but much heavier machines than the balista or catapulta;	大砲や迫撃砲は、バリスタやカタパルタよりもはるかに高価なだけでなく、はるかに重い道具である。	cannon|大砲|noun|a large, heavy gun that is usually mounted on a base or on wheels	mortar|迫撃砲|noun|a short cannon with a large bore that fires shells at high angles	dearer|より高価な|adjective|more expensive	heavier|より重い|adjective|of greater weight	balista|バリスタ|noun|an ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles	catapulta|カタパルタ|noun|a military machine used in ancient and medieval times for hurling large stones and other missiles
and require a greater expense, not only to prepare them for the field, but to carry them to it.	戦場に備えるだけでなく、戦場に運ぶためにも、より大きな出費が必要である。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	field|戦場|noun|a place where a battle is fought	prepare|備える|verb|make ready for use or consideration	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another
As the superiority of the modern artillery, too, over that of the ancients, is very great;	現代の大砲の優秀さも、古代のものより非常に大きいので、	superiority|優秀さ|noun|the state of being better than something else	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	artillery|大砲|noun|large guns used in warfare	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past
it has become much more difficult, and consequently much more expensive, to fortify a town, so as to resist, even for a few weeks, the attack of that superior artillery.	町を要塞化して、その優れた大砲の攻撃に数週間でも耐えられるようにすることは、はるかに困難になり、結果としてはるかに高価になった。	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	fortify|要塞化する|verb|strengthen or reinforce	resist|耐える|verb|withstand the action or effect of	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	attack|攻撃|noun|an aggressive and violent act against a person or place
In modern times, many different causes contribute to render the defence of the society more expensive.	近代では、社会の防衛をより高価にするのに、多くの異なる原因が寄与している。	modern times|近代|noun|the period of history from the end of the Middle Ages to the present day	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	contribute|寄与する|verb|give or supply in common with others	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
The unavoidable effects of the natural progress of improvement have, in this respect, been a good deal enhanced by a great revolution in the art of war, to which a mere accident, the invention of gunpowder, seems to have given occasion.	この点で、改善の自然な進歩の避けられない影響は、火薬の発明という単なる偶然が機会を与えたように思われる戦争術の大革命によって、かなり高められた。	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	enhance|高める|verb|to increase the quality, value, or extent of	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	accident|偶然|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process that has been invented by someone	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or is done

In modern war, the great expense of firearms gives an evident advantage to the nation which can best afford that expense;	現代の戦争では、銃器にかかる多大な費用は、その費用を最もよく賄える国に明らかな利点を与える。	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	great|多大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	evident|明らかな|adjective|clear to the mind or the senses or judgment	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history
and, consequently, to an opulent and civilized, over a poor and barbarous nation.	そして、結果として、貧しく野蛮な国よりも、裕福で文明的な国に有利になる。	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or possessions	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive
In ancient times, the opulent and civilized found it difficult to defend themselves against the poor and barbarous nations.	古代では、裕福で文明的な国は、貧しく野蛮な国に対して自国を守るのが困難だった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having or showing great wealth	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive
In modern times, the poor and barbarous find it difficult to defend themselves against the opulent and civilized.	現代では、貧しく野蛮な国は、裕福で文明的な国に対して自国を守るのが困難である。	modern times|現代|noun|the present period of history	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having or showing great wealth	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having an advanced or humane culture
The invention of fire-arms, an invention which at first sight appears to be so pernicious, is certainly favourable, both to the permanency and to the extension of civilization.	銃器の発明は、一見すると非常に有害な発明だが、文明の永続性と拡大の両方にとって確かに好ましい。	invention|発明|noun|a new device or process	fire-arm|銃器|noun|a weapon that uses the explosive force of gunpowder to propel a projectile	at first sight|一見すると|adverb|when first seen	appear|思われる|verb|seem	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm	favourable|好ましい|adjective|to one's advantage	permanency|永続性|noun|the state of lasting forever	extension|拡大|noun|the action of becoming larger or more extensive

PART II. Of the Expense of Justice	第二部司法の費用について	PART II|第二部|noun|the second part of something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this

The second duty of the sovereign, that of protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice, requires two very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society.	主権者の第二の義務、つまり社会のあらゆる成員を、他のあらゆる成員の不正や抑圧から可能な限り保護する義務、あるいは正確な司法行政を確立する義務は、社会の異なる時期に二つの非常に異なる程度の費用を必要とする。	second|第二の|adjective|coming after the first in position	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	protecting|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	as far as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent possible	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	member|成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	establishing|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	justice|司法|noun|the quality of being just or fair	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

Among nations of hunters, as there is scarce any property, or at least none that exceeds the value of two or three days labour;	狩猟民族の間では、ほとんど財産がないか、少なくとも二、三日の労働の価値を超えるものはないので、	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hunter|狩猟民族|noun|a person who hunts animals	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	day|日|noun|a period of twenty-four hours as a unit of time, reckoned from one midnight to the next, corresponding to a rotation of the earth on its axis	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
so there is seldom any established magistrate, or any regular administration of justice.	任命された治安判事や正規の司法行政はめったにない。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	established|任命された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are enforced and that justice is done
Men who have no property, can injure one another only in their persons or reputations.	財産のない人は、人格や名声においてのみ互いに傷つけ合うことができる。	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	injure|傷つける|verb|inflict physical or mental harm on	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	person|人格|noun|the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character	reputation|名声|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
But when one man kills, wounds, beats, or defames another, though he to whom the injury is done suffers, he who does it receives no benefit.	しかし、ある人が他人を殺したり、傷つけたり、殴ったり、中傷したりすると、傷つけられた人は苦しむが、傷つけた人は利益を得ることはない。	kill|殺す|verb|cause the death of	wound|傷つける|verb|cause physical injury to	beat|殴る|verb|hit repeatedly	defame|中傷する|verb|damage the good reputation of	injury|傷害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
It is otherwise with the injuries to property.	財産への損害はそうではない。	injury|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions
The benefit of the person who does the injury is often equal to the loss of him who suffers it.	損害を与えた人の利益は、しばしば損害を被った人の損失に等しい。	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	injury|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)
Envy, malice, or resentment, are the only passions which can prompt one man to injure another in his person or reputation.	嫉妬、悪意、恨みだけが、ある人が他人の人格や名声を傷つけるように仕向ける情念である。	envy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck	malice|悪意|noun|the intention or desire to do evil; ill will	resentment|恨み|noun|bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly	prompt|仕向ける|verb|cause to happen	injure|傷つける|verb|inflict physical or mental harm on	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	reputation|名声|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
But the greater part of men are not very frequently under the influence of those passions;	しかし、人間の大部分は、そうした情念の影響下にあることはあまりない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	frequently|あまりない|adverb|often; many times	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	passion|情念|noun|a strong feeling of love, hate, anger, etc.
and the very worst men are so only occasionally.	そして、最悪の人間でも、そうした情念の影響下にあるのは時折にすぎない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	the very worst|最悪の|adjective|of the poorest quality or the lowest standard; bad	men|人間|noun|an adult male human being	so|そう|adverb|to the degree or extent indicated	only|時折|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; at times; on occasion
As their gratification, too, how agreeable soever it may be to certain characters, is not attended with any real or permanent advantage, it is, in the greater part of men, commonly restrained by prudential considerations.	これらの情念を満足させることは、ある種の性格の人間にはどんなに心地よいことであっても、現実的または永続的な利益を伴うものではないため、人間の大部分は、通常、慎重な考慮によって抑制される。	gratification|満足|noun|the feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get when you have or achieve what you want	agreeable|心地よい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	attend|伴う|verb|go with or accompany	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back; keep under control	prudential|慎重な|adjective|exercising care for the future	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action or decision
Men may live together in society with some tolerable degree of security, though there is no civil magistrate to protect them from the injustice of those passions.	人々は、そうした情念の不正から人々を守る行政官がいなくても、ある程度の安全性を持って社会で共に生きることができる。	live together|共に生きる|verb|live in the same place	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	civil magistrate|行政官|noun|a government official who is responsible for administering the law	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; lack of justice	passion|情念|noun|a strong feeling or emotion
But avarice and ambition in the rich, in the poor the hatred of labour and the love of present ease and enjoyment, are the passions which prompt to invade property;	しかし、富裕層の貪欲と野心、貧困層の労働嫌いと目先の安楽と享楽への愛着は、財産を侵害しようとする情念である。	avarice|貪欲|noun|an extreme greed for wealth or material possessions	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	hatred|憎しみ|noun|an intense dislike or disgust	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	ease|安楽|noun|freedom from pain or trouble	enjoyment|享楽|noun|the state or process of taking delight or pleasure in something	invade|侵害する|verb|enter a country or area in a military operation	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions
passions much more steady in their operation, and much more universal in their influence.	これらの情念は、その作用においてはるかに安定しており、その影響においてはるかに普遍的である。	passion|情念|noun|a strong feeling or emotion	steady|安定している|adjective|not likely to change or fail	operation|作用|noun|the way something works or operates	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general
Wherever there is a great property, there is great inequality.	大きな財産があるところには、大きな不平等がある。	wherever|どこにでも|adverb|in or to whatever place	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal
For one very rich man, there must be at least five hundred poor, and the affluence of the few supposes the indigence of the many.	一人の非常に裕福な人間に対して、少なくとも五百人の貧しい人間が存在するはずであり、少数の富裕層の存在は多数の貧困層の存在を前提としている。	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	five hundred|五百|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to five times one hundred	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	few|少数の|noun|a small number of	affluence|富裕層|noun|an abundant supply of money or possessions	suppose|前提としている|verb|assume as true or as a possibility	many|多数の|noun|a large number of
The affluence of the rich excites the indignation of the poor, who are often both driven by want, and prompted by envy to invade his possessions.	富裕層の豊かさは貧困層の憤慨を招き、貧困層はしばしば欠乏に駆り立てられると同時に、嫉妬によって富裕層の所有物を侵害しようとする。	affluence|豊かさ|noun|an abundant supply of money or possessions	rich|富裕層|noun|a person with a great deal of money or property	excite|招く|verb|cause to feel a strong emotion	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust or unworthy	poor|貧困層|noun|a person who has little or no money and few or no possessions	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	want|欠乏|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	envy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck	invade|侵害する|verb|enter a country or area in a hostile manner, especially with military forces
It is only under the shelter of the civil magistrate, that the owner of that valuable property, which is acquired by the labour of many years, or perhaps of many successive generations, can sleep a single night in security.	長年、あるいは何世代にもわたる労働によって獲得された貴重な財産の所有者が、一晩でも安心して眠ることができるのは、行政官の保護のもとでのみである。	shelter|保護|noun|a place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger	civil magistrate|行政官|noun|a person who is in charge of the administration of justice	valuable property|貴重な財産|noun|something that is worth a lot of money	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	many successive generations|何世代にもわたる|noun|a series of people in the same family who are born and die one after the other	single night|一晩|noun|one night	security|安心|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat
He is at all times surrounded by unknown enemies, whom, though he never provoked, he can never appease, and from whose injustice he can be protected only by the powerful arm of the civil magistrate, continually held up to chastise it.	彼は常に見知らぬ敵に囲まれており、彼は決して挑発したことはないが、決してなだめることはできず、その不正から彼を守ることができるのは、それを懲らしめるために絶えず掲げられた行政官の強力な腕だけである。	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	unknown|見知らぬ|adjective|not known or familiar	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	though|～ではあるが|conjunction|despite the fact that	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	provoke|挑発する|verb|stimulate or incite	appease|なだめる|verb|make peace with	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness; unjust or dishonest behavior	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	civil magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	arm|腕|noun|an upper limb	chastise|懲らしめる|verb|rebuke or reprimand severely
The acquisition of valuable and extensive property, therefore, necessarily requires the establishment of civil government.	したがって、貴重で広大な財産を取得するには、必然的に市民政府の設立が必要となる。	acquisition|取得|noun|the act of acquiring something	valuable|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, and for the people
Where there is no property, or at least none that exceeds the value of two or three days labour, civil government is not so necessary.	財産がない場合、あるいは少なくとも2、3日分の労働価値を超える財産がない場合、市民政府はそれほど必要ではない。	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	two or three|2、3|noun|a small number of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, for the people

Civil government supposes a certain subordination.	市民政府はある種の従属を前提としている。	civil government|市民政府|noun|the government of a country or state	suppose|前提とする|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	certain|ある種の|adjective|particular but not specified	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being subordinate
But as the necessity of civil government gradually grows up with the acquisition of valuable property;	しかし、貴重な財産の取得に伴い、市民政府の必要性が徐々に高まってくる。	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, and for the people	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	grow up|高まる|verb|become an adult	acquisition|取得|noun|the act of acquiring something	valuable property|貴重な財産|noun|something of great value
so the principal causes, which naturally introduce subordination, gradually grow up with the growth of that valuable property.	従属を自然に生み出す主な原因は、貴重な財産の増加とともに徐々に大きくなる。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	introduce|生み出す|verb|bring into existence or use	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being subordinate	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	grow up|大きくなる|verb|become an adult	valuable|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone

The causes or circumstances which naturally introduce subordination, or which naturally and antecedent to any civil institution, give some men some superiority over the greater part of their brethren, seem to be four in number.	従属を自然に生み出す原因や状況、あるいは市民制度に先立って自然に生み出され、一部の人々に同胞の大部分に対する優越性を与える原因や状況は、4つあるように思われる。	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	introduce|生み出す|verb|bring into existence or use	subordination|従属|noun|the state or condition of being subordinate	antecedent|先立って|adjective|existing or occurring before in time or order	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being superior	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being

The first of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of personal qualifications, of strength, beauty, and agility of body;	これらの原因や状況の1つ目は、身体の強さ、美しさ、敏捷性といった個人の資質の優越性である。	first|1つ目|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another or others	personal|個人の|adjective|of or concerning a particular person	qualification|資質|noun|a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or position	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	beauty|美しさ|noun|a combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight	agility|敏捷性|noun|the ability to move or think quickly and easily
of wisdom and virtue; of prudence, justice, fortitude, and moderation of mind.	知恵と美徳、慎重さ、正義、不屈の精神、節制といった資質の優越性である。	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	fortitude|不屈の精神|noun|courage in facing difficulties	moderation|節制|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint
The qualifications of the body, unless supported by those of the mind, can give little authority in any period of society.	身体の資質は、精神の資質に支えられない限り、社会のどの時期においてもほとんど権威を与えることはできない。	qualification|資質|noun|a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or position	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time
He is a very strong man, who, by mere strength of body, can force two weak ones to obey him.	彼は非常に強い男で、身体の強さだけで、2人の弱い男に従わせることができる。	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	strong|強い|adjective|having great power or force	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	force|従わせる|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with the command, direction, or request of
The qualifications of the mind can alone give very great authority.	精神の資質だけでも、非常に大きな権威を与えることができる。	qualification|資質|noun|a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or position	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	alone|だけでも|adverb|without any other people or things	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive or have something	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
They are however, invisible qualities;	しかし、それらは目に見えない資質である。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	invisible|目に見えない|adjective|not able to be seen	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it
always disputable, and generally disputed.	常に議論の余地があり、一般的に議論されている。	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	disputable|議論の余地がある|adjective|open to question or debate	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	disputed|議論されている|adjective|argued about; contested
No society, whether barbarous or civilized, has ever found it convenient to settle the rules of precedency of rank and subordination, according to those invisible qualities;	野蛮であれ文明的であれ、どの社会も、目に見えない資質に従って、階級や従属の優先順位のルールを定めることが便利だとは考えていない。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	settle|定める|verb|decide or agree on	rule|ルール|noun|one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity	precedency|優先順位|noun|the right to precede others in ceremonies or social situations	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being inferior in rank or position	invisible|目に見えない|adjective|unable to be seen	quality|資質|noun|a distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by someone or something
but according to something that is more plain and palpable.	しかし、より明確で明白な何かに従って。	according to|従って|preposition|as stated or reported by	plain|明確な|adjective|easily understood; clear	palpable|明白な|adjective|able to be touched or felt

The second of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of age.	これらの原因または状況の2番目は、年齢の優位性である。	second|2番目|noun|the number 2 in a series	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another or others
An old man, provided his age is not so far advanced as to give suspicion of dotage, is everywhere more respected than a young man of equal rank, fortune, and abilities.	老人は、老衰の疑いを抱かせるほど年齢が進んでいなければ、どこでも同等の地位、財産、能力を持つ若者よりも尊敬される。	old man|老人|noun|a man who is old	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	so far|それほど|adverb|to such an extent	advanced|進んだ|adjective|far on in development or progress	suspicion|疑い|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	dotage|老衰|noun|a state of mental decline in old age	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	respected|尊敬される|verb|admire someone or something deeply	young man|若者|noun|a man who is young	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	rank|地位|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
Among nations of hunters, such as the native tribes of North America, age is the sole foundation of rank and precedency.	北米の先住民族のような狩猟民族の間では、年齢は階級と優先順位の唯一の基礎である。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hunter|狩猟民族|noun|a person who hunts animals	North America|北米|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	native tribe|先住民族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of families or clans, living together in a particular geographical area	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	sole|唯一の|adjective|one and only	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or founded	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military or police force	precedency|優先順位|noun|the right to be first in a ceremonial procession
Among them, father is the appellation of a superior;	彼らの間では、父は上司の呼び名である。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	them|彼ら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	father|父|noun|a man who has a child	appellation|呼び名|noun|a name or descriptive phrase that is given to a person, place, or thing	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person
brother, of an equal; and son, of an inferior.	兄弟は同等の者、息子は劣等の者の呼び名である。	brother|兄弟|noun|a male sibling	equal|同等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	inferior|劣等|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality
In the most opulent and civilized nations, age regulates rank among those who are in every other respect equal;	最も裕福で文明化された国々では、年齢は他のあらゆる点で平等な人々の間の階級を決定する。	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or possessions	civilized|文明化された|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	regulate|決定する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military or police force	equal|平等な|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
and among whom, therefore, there is nothing else to regulate it.	したがって、彼らの間にはそれを規制するものは他に何もない。	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	whom|彼ら|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	there is|ある|verb|exist	nothing|何もない|noun|not anything; no single thing	else|他に|adverb|in addition; besides; as well	to regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
Among brothers and among sisters, the eldest always takes place;	兄弟や姉妹の間では、常に年長者が優先される。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	brother|兄弟|noun|a male sibling	sister|姉妹|noun|a female sibling	eldest|年長者|noun|the oldest person in a group	take place|優先される|verb|happen; occur
and in the succession of the paternal estate, every thing which cannot be divided, but must go entire to one person, such as a title of honour, is in most cases given to the eldest.	そして父方の財産の相続では、分割できないが、名誉の称号など、一人にすべて渡さなければならないものは、ほとんどの場合、長男に与えられる。	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	paternal|父方の|adjective|of or relating to a father	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or organization	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	go|渡す|verb|move or travel from one place to another	entire|すべて|adjective|with no part left out; whole	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	title|称号|noun|a name that describes someone's position or job	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	eldest|長男|adjective|oldest
Age is a plain and palpable quality, which admits of no dispute.	年齢は明白で明白な性質であり、議論の余地はない。	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	plain|明白な|adjective|clear and simple	palpable|明白な|adjective|able to be touched or felt	quality|性質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	dispute|議論|noun|a disagreement between people or groups

The third of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of fortune.	これらの原因または状況の3つ目は、富の優位性である。	third|3つ目|noun|the ordinal number of three	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	superiority|優位性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another or others
The authority of riches, however, though great in every age of society, is, perhaps, greatest in the rudest ages of society, which admits of any considerable inequality of fortune.	しかし、富の権威は、社会のどの時代においても大きいが、おそらく、富のかなり大きな不平等を認める社会の最も粗野な時代に最も大きい。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	riches|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal
A Tartar chief, the increase of whose flocks and herds is sufficient to maintain a thousand men, cannot well employ that increase in any other way than in maintaining a thousand men.	家畜の増加が千人の人間を養うのに十分なタタール人の酋長は、千人の人間を養う以外にその増加をうまく利用することができない。	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	chief|酋長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	flock|家畜|noun|a large group of animals	herd|家畜|noun|a large group of animals	increase|増加|noun|the amount by which something increases	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	employ|利用する|verb|make use of	well|うまく|adverb|in a good manner
The rude state of his society does not afford him any manufactured produce any trinkets or baubles of any kind, for which he can exchange that part of his rude produce which is over and above his own consumption.	彼の社会の粗野な状態は、彼にどんな種類の装身具や安物の宝石も製造した生産物を彼に与えず、彼は彼自身の消費を超えた彼の粗野な生産物のその部分を交換することができる。	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do or have something	manufacture|製造する|verb|to make or produce by hand or machinery, especially on a large scale	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	trinket|装身具|noun|a small ornament or piece of jewelry	bauble|安物の宝石|noun|a small, showy ornament of little value	kind|種類|noun|a group of things having similar characteristics	exchange|交換する|verb|to give and receive something in return	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
The thousand men whom he thus maintains, depending entirely upon him for their subsistence, must both obey his orders in war, and submit to his jurisdiction in peace.	彼がこのように養っている千人の人間は、生計を彼に完全に依存しており、戦争では彼の命令に従い、平和では彼の管轄に従わなければならない。	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	obey|従う|verb|act in accordance with	order|命令|noun|a command given by a superior to a subordinate	submit|従う|verb|yield to the authority or will of another	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law
He is necessarily both their general and their judge, and his chieftainship is the necessary effect of the superiority of his fortune.	彼は必然的に彼らの将軍であり裁判官でもあり、彼の酋長性は彼の富の優越性の必然的な結果である。	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	general|将軍|noun|the highest-ranking military officer	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	chieftainship|酋長性|noun|the position or authority of a chieftain	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property
In an opulent and civilized society, a man may possess a much greater fortune, and yet not be able to command a dozen of people.	豊かで文明的な社会では、人ははるかに大きな富を所有していても、十数人の人々を指揮することができないかもしれない。	opulent|豊かな|adjective|having or showing great wealth	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	yet|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; still; however	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability, power, or skill to do something	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	dozen|十数|noun|a group of twelve things
Though the produce of his estate may be sufficient to maintain, and may, perhaps, actually maintain, more than a thousand people, yet, as those people pay for every thing which they get from him, as he gives scarce any thing to any body but in exchange for an equivalent, there is scarce anybody who considers himself as entirely dependent upon him, and his authority extends only over a few menial servants.	彼の財産の生産物は、千人以上の人々を維持するのに十分であり、おそらく実際に維持しているかもしれないが、それらの人々は彼から得るすべてのものにお金を払うので、彼は誰にもほとんど何も与えないので、同等のものと引き換えに、自分を完全に彼に依存していると考える人はいないし、彼の権限は少数の下私にしか及ばない。	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or group	produce|生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	anybody|誰も|pronoun|any person	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	himself|自分|pronoun|the male person or animal who is being discussed	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	extend|及ぶ|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	few|少数の|adjective|a small number of	menial|下働きの|adjective|(of a task) not requiring much skill and lacking prestige
The authority of fortune, however, is very great, even in an opulent and civilized society.	しかし、富の権威は、豊かで文明的な社会でさえ、非常に大きい。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	opulent|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
That it is much greater than that either of age or of personal qualities, has been the constant complaint of every period of society which admitted of any considerable inequality of fortune.	それが年齢や個人の資質よりもはるかに大きいということは、富の不平等を認めた社会のあらゆる時期に常に不満が寄せられてきた。	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	personal|個人の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property
The first period of society, that of hunters, admits of no such inequality.	社会の最初の時期、狩猟者の時期には、そのような不平等は認められない。	first period|最初の時期|noun|the earliest stage of a process	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	hunter|狩猟者|noun|a person who hunts animals	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal
Universal poverty establishes their universal equality;	普遍的な貧困は、彼らの普遍的な平等を確立する。	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities
and the superiority, either of age or of personal qualities, are the feeble, but the sole foundations of authority and subordination.	そして、年齢や個人の資質の優越性は、弱いが、権威と従属の唯一の基礎である。	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	personal|個人の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	feeble|弱い|adjective|lacking physical strength	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is founded or built	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being less important than something else
There is, therefore, little or no authority or subordination in this period of society.	したがって、この時期の社会には権威や従属はほとんど、あるいはまったく存在しない。	there is|存在する|verb|be present	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|ない|determiner|not any	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being subordinate	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The second period of society, that of shepherds, admits of very great inequalities of fortune, and there is no period in which the superiority of fortune gives so great authority to those who possess it.	社会の第二期、羊飼いの時期には、富の非常に大きな不平等が認められ、富の優越性がそれを所有する者にそれほど大きな権威を与える時期はない。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who tends and rears sheep	admit|認める|verb|to allow to be valid or true	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another or others	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	possess|所有する|verb|to have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others
There is no period, accordingly, in which authority and subordination are more perfectly established.	したがって、権威と従属がこれほど完全に確立される時期はない。	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being subordinate	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of
The authority of an Arabian scherif is very great;	アラビアのシェリフの権威は非常に大きい。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	Arabian|アラビアの|adjective|of or relating to Arabia or its people	scherif|シェリフ|noun|a descendant of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
that of a Tartar khan altogether despotical.	タタール人のハンの権威はまったく専制的である。	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	khan|ハン|noun|a ruler of a tribe or clan in Mongolia and Central Asia	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	despotical|専制的|adjective|having absolute power or authority

The fourth of those causes or circumstances, is the superiority of birth.	これらの原因または状況の四つ目は、生まれの優越性である。	fourth|四つ目|noun|the number 4 in a series	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being higher or greater than another or others
Superiority of birth supposes an ancient superiority of fortune in the family of the person who claims it.	生まれの優越性は、それを主張する人の家族の古代からの富の優越性を前提としている。	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	suppose|前提としている|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	ancient|古代からの|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets
All families are equally ancient;	すべての家族は等しく古代から存在する。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past
and the ancestors of the prince, though they may be better known, cannot well be more numerous than those of the beggar.	そして、王子の祖先は、よりよく知られているかもしれないが、乞食の祖先より多いということはありえない。	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	beggar|乞食|noun|a person who lives by asking for money or food
Antiquity of family means everywhere the antiquity either of wealth, or of that greatness which is commonly either founded upon wealth, or accompanied with it.	家族の古代性とは、どこにおいても富の古代性、あるいは通常は富に基づくか、あるいは富を伴う偉大さの古代性を意味する。	antiquity|古代性|noun|the ancient past	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	mean|意味する|verb|have as a purpose or intention	everywhere|どこにおいても|adverb|in all places or situations	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	commonly|通常は|adverb|usually; generally	found|基づく|verb|base or establish	accompany|伴う|verb|go with or together with
Upstart greatness is everywhere less respected than ancient greatness.	成り上がりの偉大さは、どこにおいても古代からの偉大さよりも尊敬されない。	upstart|成り上がり|noun|a person who has suddenly risen to a position of prominence or importance	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	everywhere|どこにおいても|adverb|in all places or situations	ancient|古代からの|adjective|belonging to the very distant past
The hatred of usurpers, the love of the family of an ancient monarch, are in a great measure founded upon the contempt which men naturally have for the former, and upon their veneration for the latter.	簒奪者への憎しみ、古代君主の家族への愛は、人々が前者に対して自然に抱く軽蔑と後者に対する尊敬に大きく基づいている。	hatred|憎しみ|noun|a very strong feeling of dislike	usurper|簒奪者|noun|someone who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force	love|愛|noun|a strong feeling of affection	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	contempt|軽蔑|noun|a feeling that a person or a thing is not good enough to be treated with respect	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a way that is normal or expected	veneration|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep respect for someone or something
As a military officer submits, without reluctance, to the authority of a superior by whom he has always been commanded, but cannot bear that his inferior should be set over his head;	軍人は、いつも命令を受けてきた上官の権威にはためらうことなく従うが、自分の部下が自分の頭上に置かれることには耐えられない。	military officer|軍人|noun|a person who serves in the armed forces	submit|従う|verb|to yield to the control or authority of another	reluctance|ためらい|noun|unwillingness to do something	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	superior|上官|noun|a person who is higher in rank or position	command|命令|verb|to give an authoritative order	inferior|部下|noun|a person who is lower in rank or position	bear|耐える|verb|to tolerate or endure something
so men easily submit to a family to whom they and their ancestors have always submitted;	同じように、人々は自分たちとその祖先が常に従ってきた家族には簡単に従う。	submit|従う|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other by blood or marriage	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions
but are fired with indignation when another family, in whom they had never acknowledged any such superiority, assumes a dominion over them.	しかし、そのような優越性を認めたことがない別の家族が自分たちを支配しようとすると、憤慨する。	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	assume|認める|verb|to suppose to be the case, without proof	dominion|支配|noun|the power to rule over a territory or country

The distinction of birth, being subsequent to the inequality of fortune, can have no place in nations of hunters, among whom all men, being equal in fortune, must likewise be very nearly equal in birth.	生まれの区別は、富の不平等に続くものであり、狩猟民族には存在し得ない。狩猟民族の間では、すべての人が富において平等であり、同様に生まれにおいてもほぼ平等でなければならない。	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	subsequent|続く|adjective|coming after something in time; following	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	hunter|狩猟民族|noun|a person who hunts animals	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition; too	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost but not quite; very close to	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life
The son of a wise and brave man may, indeed, even among them, be somewhat more respected than a man of equal merit, who has the misfortune to be the son of a fool or a coward.	賢く勇敢な人の息子は、確かに、彼らの間でも、愚か者や臆病者の息子であるという不幸を抱えた、同等の功績のある人よりも、多少は尊敬されるかもしれない。	wise|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	brave|勇敢な|adjective|ready to face and endure danger or pain; showing courage	son|息子|noun|a male offspring	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	merit|功績|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	fool|愚か者|noun|a person who acts unwisely	coward|臆病者|noun|a person who lacks the courage to do or endure dangerous or unpleasant things
The difference, however will not be very great;	しかし、その差はそれほど大きくはないだろう。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
and there never was, I believe, a great family in the world, whose illustration was entirely derived from the inheritance of wisdom and virtue.	そして、私の考えでは、その名声が完全に知恵と美徳の継承に由来する偉大な家族は、世界に存在しなかった。	there never was|存在しなかった|verb|did not exist	I believe|私の考えでは|verb|I think	great family|偉大な家族|noun|a family that is famous or important	illustration|名声|noun|the state of being well known	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	derive|由来する|verb|come from	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of being wise	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality that is morally good

The distinction of birth not only may, but always does, take place among nations of shepherds.	生まれの区別は、羊飼いの国々では起こりうるだけでなく、常に起こっている。	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	take place|起こる|verb|happen	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
Such nations are always strangers to every sort of luxury, and great wealth can scarce ever be dissipated among them by improvident profusion.	そのような国々は、常にあらゆる種類の贅沢とは無縁であり、無計画な浪費によって大きな富が散逸されることはほとんどない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	stranger|無縁|noun|a person whom one does not know	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion	dissipate|散逸|verb|(with reference to a feeling or emotion) disappear or cause to disappear	improvident|無計画な|adjective|lacking care for the future	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure or supply
There are no nations, accordingly, who abound more in families revered and honoured on account of their descent from a long race of great and illustrious ancestors;	したがって、偉大で輝かしい祖先の長い血統から生まれたために尊敬され、名誉を与えられる家族がこれほど多い国はない。	abound|多い|verb|be plentiful or numerous	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	revered|尊敬される|verb|regard with deep respect	honoured|名誉を与えられる|verb|regard with great respect	descent|血統|noun|the origin of a person in terms of their parents or ancestors	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	race|血統|noun|a group of people who share similar physical characteristics and are believed to have a common history	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	illustrious|輝かしい|adjective|well known and respected
because there are no nations among whom wealth is likely to continue longer in the same families.	なぜなら、富が同じ家族の中で長く続く可能性が高い国はないからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	there are|～がある|verb|exist	no|～がない|determiner|not any	nations|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	among|～の中で|preposition|in the middle of	whom|～の中で|relative pronoun|the person or people that	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	is likely to|～する可能性が高い|verb|be probable	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	longer|長く|adverb|for a longer period of time	in|～の中で|preposition|within the limits or bounds of	the same|同じ|adjective|being the same one	families|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other

Birth and fortune are evidently the two circumstances which principally set one man above another.	生まれと富は、明らかに、主に一人の人間を他の人間よりも優れたものとする二つの状況である。	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	set|する|verb|put, lay, or stand (something) in a specified place or position	above|優れた|adjective|higher in position, rank, or importance
They are the two great sources of personal distinction, and are, therefore, the principal causes which naturally establish authority and subordination among men.	それらは個人の区別の二つの大きな源であり、それゆえ、人々の間に自然に権威と従属関係を成立させる主な原因である。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	source|源|noun|the place from which something comes	personal|個人の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being different	therefore|それゆえ|adverb|for that reason; consequently	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	subordination|従属関係|noun|the state of being subordinate	cause|原因|noun|the reason for which something happens
Among nations of shepherds, both those causes operate with their full force.	羊飼いの国々では、これらの原因は両方とも全力で作用する。	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	cause|原因|noun|something that produces an effect	operate|作用する|verb|have an effect or influence	full force|全力|noun|the greatest possible effort
The great shepherd or herdsman, respected on account of his great wealth, and of the great number of those who depend upon him for subsistence, and revered on account of the nobleness of his birth, and of the immemorial antiquity or his illustrious family, has a natural authority over all the inferior shepherds or herdsmen of his horde or clan.	偉大な羊飼いや牧夫は、その莫大な富と、生計を彼に依存している人々の多さから尊敬され、また、その高貴な生まれと、太古の昔からの家系や輝かしい家系から尊敬され、彼の群れや氏族のすべての下位の羊飼いや牧夫に対して自然な権威を持っている。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	herdsman|牧夫|noun|a person who looks after cattle or other animals	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	nobleness|高貴|noun|the quality of being morally good and deserving praise	immemorial|太古の|adjective|extending back beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition	antiquity|古代|noun|the ancient past	illustrious|輝かしい|adjective|well known and respected	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders and enforce obedience	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	horde|群れ|noun|a large group of people	clan|氏族|noun|a group of people with a common ancestor
He can command the united force of a greater number of people than any of them.	彼は彼らの誰よりも多くの人々の団結した力を指揮することができる。	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	united|団結した|adjective|joined or connected together	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	number|数|noun|a quantity of something
His military power is greater than that of any of them.	彼の軍事力は彼らの誰よりも大きい。	military power|軍事力|noun|the ability of a country to fight a war	greater|大きい|adjective|of a size that is above average	any of them|彼らの誰よりも|noun|any one of them
In time of war, they are all of them naturally disposed to muster themselves under his banner, rather than under that of any other person;	戦争の時には、彼らは皆、他の誰かの旗の下ではなく、彼の旗の下に集結する傾向がある。	in time of|時に|preposition|at the time of	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	banner|旗|noun|a strip of cloth with a design or slogan	muster|集結する|verb|gather together	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
and his birth and fortune thus naturally procure to him some sort of executive power.	そして、彼の生まれと財産は、自然と彼にある種の執行権を与える。	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	naturally|自然と|adverb|without being forced or done on purpose	procure|与える|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans or laws into effect
By commanding, too, the united force of a greater number of people than any of them, he is best able to compel any one of them, who may have injured another, to compensate the wrong.	また、彼らの誰よりも多くの人々の団結した力を指揮することで、彼は彼らの誰かが他人に損害を与えた場合に、その損害を補償するよう強制することができる。	command|指揮する|verb|give an authoritative order	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	unite|団結する|verb|join or combine	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	injure|損害を与える|verb|inflict physical or mental harm on	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	wrong|損害|noun|an unjust or immoral act
He is the person, therefore, to whom all those who are too weak to defend themselves naturally look up for protection.	したがって、彼は、自分を守るには弱すぎる人々が、自然と保護を求める人物である。	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	look up|頼る|verb|to regard with respect or admiration	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something
It is to him that they naturally complain of the injuries which they imagine have been done to them;	彼らが受けたと思う損害について、自然と彼に訴える。	it is to|～に|verb|to be the case that	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	complain|訴える|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	injury|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or damage	imagine|思う|verb|form a mental image or concept of
and his interposition, in such cases, is more easily submitted to, even by the person complained of, than that of any other person would be.	そして、そのような場合、彼の仲裁は、他の誰よりも、訴えられた人物でさえ、より簡単に従う。	interposition|仲裁|noun|the act of intervening between two parties at variance	submit|従う|verb|yield to the authority or will of another	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
His birth and fortune thus naturally procure him some sort of judicial authority.	こうして彼の出生と財産は、自然と彼にある種の司法権を与える。	birth|出生|noun|the beginning of life	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	naturally|自然と|adverb|without being forced or done on purpose	procure|与える|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	judicial authority|司法権|noun|the power of a court to decide cases and enforce its decisions

It is in the age of shepherds, in the second period of society, that the inequality of fortune first begins to take place, and introduces among men a degree of authority and subordination, which could not possibly exist before.	社会の第二段階である牧畜の時代に、富の不平等が初めて生じ、人々の間に、それまで存在し得なかった程度の権威と従属関係が生じ始める。	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	shepherd|牧畜|noun|a person who looks after sheep	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	period|段階|noun|a length or portion of time	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	first|初めて|adverb|for the first time	begin|生じる|verb|start to happen or exist	introduce|生じさせる|verb|cause to be acquainted	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	subordination|従属|noun|the state or condition of being subordinate	exist|存在する|verb|be or continue to be; have being
It thereby introduces some degree of that civil government which is indispensably necessary for its own preservation;	それによって、その存続に不可欠な市民政府をある程度導入する。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	some degree|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, and for the people	indispensably necessary|不可欠な|adjective|absolutely necessary; essential	preservation|存続|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state
and it seems to do this naturally, and even independent of the consideration of that necessity.	そして、それは自然に、そしてその必要性の考慮から独立してさえ、これを行うように思われる。	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	independent|独立して|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary
The consideration of that necessity comes, no doubt, afterwards, to contribute very much to maintain and secure that authority and subordination.	その必要性の考慮は、間違いなく、その後、その権威と従属関係を維持し、確保するために大いに貢献するようになる。	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	come|なる|verb|start to be	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or last	secure|確保する|verb|make safe or certain	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	subordination|従属関係|noun|the state of being subordinate
The rich, in particular, are necessarily interested to support that order of things, which can alone secure them in the possession of their own advantages.	特に富裕層は、自分たちの利益を享受するためには、その秩序を維持することに必然的に利害関係がある。	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	in particular|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	interested|利害関係がある|adjective|having a stake in something	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	thing|事柄|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	alone|のみ|adverb|without the company of others	secure|確保する|verb|make safe; make certain of	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
Men of inferior wealth combine to defend those of superior wealth in the possession of their property, in order that men of superior wealth may combine to defend them in the possession of theirs.	劣等な富の人は、優れた富の人が彼らの所有物を守るために団結するために、彼らの所有物を守るために団結する。	inferior|劣等な|adjective|of low quality or value	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	combine|団結する|verb|join or merge	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	possession|所有物|noun|something that you own	superior|優れた|adjective|of higher quality or value
All the inferior shepherds and herdsmen feel, that the security of their own herds and flocks depends upon the security of those of the great shepherd or herdsman;	すべての劣等な羊飼いや牧夫は、自分たちの群れの安全は偉大な羊飼いや牧夫の群れの安全にかかっていることを感じている。	inferior|劣等な|adjective|of low quality or value	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	herdsman|牧夫|noun|a person who looks after cattle	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance
that the maintenance of their lesser authority depends upon that of his greater authority;	彼らのより小さな権威の維持は、彼のより大きな権威の維持にかかっていることを。	maintenance|維持|noun|the act of maintaining something	lesser|より小さな|adjective|smaller in size or amount	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size or amount
and that upon their subordination to him depends his power of keeping their inferiors in subordination to them.	そして、彼らが彼に従属することで、彼の権力は彼らの下位の者を彼らに従属させ続けることにかかっていることを。	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being subordinate	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	inferior|下位|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	keep|続ける|verb|cause to remain in a specified state
They constitute a sort of little nobility, who feel themselves interested to defend the property, and to support the authority, of their own little sovereign, in order that he may be able to defend their property, and to support their authority.	彼らは一種の小貴族を形成し、自分たちの小さな主権者の財産を守り、権威を支えることに興味を持ち、彼が自分たちの財産を守り、権威を支えることができるようにしている。	constitute|形成する|verb|be or form a part of	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	be able to|できる|verb|have the ability or power to do something	interest|興味|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is, in reality, instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all.	市民政府は、財産の安全のために制定されている限り、実際には、貧しい人々に対する富裕層の防衛、あるいはまったく財産を持たない人々に対するある程度の財産を持つ人々の防衛のために制定されている。	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of the people, by the people, and for the people	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	institute|制定する|verb|establish or introduce	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; really	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	rich|富裕層|noun|a person with a great deal of money or valuable possessions	poor|貧しい人々|noun|a person who has little or no money and few or no possessions	some|ある程度の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	none|まったく|determiner|not any

The judicial authority of such a sovereign, however, far from being a cause of expense, was, for a long time, a source of revenue to him.	しかし、そのような主権者の司法権は、出費の原因となるどころか、長い間、彼の収入源であった。	judicial authority|司法権|noun|the power of a court to decide cases	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	cause of expense|出費の原因|noun|something that causes money to be spent	far from|どころか|adverb|not at all; on the contrary	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	source of revenue|収入源|noun|a source of income
The persons who applied to him for justice were always willing to pay for it, and a present never failed to accompany a petition.	彼に正義を求めた人々は、常にその代償を払う用意があり、請願書には必ず贈り物が添えられていた。	apply|求める|verb|make a formal request for something	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	fail|添える|verb|be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something	petition|請願書|noun|a formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority with respect to a particular cause
After the authority of the sovereign, too, was thoroughly established, the person found guilty, over and above the satisfaction which he was obliged to make to the party, was like-wise forced to pay an amercement to the sovereign.	主権者の権威もまた完全に確立された後、有罪判決を受けた者は、当事者に支払う義務のある賠償金に加えて、主権者に罰金を支払うことを余儀なくされた。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	thoroughly|完全に|adverb|completely	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of	guilty|有罪|adjective|having committed a crime	satisfaction|賠償金|noun|the payment of a debt or obligation	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action	amercement|罰金|noun|a fine imposed at the discretion of the court	pay|支払う|verb|to give money in exchange for goods or services
He had given trouble, he had disturbed, he had broke the peace of his lord the king, and for those offences an amercement was thought due.	彼は迷惑をかけ、混乱させ、主君である王の平和を破ったため、これらの罪に対して罰金が科せられるべきだと考えられていた。	give trouble|迷惑をかける|verb|cause difficulty or problems	disturb|混乱させる|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	break|破る|verb|cause to separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	offence|罪|noun|a crime or other violation of the law	amercement|罰金|noun|a fine imposed at the discretion of the court	due|科せられる|adjective|expected or required to be paid or done at a certain time
In the Tartar governments of Asia, in the governments of Europe which were founded by the German and Scythian nations who overturned the Roman empire, the administration of justice was a considerable source of revenue, both to the sovereign, and to all the lesser chiefs or lords who exercised under him any particular jurisdiction, either over some particular tribe or clan, or over some particular territory or district.	アジアのタタール政府、ローマ帝国を転覆させたドイツとスキタイの民族によって設立されたヨーロッパの政府では、司法行政は主権者と、その下で特定の部族や氏族、あるいは特定の領土や地区に対して特定の管轄権を行使したすべての下位の首長や領主の両方にとって、かなりの収入源であった。	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Tartar|タタール|noun|a member of any of the Turkic peoples of southern Russia and Siberia	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	German|ドイツ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	Scythian|スキタイ|noun|a member of an ancient nomadic people who inhabited the steppes north of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea from about the 8th century BC to about the 4th century AD	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the post-Republican period of ancient Rome	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	source of revenue|収入源|noun|a source of income	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	lesser|下位の|adjective|smaller in size, amount, or value	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other social group	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	clan|氏族|noun|a group of people with a common ancestor	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government
Originally, both the sovereign and the inferior chiefs used to exercise this jurisdiction in their own persons.	もともと、主権者と下位の首長の両方が、この管轄権を自ら行使していた。	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other social group	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
Afterwards, they universally found it convenient to delegate it to some substitute, bailiff, or judge.	その後、彼らは普遍的にそれを代理人、執行吏、または裁判官に委任することが便利だとわかった。	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a universal manner	find|わかる|verb|discover or notice	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	delegate|委任する|verb|entrust to another	substitute|代理人|noun|a person or thing acting or serving in place of another	bailiff|執行吏|noun|an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs, processes, and orders	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
This substitute, however, was still obliged to account to his principal or constituent for the profits of the jurisdiction.	しかし、この代理人は、管轄権の利益について、依然としてその本人または選挙区民に説明する義務があった。	substitute|代理人|noun|a person or thing acting or serving in place of another	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something by law or social convention	account|説明する|verb|give a report of; narrate	principal|本人|noun|the person with the highest authority in an organization	constituent|選挙区民|noun|a member of a constituency	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments
Whoever reads the instructions (They are to be found in Tyrol’s History of England) which were given to the judges of the circuit in the time of Henry II will see clearly that those judges were a sort of itinerant factors, sent round the country for the purpose of levying certain branches of the king’s revenue.	ヘンリー二世の時代に巡回裁判所の裁判官に与えられた指示(それはティロルのイギリス史に見られる)を読む人は誰でも、これらの裁判官が王の収入の特定の部門を徴収する目的で国中に派遣された一種の巡回代理人であったことをはっきりと理解するだろう。	read|読む|verb|to be able to understand the written word	instruction|指示|noun|a direction or order	Tyrol|ティロル|noun|a state in western Austria	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Henry II|ヘンリー二世|noun|King of England from 1154 to 1189	circuit|巡回裁判所|noun|a court that meets in several locations within its jurisdiction	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	itinerant|巡回|adjective|traveling from place to place	factor|代理人|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	send|派遣する|verb|to cause to go or be taken to a destination; to dispatch	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	levy|徴収する|verb|to impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	branch|部門|noun|a division or subdivision of a larger group	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization
In those days, the administration of justice not only afforded a certain revenue to the sovereign, but, to procure this revenue, seems to have been one of the principal advantages which he proposed to obtain by the administration of justice.	当時、司法行政は主権者に一定の収入をもたらしただけでなく、この収入を得ることが、主権者が司法行政によって得ようとした主な利点の一つであったように思われる。	those days|当時|noun|a time in the past	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	procure|得る|verb|to obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	propose|提案する|verb|to suggest or offer (something) for consideration, discussion, or action

This scheme of making the administration of justice subservient to the purposes of revenue, could scarce fail to be productive of several very gross abuses.	司法行政を収入の目的のために従属させるこの制度は、いくつかの非常にひどい不正を生み出すことに失敗することはほとんどあり得なかった。	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	subservient|従属する|adjective|subordinate in position or importance	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	revenue|収入|noun|income	scarce|ほとんど～ない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a goal	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	gross|ひどい|adjective|very bad or serious	abuse|不正|noun|the improper use of something
The person who applied for justice with a large present in his hand, was likely to get something more than justice;	大きな贈り物を手に正義を申し立てた人は、正義以上のものを得る可能性があった。	apply|申し立てる|verb|make a formal request	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	likely|可能性がある|adjective|probable; having a high probability
while he who applied for it with a small one was likely to get something less.	一方、小さな贈り物で正義を申し立てた人は、それより少ないものを得る可能性があった。	apply|申し立てる|verb|make a formal request for something	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as usual or expected
Justice, too, might frequently be delayed, in order that this present might be repeated.	正義もまた、この贈り物が繰り返されるために、しばしば遅れることがあった。	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	delay|遅れる|verb|make or be late or slow	order|ために|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	repeat|繰り返される|verb|do or say again
The amercement, besides, of the person complained of, might frequently suggest a very strong reason for finding him in the wrong, even when he had not really been so.	そのうえ、訴えられた人の罰金は、実際にはそうではないときでさえ、しばしば彼を有罪とするための非常に強い理由を示唆するかもしれない。	amercement|罰金|noun|a fine imposed in a court of law	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	complain|訴える|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	wrong|有罪|adjective|not correct or true	suggest|示唆する|verb|mention or introduce as a possibility
That such abuses were far from being uncommon, the ancient history of every country in Europe bears witness.	そのような不正が珍しくなかったことは、ヨーロッパのあらゆる国の古代史が証明している。	abuse|不正|noun|the improper use of something	far from|決して～ない|adverb|not at all	uncommon|珍しい|adjective|not common; unusual	ancient history|古代史|noun|the history of the ancient world	bear witness|証明する|verb|to give evidence of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

When the sovereign or chief exercises his judicial authority in his own person, how much soever he might abuse it, it must have been scarce possible to get any redress;	君主や首長が自ら司法権を行使する場合には、どれほどそれを乱用しようとも、救済を得ることはほとんど不可能だったに違いない。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	judicial authority|司法権|noun|the power of a court to decide cases	abuse|乱用する|verb|use something in a wrong or harmful way	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong or grievance
because there could seldom be any body powerful enough to call him to account.	なぜなら、彼に責任を問うだけの力を持つ者はめったにいなかったからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	there could|めったにいなかった|verb|be able to	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	be|である|verb|exist	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	body|者|noun|a person	powerful|力を持つ|adjective|having great power or strength	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	call|問う|verb|give a name to	to account|責任|noun|the quality or state of being accountable or responsible
When he exercised it by a bailiff, indeed, redress might sometimes be had.	彼が執行吏によってそれを行使した場合には、確かに、救済が得られることもあるかもしれない。	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer who executes writs and processes and makes arrests	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability
If it was for his own benefit only, that the bailiff had been guilty of an act of injustice, the sovereign himself might not always be unwilling to punish him, or to oblige him to repair the wrong.	執行吏が不正行為を犯したのが、彼自身の利益のためだけであったなら、君主自身が彼を罰したり、過ちを償わせたりすることを常に嫌がるわけではないかもしれない。	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer who executes writs and processes and makes arrests	guilty|有罪|adjective|having committed a crime	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on	repair|償う|verb|make amends for
But if it was for the benefit of his sovereign;	しかし、それが君主の利益のためであったならば、	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
if it was in order to make court to the person who appointed him, and who might prefer him, that he had committed any act of oppression;	もしそれが、彼を任命し、彼を昇進させるかもしれない人物に媚びを売るために、彼が何かの圧政を行ったとしたら、	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the purpose of	make court to|媚びを売る|verb|try to gain favor with	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	appoint|任命する|verb|officially assign to a position or task	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	prefer|昇進させる|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	act|行為|noun|something that is done	oppression|圧政|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
redress would, upon most occasions, be as impossible as if the sovereign had committed it himself.	救済は、ほとんどの場合、君主が自分でそれを犯したのと同じくらい不可能であろう。	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform
In all barbarous governments, accordingly, in all those ancient governments of Europe in particular, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, the administration of justice appears for a long time to have been extremely corrupt;	したがって、すべての野蛮な政府、特にローマ帝国の廃墟の上に築かれたヨーロッパのすべての古代政府では、司法行政は長い間非常に腐敗していたように思われる。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	found|築く|verb|establish or originate	ruin|廃墟|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the post-Republican period of ancient Rome	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business	justice|司法|noun|just behavior or treatment	appear|思われる|verb|seem	long time|長い間|noun|a lengthy period of time	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	corrupt|腐敗した|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain
far from being quite equal and impartial, even under the best monarchs, and altogether profligate under the worst.	最良の君主の下でさえ、平等で公平であるどころか、最悪の君主の下ではまったく放蕩であった。	far from|どころか|adverb|not at all; on the contrary	quite|まったく|adverb|to the fullest extent	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	impartial|公平|adjective|just or fair; unbiased	even|さえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely or totally	profligate|放蕩|adjective|recklessly extravagant or wasteful

Among nations of shepherds, where the sovereign or chief is only the greatest shepherd or herdsman of the horde or clan, he is maintained in the same manner as any of his vassals or subjects, by the increase of his own herds or flocks.	君主や首長がただ群れや氏族の最大の羊飼いである牧畜民の国々では、彼は自分の臣下や臣民の誰とも同じように、自分の群れの増加によって生計を立てている。	among|～の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	horde|群れ|noun|a large group of people	clan|氏族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	maintain|生計を立てる|verb|to keep in good condition	vassal|臣下|noun|a person who has promised to serve and obey a lord	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is ruled by a king or queen	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals	flock|群れ|noun|a group of birds
Among those nations of husbandmen, who are but just come out of the shepherd state, and who are not much advanced beyond that state, such as the Greek tribes appear to have been about the time of the Trojan war, and our German and Scythian ancestors, when they first settled upon the ruins of the western empire;	羊飼いの状態から抜け出したばかりで、その状態をあまり進歩していない農民の国々では、トロイア戦争の頃のギリシャの部族や、西ローマ帝国の廃墟に最初に定住した頃のドイツ人やスキタイ人の祖先などである。	come out of|抜け出す|verb|leave or emerge from	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who live as a social unit with a recognized leader	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	Trojan war|トロイア戦争|noun|a war between the Greeks and the Trojans	German|ドイツ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Germany	Scythian|スキタイ人|noun|a member of a nomadic people who lived in Scythia from the 8th to the 4th century BC	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	settle|定住する|verb|establish oneself in a place	ruin|廃墟|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	empire|帝国|noun|an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor
the sovereign or chief is, in the same manner, only the greatest landlord of the country, and is maintained in the same manner as any other landlord, by a revenue derived from his own private estate, or from what, in modern Europe, was called the demesne of the crown.	君主や首長は、同じように、その国の最大の地主にすぎず、他の地主と同じように、自分の私有地から得られる収入や、現代ヨーロッパでは王冠の領地と呼ばれていたものから得られる収入によって生計を立てている。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	only|ただ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	private estate|私有地|noun|land owned by a private person	revenue|収入|noun|income	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority
His subjects, upon ordinary occasions, contribute nothing to his support, except when, in order to protect them from the oppression of some of their fellow-subjects, they stand in need of his authority.	彼の臣民は、通常の場合には、同胞の臣民の一部からの抑圧から身を守るために彼の権威を必要とする時を除いて、彼の支援に何も貢献していない。	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	oppression|抑圧|noun|the state of being subject to unjust treatment or control	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	stand in need of|必要とする|verb|require or need
The presents which they make him upon such occasions constitute the whole ordinary revenue, the whole of the emoluments which, except, perhaps, upon some very extraordinary emergencies, he derives from his dominion over them.	そのような場合に彼らが彼に贈る贈り物は、通常の収入のすべてを構成し、おそらくいくつかの非常に異常な緊急事態を除いて、彼が彼らに対する支配から得る報酬のすべてを構成する。	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	constitute|構成する|verb|be or form a part of	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	revenue|収入|noun|income	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	emergency|緊急事態|noun|a serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control
When Agamemnon, in Homer, offers to Achilles, for his friendship, the sovereignty of seven Greek cities, the sole advantage which he mentions as likely to be derived from it was, that the people would honour him with presents.	ホメロスの物語で、アガメムノンがアキレスに友情の証としてギリシャの七都市の支配権を申し出たとき、彼がそれから得られるであろう唯一の利益として述べたのは、人々が彼に贈り物を贈って敬意を表するだろうということだった。	Agamemnon|アガメムノン|noun|a king of Mycenae and the leader of the Greek forces in the Trojan War	Homer|ホメロス|noun|a Greek epic poet	Achilles|アキレス|noun|a Greek hero of the Trojan War	friendship|友情|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	seven|七つ|adjective|being one more than six	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	sovereignty|支配権|noun|supreme power or authority	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	mention|述べる|verb|refer to briefly	likely|ありそうな|adjective|having a high probability	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	honour|敬意を表する|verb|regard with great respect	present|贈り物|noun|something that is given
As long as such presents, as long as the emoluments of justice, or what may be called the fees of court, constituted, in this manner, the whole ordinary revenue which the sovereign derived from his sovereignty, it could not well be expected, it could not even decently be proposed, that he should give them up altogether.	このような贈り物や、裁判の報酬、あるいは裁判所の手数料と呼ばれるものが、このように君主が主権から得る通常の収入のすべてを構成している限り、君主がそれらをすべて放棄することは期待できず、また、きちんと提案することさえできなかった。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	justice|裁判|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of; make up	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	decently|きちんと|adverb|in a proper and socially acceptable manner	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion
It might, and it frequently was proposed, that he should regulate and ascertain them.	彼がそれらを規制し、確認するべきだという提案はあり得たし、また頻繁に提案された。	might|あり得る|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty
But after they had been so regulated and ascertained, how to hinder a person who was all-powerful from extending them beyond those regulations, was still very difficult, not to say impossible.	しかし、それらがそのように規制され、確認された後で、全能の人物がそれらの規制を超えて拡大するのを妨げる方法は、不可能とは言わないまでも、依然として非常に困難であった。	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved
During the continuance of this state of things, therefore, the corruption of justice, naturally resulting from the arbitrary and uncertain nature of those presents, scarce admitted of any effectual remedy.	したがって、このような状況が続く間は、これらの贈り物の恣意的で不確実な性質から自然に生じる正義の腐敗は、ほとんど効果的な救済策を認めなかった。	continuance|継続|noun|the action of continuing in a state or condition	state of things|状況|noun|the way things are	corruption|腐敗|noun|the act of corrupting or state of being corrupt	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	result|生じる|verb|to come about as a consequence	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not known or definite; doubtful	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	admit|認める|verb|to recognize the existence or truth of	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury

But when, from different causes, chiefly from the continually increasing expense of defending the nation against the invasion of other nations, the private estate of the sovereign had become altogether insufficient for defraying the expense of the sovereignty;	しかし、さまざまな原因から、主に他の国の侵略に対する国を守るための費用が継続的に増加したことから、主権者の私有地は主権の費用を賄うのにまったく不十分になった。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	cause|原因|noun|something that makes something else happen	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money, time, or energy	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	invasion|侵略|noun|an act or instance of invading	private|私有|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	estate|私有地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	insufficient|不十分|adjective|not enough	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority
and when it had become necessary that the people should, for their own security, contribute towards this expense by taxes of different kinds;	そして、人々が自分たちの安全のために、さまざまな種類の税金によってこの費用に貢献する必要が生じたとき、	become necessary|必要になる|verb|become essential or required	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
it seems to have been very commonly stipulated, that no present for the administration of justice should, under any pretence, be accepted either by the sovereign, or by his bailiffs and substitutes, the judges.	司法執行のための贈り物は、いかなる口実のもとでも、主権者やその執行吏や代理人である裁判官に受け入れられてはならないことが、ごく一般的に規定されていたようである。	administration of justice|司法執行|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are obeyed	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	under any pretence|いかなる口実のもとでも|adverb|under any circumstances	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer	substitute|代理人|noun|a person who acts in place of another	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
Those presents, it seems to have been supposed, could more easily be abolished altogether, than effectually regulated and ascertained.	これらの贈り物は、効果的に規制され、確認されるよりも、完全に廃止される方が簡単であると考えられていたようである。	those|これらの|determiner|the; those	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective manner	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out for certain; make sure of
Fixed salaries were appointed to the judges, which were supposed to compensate to them the loss of whatever might have been their share of the ancient emoluments of justice;	裁判官には固定給が支給され、それは古代司法の報酬の彼らの分け前であったかもしれないものの損失を補償すると考えられた。	fixed salary|固定給|noun|a salary that does not change	appoint|支給する|verb|assign to a position	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who decides cases brought before a court	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	whatever|分け前|pronoun|no matter what	might have been|であったかもしれない|auxiliary verb|a possibility in the past	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office
as the taxes more than compensated to the sovereign the loss of his.	税金は主権者の損失を補償する以上のものだったからである。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
Justice was then said to be administered gratis.	当時、司法は無料で執行されていたと言われている。	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	administer|執行する|verb|manage or govern	gratis|無料で|adverb|without charge or payment

Justice, however, never was in reality administered gratis in any country.	しかし、実際にはどの国でも司法が無料で執行されたことはなかった。	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	administer|執行する|verb|manage or supervise the execution, use, or conduct of	gratis|無料で|adverb|without charge or payment
Lawyers and attorneys, at least, must always be paid by the parties;	少なくとも、弁護士や代理人は常に当事者から支払われる必要がある。	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is a member of the legal profession	attorney|代理人|noun|a person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action or matter
and if they were not, they would perform their duty still worse than they actually perform it.	もしそうでなければ、彼らは実際に行っているよりもさらにひどく職務を遂行するだろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	not|そうでなければ|adverb|in no way; to no extent	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	duty|職務|noun|a moral or legal obligation; a responsibility	worse|さらにひどく|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard; less good or desirable
The fees annually paid to lawyers and attorneys, amount, in every court, to a much greater sum than the salaries of the judges.	弁護士や代理人に毎年支払われる報酬は、どの裁判所でも裁判官の給与よりもはるかに多い。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	fee|報酬|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is qualified to practice law	attorney|代理人|noun|a person appointed to act for or manage the affairs of another	amount|なる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
The circumstance of those salaries being paid by the crown, can nowhere much diminish the necessary expense of a law-suit.	これらの給与が国王から支払われているという状況は、どこでも訴訟に必要な費用を大幅に減らすことはできない。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	crown|国王|noun|the monarch	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	law-suit|訴訟|noun|a legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant in a court of law
But it was not so much to diminish the expense, as to prevent the corruption of justice, that the judges were prohibited from receiving my present or fee from the parties.	しかし、裁判官が当事者から贈り物や報酬を受け取ることを禁止されたのは、費用を減らすためというよりは、正義の腐敗を防ぐためだった。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	corruption|腐敗|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	fee|報酬|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action or matter

The office of judge is in itself so very honourable, that men are willing to accept of it, though accompanied with very small emoluments.	裁判官の職はそれ自体非常に名誉あるものなので、非常に小さな報酬しか伴わないにもかかわらず、人々は喜んでそれを受け入れる。	office|職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	in itself|それ自体|adverb|intrinsically	honourable|名誉ある|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	men|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	accept|受け入れる|verb|to receive or take something offered	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office
The inferior office of justice of peace, though attended with a good deal of trouble, and in most cases with no emoluments at all, is an object of ambition to the greater part of our country gentlemen.	治安判事という下級の役職は、かなりの面倒を伴い、ほとんどの場合報酬がまったくないものの、我が国の紳士の大部分にとって野望の対象である。	inferior|下級の|adjective|of low quality or status	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	justice of peace|治安判事|noun|a local magistrate with limited authority	trouble|面倒|noun|difficulty or problems	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	no emoluments|報酬がまったくない|noun|no salary or other payment	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered	ambition|野望|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The salaries of all the different judges, high and low, together with the whole expense of the administration and execution of justice, even where it is not managed with very good economy, makes, in any civilized country, but a very inconsiderable part of the whole expense of government.	高低を問わずあらゆる裁判官の給与は、司法の運営と執行の全費用と合わせて、あまり経済的に運営されていないところでも、文明国では政府の全支出のごくわずかな部分を占めるにすぎない。	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business or organization	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this	economy|経済|noun|the wealth and resources of a country or region	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

The whole expense of justice, too, might easily be defrayed by the fees of court;	司法の全費用も、裁判所の手数料で簡単に賄うことができる。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled
and, without exposing the administration of justice to any real hazard of corruption, the public revenue might thus be entirely discharged from a certain, though perhaps but a small incumbrance.	そして、司法の運営を汚職の現実的な危険にさらすことなく、公的収入は、おそらく小さな負担ではあるが、ある一定の負担から完全に解放されるかもしれない。	administration of justice|司法の運営|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are enforced and that justice is done	corruption|汚職|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	discharge|解放される|verb|to release or let go	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	incumbrance|負担|noun|a burden or impediment
It is difficult to regulate the fees of court effectually, where a person so powerful as the sovereign is to share in them and to derive any considerable part of his revenue from them.	主権者ほど強力な人物が裁判所の手数料を分担し、収入のかなりの部分をそこから得ている場合、裁判所の手数料を効果的に規制することは難しい。	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	court|裁判所|noun|a place where people are tried for crimes and other serious matters	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in a way that produces a desired or intended result	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	share|分担する|verb|have or give a part of something to another or others	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source
It is very easy, where the judge is the principal person who can reap any benefit from them.	裁判官がその手数料から利益を得られる主要人物である場合には、それは非常に簡単である。	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	reap|得る|verb|obtain or receive as a result of effort or action	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
The law can very easily oblige the judge to respect the regulation though it might not always be able to make the sovereign respect it.	法律は、主権者に規制を尊重させることはできないかもしれないが、裁判官に規制を尊重させることは非常に簡単にできる。	law|法律|noun|a system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who decides cases brought before a court	respect|尊重する|verb|have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order issued by an executive authority or regulatory agency of a government and having the force of law	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become
Where the fees of court are precisely regulated and ascertained where they are paid all at once, at a certain period of every process, into the hands of a cashier or receiver, to be by him distributed in certain known proportions among the different judges after the process is decided and not till it is decided;	裁判所の手数料が正確に規制され、確定されている場合、手数料はすべての手続きの一定期間に一度に支払われ、出納係または受取人の手に渡り、手続きが決定された後、決定されるまでは、その出納係または受取人が一定の割合で各裁判官に分配する。	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	precisely|正確に|adverb|in exact terms; without vagueness	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ascertain|確定する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	process|手続き|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	cashier|出納係|noun|a person handling payments and receipts in a shop, bank, or business	receiver|受取人|noun|a person who receives something	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of (something); deal out	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law
there seems to be no more danger of corruption than when such fees are prohibited altogether.	そのような手数料が完全に禁止されている場合よりも、汚職の危険性は高くないと思われる。	there seems to be|～と思われる|verb|appear to be	no more|それ以上ない|adverb|not more	danger|危険性|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	corruption|汚職|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery	when|場合|conjunction|at or during the time that	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely
Those fees, without occasioning any considerable increase in the expense of a law-suit, might be rendered fully sufficient for defraying the whole expense of justice.	これらの手数料は、訴訟費用を大幅に増加させることなく、司法の全費用を賄うのに十分なものとなる可能性がある。	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	law-suit|訴訟|noun|a legal action brought against a person or organization	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	justice|司法|noun|the administration of law or authority in maintaining this
But not being paid to the judges till the process was determined, they might be some incitement to the diligence of the court in examining and deciding it.	しかし、手続きが決定されるまで裁判官に支払われないので、裁判所がそれを審査し決定する際の勤勉さを促すものとなるかもしれない。	process|手続き|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	examine|審査する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	decide|決定する|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something
In courts which consisted of a considerable number of judges, by proportioning the share of each judge to the number of hours and days which he had employed in examining the process, either in the court, or in a committee, by order of the court, those fees might give some encouragement to the diligence of each particular judge.	かなりの数の裁判官からなる裁判所では、各裁判官の分け前を、裁判所の命令により、裁判所または委員会で手続きを審査するのに費やした時間数と日数に比例させることにより、これらの手数料は、各裁判官の勤勉さをある程度促すものとなるかもしれない。	consist of|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	proportion|比例させる|verb|be in a due or proper relation to	share|分け前|noun|a portion of something owned, earned, or contributed	hour|時間|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	day|日|noun|a period of time equal to 24 hours	examine|審査する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	process|手続き|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	court|裁判所|noun|a place where justice is administered	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	encouragement|促す|noun|the action of encouraging	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort
Public services are never better performed, than when their reward comes only in consequence of their being performed, and is proportioned to the diligence employed in performing them.	公務は、その報酬がその遂行の結果としてのみ得られ、その遂行に費やされた勤勉さに比例するときに、最もよく遂行される。	public service|公務|noun|a service provided by the government to its citizens	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort
In the different parliaments of France, the fees of court (called epices and vacations) constitute the far greater part of the emoluments of the judges.	フランスのさまざまな議会では、裁判所の手数料(エピスや休暇と呼ばれる)が裁判官の報酬の大部分を占めている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	parliament|議会|noun|a legislative body	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	court|裁判所|noun|a place where justice is administered	epices|エピス|noun|a fee paid to a judge	vacation|休暇|noun|a period of time during which a person does not work	constitute|占める|verb|be a part of	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office
After all deductions are made, the neat salary paid by the crown to a counsellor or judge in the parliament of Thoulouse, in rank and dignity the second parliament of the kingdom, amounts only to 150 livres, about £6:11s. sterling a-year.	すべての控除が行われた後、王国で二番目の議会であるトゥールーズの議会の顧問や裁判官に国王から支払われる純粋な給与は、年間わずか150リーブル、約6ポンド11シリングにすぎない。	deduction|控除|noun|a subtraction of an amount	crown|国王|noun|the monarch	counsellor|顧問|noun|a person who gives advice	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	Thoulouse|トゥールーズ|noun|a city in southern France	rank|二番目|noun|a position in a hierarchy	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect	amount|わずか|noun|a quantity of something	livres|リーブル|noun|a former unit of currency in France	about|約|preposition|approximately	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
About seven years ago, that sum was in the same place the ordinary yearly wages of a common footman.	約7年前、その金額は同じ場所で普通の従私の通常の年収だった。	about seven years ago|約7年前|noun phrase|seven years before the present time	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	same place|同じ場所|noun phrase|the place that has been mentioned before	ordinary|普通の|adjective|with no special or distinctive features; normal or usual	footman|従僕|noun|a male servant who attends the door, waits at table, or does other domestic duties
The distribution of these epices, too, is according to the diligence of the judges.	これらのエピスの配分も、裁判官の勤勉さに応じている。	distribution|配分|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort
A diligent judge gains a comfortable, though moderate revenue, by his office;	勤勉な裁判官は、その職務によって、適度な収入ではあるが、快適な収入を得る。	diligent|勤勉な|adjective|showing care and effort in your work or duties	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who decides cases brought before a court	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	comfortable|快適な|adjective|providing physical ease and relaxation	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
an idle one gets little more than his salary.	怠惰な裁判官は、給料より少し多い程度しか得られない。	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|多い|adjective|greater in size, amount, degree, or value	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
Those parliaments are, perhaps, in many respects, not very convenient courts of justice;	これらの議会は、おそらく多くの点で、あまり便利な裁判所ではない。	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law
but they have never been accused;	しかし、彼らは非難されたことは一度もない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	never|一度もない|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	be accused|非難される|verb|to be charged with a crime or offense
they seem never even to have been suspected of corruption.	彼らは汚職の疑いをかけられたことすらないようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	suspect|疑う|verb|have an idea or impression of the existence, presence, or truth of (something) without certain proof	corruption|汚職|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery

The fees of court seem originally to have been the principal support of the different courts of justice in England.	裁判所の手数料は、もともとイギリスのさまざまな裁判所の主要な収入源だったようだ。	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main	support|収入源|noun|a source of money	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same; unlike	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
Each court endeavoured to draw to itself as much business as it could, and was, upon that account, willing to take cognizance of many suits which were not originally intended to fall under its jurisdiction.	各裁判所は、できるだけ多くの事件を自分たちの裁判所に引き寄せようと努力し、そのために、もともとその管轄に属するつもりのなかった多くの訴訟を喜んで取り上げようとした。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move towards oneself or itself	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	business|事件|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	upon that account|そのために|adverb|for that reason	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	take cognizance of|取り上げる|verb|take notice of; acknowledge	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	suit|訴訟|noun|a legal action brought against a person or organization	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	intend|つもりである|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	fall under|属する|verb|be classified or included as part of	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments
The court of king’s bench, instituted for the trial of criminal causes only, took cognizance of civil suits;	刑事事件の裁判のためだけに設立された王座裁判所は、民事訴訟を取り上げ、	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	king's bench|王座裁判所|noun|the supreme court of common law in England	institute|設立する|verb|establish or set up	criminal|刑事|adjective|relating to crime	trial|裁判|noun|a formal examination of evidence before a judge	take cognizance of|取り上げる|verb|take notice of	civil suit|民事訴訟|noun|a lawsuit brought by one or more individuals or entities against another individual or entity
the plaintiff pretending that the defendant, in not doing him justice, had been guilty of some trespass or misdemeanour.	原告は、被告が正義を執行しないことで、何らかの不法侵入や軽犯罪を犯したふりをした。	plaintiff|原告|noun|a person who brings a case against another in a court of law	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is true when in fact it is not	defendant|被告|noun|a person or organization against whom a legal action is brought	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	trespass|不法侵入|noun|the action of going onto someone's land or property without permission	misdemeanour|軽犯罪|noun|a minor crime
The court of exchequer, instituted for the levying of the king’s revenue, and for enforcing the payment of such debts only as were due to the king, took cognizance of all other contract debts;	国王の収入を徴収し、国王に支払うべき債務のみの支払いを強制するために設立された財務裁判所は、他のすべての契約債務を取り上げ、	court of exchequer|財務裁判所|noun|a court of law that deals with matters of revenue	institute|設立する|verb|establish or set up	king's revenue|国王の収入|noun|the income of a king	enforce|強制する|verb|compel or force	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	take cognizance of|取り上げる|verb|take notice of; recognize	contract debt|契約債務|noun|a debt that arises from a contract
the planitiff alleging that he could not pay the king, because the defendant would not pay him.	原告は、被告が支払いに応じないため、国王に支払うことができないと主張した。	plaintiff|原告|noun|the party who brings a case against another in a court of law	allege|主張する|verb|assert without proof or before proving	defendant|被告|noun|the party against whom a case is brought in a court of law	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due
In consequence of such fictions, it came, in many cases, to depend altogether upon the parties, before what court they would choose to have their cause tried, and each court endeavoured, by superior dispatch and impartiality, to draw to itself as many causes as it could.	このような虚構の結果、多くの場合、当事者がどの裁判所で裁判を受けるかを選択することになり、各裁判所は、優れた迅速性と公平性によって、できるだけ多くの事件を自分たちの裁判所に引き寄せようと努力した。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	fiction|虚構|noun|something that is invented or untrue	come|至る|verb|reach a certain point	in many cases|多くの場合|adverb|frequently	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action	before|前|preposition|earlier than	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	choose|選択する|verb|pick from a number of alternatives	cause|事件|noun|a legal action	try|裁判を受ける|verb|examine or investigate judicially	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	dispatch|迅速性|noun|promptness in the performance of a task	impartiality|公平性|noun|fairness; justness	draw|引き寄せる|verb|attract or move towards oneself
The present admirable constitution of the courts of justice in England was, perhaps, originally, in a great measure, formed by this emulation, which anciently took place between their respective judges: each judge endeavouring to give, in his own court, the speediest and most effectual remedy which the law would admit, for every sort of injustice.	イギリスの裁判所の現在の立派な体制は、おそらく、もともとは、古代にそれぞれの裁判官の間で起こったこの競争によって形成されたものであり、各裁判官は、自分の法廷で、あらゆる種類の不正に対して、法律が認める最も迅速で効果的な救済を与えようと努力した。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	admirable|立派な|adjective|deserving of admiration	constitution|体制|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	originally|もともとは|adverb|in the beginning	great measure|大いに|noun|a large amount	form|形成される|verb|come into existence	emulation|競争|noun|the act of trying to equal or surpass another	anciently|古代に|adverb|in ancient times	take place|起こる|verb|happen	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	court|法廷|noun|a place where legal cases are heard and decided	speediest|最も迅速な|adjective|very fast	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	remedy|救済|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness
Originally, the courts of law gave damages only for breach of contract.	もともと、裁判所は契約違反に対してのみ損害賠償を認めていた。	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	court of law|裁判所|noun|a court of law	give|認める|verb|to allow or permit	damage|損害賠償|noun|money paid to compensate for loss or injury	breach of contract|契約違反|noun|failure to fulfill a contract
The court of chancery, as a court of conscience, first took upon it to enforce the specific performance of agreements.	衡平法裁判所は、良心の裁判所として、最初に契約の履行を強制することを引き受けた。	court of chancery|衡平法裁判所|noun|a court of equity	court of conscience|良心の裁判所|noun|a court that decides cases based on what is fair and just, rather than on the strict application of the law	first|最初に|adverb|before all others; earliest	take upon|引き受ける|verb|to accept responsibility for something	enforce|強制する|verb|to compel observance of or compliance with	specific performance|履行|noun|a remedy in which a court orders a party to perform a specific act, such as fulfilling the terms of a contract	agreement|契約|noun|a legally binding contract or document
When the breach of contract consisted in the non-payment of money, the damage sustained could be compensated in no other way than by ordering payment, which was equivalent to a specific performance of the agreement.	契約違反が金銭の不払いである場合、被った損害は支払いを命じる以外に補償する方法がなく、それは契約の履行に相当した。	breach of contract|契約違反|noun|a failure to perform a contractual obligation	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed of	non-payment|不払い|noun|failure to pay	damage|損害|noun|physical or mental harm or injury	sustain|被る|verb|experience or suffer	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	order|命じる|verb|give an authoritative command or instruction to	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying	agreement|契約|noun|a contract or other arrangement	specific performance|履行|noun|a court order requiring a party to a contract to perform a specific act
In such cases, therefore, the remedy of the courts of law was sufficient.	したがって、そのような場合には、裁判所の救済で十分だった。	in such cases|そのような場合には|adverb|in cases like that	remedy|救済|noun|a way of rectifying a situation	court of law|裁判所|noun|a court that hears and decides cases according to the law
It was not so in others.	他の場合にはそうではない。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	not|そうではない|adverb|in no way; to no extent
When the tenant sued his lord for having unjustly outed him of his lease, the damages which he recovered were by no means equivalent to the possession of the land.	借地人が不当に賃借権を奪われたとして領主を訴えた場合、彼が回収した損害賠償は決して土地の所有に相当するものではなかった。	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	sue|訴える|verb|institute legal proceedings against a person or organization	lord|領主|noun|someone who has authority over others	unjustly|不当に|adverb|in an unfair or unjust way	out|奪う|verb|deprive someone of something	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	damage|損害賠償|noun|money paid to compensate for a loss or injury	recover|回収する|verb|regain possession of	by no means|決して〜ない|adverb|not at all; in no way	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something
Such causes, therefore, for some time, went all to the court of chancery, to the no small loss of the courts of law.	したがって、そのような訴訟は、しばらくの間、すべて大法官裁判所に持ち込まれ、裁判所は少なからぬ損失を被った。	cause|訴訟|noun|a lawsuit	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	go to|持ち込まれる|verb|be taken to	court of chancery|大法官裁判所|noun|a court of equity	court of law|裁判所|noun|a court that hears and decides cases according to the law
It was to draw back such causes to themselves, that the courts of law are said to have invented the artificial and fictitious writ of ejectment, the most effectual remedy for an unjust outer or dispossession of land.	裁判所が、不当な追い立てや土地の占有剥奪に対する最も効果的な救済策である、人為的で架空の追い立て令状を発明したと言われるのは、そのような訴訟を自分たちの手に取り戻すためだった。	draw back|取り戻す|verb|to take back or withdraw	cause|訴訟|noun|a lawsuit	themselves|自分たちの手|pronoun|the reflexive form of they	court of law|裁判所|noun|a court that hears and decides cases according to the law	invent|発明する|verb|to create or design something that has not existed before	artificial|人為的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	fictitious|架空の|adjective|not real or true	writ|令状|noun|a formal written order issued by a court	ejectment|追い立て|noun|the action of expelling someone or something	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	outer|追い立て|noun|the action of expelling someone or something	dispossession|占有剥奪|noun|the action of taking something away from someone	remedy|救済策|noun|a way of rectifying or improving a situation	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or desired effect

A stamp-duty upon the law proceedings of each particular court, to be levied by that court, and applied towards the maintenance of the judges, and other officers belonging to it, might in the same manner, afford a revenue sufficient for defraying the expense of the administration of justice, without bringing any burden upon the general revenue of the society.	各裁判所の訴訟手続きにかかる印紙税は、その裁判所が徴収し、裁判官やそれに属する他の役人の維持に充てられるが、これも同様に、社会の一般歳入に負担をかけることなく、司法運営の費用を賄うのに十分な収入をもたらす可能性がある。	stamp-duty|印紙税|noun|a tax collected by requiring a stamp to be purchased and placed on a document	law proceeding|訴訟手続き|noun|a legal action	particular|各|adjective|specific	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	be levied|徴収される|verb|be collected	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	revenue|収入|noun|income	defraying|賄う|verb|pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	administration of justice|司法運営|noun|the process of administering justice	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	general revenue|一般歳入|noun|the income of a government from all sources	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region
The judges, indeed, might in this case, be under the temptation of multiplying unnecessarily the proceedings upon every cause, in order to increase, as much as possible, the produce of such a stamp-duty.	実際、この場合、裁判官は、そのような印紙税の収入をできるだけ増やすために、あらゆる訴訟手続きを不必要に増やそうとする誘惑に駆られるかもしれない。	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	temptation|誘惑|noun|the desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number or quantity	unnecessarily|不必要に|adverb|not needed or wanted	proceeding|手続き|noun|a series of actions conducted in a certain order or manner	cause|訴訟|noun|a lawsuit	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	as much as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization receives from its business activities	stamp-duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents
It has been the custom in modern Europe to regulate, upon most occasions, the payment of the attorneys and clerks of court according to the number of pages which they had occasion to write;	近代ヨーロッパでは、ほとんどの場合、弁護士や裁判所書記官の支払いは、彼らが書くことになったページ数に応じて調整するのが習慣となっている。	modern Europe|近代ヨーロッパ|noun|the period of history from the end of the Middle Ages to the present day	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	most occasions|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of cases	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	attorney|弁護士|noun|a person who is a lawyer	clerk|書記官|noun|an office worker who keeps records, accounts, or other documents	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement
the court, however, requiring that each page should contain so many lines, and each line so many words.	しかし、裁判所は、各ページに何行、各行に何語か書くように要求している。	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	require|要求する|verb|ask for something to be done	page|ページ|noun|one side of a sheet of paper	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	line|行|noun|a row of words written across a page	word|語|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify
In order to increase their payment, the attorneys and clerks have contrived to multiply words beyond all necessity, to the corruption of the law language of, I believe, every court of justice in Europe.	弁護士や書記官は、支払いを増やすために、必要以上に言葉を増やして、ヨーロッパのすべての裁判所の法律用語を堕落させてきたと思う。	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	attorney|弁護士|noun|a person who is a lawyer	clerk|書記官|noun|a person employed in an office or bank to keep records and accounts and to do other routine work	multiply|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	word|言葉|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	corruption|堕落|noun|the action or process of making someone or something morally depraved	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	language|言葉|noun|a unit of language that native speakers can identify	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge or judges	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness
A like temptation might, perhaps, occasion a like corruption in the form of law proceedings.	同様の誘惑は、おそらく、法的手続きの形で同様の腐敗を引き起こすかもしれない。	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	corruption|腐敗|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery

But whether the administration of justice be so contrived as to defray its own expense, or whether the judges be maintained by fixed salaries paid to them from some other fund, it does not seen necessary that the person or persons entrusted with the executive power should be charged with the management of that fund, or with the payment of those salaries.	しかし、司法行政が自らの費用を賄うように工夫されているか、あるいは裁判官が他の基金から支払われる固定給で維持されているかに関わらず、執行権を委任された者がその基金の管理や給与の支払いを担当する必要はないと思われる。	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	fixed salary|固定給|noun|a salary that does not change	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans or laws into effect	be charged with|担当する|verb|be assigned a particular task or duty	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
That fund might arise from the rent of landed estates, the management of each estate being entrusted to the particular court which was to be maintained by it.	その基金は、各私有地の管理が、その基金によって維持される特定の裁判所に委ねられ、私有地の賃貸料から生じるかもしれない。	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	rent|賃貸料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	landed estate|私有地|noun|a large area of land in the country owned by one person or family	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	estate|私有地|noun|a large area of land in the country owned by one person or family	entrust|委ねる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; special	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal cases are heard and decided	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
That fund might arise even from the interest of a sum of money, the lending out of which might, in the same manner, be entrusted to the court which was to be maintained by it.	その基金は、ある金額の利子から生じることさえあり、その貸し出しは、同様に、それによって維持される裁判所に委ねられるかもしれない。	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	lending|貸し出し|noun|the action of lending	entrust|委ねる|verb|assign responsibility for; confide	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge or judges	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
A part, though indeed but a small part of the salary of the judges of the court of session in Scotland, arises from the interest of a sum of money.	スコットランドの裁判所の裁判官の給与の一部は、実際にはごく一部ではあるが、ある金額の利子から生じている。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	indeed|実際には|adverb|really; truly; in fact	small|ごく一部|adjective|little in size	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
The necessary instability of such a fund seems, however, to render it an improper one for the maintenance of an institution which ought to last for ever.	しかし、そのような基金の必然的な不安定さは、永遠に続くべき制度を維持するには不適切なものにしているようだ。	necessary|必然的な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or unavoidable	instability|不安定さ|noun|the quality or state of being unstable	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	render|している|verb|cause to be or become	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or proper	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	ever|永遠に|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; always

The separation of the judicial from the executive power, seems originally to have arisen from the increasing business of the society, in consequence of its increasing improvement.	司法権と執行権の分離は、もともと社会の改善が進むにつれて、社会の業務が増加したことに起因しているようだ。	separation|分離|noun|the action or state of moving or being moved apart	judicial|司法|adjective|of, by, or appropriate to a court of law or to the administration of justice	executive|執行|adjective|having the power to execute	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	increasing|増加|adjective|becoming greater or more numerous	business|業務|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
The administration of justice became so laborious and so complicated a duty, as to require the undivided attention of the person to whom it was entrusted.	司法行政は非常に骨の折れる複雑な任務となり、任された人の全神経を集中する必要があった。	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	laborious|骨の折れる|adjective|requiring a lot of effort	complicated|複雑な|adjective|consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate	duty|任務|noun|a task or action that one is required to perform	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	undivided|全神経を集中した|adjective|not divided or separated	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	entrust|任せる|verb|assign responsibility for; confide
The person entrusted with the executive power, not having leisure to attend to the decision of private causes himself, a deputy was appointed to decide them in his stead.	執行権を委任された人は、私的な原因の決定に出席する余裕がなかったので、代わりに代理人が任命された。	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	entrust|委任する|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	leisure|余裕|noun|time free from work or duties	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	decision|決定|noun|the act of deciding	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	deputy|代理人|noun|a person appointed to act on behalf of another	appoint|任命する|verb|officially choose someone for a job or position
In the progress of the Roman greatness, the consul was too much occupied with the political affairs of the state, to attend to the administration of justice.	ローマの偉大さの進歩の中で、執政官は司法行政に出席するには、国家の政治問題にあまりにも忙殺されていた。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	consul|執政官|noun|the highest elected magistrate in the Roman Republic	too much|あまりにも|adverb|to a greater extent than is desirable	occupy|忙殺する|verb|take up all the space or time of	political affairs|政治問題|noun|matters that are the subject of political action	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of law courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state
A praetor, therefore, was appointed to administer it in his stead.	そのため、代わりに法務官が任命された。	praetor|法務官|noun|an ancient Roman magistrate	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	appoint|任命する|verb|officially assign someone to a position or task
In the progress of the European monarchies, which were founded upon the ruins of the Roman empire, the sovereigns and the great lords came universally to consider the administration of justice as an office both too laborious and too ignoble for them to execute in their own persons.	ローマ帝国の廃墟の上に築かれたヨーロッパの君主制の進歩の中で、君主や大領主たちは、司法行政を自分たちで執行するにはあまりにも骨が折れ、あまりにも卑劣な役職だと普遍的に考えるようになった。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	European monarchies|ヨーロッパの君主制|noun|a system of government in which a monarch rules over a state or territory	found|築く|verb|establish or create	ruin|廃墟|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	Roman empire|ローマ帝国|noun|the post-Republican period of ancient Rome	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all people	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	laborious|骨が折れる|adjective|requiring much effort or endurance	ignoble|卑劣な|adjective|not honorable in character or purpose	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	person|自分たち|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
They universally, therefore, discharged themselves of it, by appointing a deputy, bailiff or judge.	そのため、彼らは普遍的に、代理人、執行吏、裁判官を任命することで、その責任を免れた。	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all members of a group or set	discharge|免れる|verb|relieve of a responsibility, obligation, or hardship	deputy|代理人|noun|a person appointed to undertake the duties of a superior in the superior's absence	bailiff|執行吏|noun|an officer of the court who is employed to execute writs, processes, and orders	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law

When the judicial is united to the executive power, it is scarce possible that justice should not frequently be sacrificed to what is vulgarly called politics.	司法権が執行権と結びついたとき、正義が俗に政治と呼ばれるものにしばしば犠牲にされないことはほとんどありえない。	judicial|司法権|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	executive|執行権|noun|the power or authority to enforce laws	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	vulgarly|俗に|adverb|in a vulgar manner	politics|政治|noun|the activities associated with the governance of a country or area
The persons entrusted with the great interests of the state may even without any corrupt views, sometimes imagine it necessary to sacrifice to those interests the rights of a private man.	国家の大きな利益を託された人々は、何ら不正な見解を抱いていなくても、時には私人の権利をそうした利益のために犠牲にすることが必要だと考えることがある。	entrust|託す|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	corrupt|不正な|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	imagine|考える|verb|form a mental image or concept of	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	sacrifice|犠牲にする|verb|give up something important for the sake of achieving something else	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money
But upon the impartial administration of justice depends the liberty of every individual, the sense which he has of his own security.	しかし、公正な司法行政に、あらゆる個人の自由、つまり彼が自分の安全について抱いている感覚がかかっている。	impartial|公正な|adjective|just or fair; unbiased	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	justice|司法|noun|the quality of being just or fair	depend|かかる|verb|be controlled or determined by	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	sense|感覚|noun|a feeling or impression of something	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat
In order to make every individual feel himself perfectly secure in the possession of every right which belongs to him, it is not only necessary that the judicial should be separated from the executive power, but that it should be rendered as much as possible independent of that power.	あらゆる個人が、自分に属するあらゆる権利の所有において、自分自身が完全に安全だと感じるようにするためには、司法権が執行権から分離されるだけでなく、できるだけその権力から独立したものにされる必要がある。	every individual|あらゆる個人|noun|each person	feel|感じる|verb|to be aware of (something) through touch	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a complete manner	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	belong|属する|verb|to be a member of	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	judicial|司法|adjective|of, relating to, or characteristic of the judicial branch of government	separate|分離する|verb|to keep apart or divide	executive|執行|adjective|having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect	power|権力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	independent|独立|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	render|する|verb|to cause to be or become
The judge should not be liable to be removed from his office according to the caprice of that power.	裁判官は、その権力の気まぐれによって職から解任されるべきではない。	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	be liable to|されるべきではない|verb|be likely to do or suffer from something	remove|解任される|verb|take away or move from a place	office|職|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks
The regular payment of his salary should not depend upon the good will, or even upon the good economy of that power.	彼の給与の定期的な支払いは、その権力の善意や、その権力の良い経済にさえ依存するべきではない。	regular|定期的な|adjective|happening or done frequently	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	good will|善意|noun|a kindly feeling of approval and support	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	good economy|良い経済|noun|a situation in which a country or area is doing well economically

PART III. Of the Expense of public Works and public Institutions.	第三部公共事業と公共施設の費用について	PART III|第三部|noun|the third part of something	public works|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair of public facilities	public institution|公共施設|noun|a facility or building that is open to the public

The third and last duty of the sovereign or commonwealth, is that of erecting and maintaining those public institutions and those public works, which though they may be in the highest degree advantageous to a great society, are, however, of such a nature, that the profit could never repay the expense to any individual, or small number of individuals;	主権者または連邦の三番目で最後の義務は、公共施設や公共事業を建設し維持することであり、それらは大社会にとって最高度に有利であるかもしれないが、しかし、利益が決して個人や少数の個人に費用を返済できない性質のものである。	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	public institution|公共施設|noun|an institution that is owned and controlled by the government	public work|公共事業|noun|a project or service that is provided by the government	highest degree|最高度|noun|the highest level or rank	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	great society|大社会|noun|a society that is large and complex	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	repay|返済する|verb|pay back	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount
and which it, therefore, cannot be expected that any individual, or small number of individuals, should erect or maintain.	したがって、個人や少数の個人が建設したり維持したりすることは期待できない。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state
The performance of this duty requires, too, very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society.	この義務の遂行には、社会の異なる時期に非常に異なる程度の費用が必要である。	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

After the public institutions and public works necessary for the defence of the society, and for the administration of justice, both of which have already been mentioned, the other works and institutions of this kind are chiefly for facilitating the commerce of the society, and those for promoting the instruction of the people.	社会の防衛と司法の執行に必要な公共施設と公共事業はすでに述べたが、この種の他の事業と施設は主に社会の商業を促進するためのものと、国民の教育を促進するためのものである。	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	administration|執行|noun|the management of a business, organization, or institution	justice|司法|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	public institution|公共施設|noun|an institution that is owned by the government and that provides a service to the public	public work|公共事業|noun|a project or service that is provided by the government for the benefit of the public	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area
The institutions for instruction are of two kinds: those for the education of the youth, and those for the instruction of people of all ages.	教育施設には二種類ある。青少年の教育のためのものと、あらゆる年齢層の人々の教育のためのものである。	institution|施設|noun|an established organization	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching	two|二|adjective|one more than one	youth|青少年|noun|the time of life when one is young	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived
The consideration of the manner in which the expense of those different sorts of public works and institutions may be most properly defrayed will divide this third part of the present chapter into three different articles.	これらのさまざまな種類の公共事業や施設の費用を最も適切に負担する方法の検討は、本章のこの第三部を三つの異なる条に分ける。	consideration|検討|noun|careful thought about something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money incurred in making or doing something	public works|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair of public facilities	institution|施設|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	defrayed|負担する|verb|pay for	divide|分ける|verb|separate into parts	third|三番目|adjective|coming after two others in a series	three|三つ|adjective|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	article|条|noun|a particular item or thing

ARTICLE I.—Of the public Works and Institutions for facilitating the Commerce of the Society.	第一条社会の商業を促進するための公共事業と施設について	ARTICLE I.|第一条|noun|the first article	public Works|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair of public facilities	Institution|施設|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	Commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

And, first, of those which are necessary for facilitating Commerce in general.	そして、まず、一般に商業を促進するために必要なものについて。	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

That the erection and maintenance of the public works which facilitate the commerce of any country, such as good roads, bridges, navigable canals, harbours, etc.	良い道路、橋、運河、港など、あらゆる国の商業を促進する公共事業の建設と維持は、	erection|建設|noun|the action of building or creating something	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	public works|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair work on roads, bridges, canals, etc.	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
must require very different degrees of expense in the different periods of society, is evident without any proof.	社会のさまざまな時期に非常に異なる程度の費用を必要とすることは、証明なしに明らかである。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	evident|明らか|adjective|easy to understand or recognize; obvious	proof|証明|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement
The expense of making and maintaining the public roads of any country must evidently increase with the annual produce of the land and labour of that country, or with the quantity and weight of the goods which it becomes necessary to fetch and carry upon those roads.	あらゆる国の公道を建設し維持する費用は、その国の土地と労働の年間生産量、あるいはそれらの道路で運搬する必要のある商品の量と重量に伴って増加するはずである。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	make|建設する|verb|construct or create	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	public road|公道|noun|a road that is open to the public	any country|あらゆる国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	fetch|運搬する|verb|go and get something	carry|運搬する|verb|take or bring something from one place to another
The strength of a bridge must be suited to the number and weight of the carriages which are likely to pass over it.	橋の強度は、その上を通過する可能性のある車両の数と重量に適合していなければならない。	strength|強度|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	bridge|橋|noun|a structure making it possible to cross a river, road, or railway	be suited to|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of an object	carriage|車両|noun|a wheeled vehicle for conveying passengers	pass over|通過する|verb|go across or over
The depth and the supply of water for a navigable canal must be proportioned to the number and tonnage of the lighters which are likely to carry goods upon it;	運河の深さと水の供給量は、その運河で物資を運ぶ可能性のあるはしけの数とトン数に比例していなければならない。	depth|深さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	navigable|航行できる|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel through	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	tonnage|トン数|noun|a measure of the weight of a ship	lighter|はしけ|noun|a flat-bottomed barge used for loading and unloading ships	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another
the extent of a harbour, to the number of the shipping which are likely to take shelter in it.	港の規模は、そこに避難する可能性のある船の数に比例していなければならない。	extent|規模|noun|the size, amount, or importance of something	harbour|港|noun|a sheltered place on the coast where ships can dock	number|数|noun|a quantity that can be counted	shipping|船|noun|the transport of people or goods by ship	take shelter|避難する|verb|find refuge or protection

It does not seem necessary that the expense of those public works should be defrayed from that public revenue, as it is commonly called, of which the collection and application are in most countries, assigned to the executive power.	これらの公共事業の費用は、一般に呼ばれているように、その徴収と適用がほとんどの国で執行権に割り当てられている公的収入から支払われる必要はないと思われる。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	public works|公共事業|noun|infrastructure or other public facilities provided by the government	defrayed|支払われる|verb|pay for	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	collection|徴収|noun|the action or process of collecting	application|適用|noun|the action of putting something into operation	most countries|ほとんどの国|noun|the majority of countries	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect
The greater part of such public works may easily be so managed, as to afford a particular revenue, sufficient for defraying their own expense without bringing any burden upon the general revenue of the society.	このような公共事業の大部分は、社会の一般歳入に負担をかけることなく、自らの費用を賄うのに十分な特定の歳入を得るように、容易に管理することができる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	public works|公共事業|noun|infrastructure or other public facilities provided by the government	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run	particular revenue|特定の歳入|noun|income from a specific source	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	own expense|自らの費用|noun|money spent on something by oneself	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	general revenue|一般歳入|noun|income from all sources	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region

A highway, a bridge, a navigable canal, for example, may, in most cases, be both made add maintained by a small toll upon the carriages which make use of them;	例えば、高速道路、橋、運河などは、ほとんどの場合、それらを利用する車両に少額の通行料を課すことで、建設と維持の両方を行うことができる。	highway|高速道路|noun|a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities	bridge|橋|noun|a structure making it possible to cross a river, road, or railway	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually	be made|建設される|verb|be created or produced	be maintained|維持される|verb|be kept in good condition	by a small toll|少額の通行料で|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	upon the carriages|車両に|noun|a wheeled vehicle	which make use of them|それらを利用する|relative clause|that use them
a harbour, by a moderate port-duty upon the tonnage of the shipping which load or unload in it.	港は、港で積み下ろしする船舶のトン数に応じて適度な港湾税を課すことで、建設と維持の両方を行うことができる。	harbour|港|noun|a sheltered place on the coast where ships can dock	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme; not excessive	port-duty|港湾税|noun|a tax levied on goods entering or leaving a port	tonnage|トン数|noun|the weight of a ship or its cargo expressed in tons	shipping|船舶|noun|the transport of people or goods by ship	load|積み込む|verb|put a load on or in a vehicle, ship, etc.	unload|積み下ろす|verb|take a load off or out of a vehicle, ship, etc.
The coinage, another institution for facilitating commerce, in many countries, not only defrays its own expense, but affords a small revenue or a seignorage to the sovereign.	多くの国で、通商を促進するもう一つの制度である貨幣鋳造は、自らの費用を賄うだけでなく、君主にわずかな収入や貨幣鋳造益をもたらしている。	coinage|貨幣鋳造|noun|the system of money in general use in a particular country	commerce|通商|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	many countries|多くの国|noun|a large number of nations	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something or have something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	seignorage|貨幣鋳造益|noun|the difference between the value of a coin and the cost of producing it
The post-office, another institution for the same purpose, over and above defraying its own expense, affords, in almost all countries, a very considerable revenue to the sovereign.	同じ目的のためのもう一つの制度である郵便局は、ほとんどすべての国で、自らの費用を賄うだけでなく、君主にかなりの収入をもたらしている。	post-office|郵便局|noun|a public department or corporation responsible for postal services and in some countries telecommunications	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	over and above|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler

When the carriages which pass over a highway or a bridge, and the lighters which sail upon a navigable canal, pay toll in proportion to their weight or their tonnage, they pay for the maintenance of those public works exactly in proportion to the wear and tear which they occasion of them.	高速道路や橋を通過する車両や、運河を航行するライターが、重量やトン数に応じて通行料を支払う場合、それらの公共事業の維持費を、それらの公共事業の摩耗に正確に比例して支払うことになる。	highway|高速道路|noun|a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities	bridge|橋|noun|a structure making it possible to cross a river, road, or railway	carriage|車両|noun|a wheeled vehicle for people, usually pulled by a horse	pass|通過する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of a person or thing	tonnage|トン数|noun|a measure of the size of a ship	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	public works|公共事業|noun|the construction of roads, bridges, canals, and other public facilities	wear and tear|摩耗|noun|damage caused by normal use
It seems scarce possible to invent a more equitable way of maintaining such works.	このような事業を維持するための、より公平な方法を発明することはほとんど不可能に思われる。	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	equitable|公平な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	work|事業|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken
This tax or toll, too, though it is advanced by the carrier, is finally paid by the consumer, to whom it must always be charged in the price of the goods.	この税金や通行料も、運送業者が前払いするが、最終的には消費者が支払うことになり、常に商品の価格に上乗せされることになる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	carrier|運送業者|noun|a person or company that transports goods or people	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
As the expense of carriage, however, is very much reduced by means of such public works, the goods, notwithstanding the toll, come cheaper to the consumer than they could otherwise have done, their price not being so much raised by the toll, as it is lowered by the cheapness of the carriage.	しかし、このような公共事業によって運送費が大幅に削減されるため、通行料にもかかわらず、商品は消費者にとってそうでない場合よりも安価になり、その価格は通行料によってそれほど上昇せず、運送費の安さによって低下する。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	carriage|運送|noun|the action of transporting people or goods	reduce|削減する|verb|make or become smaller or less	public works|公共事業|noun|construction or maintenance of public facilities	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	raise|上昇する|verb|go up	carriage|運送費|noun|the action of transporting people or goods	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price or value
The person who finally pays this tax, therefore, gains by the application more than he loses by the payment of it.	したがって、最終的にこの税金を支払う人は、支払うことで失うよりも、その用途によって得るものが大きい。	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	application|用途|noun|the act of putting something into operation	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
His payment is exactly in proportion to his gain.	彼の支払いは、彼の利益に正確に比例している。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources
It is, in reality, no more than a part of that gain which he is obliged to give up, in order to get the rest.	実際には、残りを得るために放棄せざるを得ない利益の一部にすぎない。	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	no more than|にすぎない|adverb|only; merely	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	get|得る|verb|come into possession of; receive
It seems impossible to imagine a more equitable method of raising a tax.	これ以上に公平な課税方法を想像することは不可能に思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	equitable|公平な|adjective|just or fair	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	raise|課する|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of
When the toll upon carriages of luxury, upon coaches, post-chaises, etc.	贅沢な馬車、乗合馬車、郵便馬車などに対する通行料が、	carriage|馬車|noun|a wheeled vehicle for people, usually pulled by horses	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	coach|乗合馬車|noun|a large, usually enclosed, horse-drawn vehicle used to transport passengers	post-chaise|郵便馬車|noun|a fast carriage used for carrying mail and passengers	toll|通行料|noun|a tax or fee paid for the use of a road, bridge, or other facility
is made somewhat higher in proportion to their weight, than upon carriages of necessary use, such as carts, waggons, etc.	荷車や馬車など、必要不可欠な馬車よりも、重量に比例してやや高く設定されている。	carriage|馬車|noun|a wheeled vehicle for people, usually pulled by horses	weight|重量|noun|the force of gravity on a body	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is a constant fraction of another	cart|荷車|noun|a small vehicle with two wheels that is pulled or pushed by a person or animal	wagon|馬車|noun|a four-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse or other animal	etc|など|abbreviation|et cetera; and so on
the indolence and vanity of the rich is made to contribute, in a very easy manner, to the relief of the poor, by rendering cheaper the transportation of heavy goods to all the different parts of the country.	富裕層の怠惰と虚栄心は、重い品物の国内各地への輸送を安くすることで、非常に簡単な方法で貧困層の救済に貢献させられる。	indolence|怠惰|noun|laziness	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress	poor|貧困層|noun|people who lack money or material possessions	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

When high-roads, bridges, canals, etc.	幹線道路、橋、運河などが、	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	bridge|橋|noun|a structure making it possible to cross a river, road, railway, etc.	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway
are in this manner made and supported by the commerce which is carried on by means of them, they can be made only where that commerce requires them, and, consequently, where it is proper to make them.	このように、それらによって行われる商業によって作られ、支えられている場合、それらは、その商業がそれらを必要とする場所、つまり、それらを作るのに適切な場所でのみ作られることができる。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	make|作られる|verb|create or produce	support|支えられている|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行われる|verb|continue doing something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	consequently|つまり|adverb|as a result	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances
Their expense, too, their grandeur and magnificence, must be suited to what that commerce can afford to pay.	その費用も、その壮大さも、その商業が支払える額に適合していなければならない。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|the quality or state of being grand	magnificence|壮大さ|noun|the quality of being magnificent	be suited to|適合する|verb|be right or appropriate for	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
They must be made, consequently, as it is proper to make them.	したがって、それらは作るのに適切な方法で作られなければならない。	make|作る|verb|create or produce	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	make|作る|verb|create or produce
A magnificent high-road cannot be made through a desert country, where there is little or no commerce, or merely because it happens to lead to the country villa of the intendant of the province, or to that of some great lord, to whom the intendant finds it convenient to make his court.	壮大な幹線道路は、商業がほとんどあるいはまったくない砂漠の国を通って作ることはできないし、あるいは単にそれがたまたま地方長官の別荘や、長官が宮廷を作るのに都合のよい大領主の別荘につながっているからといって作ることはできない。	magnificent|壮大な|adjective|very impressive or very good	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	desert|砂漠|noun|a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature, and sparse vegetation	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったくない|adjective|not any	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	happen|たまたま|verb|take place by chance	lead|つながっている|verb|be connected to	country villa|別荘|noun|a large and impressive country house	intendant|長官|noun|a person who manages or supervises something	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	convenient|都合のよい|adjective|suitable for one's needs or purposes	make|作る|verb|create or produce something	court|宮廷|noun|the residence or establishment of a sovereign or other high-ranking person
A great bridge cannot be thrown over a river at a place where nobody passes, or merely to embellish the view from the windows of a neighbouring palace;	誰も通らない場所に大きな橋を架けることはできないし、単に近隣の宮殿の窓からの眺めを美しくするためだけに橋を架けることはできない。	throw|架ける|verb|to build or construct	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	pass|通る|verb|to go by or move past	embellish|美しくする|verb|to make more attractive by adding decoration or detail	view|眺め|noun|the ability to see something or the area that can be seen	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to come in
things which sometimes happen in countries, where works of this kind are carried on by any other revenue than that which they themselves are capable of affording.	このようなことが起こるのは、この種の事業が、事業自体が賄える収入以外の収入によって行われる場合である。	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	work|事業|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income	afford|賄える|verb|have enough money to pay for

In several different parts of Europe, the toll or lock-duty upon a canal is the property of private persons, whose private interest obliges them to keep up the canal.	ヨーロッパのいくつかの地域では、運河の通行料や水門使用料は私人の所有物であり、私人の利益のために運河を維持する義務を負っている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	lock-duty|水門使用料|noun|a fee paid for using a lock	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	property|所有物|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	private person|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	private interest|私人の利益|noun|the interest of a private person	oblige|義務を負う|verb|make someone do something	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level
If it is not kept in tolerable order, the navigation necessarily ceases altogether, and, along with it, the whole profit which they can make by the tolls.	それが許容できる秩序に保たれなければ、航行は必然的に完全に停止し、それに伴って通行料によって得られる利益もすべて停止する。	keep|保つ|verb|cause to continue; maintain	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	navigation|航行|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	along with|伴って|preposition|together with; in addition to	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
If those tolls were put under the management of commissioners, who had themselves no interest in them, they might be less attentive to the maintenance of the works which produced them.	もしこれらの通行料が、通行料に利害関係のない委員会の管理下に置かれたら、彼らは通行料を生み出す事業の維持にあまり注意を払わなくなるかもしれない。	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	put under|置かれる|verb|be subjected to	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	commissioner|委員会|noun|a person appointed to a commission	have no interest in|利害関係がない|verb|not be interested in	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be less attentive to|あまり注意を払わない|verb|not pay as much attention to	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	produce|生み出す|verb|create or manufacture
The canal of Languedoc cost the king of France and the province upwards of thirteen millions of livres, which (at twenty-eight livres the mark of silver, the value of French money in the end of the last century) amounted to upwards of nine hundred thousand pounds sterling.	ラングドック運河はフランス国王とその地方に1300万リーヴル以上の費用がかかり、これは(前世紀末のフランス貨幣の価値である銀1マーク28リーヴルで計算すると)90万ポンド以上に相当する。	The canal of Languedoc|ラングドック運河|noun|a canal in southern France	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	thirteen millions of|1300万|noun|a very large number	livres|リーヴル|noun|a former unit of money in France	which|これは|pronoun|the thing that	at|で|preposition|in the rate of	twenty-eight|28|noun|the number 28	livres|リーヴル|noun|a former unit of money in France	the mark of silver|銀1マーク|noun|a unit of weight for silver	the value of|の価値|noun|the worth of	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	in the end of|の終わりに|noun|the final part of	the last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	amounted to|に相当する|verb|be equal to	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	nine hundred thousand|90万|noun|a very large number	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sterling|スターリング|adjective|of or relating to the currency of the United Kingdom
When that great work was finished, the most likely method, it was found, of keeping it in constant repair, was to make a present of the tolls to Riquet, the engineer who planned and conducted the work.	この大事業が完成したとき、それを常に修理しておくための最も可能性の高い方法は、この事業を計画し、指揮した技術者であるリケに、通行料を贈呈することであることがわかった。	great work|大事業|noun|a work of great importance or significance	finish|完成する|verb|bring to an end; complete	most likely|最も可能性の高い|adjective|having the greatest chance of occurring	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	repair|修理|noun|the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	make a present of|贈呈する|verb|give as a gift	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	engineer|技術者|noun|a person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or public works	plan|計画する|verb|decide on and make arrangements for in advance	conduct|指揮する|verb|organize and carry out
Those tolls constitute, at present, a very large estate to the different branches of the family of that gentleman, who have, therefore, a great interest to keep the work in constant repair.	これらの通行料は、現在、この紳士の家族のさまざまな支流にとって非常に大きな財産となっており、そのため、この事業を常に修理しておくことに大きな関心を持っている。	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	constitute|成す|verb|be or form a part of	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or organization	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	branch|支流|noun|a division or subdivision of a main group	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is polite and well-mannered	have|持つ|verb|own or possess	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	keep|保つ|verb|continue to have, do, or be	work|事業|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	repair|修理|noun|the action of fixing something that is broken or damaged
But had those tolls been put under the management of commissioners, who had no such interest, they might perhaps, have been dissipated in ornamental and unnecessary expenses, while the most essential parts of the works were allowed to go to ruin.	しかし、もしこれらの通行料が、そのような利害関係のない委員会の管理下に置かれていたら、事業の最も重要な部分が破滅するのを許されている間に、おそらく装飾的で不必要な経費に浪費されていたかもしれない。	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	put under|置かれる|verb|be placed under	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	commissioner|委員会|noun|a person appointed to a commission	interest|利害関係|noun|a right or title to property	dissipate|浪費される|verb|disappear or cause to disappear	ornamental|装飾的な|adjective|serving to decorate	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction

The tolls for the maintenance of a highroad cannot, with any safety, be made the property of private persons.	幹線道路の維持のための通行料は、安全性を考えれば、私人の所有物にすることはできない。	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	highroad|幹線道路|noun|a main road	safety|安全性|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	private person|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official
A high-road, though entirely neglected, does not become altogether impassable, though a canal does.	幹線道路は、完全に放置されていても、運河のように完全に通行不能になることはない。	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	neglect|放置する|verb|fail to care for properly	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	impassable|通行不能|adjective|not able to be traveled or passed through	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway
The proprietors of the tolls upon a high-road, therefore, might neglect altogether the repair of the road, and yet continue to levy very nearly the same tolls.	したがって、幹線道路の通行料の所有者は、道路の修理を完全に怠り、それでもほぼ同じ通行料を徴収し続けるかもしれない。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	repair|修理|noun|the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine
It is proper, therefore, that the tolls for the maintenance of such a work should be put under the management of commissioners or trustees.	したがって、そのような事業の維持のための通行料は、委員会または受託者の管理下に置かれるのが適切である。	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	commissioner|委員会|noun|a person appointed to a commission	trustee|受託者|noun|a person who is given legal responsibility for managing the property or affairs of another person

In Great Britain, the abuses which the trustees have committed in the management of those tolls, have, in many cases, been very justly complained of.	英国では、受託者が通行料の管理において犯した不正行為は、多くの場合、非常に正当に訴えられている。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	trustee|受託者|noun|a person who is given legal responsibility for managing the property or affairs of another person	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	abuse|不正行為|noun|the improper use of something	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	justly|正当に|adverb|in a fair and just way	complain|訴える|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something
At many turnpikes, it has been said, the money levied is more than double of what is necessary for executing, in the completest manner, the work, which is often executed in a very slovenly manner, and sometimes not executed at all.	多くの有料道路では、徴収される金額は、非常にずさんな方法で行われ、時にはまったく行われない工事を、最も完全な方法で行うために必要な金額の2倍以上であると言われている。	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll is charged	money|金額|noun|a medium that can be exchanged for goods and services and is used as a measure of their value	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	double|2倍|noun|twice as many or as much	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	execute|行う|verb|carry out or put into effect	complete|完全|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	slovenly|ずさん|adjective|unsystematic, careless, or sloppy	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	at all|まったく|adverb|in any way; to any extent
The system of repairing the high-roads by tolls of this kind, it must be observed, is not of very long standing.	このような通行料で幹線道路を修理する制度は、あまり長く続いているわけではないことに注意しなければならない。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	repair|修理する|verb|restore something damaged, faulty or worn to a good condition	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	observe|注意する|verb|notice or perceive	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great or more than average length	standing|続いている|noun|the length of time something has existed
We should not wonder, therefore, if it has not yet been brought to that degree of perfection of which it seems capable.	したがって、それがまだ可能と思われる程度の完成度に達していないとしても、驚くべきことではない。	wonder|驚く|verb|be curious or surprised about	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	perfection|完成度|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	bring|達する|verb|cause to reach a destination	capable|可能|adjective|having the ability to do something
If mean and improper persons are frequently appointed trustees;	卑劣で不適切な人物がしばしば受託者に任命されるならば、	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or spiteful	improper|不適切な|adjective|not suitable or proper	person|人物|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	appoint|任命する|verb|assign a job or role to someone	trustee|受託者|noun|a person who is given legal responsibility for managing the property or affairs of another person
and if proper courts of inspection and account have not yet been established for controlling their conduct, and for reducing the tolls to what is barely sufficient for executing the work to be done by them;	そして、彼らの行為を管理し、通行料を彼らが行うべき仕事を遂行するのに十分なだけに減らすために、適切な検査と会計の裁判所がまだ設立されていないならば、	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	execute|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result
the recency of the institution both accounts and apologizes for those defects, of which, by the wisdom of parliament, the greater part may, in due time, be gradually remedied.	その制度の最近の成立が、これらの欠陥の原因であり、また弁解でもあるが、議会の英知によって、その大部分は、やがて徐々に是正されるかもしれない。	recency|最近の成立|noun|the quality of being recent	account|原因|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	apologize|弁解|verb|express regret for something that one has done	defect|欠陥|noun|a fault or flaw	wisdom|英知|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	due time|やがて|noun|the appropriate or allotted time	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	remedy|是正|verb|put right; rectify

The money levied at the different turnpikes in Great Britain, is supposed to exceed so much what is necessary for repairing the roads, that the savings which, with proper economy, might be made from it, have been considered, even by some ministers, as a very great resource, which might, at some time or another, be applied to the exigencies of the state.	イギリスのさまざまな有料道路で徴収される金は、道路の修理に必要な額をはるかに上回っていると思われ、適切な節約をすれば、そこから得られる貯蓄は、一部の大臣でさえ、いつか国家の緊急事態に充てられるかもしれない非常に大きな資源と考えられている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road on which a toll is charged	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	repair|修理|verb|restore to a good condition	proper|適切な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	economy|節約|noun|the careful use of money or resources	savings|貯蓄|noun|money that is saved	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
Government, it has been said, by taking the management of the turnpikes into its own hands, and by employing the soldiers, who would work for a very small addition to their pay, could keep the roads in good order, at a much less expense than it can be done by trustees, who have no other workmen to employ, but such as derive their whole subsistence from their wages.	政府は、有料道路の管理を自らの手中に収め、給料にわずかな上乗せで働く兵士を雇用することで、道路を良好な状態に保つことができると言われているが、これは、雇用する労働者が他になく、賃金から生計を立てている受託者が行うよりもはるかに少ない費用で済む。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	take|収める|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road on which a toll is charged	hand|手中|noun|an organ in the human body	employ|雇用する|verb|to give work to	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	work|働く|verb|to perform work or fulfill duties	pay|給料|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	addition|上乗せ|noun|something added to something else	keep|保つ|verb|to cause to remain in a specified state	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	good order|良好な状態|noun|a state of being well organized	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	trustee|受託者|noun|a person who is given legal responsibility for managing the property or affairs of another person	do|行う|verb|to perform or execute	worker|労働者|noun|a person who works	employ|雇用する|verb|to give work to	wage|賃金|noun|fixed regular payment to a worker
A great revenue, half a million, perhaps {Since publishing the two first editions of this book, I have got good reasons to believe that all the turnpike tolls levied in Great Britain do not produce a neat revenue that amounts to half a million;	50万ポンドという大きな収入は、おそらく(この本の最初の2版を出版して以来、私はイギリスで徴収されるすべての有料道路の通行料が50万ポンドに相当する純収入を生み出していないと信じるに足る理由を得た。	revenue|収入|noun|income	half a million|50万ポンド|noun|500,000	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	publish|出版する|verb|prepare and issue for public distribution	two|2|noun|the number 2	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	edition|版|noun|a particular form or version of a published work	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	toll|通行料|noun|a charge payable for permission to use a particular bridge or road	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	amount|相当する|verb|be equal to in number, value, or effect	neat|純|adjective|free from dirt, impurities, or pollutants	revenue|収入|noun|income
a sum which, under the management of government, would not be sufficient to keep in repair five of the principal roads in the kingdom}, it has been pretended, might in this manner be gained, without laying any new burden upon the people;	政府の管理下では、王国の主要道路5本を修理するのに十分ではないだろう)、この方法で、国民に新たな負担をかけることなく、得られる可能性があるとされてきた。	under the management of|の管理下で|preposition|controlled or supervised by	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	be sufficient to|に十分である|verb|be enough for	keep in repair|修理する|verb|maintain in good condition	five|5|numeral|the number 5	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	be gained|得られる|verb|obtain or win	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	lay|かける|verb|put or place	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	new|新たな|adjective|recently created or having come into existence	burden|負担|noun|a load, especially a heavy one
and the turnpike roads might be made to contribute to the general expense of the state, in the same manner as the post-office does at present.	そして、有料道路は、郵便局が現在行っているのと同じ方法で、国の一般経費に貢献するようにすることができる。	turnpike road|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll is charged	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	general expense|一般経費|noun|the cost of running a business	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	post-office|郵便局|noun|the public department or corporation responsible for postal services and in some countries telecommunications	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now

That a considerable revenue might be gained in this manner, I have no doubt, though probably not near so much as the projectors of this plan have supposed.	この方法でかなりの収入が得られることは疑いないが、おそらくこの計画の立案者が想定したほどではないだろう。	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	near|近く|adverb|close; not far	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent or degree	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge
The plan itself, however, seems liable to several very important objections.	しかし、計画自体にはいくつかの非常に重要な異議があるように思われる。	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	itself|自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	liable|ありうる|adjective|likely to happen or to have happened	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree or extent	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval or opposition

First, If the tolls which are levied at the turnpikes should ever be considered as one of the resources for supplying the exigencies of the state, they would certainly be augmented as those exigencies were supposed to require.	第一に、もし有料道路で徴収される通行料が、国家の緊急事態に備えるための資源の一つと考えられるならば、それらの緊急事態が必要とされると想定されるように、通行料は確実に増額されるだろう。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll must be paid	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	supply|備える|verb|provide or furnish with	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
According to the policy of Great Britain, therefore, they would probably he augmented very fast.	したがって、イギリスの政策によれば、通行料はおそらく急速に増額されるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	fast|急速に|adverb|at high speed; quickly
The facility with which a great revenue could be drawn from them, would probably encourage administration to recur very frequently te this resource.	通行料から大きな収入を得られる施設は、おそらく行政がこの資源を頻繁に利用することを奨励するだろう。	facility|施設|noun|a place that provides a particular service	revenue|収入|noun|income	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support to	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	recur|利用する|verb|happen again	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support
Though it may, perhaps, be more than doubtful whether half a million could by any economy be saved out of the present tolls, it can scarcely be doubted, but that a million might be saved out of them, if they were doubled;	現在の通行料から50万ポンドを節約できるかどうかは疑わしいかもしれないが、通行料が倍になれば100万ポンドを節約できるだろうことは疑いようがない。	half a million|50万ポンド|noun|500,000	economy|節約|noun|the careful use of money or resources	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	scarcely|疑いようがない|adverb|hardly; barely	million|100万ポンド|noun|1,000,000
and perhaps two millions, if they were tripled {I have now good reason to believe that all these conjectural sums are by much too large.}.	そして、通行料が3倍になれば、おそらく200万ポンドの節約になるだろう。	two millions|200万|noun|two million	tripled|3倍|verb|make or become three times as great or as many	toll|通行料|noun|a tax or fee paid for the use of a road, bridge, or tunnel
This great revenue, too, might be levied without the appointment of a single new officer to collect and receive it.	この大きな収入も、徴収する新しい役人を一人も任命せずに徴収できるだろう。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	too|も|adverb|also; as well	might|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	be levied|徴収される|verb|be imposed or collected	without|せずに|preposition|not having or not doing something	the appointment|任命|noun|the action of appointing someone to a position	a single|一人の|adjective|only one	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	to collect|徴収する|verb|to bring or gather together	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, or clauses	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something
But the turnpike tolls, being continually augmented in this manner, instead of facilitating the inland commerce of the country, as at present, would soon become a very great incumbrance upon it.	しかし、有料道路の通行料は、現在のように国内の内陸商業を促進する代わりに、このように継続的に増額されれば、すぐに国内の内陸商業に大きな負担となるだろう。	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll is charged	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption; continuously	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	become|なる|verb|come to be	incumbrance|負担|noun|a burden or impediment
The expense of transporting all heavy goods from one part of the country to another, would soon be so much increased, the market for all such goods, consequently, would soon be so much narrowed, that their production would be in a great measure discouraged, and the most important branches of the domestic industry of the country annihilated altogether.	国内の一部から別の場所に重量のある商品を輸送する費用はすぐに大幅に増加し、その結果、そのような商品の市場はすぐに大幅に狭まり、その生産は大幅に阻害され、国内産業の最も重要な部門はすべて消滅してしまうだろう。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	heavy|重量のある|adjective|of great weight; hard to lift or carry	good|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	much|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent or degree	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities	narrow|狭まる|verb|become or make less wide	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	annihilate|消滅する|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence

Secondly, A tax upon carriages, in proportion to their weight, though a very equal tax when applied to the sole purpose of repairing the roads, is a very unequal one when applied to any other purpose, or to supply the common exigencies of the state.	第二に、馬車に課せられる重量に比例した税金は、道路の修理という唯一の目的に使われるときには非常に公平な税金であるが、他の目的に使われたり、国の一般的な緊急事態に使われたりするときには非常に不公平な税金である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	carriage|馬車|noun|a wheeled vehicle for people, usually pulled by horses	weight|重量|noun|the force of gravity on a body	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is a constant fraction of another	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	repair|修理|verb|restore to a good condition	sole|唯一|adjective|one and only	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	apply|使われる|verb|make use of	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	supply|使われたりする|verb|provide or furnish with	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
When it is applied to the sole purpose above mentioned, each carriage is supposed to pay exactly for the wear and tear which that carriage occasions of the roads.	上記の唯一の目的に使われる場合、各馬車は道路の損耗に対して正確に支払うことになっている。	apply|使われる|verb|make use of	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	carriage|馬車|noun|a wheeled vehicle for people, usually pulled by horses	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	wear and tear|損耗|noun|damage that happens to something through normal use	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport
But when it is applied to any other purpose, each carriage is supposed to pay for more than that wear and tear, and contributes to the supply of some other exigency of the state.	しかし、それが他の目的に使われる場合、各馬車はその損耗以上の支払いをすることになっていて、国家の他の緊急事態の供給に貢献する。	apply|適用される|verb|be relevant or appropriate	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	carriage|馬車|noun|a wheeled vehicle for people, usually pulled by horses	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	wear and tear|損耗|noun|damage that naturally and inevitably occurs as a result of normal use	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand
But as the turnpike toll raises the price of goods in proportion to their weight and not to their value, it is chiefly paid by the consumers of coarse and bulky, not by those of precious and light commodities.	しかし、有料道路の通行料は、商品の価値ではなく重量に比例して価格を上げるので、主に粗悪でかさばる商品の消費者が支払い、高価で軽い商品の消費者は支払わない。	turnpike toll|有料道路の通行料|noun|a fee paid to travel on a turnpike	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	coarse|粗悪な|adjective|rough or harsh in texture	bulky|かさばる|adjective|large and heavy	precious|高価な|adjective|of great value or worth	light|軽い|adjective|of little weight
Whatever exigency of the state, therefore, this tax might be intended to supply, that exigency would be chiefly supplied at the expense of the poor, not of the rich;	したがって、この税金が国家のどんな緊急事態にも対応できるように意図されていたとしても、その緊急事態は主に富裕層ではなく貧困層を犠牲にして供給されることになる。	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	poor|貧困層|noun|people who lack money or material possessions	rich|富裕層|noun|people who have a great deal of money or material possessions
at the expense of those who are least able to supply it, not of those who are most able.	それを供給する能力が最も低い人々を犠牲にして、最も高い人々を犠牲にするわけではない。	at the expense of|犠牲にして|preposition|with the loss or suffering of	least|最も低い|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	able|能力|adjective|having the power or skill to do something	not|わけではない|adverb|a word used to express negation, denial, refusal, or prohibition	most|最も高い|adjective|greatest in amount or degree

Thirdly, If government should at any time neglect the reparation of the high-roads, it would be still more difficult, than it is at present, to compel the proper application of any part of the turnpike tolls.	第三に、政府がいつでも幹線道路の修理を怠れば、有料道路の通行料の一部を適切に適用することを強制することは、現在よりもさらに困難になるだろう。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	at any time|いつでも|adverb|on any occasion or at any time	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	reparation|修理|noun|the action of repairing something	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	compel|強制する|verb|force or oblige (someone) to do something	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	application|適用|noun|a specific use or manner of applying something	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road on which a toll is charged	toll|通行料|noun|a charge payable for permission to pass through a barrier or along a road
A large revenue might thus be levied upon the people, without any part of it being applied to the only purpose to which a revenue levied in this manner ought ever to be applied.	このように、国民から多額の収入を徴収しても、その一部をこのような方法で徴収した収入を適用すべき唯一の目的に適用することはできない。	large|多額の|adjective|of great size or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	thus|このように|adverb|in this way	be levied|徴収される|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	being applied|適用される|verb|put to a special use or purpose	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	ought|すべき|auxiliary verb|expressing duty or obligation	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion	be applied|適用される|verb|put to a special use or purpose
If the meanness and poverty of the trustees of turnpike roads render it sometimes difficult, at present, to oblige them to repair their wrong;	有料道路の管理者の卑劣さと貧困が、現在、彼らに過失を修理するよう義務付けることを困難にしているのであれば、	meanness|卑劣さ|noun|the quality of being mean	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	trustee|管理者|noun|a person who is given legal responsibility for managing the property or affairs of another person	turnpike road|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll is charged	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	difficult|困難|adjective|hard to do or understand	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	repair|修理する|verb|restore to good condition	wrong|過失|noun|an unjust, dishonest, or immoral action
their wealth and greatness would render it ten times more so in the case which is here supposed.	彼らの富と偉大さは、ここで想定されている場合には、それを10倍も困難にするだろう。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	render|困難にする|verb|cause to be or become	ten times|10倍|adverb|tenfold	case|場合|noun|a particular situation or event	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true or will happen

In France, the funds destined for the reparation of the high-roads are under the immediate direction of the executive power.	フランスでは、幹線道路の修理に充てられる資金は、執行権の直接の指揮下にある。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	reparation|修理|noun|the making of amends for a wrong one has done	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	under|下にある|preposition|below or beneath	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	direction|指揮|noun|the management or guidance of a person or group	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans or laws into effect
Those funds consist, partly in a certain number of days labour, which the country people are in most parts of Europe obliged to give to the reparation of the highways;	これらの資金は、一部は一定の日数の労働で構成されており、ヨーロッパのほとんどの地域では、田舎の人々は幹線道路の修理に従事する義務がある。	consist|構成される|verb|be composed of	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	certain number of|一定の数の|noun phrase|a specific number of	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country people|田舎の人々|noun|people who live in the country	most parts of|ほとんどの地域|noun phrase|the majority of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	give|従事する|verb|devote or apply	reparation|修理|noun|the making of amends for a wrong or injury
and partly in such a portion of the general revenue of the state as the king chooses to spare from his other expenses.	そして一部は、国王が他の支出から割くことを選択した国家の一般歳入の一部で構成されている。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	general revenue|一般歳入|noun|the income of a government from all sources	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	spare|割く|verb|give up or do without something

By the ancient law of France, as well as by that of most other parts of Europe, the labour of the country people was under the direction of a local or provincial magistracy, which had no immediate dependency upon the king’s council.	フランスの古代法では、ヨーロッパの他のほとんどの地域の法律と同様に、田舎の人々の労働は、国王の評議会に直接依存していない地方または地方の司法官の指揮下にあった。	ancient law|古代法|noun|the law of ancient times	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	country people|田舎の人々|noun|people who live in the country	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	local|地方|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方|adjective|of or relating to a province	magistracy|司法官|noun|the office or authority of a magistrate	king's council|国王の評議会|noun|a group of people who advise the king
But, by the present practice, both the labour of the country people, and whatever other fund the king may choose to assign for the reparation of the high-roads in any particular province or generality, are entirely under the management of the intendant;	しかし、現在の慣行では、田舎の人々の労働と、国王が特定の州または一般の幹線道路の修理に割り当てることを選択した他の資金はすべて、完全に管理者の管理下にある。	country people|田舎の人々|noun|people who live in the country	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	choose|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot to a particular person or cause	reparation|修理|noun|the making of amends for a wrong one has done	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	generality|一般|noun|a general statement or principle	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	intendant|管理者|noun|a person who manages or supervises something
an officer who is appointed and removed by the king’s council who receives his orders from it, and is in constant correspondence with it.	国王の評議会によって任命され解任される役人で、評議会から命令を受け、常に連絡を取り合っている。	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority, especially in the armed forces	appoint|任命する|verb|officially choose someone for a job or position	remove|解任する|verb|officially take away someone's job or position	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	order|命令|noun|an authoritative command or instruction	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying; invariable	correspondence|連絡|noun|communication by exchanging letters
In the progress of despotism, the authority of the executive power gradually absorbs that of every other power in the state, and assumes to itself the management of every branch of revenue which is destined for any public purpose.	専制政治の進展に伴い、執行権の権限は国家の他のすべての権限の権限を徐々に吸収し、公的目的に充てられる収入のすべての部門の管理を自ら引き受ける。	progress|進展|noun|the process of improving or developing	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	absorb|吸収する|verb|take in or soak up	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	assume|引き受ける|verb|take on oneself	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	branch|部門|noun|a part of a larger group	revenue|収入|noun|income	public purpose|公的目的|noun|a purpose that benefits the public
In France, however, the great post-roads, the roads which make the communication between the principal towns of the kingdom, are in general kept in good order;	しかし、フランスでは、王国の主要都市間の交通を担う主要な郵便道路は、概して良好な状態に保たれている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	great|主要な|adjective|of major significance or importance	post-road|郵便道路|noun|a road used for the transportation of mail	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	communication|交通|noun|the activity or process of communicating	good|良好な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	order|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing
and, in some provinces, are even a good deal superior to the greater part of the turnpike roads of England.	そして、一部の州では、イギリスの有料道路の大部分よりもかなり優れている。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in some provinces|一部の州では|prepositional phrase|in some provinces	even|かなり|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	the greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	of|の|preposition|used to show possession or belonging	the turnpike roads|有料道路|noun|a road on which a toll is charged	of England|イギリスの|prepositional phrase|of England
But what we call the cross roads, that is, the far greater part of the roads in the country, are entirely neglected, and are in many places absolutely impassable for any heavy carriage.	しかし、我々が交差道路と呼ぶもの、つまり、国内の道路の大部分は、完全に無視されており、多くの場所で重い荷車が通行できない。	cross road|交差道路|noun|a road that crosses another road	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	neglected|無視される|verb|fail to care for properly	heavy carriage|重い荷車|noun|a vehicle with wheels that is pulled by a horse
In some places it is even dangerous to travel on horseback, and mules are the only conveyance which can safely be trusted.	場所によっては馬で旅行するのも危険で、安全に信頼できる唯一の交通手段はラバである。	in some places|場所によっては|adverb|in some locations	travel on horseback|馬で旅行する|verb|ride a horse	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	mule|ラバ|noun|the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse	conveyance|交通手段|noun|a means of transport	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of
The proud minister of an ostentatious court, may frequently take pleasure in executing a work of splendour and magnificence, such as a great highway, which is frequently seen by the principal nobility, whose applauses not only flatter his vanity, but even contribute to support his interest at court.	虚飾に満ちた宮廷の傲慢な大臣は、主要な貴族が頻繁に目にする大幹線道路のような壮麗で壮大な事業を遂行することに喜びを感じることが多く、その拍手は彼の虚栄心をくすぐるだけでなく、宮廷での彼の利害を支えることにも貢献する。	ostentatious|虚飾に満ちた|adjective|characterized by vulgar or pretentious display	proud|傲慢な|adjective|having or showing a high or excessively high opinion of oneself or one's importance, achievements, or abilities	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	take pleasure in|喜びを感じる|verb|enjoy doing something	executing|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	splendour|壮麗|noun|magnificence; grandeur	magnificence|壮大|noun|the quality of being magnificent; splendor	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank	applause|拍手|noun|the expression of approval or praise by clapping	flatter|くすぐる|verb|praise too much or too enthusiastically	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	contribute to|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve a common goal	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
But to execute a great number of little works, in which nothing that can be done can make any great appearance, or excite the smallest degree of admiration in any traveller, and which, in short, have nothing to recommend them but their extreme utility, is a business which appears, in every respect, too mean and paltry to merit the attention of so great a magistrate.	しかし、どんなに努力しても見栄えがせず、旅行者に少しも感動を与えることができず、要するに、その極めて高い実用性以外に何の推薦材料もない、そういった小さな事業を数多く遂行することは、あらゆる点で、それほど偉大な行政官の注意を引くには、あまりにも卑劣で取るに足らない事業である。	execute|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	great number|数多く|noun|a large number	little work|小さな事業|noun|a small-scale business	nothing|何もない|noun|not anything; no single thing	great appearance|見栄え|noun|the way that something or someone looks	excite|感動を与える|verb|cause strong feelings of	traveller|旅行者|noun|someone who is travelling or who often travels	have nothing to recommend|推薦材料がない|verb|have no good qualities	extreme utility|極めて高い実用性|noun|the quality of being extremely useful	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	too mean|卑劣すぎる|adjective|very unkind or unfair	paltry|取るに足らない|adjective|very small in amount or value	merit|引く|verb|deserve or be worthy of	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
Under such an administration therefore, such works are almost always entirely neglected.	したがって、そのような行政の下では、そのような事業はほとんど常に完全に無視されている。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	work|事業|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	entirely|完全に|adverb|wholly; completely; totally	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly

In China, and in several other governments of Asia, the executive power charges itself both with the reparation of the high-roads, and with the maintenance of the navigable canals.	中国やアジアの他のいくつかの政府では、行政権は幹線道路の修理と運河の維持の両方を担当している。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent	executive power|行政権|noun|the power to execute laws and to make and enforce public policy	charge|担当する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	reparation|修理|noun|the action of repairing something	navigable canal|運河|noun|a canal that is deep enough for ships to travel along
In the instructions which are given to the governor of each province, those objects, it is said, are constantly recommended to him, and the judgment which the court forms of his conduct is very much regulated by the attention which he appears to have paid to this part of his instructions.	各省の知事に与えられる指示書には、これらの目的が常に推奨されていると言われており、裁判所が彼の行動について下す判断は、彼が指示書のこの部分にどれだけ注意を払っているかによって大きく左右される。	governor|知事|noun|the person appointed to govern a state	province|省|noun|a division of a country	instruction|指示書|noun|a statement that tells someone to do something	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	recommend|推奨する|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	pay|払う|verb|give (money) in exchange for a good or service
This branch of public police, accordingly, is said to be very much attended to in all those countries, but particularly in China, where the high-roads, and still more the navigable canals, it is pretended, exceed very much every thing of the same kind which is known in Europe.	したがって、この公共政策の分野は、これらの国々すべてで非常に注目されていると言われているが、特に中国では、幹線道路、さらには運河がヨーロッパで知られている同種のあらゆるものをはるかに凌駕していると言われている。	public police|公共政策|noun|the activities of a government in regulating the economy and social conditions	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	be attended to|注目されている|verb|be given attention to	all those countries|これらの国々すべて|noun|all of the countries mentioned	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	high-road|幹線道路|noun|a main road	still more|さらに|adverb|to an even greater extent	navigable canal|運河|noun|a canal that is deep enough for ships to travel through	exceed|凌駕している|verb|be greater than	very much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	every thing|あらゆるもの|noun|all things	same kind|同種|noun|the same type	be known|知られている|verb|be familiar with	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The accounts of those works, however, which have been transmitted to Europe, have generally been drawn up by weak and wondering travellers;	しかし、ヨーロッパに伝えられたこれらの事業の報告は、一般に、弱く驚いた旅行者によって作成されたものである。	account|報告|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	work|事業|noun|a task or tasks to be undertaken	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform; lacking in force or effectiveness	wondering|驚いた|adjective|feeling or showing surprise or amazement
frequently by stupid and lying missionaries.	しばしば愚かで嘘つきの宣教師によって。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	stupid|愚かな|adjective|lacking intelligence or common sense	lie|嘘をつく|verb|make an untrue statement with deliberate intent to deceive; utter an untruth
If they had been examined by more intelligent eyes, and if the accounts of them had been reported by more faithful witnesses, they would not, perhaps, appear to be so wonderful.	もし、もっと賢い目で調べられ、もっと忠実な証人によって報告されていたら、それほど素晴らしいとは思えなかったかもしれない。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	intelligent|賢い|adjective|having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level	eye|目|noun|the organ of vision	account|報告|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal, constant, and steadfast	witness|証人|noun|a person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place	wonderful|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good; marvelous
The account which Bernier gives of some works of this kind in Indostan, falls very short of what had been reported of them by other travellers, more disposed to the marvellous than he was.	ベルニエがインドスタンでこの種の事業について述べた報告は、彼よりも驚異的なことに傾倒した他の旅行者によって報告された内容には及ばない。	Bernier|ベルニエ|noun|a French traveller	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|the Indian subcontinent	fall short of|及ばない|verb|fail to reach or achieve	traveller|旅行者|noun|a person who travels	disposed to|傾倒した|adjective|inclined or willing to do something
It may too, perhaps, be in those countries, as it is in France, where the great roads, the great communications, which are likely to be the subjects of conversation at the court and in the capital, are attended to, and all the rest neglected.	おそらく、フランスのように、宮廷や首都で話題になりそうな大道や大通信が整備され、それ以外はすべて無視されている国もあるだろう。	be in|にある|verb|be present in	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	great road|大道|noun|a main road	great communication|大通信|noun|a major communication	be likely to|ありそう|verb|be probable	be the subject of|話題になる|verb|be the topic of	conversation|話題|noun|a talk between two or more people	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	be attended to|整備される|verb|be taken care of	all the rest|それ以外|noun|everything else	be neglected|無視される|verb|be ignored
In China, besides, in Indostan, and in several other governments of Asia, the revenue of the sovereign arises almost altogether from a land tax or land rent, which rises or falls with the rise and fall of the annual produce of the land.	そのうえ、中国、インドスタン、アジアの他のいくつかの政府では、君主の収入はほとんどすべてが土地税または地代から生じており、それは土地の年間生産物の増減に伴って増減する。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|a country in South Asia	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	land rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	rise|増加|verb|go up	fall|減少|verb|go down	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
The great interest of the sovereign, therefore, his revenue, is in such countries necessarily and immediately connected with the cultivation of the land, with the greatness of its produce, and with the value of its produce.	したがって、そのような国では、君主の最大の関心事である収入は、必然的に、また直接的に、土地の耕作、生産物の多さ、生産物の価値と結びついている。	great interest|最大の関心事|noun|something that is of the most importance to someone	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	revenue|収入|noun|income	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	immediately|直接的に|adverb|without delay or intervention	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	greatness|多さ|noun|the quality of being great	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
But in order to render that produce both as great and as valuable as possible, it is necessary to procure to it as extensive a market as possible, and consequently to establish the freest, the easiest, and the least expensive communication between all the different parts of the country;	しかし、その生産物をできるだけ多く、またできるだけ価値あるものにするためには、できるだけ広い市場を獲得する必要があり、その結果、国内のあらゆる地域間で最も自由で、最も簡単で、最も安価なコミュニケーションを確立する必要がある。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	great|多く|adjective|of major significance or importance	valuable|価値ある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	extensive|広い|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	freest|最も自由な|adjective|not controlled or restricted by anyone or anything	easiest|最も簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved with little effort	least expensive|最も安価な|adjective|costing the least	communication|コミュニケーション|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news
which can be done only by means of the best roads and the best navigable canals.	それは、最良の道路と最良の運河によってのみ可能である。	be done|可能である|verb|be possible	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	best|最良の|adjective|of the highest quality	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway
But the revenue of the sovereign does not, in any part of Europe, arise chiefly from a land tax or land rent.	しかし、ヨーロッパのどこにおいても、君主の収入は主に土地税や地代から生じているわけではない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	land rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land
In all the great kingdoms of Europe, perhaps, the greater part of it may ultimately depend upon the produce of the land: but that dependency is neither so immediate nor so evident.	ヨーロッパのすべての大王国では、おそらくその大部分が最終的には土地の生産物に依存しているかもしれないが、その依存関係はそれほど直接的でも明白でもない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally; in the end	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	dependency|依存関係|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something	immediate|直接的|adjective|happening or done without delay	evident|明白|adjective|obvious or clear
In Europe, therefore, the sovereign does not feel himself so directly called upon to promote the increase, both in quantity and value of the produce of the land, or, by maintaining good roads and canals, to provide the most extensive market for that produce.	したがって、ヨーロッパでは、君主は土地の生産物の量と価値の両方の増加を促進したり、良い道路や運河を維持することによって、その生産物のための最も広範な市場を提供するよう直接求められていると感じていない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	call upon|求める|verb|ask for help or support	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	road|道路|noun|a wide way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply
Though it should be true, therefore, what I apprehend is not a little doubtful, that in some parts of Asia this department of the public police is very properly managed by the executive power, there is not the least probability that, during the present state of things, it could be tolerably managed by that power in any part of Europe.	したがって、アジアの一部では、この公共警察の部門が執行権によって適切に管理されていることは事実であるが、私が理解していることは、現状では、ヨーロッパのどの地域においても、その権力によって許容できる程度に管理される可能性はほとんどない。	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	be true|事実である|verb|be in accordance with fact or reality	apprehend|理解する|verb|perceive or understand	a little|少し|adverb|to a small extent	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable as to truth or fact	Asia|アジア|noun|the largest continent on Earth	some parts|一部|noun|a portion of something	public police|公共警察|noun|the police force of a country	department|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans or laws into effect	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	things|物事|noun|an object or entity	probability|可能性|noun|the extent to which something is probable	least|最も小さい|adjective|smallest in amount or degree	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent on Earth

Even those public works, which are of such a nature that they cannot afford any revenue for maintaining themselves, but of which the conveniency is nearly confined to some particular place or district, are always better maintained by a local or provincial revenue, under the management of a local and provincial administration, than by the general revenue of the state, of which the executive power must always have the management.	自らを維持するための収入を得ることができないような性質のものであるが、その便宜が特定の場所や地区にほぼ限定されているような公共事業でさえ、地方行政の管理下にある地方税によって維持される方が、執行権が常に管理しなければならない国の一般税によって維持されるよりも常に良い。	public work|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair of public facilities	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that makes life easier	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	local|地方|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方|adjective|of or relating to a province	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	general revenue|一般税|noun|the income of a government from all sources	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans or laws into effect	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
Were the streets of London to be lighted and paved at the expense of the treasury, is there any probability that they would be so well lighted and paved as they are at present, or even at so small an expense?	ロンドンの街路が国庫を犠牲にして照明され、舗装されたとしたら、現在のように、あるいはそれほど少ない費用で、それほどよく照明され、舗装される可能性はあるだろうか?	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	street|街路|noun|a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	light|照明|noun|the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible	pave|舗装|verb|cover (a road or path) with a hard surface of stone or concrete	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	treasury|国庫|noun|the funds of a government, corporation, or institution	probability|可能性|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	present|現在|noun|the period of time that is happening now	small|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The expense, besides, instead of being raised by a local tax upon the inhabitants of each particular street, parish, or district in London, would, in this case, be defrayed out of the general revenue of the state, and would consequently be raised by a tax upon all the inhabitants of the kingdom, of whom the greater part derive no sort of benefit from the lighting and paving of the streets of London.	その上、この場合、費用はロンドンの各街路、教区、地区の住民に課せられる地方税によって賄われるのではなく、国の一般歳入から賄われることになり、その結果、王国のすべての住民に課せられる税金によって賄われることになるが、その大部分はロンドンの街路の照明や舗装から何の利益も得ていない。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	instead of|の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	being raised|賄われる|verb|be brought up	local tax|地方税|noun|a tax levied by a local government	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	street|街路|noun|a road in a city, town, or village, typically with houses and buildings on one or both sides	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city having its own government	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention or determination	be defrayed|賄われる|verb|be paid for	general revenue|一般歳入|noun|the income of a government from all sources	state|国|noun|a nation or its territory	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	be raised|賄われる|verb|be brought up	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	no sort of|何の〜もない|determiner|not any kind of	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	lighting|照明|noun|the equipment or system that provides light	paving|舗装|noun|a hard surface of ground, usually covering a road or path, made of stone blocks or other hard materials

The abuses which sometimes creep into the local and provincial administration of a local and provincial revenue, how enormous soever they may appear, are in reality, however, almost always very trifling in comparison of those which commonly take place in the administration and expenditure of the revenue of a great empire.	地方税の地方行政に時折忍び込む不正は、どれほど巨大に見えようとも、実際には、大帝国の歳入の管理と支出において一般的に起こるものと比較すれば、ほとんど常に非常に些細なものだ。	creep into|忍び込む|verb|move slowly and carefully so as to avoid being seen or heard	local|地方|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方|adjective|of or relating to a province	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	enormous|巨大|adjective|extremely large or great	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
They are, besides, much more easily corrected.	その上、それらははるかに簡単に修正できる。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	correct|修正する|verb|make or set right; rectify
Under the local or provincial administration of the justices of the peace in Great Britain, the six days labour which the country people are obliged to give to the reparation of the highways, is not always, perhaps, very judiciously applied, but it is scarce ever exacted with any circumstance of cruelty or oppression.	イギリスの治安判事の地方行政のもとでは、田舎の人々が幹線道路の修理に従事しなければならない六日間の労働は、おそらく常に非常に賢明に適用されているわけではないが、残酷さや抑圧の状況で強要されることはほとんどない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	local|地方|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方|adjective|of or relating to a province	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	justice of the peace|治安判事|noun|a local magistrate with limited authority	country people|田舎の人々|noun|people who live in a rural area	six days|六日間|noun|a period of six days	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	obliged|従事しなければならない|adjective|required to do something	reparation|修理|noun|the action of repairing something	highway|幹線道路|noun|a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	judiciously|賢明に|adverb|having or showing good judgment or sense	applied|適用されている|verb|put to a special use or purpose	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion	exacted|強要される|verb|demand and obtain by force or authority	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	cruelty|残酷さ|noun|behaviour that causes pain or suffering to others	oppression|抑圧|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control
In France, under the administration of the intendants, the application is not always more judicious, and the exaction is frequently the most cruel and oppressive.	フランスでは、代官の管理下で、その適用は必ずしも賢明ではなく、強要はしばしば最も残酷で抑圧的である。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	under the administration of|の管理下で|noun phrase|under the control of	intendant|代官|noun|a person appointed to head an administrative department	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	exaction|強要|noun|the act of demanding and enforcing payment of a tax, fee, or other sum	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	cruel|残酷な|adjective|willfully causing pain or suffering to others	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
Such corvees, as they are called, make one of the principal instruments of tyranny by which those officers chastise any parish or communeaute, which has had the misfortune to fall under their displeasure.	そのような労役は、彼らが呼ばれるように、これらの役人が彼らの不興を買うという不幸に見舞われた教区やコミューンを懲らしめる専制政治の主要な道具の一つとなっている。	corvee|労役|noun|a day's unpaid labor owed by a vassal to his feudal lord	make|なる|verb|become	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	tyranny|専制政治|noun|cruel and oppressive government or rule	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	chastise|懲らしめる|verb|punish or reprimand severely	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	communeaute|コミューン|noun|a small community of people living together	displeasure|不興|noun|a feeling of annoyance or slight anger

Of the public Works and Institution which are necessary for facilitating particular Branches of Commerce.	商業の特定の部門を促進するために必要な公共事業と制度について。	public works|公共事業|noun|infrastructure or other public facilities provided by the government	institution|制度|noun|an established law, practice, or custom	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, group, class, or category	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services

The object of the public works and institutions above mentioned, is to facilitate commerce in general.	上記の公共事業と制度の目的は、一般に商業を促進することである。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	public works|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair of public facilities	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
But in order to facilitate some particular branches of it, particular institutions are necessary, which again require a particular and extraordinary expense.	しかし、その特定の部門を促進するためには、特別な制度が必要であり、それにはまた特別な特別な費用が必要である。	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable

Some particular branches of commerce which are carried on with barbarous and uncivilized nations, require extraordinary protection.	野蛮で未開の国々と行われる商業の特定の部門は、特別な保護を必要とする。	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	uncivilized|未開の|adjective|not civilized	require|必要とする|verb|need	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something
An ordinary store or counting-house could give little security to the goods of the merchants who trade to the western coast of Africa.	普通の倉庫や会計事務所では、アフリカ西海岸と貿易する商人の品物にほとんど安全を与えることができない。	ordinary|普通の|adjective|of the usual or common type	store|倉庫|noun|a place where things are kept	counting-house|会計事務所|noun|an office where accounts are kept	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
To defend them from the barbarous natives, it is necessary that the place where they are deposited should be in some measure fortified.	野蛮な原住民からそれらを守るためには、それらが保管されている場所がある程度要塞化されている必要がある。	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	deposit|保管する|verb|put or keep in a safe place	measure|程度|noun|the extent, size, or amount of something	fortify|要塞化する|verb|strengthen or reinforce
The disorders in the government of Indostan have been supposed to render a like precaution necessary, even among that mild and gentle people;	インドスタン政府の混乱は、あの穏やかで優しい人々の間でさえ、同様の予防策を必要とすると考えられてきた。	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Indostan|インドスタン|noun|a historical region of South Asia	render|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	precaution|予防策|noun|a measure taken in advance to prevent something from happening	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	mild|穏やか|adjective|not severe, serious, or harsh	gentle|優しい|adjective|not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight
and it was under pretence of securing their persons and property from violence, that both the English and French East India companies were allowed to erect the first forts which they possessed in that country.	そして、イギリスとフランスの東インド会社が、その国で所有していた最初の砦を建設することを許されたのは、彼らの身体と財産を暴力から守るという口実のもとだった。	under pretence of|口実のもとで|noun|a false reason given to hide the real reason for doing something	secure|守る|verb|make safe; protect	person|身体|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	violence|暴力|noun|behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	French|フランス|noun|the language of France	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	company|会社|noun|a business organization	allow|許す|verb|give permission to	erect|建設する|verb|construct or build	fort|砦|noun|a military building designed to be defended
Among other nations, whose vigorous government will suffer no strangers to possess any fortified place within their territory, it may be necessary to maintain some ambassador, minister, or consul, who may both decide, according to their own customs, the differences arising among his own countrymen, and, in their disputes with the natives, may by means of his public character, interfere with more authority and afford them a more powerful protection than they could expect from any private man.	強固な政府が自国の領土内に要塞を所有する外国人を許さない他の国々では、大使、公使、領事などを維持する必要があるかもしれない。彼らは、自国の慣習に従って、自国民の間で生じる相違を決定し、また、自国民と原住民との紛争においては、公的な性格によって、より権威をもって干渉し、民間人から期待できるよりも強力な保護を与えることができる。	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	vigorous|強固な|adjective|strong and forceful	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	suffer|許す|verb|allow or admit	stranger|外国人|noun|a person whom one does not know or with whom one is not familiar	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	fortified|要塞|adjective|strengthened against attack	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	ambassador|大使|noun|a diplomat sent by a state as its permanent representative in a foreign country	minister|公使|noun|a person appointed by a state to head its diplomatic mission in a foreign country	consul|領事|noun|a state official appointed to live in a foreign city and protect and assist citizens of the appointing country	decide|決定する|verb|come to a resolution in the mind as a result of consideration	difference|相違|noun|the state or fact of being unlike or dissimilar	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	countryman|自国民|noun|a person from one's own country	dispute|紛争|noun|a disagreement between two or more people or groups	native|原住民|noun|a person born in a particular place	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	interfere|干渉する|verb|prevent or obstruct (an action or event) from happening or arising	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	expect|期待する|verb|regard (something) as likely to happen or be the case
The interests of commerce have frequently made it necessary to maintain ministers in foreign countries, where the purposes either of war or alliance would not have required any.	商業上の利益のために、戦争や同盟の目的では必要のない外国に大臣を置く必要が生じることがよくある。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	make|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	maintain|置く|verb|keep in good condition	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	alliance|同盟|noun|a union or association formed for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose
The commerce of the Turkey company first occasioned the establishment of an ordinary ambassador at Constantinople.	トルコ会社の商業は、最初にコンスタンチノープルに通常の大使を設置する機会となった。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Turkey company|トルコ会社|noun|a company that trades with Turkey	first|最初に|adverb|before all others; earliest	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	establishment|設置|noun|the act of establishing something	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type	ambassador|大使|noun|a person who represents a country abroad	Constantinople|コンスタンチノープル|noun|the former capital of the Roman Empire
The first English embassies to Russia arose altogether from commercial interests.	ロシアへの最初のイギリス大使館は、すべて商業上の利益から生じた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	embassy|大使館|noun|the official office of an ambassador	Russia|ロシア|noun|a transcontinental country located in eastern Europe and northern Asia	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally
The constant interference with those interests, necessarily occasioned between the subjects of the different states of Europe, has probably introduced the custom of keeping, in all neighbouring countries, ambassadors or ministers constantly resident, even in the time of peace.	ヨーロッパの諸国家の臣民の間で必然的に生じるこれらの利害関係への絶え間ない干渉は、おそらく平和な時期でさえ、すべての近隣諸国に大使や大臣を常駐させる習慣を導入した。	constant|絶え間ない|adjective|non-stop	interference|干渉|noun|the action of interfering or the state of being interfered with	interest|利害関係|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	between|間で|preposition|in the space separating two places, people, or objects	subject|臣民|noun|a person who lives in a country, state, etc., and is subject to its laws	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional among the people in a particular group or place	keep|常駐させる|verb|have or retain possession of	neighbouring|近隣諸国|adjective|next to or very near another place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	ambassador|大使|noun|an official envoy; especially : a high diplomatic representative appointed and accredited to a foreign government or sovereign as the resident representative of his or her own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	constantly|常駐|adverb|non-stop	resident|常駐|adjective|living in a particular place	peace|平和な時期|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
This custom, unknown to ancient times, seems not to be older than the end of the fifteenth, or beginning of the sixteenth century;	古代には知られていなかったこの習慣は、15世紀末か16世紀初頭よりも古くはないようだ。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known	ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known civilizations to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	older|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	the end of the fifteenth|15世紀末|noun|the end of the 15th century	the beginning of the sixteenth century|16世紀初頭|noun|the beginning of the 16th century
that is, than the time when commerce first began to extend itself to the greater part of the nations of Europe, and when they first began to attend to its interests.	つまり、商業がヨーロッパ諸国の大部分に拡大し始め、彼らがその利益に注目し始めた時よりも古くはない。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	first|最初|adverb|before any other person or thing	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to emphasize the identity of the subject	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	first|最初|adverb|before any other person or thing	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	attend|注目する|verb|be present at	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

It seems not unreasonable, that the extraordinary expense which the protection of any particular branch of commerce may occasion, should be defrayed by a moderate tax upon that particular branch;	商業の特定の部門の保護に伴う特別な費用は、その特定の部門に対する適度な課税によって賄われるべきであるというのは、不合理ではないように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	unreasonable|不合理な|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
by a moderate fine, for example, to be paid by the traders when they first enter into it;	例えば、商人が最初に参入する際に支払うべき適度な罰金によってである。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money that you have to pay as a punishment	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	to be paid|支払われるべき|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods or services	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	enter into|参入する|verb|to become involved in something
or, what is more equal, by a particular duty of so much per cent.	あるいは、より公平なのは、何パーセントかの特別関税によってである。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	what|何|pronoun|the thing that	more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	equal|公平|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	particular|特別|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
upon the goods which they either import into, or export out of, the particular countries with which it is carried on.	貿易を行っている特定の国から輸入または輸出する商品に対してである。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	either|または|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more things	import|輸入|verb|bring in from a foreign country	export|輸出|verb|send out of a country	particular|特定の|adjective|specific	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The protection of trade, in general, from pirates and freebooters, is said to have given occasion to the first institution of the duties of customs.	一般に、海賊や略奪者からの貿易の保護が、関税の最初の制度化の機会を与えたと言われている。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	pirate|海賊|noun|a person who attacks and robs ships at sea	freebooter|略奪者|noun|a person who takes things by force	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	institution|制度化|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
But, if it was thought reasonable to lay a general tax upon trade, in order to defray the expense of protecting trade in general, it should seem equally reasonable to lay a particular tax upon a particular branch of trade, in order to defray the extraordinary expense of protecting that branch.	しかし、貿易一般を保護する費用を賄うために貿易一般に課税することが合理的と考えられるならば、特定の貿易部門を保護する特別な費用を賄うために、その部門に特別な税金を課すことも同様に合理的であるように思われる。	lay a general tax|一般課税する|verb|impose a tax on all or most goods or services	defray the expense|費用を賄う|verb|provide money to pay a cost	particular tax|特別税|noun|a tax that is imposed on a specific good or service	extraordinary expense|特別な費用|noun|a cost that is not usual or expected	protecting|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury

The protection of trade, in general, has always been considered as essential to the defence of the commonwealth, and, upon that account, a necessary part of the duty of the executive power.	一般に、貿易の保護は常に国家の防衛に不可欠であると考えられており、そのため、執行権の義務の必要な部分である。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	commonwealth|国家|noun|a political unit	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect
The collection and application of the general duties of customs, therefore, have always been left to that power.	したがって、一般関税の徴収と適用は常にその権限に委ねられてきた。	collection|徴収|noun|the action or process of collecting	application|適用|noun|the action of putting something into operation	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; without exception	leave|委ねる|verb|go away from a place	power|権限|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act
But the protection of any particular branch of trade is a part of the general protection of trade;	しかし、特定の貿易部門の保護は、貿易の一般的な保護の一部である。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread
a part, therefore, of the duty of that power;	したがって、その権限の義務の一部である。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	power|権限|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way
and if nations always acted consistently, the particular duties levied for the purposes of such particular protection, should always have been left equally to its disposal.	そして、もし国家が常に一貫して行動するならば、そのような特定の保護の目的のために課せられる特定の関税は、常にその処分に平等に委ねられるべきである。	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	consistently|一貫して|adverb|in a consistent manner	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	levy|課する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	leave|委ねる|verb|go away from a place	should|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness
But in this respect, as well as in many others, nations have not always acted consistently;	しかし、この点では、他の多くの点でもそうであるように、国家は常に一貫して行動してきたわけではない。	in this respect|この点では|adverb|in this particular matter	as well as|だけでなく|conjunction|in addition to	many others|他の多くの|noun|a large number of other people or things	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	not always|常にわけではない|adverb|not on every occasion	act|行動する|verb|do something	consistently|一貫して|adverb|in a way that is always the same
and in the greater part of the commercial states of Europe, particular companies of merchants have had the address to persuade the legislature to entrust to them the performance of this part of the duty of the sovereign, together with all the powers which are necessarily connected with it.	そしてヨーロッパの商業国家の大部分では、特定の商人会社が立法府を説得して、主権者の義務のこの部分の遂行と、それに必然的に伴うすべての権限を彼らに委ねるように説得する術を有していた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	commercial|商業|adjective|of or relating to commerce	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	company|会社|noun|a business organization	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	have the address|術を有する|verb|to be able to do something	persuade|説得する|verb|to cause someone to do or believe something by reasoning with them	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	entrust|委ねる|verb|to give someone or something to someone else to take care of	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	accompany|伴う|verb|to go with someone or something	power|権限|noun|the ability to do or act

These companies, though they may, perhaps, have been useful for the first introduction of some branches of commerce, by making, at their own expense, an experiment which the state might not think it prudent to make, have in the long-run proved, universally, either burdensome or useless, and have either mismanaged or confined the trade.	これらの会社は、おそらく、国家が行うのが賢明でないと考える実験を自費で行うことにより、商業のいくつかの部門の最初の導入に役立ったかもしれないが、長期的には普遍的に、厄介であるか無用であることが証明され、貿易を誤って管理するか、制限してきた。	these companies|これらの会社|noun|the companies mentioned	first introduction|最初の導入|noun|the first time something is introduced	some branches of commerce|商業のいくつかの部門|noun|some parts of commerce	at their own expense|自費で|adverb|using one's own money	an experiment|実験|noun|a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis	the state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	in the long run|長期的には|adverb|eventually; ultimately	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in all cases; always	burdensome|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty or trouble	useless|無用な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	mismanage|誤って管理する|verb|manage incompetently	confine|制限する|verb|keep or restrict within limits

When those companies do not trade upon a joint stock, but are obliged to admit any person, properly qualified, upon paying a certain fine, and agreeing to submit to the regulations of the company, each member trading upon his own stock, and at his own risk, they are called regulated companies.	これらの会社が合同株で取引せず、一定の罰金を支払い、会社の規則に従うことに同意すれば、適切な資格のある人を受け入れることを義務付けられ、各メンバーが自分の株で取引し、自己責任で取引する場合、それらは規制会社と呼ばれる。	trade|取引する|verb|buy and sell goods and services	joint stock|合同株|noun|the capital of a company that is divided into shares	admit|受け入れる|verb|allow to enter	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	qualified|資格のある|adjective|officially recognized as having the necessary skill or knowledge to do a particular job	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money that is paid as a punishment	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	submit|従う|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person	regulation|規則|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to
When they trade upon a joint stock, each member sharing in the common profit or loss, in proportion to his share in this stock, they are called joint-stock companies.	彼らが合同株で取引し、各メンバーがこの株の持ち分に応じて共通の利益または損失を共有する場合、それらは合同会社と呼ばれる。	trade|取引する|verb|buy and sell goods and services	joint stock|合同株|noun|the capital of a company that is divided into shares	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	loss|損失|noun|a financial loss	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	joint-stock company|合同会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares held by the owners
Such companies, whether regulated or joint-stock, sometimes have, and sometimes have not, exclusive privileges.	そのような会社は、規制されているか合同かに関わらず、独占的特権を持つ場合と持たない場合がある。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	company|会社|noun|a business organization	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce alternative possibilities	regulated|規制されている|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	joint-stock|合同|adjective|owned by a number of people	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

Regulated companies resemble, in every respect, the corporation of trades, so common in the cities and towns of all the different countries of Europe; and are a sort of enlarged monopolies of the same kind.	規制会社は、あらゆる点で、ヨーロッパのあらゆる国の都市や町で非常に一般的な貿易会社に似ており、同じ種類の拡大された独占の一種である。	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	corporation of trades|貿易会社|noun|a company that engages in trade	so common|非常に一般的な|adjective|very common	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	town|町|noun|a human settlement that is larger than a village but smaller than a city	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	sort of|一種の|noun|a kind of	enlarged monopoly|拡大された独占|noun|a monopoly that has been made larger	same kind|同じ種類|noun|the same type
As no inhabitant of a town can exercise an incorporated trade, without first obtaining his freedom in the incorporation, so, in most cases, no subject of the state can lawfully carry on any branch of foreign trade, for which a regulated company is established, without first becoming a member of that company.	町の住民は、まず法人内での自由を獲得しなければ法人化された貿易を行うことができないように、ほとんどの場合、国家の臣民は、まずその会社の一員にならなければ、規制会社が設立されている外国貿易のどの部門も合法的に行うことはできない。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	exercise|行う|verb|use or apply	incorporated|法人化された|adjective|formed into a legal corporation	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	obtain|獲得する|verb|get, acquire, or secure	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	incorporation|法人|noun|the action of incorporating or being incorporated	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of; more than half of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	lawfully|合法的に|adverb|in a way that is allowed by the law	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	regulated|規制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	company|会社|noun|a business organization	establish|設立する|verb|set up or start	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	become|なる|verb|come to be; undergo a change or development
The monopoly is more or less strict, according as the terms of admission are more or less difficult, and according as the directors of the company have more or less authority, or have it more or less in their power to manage in such a manner as to confine the greater part of the trade to themselves and their particular friends.	独占は、入会条件が厳しいか緩いか、会社の取締役が権限を多く持っているか少なく持っているか、取引の大部分を自分たちと特定の友人に限定するような方法で管理する権限を多く持っているか少なく持っているかによって、多かれ少なかれ厳しいものとなる。	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	strict|厳しい|adjective|demanding that rules or standards be obeyed	admission|入会|noun|the action or process of allowing someone to enter a place	difficult|厳しい|adjective|needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand	company|会社|noun|a business organization	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	power|権限|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of and responsible for the running of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, time, or circumstances	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection
In the most ancient regulated companies, the privileges of apprenticeship were the same as in other corporations, and entitled the person who had served his time to a member of the company, to become himself a member, either without paying any fine, or upon paying a much smaller one than what was exacted of other people.	最も古い規制会社では、徒弟制度の特権は他の法人と同じであり、会社員として勤務した人は、罰金を支払うことなく、または他の人から徴収されるよりもはるかに少ない罰金を支払うことで、自分自身が会社員になる権利を与えられた。	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	regulated|規制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations	company|会社|noun|a business organization	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	serve|勤める|verb|work for	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for breaking the law	exact|徴収する|verb|demand and obtain from someone by force or authority
The usual corporation spirit, wherever the law does not restrain it, prevails in all regulated companies.	通常の法人精神は、法律がそれを制限していない限り、すべての規制会社に広がっている。	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	prevail|広がる|verb|be widespread or current	regulated|規制された|adjective|controlled or supervised by rules or regulations
When they have been allowed to act according to their natural genius, they have always, in order to confine the competition to as small a number of persons as possible, endeavoured to subject the trade to many burdensome regulations.	彼らが生まれつきの才能に従って行動することを許されたとき、彼らは常に、競争をできるだけ少数の人に限定するために、貿易を多くの厄介な規制に従わせようと努力した。	act|行動する|verb|do something	allow|許す|verb|permit	natural|生まれつきの|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	genius|才能|noun|exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	subject|従わせる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority
When the law has restrained them from doing this, they have become altogether useless and insignificant.	法律が彼らがそうすることを制限したとき、彼らは全く役に立たず、取るに足らないものとなった。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	useless|役に立たない|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance

The regulated companies for foreign commerce which at present subsist in Great Britain, are the ancient merchant-adventurers company, now commonly called the Hamburgh company, the Russia company, the Eastland company, the Turkey company, and the African company.	現在イギリスに存在する対外貿易の規制会社は、古代商人冒険者会社であり、現在は一般にハンブルグ会社、ロシア会社、イーストランド会社、トルコ会社、アフリカ会社と呼ばれている。	foreign commerce|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	merchant-adventurers|商人冒険者|noun|a member of a trading company formed in England in the 15th century	Hamburgh|ハンブルグ|noun|a city in northern Germany	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia	Eastland|イーストランド|noun|the Baltic region	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe and western Asia	African|アフリカ|adjective|of or relating to Africa or its people

The terms of admission into the Hamburgh company are now said to be quite easy;	ハンブルグ会社への入会条件は、現在では非常に簡単だと言われている。	admission|入会|noun|the action or process of admitting someone or something	Hamburgh company|ハンブルグ会社|noun|a company in Hamburgh	term|条件|noun|a condition or requirement that must be met	quite|非常に|adverb|to a very great extent	easy|簡単|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort
and the directors either have it not in their power to subject the trade to any troublesome restraint or regulations, or, at least, have not of late exercised that power.	そして、取締役は貿易を面倒な制約や規制に従わせることができないか、少なくとも最近はその権限を行使していない。	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or a project	have it in one's power|できる|verb|be able to do something	subject|従わせる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	troublesome|面倒な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	of late|最近|adverb|recently	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply
It has not always been so.	いつもそうだったわけではない。	always|いつも|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be|である|verb|to exist or live	so|そう|adverb|in this or that manner; in this or that way
About the middle of the last century, the fine for admission was fifty, and at one time one hundred pounds, and the conduct of the company was said to be extremely oppressive.	前世紀の中頃には、入会金は50ポンド、一時期は100ポンドにもなり、会社の運営は非常に抑圧的だったと言われている。	about|頃|preposition|approximately	middle|中頃|noun|the part of something that is equally distant from the ends, sides, or top and bottom	last century|前世紀|noun|the century before the present one	fine|入会金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	admission|入会|noun|the action or process of admitting someone or something	fifty|50|numeral|the number 50	one time|一時期|noun|a particular occasion	one hundred|100|numeral|the number 100	conduct|運営|noun|the manner in which someone behaves	company|会社|noun|a business organization	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
In 1643, in 1645, and in 1661, the clothiers and free traders of the west of England complained of them to parliament, as of monopolists, who confined the trade, and oppressed the manufactures of the country.	1643年、1645年、1661年には、イングランド西部の衣料品業者や自由貿易業者が、貿易を制限し、国内の製造業者を抑圧している独占業者として、議会に訴えた。	1643|1643年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1645|1645年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1661|1661年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	clothier|衣料品業者|noun|a person who makes or sells clothes	free trader|自由貿易業者|noun|a person who advocates free trade	complain|訴える|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	monopolist|独占業者|noun|a person who has exclusive control over a commodity or service	confine|制限する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority
Though those complaints produced no act of parliament, they had probably intimidated the company so far, as to oblige them to reform their conduct.	これらの苦情は議会で取り上げられることはなかったが、おそらく会社を脅迫して、行動を改めさせたのだろう。	complaint|苦情|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	produce|取り上げられる|verb|bring into existence	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	intimidate|脅迫する|verb|frighten or overawe (someone), or force (someone) into doing something, by threats or violence	company|会社|noun|a business organization	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves
Since that time, at least, there have been no complaints against them.	少なくとも、それ以来、彼らに対する苦情は出ていない。	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	there have been|出ていない|verb|to have happened or existed	complaint|苦情|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable
By the 10th and 11th of William III. c.6, the fine for admission into the Russia company was reduced to five pounds;	ウィリアム三世の10年目と11年目には、ロシア会社への入会金は5ポンドに減額された。	By the 10th and 11th of William III|ウィリアム三世の10年目と11年目には|noun phrase|in the 10th and 11th year of the reign of William III	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia	five pounds|5ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom
and by the 25th of Charles II. c.7, that for admission into the Eastland company to forty shillings;	チャールズ二世の25年目には、イーストランド会社への入会金は40シリングに減額された。	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1661	25th|25年目|noun|the ordinal number of twenty-five	Eastland company|イーストランド会社|noun|a company that traded with the Baltic countries	forty shillings|40シリング|noun|a sum of money
while, at the same time, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, all the countries on the north side of the Baltic, were exempted from their exclusive charter.	同時に、スウェーデン、デンマーク、ノルウェー、バルト海の北側のすべての国は、独占的な憲章から免除された。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	Norway|ノルウェー|noun|a country in northern Europe	Baltic|バルト海|noun|a sea in northern Europe	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone from an obligation or requirement
The conduct of those companies had probably given occasion to those two acts of parliament.	これらの会社の行為が、おそらくこの二つの議会法案の機会を与えたのだろう。	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which one behaves	company|会社|noun|a business organization	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	act|法案|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country
Before that time, Sir Josiah Child had represented both these and the Hamburgh company as extremely oppressive, and imputed to their bad management the low state of the trade, which we at that time carried on to the countries comprehended within their respective charters.	その前に、ジョサイア・チャイルド卿は、これらとハンブルグ会社を非常に抑圧的であると表現し、当時私たちがそれぞれの憲章に含まれている国々に対して行っていた貿易の低迷を、彼らの経営不振に帰していた。	before that time|その前に|adverb|prior to that time	Sir Josiah Child|ジョサイア・チャイルド卿|noun|an English merchant and politician	represent|表現する|verb|to serve as a symbol of	Hamburgh company|ハンブルグ会社|noun|a company based in Hamburg, Germany	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	impute|帰する|verb|to attribute to a cause or source	bad management|経営不振|noun|poor management	low state|低迷|noun|a state of being low	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|to continue doing something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	comprehend|理解する|verb|to understand something	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship	charter|憲章|noun|a document granting rights or privileges
But though such companies may not, in the present times, be very oppressive, they are certainly altogether useless.	しかし、このような会社は、現時点ではそれほど抑圧的ではないかもしれないが、確かに全く役に立たない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	company|会社|noun|a business organization	may not|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|it is possible that not	present|現時点|noun|the time that is happening now	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	useless|役に立たない|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome
To be merely useless, indeed, is perhaps, the highest eulogy which can ever justly be bestowed upon a regulated company;	実際、単に役に立たないということは、おそらく、規制された会社に与えられる最高の賛辞である。	be merely useless|単に役に立たない|verb|be of no use or benefit	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	highest eulogy|最高の賛辞|noun|the highest praise	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	justly|正当に|adverb|in a just manner	be bestowed upon|与えられる|verb|be given or presented to	regulated company|規制された会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation
and all the three companies above mentioned seem, in their present state, to deserve this eulogy.	そして、上記の三社はすべて、現状ではこの賛辞に値すると思われる。	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	eulogy|賛辞|noun|a speech or piece of writing that praises someone or something

The fine for admission into the Turkey company was formerly twenty-five pounds for all persons under twenty-six years of age, and fifty pounds for all persons above that age.	トルコ会社への入会金は、以前は26歳以下の人は25ポンド、それ以上の人は50ポンドだった。	Turkey company|トルコ会社|noun|a company that trades with Turkey	admission|入会金|noun|the price of admission	formerly|以前は|adverb|in the past	twenty-five pounds|25ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	twenty-six years of age|26歳|noun|the age of twenty-six	fifty pounds|50ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom
Nobody but mere merchants could be admitted;	商人以外は入会できなかった。	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person	but|以外|conjunction|except	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	could|できた|auxiliary verb|be able to	be admitted|入会する|verb|be allowed to enter
a restriction which excluded all shop-keepers and retailers.	すべての小売商を排除する制限である。	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from entering or being included	shop-keeper|小売商|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	retailer|小売商|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale
By a bye-law, no British manufactures could be exported to Turkey but in the general ships of the company;	内規により、イギリスの製品は同社の一般船以外ではトルコに輸出できなかった。	bye-law|内規|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a republic in southeastern Europe and western Asia with a small part in southeastern Europe	company|会社|noun|a business organization
and as those ships sailed always from the port of London, this restriction confined the trade to that expensive port, and the traders to those who lived in London and in its neighbourhood.	そして、それらの船は常にロンドン港から出航していたので、この制限は貿易をその高価な港に限定し、貿易業者をロンドンとその近隣に住む人々に限定した。	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for travelling on water	sail|出航する|verb|travel by ship	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbour where ships load or unload	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home
By another bye-law, no person living within twenty miles of London, and not free of the city, could be admitted a member;	別の内規では、ロンドンから20マイル以内に住んでいて、市の自由民でなければ、会員になることはできなかった。	bye-law|内規|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	twenty miles|20マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609344 kilometers	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	member|会員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
another restriction which, joined to the foregoing, necessarily excluded all but the freemen of London.	前述の制限と合わせると、必然的にロンドンの自由民以外はすべて排除されるという制限である。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	join|合わせる|verb|connect or fasten together	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	exclude|排除する|verb|shut or keep out	all|すべて|pronoun|the whole amount of	but|以外|preposition|except	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England
As the time for the loading and sailing of those general ships depended altogether upon the directors, they could easily fill them with their own goods, and those of their particular friends, to the exclusion of others, who, they might pretend, had made their proposals too late.	これらの一般船の積み込みと出航の時期はすべて理事会にかかっていたので、理事会は自分の品物や特定の友人の品物で船をいっぱいにし、他の人々を排除することができた。	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	director|理事会|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	fill|いっぱいにする|verb|make or become full	exclude|排除する|verb|prevent from entering or taking part	pretend|ふりをする|verb|act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion
In this state of things, therefore, this company was, in every respect, a strict and oppressive monopoly.	したがって、このような状況では、この会社はあらゆる点で厳格で抑圧的な独占企業であった。	state of things|状況|noun|the way things are	company|会社|noun|a business organization	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	strict|厳格な|adjective|requiring complete obedience	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
Those abuses gave occasion to the act of the 26th of George II. c. 18, reducing the fine for admission to twenty pounds for all persons, without any distinction of ages, or any restriction, either to mere merchants, or to the freemen of London; and granting to all such persons the liberty of exporting, from all the ports of Great Britain, to any port in Turkey, all British goods, of which the exportation was not prohibited, upon paying both the general duties of customs, and the particular duties assessed for defraying the necessary expenses of the company;	これらの不正行為は、ジョージ2世の26年目の行為の機会を与えた。c.18、年齢の区別や、単なる商人やロンドンの自由民への制限なしに、すべての人の入場料を20ポンドに減額し、そのようなすべての人に、輸出が禁止されていないすべての英国製品を、英国のすべての港からトルコのどの港にも、関税の一般関税と会社の必要経費を賄うために課せられる特別関税の両方を支払うことで、輸出する自由を与える。	abuse|不正行為|noun|the improper usage or treatment of something	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	George II|ジョージ2世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 11 June 1727	reduce|減額する|verb|make or become smaller or less	fine|入場料|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for breaking the law	admission|入場|noun|the action or process of allowing someone to enter a place	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	restriction|制限|noun|a limiting condition or measure	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	freeman|自由民|noun|a person who is not a slave	grant|与える|verb|give or allow (something) to	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	port|港|noun|a town or city with a harbor where ships load or unload	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a republic in southeastern Europe and western Asia with a small part in southeastern Europe	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	good|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	assess|課する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and submitting, at the same time, to the lawful authority of the British ambassador and consuls resident in Turkey, and to the bye-laws of the company duly enacted.	同時に、トルコに居住する英国大使と領事の合法的な権限と、適切に制定された会社の細則に従う。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	submit|従う|verb|accept or yield to a superior force or to the authority or will of another person	lawful|合法的な|adjective|being in accordance with the law	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	British|英国の|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	ambassador|大使|noun|the highest-ranking diplomat sent by a state as its permanent representative in a foreign country	consul|領事|noun|an official appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect and assist citizens of the appointing country	resident|居住する|adjective|living in a particular place	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a republic in southeastern Europe and western Asia with a small part in Europe and a larger part in Asia	company|会社|noun|a body of persons who are joined together as partners in a business or enterprise	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation
To prevent any oppression by those bye-laws, it was by the same act ordained, that if any seven members of the company conceived themselves aggrieved by any bye-law which should be enacted after the passing of this act, they might appeal to the board of trade and plantations (to the authority of which a committee of the privy council has now succeeded), provided such appeal was brought within twelve months after the bye-law was enacted;	これらの細則による抑圧を防ぐために、この法律の成立後に制定される細則によって不利益を被ったと考える会社員が7人以上いる場合は、貿易委員会に上訴することができると定められた。細則が制定されてから12ヶ月以内に上訴した場合に限り、枢密院委員会が現在引き継いでいる権限である。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	conceive|考える|verb|form or devise in the mind	aggrieved|不利益を被った|adjective|having suffered an injustice	appeal|上訴する|verb|make a formal request for a change of a decision	board of trade|貿易委員会|noun|a government department concerned with trade and industry	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, or sugar are grown	within|以内に|preposition|inside the limits of	enact|制定する|verb|make or establish by law	twelve months|12ヶ月|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	privy council|枢密院|noun|a body of advisers to the British monarch	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	succeed|引き継ぐ|verb|take over a position or role from someone
and that, if any seven members conceived themselves aggrieved by any bye-law which had been enacted before the passing of this act, they might bring a like appeal, provided it was within twelve months after the day on which this act was to take place.	また、この法律の成立前に制定された細則によって不利益を被ったと考える会社員が7人以上いる場合は、この法律の成立日から12ヶ月以内に限り、同様の上訴をすることができる。	seven|7人|noun|the number 7	conceive|考える|verb|form or devise in the mind	aggrieved|不利益を被った|adjective|feeling resentment at having been treated unfairly	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	passing|成立|noun|the action of passing something	act|法律|noun|a thing done; deed	bring|行う|verb|cause to come or occur	appeal|上訴|noun|a request to a higher court to re-examine a legal decision	within|以内|preposition|inside; not going beyond	twelve|12|noun|the number 12	month|ヶ月|noun|one of the twelve periods into which a year is divided	take place|成立する|verb|happen; occur
The experience of one year, however, may not always be sufficient to discover to all the members of a great company the pernicious tendency of a particular bye-law;	しかし、1年の経験では、大会社のすべてのメンバーに特定の細則の有害な傾向を発見するのに十分ではない場合がある。	one year|1年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	company|会社|noun|a business organization	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing
and if several of them should afterwards discover it, neither the board of trade, nor the committee of council, can afford them any redress.	そして、もしそのうちの何人かが後でそれを発見したとしても、貿易委員会も評議会の委員会も彼らに救済を与えることはできない。	board of trade|貿易委員会|noun|a government department responsible for trade and industry	committee of council|評議会の委員会|noun|a committee of a council	afford|与える|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems for yourself	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong or grievance
The object, besides, of the greater part of the bye-laws of all regulated companies, as well as of all other corporations, is not so much to oppress those who are already members, as to discourage others from becoming so;	その上、すべての規制会社や他のすべての法人の細則の大部分の目的は、すでに会員である人々を抑圧することではなく、他の人が会員になることを阻止することである。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	bye-law|細則|noun|a rule made by a local authority or corporation	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	other corporation|他の法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	member|会員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something
which may be done, not only by a high fine, but by many other contrivances.	それは高額の罰金だけでなく、他の多くの工夫によっても可能である。	high|高額の|adjective|of great vertical extent	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money exacted as a penalty by a court of law or other authority	contrivance|工夫|noun|a device or an invention
The constant view of such companies is always to raise the rate of their own profit as high as they can;	そのような会社の常套手段は、常に自社の利益率をできるだけ高めることである。	constant view|常套手段|noun|a method or procedure that is regularly followed	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	high|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest or highest degree or extent
to keep the market, both for the goods which they export, and for those which they import, as much understocked as they can;	輸出する商品と輸入する商品の両方の市場を、できるだけ在庫不足に保つことである。	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	understocked|在庫不足|adjective|having less than the normal or required amount of goods in stock
which can be done only by restraining the competition, or by discouraging new adventurers from entering into the trade.	それは競争を抑制するか、新しい冒険者が貿易に参入するのを阻止することによってのみ可能である。	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something	adventurer|冒険者|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
A fine, even of twenty pounds, besides, though it may not, perhaps, be sufficient to discourage any man from entering into the Turkey trade, with an intention to continue in it, may be enough to discourage a speculative merchant from hazarding a single adventure in it.	それに、二十ポンドの罰金は、おそらく、トルコ貿易を続けるつもりで参入する人を阻止するには十分ではないかもしれないが、投機的な商人が一回限りの冒険を危険にさらすのを阻止するには十分かもしれない。	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	twenty pounds|二十ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	besides|それに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	enter into|参入する|verb|become involved in	Turkey trade|トルコ貿易|noun|trade with Turkey	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	speculative|投機的な|adjective|involving a high risk of loss	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	hazard|危険にさらす|verb|expose to risk or danger	adventure|冒険|noun|an unusual and exciting experience or activity
In all trades, the regular established traders, even though not incorporated, naturally combine to raise profits, which are noway so likely to be kept, at all times, down to their proper level, as by the occasional competition of speculative adventurers.	すべての貿易において、正規の貿易業者は、法人化されていなくても、自然と結託して利益を上げようとするが、投機的な冒険家の時折の競争によって、常に適切な水準に保たれる可能性は低い。	in all trades|すべての貿易において|adverb|in every trade	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	established|貿易業者|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	even though|そうでなくても|conjunction|despite the fact that	incorporated|法人化されていなくても|adjective|formed into a legal corporation	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	combine|結託して|verb|join or merge	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	noway|低い|adverb|not at all; in no way	so likely|そう|adverb|to such a great extent	kept|保たれる|verb|remain in a specified state	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	down to|まで|preposition|to a lower level	their|その|determiner|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
The Turkey trade, though in some measure laid open by this act of parliament, is still considered by many people as very far from being altogether free.	トルコ貿易は、この議会法によってある程度開放されたとはいえ、多くの人々によって、いまだに完全に自由には程遠いと見なされている。	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a country in Eurasia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	though|とはいえ|conjunction|despite the fact that	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	lay open|開放する|verb|make accessible or available	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	still|いまだに|adverb|even now or at this time	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	very far from|程遠い|adjective|a long way from	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely or totally	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
The Turkey company contribute to maintain an ambassador and two or three consuls, who, like other public ministers, ought to be maintained altogether by the state, and the trade laid open to all his majesty’s subjects.	トルコ会社は大使と二、三人の領事を維持するために出資しているが、彼らは他の公職者と同じく、すべて国によって維持されるべきであり、貿易は陛下のすべての臣民に開放されるべきである。	Turkey company|トルコ会社|noun|a company that trades with Turkey	contribute|出資する|verb|give or supply in common with others	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	ambassador|大使|noun|a diplomat of the highest rank	two or three|二、三人の|adjective|a small number of	consul|領事|noun|a diplomat appointed by a state to live in a foreign city and protect and promote the state's interests there	public minister|公職者|noun|a person who holds a government office	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
The different taxes levied by the company, for this and other corporation purposes, might afford a revenue much more than sufficient to enable a state to maintain such ministers.	会社がこの目的や他の法人目的のために徴収するさまざまな税金は、国がそのような大臣を維持するのに十分な収入をもたらすかもしれない。	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	company|会社|noun|a business organization	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something	revenue|収入|noun|income	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in existence	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry

Regulated companies, it was observed by Sir Josiah Child, though they had frequently supported public ministers, had never maintained any forts or garrisons in the countries to which they traded;	ジョサイア・チャイルド卿は、規制会社はしばしば公職者を支援してきたが、貿易相手国に要塞や駐屯地を維持したことは一度もないと述べている。	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	Josiah Child|ジョサイア・チャイルド|noun|an English merchant and economist	public minister|公職者|noun|a person who holds a government office	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
whereas joint-stock companies frequently had.	一方、株式会社はしばしばそうした。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares that are owned by the shareholders	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times
And, in reality, the former seem to be much more unfit for this sort of service than the latter.	そして、実際には、前者は後者よりもこの種のサービスにはるかに不適当であるように思われる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are connected	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; really	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent or degree	unfit|不適当|adjective|unsuitable or inadequate for a particular purpose	this sort of|この種の|determiner|of this kind	service|サービス|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
First, the directors of a regulated company have no particular interest in the prosperity of the general trade of the company, for the sake of which such forts and garrisons are maintained.	第一に、規制会社の取締役は、そのような要塞や駐屯地が維持されている会社の一般貿易の繁栄に特別な関心がない。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	particular interest|特別な関心|noun|a special interest or concern	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	general trade|一般貿易|noun|trade that is not restricted to a particular group or area	sake|利益|noun|the benefit or good of something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post where troops are stationed	maintain|維持する|verb|to keep in good condition
The decay of that general trade may even frequently contribute to the advantage of their own private trade;	その一般貿易の衰退は、彼ら自身の私貿易の利益にしばしば貢献するかもしれない。	decay|衰退|noun|a gradual decline in strength, numbers, or quality	general trade|一般貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	private trade|私貿易|noun|trade between two or more individuals or companies
as, by diminishing the number of their competitors, it may enable them both to buy cheaper, and to sell dearer.	競合他社の数を減らすことで、彼らはより安く買い、より高く売ることができるようになるかもしれない。	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that is trying to win or achieve something that others also want	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
The directors of a joint-stock company, on the contrary, having only their share in the profits which are made upon the common stock committed to their management, have no private trade of their own, of which the interest can be separated from that of the general trade of the company.	それとは対照的に、株式会社の取締役は、彼らの管理に委ねられた普通株で得られた利益の分け前しか持たず、彼ら自身の私貿易は持たず、その利益は会社の一般貿易の利益から分離することができる。	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or a project	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	share|分け前|noun|a part of a whole	common stock|普通株|noun|a security that represents ownership in a corporation	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	private trade|私貿易|noun|trade that is not controlled by the government	interest|利益|noun|the money that a person or organization receives from an investment or loan	general trade|一般貿易|noun|trade that is not restricted to a particular group of countries or products
Their private interest is connected with the prosperity of the general trade of the company, and with the maintenance of the forts and garrisons which are necessary for its defence.	彼らの私的利益は、会社の一般貿易の繁栄と、その防衛に必要な要塞や駐屯地の維持に関係している。	private interest|私的利益|noun|the interest of a private individual or group	be connected with|関係している|verb|be related to	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	general trade|一般貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	company|会社|noun|a business organization	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
They are more likely, therefore, to have that continual and careful attention which that maintenance necessarily requires.	したがって、彼らは、その維持に必然的に必要とされる継続的かつ注意深い注意を払う可能性がより高い。	be more likely|より可能性が高い|verb|have a greater chance of happening	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	have|払う|verb|possess, own, or hold	continual|継続的|adjective|happening or done without interruption	careful|注意深い|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of maintaining something in good condition	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably
Secondly, The directors of a joint-stock company have always the management of a large capital, the joint stock of the company, a part of which they may frequently employ, with propriety, in building, repairing, and maintaining such necessary forts and garrisons.	第二に、株式会社の取締役は常に大資本、つまり会社の株式を管理しており、その一部を適切に、そのような必要な要塞や駐屯地の建設、修理、維持に頻繁に使用することができる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	management|管理|noun|the process of managing something	large capital|大資本|noun|a large amount of money that is invested in a business	joint stock|株式|noun|the capital of a company that is divided into shares	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often	employ|使用する|verb|use	propriety|適切に|noun|the quality of being proper or appropriate	building|建設|noun|a structure with a roof and walls	repairing|修理|noun|the action of fixing something that is broken or damaged	maintaining|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	necessary|必要な|adjective|required	fort|要塞|noun|a military building that is built to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military base
But the directors of a regulated company, having the management of no common capital, have no other fund to employ in this way, but the casual revenue arising from the admission fines, and from the corporation duties imposed upon the trade of the company.	しかし、規制会社の取締役は、共通資本の管理をしていないので、この方法で使用する資金は、入会金や会社の取引に課せられた法人税から生じる臨時収入以外にはない。	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	common capital|共通資本|noun|the capital that is shared by all members of a group	have no other fund|資金がない|verb|not have any other money	employ|使用する|verb|use	admission fines|入会金|noun|a fee that is paid when someone joins a club or organization	corporation duties|法人税|noun|a tax that is paid by a corporation	imposed upon|課せられた|verb|forced to accept or put up with
Though they had the same interest, therefore, to attend to the maintenance of such forts and garrisons, they can seldom have the same ability to render that attention effectual.	したがって、彼らはそのような要塞や駐屯地の維持に注意を払うことに同じ関心を持っていたとしても、その注意を効果的にするための同じ能力を持つことはめったにできない。	have the same interest|同じ関心を持つ|verb|be interested in the same thing	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	have the same ability|同じ能力を持つ|verb|be able to do the same thing	render|～にする|verb|cause to be or become	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect
The maintenance of a public minister, requiring scarce any attention, and but a moderate and limited expense, is a business much more suitable both to the temper and abilities of a regulated company.	公職者の維持は、ほとんど注意を必要とせず、適度で限られた費用で済むので、規制会社の気質と能力の両方にはるかに適した事業である。	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	public minister|公職者|noun|a person who holds a public office	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme; reasonable	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	temper|気質|noun|a person's state of mind	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something

Long after the time of Sir Josiah Child, however, in 1750, a regulated company was established, the present company of merchants trading to Africa; which was expressly charged at first with the maintenance of all the British forts and garrisons that lie between Cape Blanc and the Cape of Good Hope, and afterwards with that of those only which lie between Cape Rouge and the Cape of Good Hope.	しかし、ジョサイア・チャイルド卿の時代からずっと後の1750年に、規制会社、つまり現在のアフリカ貿易商社が設立された。最初はブラン岬と喜望峰の間にあるすべてのイギリスの要塞と駐屯地の維持を明示的に担当し、その後はルージュ岬と喜望峰の間にあるもののみを担当した。	Long after|ずっと後|adverb|a long time after	Sir Josiah Child|ジョサイア・チャイルド卿|noun|an English merchant and politician	1750|1750年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company whose prices are regulated by the government	present company|現在の会社|noun|the company that is being discussed	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent	expressly|明示的に|adverb|in a clear and definite way	charge|担当する|verb|be responsible for	maintenance|維持|noun|the act of keeping something in good condition	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	lie|ある|verb|be in a particular position	Cape Blanc|ブラン岬|noun|a cape in Mauritania	Cape of Good Hope|喜望峰|noun|a cape in South Africa	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	Cape Rouge|ルージュ岬|noun|a cape in Canada
The act which establishes this company (the 23rd of George II. c.51 ), seems to have had two distinct objects in view;	この会社を設立する法律(ジョージ2世の23年目、第51章)は、2つの異なる目的を念頭に置いていたようである。	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundation of	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	company|会社|noun|a business organization	view|念頭に置く|noun|the ability to see something or to be seen	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something
first, to restrain effectually the oppressive and monopolizing spirit which is natural to the directors of a regulated company;	第一に、規制会社の取締役に自然に備わっている抑圧的で独占的な精神を効果的に抑制することである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	monopolizing|独占的な|adjective|having or exercising a monopoly	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	natural|自然に備わっている|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation
and, secondly, to force them, as much as possible, to give an attention, which is not natural to them, towards the maintenance of forts and garrisons.	第二に、彼らにできるだけ、彼らにとって自然ではない要塞や駐屯地の維持に注意を向けさせることである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	force|向けさせる|verb|make someone do something	as much as possible|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	give an attention|注意を向ける|verb|direct one's mind to something	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post

For the first of these purposes, the fine for admission is limited to forty shillings.	これらの目的の最初のもののために、入会金は40シリングに制限されている。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	admission|入会|noun|the action or process of allowing someone to enter a place	fine|入会金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for breaking the law	limit|制限する|verb|restrict the size or extent of
The company is prohibited from trading in their corporate capacity, or upon a joint stock;	会社は、法人格で、または合同株で取引することを禁じられている。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	prohibit|禁じる|verb|formally or legally forbid	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	corporate capacity|法人格|noun|the legal personality of a corporation	joint stock|合同株|noun|the capital of a company divided into shares
from borrowing money upon common seal, or from laying any restraints upon the trade, which may be carried on freely from all places, and by all persons being British subjects, and paying the fine.	共通の印章で金を借りること、またはあらゆる場所から、またイギリス臣民であるすべての人によって自由に行われ、罰金を支払うことができる貿易に制限を課すことを禁じられている。	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	common seal|共通の印章|noun|a seal used by a corporation	lay|課す|verb|put in a specified place or position	restraint|制限|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	freely|自由に|adverb|without restriction or limitation	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a punishment for a crime or other offense
The government is in a committee of nine persons, who meet at London, but who are chosen annually by the freemen of the company at London, Bristol, and Liverpool; three from each place.	政府はロンドンで会合する9人の委員会にあるのだが、彼らはロンドン、ブリストル、リバプールの会社の自由市民によって毎年選ばれ、各場所から3人ずつ選ばれる。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	nine|9人|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	meet|会合する|verb|come together with another or others for a purpose	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	freeman|自由市民|noun|a person who has the freedom of a city, borough, or company	company|会社|noun|a body of persons associated together for a common purpose	Bristol|ブリストル|noun|a city in SW England	Liverpool|リバプール|noun|a city in NW England	three|3人|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of two and one	each|各|determiner|every one of two or more people or things
No committeeman can be continued in office for more than three years together.	委員は3年以上連続して在任することはできない。	committeeman|委員|noun|a member of a committee	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	office|在任|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	three years|3年|noun|a period of 36 months	together|連続して|adverb|in a group or in a joined or connected way
Any committee-man might be removed by the board of trade and plantations, now by a committee of council, after being heard in his own defence.	委員は、自己弁護を聞いた後、貿易委員会と農園委員会によって、現在は評議会委員会によって解任される可能性がある。	committee-man|委員|noun|a member of a committee	board of trade|貿易委員会|noun|a government department responsible for promoting trade and industry	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm	be removed|解任される|verb|be taken away or off	defence|弁護|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
The committee are forbid to export negroes from Africa, or to import any African goods into Great Britain.	委員会はアフリカから黒人を輸出したり、アフリカの品物をイギリスに輸入することを禁じられている。	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	forbid|禁じる|verb|order (someone) not to do something	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north-western coast of continental Europe
But as they are charged with the maintenance of forts and garrisons, they may, for that purpose export from Great Britain to Africa goods and stores of different kinds.	しかし、彼らは要塞や駐屯地の維持を任されているので、その目的のためにイギリスからアフリカに様々な種類の品物や物資を輸出することができる。	be charged with|任されている|verb|be responsible for	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	export|輸出|verb|send goods or services to another country for sale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	goods|品物|noun|an article of trade	store|物資|noun|a place where things may be bought
Out of the moneys which they shall receive from the company, they are allowed a sum, not exceeding eight hundred pounds, for the salaries of their clerks and agents at London, Bristol, and Liverpool, the house-rent of their offices at London, and all other expenses of management, commission, and agency, in England.	彼らが会社から受け取る金銭のうち、ロンドン、ブリストル、リバプールの事務員や代理人の給与、ロンドンの事務所の家賃、イギリスにおける管理、手数料、代理店のその他の費用のために、800ポンドを超えない金額が認められている。	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	company|会社|noun|a business organization	allow|認める|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	eight hundred pounds|800ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	clerk|事務員|noun|an office worker whose job is to keep records, accounts, or other documents	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	Bristol|ブリストル|noun|a city in southwestern England	Liverpool|リバプール|noun|a city in northwestern England	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid regularly by a tenant to a landlord for the use of a house	office|事務所|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	commission|手数料|noun|a sum paid to an agent or employee for services rendered or for goods sold	agency|代理店|noun|a business or organization that provides a particular service	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in northwestern Europe
What remains of this sum, after defraying these different expenses, they may divide among themselves, as compensation for their trouble, in what manner they think proper.	これらの諸経費を支払った後に残った金額は、彼らが適切と思う方法で、彼らの苦労に対する報酬として、彼らの間で分割することができる。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	defray|支払う|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	compensation|報酬|noun|something (such as money) that is given or received as payment or reparation	trouble|苦労|noun|difficulty or problems	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances
By this constitution, it might have been expected, that the spirit of monopoly would have been effectually restrained, and the first of these purposes sufficiently answered.	この憲法によって、独占の精神が効果的に抑制され、これらの目的の最初のものが十分に答えられると期待されていたかもしれない。	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	answer|答える|verb|say or write something in reply to a question or statement
It would seem, however, that it had not.	しかし、そうではないようである。	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand; yet
Though by the 4th of George III. c.20, the fort of Senegal, with all its dependencies, had been invested in the company of merchants trading to Africa, yet, in the year following (by the 5th of George III. c.44), not only Senegal and its dependencies, but the whole coast, from the port of Sallee, in South Barbary, to Cape Rouge, was exempted from the jurisdiction of that company, was vested in the crown, and the trade to it declared free to all his majesty’s subjects.	ジョージ三世の四年目までに、セネガルの要塞とそのすべての従属物は、アフリカと貿易する商人の会社に投資されていたが、翌年(ジョージ三世の五年目までに)には、セネガルとその従属物だけでなく、南バーバリーのサリー港からケープ・ルージュまでの海岸全体がその会社の管轄から外され、王冠に帰属し、その貿易は陛下のすべての臣民に自由であると宣言された。	George III|ジョージ三世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760	4th|四年目|noun|the ordinal number of four	Senegal|セネガル|noun|a country in West Africa	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	dependency|従属物|noun|a territory that is not formally annexed by a state but is administered by it	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun	following|翌年|adjective|next in time or order	5th|五年目|noun|the ordinal number of five	Senegal|セネガル|noun|a country in West Africa	dependency|従属物|noun|a territory that is not formally annexed by a state but is administered by it	coast|海岸|noun|the land bordering the sea	Sallee|サリー|noun|a port city in northwestern Morocco	South Barbary|南バーバリー|noun|the southern part of the Maghreb region of North Africa	Cape Rouge|ケープ・ルージュ|noun|a headland in northeastern Quebec, Canada	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	company|会社|noun|a business organization	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address a king or queen	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
The company had been suspected of restraining the trade and of establishing some sort of improper monopoly.	その会社は貿易を制限し、ある種の不適切な独占を成立させているのではないかと疑われていた。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	establish|成立させる|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or right	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
It is not, however, very easy to conceive how, under the regulations of the 23d George II. they could do so.	しかし、ジョージ二世の二十三年目の規制のもとで、彼らがどうやってそうすることができたのかを理解するのは、あまり簡単ではない。	conceive|理解する|verb|become pregnant with	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order having the force of law	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	so|そう|adverb|in this or that manner; in this or that way
In the printed debates of the house of commons, not always the most authentic records of truth, I observe, however, that they have been accused of this.	下院の印刷された議論では、常に真実の最も信頼できる記録ではないが、私は彼らがこれについて非難されていることを観察する。	house of commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	printed|印刷された|adjective|produced by a printer	debate|議論|noun|a discussion about a topic on which people have different views	not always|常にではない|adverb|not at all times; not on every occasion	most authentic|最も信頼できる|adjective|of undisputed origin; genuine	record|記録|noun|a permanent account of something	truth|真実|noun|the quality or state of being true	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	accuse|非難する|verb|charge with a crime or offense
The members of the committee of nine being all merchants, and the governors and factors in their different forts and settlements being all dependent upon them, it is not unlikely that the latter might have given peculiar attention to the consignments and commissions of the former, which would establish a real monopoly.	九人の委員会のメンバーは全員商人であり、彼らのさまざまな要塞や居住地の知事や要因はすべて彼らに依存しているので、後者が前者の委託や手数料に特別な注意を払った可能性は低くなく、それは本当の独占を確立するだろう。	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	nine|九人|noun|the number 9	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	governor|知事|noun|the head of a state government	factor|要因|noun|something that contributes to a result	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something for aid or support	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	consignment|委託|noun|the act of consigning	commission|手数料|noun|a fee paid to an agent or employee for a sale or other transaction	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	monopoly|独占|noun|exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market

For the second of these purposes, the maintenance of the forts and garrisons, an annual sum has been allotted to them by parliament, generally about £13,000.	これらの目的の二つ目、要塞と駐屯地の維持のために、議会によって年間約一万三千ポンドの金額が割り当てられている。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	allot|割り当てる|verb|give or apportion (something) to someone as a share or task	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	generally|約|adverb|in most cases; usually	13,000|一万三千|noun|the number 13,000
For the proper application of this sum, the committee is obliged to account annually to the cursitor baron of exchequer;	この金額を適切に適用するために、委員会は毎年、財務省の裁判官に報告する義務がある。	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	cursitor baron|裁判官|noun|a judge of the Court of Exchequer	exchequer|財務省|noun|a government department responsible for the collection and management of taxes and other public revenue
which account is afterwards to be laid before parliament.	その報告はその後議会に提出される。	account|報告|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	be laid before|提出される|verb|be presented to
But parliament, which gives so little attention to the application of millions, is not likely to give much to that of £13,000 a-year; and the cursitor baron of exchequer, from his profession and education, is not likely to be profoundly skilled in the proper expense of forts and garrisons.	しかし、何百万もの適用にほとんど注意を払わない議会は、年間一万三千ポンドの適用にあまり注意を払う可能性は低い。また、財務省の裁判官は、その職業と教育から、要塞や駐屯地の適切な費用に深く精通している可能性は低い。	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	million|何百万|noun|a thousand thousands	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	cursitor baron|裁判官|noun|a judge of the court of exchequer	exchequer|財務省|noun|a government department responsible for the collection and management of the national revenue	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post where troops are stationed
The captains of his majesty’s navy, indeed, or any other commissioned officers, appointed by the board of admiralty, may inquire into the condition of the forts and garrisons, and report their observations to that board.	海軍本部によって任命された陛下の海軍の艦長や他の任命された将校は、要塞や駐屯地の状態を調査し、その観察結果を海軍本部に報告することができる。	captain|艦長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address a king or queen	navy|海軍|noun|the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for naval and amphibious warfare	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	any other|他の|determiner|some other; any of the rest	commissioned officer|任命された将校|noun|an officer appointed by a commission	board of admiralty|海軍本部|noun|the former governing body of the Royal Navy	inquire into|調査する|verb|to ask about or investigate	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	report|報告|verb|to give a spoken or written account of something that one has observed, heard, done, or investigated
But that board seems to have no direct jurisdiction over the committee, nor any authority to correct those whose conduct it may thus inquire into;	しかし、海軍本部は委員会を直接管轄する権限も、その行動を調査した者の行動を是正する権限も持っていないようだ。	board|海軍本部|noun|a group of people who manage or direct an organization	have no direct jurisdiction|直接管轄する権限を持たない|verb|not have the power to make legal decisions or judgments	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people who are chosen to do a particular job	authority|権限|noun|the power to give orders or make decisions	correct|是正する|verb|to make something right or accurate	conduct|行動|noun|the way that someone behaves	inquire into|調査する|verb|to ask about or investigate something
and the captains of his majesty’s navy, besides, are not supposed to be always deeply learned in the science of fortification.	その上、陛下の海軍の艦長は、常に要塞の科学に深く精通しているわけではない。	captain|艦長|noun|the person in charge of a ship	majesty|陛下|noun|a title used to address a king or queen	navy|海軍|noun|the branch of a nation's armed forces that is responsible for naval and amphibious warfare	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	fortification|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended against an enemy attack
Removal from an office, which can be enjoyed only for the term of three years, and of which the lawful emoluments, even during that term, are so very small, seems to be the utmost punishment to which any committee-man is liable, for any fault, except direct malversation, or embezzlement, either of the public money, or of that of the company;	任期はわずか三年で、その任期中ですら合法的な報酬が非常に少ない役職からの解任は、委員会のメンバーが犯した過失に対して科せられる最大の処罰であるように思われる。ただし、公金や会社の資金を直接横領したり、着服したりした場合は別である。	removal|解任|noun|the act of removing someone from a position	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	term|任期|noun|a fixed period of time during which someone holds a position	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	three years|三年|noun|a period of three years	lawful|合法的な|adjective|being in accordance with the law	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	very small|非常に少ない|adjective|of a very small size	punishment|処罰|noun|a penalty imposed for a crime or other offense	liable|科せられる|adjective|legally responsible for something	fault|過失|noun|a mistake or error	direct|直接|adjective|without an intermediary	malversation|横領|noun|the act of using something in a dishonest or illegal way	embezzlement|着服|noun|the act of stealing money or property that has been entrusted to one's care	public money|公金|noun|money belonging to the government or a public institution	company|会社|noun|a business organization
and the fear of the punishment can never be a motive of sufficient weight to force a continual and careful attention to a business to which he has no other interest to attend.	そして、処罰の恐れは、彼が関心を持つべき他の利害関係のない事業に継続的かつ注意深く注意を払わせるのに十分な動機にはなり得ない。	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm	punishment|処罰|noun|the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	weight|重み|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	force|強いる|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	continual|継続的|adjective|never stopping or ending	careful|注意深い|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	interest|利害関係|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	attend|関心を持つ|verb|be present at (an event, meeting, or function)
The committee are accused of having sent out bricks and stones from England for the reparation of Cape Coast Castle, on the coast of Guinea; a business for which parliament had several times granted an extraordinary sum of money.	委員会は、ギニア海岸のケープ・コースト城の修理のためにイギリスからレンガや石を送ったとして非難されているが、この事業のために議会は数回にわたって特別な資金を支給している。	committee|委員会|noun|a group of people appointed for a specific function	accuse|非難する|verb|charge with a crime or offense	send out|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	brick|レンガ|noun|a block of clay hardened by drying in the sun or baking in a kiln	stone|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	reparation|修理|noun|the making of amends for a wrong or injury	Cape Coast Castle|ケープ・コースト城|noun|a castle on the Gold Coast of West Africa	Guinea|ギニア|noun|a country in West Africa	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	several|数回|adjective|more than two but not very many	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	sum|資金|noun|a particular amount of money
These bricks and stones, too, which had thus been sent upon so long a voyage, were said to have been of so bad a quality, that it was necessary to rebuild, from the foundation, the walls which had been repaired with them.	このように長い航海に送られたこれらのレンガや石も、品質が非常に悪かったため、それらで修理された壁を基礎から再建する必要があったと言われている。	brick|レンガ|noun|a block of clay hardened by drying in the sun or burning in a kiln	stone|石|noun|a hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made, especially as a building material	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great physical length	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	rebuild|再建する|verb|build again	foundation|基礎|noun|the lowest and supporting layer of a building or other structure	wall|壁|noun|a continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land
The forts and garrisons which lie north of Cape Rouge, are not only maintained at the expense of the state, but are under the immediate government of the executive power;	ケープ・ルージュの北にある要塞と駐屯地は、国家の費用で維持されているだけでなく、執行権の直接の管理下にある。	lie|ある|verb|be in a horizontal position	north|北|noun|the direction that is to your left when you are facing the rising sun	Cape Rouge|ケープ・ルージュ|noun|a cape in Canada	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put laws into effect	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	government|管理下|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
and why those which lie south of that cape, and which, too, are, in part at least, maintained at the expense of the state, should be under a different government, it seems not very easy even to imagine a good reason.	そして、なぜその岬の南にあるもの、そしてまた、少なくとも一部は国家の費用で維持されているものが、別の政府の下にあるべきなのか、正当な理由を想像することさえあまり簡単ではないように思われる。	lie|ある|verb|be in a horizontal position	south|南|noun|the direction opposite to north	cape|岬|noun|a piece of land that juts out into a large body of water	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	expense|費用|noun|the cost of money, time, or energy	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something not present to the senses or never before wholly perceived in reality	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
The protection of the Mediterranean trade was the original purpose or pretence of the garrisons of Gibraltar and Minorca; and the maintenance and government of those garrisons have always been, very properly, committed, not to the Turkey company, but to the executive power.	地中海貿易の保護は、ジブラルタルとメノルカの駐屯地の当初の目的または口実であり、これらの駐屯地の維持と統治は、常に、非常に適切に、トルコ会社ではなく、執行権に委ねられてきた。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	Mediterranean|地中海|noun|a sea between Europe, Africa, and Asia	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	original|当初の|adjective|existing from the beginning	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	pretence|口実|noun|a false reason given to hide the real reason for doing something	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	Gibraltar|ジブラルタル|noun|a British overseas territory on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean	Minorca|メノルカ|noun|the second largest island of the Balearic Islands	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	government|統治|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct or appropriate way	committed|委ねられる|verb|do something wrong, illegal, or harmful	Turkey|トルコ|noun|a country in Eurasia	company|会社|noun|a business organization	executive|執行権|noun|having the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect
In the extent of its dominion consists, in a great measure, the pride and dignity of that power;	その支配の範囲に、その権力の誇りと威厳が大きく存在する。	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	dominion|支配|noun|the power to govern	consist|存在する|verb|be composed or made up of	pride|誇り|noun|a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect
and it is not very likely to fail in attention to what is necessary for the defence of that dominion.	そして、その支配の防衛に必要なことに注意を怠ることはあまりありそうにない。	fail|怠る|verb|be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control
The garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca, accordingly, have never been neglected.	したがって、ジブラルタルとメノルカの駐屯地は、決して無視されてこなかった。	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	Gibraltar|ジブラルタル|noun|a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean	Minorca|メノルカ島|noun|the second largest island of the Balearic Islands	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly
Though Minorca has been twice taken, and is now probably lost for ever, that disaster has never been imputed to any neglect in the executive power.	メノルカは二度占領され、今ではおそらく永遠に失われたが、その災害は執行権の怠慢に起因するものではなかった。	Minorca|メノルカ|noun|the second largest island of the Balearic Islands	twice|二度|adverb|two times	take|占領される|verb|capture or occupy by force	now|今|adverb|at the present time	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	forever|永遠に|adverb|for all time; eternally	disaster|災害|noun|a sudden event, such as an accident or a natural catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life	never|決して～ない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	impute|起因する|verb|regard something as being caused by	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state or fact of neglecting something or someone	executive power|執行権|noun|the power to put plans, actions, or laws into effect
I would not, however, be understood to insinuate, that either of those expensive garrisons was ever, even in the smallest degree, necessary for the purpose for which they were originally dismembered from the Spanish monarchy.	しかし、私は、これらの高価な駐屯地のいずれかが、もともとスペイン君主制から分断された目的のために、少しでも必要だったということをほのめかすつもりはない。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	insinuate|ほのめかす|verb|suggest or hint indirectly	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	smallest|少しでも|adjective|of the least size or extent	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	dismember|分断する|verb|cut off a limb or other body part from	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch
That dismemberment, perhaps, never served any other real purpose than to alienate from England her natural ally the king of Spain, and to unite the two principal branches of the house of Bourbon in a much stricter and more permanent alliance than the ties of blood could ever have united them.	その分断は、おそらく、イギリスからその天然の同盟国であるスペイン王を遠ざけ、ブルボン家の二つの主要な分家を、血のつながりよりもはるかに厳しく永続的な同盟で結びつけること以外に、他の真の目的を果たすことはなかった。	dismemberment|分断|noun|the act of cutting off a limb or other body part	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in Europe	Bourbon|ブルボン|noun|a royal house of France, Spain, and other European countries	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body	unite|結びつける|verb|join or combine two or more things together	alliance|同盟|noun|a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations

Joint-stock companies, established either by royal charter, or by act of parliament, are different in several respects, not only from regulated companies, but from private copartneries.	国王の特許状または議会制定法によって設立された合資会社は、規制会社だけでなく、私的協同組合ともいくつかの点で異なる。	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a company or association of individuals or firms with a joint stock	royal charter|国王の特許状|noun|a charter granted by a monarch	act of parliament|議会制定法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	private copartnery|私的協同組合|noun|a partnership of two or more people or companies that is not open to the public

First, In a private copartnery, no partner without the consent of the company, can transfer his share to another person, or introduce a new member into the company.	第一に、私的協同組合では、組合の同意なしに組合員が自分の持分を他人に譲渡したり、組合に新しい組合員を加入させることはできない。	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; first in time, order, or importance	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	copartnery|協同組合|noun|a partnership of two or more persons or companies	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	company|組合|noun|a group of people who work together as a business	transfer|譲渡|verb|move from one place to another	share|持分|noun|a part of a whole	introduce|加入させる|verb|bring (something or someone) into use or operation for the first time	member|組合員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
Each member, however, may, upon proper warning, withdraw from the copartnery, and demand payment from them of his share of the common stock.	しかし、各組合員は、適切な警告をすれば、協同組合から脱退し、組合員から自己の普通株の持分に対する支払いを請求することができる。	each member|各組合員|noun|each person in a group	proper warning|適切な警告|noun|a warning that is appropriate or suitable	withdraw|脱退する|verb|remove oneself from an organization or situation	copartnery|協同組合|noun|a group of people who work together as partners	demand|請求する|verb|ask for something forcefully	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	common stock|普通株|noun|a security that represents ownership in a corporation
In a joint-stock company, on the contrary, no member can demand payment of his share from the company;	反対に、合資会社では、組合員は会社に自己の持分の支払いを請求することはできない。	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a company or partnership that has a joint stock	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	member|組合員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	demand|請求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	share|持分|noun|a part or portion of a larger amount that is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute
but each member can, without their consent, transfer his share to another person, and thereby introduce a new member.	しかし、各組合員は、組合の同意なしに、自己の持分を他人に譲渡し、それによって新しい組合員を加入させることができる。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	member|組合員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	transfer|譲渡する|verb|move from one place to another	share|持分|noun|a part of a whole	another|他人|adjective|a different person or thing	introduce|加入させる|verb|bring in or establish
The value of a share in a joint stock is always the price which it will bring in the market;	合資会社の株の価値は、常に市場で売れる価格である。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	share|株|noun|a part or portion of a larger amount that is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute	joint stock|合資会社|noun|a company or business having two or more owners	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; without exception	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities
and this may be either greater or less in any proportion, than the sum which its owner stands credited for in the stock of the company.	そして、これは、その所有者が会社の株で信用されている額よりも、どんな割合でも大きくても小さくてもよい。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|これは|pronoun|the person or thing that is being discussed or referred to	may|よい|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be|である|verb|exist or occur	either|どちらでも|conjunction|used to show that two or more alternatives are possible	greater|より大きい|adjective|of a size that is more than average or usual	less|より小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; a	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	which|その|pronoun|used to refer to the thing previously mentioned or easily identified	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stands|立っている|verb|be in a position in which you put your weight on your feet but not on your knees	credited|信用されている|verb|past participle of credit	for|で|preposition|used to indicate the object, goal, or purpose of an action	in|で|preposition|used to indicate the place, time, or circumstances in which something happens	the|その|determiner|used to refer to a particular person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment

Secondly, In a private copartnery, each partner is bound for the debts contracted by the company, to the whole extent of his fortune.	第二に、私的協同組合では、各組合員は、組合が負った債務について、自己の財産の全額をもって責任を負う。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	copartnery|協同組合|noun|a business or enterprise in which two or more people share the risks and profits	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	partner|組合員|noun|a person who takes part in an enterprise or shares in a partnership	bound|責任を負う|verb|obliged to do something	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	contract|負う|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	company|組合|noun|a body of people who work together as a team	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
In a joint-stock company, on the contrary, each partner is bound only to the extent of his share.	反対に、合資会社では、各組合員は自己の持分の範囲内でのみ責任を負う。	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a business owned by a number of people who share the profits	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	partner|組合員|noun|a person who is a member of a partnership	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	share|持分|noun|a part of a larger amount that is divided among or contributed by a number of people

The trade of a joint-stock company is always managed by a court of directors.	合資会社の取引は、常に取締役会によって管理される。	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a business owned by a number of people who have invested money in it	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for
This court, indeed, is frequently subject, in many respects, to the control of a general court of proprietors.	実際、この裁判所は、多くの点で、所有者の総裁判所の管理下に置かれることが多い。	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	subject|従う|verb|be exposed or liable to	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	control|管理|noun|the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	general|総|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things; widespread
But the greater part of these proprietors seldom pretend to understand any thing of the business of the company;	しかし、これらの所有者の大部分は、会社の事業について何かを理解しているふりをすることはめったにない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is true when in fact it is not	understand|理解する|verb|to perceive the intended meaning of (words, a language, or a speaker)	thing|何か|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
and when the spirit of faction happens not to prevail among them, give themselves no trouble about it, but receive contentedly such halfyearly or yearly dividend as the directors think proper to make to them.	そして、派閥の精神が彼らの間に広がっていないときには、それについて何の心配もせず、取締役が彼らに支払うのに適切と考えるような半年ごとまたは年ごとの配当を満足して受け取る。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	faction|派閥|noun|a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group	prevail|広がる|verb|be widespread or current	trouble|心配|noun|difficulty or problems	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	contentedly|満足して|adverb|in a satisfied manner	halfyearly|半年ごと|adjective|occurring twice a year	yearly|年ごと|adjective|occurring once a year	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	director|取締役|noun|a person appointed to manage or supervise an organization or group of people
This total exemption front trouble and front risk, beyond a limited sum, encourages many people to become adventurers in joint-stock companies, who would, upon no account, hazard their fortunes in any private copartnery.	限られた金額を超えて、このトラブルとリスクからの完全な免除は、多くの人々を合資会社の冒険家になることを奨励し、彼らはいかなる理由があっても、私的な共同経営で自分の財産を危険にさらすことはないだろう。	total|完全な|adjective|complete; entire	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or being freed from an obligation or liability imposed on others	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	beyond|超えて|preposition|at or to the further side of	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	become|なる|verb|come to be	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a business owned by a number of people who each have shares	upon no account|いかなる理由があっても|adverb|under no circumstances	hazard|危険にさらす|verb|expose to risk or danger	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or assets	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	copartnery|共同経営|noun|a partnership
Such companies, therefore, commonly draw to themselves much greater stocks, than any private copartnery can boast of.	したがって、そのような会社は、通常、私的な共同経営が自慢できるよりもはるかに大きな株を自分たちのもとに引き寄せる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	company|会社|noun|a business organization	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	copartnery|共同経営|noun|a partnership	boast|自慢する|verb|speak too proudly about oneself or one's achievements
The trading stock of the South Sea company at one time amounted to upwards of thirty-three millions eight hundred thousand pounds.	南海会社の取引株は、一時三千三百八十万ポンド以上に達した。	trading stock|取引株|noun|the stock of a company that is traded on a stock exchange	South Sea company|南海会社|noun|a British joint-stock company founded in 1711	at one time|一時|adverb|at some point in the past	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	upwards of|以上|adverb|more than	thirty-three millions eight hundred thousand pounds|三千三百八十万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money
The divided capital of the Bank of England amounts, at present, to ten millions seven hundred and eighty thousand pounds.	イングランド銀行の分割資本は、現在、一千七十八万ポンドに達する。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	ten millions seven hundred and eighty thousand pounds|一千七十八万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money
The directors of such companies, however, being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected that they should watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which the partners in a private copartnery frequently watch over their own.	しかし、そのような会社の取締役は、自分たちのお金よりも他人のお金の管理者であるため、私的な共同経営のパートナーが頻繁に自分たちのお金を監視するのと同じように、彼らがそれを監視することは期待できない。	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	company|会社|noun|a business organization	manager|管理者|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	other people's money|他人のお金|noun|money that belongs to someone else	private copartnery|私的な共同経営|noun|a business partnership that is not open to the public	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times
Like the stewards of a rich man, they are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master’s honour, and very easily give themselves a dispensation from having it.	金持ちの執事のように、彼らは些細なことに注意を払うことは主人の名誉のためではないと考えがちであり、非常に簡単に自分自身にそれを免除する。	like|ように|preposition|similar to	steward|執事|noun|a person who manages another's property or financial affairs	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	apt|がちである|adjective|likely to do something	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	small|些細な|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	matter|事|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	oneself|自分自身|pronoun|used to refer to oneself	dispensation|免除|noun|an exemption from a rule or usual requirement
Negligence and profusion, therefore, must always prevail, more or less, in the management of the affairs of such a company.	したがって、そのような会社の業務の管理においては、多かれ少なかれ、過失や浪費が常に蔓延しているに違いない。	negligence|過失|noun|failure to exercise the necessary care to prevent or avoid harm to others	profusion|浪費|noun|a large or excessive amount of something	prevail|蔓延する|verb|be widespread or current	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	affair|業務|noun|a matter or event that is a particular concern of a person or group
It is upon this account, that joint-stock companies for foreign trade have seldom been able to maintain the competition against private adventurers.	このような理由から、対外貿易のための合資会社は、私的な冒険家との競争を維持することがほとんどできなかった。	upon this account|このような理由から|adverb|for this reason	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a company or partnership that has a joint stock	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or last	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	private adventurer|私的な冒険家|noun|a person who takes part in a dangerous or exciting activity
They have, accordingly, very seldom succeeded without an exclusive privilege;	したがって、彼らは独占的特権なしに成功することはほとんどなかった。	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a goal or objective	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
and frequently have not succeeded with one.	そして、しばしば独占的特権があっても成功しなかった。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a desired outcome
Without an exclusive privilege, they have commonly mismanaged the trade.	独占的特権がなければ、彼らは通常、貿易を誤って管理した。	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with a single person or group	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	mismanage|誤って管理する|verb|manage badly or wrongly
With an exclusive privilege, they have both mismanaged and confined it.	独占的特権があれば、彼らは貿易を誤って管理し、制限した。	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with a single person or group	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	mismanage|誤って管理する|verb|manage badly or wrongly	confine|制限する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits

The Royal African company, the predecessors of the present African company, had an exclusive privilege by charter;	現在のアフリカ会社の前身である王立アフリカ会社は、特許状によって独占的特権を有していた。	The Royal African company|王立アフリカ会社|noun|a company that traded with Africa	predecessors|前身|noun|a person who held a job or office before the current holder	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	African company|アフリカ会社|noun|a company that traded with Africa	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges
but as that charter had not been confirmed by act of parliament, the trade, in consequence of the declaration of rights, was, soon after the Revolution, laid open to all his majesty’s subjects.	しかし、その特許状は議会法によって承認されていなかったので、権利宣言の結果、貿易は革命後まもなく、国王のすべての臣民に開放された。	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	act|法|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	declaration|宣言|noun|a formal statement of a fact or intention	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order	majesty|国王|noun|a title used to address or refer to a sovereign	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
The Hudson’s Bay company are, as to their legal rights, in the same situation as the Royal African company.	ハドソン湾会社は、その法的権利に関して、王立アフリカ会社と同じ状況にある。	Hudson's Bay company|ハドソン湾会社|noun|a fur trading company	legal right|法的権利|noun|a right that is created by a legal system	Royal African company|王立アフリカ会社|noun|a company that traded in slaves
Their exclusive charter has not been confirmed by act of parliament.	彼らの独占的特許状は議会法によって承認されていない。	exclusive|独占的|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament
The South Sea company, as long as they continued to be a trading company, had an exclusive privilege confirmed by act of parliament;	南海会社は、貿易会社であり続ける限り、議会法によって承認された独占的特権を有していた。	The South Sea company|南海会社|noun|a British joint-stock company founded in 1711	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	trading company|貿易会社|noun|a company that trades internationally	have|有する|verb|possess, own, or hold	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is available only to a particular person or group	confirmed|承認された|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament
as have likewise the present united company of merchants trading to the East Indies.	東インド貿易商人の現在の合同会社も同様である。	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia

The Royal African company soon found that they could not maintain the competition against private adventurers, whom, notwithstanding the declaration of rights, they continued for some time to call interlopers, and to persecute as such.	王立アフリカ会社は、権利宣言にもかかわらず、しばらくの間、侵入者と呼び、そのように迫害し続けた私的冒険家との競争を維持できないことにすぐに気づいた。	The Royal African company|王立アフリカ会社|noun|a company	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	declaration|宣言|noun|a formal or explicit statement or announcement	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	interloper|侵入者|noun|a person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are not supposed to be	persecute|迫害する|verb|subject (someone) to hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of their race or political or religious beliefs
In 1698, however, the private adventurers were subjected to a duty of ten per cent.	しかし、1698年に私的冒険家は10パーセントの関税を課せられた。	in 1698|1698年に|adverb|during the year 1698	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	be subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo or endure	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	ten per cent|10パーセント|noun|a proportion of one tenth
upon almost all the different branches of their trade, to be employed by the company in the maintenance of their forts and garrisons.	彼らの貿易のほとんどすべての異なる部門に課せられ、会社が砦や駐屯地の維持に使用することとなった。	upon|課せられる|preposition|on	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	company|会社|noun|a business organization	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	fort|砦|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post
But, notwithstanding this heavy tax, the company were still unable to maintain the competition.	しかし、この重税にもかかわらず、会社は依然として競争を維持することができなかった。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	company|会社|noun|a business organization; a corporation	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	unable|できない|adjective|not having the necessary power, skill, or resources to do something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
Their stock and credit gradually declined.	彼らの株と信用は徐々に低下した。	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner; slowly	decline|低下する|verb|become smaller or fewer
In 1712, their debts had become so great, that a particular act of parliament was thought necessary, both for their security and for that of their creditors.	1712年には、彼らの負債は非常に大きくなり、彼らの安全と債権者の安全のために、議会の特別な行為が必要と考えられた。	1712|1712年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	great|非常に大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	act|行為|noun|something that is done	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed
It was enacted, that the resolution of two-thirds of these creditors in number and value should bind the rust, both with regard to the time which should be allowed to the company for the payment of their debts, and with regard to any other agreement which it might be thought proper to make with them concerning those debts.	これらの債権者の3分の2の決議は、会社が負債を支払うために許されるべき時間に関しても、それらの負債に関して彼らと結ぶことが適切と考えられる他の合意に関しても、残りを拘束するものと制定された。	two-thirds|3分の2|noun|a fraction equal to two divided by three	resolution|決議|noun|a formal expression of opinion or intention agreed on by a group	bind|拘束する|verb|tie or fasten together	rust|残り|noun|the reddish-brown substance that forms on iron and steel when exposed to moisture	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	allow|許す|verb|permit to have or do something	company|会社|noun|a business organization	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	agreement|合意|noun|an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties
In 1730, their affairs were in so great disorder, that they were altogether incapable of maintaining their forts and garrisons, the sole purpose and pretext of their institution.	1730年には、彼らの業務は非常に混乱し、彼らの施設の唯一の目的であり口実である砦や駐屯地を維持することが全く不可能になった。	1730|1730年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	affair|業務|noun|a matter of business or public concern	disorder|混乱|noun|a state of confusion or lack of order	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	fort|砦|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	pretext|口実|noun|a reason given in order to hide the real reason for something
From that year till their final dissolution, the parliament judged it necessary to allow the annual sum of £10,000 for that purpose.	その年から最終的な解散まで、議会はその目的のために年間1万ポンドを認めることが必要だと判断した。	from that year|その年から|noun phrase|from the year mentioned	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	dissolution|解散|noun|the breaking up of an assembly or organization	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion about	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	allow|認める|verb|permit to have or do something	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
In 1732, after having been for many years losers by the trade of carrying negroes to the West Indies, they at last resolved to give it up altogether;	1732年、長年西インド諸島に黒人を運ぶ貿易で損失を被った後、彼らはついにそれを完全に放棄することを決意した。	1732|1732年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	loser|損失を被る|noun|a person or thing that loses	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	resolve|決意する|verb|make a firm decision about	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely
to sell to the private traders to America the negroes which they purchased upon the coast;	海岸で購入した黒人をアメリカの私貿易商に売ることである。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	private trader|私貿易商|noun|a person who trades on their own account	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	coast|海岸|noun|the land next to the sea
and to employ their servants in a trade to the inland parts of Africa for gold dust, elephants teeth, dyeing drugs, etc.	そして、金粉、象牙、染料などを求めてアフリカの内陸部への貿易に使用人を使うことである。	employ|使う|verb|use	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	Africa|アフリカ|noun|the second largest continent, after Asia, covering about one-fifth of the total land surface of Earth	gold dust|金粉|noun|gold in fine powder	elephant|象|noun|the largest living land animal	tooth|歯|noun|one of the hard, white structures in the mouth that are used for biting and chewing	dye|染料|noun|a natural or synthetic substance used to add a color to or change the color of something
But their success in this more confined trade was not greater than in their former extensive one.	しかし、このより限定された貿易での成功は、以前の大規模な貿易での成功よりも大きくはなかった。	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	confined|限定された|adjective|restricted in size, amount, or extent	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	extensive|大規模な|adjective|covering a large area
Their affairs continued to go gradually to decline, till at last, being in every respect a bankrupt company, they were dissolved by act of parliament, and their forts and garrisons vested in the present regulated company of merchants trading to Africa.	彼らの事業は次第に衰退を続け、ついにあらゆる点で破産した会社となり、議会法によって解散され、その要塞と駐屯地は現在のアフリカ貿易商の規制会社に帰属した。	affair|事業|noun|a business or other concern	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	go|行く|verb|move or travel	decline|衰退|noun|a gradual and continuous loss of strength, numbers, value, or quality	till|まで|preposition|up to the point in time or space when	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	in every respect|あらゆる点で|adverb|in all aspects	bankrupt|破産した|adjective|declared in law as unable to pay their debts	company|会社|noun|a business organization	dissolve|解散する|verb|(with reference to an assembly or organization) break up or cause to break up and disperse	act|法|noun|a statute or other law passed by a legislative body	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post where troops are stationed	vest|帰属する|verb|confer or bestow a right or power on	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	company|会社|noun|a business organization	merchant|貿易商|noun|a trader who buys and sells goods in large quantities	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Before the erection of the Royal African company, there had been three other joint-stock companies successively established, one after another, for the African trade.	王立アフリカ会社が設立される前には、アフリカ貿易のために次々と三つの合資会社が設立されていた。	erection|設立|noun|the action of erecting something	Royal African company|王立アフリカ会社|noun|a company that traded in Africa	successively|次々と|adverb|one after another	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares held by the owners	African trade|アフリカ貿易|noun|trade with Africa
They were all equally unsuccessful.	いずれも同じように失敗に終わった。	all|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	unsuccessful|失敗に終わった|adjective|not achieving the desired end or result
They all, however, had exclusive charters, which, though not confirmed by act of parliament, were in those days supposed to convey a real exclusive privilege.	しかし、いずれも排他的特許状を有しており、議会法で承認されたわけではないが、当時は真の排他的特権を与えるものと考えられていた。	have|有する|verb|possess, own, or hold	exclusive|排他的|adjective|not shared with others	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	act|法|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	confirm|承認する|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	those days|当時|noun|a period of time in the past	convey|与える|verb|communicate or make known	real|真の|adjective|true; genuine	exclusive|排他的|adjective|not shared with others	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

The Hudson’s Bay company, before their misfortunes in the late war, had been much more fortunate than the Royal African company.	ハドソン湾会社は、最近の戦争で不幸に見舞われるまでは、王立アフリカ会社よりもはるかに幸運だった。	The Hudson's Bay company|ハドソン湾会社|noun|a fur trading business	before|以前は|preposition|earlier than	misfortune|不幸|noun|bad luck	late war|最近の戦争|noun|a war that happened recently	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	fortunate|幸運|adjective|having or bringing good luck	Royal African company|王立アフリカ会社|noun|a company that traded with Africa
Their necessary expense is much smaller.	必要経費はずっと少ない。	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The whole number of people whom they maintain in their different settlements and habitations, which they have honoured with the name of forts, is said not to exceed a hundred and twenty persons.	彼らが砦の名誉ある名で呼ぶ、さまざまな居住地や住居に住まわせている人々の総数は、百二十人を超えないといわれている。	whole number|総数|noun|the number of people or things in a group	maintain|住まわせる|verb|keep in a certain state	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	habitation|住居|noun|a place where people live	name|名|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	fort|砦|noun|a military building designed to be defended	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	twenty|二十|noun|the number 20
This number, however, is sufficient to prepare beforehand the cargo of furs and other goods necessary for loading their ships, which, on account of the ice, can seldom remain above six or eight weeks in those seas.	しかし、この人数は、氷のためにその海域に六、八週間以上滞在することはめったにできない船に積み込むのに必要な毛皮やその他の貨物を前もって準備するには十分である。	number|人数|noun|a quantity of people or things	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	beforehand|前もって|adverb|in advance	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	load|積み込む|verb|put a load on or in	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	ice|氷|noun|water in its solid form	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	remain|滞在する|verb|stay in the same place	week|週間|noun|a period of seven days	fur|毛皮|noun|the hairy coat of a mammal
This advantage of having a cargo ready prepared, could not, for several years, be acquired by private adventurers;	貨物を準備しておくというこの利点は、何年もの間、私的な冒険家には得られなかった。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	cargo|貨物|noun|goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	several years|何年もの間|noun|a period of time	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure
and without it there seems to be no possibility of trading to Hudson’s Bay.	そして、それがなければ、ハドソン湾で取引する可能性はないように思われる。	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	possibility|可能性|noun|the state or fact of being possible	trade|取引|verb|buy and sell goods and services	Hudson's Bay|ハドソン湾|noun|a large bay in northeastern Canada
The moderate capital of the company, which, it is said, does not exceed one hundred and ten thousand pounds, may, besides, be sufficient to enable them to engross the whole, or almost the whole trade and surplus produce, of the miserable though extensive country comprehended within their charter.	会社の適度な資本は、百一万ポンドを越えないと言われているが、そのうえ、彼らの憲章に含まれる広大ではあるが惨めな国の全体、あるいはほとんどすべての貿易と余剰生産物を独占するのに十分かもしれない。	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	company|会社|noun|a business organization	exceed|越える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition; as well	sufficient|十分な|adjective|enough for the purpose	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	engross|独占する|verb|occupy all of someone's attention or time	whole|全体|noun|all of something	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	miserable|惨めな|adjective|very unhappy or uncomfortable	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	charter|憲章|noun|a document that sets out the rights and duties of a corporation or other organization
No private adventurers, accordingly, have ever attempted to trade to that country in competition with them.	したがって、私的な冒険家は、彼らと競合してその国と取引しようとしたことは一度もない。	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	compete|競合する|verb|strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
This company, therefore, have always enjoyed an exclusive trade, in fact, though they may have no right to it in law.	したがって、この会社は、法律上は独占権はないかもしれないが、事実上は常に独占貿易を享受してきた。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
Over and above all this, the moderate capital of this company is said to be divided among a very small number of proprietors.	これらすべてに加えて、この会社の適度な資本は、ごく少数の所有者の間で分割されていると言われている。	over and above|加えて|adverb|in addition to	all this|これらすべて|pronoun|all of the things mentioned	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	very small number|ごく少数|noun|a very small amount	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business
But a joint-stock company, consisting of a small number of proprietors, with a moderate capital, approaches very nearly to the nature of a private copartnery, and may be capable of nearly the same degree of vigilance and attention.	しかし、少数の所有者と適度な資本からなる合資会社は、私的な共同経営の性質に非常に近く、ほぼ同じ程度の警戒と注意を払うことができるかもしれない。	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a company or partnership that has a joint stock	consist of|からなる|verb|be composed of	small number|少数|noun|a small quantity or amount	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	moderate capital|適度な資本|noun|a reasonable amount of money	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	very nearly|非常に近く|adverb|almost	private copartnery|私的な共同経営|noun|a business or other enterprise in which two or more people share ownership	be capable of|することができる|verb|have the ability or quality necessary to do or achieve something	vigilance|警戒|noun|the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
It is not to be wondered at, therefore, if, in consequence of these different advantages, the Hudson’s Bay company had, before the late war, been able to carry on their trade with a considerable degree of success.	したがって、これらのさまざまな利点の結果として、ハドソン湾会社が、最近の戦争の前に、かなりの程度の成功を収めて貿易を続けることができたとしても、驚くにはあたらない。	be not to be wondered at|驚くにはあたらない|verb|be not surprising	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	consequence|結果として|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	Hudson's Bay company|ハドソン湾会社|noun|a fur trading business	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	late war|最近の戦争|noun|a war that happened recently	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It does not seem probable, however, that their profits ever approached to what the late Mr Dobbs imagined them.	しかし、彼らの利益が、故ドブス氏が想像したほどに近づいたとは考えにくい。	do not seem|考えにくい|verb|appear to be unlikely	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	approach|近づく|verb|come near or nearer in space or time	late|故|adjective|no longer living; dead	Mr Dobbs|ドブス氏|noun|a man with the surname Dobbs	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image or concept of
A much more sober and judicious writer, Mr Anderson, author of the Historical and Chronological Deduction of Commerce, very justly observes, that upon examining the accounts which Mr Dobbs himself has given for several years together, of their exports and imports, and upon making proper allowances for their extraordinary risk and expense, it does not appear that their profits deserve to be envied, or that they can much, if at all, exceed the ordinary profits of trade.	はるかに冷静で賢明な作家である、商業の歴史的・年代的推論の著者であるアンダーソン氏は、ドブス氏自身が数年間にわたって提供した輸出入の勘定を調べ、彼らの異常なリスクと費用を適切に考慮すると、彼らの利益が羨ましがられるに値するとは思えないし、仮にそうであったとしても、通常の貿易利益を大幅に上回ることができるとは思えないと、非常に正しく述べている。	sober|冷静な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or sense	writer|作家|noun|a person who writes books, stories, or articles as a job or regular occupation	Anderson|アンダーソン|noun|a surname of English and Scottish origin	Historical and Chronological Deduction of Commerce|商業の歴史的・年代的推論|noun|a book by Adam Anderson	Dobbs|ドブス|noun|a surname of English origin	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time	together|共に|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people	export|輸出|noun|a good or service produced in one country and sold to another	import|輸入|noun|a good or service brought into a country from another	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	envy|羨む|verb|feel envious of	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual

The South Sea company never had any forts or garrisons to maintain, and therefore were entirely exempted from one great expense, to which other joint-stock companies for foreign trade are subject;	南海会社は維持すべき要塞や駐屯地を一切持っていなかったので、他の海外貿易の合資会社が負担する大きな費用のひとつを完全に免除されていた。	The South Sea company|南海会社|noun|a British joint-stock company founded in 1711	never|決して～ない|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	have|持つ|verb|own or possess	fort|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	entirely|完全に|adverb|wholly; completely; fully	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	one|ひとつ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied	foreign trade|海外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	subject|負担する|verb|cause to experience or undergo
but they had an immense capital divided among an immense number of proprietors.	しかし、彼らは膨大な数の所有者に分割された膨大な資本を持っていた。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	immense|膨大な|adjective|extremely large or great	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	immense|膨大な|adjective|extremely large or great	number|数|noun|a quantity representing a particular amount	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization
It was naturally to be expected, therefore, that folly, negligence, and profusion, should prevail in the whole management of their affairs.	したがって、彼らの業務の全体的な管理において、愚行、怠慢、浪費が蔓延することは当然のことだった。	naturally|当然のこと|adverb|in a natural manner	expect|予想される|verb|regard as likely to happen	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure	prevail|蔓延する|verb|be widespread or current	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	affair|業務|noun|a matter of business or public concern
The knavery and extravagance of their stock-jobbing projects are sufficiently known, and the explication of them would be foreign to the present subject.	彼らの株取引プロジェクトの悪徳と浪費は十分に知られており、それらの説明は現在の主題とは無関係だろう。	knavery|悪徳|noun|a dishonest act	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources in a careless or wasteful way	stock-jobbing|株取引|noun|the buying and selling of stocks	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	known|知られている|verb|be familiar with	explication|説明|noun|a detailed explanation	foreign|無関係|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	subject|主題|noun|the main topic of a text or speech
Their mercantile projects were not much better conducted.	彼らの商業プロジェクトもあまりうまく運営されていなかった。	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	conduct|運営する|verb|to direct or manage
The first trade which they engaged in, was that of supplying the Spanish West Indies with negroes, of which (in consequence of what was called the Assiento Contract granted them by the treaty of Utrecht) they had the exclusive privilege.	彼らが従事した最初の貿易は、スペイン領西インド諸島に黒人を供給することであり、その貿易については(ユトレヒト条約によって彼らに与えられたアシエント契約と呼ばれるものの結果として)彼らは独占的特権を持っていた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	Spanish|スペイン|noun|the language of Spain	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	exclusive|独占的|adjective|excluding or not admitting other things	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
But as it was not expected that much profit could be made by this trade, both the Portuguese and French companies, who had enjoyed it upon the same terms before them, having been ruined by it, they were allowed, as compensation, to send annually a ship of a certain burden, to trade directly to the Spanish West Indies.	しかし、この貿易で大きな利益が得られると期待されていなかったので、彼らの前に同じ条件でそれを享受していたポルトガル会社とフランス会社の両社は、それによって破産してしまったので、彼らは代償として、スペイン領西インド諸島と直接貿易するために、毎年一定の積荷の船を送ることを許された。	much|多くの|adjective|a large amount or number of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	be made|得られる|verb|be produced or created	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	Portuguese|ポルトガル|adjective|of or relating to Portugal or its people or language	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	company|会社|noun|a business organization	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	ruin|破産|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	compensation|代償|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	burden|積荷|noun|a load, especially a heavy one	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	trade|貿易する|verb|buy and sell goods and services	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea east of Central America and north of South America
Of the ten voyages which this annual ship was allowed to make, they are said to have gained considerably by one, that of the Royal Caroline, in 1731; and to have been losers, more or less, by almost all the rest.	この年一回の船が許された十回の航海のうち、一七三一年のロイヤル・キャロライン号の航海では相当な利益を得たが、それ以外のほとんどの航海では、多かれ少なかれ損失を被ったと言われている。	annual|年一回の|adjective|happening once a year	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	be allowed to|許される|verb|be permitted to	make|行う|verb|perform or carry out	ten|十|adjective|the number 10	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	one|一|adjective|the number 1	Royal Caroline|ロイヤル・キャロライン|noun|a ship	1731|一七三一年|noun|the year 1731	considerably|相当な|adverb|to a great extent	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	loser|損失|noun|a person or thing that loses	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part
Their ill success was imputed, by their factors and agents, to the extortion and oppression of the Spanish government;	彼らの不成功は、彼らの代理人や代理人によって、スペイン政府の強要と弾圧に帰せられた。	ill success|不成功|noun|failure	impute|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by	factor|代理人|noun|a person who acts for another	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts for another	extortion|強要|noun|the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats	oppression|弾圧|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control
but was, perhaps, principally owing to the profusion and depredations of those very factors and agents;	しかし、おそらく、主にそれらの要因とエージェントの浪費と略奪によるものだった。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	owing to|による|preposition|because of	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure	depredation|略奪|noun|the act of plundering or robbing
some of whom are said to have acquired great fortunes, even in one year.	そのうちの何人かは、たった一年で大金持ちになったと言われている。	some of whom|そのうちの何人か|noun phrase|some of the people mentioned	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession of	great fortune|大金持ち|noun phrase|a lot of money	even|たった|adverb|to the extent of; in the extreme case of	one year|一年|noun|a period of 365 days
In 1734, the company petitioned the king, that they might be allowed to dispose of the trade and tonnage of their annual ship, on account of the little profit which they made by it, and to accept of such equivalent as they could obtain from the king of Spain.	一七三四年、会社は国王に、年一回の船による貿易とトン数を、それによって得られる利益が少ないため、スペイン国王から得られる同等のものを受け入れることを許可するよう請願した。	1734|一七三四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	company|会社|noun|a business organization	petition|請願する|verb|make or present a formal request to	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	dispose|処分する|verb|deal with in a certain way	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	tonnage|トン数|noun|a measure of the weight of a ship	annual|年一回|adjective|happening once a year	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	little|少ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe

In 1724, this company had undertaken the whale fishery.	一七二四年、この会社は捕鯨事業に乗り出した。	1724|一七二四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	company|会社|noun|a business organization	undertake|乗り出す|verb|take on a task or job	whale|鯨|noun|a very large marine mammal	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching and selling fish
Of this, indeed, they had no monopoly;	実際、この会社は独占権を持っていなかった。	of this|この|pronoun|of this	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really; truly	have no|持っていない|verb|not have	monopoly|独占権|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
but as long as they carried it on, no other British subjects appear to have engaged in it.	しかし、この会社が事業を継続している限り、他のイギリス臣民がそれに従事することはなかったようである。	as long as|限り|conjunction|on condition that; provided that	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something	no other|他の～ない|determiner|not any other	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	appear|ようである|verb|seem to be; give the impression of being	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in; participate in
Of the eight voyages which their ships made to Greenland, they were gainers by one, and losers by all the rest.	彼らの船がグリーンランドに行った八回の航海のうち、一回で利益を得たが、残りはすべて損失を出した。	eight|八|adjective|the number 8	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	Greenland|グリーンランド|noun|an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark	gainer|利益を得る|noun|a person who gains something	loser|損失を出す|noun|a person who loses something	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something
After their eighth and last voyage, when they had sold their ships, stores, and utensils, they found that their whole loss upon this branch, capital and interest included, amounted to upwards of £237,000.	八回目、つまり最後の航海の後、船、貯蔵品、道具を売却したところ、この事業で被った損失は、元金と利子を含めて二三万七千ポンド以上にのぼることがわかった。	eighth|八回目|adjective|coming after seven others in a series; 8th	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order; final	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	ship|船|noun|a large seagoing vessel	store|貯蔵品|noun|a place where things are sold	utensil|道具|noun|an implement, container, or other article that is used in a particular activity	find|わかった|verb|discover or notice	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	branch|事業|noun|a division of a large company	capital|元金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	amount|のぼる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or importance	upwards|以上|adverb|more than a particular amount

In 1722, this company petitioned the parliament to be allowed to divide their immense capital of more than thirty-three millions eight hundred thousand pounds, the whole of which had been lent to government, into two equal parts;	一七二二年、この会社は、三千三百八十万ポンド以上の巨額の資本を二等分することを許可するよう議会に請願した。	1722|一七二二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	company|会社|noun|a business organization	petition|請願する|verb|make or present a formal request to	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	allow|許可する|verb|permit to do something	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	immense|巨額の|adjective|very great in size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	more than|以上の|adjective|greater in number or amount than	thirty-three millions eight hundred thousand pounds|三千三百八十万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	whole|全部|noun|all of something	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status
the one half, or upwards of £16,900,000, to be put upon the same footing with other government annuities, and not to be subject to the debts contracted, or losses incurred, by the directors of the company, in the prosecution of their mercantile projects;	その半分、つまり一六九〇万ポンド以上を他の政府年金と同等の扱いとし、会社の取締役が商業プロジェクトを遂行するにあたって負った負債や被った損失の対象としないというものだった。	one half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	upwards|以上|adverb|more than	put upon|扱いとする|verb|treat in a specified way	footing|同等|noun|the basis on which something is established or operates	government annuity|政府年金|noun|a series of equal payments made at regular intervals	subject to|対象とする|verb|be affected by	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	incur|被る|verb|become subject to	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization	company|会社|noun|a business organization	commercial project|商業プロジェクト|noun|a business venture	prosecution|遂行|noun|the institution and carrying on of legal proceedings against a person
the other half to remain as before, a trading stock, and to be subject to those debts and losses.	残りの半分はこれまでどおりの貿易資本とし、そうした負債や損失の対象とするというものだった。	other half|残りの半分|noun|the remaining half	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	before|これまでどおり|adverb|previously; earlier	trading stock|貿易資本|noun|the stock of goods held by a business for sale	be subject to|対象とする|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something
The petition was too reasonable not to be granted.	この請願は、認められないはずがないほど合理的なものだった。	petition|請願|noun|a formal request for a particular right or benefit	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	grant|認める|verb|give or allow something to someone
In 1733, they again petitioned the parliament, that three-fourths of their trading stock might be turned into annuity stock, and only one-fourth remain as trading stock, or exposed to the hazards arising from the bad management of their directors.	一七三三年、彼らは再び議会に請願し、貿易資本の四分の三を年金資本に変え、四分の一だけを貿易資本として残すか、取締役の経営不振から生じる危険にさらすことを認めてくれるよう求めた。	1733|一七三三年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	petition|請願|verb|make or present a formal request to	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	three-fourths|四分の三|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	trading stock|貿易資本|noun|the capital of a trading company	turn into|変える|verb|change into something else	annuity stock|年金資本|noun|the capital of an annuity company	only one-fourth|四分の一だけ|noun|a fraction equal to one divided by four	remain|残す|verb|be left after others have been removed	exposed|さらされる|verb|be subjected to an action or influence	hazard|危険|noun|a danger or risk	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	bad management|経営不振|noun|poor management	director|取締役|noun|a person appointed to manage a company
Both their annuity and trading stocks had, by this time, been reduced more than two millions each, by several different payments from government;	この時点で、彼らの年金資本と貿易資本は、政府からの数回にわたる支払いによって、それぞれ二百万ポンド以上減っていた。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	trading stock|貿易資本|noun|the capital used in a business	this time|この時点で|noun|the present time	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	two millions|二百万|noun|a very large number	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
so that this fourth amounted only to £3,662,784:8:6.	そのため、この四分の一は三六六万二七八四ポンド八シリング六ペンスにしかならなかった。	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to	fourth|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	only|しか|adverb|merely; just	3,662,784:8:6|三六六万二七八四ポンド八シリング六ペンス|noun|a number
In 1748, all the demands of the company upon the king of Spain, in consequence of the assiento contract, were, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, given up for what was supposed an equivalent.	一七四八年、アシエント契約の結果としてスペイン国王に対して会社が持っていたすべての要求は、エクス・ラ・シャペル条約によって、同等とみなされるものと引き換えに放棄された。	1748|1748年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	assiento contract|アシエント契約|noun|a contract between the Spanish government and a foreign entity that gave the latter the right to supply African slaves to Spain's American colonies	Aix-la-Chapelle|エクス・ラ・シャペル|noun|a city in western Germany	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	equivalent|同等|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.
An end was put to their trade with the Spanish West Indies; the remainder of their trading stock was turned into an annuity stock;	スペイン領西インド諸島との貿易は終わりを告げ、残りの貿易資本は年金資本に変えられた。	put an end to|終わりを告げる|verb|cause to stop	Spanish West Indies|スペイン領西インド諸島|noun|the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean	remainder|残り|noun|what is left over	trading stock|貿易資本|noun|the capital used in trade	annuity stock|年金資本|noun|the capital used to pay an annuity
and the company ceased, in every respect, to be a trading company.	そして会社は、あらゆる点で貿易会社であることをやめた。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	trading company|貿易会社|noun|a company that trades in goods

It ought to be observed, that in the trade which the South Sea company carried on by means of their annual ship, the only trade by which it ever was expected that they could make any considerable profit, they were not without competitors, either in the foreign or in the home market.	南海会社が年一回派遣する船によって行っていた貿易は、同社がかなりの利益を上げうると期待されていた唯一の貿易であったが、この貿易においても、同社は海外市場でも国内市場でも競争相手がいなかったわけではないことに注意すべきである。	South Sea company|南海会社|noun|a British joint-stock company founded in 1711	annual|年一回|adjective|happening once a year	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	foreign|海外|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	home|国内|adjective|of or relating to one's own country
At Carthagena, Porto Bello, and La Vera Cruz, they had to encounter the competition of the Spanish merchants, who brought from Cadiz to those markets European goods, of the same kind with the outward cargo of their ship;	カルタヘナ、ポルトベロ、ベラクルスでは、スペイン商人の競争に直面しなければならなかった。スペイン商人は、カディスからこれらの市場に、南海会社の船の積み荷と同じ種類のヨーロッパ製品を運んできていた。	Carthagena|カルタヘナ|noun|a city in Colombia	Porto Bello|ポルトベロ|noun|a city in Panama	La Vera Cruz|ベラクルス|noun|a city in Mexico	encounter|直面する|verb|meet or come across	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in Spain	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	European|ヨーロッパ|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people or languages	goods|製品|noun|a thing that is produced	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water
and in England they had to encounter that of the English merchants, who imported from Cadiz goods of the Spanish West Indies, of the same kind with the inward cargo.	そしてイギリスでは、イギリス商人の競争に直面しなければならなかった。イギリス商人は、カディスからスペイン領西インド諸島の製品を輸入しており、それは南海会社の船の積み荷と同じ種類のものだった。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	encounter|直面する|verb|meet or come across	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	Cadiz|カディス|noun|a city in southwestern Spain	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	inward|積み荷|noun|the cargo carried by a ship
The goods, both of the Spanish and English merchants, indeed, were, perhaps, subject to higher duties.	スペイン商人とイギリス商人の両方の製品は、実際、おそらくより高い関税の対象だった。	Spanish|スペイン|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	English|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	goods|製品|noun|an article of merchandise	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	subject to|対象|adjective|exposed or liable to	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
But the loss occasioned by the negligence, profusion, and malversation of the servants of the company, had probably been a tax much heavier than all those duties.	しかし、会社の使用人の怠慢、浪費、不正行為によって生じた損失は、おそらくこれらすべての関税よりもはるかに重い税金だった。	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure or supply	malversation|不正行為|noun|corrupt or fraudulent conduct by a person in a position of power or trust	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
That a joint-stock company should be able to carry on successfully any branch of foreign trade, when private adventurers can come into any sort of open and fair competition with them, seems contrary to all experience.	私的な冒険家が彼らとあらゆる種類の公明正大な競争に加わることができるとき、株式会社が外国貿易のどの部門でも首尾よく遂行できるということは、すべての経験に反しているように見える。	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	private adventurer|私的な冒険家|noun|a person who takes risks in a private capacity	come into|加わる|verb|become involved in	open and fair competition|公明正大な競争|noun|a competition in which all participants have an equal chance of winning	contrary to|反する|adjective|opposite to	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events

The old English East India company was established in 1600, by a charter from Queen Elizabeth.	旧イギリス東インド会社は、1600年にエリザベス女王からの特許状によって設立された。	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of the United Kingdom	East India|東インド|noun|the countries of South and Southeast Asia	company|会社|noun|a business organization	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	1600|1600|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Queen Elizabeth|エリザベス女王|noun|the queen of England from 1558 to 1603	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges
In the first twelve voyages which they fitted out for India, they appear to have traded as a regulated company, with separate stocks, though only in the general ships of the company.	彼らがインドに向けて準備した最初の12回の航海では、彼らは会社の一般船だけであるが、別々の株を持つ規制会社として取引したようである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	twelve|12|adjective|the number 12	voyage|航海|noun|a journey by sea	fit out|準備する|verb|equip or supply with what is needed	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	appear|ようである|verb|seem	trade|取引する|verb|buy and sell goods and services	regulated company|規制会社|noun|a company that is subject to government regulation	separate|別々の|adjective|not connected or joined	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company	general ship|一般船|noun|a ship that is not specialized for a particular purpose	company|会社|noun|a business organization
In 1612, they united into a joint stock.	1612年に、彼らは合同株に統合した。	1612|1612年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	unite|統合する|verb|join or combine	joint stock|合同株|noun|a company or business having a joint stock
Their charter was exclusive, and, though not confirmed by act of parliament, was in those days supposed to convey a real exclusive privilege.	彼らの特許状は排他的であり、議会の行為によって確認されていないが、当時は本当の排他的特権を伝えると考えられていた。	charter|特許状|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	exclusive|排他的|adjective|not shared with others	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
For many years, therefore, they were not much disturbed by interlopers.	そのため、長年、彼らは侵入者にあまり邪魔されることはなかった。	for many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	therefore|そのため|adverb|for that reason; consequently	not much|あまりない|adverb|not to a great extent	disturb|邪魔する|verb|to interfere with the peace or quiet of	interloper|侵入者|noun|a person who intrudes on the privacy or property of another
Their capital, which never exceeded £744,000, and of which £50 was a share, was not so exorbitant, nor their dealings so extensive, as to afford either a pretext for gross negligence and profusion, or a cover to gross malversation.	彼らの資本は74万4000ポンドを決して超えず、そのうち50ポンドが一株だったが、ひどい怠慢や浪費の口実やひどい横領の隠れ蓑になるほど法外なものでも、取引が広範囲なものでもなかった。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	744,000|74万4000|numeral|seven hundred forty-four thousand	50|50|numeral|fifty	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|(of a price or amount charged) much too high	extensive|広範囲な|adjective|covering a large area; widespread	gross|ひどい|adjective|very obvious and unacceptable	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	profusion|浪費|noun|a large amount of something	pretext|口実|noun|a reason given in order to hide the real reason for something	cover|隠れ蓑|noun|something that hides or disguises the true nature of something else	malversation|横領|noun|the action of dishonestly using money or property that has been entrusted to you
Notwithstanding some extraordinary losses, occasioned partly by the malice of the Dutch East India company, and partly by other accidents, they carried on for many years a successful trade.	一部はオランダ東インド会社の悪意によって、一部は他の事故によって引き起こされたいくつかの異常な損失にもかかわらず、彼らは長年成功した貿易を続けた。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	partly|一部は|adverb|to some extent; in part	malice|悪意|noun|the intention or desire to do evil	Dutch East India company|オランダ東インド会社|noun|a company established in 1602	partly|一部は|adverb|to some extent; in part	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	accident|事故|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	successful|成功した|adjective|accomplishing an aim or purpose	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
But in process of time, when the principles of liberty were better understood, it became every day more and more doubtful, how far a royal charter, not confirmed by act of parliament, could convey an exclusive privilege.	しかし、時が経つにつれて、自由の原則がよりよく理解されるようになると、議会の行為によって確認されていない王室の特許状がどれほど排他的な特権を伝えることができるか、日々ますます疑わしくなった。	in process of time|時が経つにつれて|adverb|as time passes	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	be understood|理解される|verb|be perceived or known by the mind; be grasped	every day|日々|adverb|daily	more and more|ますます|adverb|to a greater and greater extent	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable as to truth, fact, or credibility	royal charter|王室の特許状|noun|a formal document issued by a monarch or other head of state that grants a right or power to an individual or organization	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	act|行為|noun|something that is done	convey|伝える|verb|communicate or make known	exclusive|排他的な|adjective|not shared with others	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
Upon this question the decisions of the courts of justice were not uniform, but varied with the authority of government, and the humours of the times.	この問題に関して、裁判所の判決は一律ではなく、政府の権限や時代の風潮によって異なっていた。	upon|に関して|preposition|on	question|問題|noun|a statement asking for something and expecting an answer	decision|判決|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	uniform|一律|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	humour|風潮|noun|a state of mind or a mood
Interlopers multiplied upon them;	侵入者は彼らの上に増殖した。	interloper|侵入者|noun|a person who intrudes on the privacy or property of another	multiply|増殖する|verb|increase in number or quantity
and towards the end of the reign of Charles II., through the whole of that of James II., and during a part of that of William III., reduced them to great distress.	そしてチャールズ二世の治世の終わり頃、ジェームズ二世の治世の全体を通して、そしてウィリアム三世の治世の一部の間、彼らを大いに苦しめた。	towards the end of|終わり頃|noun|the last part of something	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649	James II|ジェームズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 6 February 1685	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689	reduce|苦しめる|verb|make or become smaller or less	great|大いに|adjective|of major significance or importance	distress|苦悩|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain
In 1698, a proposal was made to parliament, of advancing two millions to government, at eight per cent.	一六九八年、政府に二百万を八パーセントで貸し付けるという提案が議会になされた。	1698|一六九八年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	two millions|二百万|noun|a large number	eight percent|八パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
provided the subscribers were erected into a new East India company, with exclusive privileges.	ただし、出資者は独占的特権をもつ新しい東インド会社に組織されるという条件だった。	provided|ただし|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	subscriber|出資者|noun|a person who pays to receive a publication or service regularly	erect|組織する|verb|construct or build	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
The old East India company offered seven hundred thousand pounds, nearly the amount of their capital, at four per cent.	旧東インド会社は、その資本額に近い七十万ポンドを四パーセントで提供した。	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	offer|提供する|verb|present or proffer	seven hundred thousand pounds|七十万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	nearly|近い|adverb|almost	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	four per cent|四パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
upon the same conditions.	同じ条件で。	upon|～で|preposition|on	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur
But such was at that time the state of public credit, that it was more convenient for government to borrow two millions at eight per cent.	しかし、当時の公信用の状態は、政府が二百万を八パーセントで借りる方が都合がよかった。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	public credit|公信用|noun|the ability of a government to borrow money	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	two millions|二百万|noun|a very large number	eight percent|八パーセント|noun|a proportion where the second number is one hundred
than seven hundred thousand pounds at four.	七十万ポンドを四パーセントで借りるよりも。	seven hundred thousand pounds|七十万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money	four|四パーセント|noun|a number
The proposal of the new subscribers was accepted, and a new East India company established in consequence.	新規加入者の提案は受け入れられ、結果として新しい東インド会社が設立された。	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	accept|受け入れる|verb|to take or receive (something offered) willingly	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	East India Company|東インド会社|noun|a British joint-stock company formed in 1600 to trade with India and eastern Asia
The old East India company, however, had a right to continue their trade till 1701.	しかし、旧東インド会社は1701年まで貿易を続ける権利を持っていた。	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
They had, at the same time, in the name of their treasurer, subscribed very artfully three hundred and fifteen thousand pounds into the stock of the new.	彼らは同時に、会計係の名義で、非常に巧みに三十一万五千ポンドを新会社の株に加入させた。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	in the name of|名義で|preposition|on behalf of	treasurer|会計係|noun|a person who is in charge of the finances of an organization	very artfully|非常に巧みに|adverb|in a very skillful manner	three hundred and fifteen thousand pounds|三十一万五千ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	into the stock of|株に加入させる|verb|to become a member of a company by buying shares in it
By a negligence in the expression of the act of parliament, which vested the East India trade in the subscribers to this loan of two millions, it did not appear evident that they were all obliged to unite into a joint stock.	東インド貿易をこの二百万の貸付金の加入者に委ねた議会法の表現の怠慢によって、彼ら全員が合同株に統合する義務があることは明らかではなかった。	East India trade|東インド貿易|noun|trade between the East Indies and other parts of the world	two millions|二百万|noun|two million	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	expression|表現|noun|a word or phrase that describes or represents something	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	vest|委ねる|verb|give or confer power, authority, or property to	subscriber|加入者|noun|a person who pays to receive a publication or service regularly	loan|貸付金|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	unite|統合する|verb|join or combine two or more things into one	joint stock|合同株|noun|the capital of a company divided into shares
A few private traders, whose subscriptions amounted only to seven thousand two hundred pounds, insisted upon the privilege of trading separately upon their own stocks, and at their own risks.	加入額がわずか七千二百ポンドにすぎない少数の私貿易業者は、自らの株で、自らのリスクで別々に取引する特権を主張した。	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	private|私|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	subscription|加入額|noun|a sum of money that is paid regularly to receive a product or service	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	seven thousand two hundred pounds|七千二百ポンド|noun|a sum of money	insist|主張する|verb|demand something forcefully	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	separately|別々に|adverb|not together; apart	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger
The old East India company had a right to a separate trade upon their own stock till 1701; and they had likewise, both before and after that period, a right, like that or other private traders, to a separate trade upon the £315,000, which they had subscribed into the stock of the new company.	旧東インド会社は、1701年まで自らの株で別々に取引する権利を持っていた。そして、彼らは同様に、その期間の前後ともに、他の私貿易業者と同じように、新会社の株に加入した三十一万五千ポンドで別々に取引する権利を持っていた。	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	separate|別々|adjective|not connected or joined	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	1701|1701年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	before|前|preposition|earlier than	after|後|preposition|later or following	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	private|私|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	£315,000|三十一万五千ポンド|noun|a sum of money	new|新|adjective|recently made, produced, or created
The competition of the two companies with the private traders, and with one another, is said to have well nigh ruined both.	二つの会社が私貿易業者と、そして互いに競争したことで、両社ともほとんど破滅したと言われている。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	company|会社|noun|a business organization	private|私|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	well nigh|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	ruin|破滅|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction
Upon a subsequent occasion, in 1750, when a proposal was made to parliament for putting the trade under the management of a regulated company, and thereby laying it in some measure open, the East India company, in opposition to this proposal, represented, in very strong terms, what had been, at this time, the miserable effects, as they thought them, of this competition.	その後、1750年に、貿易を規制会社の管理下に置き、それによってある程度開放するという提案が議会になされたとき、東インド会社はこの提案に反対して、この競争の悲惨な結果を非常に強い言葉で表明した。	Upon a subsequent occasion|その後|adverb|at a later time	1750|1750年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	put|置く|verb|move something or someone into a specified place or position	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	company|会社|noun|a business organization	open|開放|adjective|allowing access, passage, or a view	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something	represent|表明|verb|state or express something by using a symbol, formula, etc.	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to move heavy weights or perform other physically demanding tasks	term|言葉|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	miserable|悲惨な|adjective|very unhappy or uncomfortable	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
In India, they said, it raised the price of goods so high, that they were not worth the buying;	インドでは、彼らは、それが商品の価格を非常に高くしたので、買う価値がなくなったと言った。	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	raise|高くする|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	worth|価値|noun|the quality that makes something desirable or valuable
and in England, by overstocking the market, it sunk their price so low, that no profit could be made by them.	そしてイギリスでは、市場に過剰に在庫を抱えたため、価格が非常に低くなり、利益を上げることができなくなった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	overstock|過剰に在庫を抱える|verb|have too much of something	market|市場|noun|a place where one can buy and sell goods	sink|低くなる|verb|go down	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a business makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
That by a more plentiful supply, to the great advantage and conveniency of the public, it must have reduced very much the price of India goods in the English market, cannot well be doubted;	より豊富な供給によって、国民の大きな利益と便宜のために、イギリス市場におけるインド製品の価格を大幅に引き下げたことは、疑う余地がない。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	plentiful|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	conveniency|便宜|noun|the quality of being convenient	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	must|～に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	English|イギリス|noun|the official language of Britain, the United States, and most Commonwealth countries	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	cannot|～できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	well|よく|adverb|in a good or proper manner	doubt|疑う|verb|feel uncertain about
but that it should have raised very much their price in the Indian market, seems not very probable, as all the extraordinary demand which that competition could occasion must have been but as a drop of water in the immense ocean of Indian commerce.	しかし、インド市場で価格を大幅に引き上げたことは、あまりありそうにない。なぜなら、この競争によって生じうるすべての異常な需要は、インドの商業の広大な海の中の水滴にすぎなかったに違いないからである。	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	Indian|インドの|adjective|of or relating to India or its people or culture or language	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	probable|ありそうな|adjective|likely to happen or be true	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something and the ability to pay for it	drop|水滴|noun|a small round mass of liquid	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	immense|広大な|adjective|extremely large or great	ocean|海|noun|the salt water covering most of the earth's surface and its bounding shores	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The increase of demand, besides, though in the beginning it may sometimes raise the price of goods, never fails to lower it in the long-run.	その上、需要の増加は、初めのうちは商品の価格を上げることがあるが、長期的には必ず価格を下げる。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	long-run|長期的|adjective|happening over a long period of time
It encourages production, and thereby increases the competition of the producers, who, in order to undersell one another, have recourse to new divisions or labour and new improvements of art, which might never otherwise have been thought of.	それは生産を促進し、それによって生産者の競争を激化させる。生産者は互いに安く売るために、新たな分業や労働、技術の新たな改良に頼るが、そうでなければ考えもしなかったかもしれない。	encourage|促進する|verb|give support to	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials	increase|増加させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	producer|生産者|noun|a person, company, or country that makes, grows, or supplies goods or commodities for sale	undersell|安く売る|verb|sell at a lower price than	have recourse to|頼る|verb|turn to for help or as a last resort	division|分業|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	art|技術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power
The miserable effects of which the company complained, were the cheapness of consumption, and the encouragement given to production;	会社が不満を漏らした悲惨な影響は、消費の安さと生産への奨励だった。	complain|不満を漏らす|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	miserable|悲惨な|adjective|causing great unhappiness or discomfort	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured
precisely the two effects which it is the great business of political economy to promote.	まさに政治経済の大きな仕事である二つの効果を促進することだった。	precisely|まさに|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish
The competition, however, of which they gave this doleful account, had not been allowed to be of long continuance.	しかし、彼らがこの悲惨な説明をした競争は、長く続くことは許されなかった。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	give|する|verb|make a gift of	doleful|悲惨な|adjective|causing great sorrow or distress	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing
In 1702, the two companies were, in some measure, united by an indenture tripartite, to which the queen was the third party;	1702年、二つの会社はある程度、三者契約によって統合され、女王が第三者となった。	1702|1702年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one	company|会社|noun|a business organization	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	unite|統合される|verb|join or combine	indenture tripartite|三者契約|noun|a contract between three parties	queen|女王|noun|the female ruler of an independent state	third party|第三者|noun|a person or group besides the two primarily involved in a situation
and in 1708, they were by act of parliament, perfectly consolidated into one company, by their present name of the United Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies.	そして1708年、議会法によって、東インド貿易商人連合会社という現在の名称で、完全に一つの会社に統合された。	1708|1708年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	consolidate|統合する|verb|to combine into a single or unified entity	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	company|会社|noun|a business organization	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	name|名称|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	United Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies|東インド貿易商人連合会社|noun|a British joint-stock company formed in 1707 to trade with the East Indies
Into this act it was thought worth while to insert a clause, allowing the separate traders to continue their trade till Michaelmas 1711;	この法律に、個々の貿易業者が1711年のミカエル祭まで貿易を継続することを認める条項を挿入する価値があると考えられた。	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	insert|挿入する|verb|put something into something else	clause|条項|noun|a part of a contract, treaty, or other legal document that deals with a particular subject	allow|認める|verb|permit or enable	separate|個々の|adjective|not connected or joined	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	continue|継続する|verb|keep doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
but at the same time empowering the directors, upon three years notice, to redeem their little capital of seven thousand two hundred pounds, and thereby to convert the whole stock of the company into a joint stock.	しかし同時に、取締役に3年後に7200ポンドの小資本を償還し、それによって会社の全株を合同株に転換する権限を与えた。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	empower|権限を与える|verb|give power or authority to	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	three years|3年|noun|a period of three years	notice|通知|noun|a formal statement that something is going to happen or has happened	redeem|償還する|verb|buy back	little|小|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	seven thousand two hundred pounds|7200ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.45359237 kilograms	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	convert|転換する|verb|change from one form or use to another	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	joint|合同|adjective|shared by or involving two or more people or things
By the same act, the capital of the company, in consequence of a new loan to government, was augmented from two millions to three millions two hundred thousand pounds.	同じ法律によって、政府への新たな融資の結果、会社の資本金は200万ポンドから320万ポンドに増額された。	by the same act|同じ法律によって|adverb|by the same action	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	company|会社|noun|a business organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	loan|融資|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	two millions|200万|numeral|two million	three millions|300万|numeral|three million	two hundred thousand|20万|numeral|two hundred thousand
In 1743, the company advanced another million to government.	1743年、会社は政府にさらに100万ポンドを貸し付けた。	1743|1743年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	company|会社|noun|a business organization	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to someone	million|100万ポンド|noun|a thousand thousands	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
But this million being raised, not by a call upon the proprietors, but by selling annuities and contracting bond-debts, it did not augment the stock upon which the proprietors could claim a dividend.	しかし、この100万ポンドは、所有者に請求するのではなく、年金の売却や債券債務の契約によって調達されたため、所有者が配当を請求できる株を増やすことはできなかった。	million|100万ポンド|noun|a thousand thousands	raise|調達される|verb|collect or cause to be collected	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	call|請求|noun|a demand for payment	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	claim|請求できる|verb|state or assert that something is the case or that one has the right to something	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves)
It augmented, however, their trading stock, it being equally liable with the other three millions two hundred thousand pounds, to the losses sustained, and debts contracted by the company in prosecution of their mercantile projects.	しかし、それは彼らの取引株を増やし、他の320万ポンドと同様に、被った損失や、会社が商業プロジェクトを遂行するにあたって負った負債に対して責任を負った。	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater	trading stock|取引株|noun|the stock of a company that is traded on a stock exchange	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	liable|責任を負う|adjective|legally responsible for something	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	contract|負う|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	company|会社|noun|a business organization	prosecution|遂行|noun|the institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim
From 1708, or at least from 1711, this company, being delivered from all competitors, and fully established in the monopoly of the English commerce to the East Indies, carried on a successful trade, and from their profits, made annually a moderate dividend to their proprietors.	1708年から、あるいは少なくとも1711年から、この会社はすべての競合他社から解放され、東インドへのイギリスの商業の独占を完全に確立し、成功した貿易を続け、その利益から毎年、所有者に適度な配当を行った。	1708|1708年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	1711|1711年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	company|会社|noun|a business organization	be delivered from|解放される|verb|be freed from	competitor|競合他社|noun|a business rival	fully|完全に|adverb|completely	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	English|イギリス|noun|the language of England	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling	East Indies|東インド|noun|the lands of South and Southeast Asia	carry on|続ける|verb|continue	successful|成功した|adjective|having achieved success	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business
During the French war, which began in 1741, the ambition of Mr. Dupleix, the French governor of Pondicherry, involved them in the wars of the Carnatic, and in the politics of the Indian princes.	1741年に始まったフランス戦争の間に、ポンディシェリのフランス総督デュプレックス氏の野望は、彼らをカーナティック戦争とインドの王侯の政治に巻き込んだ。	French war|フランス戦争|noun|a war involving France	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen	1741|1741年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Pondicherry|ポンディシェリ|noun|a city in India	French governor|フランス総督|noun|the person appointed by the French government to govern a colony	Dupleix|デュプレックス|noun|a French colonial governor in India	ambition|野望|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	Carnatic|カーナティック|noun|a region in India	Indian|インドの|adjective|of or relating to India	prince|王侯|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king
After many signal successes, and equally signal losses, they at last lost Madras, at that time their principal settlement in India.	多くの目覚ましい成功と、同様に目覚ましい損失の後、彼らはついにマドラスを失い、当時インドにおける主要な居住地となった。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	signal|目覚ましい|adjective|serving to indicate or warn	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	at last|ついに|adverb|after a long time	Madras|マドラス|noun|a city in India	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live
It was restored to them by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and, about this time the spirit of war and conquest seems to have taken possession of their servants in India, and never since to have left them.	それはエクス・ラ・シャペル条約によって彼らに返還されたが、この頃には戦争と征服の精神がインドの彼らの使用人を支配し、それ以来彼らを離れることはなかったようである。	restore|返還する|verb|return something to a former condition	treaty|条約|noun|a formal agreement between two or more states or international organizations	about this time|この頃|adverb|at or around this time	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	take possession of|支配する|verb|to take control of something	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	leave|離れる|verb|go away from
During the French war, which began in 1755, their arms partook of the general good fortune of those of Great Britain.	1755年に始まったフランス戦争の間、彼らの武器はイギリスの武器の一般的な幸運に与った。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	French war|フランス戦争|noun|a war between France and another country	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	1755|1755年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	their|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	arm|武器|noun|a means of offense or defense	partook|与った|verb|take part in	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	good fortune|幸運|noun|success or luck	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
They defended Madras, took Pondicherry, recovered Calcutta, and acquired the revenues of a rich and extensive territory, amounting, it was then said, to upwards of three millions a-year.	彼らはマドラスを守り、ポンディシェリを奪い、カルカッタを回復し、豊かで広大な領土の収入を得たが、当時は年間300万ポンド以上になると言われた。	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	take|奪う|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	recover|回復する|verb|return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength	acquire|得る|verb|come into possession or ownership of	revenue|収入|noun|income	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or effect	three millions|300万|noun|three million	upwards|以上|adverb|more than a particular amount	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
They remained for several years in quiet possession of this revenue;	彼らはこの収入を何年も静かに所有していた。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	several years|何年も|noun|a period of time	quiet|静かに|adjective|making little or no noise	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
but in 1767, administration laid claim to their territorial acquisitions, and the revenue arising from them, as of right belonging to the crown;	しかし1767年、政府は彼らの領土獲得と、そこから生じる収入を王冠に属する権利として主張した。	1767|1767年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	administration|政府|noun|the management of a country's affairs	lay claim to|主張する|verb|to assert one's right to something	territorial acquisition|領土獲得|noun|the acquisition of territory by a state	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament worn by a monarch
and the company, in compensation for this claim, agreed to pay to government £400,000 a-year.	そして会社はこの請求の代償として、政府に年間40万ポンドを支払うことに同意した。	compensation|代償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	claim|請求|noun|a statement that something is true	company|会社|noun|a business organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
They had, before this, gradually augmented their dividend from about six to ten per cent.; that is, upon their capital of three millions two hundred thousand pounds, they had increased it by £128,000, or had raised it from one hundred and ninety-two thousand to three hundred and twenty thousand pounds a-year.	彼らは、これ以前に、配当を約6パーセントから10パーセントに徐々に増やしていた。つまり、320万ポンドの資本金に対して、12万8000ポンドの増額、つまり年間19万2000ポンドから32万ポンドに増額したのである。	before|以前|adverb|earlier than; previously	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	about|約|adverb|approximately	six|6|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	increase|増額|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	raise|増額|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
They were attempting about this time to raise it still further, to twelve and a-half per cent., which would have made their annual payments to their proprietors equal to what they had agreed to pay annually to government, or to £400,000 a-year.	彼らはこの頃、それをさらに12.5パーセントに引き上げようとしていたが、そうすれば株主への年間支払額は、政府に毎年支払うことに同意した額、つまり年間40万ポンドに等しくなるはずだった。	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	twelve and a-half per cent|12.5パーセント|noun|a percentage of 12.5	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	proprietor|株主|noun|the owner of a business	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	£400,000|40万ポンド|noun|a sum of money
But during the two years in which their agreement with government was to take place, they were restrained from any further increase of dividend by two successive acts of parliament, of which the object was to enable them to make a speedier progress in the payment of their debts, which were at this time estimated at upwards of six or seven millions sterling.	しかし、政府との合意が成立するまでの2年間、彼らは議会の2つの連続した法案によって配当のさらなる増加を抑制されたが、その目的は、当時600万から700万ポンド以上と見積もられていた負債の支払いをより迅速に進めることであった。	two years|2年間|noun|a period of time lasting two years	take place|成立する|verb|happen	restrained|抑制された|verb|held back; kept under control	further|さらなる|adjective|more; additional	increase|増加|noun|the act of becoming greater or more	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	two successive acts|2つの連続した法案|noun|two acts that follow each other	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	enable|進めること|verb|make possible	speedier|より迅速に|adjective|faster	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	payment|支払い|noun|the act of paying	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	time|当時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	six or seven millions|600万から700万|noun|a number equal to six or seven times one million	sterling|ポンド|noun|the official currency of the United Kingdom
In 1769, they renewed their agreement with government for five years more, and stipulated, that during the course of that period, they should be allowed gradually to increase their dividend to twelve and a-half per cent;	1769年、彼らは政府との協定をさらに5年間更新し、その期間中に配当を12.5パーセントに徐々に増やすことを認めることを規定した。	1769|1769年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	renew|更新する|verb|make or become new, fresh, or strong again	agreement|協定|noun|an arrangement or understanding between two or more parties	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	five years|5年間|noun|a period of five years	stipulate|規定する|verb|specify as a condition or requirement	during the course of|その期間中に|noun|in the time that something lasts	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	twelve and a-half per cent|12.5パーセント|noun|a percentage of 12.5
never increasing it, however, more than one per cent.	しかし、それを1パーセント以上増やすことは決してなかった。	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater or more numerous	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
in one year.	1年で。	in one year|1年で|adverb|in the space of one year
This increase of dividend, therefore, when it had risen to its utmost height, could augment their annual payments, to their proprietors and government together, but by £680,000, beyond what they had been before their late territorial acquisitions.	したがって、この配当の増加は、それが最高に達したとき、彼らの年間支払額を、所有者と政府を合わせて、最近の領土獲得前の額を68万ポンド上回る額に増やすことができる。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	utmost|最高|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	height|高さ|noun|the distance from the top to the bottom of something	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	annual|年間|adjective|happening once every year	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	together|合わせて|adverb|with or in the company of another person or other people	beyond|上回る|preposition|at or to the further side of	recent|最近|adjective|having happened, begun, or been done not long ago or not long before; belonging to a past period of time comparatively close to the present	territorial|領土|adjective|relating to the ownership of an area of land	acquisition|獲得|noun|an asset or object bought or obtained
What the gross revenue of those territorial acquisitions was supposed to amount to, has already been mentioned;	これらの領土獲得の総収入がどれほどになると想定されていたかは、すでに述べた。	gross revenue|総収入|noun|the total amount of money a company makes before any costs are taken out	territorial acquisition|領土獲得|noun|the acquisition of territory by a state	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time; previously	mention|述べる|verb|to speak about briefly
and by an account brought by the Cruttenden East Indiaman in 1769, the neat revenue, clear of all deductions and military charges, was stated at two millions forty-eight thousand seven hundred and forty-seven pounds.	そして、1769年に東インド会社のクラッテンデン号がもたらした報告によると、すべての控除と軍事費を差し引いた純収入は、204万8747ポンドとされていた。	Cruttenden East Indiaman|東インド会社のクラッテンデン号|noun|a ship belonging to the East India Company	1769|1769年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	clear|差し引いた|verb|free from obstruction	deduction|控除|noun|a subtraction	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	charge|費用|noun|a price asked for a service or a product	two millions|200万|noun|a number equal to two thousand thousand	forty-eight thousand|4万8千|noun|a number equal to four thousand eight hundred	seven hundred|700|noun|a number equal to seven times one hundred	forty-seven|47|noun|a number equal to four times ten plus seven	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
They were said, at the same time, to possess another revenue, arising partly from lands, but chiefly from the customs established at their different settlements, amounting to £439,000.	同時に、彼らは、一部は土地から、しかし主に彼らのさまざまな居留地で確立された税関から生じる、43万9000ポンドの別の収入を得ていると言われた。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	revenue|収入|noun|income	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part	custom|税関|noun|a place where taxes are collected on goods imported into a country	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	£439,000|43万9000ポンド|noun|a sum of money
The profits of their trade, too, according to the evidence of their chairman before the house of commons, amounted, at this time, to at least £400,000 a-year; according to that of their accountant, to at least £500,000; according to the lowest account, at least equal to the highest dividend that was to be paid to their proprietors.	彼らの貿易の利益も、下院での議長の証言によると、この時点で年間少なくとも40万ポンドに達していた。会計士によれば、少なくとも50万ポンドになる。最低の計算によると、少なくとも所有者に支払われる最高配当に等しい。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	evidence|証言|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid	chairman|議長|noun|the person in charge of a meeting or organization	house of commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	amount|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; at the minimum	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	accountant|会計士|noun|a person whose job is to keep or examine financial accounts	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least importance, size, or value	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other organization
So great a revenue might certainly have afforded an augmentation of £680,000 in their annual payments;	これほど大きな収入があれば、年間支払額を68万ポンド増額できたはずだ。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	revenue|収入|noun|income	afford|増額できた|verb|have enough money to pay for	augmentation|増額|noun|an increase	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
and, at the same time, have left a large sinking fund, sufficient for the speedy reduction of their debt.	同時に、負債を早急に減らすのに十分な大規模な償却基金を残した。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	large|大規模な|adjective|of great size or extent	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual discharge of a debt or for replacing fixed assets	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	speedy|早急な|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	reduction|減らす|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
In 1773, however, their debts, instead of being reduced, were augmented by an arrear to the treasury in the payment of the four hundred thousand pounds;	しかし、1773年には、彼らの負債は減るどころか、40万ポンドの支払いで国庫への滞納によって増加した。	1773|1773年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	reduce|減る|verb|make or become smaller or less	treasury|国庫|noun|the funds of a government, corporation, or institution	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	four hundred thousand pounds|40万ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom
by another to the custom-house for duties unpaid;	未払いの税金のために税関に別の滞納があった。	by another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where customs are collected	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	unpaid|未払いの|adjective|not yet paid
by a large debt to the bank, for money borrowed;	借入金のために銀行に多額の負債があった。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	large|多額の|adjective|of great size or extent	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	for|のために|preposition|with the purpose of	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it
and by a fourth, for bills drawn upon them from India, and wantonly accepted, to the amount of upwards of twelve hundred thousand pounds.	そして4番目は、インドから引き出された手形で、120万ポンド以上の金額を無条件に受け入れた。	fourth|4番目|noun|the number 4 in a series	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	wantonly|無条件に|adverb|in a careless or unrestrained manner	upwards of|以上の|preposition|more than	twelve hundred thousand pounds|120万ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom
The distress which these accumulated claims brought upon them, obliged them not only to reduce all at once their dividend to six per cent.	これらの累積した請求が彼らにもたらした苦境は、彼らに配当を一挙に6パーセントに減らすことを余儀なくさせた。	distress|苦境|noun|a state of extreme difficulty or trouble	accumulate|累積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	claim|請求|noun|a statement that something is true	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	oblige|余儀なくさせる|verb|make someone do something	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	six|6|noun|the number 6	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
but to throw themselves upon the mercy of govermnent, and to supplicate, first, a release from the further payment of the stipulated £400,000 a-year; and, secondly, a loan of fourteen hundred thousand, to save them from immediate bankruptcy.	しかし、政府の慈悲に身を投げ出し、まず、年間40万ポンドの支払いから解放されることを嘆願し、次に、140万ポンドの融資を受けて、即時の破産から救われるように嘆願した。	throw oneself upon|身を投げ出す|verb|to rely on or trust in someone or something	mercy|慈悲|noun|compassion or forgiveness shown toward someone whom it is within one's power to punish or harm	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	supplicate|嘆願する|verb|to ask for something humbly and earnestly	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	release|解放|noun|the action or fact of being released from something	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	payment|支払い|noun|the action or fact of paying someone or something	stipulated|規定された|adjective|specified as a condition or requirement	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year	secondly|次に|adverb|in the second place	loan|融資|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	fourteen hundred thousand|140万|numeral|the number 1400000	save|救う|verb|to prevent from being lost, wasted, or destroyed	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay
The great increase of their fortune had, it seems, only served to furnish their servants with a pretext for greater profusion, and a cover for greater malversation, than in proportion even to that increase of fortune.	彼らの財産の大幅な増加は、その財産の増加に比例するよりも、彼らの使用人に、より大きな浪費の口実と、より大きな不正行為の隠れ蓑を提供することしか役に立たなかったようである。	great increase|大幅な増加|noun|a large increase	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	serve|役に立つ|verb|be of use	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	pretext|口実|noun|a reason given in order to conceal the real reason for something	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure	cover|隠れ蓑|noun|something that conceals or disguises	malversation|不正行為|noun|dishonest or illegal behavior
The conduct of their servants in India, and the general state of their affairs both in India and in Europe, became the subject of a parliamentary inquiry: in consequence of which, several very important alterations were made in the constitution of their government, both at home and abroad.	インドにおける彼らの使用人の行動、そしてインドとヨーロッパの両方における彼らの業務の一般的な状態は、議会の調査の対象となった。その結果、国内外で彼らの政府の憲法にいくつかの非常に重要な変更が加えられた。	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	general state|一般的な状態|noun|the overall condition of something	affair|業務|noun|a matter that is a particular person's concern	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	parliamentary inquiry|議会の調査|noun|an investigation by a parliament	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	constitution|憲法|noun|a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community
In India, their principal settlements or Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, which had before been altogether independent of one another, were subjected to a governor-general, assisted by a council of four assessors, parliament assuming to itself the first nomination of this governor and council, who were to reside at Calcutta; that city having now become, what Madras was before, the most important of the English settlements in India.	インドでは、以前は互いに独立していた主要な居住地であるマドラス、ボンベイ、カルカッタは、4人の査定官からなる評議会の支援を受けた総督の支配下におかれ、議会はカルカッタに居住するこの総督と評議会の最初の指名を自ら引き受けた。この都市は、かつてのマドラスのように、インドにおけるイギリスの居住地の中で最も重要なものとなった。	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	settlement|居住地|noun|a place where people live	Madras|マドラス|noun|a city in India	Bombay|ボンベイ|noun|a city in India	Calcutta|カルカッタ|noun|a city in India	altogether|互いに|adverb|completely	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another	governor-general|総督|noun|the representative of the British monarch in a Commonwealth country	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who make decisions	assessor|査定官|noun|a person who assesses something	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	nomination|指名|noun|the action of officially choosing someone for a job or position	governor|総督|noun|the representative of the British monarch in a Commonwealth country	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who make decisions	reside|居住する|verb|live in a particular place	city|都市|noun|a large town	become|なる|verb|come to be	before|以前|adverb|earlier	important|重要|adjective|of great significance or value
The court of the Mayor of Calcutta, originally instituted for the trial of mercantile causes, which arose in the city and neighbourhood, had gradually extended its jurisdiction with the extension of the empire.	カルカッタ市長の裁判所は、もともと市内や近隣で発生した商事事件の裁判のために設立されたが、帝国の拡大とともに徐々に管轄を拡大していった。	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	Mayor|市長|noun|the head of a city government	Calcutta|カルカッタ|noun|the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	institute|設立する|verb|establish or introduce	trial|裁判|noun|a formal examination of evidence and of the law in a court of law to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings	mercantile|商事|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	cause|事件|noun|a matter that is brought before a court of law	arise|発生する|verb|come into being or existence	city|市|noun|a large human settlement	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
It was now reduced and confined to the original purpose of its institution.	それは現在、縮小され、その制度の本来の目的に限定されている。	reduce|縮小する|verb|make or become smaller or less	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	original|本来の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something; the aim or goal
Instead of it, a new supreme court of judicature was established, consisting of a chief justice and three judges, to be appointed by the crown.	その代わりに、王冠によって任命される首席裁判官と3人の裁判官からなる新しい最高裁判所が設立された。	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having started recently	supreme court|最高裁判所|noun|the highest court in a country or state	judicature|司法|noun|the administration of justice	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	consist of|からなる|verb|be composed of	chief justice|首席裁判官|noun|the head of a court of law	three|3人の|adjective|the number 3	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority
In Europe, the qualification necessary to entitle a proprietor to vote at their general courts was raised, from five hundred pounds, the original price of a share in the stock of the company, to a thousand pounds.	ヨーロッパでは、所有者が総会で投票する権利を得るために必要な資格が、会社の株式の元の価格である500ポンドから1000ポンドに引き上げられた。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	entitle|権利を与える|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to something	vote|投票する|verb|formally choose someone or something by marking a paper or raising your hand	general court|総会|noun|the legislature of a state	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	five hundred pounds|500ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.59237 grams	original price|元の価格|noun|the price at which something is first sold	share|株|noun|a part of a company that can be bought, sold, or owned	stock|株式|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	thousand pounds|1000ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.59237 grams
In order to vote upon this qualification, too, it was declared necessary, that he should have possessed it, if acquired by his own purchase, and not by inheritance, for at least one year, instead of six months, the term requisite before.	この資格に基づいて投票するためにも、相続ではなく自分で購入した場合は、以前に必要とされていた6ヶ月ではなく、少なくとも1年間は所有していることが必要であると宣言された。	vote|投票する|verb|express a choice in an election	qualification|資格|noun|a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a job or position	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact or situation	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	acquire|取得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	inheritance|相続|noun|the process of passing on property, titles, debts, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as a minimum	one year|1年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	instead of|ではなく|preposition|as an alternative to	six months|6ヶ月|noun|a period of 180 days	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	requisite|必要|adjective|required or essential
The court of twenty-four directors had before been chosen annually;	24人の理事からなる裁判所は、以前は毎年選出されていた。	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal established to administer justice	twenty-four|24人の|adjective|the number 24	director|理事|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization or institution	before|以前は|adverb|at a time in the past	choose|選出される|verb|select from a number of possibilities
but it was now enacted, that each director should, for the future, be chosen for four years;	しかし、現在では、各理事は将来4年間選任されることになっている。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	director|理事|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization	future|将来|noun|the time that is to come	four years|4年間|noun|a period of time equal to 4 years
six of them, however, to go out of office by rotation every year, and not be capable of being re-chosen at the election of the six new directors for the ensuing year.	しかし、そのうち6人は毎年輪番で退任し、翌年の6人の新理事の選挙では再選されない。	six|6人|noun|the number 6	go out of office|退任する|verb|leave a position of authority or responsibility	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	rotation|輪番|noun|the action of rotating or the state of being rotated	not be capable of|できない|verb|not have the ability to do something	re-chosen|再選される|verb|elected again	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	ensuing|翌年|adjective|following as a result or consequence
In consequence of these alterations, the courts, both of the proprietors and directors, it was expected, would be likely to act with more dignity and steadiness than they had usually done before.	これらの変更の結果、所有者と取締役の両方の裁判所は、以前よりも威厳と落ち着きをもって行動するようになるだろうと期待されていた。	in consequence of|結果として|preposition|as a result of	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of a company or organization	expect|期待する|verb|to think that something will happen	dignity|威厳|noun|the quality of being worthy of respect	steadiness|落ち着き|noun|the quality of being calm and controlled	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; normally
But it seems impossible, by any alterations, to render those courts, in any respect, fit to govern, or even to share in the government of a great empire;	しかし、どんな変更を加えても、これらの裁判所を、どんな点においても、大帝国の統治に適したものにしたり、あるいはその統治に参加させたりすることは不可能であるように思われる。	But|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	court|裁判所|noun|a place where justice is administered	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	fit|適した|adjective|suitable or appropriate	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
because the greater part of their members must always have too little interest in the prosperity of that empire, to give any serious attention to what may promote it.	なぜなら、その構成員の大部分は、常にその帝国の繁栄にあまり関心がないので、それを促進するかもしれないことに真剣に注意を払うことができないからである。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	promote|促進する|verb|help or encourage to exist or flourish
Frequently a man of great, sometimes even a man of small fortune, is willing to purchase a thousand pounds share in India stock, merely for the influence which he expects to aquire by a vote in the court of proprietors.	しばしば大金持ちの人は、時には小金持ちの人でさえ、単に所有者の裁判所での投票によって得られる影響力のために、インド株の千ポンドの株を購入しようとする。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	a man of great|大金持ち|noun phrase|a man who has a lot of money	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	a man of small fortune|小金持ち|noun phrase|a man who has a little bit of money	be willing to|しようとする|verb phrase|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	a thousand pounds|千ポンド|noun phrase|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	share|株|noun|a part of a company that can be bought, sold, or traded	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale	merely|単に|adverb|only; simply	the influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	aquire|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the like	a vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	the court of proprietors|所有者の裁判所|noun phrase|a court that deals with cases involving property ownership
It gives him a share, though not in the plunder, yet in the appointment of the plunderers of India; the court of directors, though they make that appointment, being necessarily more or less under the influence of the proprietors, who not only elect those directors, but sometimes over-rule the appointments of their servants in India.	それは彼に、略奪には関与しないものの、インドの略奪者の任命に関与する権利を与える。取締役会は、その任命を行うものの、必然的に多かれ少なかれ所有者の影響下にあり、所有者は取締役を選出するだけでなく、時にはインドにおける使用人の任命を覆すこともある。	give|与える|verb|transfer something to someone	share|関与する権利|noun|a part or portion of a whole	plunder|略奪|noun|the violent and dishonest taking of property	appointment|任命|noun|the action of appointing someone to a position	court|取締役会|noun|a body of people with authority to adjudicate	director|取締役|noun|a person who is in charge of an organization	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
Provided he can enjoy this influence for a few years, and thereby provide for a certain number of his friends, he frequently cares little about the dividend, or even about the value of the stock upon which his vote is founded.	彼が数年間この影響力を享受し、それによって一定数の友人を養うことができるのであれば、彼はしばしば配当金や、彼の投票の根拠となる株の価値についてさえほとんど気にしない。	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	a few years|数年間|noun|a small number of years	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	provide for|養う|verb|support financially	a certain number of|一定数の|noun|a specific but unspecified number of	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	care little about|ほとんど気にしない|verb|not be interested in or concerned about	dividend|配当金|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	about|について|preposition|on the subject of; concerning	the value of|の価値|noun|the worth of something in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged	the stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	upon which|の根拠となる|preposition|on top of which; on which	his vote|彼の投票|noun|a formal indication of a choice between two or more candidates or courses of action	is founded|は基づいている|verb|be based on
About the prosperity of the great empire, in the government of which that vote gives him a share, he seldom cares at all.	その投票によって彼がその統治に参加する大帝国の繁栄については、彼はほとんど気にかけない。	about|について|preposition|on the subject of; concerning	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large empire	government|統治|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	share|参加|noun|a part or portion of a whole	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	care|気にかける|verb|feel concern or interest; be concerned
No other sovereigns ever were, or, from the nature of things, ever could be, so perfectly indifferent about the happiness or misery of their subjects, the improvement or waste of their dominions, the glory or disgrace of their administration, as, from irresistible moral causes, the greater part of the proprietors of such a mercantile company are, and necessarily must be.	他のいかなる君主も、臣民の幸福や悲惨さ、領土の改善や荒廃、統治の栄光や不名誉について、このような商業会社の所有者の大部分がそうであるように、また必然的にそうであるように、完全に無関心であったことはないし、また物事の性質上、あり得ない。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	misery|悲惨さ|noun|a state of great suffering or unhappiness	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	waste|荒廃|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honor won by notable achievements	disgrace|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect	irresistible|抵抗できない|adjective|too strong or pleasing to be resisted	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	mercantile|商業|adjective|relating to trade or commerce	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably
This indifference, too, was more likely to be increased than diminished by some of the new regulations which were made in consequence of the parliamentary inquiry.	この無関心もまた、議会の調査の結果作られたいくつかの新しい規制によって、減少するよりも増加する可能性が高かった。	indifference|無関心|noun|lack of interest or concern	parliamentary|議会の|adjective|of or relating to a parliament	inquiry|調査|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.
By a resolution of the house of commons, for example, it was declared, that when the £1,400,000 lent to the company by government, should be paid, and their bond-debts be reduced to £1,500,000, they might then, and not till then, divide eight per cent.	たとえば、下院の決議により、政府が会社に貸し付けた140万ポンドが支払われ、社債が150万ポンドに減額された場合、そのときまでではなく、そのときに8パーセントを配当することができると宣言された。	house of commons|下院|noun|the lower house of the British parliament	resolution|決議|noun|a formal expression of opinion or intention agreed on by a group	for example|たとえば|adverb|by way of illustration	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	company|会社|noun|a business organization	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money for work or a service	bond-debt|社債|noun|a debt security issued by a corporation and sold to investors	be reduced|減額される|verb|make or become smaller or less	then|そのとき|adverb|at that time	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space mentioned)	divide|配当する|verb|split or be split into parts	eight per cent|8パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred
upon their capital;	彼らの資本に。	upon|に|preposition|on	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
and that whatever remained of their revenues and neat profits at home should be divided into four parts;	そして、国内の収入と純利益の残りはすべて4つに分割されるべきである。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	revenue|収入|noun|income	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	four|4つ|noun|the number 4
three of them to be paid into the exchequer for the use of the public, and the fourth to be reserved as a fund, either for the further reduction of their bond-debts, or for the discharge of other contingent exigencies which the company might labour under.	そのうちの3つは公衆の使用のために国庫に支払われ、4つ目は社債のさらなる削減、または会社が労働するかもしれない他の偶発的な緊急事態の解消のために基金として留保される。	three|3つ|noun|the number 3	public|公衆|noun|the general body of people	fourth|4つ目|noun|the number 4	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	reduction|削減|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	discharge|解消|noun|the action of releasing someone from a duty or responsibility	labour|労働する|verb|work hard
But if the company were bad stewards and bad sovereigns, when the whole of their neat revenue and profits belonged to themselves, and were at their own disposal, they were surely not likely to be better when three-fourths of them were to belong to other people, and the other fourth, though to be laid out for the benefit of the company, yet to be so under the inspection and with the approbation of other people.	しかし、会社が悪い管理者であり、悪い主権者であった場合、彼らの純収入と利益のすべてが彼ら自身のものであり、彼ら自身の処分であったとき、彼らの4分の3が他の人々に属することになっていたとき、彼らは確かに良くなる可能性は低かった。そして残りの4分の1は、会社の利益のために配置されるべきであるが、それでも他の人々の検査と承認の下でそうであるべきである。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	steward|管理者|noun|a person who manages another's property or financial affairs	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	three-fourths|4分の3|noun|a fraction equal to three divided by four	other|他の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	fourth|4分の1|noun|a fraction equal to one divided by four	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination	approbation|承認|noun|approval

It might be more agreeable to the company, that their own servants and dependants should have either the pleasure of wasting, or the profit of embezzling, whatever surplus might remain, after paying the proposed dividend of eight per cent.	会社にとって、8パーセントの配当金を支払った後に残った余剰金は、自分たちの使用人や扶養家族が浪費する喜びや横領の利益を得られる方が好ましいかもしれない。	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing	company|会社|noun|a business organization	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	dependant|扶養家族|noun|a person who relies on another for financial support	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	wasting|浪費|noun|using or expending something of value carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	embezzling|横領|noun|stealing or misappropriating money placed in one's trust or belonging to one's employer	surplus|余剰金|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	eight percent|8パーセント|noun|a proportion or share in every hundred	dividend|配当金|noun|a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves)
than that it should come into the hands of a set of people with whom those resolutions could scarce fail to set them in some measure at variance.	それが、そうした決議が彼らをある程度相違させることに失敗することはほとんどありえない人々の手に渡るよりも。	come into the hands of|手に渡る|verb|to be given to or taken by someone	set of people|人々の集団|noun|a group of people	resolution|決議|noun|a formal decision	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	fail|失敗する|verb|to be unsuccessful in doing or achieving something	set at variance|相違させる|verb|to cause to disagree or be different
The interest of those servants and dependants might so far predominate in the court of proprietors, as sometimes to dispose it to support the authors of depredations which had been committed in direct violation of its own authority.	これらの使用人や扶養家族の関心は、所有者の法廷でこれまでのところ優勢であり、時にはそれ自身の権限を直接侵害して犯された略奪の作者を支援するためにそれを処分することがある。	interest|関心|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	dependant|扶養家族|noun|a person who relies on another for financial support	predominate|優勢である|verb|be greater in number or amount	court|法廷|noun|a place where people are tried for crimes	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of something	author|作者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	depredation|略奪|noun|the action of attacking and robbing a place	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
With the majority of proprietors, the support even of the authority of their own court might sometimes be a matter of less consequence than the support of those who had set that authority at defiance.	所有者の過半数にとって、彼ら自身の法廷の権威の支持でさえ、時にはその権威を無視した人々の支持よりも重要性が低い問題であるかもしれない。	majority|過半数|noun|the greater part or number; more than half	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	court|法廷|noun|a place where legal cases are heard and decided	support|支持|noun|the action of approving of and encouraging someone or something	defiance|無視|noun|open resistance; bold disobedience

The regulations of 1773, accordingly, did not put an end to the disorder of the company’s government in India.	したがって、1773年の規制は、インドにおける会社の政府の混乱を終わらせることはなかった。	1773|1773年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop or cease	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia
Notwithstanding that, during a momentary fit of good conduct, they had at one time collected into the treasury of Calcutta more than £3,000,000 sterling;	それにもかかわらず、一時的に善行にふさわしい行動をとった彼らは、かつてカルカッタの宝庫に300万ポンド以上の英貨を集めていた。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	momentary|一時的|adjective|lasting for a very short time	fit|ふさわしい|adjective|right or proper	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	at one time|かつて|adverb|formerly	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	treasury|宝庫|noun|a place where money or valuables are kept	more than|以上|adjective|greater in number or amount than	£3,000,000|300万ポンド|noun|three million pounds	sterling|英貨|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
notwithstanding that they had afterwards extended either their dominion or their depredations over a vast accession of some of the richest and most fertile countries in India, all was wasted and destroyed.	それにもかかわらず、彼らはその後、インドで最も豊かで最も肥沃な国々のいくつかの広大な併合に彼らの支配または略奪を拡大したが、すべてが無駄にされ、破壊された。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	dominion|支配|noun|supreme authority	depredation|略奪|noun|the action of robbing or plundering	vast|広大な|adjective|of very great extent or quantity	accession|併合|noun|the attainment or acquisition of a position or office	waste|無駄にする|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause the destruction of
They found themselves altogether unprepared to stop or resist the incursion of Hyder Ali;	彼らはハイダル・アリの侵略を阻止したり抵抗したりする準備が全くできていないことに気づいた。	find oneself|気づく|verb|become aware of	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	unprepared|準備ができていない|adjective|not ready	stop|阻止する|verb|prevent from happening	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	incursion|侵略|noun|an invasion or attack
and in consequence of those disorders, the company is now (1784) in greater distress than ever;	そして、これらの混乱の結果として、会社は今(1784年)かつてないほど大きな苦境に立たされている。	in consequence of|の結果として|preposition|as a result of	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	company|会社|noun|a business organization	now|今|adverb|at the present time	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size or amount	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain
and, in order to prevent immediate bankruptcy, is once more reduced to supplicate the assistance of government.	そして、即時の破産を防ぐために、もう一度政府の援助を嘆願することになった。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	once more|もう一度|adverb|one more time	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	supplicate|嘆願する|verb|ask for humbly or earnestly	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
Different plans have been proposed by the different parties in parliament for the better management of its affairs;	議会では、その業務をより適切に管理するために、各党からさまざまな計画が提案されている。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	affair|業務|noun|an event or sequence of events of a specified kind or that has previously been referred to
and all those plans seem to agree in supposing, what was indeed always abundantly evident, that it is altogether unfit to govern its territorial possessions.	そして、それらの計画はすべて、実際には常に十分に明らかだったことだが、会社がその領土を統治するには全く適していないと仮定することに同意しているようだ。	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	indeed|実際に|adverb|really; truly; in fact	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; ever	abundantly|十分に|adverb|more than enough; plentifully	evident|明らか|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally; wholly	unfit|適していない|adjective|not suitable or appropriate	govern|統治する|verb|rule or control	territorial|領土|adjective|relating to a territory or its inhabitants	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something
Even the company itself seems to be convinced of its own incapacity so far, and seems, upon that account willing to give them up to government.	会社自身でさえ、これまでのところ自らの無能さを確信しているようで、その理由で政府に引き渡すことをいとわないようだ。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	company|会社|noun|a business organization	itself|自身|pronoun|the thing or person mentioned	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	convince|確信する|verb|cause to believe or accept something	incapacity|無能さ|noun|the inability to do something	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree attained or described	upon|理由で|preposition|on	give up|引き渡す|verb|hand over	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community

With the right of possessing forts and garrisons in distant and barbarous countries is necessarily connected the right of making peace and war in those countries.	遠く離れた野蛮な国々に砦や駐屯地を所有する権利には、必然的にそれらの国々で戦争と和平を結ぶ権利が伴う。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	fort|砦|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	distant|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	connect|伴う|verb|bring together or into contact so that a real or notional link is established	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	make|結ぶ|verb|form or create	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
The joint-stock companies, which have had the one right, have constantly exercised the other, and have frequently had it expressly conferred upon them.	一方の権利を有していた合資会社は、常に他方の権利を行使し、しばしば明示的にその権利を与えられてきた。	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a company or association of individuals	have|有する|verb|possess, own, or hold	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	other|他方|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned or known about	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	expressly|明示的に|adverb|explicitly; clearly	confer|与える|verb|grant or bestow
How unjustly, how capriciously, how cruelly, they have commonly exercised it, is too well known from recent experience.	彼らがどれほど不当に、どれほど気まぐれに、どれほど残酷にそれを行使してきたかは、最近の経験からよく知られている。	unjustly|不当に|adverb|in an unfair or unjust way	capriciously|気まぐれに|adverb|in a way that is unpredictable or impulsive	cruelly|残酷に|adverb|in a way that causes pain or suffering	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	recent|最近の|adjective|having happened or been done not long ago	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events

When a company of merchants undertake, at their own risk and expense, to establish a new trade with some remote and barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint-stock company, and to grant them, in case of their success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number of years.	商人の会社が、自らのリスクと費用で、遠く離れた野蛮な国との新しい貿易を開始する場合、彼らを合資会社に組み込み、成功した場合に一定期間の貿易の独占権を与えることは不合理ではないかもしれない。	company|会社|noun|a business organization	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	undertake|開始する|verb|take on a task or job	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	expense|費用|noun|the cost of something	establish|開始する|verb|set up or start	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	remote|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	unreasonable|不合理な|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense	incorporate|組み込む|verb|include as part of a whole	joint-stock company|合資会社|noun|a business owned by a number of people who each own shares	grant|与える|verb|give or allow	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
It is the easiest and most natural way in which the state can recompense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterwards to reap the benefit.	それは、国家が危険で高価な実験を危険にさらしたことに対して彼らに報いることができる最も簡単で自然な方法であり、その利益は後に国民が享受することになる。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	recompense|報いる|verb|give something to (someone) in return for something done	hazard|危険にさらす|verb|expose to risk or danger	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	experiment|実験|noun|a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area as a whole	reap|享受する|verb|receive as a consequence of one's own or others' actions
A temporary monopoly of this kind may be vindicated, upon the same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor, and that of a new book to its author.	この種の一時的な独占は、新しい機械の独占権が発明者に与えられ、新しい本の独占権が著者に与えられるという同じ原則に基づいて正当化されるかもしれない。	temporary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for a limited period of time	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	inventor|発明者|noun|a person who invents something	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report
But upon the expiration of the term, the monopoly ought certainly to determine;	しかし、期間が満了すれば、独占は間違いなく終了するべきである。	expiration|満了|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	term|期間|noun|a period of time	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	determine|終了する|verb|cause to come to an end
the forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to establish any, to be taken into the hands of government, their value to be paid to the company, and the trade to be laid open to all the subjects of the state.	砦や駐屯地は、もし建設する必要があると認められれば、政府の手に渡り、その価値は会社に支払われ、貿易は国家のすべての臣民に開放されるべきである。	fort|砦|noun|a military building designed to be defended	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	establish|建設する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	company|会社|noun|a commercial business	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
By a perpetual monopoly, all the other subjects of the state are taxed very absurdly in two different ways: first, by the high price of goods, which, in the case of a free trade, they could buy much cheaper;	永続的な独占によって、国家の他のすべての臣民は、二つの異なる方法で非常に不合理な課税を受けている。第一に、自由貿易の場合にはもっと安く買えるはずの品物の高価格によってである。	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	absurdly|不合理な|adverb|in a way that is ridiculous or unreasonable	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	first|第一に|adverb|before all others in time or order	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	free trade|自由貿易|noun|international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions	cheaper|安く|adjective|low in price or value
and, secondly, by their total exclusion from a branch of business which it might be both convenient and profitable for many of them to carry on.	第二に、彼らの多くにとって便利で利益になるかもしれない事業部門から完全に排除されることによってである。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	total exclusion|完全に排除されること|noun|the act of excluding or the state of being excluded	branch of business|事業部門|noun|a division of a company that deals with a particular type of business	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	profitable|利益になる|adjective|yielding a financial gain
It is for the most worthless of all purposes, too, that they are taxed in this manner.	彼らがこのように課税されるのは、あらゆる目的の中で最も無価値なもののためでもある。	for the most worthless of all purposes|あらゆる目的の中で最も無価値なもののため|noun phrase|for the most worthless of all purposes	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way; like this
It is merely to enable the company to support the negligence, profusion, and malversation of their own servants, whose disorderly conduct seldom allows the dividend of the company to exceed the ordinary rate of profit in trades which are altogether free, and very frequently makes a fall even a good deal short of that rate.	それは単に、会社が自らの使用人の怠慢、浪費、不正を支えることができるようにするためであり、彼らの無秩序な行為は、会社の配当が完全に自由な貿易における通常の利益率を超えることはめったになく、非常に頻繁にその率を大幅に下回る。	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	profusion|浪費|noun|a lavish expenditure or supply	malversation|不正|noun|corrupt or fraudulent conduct by a person in a position of power or trust	disorderly conduct|無秩序な行為|noun|behavior that tends to disturb the public peace	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	ordinary rate|通常の率|noun|the usual or normal rate	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	very frequently|非常に頻繁に|adverb|very often	fall|下回る|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	even a good deal|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent; considerably	short of|足りない|preposition|less than or not as much as
Without a monopoly, however, a joint-stock company, it would appear from experience, cannot long carry on any branch of foreign trade.	しかし、経験からすると、独占がなければ、株式会社は外国貿易のどの部門も長く続けることはできないように思われる。	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries
To buy in one market, in order to sell with profit in another, when there are many competitors in both;	一方の市場で買い、他方の市場で利益を出して売るためには、両方の市場に多くの競合他社がいる場合、	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	competitor|競合他社|noun|a person or organization that is trying to sell the same goods or services as another
to watch over, not only the occasional variations in the demand, but the much greater and more frequent variations in the competition, or in the supply which that demand is likely to get from other people;	需要の偶発的な変動だけでなく、競争やその需要が他の人々から得る可能性のある供給のより大きくより頻繁な変動を監視すること、	watch over|監視する|verb|to look after and protect	occasional|偶発的な|adjective|happening infrequently or irregularly	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way that something happens or is done	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	supply|供給|noun|the amount of something that is available	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
and to suit with dexterity and judgment both the quantity and quality of each assortment of goods to all these circumstances, is a species of warfare, of which the operations are continually changing, and which can scarce ever be conducted successfully, without such an unremitting exertion of vigilance and attention as cannot long be expected from the directors of a joint-stock company.	そして、これらのすべての状況に合わせて、各品揃えの数量と品質の両方を器用さと判断力で合わせることは、戦争の一種であり、その作戦は絶えず変化しており、株式会社の取締役に長く期待できないような絶え間ない警戒と注意を払わなければ、成功することはほとんどできない。	suit|合わせる|verb|be appropriate or acceptable to	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	judgment|判断力|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	quantity|数量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	assortment|品揃え|noun|a collection of various things	warfare|戦争|noun|the activity of fighting a war	operation|作戦|noun|a planned military action	change|変化する|verb|become different	conduct|行う|verb|organize and carry out	successfully|首尾よく|adverb|in a way that achieves a desired result	vigilance|警戒|noun|the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	unremitting|絶え間ない|adjective|not stopping or slackening	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	director|取締役|noun|a person appointed to manage or supervise an organization or department	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a business owned by people who buy shares of stock
The East India company, upon the redemption of their funds, and the expiration of their exclusive privilege, have a right, by act of parliament, to continue a corporation with a joint stock, and to trade in their corporate capacity to the East Indies, in common with the rest of their fellow subjects.	東インド会社は、資金の償還と独占権の失効に伴い、議会法により、株式会社を継続し、他の臣民と共通に東インド諸島との法人格で貿易を行う権利を有する。	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	redemption|償還|noun|the action of redeeming something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	expiration|失効|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	exclusive privilege|独占権|noun|a right or advantage belonging exclusively to one person or group	act of parliament|議会法|noun|a law passed by a parliament	continue|継続する|verb|persist in an activity or process	joint stock|株式会社|noun|a company or corporation whose capital is divided into shares	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	fellow subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign
But in this situation, the superior vigilance and attention of a private adventurer would, in all probability, soon make them weary of the trade.	しかし、この状況では、私的な冒険家の優れた警戒心と注意力が、おそらくすぐに彼らを貿易に飽きさせてしまうだろう。	in this situation|この状況では|adverb|in the current circumstances	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	vigilance|警戒心|noun|the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	attention|注意力|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure	in all probability|おそらく|adverb|very likely; almost certainly	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	weary|飽きさせる|verb|make or become tired

An eminent French author, of great knowledge in matters of political economy, the Abbe Morellet, gives a list of fifty-five joint-stock companies for foreign trade, which have been established in different parts of Europe since the year 1600, and which, according to him, have all failed from mismanagement, notwithstanding they had exclusive privileges.	政治経済問題に精通した著名なフランス人作家、アベ・モレルは、1600年以降ヨーロッパ各地に設立された対外貿易のための55の株式会社のリストを示しているが、彼によれば、それらはすべて独占的特権を有していたにもかかわらず、経営不振で失敗したという。	eminent|著名な|adjective|well-known and respected	French|フランス人|noun|a person from France	author|作家|noun|a person who writes books	great knowledge|精通|noun|a high level of knowledge or skill	political economy|政治経済|noun|the study of the relationship between the state and the economy	Abbe Morellet|アベ・モレル|noun|a French writer and economist	give a list|リストを示す|verb|provide a list	fifty-five|55|noun|the number 55	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	foreign trade|対外貿易|noun|trade between different countries	which have been established|設立された|relative clause|that were established	different parts|各地|noun|various parts	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	since the year 1600|1600年以降|noun|the year 1600 and after	according to him|彼によれば|phrase|in his opinion	have all failed|すべて失敗した|verb|have all been unsuccessful	mismanagement|経営不振|noun|poor management	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|conjunction|in spite of	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a privilege that is granted to only one person or group
He has been misinformed with regard to the history of two or three of them, which were not joint-stock companies and have not failed.	彼はそのうちの二、三の歴史について誤った情報を得ていたが、それらは株式会社ではなく、失敗もしていなかった。	two or three|二、三|noun|a small number	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a goal
But, in compensation, there have been several joint-stock companies which have failed, and which he has omitted.	しかし、その代償として、彼が省略したいくつかの株式会社が失敗している。	compensation|代償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	omit|省略する|verb|leave out or exclude

The only trades which it seems possible for a joint-stock company to carry on successfully, without an exclusive privilege, are those, of which all the operations are capable of being reduced to what is called a routine, or to such a uniformity of method as admits of little or no variation.	株式会社が独占的特権なしに成功裏に遂行できると思われる唯一の取引は、すべての業務がいわゆるルーチンに還元できるもの、あるいはほとんどまたはまったく変化を認めないような方法の均一性に還元できるものである。	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	successfully|成功裏に|adverb|with success	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is only available to one person or group	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	possible|可能な|adjective|able to be done or achieved	routine|ルーチン|noun|a sequence of actions regularly followed	uniformity|均一性|noun|the quality or state of being uniform	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge the existence or truth of	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったくない|determiner|not any
Of this kind is, first, the banking trade;	このような種類のものとしては、まず銀行業がある。	of this kind|このような種類のもの|noun phrase|of the type being discussed	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; first of all	banking|銀行業|noun|the business of a bank	trade|業|noun|a business or profession
secondly, the trade of insurance from fire and from sea risk, and capture in time of war;	第二に、火災や海上リスク、戦時中の捕獲に対する保険業である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	trade|業|noun|a business or occupation	insurance|保険|noun|a contract or policy in which one party agrees to indemnify or reimburse another for loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium	fire|火災|noun|the burning of something that is not intended to be burned	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse consequences	capture|捕獲|noun|the taking of a person or thing by force	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
thirdly, the trade of making and maintaining a navigable cut or canal;	第三に、航行可能な水路や運河の建設と維持である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	make|建設|verb|construct or create	maintain|維持|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel through	cut|水路|noun|a channel made by cutting through land	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway
and, fourthly, the similar trade of bringing water for the supply of a great city.	第四に、大都市に水を供給するための同様の事業である。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	bring|供給する|verb|cause to come or go to a place	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent

Though the principles of the banking trade may appear somewhat abstruse, the practice is capable of being reduced to strict rules.	銀行業の原理は多少難解に見えるかもしれないが、その実践は厳密なルールに還元することができる。	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	banking|銀行業|noun|the business of a bank	trade|業|noun|a business or occupation	appear|見える|verb|to come into sight	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	abstruse|難解|adjective|difficult to understand	practice|実践|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as opposed to theories about such application or use	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	reduce|還元する|verb|to make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	strict|厳密な|adjective|following rules or standards in a very exact way	rule|ルール|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do
To depart upon any occasion from those rules, in consequence of some flattering speculation of extraordinary gain, is almost always extremely dangerous and frequently fatal to the banking company which attempts it.	異常な利益を期待する甘い思惑から、どんな場合でもこれらのルールから逸脱することは、それを試みる銀行会社にとってほとんど常に極めて危険であり、しばしば致命的である。	depart|逸脱する|verb|leave or go away from	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	rule|ルール|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	flattering|甘い|adjective|excessively complimentary or favorable	speculation|思惑|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases	extremely|極めて|adverb|to a very great degree	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	fatal|致命的な|adjective|causing death
But the constitution of joint-stock companies renders them in general, more tenacious of established rules than any private copartnery.	しかし、株式会社の組織は、一般に、どんな私的共同事業よりも確立されたルールに固執する。	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	constitution|組織|noun|the way in which something is organized	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; normally	private copartnery|私的共同事業|noun|a business or enterprise in which two or more people share ownership	established rule|確立されたルール|noun|a rule that has been in place for a long time	tenacious|固執する|adjective|holding fast; not letting go
Such companies, therefore, seem extremely well fitted for this trade.	したがって、このような会社はこの業種に非常に適しているように見える。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	company|会社|noun|a business organization	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner	fit|適している|verb|be suitable for	trade|業種|noun|a business or industry
The principal banking companies in Europe, accordingly, are joint-stock companies, many of which manage their trade very successfully without any exclusive privilege.	したがって、ヨーロッパの主要な銀行会社は株式会社であり、その多くは独占的特権なしに非常にうまく事業を運営している。	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	many of which|その多くは|pronoun|a large number of which	manage|運営する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for	trade|事業|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	very successfully|非常にうまく|adverb|in a very successful way	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a privilege that is granted to only one person or group
The bank of England has no other exclusive privilege, except that no other banking company in England shall consist of more than six persons.	イングランド銀行は、イングランドの他の銀行会社が六人以上で構成されてはならないという点を除いて、他の独占的特権を有していない。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	have no other|他の～がない|verb|not have any other	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	no other|他の～がない|verb|not have any other	banking company|銀行会社|noun|a company that provides banking services	shall|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention or determination	consist of|～で構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	more than|～以上|preposition|greater in number or amount than
The two banks of Edinburgh are joint-stock companies, without any exclusive privilege.	エジンバラの二つの銀行は、独占的特権のない株式会社である。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and borrow money	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	exclusive privilege|独占的特権|noun|a right or advantage that is only available to one person or group

The value of the risk, either from fire, or from loss by sea, or by capture, though it cannot, perhaps, be calculated very exactly, admits, however, of such a gross estimation, as renders it, in some degree, reducible to strict rule and method.	火災、海難、拿捕による危険の価値は、おそらく正確に計算することはできないが、ある程度厳密な規則や方法に還元できるような大まかな見積もりは可能である。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	risk|危険|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	fire|火災|noun|the burning of something that is not intended to be burned	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	capture|拿捕|noun|the taking of someone or something by force	calculate|計算する|verb|determine the amount or number of	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a way that is accurate or exact	admit|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	gross|大まかな|adjective|without taking off any deductions	estimation|見積もり|noun|a judgment or opinion of the nature, quality, or value of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	reduce|還元する|verb|make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	rule|規則|noun|one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct within a particular area of activity	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something
The trade of insurance, therefore, may be carried on successfully by a joint-stock company, without any exclusive privilege.	したがって、保険業は、独占的特権なしに株式会社によって首尾よく遂行できる。	trade|業|noun|a business or occupation	insurance|保険|noun|a contract or policy that provides compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a premium	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	be carried on|遂行できる|verb|continue to do something	successfully|首尾よく|adverb|in a way that achieves a desired result	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares that are owned by the shareholders	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
Neither the London Assurance, nor the Royal Exchange Assurance companies have any such privilege.	ロンドン保険会社もロイヤル・エクスチェンジ保険会社も、そのような特権を有していない。	London Assurance|ロンドン保険会社|noun|a British insurance company	Royal Exchange Assurance|ロイヤル・エクスチェンジ保険会社|noun|a British insurance company	have|有する|verb|possess, own, or hold	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

When a navigable cut or canal has been once made, the management of it becomes quite simple and easy, and it is reducible to strict rule and method.	いったん運河が開通すれば、その管理は非常に単純で容易なものとなり、厳密な規則や方法に還元できる。	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel through	cut|開通|noun|an opening made by cutting	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	easy|容易な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	reducible|還元できる|adjective|able to be reduced	strict|厳密な|adjective|following rules or standards exactly	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something
Even the making of it is so, as it may be contracted for with undertakers, at so much a mile, and so much a lock.	建設も同様で、一マイルあたりいくら、水門一つあたりいくらというように、請負業者と契約できる。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	making|建設|noun|the process of making or producing something	so|同様に|adverb|in the same way	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	contract|契約|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	undertaker|請負業者|noun|a person who undertakes a task or project	so much|いくら|adverb|to a great extent	mile|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers	lock|水門|noun|a device for raising and lowering boats between different levels of a canal
The same thing may be said of a canal, an aqueduct, or a great pipe for bringing water to supply a great city.	大都市に水を供給するための運河、水道橋、大水道管についても同じことが言える。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	aqueduct|水道橋|noun|a bridgelike structure that carries a conduit or canal over a river, road, or other obstacle	pipe|水道管|noun|a tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey liquids, gases, or other substances	bring|供給する|verb|cause to come or go to a place	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
Such under-takings, therefore, may be, and accordingly frequently are, very successfully managed by joint-stock companies, without any exclusive privilege.	したがって、このような事業は、独占的特権なしに、株式会社によって非常にうまく運営される可能性があり、また、実際にそうであることが多い。	under-taking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise	may be|可能性がある|auxiliary verb|be possible	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often	successfully|うまく|adverb|in a way that achieves a desired result	manage|運営する|verb|be in charge of and responsible for the running of	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people

To establish a joint-stock company, however, for any undertaking, merely because such a company might be capable of managing it successfully;	しかし、どんな事業であれ、株式会社がそれをうまく運営できるという理由だけで株式会社を設立することは、	establish|設立する|verb|set up or start	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	undertaking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise	manage|運営する|verb|be in charge of; run	successfully|うまく|adverb|in a way that achieves a desired result
or, to exempt a particular set of dealers from some of the general laws which take place with regard to all their neighbours, merely because they might be capable of thriving, if they had such an exemption, would certainly not be reasonable.	あるいは、特定の業者集団を、その周辺の業者すべてに適用される一般法の一部から免除することは、その業者集団がそのような免除を受ければ成功する可能性があるという理由だけで行われるなら、確かに合理的ではないだろう。	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone from an obligation or requirement	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	set|集団|noun|a group of things of the same type	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	general law|一般法|noun|a law that applies to all people or things	take place|適用される|verb|happen	neighbour|周辺の業者|noun|a person who lives near you	thrive|成功する|verb|flourish or prosper	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing someone from an obligation or requirement	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason
To render such an establishment perfectly reasonable, with the circumstance of being reducible to strict rule and method, two other circumstances ought to concur.	このような設立を、厳格な規則と方法に還元できるという状況で、完全に合理的なものにするには、他の二つの状況が同時に起こらなければならない。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	reducible|還元できる|adjective|capable of being reduced	strict|厳格な|adjective|requiring complete obedience	rule|規則|noun|a statement that tells you what is or is not allowed	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	ought to|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|should	concur|同時に起こる|verb|happen at the same time
First, it ought to appear with the clearest evidence, that the undertaking is of greater and more general utility than the greater part of common trades;	第一に、その事業が一般的な取引の大部分よりも大きく、より一般的な有用性を持つことが、最も明確な証拠をもって示されるべきである。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	appear|示される|verb|be or become visible	clear|明確な|adjective|easy to understand	evidence|証拠|noun|the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid	undertaking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial
and, secondly, that it requires a greater capital than can easily be collected into a private copartnery.	第二に、それは私的な共同経営に簡単に集められるよりも大きな資本を必要とする。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	collect|集める|verb|bring or gather together	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	copartnery|共同経営|noun|a partnership
If a moderate capital were sufficient, the great utility of the undertaking would not be a sufficient reason for establishing a joint-stock company;	適度な資本で十分なら、事業の大きな有用性は株式会社を設立するのに十分な理由にはならないだろう。	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	undertaking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares held by the shareholders
because, in this case, the demand for what it was to produce, would readily and easily be supplied by private adventurers.	なぜなら、この場合、生産されるべきものに対する需要は、私的な冒険家によって容易に供給されるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	what|もの|noun|the thing that	produce|生産する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	readily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	supply|供給する|verb|make available for use	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who enjoys or seeks adventure
In the four trades above mentioned, both those circumstances concur.	上記の四つの取引では、この二つの状況が同時に起こる。	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	concur|同時に起こる|verb|happen at the same time

The great and general utility of the banking trade, when prudently managed, has been fully explained in the second book of this Inquiry.	銀行業が慎重に運営された場合の、その大きくて一般的な有用性は、この研究の第二巻で十分に説明されている。	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	banking|銀行業|noun|the business of a bank	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	prudently|慎重に|adverb|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; cautious	manage|運営する|verb|be in charge of and responsible for the running of	fully|十分に|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	inquiry|研究|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.
But a public bank, which is to support public credit, and, upon particular emergencies, to advance to government the whole produce of a tax, to the amount, perhaps, of several millions, a year or two before it comes in, requires a greater capital than can easily be collected into any private copartnery.	しかし、公的信用を支え、特別な緊急事態には、税収の全額を、おそらく数百万ポンドの額で、それが入ってくる一、二年前に政府に前払いする公的銀行は、どんな私的協同組合にも容易に集めることのできないほどの大きな資本を必要とする。	public credit|公的信用|noun|the ability of a government to borrow money	particular emergency|特別な緊急事態|noun|a situation that is urgent and requires immediate action	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	several million|数百万|noun|a large number of people or things	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	private copartnery|私的協同組合|noun|a business or other organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services

The trade of insurance gives great security to the fortunes of private people, and, by dividing among a great many that loss which would ruin an individual, makes it fall light and easy upon the whole society.	保険業は、私人の財産に大きな安全を与え、個人を破滅させるような損失を大勢の間で分割することで、社会全体に軽く、楽に負担させる。	trade|業|noun|a business or occupation	insurance|保険|noun|a contract or policy in which an insurance company agrees to pay a specified amount of money in the event of a specified loss	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
In order to give this security, however, it is necessary that the insurers should have a very large capital.	しかし、この安全を与えるためには、保険業者が非常に大きな資本を持つことが必要である。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the purpose of	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	insurer|保険業者|noun|a company that provides insurance	have|持つ|verb|own or possess
Before the establishment of the two joint-stock companies for insurance in London, a list, it is said, was laid before the attorney-general, of one hundred and fifty private usurers, who had failed in the course of a few years.	ロンドンで二つの保険株式会社が設立される前には、数年間に破産した百五十人の私的高利貸しのリストが法務長官の前に提出されたという。	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	insurance|保険|noun|a contract or policy in which an insurance company agrees to pay a specified amount of money in the event of a specified loss	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	list|リスト|noun|a series of names, items, or categories	attorney-general|法務長官|noun|the chief law officer of a state or nation	one hundred and fifty|百五十|numeral|150	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	usurer|高利貸し|noun|a person who lends money at an exorbitant rate of interest	fail|破産する|verb|become bankrupt	course|数年間|noun|a period of time

That navigable cuts and canals, and the works which are sometimes necessary for supplying a great city with water, are of great and general utility, while, at the same time, they frequently require a greater expense than suits the fortunes of private people, is sufficiently obvious.	航行可能な運河や水路、大都市に水を供給するために時々必要となる工事は、大きくて一般的な有用性を持つが、同時に、私人の財産に適合するよりも大きな費用を必要とすることは、十分に明らかである。	navigable|航行可能な|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel through	cut|運河|noun|a channel dug across land to allow water to flow through	canal|水路|noun|a channel dug across land to allow water to flow through	work|工事|noun|the effort exerted to do or accomplish something	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	water|水|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major ingredient in all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	great|大都市|adjective|of major significance or importance	utility|有用性|noun|the quality or state of being useful	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	obvious|明らか|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear

Except the four trades above mentioned, I have not been able to recollect any other, in which all the three circumstances requisite for rendering reasonable the establishment of a joint-stock company concur.	上記の四つの業種を除いて、株式会社の設立を合理的にするために必要な三つの条件がすべて揃っている業種は他に思い浮かばない。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	trade|業種|noun|a business or occupation	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	have not been able to|できない|verb|be unable to	recollect|思い出す|verb|recall to the mind; remember	any other|他に|determiner|some other; any more	in which|～において|conjunction|in the place that	all the three|三つすべて|determiner|all of the three	circumstance|条件|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	requisite|必要な|adjective|required; necessary	rendering|するために|verb|cause to be or become	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	concur|揃う|verb|happen at the same time
The English copper company of London, the lead-smelting company, the glass-grinding company, have not even the pretext of any great or singular utility in the object which they pursue;	ロンドンの英国銅会社、鉛製錬会社、ガラス研磨会社は、彼らが追求する目的に、大した有用性や特異な有用性があるという口実すらない。	The English copper company of London|ロンドンの英国銅会社|noun|a company that produces copper in London	lead-smelting company|鉛製錬会社|noun|a company that smelts lead	glass-grinding company|ガラス研磨会社|noun|a company that grinds glass	have not even the pretext of|口実すらない|verb|do not even have the excuse of	any great or singular utility|大した有用性や特異な有用性|noun|any great or unique usefulness	in the object which they pursue|彼らが追求する目的に|noun|in the goal that they are trying to achieve
nor does the pursuit of that object seem to require any expense unsuitable to the fortunes of many private men.	また、その目的を追求するために、多くの私人の財産に不適切な費用を必要とするようにも思えない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	pursuit|追求|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	seem|思えない|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	unsuitable|不適切な|adjective|not fitting or appropriate	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
Whether the trade which those companies carry on, is reducible to such strict rule and method as to render it fit for the management of a joint-stock company, or whether they have any reason to boast of their extraordinary profits, I do not pretend to know.	これらの会社が営む事業が、株式会社の経営に適するような厳格なルールや方法に還元できるのか、あるいは彼らが特別な利益を自慢する理由があるのかどうか、私は知っているふりはしない。	trade|事業|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	reducible|還元できる|adjective|able to be reduced	strict|厳格な|adjective|demanding that rules or standards be obeyed	rule|ルール|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	fit|適する|adjective|suitable or appropriate	management|経営|noun|the control and operation of a business or organization	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to behave as if something is the case when in fact it is not
The mine-adventurers company has been long ago bankrupt.	鉱山冒険者会社はずっと前に破産している。	mine-adventurers company|鉱山冒険者会社|noun|a company that mines for adventure	long ago|ずっと前に|adverb|a long time ago	bankrupt|破産している|adjective|declared in law as unable to pay their debts
A share in the stock of the British Linen company of Edinburgh sells, at present, very much below par, though less so than it did some years ago.	エジンバラの英国リネン会社の株は、現在、額面を大幅に下回る価格で売られているが、数年前に比べれば下落幅は小さい。	share|株|noun|a part or portion of a larger amount that is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute	stock|株|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	British Linen company|英国リネン会社|noun|a company that manufactures and sells linen products	Edinburgh|エジンバラ|noun|the capital of Scotland	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	very much|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent; very	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	par|額面|noun|the value of a security that is set by the company issuing it	less|小さい|adjective|not as great or as much as	some years ago|数年前|noun|a period of time in the past
The joint-stock companies, which are established for the public-spirited purpose of promoting some particular manufacture, over and above managing their own affairs ill, to the diminution of the general stock of the society, can, in other respects, scarce ever fail to do more harm than good.	特定の製造業を促進するという公益的な目的のために設立された株式会社は、自らの業務をうまく管理できないだけでなく、社会の一般的な資本を減少させ、他の点では、善よりも害を及ぼすことはほとんどない。	joint-stock company|株式会社|noun|a company whose capital is divided into shares	public-spirited|公益的な|adjective|having or showing a strong sense of civic duty	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	affair|業務|noun|a matter of business or public concern	ill|うまく|adverb|in a bad or inadequate way	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	fail|及ぼす|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving something	harm|害|noun|physical or mental damage or injury	good|善|noun|that which is morally right; righteousness
Notwithstanding the most upright intentions, the unavoidable partiality of their directors to particular branches of the manufacture, of which the undertakers mislead and impose upon them, is a real discouragement to the rest, and necessarily breaks, more or less, that natural proportion which would otherwise establish itself between judicious industry and profit, and which, to the general industry of the country, is of all encouragements the greatest and the most effectual.	最も正直な意図にもかかわらず、経営者が誤解を招き、押し付ける製造業の特定の部門に対する取締役の避けられない偏見は、残りの人々にとって真の落胆であり、賢明な産業と利益の間に自然に確立されるであろう自然な比率を多かれ少なかれ必然的に破壊し、国の一般的な産業にとって、あらゆる奨励の中で最も大きく、最も効果的なものである。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	upright|正直な|adjective|honest and just	intention|意図|noun|a plan or purpose	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided	partiality|偏見|noun|a bias in favor of one thing or person compared with another	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	undertaker|経営者|noun|a person who organizes and manages a business	mislead|誤解を招く|verb|cause (someone) to have a wrong idea or impression about something	impose|押し付ける|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	discouragement|落胆|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	break|破壊する|verb|cause (something) to separate into pieces as a result of impact or force	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	greatest|最も大きい|adjective|of the highest quality or importance	most effectual|最も効果的|adjective|producing the intended or expected result

ART. II.—Of the Expense of the Institution for the Education of Youth.	二条青少年教育機関の費用について	ART.|条|noun|article	II.|二|noun|two	expense|費用|noun|cost	institution|機関|noun|an organization or establishment founded for a particular purpose	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	youth|青少年|noun|the period of being young

The institutions for the education of the youth may, in the same manner, furnish a revenue sufficient for defraying their own expense.	青少年教育機関も同様に、自らの費用を賄うのに十分な収入を得ることができる。	institution|機関|noun|an organization or establishment founded for a particular purpose	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	youth|青少年|noun|the period between childhood and adulthood	manner|同様に|noun|a way in which something is done or happens	furnish|得る|verb|supply or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The fee or honorary, which the scholar pays to the master, naturally constitutes a revenue of this kind.	生徒が教師に支払う授業料や謝礼は、当然のことながらこの種の収入となる。	fee|授業料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services	honorary|謝礼|adjective|given as an honor, without payment	scholar|生徒|noun|a specialist in a particular branch of study	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	master|教師|noun|a person who has complete control over something	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected; of course	constitute|なる|verb|be equivalent to; amount to	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source

Even where the reward of the master does not arise altogether from this natural revenue, it still is not necessary that it should be derived from that general revenue of the society, of which the collection and application are, in most countries, assigned to the executive power.	教師の報酬がこの自然収入からすべて生じない場合でさえ、その報酬が社会の一般収入から得られる必要はない。ほとんどの国では、その収集と適用は執行権限に割り当てられている。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	natural revenue|自然収入|noun|income from natural resources	general revenue|一般収入|noun|income from all sources	collection|収集|noun|the action or process of collecting	application|適用|noun|the action of putting something into operation	most countries|ほとんどの国|noun|the majority of countries	executive power|執行権限|noun|the power to put laws into effect
Through the greater part of Europe, accordingly, the endowment of schools and colleges makes either no charge upon that general revenue, or but a very small one.	したがって、ヨーロッパの大部分では、学校や大学への寄付は、一般収入に負担をかけないか、ごくわずかな負担しかかけない。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	endowment|寄付|noun|a gift or contribution	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	make|かける|verb|cause to be or become	charge|負担|noun|a financial burden	general revenue|一般収入|noun|the income of a government from all sources	very small|ごくわずか|adjective|extremely small
It everywhere arises chiefly from some local or provincial revenue, from the rent of some landed estate, or from the interest of some sum of money, allotted and put under the management of trustees for this particular purpose, sometimes by the sovereign himself, and sometimes by some private donor.	それはどこでも、主に地方や地方の収入、土地の賃借料、またはこの特定の目的で受託者の管理下に置かれた資金の利子から生じ、時には主権者自身によって、時には私的な寄付者によって生じる。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	local|地方|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方|adjective|of or relating to a province	revenue|収入|noun|income	landed estate|土地|noun|an area of land and the buildings on it	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	allotted|割り当てられた|verb|give or apportion (something) to someone as a share or task	put under|置かれた|verb|place or keep under something	trustee|受託者|noun|a person who is given legal responsibility for managing the property or affairs of another person	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	particular|特定|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	donor|寄付者|noun|a person who gives something, especially money, to a charity, cause, or institution

Have those public endowments contributed in general, to promote the end of their institution?	これらの公的寄付は、一般的に、その制度の目的を促進するために貢献しただろうか?	public endowment|公的寄付|noun|a gift of money or property given to a public institution	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice
Have they contributed to encourage the diligence, and to improve the abilities, of the teachers?	教師の勤勉さを奨励し、能力を向上させるのに貢献しただろうか?	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	improve|向上させる|verb|make or become better	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve
Have they directed the course of education towards objects more useful, both to the individual and to the public, than those to which it would naturally have gone of its own accord?	教育の道筋を、個人にとっても公衆にとっても、自然に進むべき方向よりも、より有益な方向に向けただろうか?	direct|向ける|verb|cause to move or point towards a specified goal or area	course|道筋|noun|a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	accord|合意|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute
It should not seem very difficult to give at least a probable answer to each of those questions.	これらの質問のそれぞれに、少なくとももっともらしい答えを与えることは、それほど難しくはないはずだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	probable|もっともらしい|adjective|likely to happen or be true	answer|答え|noun|a reply to a question	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things

In every profession, the exertion of the greater part of those who exercise it, is always in proportion to the necessity they are under of making that exertion.	どんな職業でも、その職業に従事する人の大部分の努力は、常にその努力をする必要性に比例している。	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things
This necessity is greatest with those to whom the emoluments of their profession are the only source from which they expect their fortune, or even their ordinary revenue and subsistence.	この必要性は、職業上の報酬が富や通常の収入や生計を期待できる唯一の源である人々にとって最も大きい。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	those|人々|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets	even|通常の|adverb|used to emphasize the inclusion of something unexpected	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
In order to acquire this fortune, or even to get this subsistence, they must, in the course of a year, execute a certain quantity of work of a known value;	この富を得るために、あるいはこの生計を得るために、彼らは一年の間に、既知の価値のある一定量の仕事をしなければならない。	acquire|得る|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	even|あるいは|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, shelter, and clothing needed to sustain life	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	in the course of|の間に|preposition|during	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	execute|行う|verb|to carry out or put into effect	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	known|既知の|adjective|recognized, familiar, or within the range of one's knowledge	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
and, where the competition is free, the rivalship of competitors, who are all endeavouring to justle one another out of employment, obliges every man to endeavour to execute his work with a certain degree of exactness.	そして、競争が自由なところで、互いに職を奪い合おうとする競争者の競争は、誰もが自分の仕事をある程度正確に遂行するよう努力することを義務づける。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	justle|奪い合う|verb|push or knock against someone or something	employment|職|noun|the condition of having paid work	oblige|義務づける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by law or because it is their duty	execute|遂行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being exact
The greatness of the objects which are to be acquired by success in some particular professions may, no doubt, sometimes animate the exertions of a few men of extraordinary spirit and ambition.	ある特定の職業で成功することによって得られる目的の偉大さは、疑いなく、時折、並外れた精神と野心を持つ少数の人間の努力を活気づけることがある。	greatness|偉大さ|noun|the quality of being great	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of an action	acquire|得る|verb|to gain or obtain	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty or lack of conviction	animate|活気づける|verb|to give life, action, or spirit to	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something
Great objects, however, are evidently not necessary, in order to occasion the greatest exertions.	しかし、最大の努力を起こすために、偉大な目的は明らかに必要ではない。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of an action	occasion|起こす|verb|cause or produce	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt
Rivalship and emulation render excellency, even in mean professions, an object of ambition, and frequently occasion the very greatest exertions.	競争と模倣は、卑劣な職業においてさえ、優秀さを野心の対象とし、しばしば非常に大きな努力を起こす。	rivalry|競争|noun|the state of being rivals	emulation|模倣|noun|the act of emulating	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	excellency|優秀さ|noun|the quality of being excellent	mean|卑劣な|adjective|of little substance or significance	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	occasion|起こす|verb|cause to happen	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt
Great objects, on the contrary, alone and unsupported by the necessity of application, have seldom been sufficient to occasion any considerable exertion.	それどころか、偉大な目的は、それだけでは、また、努力の必要性に支えられていなければ、かなりの努力を起こすには十分ではなかった。	great object|偉大な目的|noun|a goal or aim that is of great importance	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	alone|それだけでは|adjective|without the company of others	unsupported|支えられていなければ|adjective|not supported	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	application|努力|noun|the act of putting something into operation	seldom|十分ではなかった|adverb|not often; rarely	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	occasion|起こす|noun|a particular time or event	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt
In England, success in the profession of the law leads to some very great objects of ambition;	イギリスでは、法律の職業で成功することは、野心の非常に大きな目的につながる。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	lead to|つながる|verb|to be a route or means to	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work
and yet how few men, born to easy fortunes, have ever in this country been eminent in that profession?	それでも、この国で、裕福な家庭に生まれた人が、その職業で著名になったことは、どれほど少ないだろうか?	and yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so	how few|どれほど少ない|determiner|a small number of	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	born|生まれる|verb|come into existence	easy fortune|裕福な家庭|noun|a lot of money	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	in this country|この国で|noun|the United Kingdom	be eminent|著名である|verb|be well-known and respected

The endowments of schools and colleges have necessarily diminished, more or less, the necessity of application in the teachers.	学校や大学への寄付は、必然的に、教師の努力の必要性を多かれ少なかれ減少させた。	endowment|寄付|noun|a gift or contribution	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	application|努力|noun|the act of putting something into operation	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
Their subsistence, so far as it arises from their salaries, is evidently derived from a fund, altogether independent of their success and reputation in their particular professions.	彼らの生活は、給料から生じる限り、明らかに基金から得ており、彼らの特定の職業での成功や評判とは全く無関係である。	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to live and support oneself	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification

In some universities, the salary makes but a part, and frequently but a small part, of the emoluments of the teacher, of which the greater part arises from the honoraries or fees of his pupils.	一部の大学では、給料は教師の報酬の一部に過ぎず、その大部分は生徒の謝礼金や授業料から生じている。	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker	make|過ぎない|verb|be or become	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	greater|大部分|adjective|larger or more important	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	honoraries|謝礼金|noun|a payment given to a professional person for services rendered	fees|授業料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services or membership
The necessity of application, though always more or less diminished, is not, in this case, entirely taken away.	努力の必要性は、常に多かれ少なかれ減少しているが、この場合、完全に取り去られるわけではない。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	application|努力|noun|the act of putting something into operation	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	diminished|減少している|verb|make or become less	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; wholly	taken away|取り去られる|verb|remove or carry away
Reputation in his profession is still of some importance to him, and he still has some dependency upon the affection, gratitude, and favourable report of those who have attended upon his instructions;	彼の職業における評判は、彼にとってまだある程度重要であり、彼は依然として、彼の指導を受けた人々の愛情、感謝、好意的な報告に依存している。	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	some|ある程度|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	some|ある程度|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	dependency|依存|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something	gratitude|感謝|noun|the quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness	favourable|好意的な|adjective|expressing approval or consent	report|報告|noun|an account given of a particular matter, especially in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation or consideration
and these favourable sentiments he is likely to gain in no way so well as by deserving them, that is, by the abilities and diligence with which he discharges every part of his duty.	そして、これらの好意的な感情は、彼がそれに値することによって、つまり、彼が義務のあらゆる部分を果たす能力と勤勉さによって得られる以外に、得る方法はないだろう。	favourable|好意的な|adjective|expressing approval or support	sentiment|感情|noun|a thought, opinion, or feeling	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	discharge|果たす|verb|carry out or perform	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation

In other universities, the teacher is prohibited from receiving any honorary or fee from his pupils, and his salary constitutes the whole of the revenue which he derives from his office.	他の大学では、教師は生徒から謝礼金や授業料を受け取ることを禁じられており、給料が職務から得られる収入のすべてを構成している。	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	honorary|謝礼金|noun|a payment made to a person for their services, especially when they are not expecting to be paid	fee|授業料|noun|a sum of money paid for a particular service	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	office|職務|noun|a position of authority or responsibility, especially in a business or government organization
His interest is, in this case, set as directly in opposition to his duty as it is possible to set it.	この場合、彼の利害は、可能な限り彼の義務と正反対に設定される。	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	set|設定される|verb|put, lay, or stand (something) in a specified place or position	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation; a responsibility
It is the interest of every man to live as much at his ease as he can;	できるだけ楽に暮らすことは、誰にとっても利益になる。	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	at ease|楽に|adjective|feeling or showing no anxiety or tension	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	every man|誰にとっても|noun|each and every person
and if his emoluments are to be precisely the same, whether he does or does not perform some very laborious duty, it is certainly his interest, at least as interest is vulgarly understood, either to neglect it altogether, or, if he is subject to some authority which will not suffer him to do this, to perform it in as careless and slovenly a manner as that authority will permit.	そして、もし彼の報酬が、非常に骨の折れる仕事をしようがしまいが全く同じであるならば、少なくとも利害が俗に理解されているように、それを全く無視するか、あるいは、もし彼がそうすることを許さない権力に従属しているならば、その権力が許す限り、不注意でだらしのない方法でそれを遂行することが、確かに彼の利益になる。	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	be to be|である|auxiliary verb|be destined or intended to be	precisely|全く|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce alternative possibilities	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	vulgarly|俗に|adverb|in or characteristic of the common people	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; in total	subject to|従属する|adjective|liable to be affected by	authority|権力|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	permit|許す|verb|give permission for; allow	careless|不注意な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	slovenly|だらしのない|adjective|untidy and careless in appearance or habits
If he is naturally active and a lover of labour, it is his interest to employ that activity in any way from which he can derive some advantage, rather than in the performance of his duty, from which he can derive none.	もし彼が生まれつき活動的で労働を愛する人間なら、何の利益も得られない義務の遂行よりも、何らかの利益を得られる方法でその活動に従事することが彼の利益になる。	naturally|生まれつき|adverb|by nature; inherently	active|活動的|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	lover|愛好者|noun|a person who loves something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	employ|従事する|verb|use or engage	activity|活動|noun|the state or quality of being active	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation

If the authority to which he is subject resides in the body corporate, the college, or university, of which he himself is a member, and in which the greater part of the other members are, like himself, persons who either are, or ought to be teachers, they are likely to make a common cause, to be all very indulgent to one another, and every man to consent that his neighbour may neglect his duty, provided he himself is allowed to neglect his own.	もし彼が従属する権力が、彼自身がその一員であり、他の構成員の大部分が彼自身と同じように教師であるか、教師であるべき人々である法人、大学、または大学にある場合、彼らは共通の原因を作り、お互いに非常に寛容になり、誰もが自分の義務を怠ることを許されるならば、隣人が自分の義務を怠ることに同意するようになる。	authority|権力|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	reside|ある|verb|be present or available in a place or thing	body corporate|法人|noun|a legal entity that is separate from the persons who constitute it	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	like|同じ|preposition|similar to	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	make|作る|verb|cause to exist or happen	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	indulgent|寛容な|adjective|lenient or tolerant	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
In the university of Oxford, the greater part of the public professors have, for these many years, given up altogether even the pretence of teaching.	オックスフォード大学では、公立大学教授の大部分が、長年、教育のふりさえも完全に放棄してきた。	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	Oxford|オックスフォード|noun|a city in southern England	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	public professor|公立大学教授|noun|a professor who teaches at a public university	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	pretence|ふり|noun|an act of pretending	teaching|教育|noun|the profession of a teacher

If the authority to which he is subject resides, not so much in the body corporate, of which he is a member, as in some other extraneous persons, in the bishop of the diocese, for example, in the governor of the province, or, perhaps, in some minister of state, it is not, indeed, in this case, very likely that he will be suffered to neglect his duty altogether.	もし彼が従属する権力が、彼が所属する法人ではなく、他の外部の人間、例えば教区の司教、州知事、あるいは国務大臣にある場合、この場合、彼が義務を完全に怠ることは許されないだろう。	authority|権力|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	subject|従属する|adjective|under the authority of another	reside|ある|verb|be present or available	body corporate|法人|noun|a group of people who act as a single entity	member|所属する|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	extraneous|外部の|adjective|not forming part of something	person|人間|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	diocese|教区|noun|an administrative division of a church	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	governor|知事|noun|the elected head of a state government	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely
All that such superiors, however, can force him to do, is to attend upon his pupils a certain number of hours, that is, to give a certain number of lectures in the week, or in the year.	しかし、そのような上司が彼に強制できるのは、生徒に一定時間出席すること、つまり、週または年に一定数の講義を行うことだけである。	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	hour|時間|noun|a period of time equal to 60 minutes	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days
What those lectures shall be, must still depend upon the diligence of the teacher;	講義の内容は、教師の勤勉さにかかっている。	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort
and that diligence is likely to be proportioned to the motives which he has for exerting it.	そして、その勤勉さは、彼がそれを発揮する動機に比例する可能性が高い。	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	be likely to|可能性が高い|auxiliary verb|be probable or expected	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a due or proper relation to something else	exert|発揮する|verb|apply or bring to bear	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something
An extraneous jurisdiction of this kind, besides, is liable to be exercised both ignorantly and capriciously.	その上、この種の外部からの管轄は、無知にも気まぐれにも行使されやすい。	extraneous|外部からの|adjective|not belonging to or connected with a thing	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	liable|しやすい|adjective|responsible by law; legally responsible	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	ignorantly|無知に|adverb|without knowledge or information	capriciously|気まぐれに|adverb|in a way that shows sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior
In its nature, it is arbitrary and discretionary;	その性質上、それは独断的で裁量権がある。	in its nature|その性質上|adverb|by its very nature	arbitrary|独断的な|adjective|based on or determined by individual preference or convenience rather than by necessity or the intrinsic nature of something	discretionary|裁量権がある|adjective|left to one's own judgment or choice
and the persons who exercise it, neither attending upon the lectures of the teacher themselves, nor perhaps understanding the sciences which it is his business to teach, are seldom capable of exercising it with judgment.	そして、それを行使する人は、教師自身の講義に出席することも、おそらく彼が教えるべき科学を理解することもなく、それを判断して行使することはめったにできない。	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions
From the insolence of office, too, they are frequently indifferent how they exercise it, and are very apt to censure or deprive him of his office wantonly and without any just cause.	役職の横柄さから、彼らはそれをどのように行使するかについてしばしば無関心であり、また、彼を無意味に、また正当な理由もなく非難したり、彼から役職を奪ったりしがちである。	insolence|横柄さ|noun|the quality of being rude and disrespectful	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	exercise|行使する|verb|use or apply	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	indifferent|無関心|adjective|having no particular interest or concern	censure|非難する|verb|express severe disapproval of	deprive|奪う|verb|take away from	wantonly|無意味に|adverb|in a careless or unrestrained manner	just|正当な|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	cause|理由|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
The person subject to such jurisdiction is necessarily degraded by it, and, instead of being one of the most respectable, is rendered one of the meanest and most contemptible persons in the society.	そのような管轄権に服する人は、必然的にそれによって地位を落とされ、最も尊敬される人の一人である代わりに、社会で最も卑劣で最も軽蔑される人の一人にされる。	subject to|服する|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the power or right to exercise authority	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	degrade|地位を落とす|verb|cause a severe loss in the quality of	respectable|尊敬される|adjective|worthy of respect	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or unfair	contemptible|軽蔑される|adjective|deserving contempt
It is by powerful protection only, that he can effectually guard himself against the bad usage to which he is at all times exposed;	彼が常にさらされている悪用から効果的に身を守ることができるのは、強力な保護によってのみである。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	guard|守る|verb|protect from harm	himself|自分|pronoun|the male person or animal who is being discussed	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	usage|使用|noun|the action of using something	at all times|常に|adverb|on all occasions; always	exposed|さらされている|adjective|not protected from something
and this protection he is most likely to gain, not by ability or diligence in his profession, but by obsequiousness to the will of his superiors, and by being ready, at all times, to sacrifice to that will the rights, the interest, and the honour of the body corporate, of which he is a member.	そして、彼がこの保護を得る可能性が最も高いのは、職業における能力や勤勉さによってではなく、上司の意志への従順さによってであり、また、彼が所属する法人の権利、利益、名誉をいつでもその意志に犠牲にする準備ができていることである。	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	obsequiousness|従順|noun|obedience or attentiveness to an excessive or servile degree	will|意志|noun|the faculty by which a person decides on and initiates action	superior|上司|noun|a person in a higher position	sacrifice|犠牲|noun|an act of giving up something valued for the sake of something else considered to be of greater importance or value	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	body corporate|法人|noun|a group of people or an organization that is recognized by law as having a separate legal existence, such as a company or a university	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization
Whoever has attended for any considerable time to the administration of a French university, must have had occasion to remark the effects which naturally result from an arbitrary and extraneous jurisdiction of this kind.	フランスの大学の運営にかなりの期間携わったことがある人なら誰でも、この種の独断的で無関係な管轄権から自然に生じる影響について述べる機会があったに違いない。	attend|携わる|verb|be present at	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	remark|述べる|verb|say something as a comment	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	result|生じる|verb|be produced or caused by	arbitrary|独断的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	extraneous|無関係な|adjective|not pertinent to the matter under consideration	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments

Whatever forces a certain number of students to any college or university, independent of the merit or reputation of the teachers, tends more or less to diminish the necessity of that merit or reputation.	教師の功績や評判とは無関係に、一定数の学生を大学に強制するものは何であれ、その功績や評判の必要性を多かれ少なかれ減らす傾向がある。	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	independent|無関係|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	merit|功績|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree

The privileges of graduates in arts, in law, physic, and divinity, when they can be obtained only by residing a certain number of years in certain universities, necessarily force a certain number of students to such universities, independent of the merit or reputation of the teachers.	芸術、法律、物理学、神学の卒業生の特権は、特定の大学に一定年数在籍することによってのみ得られる場合には、教師の功績や評判とは無関係に、必然的に一定数の学生をそのような大学に強制する。	graduate|卒業生|noun|a person who has completed a course of study or training, especially a person who has received a degree from a college or university	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	physic|物理学|noun|the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy	divinity|神学|noun|the study of the nature of God and religious belief	reside|在籍する|verb|live in a particular place	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education, offering academic degrees in various academic disciplines	merit|功績|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
The privileges of graduates are a sort of statutes of apprenticeship, which have contributed to the improvement of education just as the other statutes of apprenticeship have to that of arts and manufactures.	卒業生の特権は一種の徒弟制度であり、他の徒弟制度が芸術や製造業の向上に貢献したのと同じように、教育の向上に貢献してきた。	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	graduate|卒業生|noun|a person who has completed a course of study or training, especially a person who has been awarded a degree, diploma, or other academic qualification	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	apprenticeship|徒弟制度|noun|the position of being an apprentice	statute|制度|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	improvement|向上|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale

The charitable foundations of scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, etc.	奨学金、展示会、奨学金などの慈善団体。	charitable foundation|慈善団体|noun|a non-profit organization that gives money to other organizations	scholarship|奨学金|noun|a grant or payment made to support a student's education	exhibition|展示会|noun|a public display of works of art or other items of interest	bursary|奨学金|noun|a grant or payment made to support a student's education
necessarily attach a certain number of students to certain colleges, independent altogether of the merit of those particular colleges.	必然的に一定数の学生を特定の大学に所属させ、それらの特定の大学のメリットとは全く無関係である。	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	attach|所属させる|verb|to fasten or join	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	certain|特定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	independent|無関係な|adjective|not connected or associated with	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	merit|メリット|noun|the quality of being good and deserving praise
Were the students upon such charitable foundations left free to choose what college they liked best, such liberty might perhaps contribute to excite some emulation among different colleges.	そのような慈善団体の学生たちが、自分たちが一番気に入った大学を自由に選ぶことができたら、そのような自由は、おそらく異なる大学間で競争心を刺激するのに役立つだろう。	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	charitable foundation|慈善団体|noun|a non-profit organization that gives money or other help to people in need	leave free|自由に選ぶ|verb|allow to do something without restriction	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	excite|刺激する|verb|cause strong feelings of anger, interest, or sexual desire in someone	emulation|競争心|noun|the desire to be as good as or better than someone else
A regulation, on the contrary, which prohibited even the independent members of every particular college from leaving it, and going to any other, without leave first asked and obtained of that which they meant to abandon, would tend very much to extinguish that emulation.	それとは反対に、各大学の独立したメンバーでさえ、退学を申し出て許可を得ずに退学して他の大学に移ることを禁止する規則は、その競争心を消滅させる傾向が強い。	on the contrary|それとは反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or affiliated with another	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	leave|退学する|verb|go away from a place	go|移る|verb|move from one place to another	without|せずに|preposition|not having or not doing something	first|まず|adverb|before anything else	ask|申し出る|verb|say or write something in order to obtain an answer or some information	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	permission|許可|noun|the action of officially allowing someone to do, use, or have something	extinguish|消滅させる|verb|cause to stop burning or existing	emulation|競争心|noun|the desire to be as good as or better than someone else

If in each college, the tutor or teacher, who was to instruct each student in all arts and sciences, should not be voluntarily chosen by the student, but appointed by the head of the college;	各大学で、すべての芸術と科学を各学生に指導する家庭教師や教師は、学生が自発的に選ぶのではなく、大学の長によって任命されるべきである。	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	tutor|家庭教師|noun|a private teacher	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick from a number of alternatives	head|長|noun|the person in charge of an organization	appoint|任命する|verb|officially assign someone to a position or role
and if, in case of neglect, inability, or bad usage, the student should not be allowed to change him for another, without leave first asked and obtained;	そして、怠慢、無能、または悪用の場合、学生は最初に許可を求めて得ることなしに、彼を別の人に変えることを許されるべきではない。	neglect|怠慢|noun|the trait of neglecting things that should be attended to	inability|無能|noun|the quality of being unable to perform	bad usage|悪用|noun|the use of something in a way that is harmful or morally wrong	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	change|変える|verb|make or become different	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	leave|許可|noun|permission to be absent from a place or to do something	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	ask|求める|verb|say or write something in order to obtain an answer or some information	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure
such a regulation would not only tend very much to extinguish all emulation among the different tutors of the same college, but to diminish very much, in all of them, the necessity of diligence and of attention to their respective pupils.	そのような規則は、同じ大学の異なる家庭教師間の競争心を消滅させる傾向があるだけでなく、彼ら全員において、それぞれの生徒に対する勤勉さと注意の必要性を非常に減少させる傾向がある。	such a regulation|そのような規則|noun phrase|a regulation of that kind	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	extinguish|消滅させる|verb|cause to stop burning	emulation|競争心|noun|the desire to equal or excel	among|間の|preposition|in the middle of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	tutor|家庭教師|noun|a private teacher	same|同じ|adjective|being the same	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
Such teachers, though very well paid by their students, might be as much disposed to neglect them, as those who are not paid by them at all or who have no other recompense but their salary.	そのような教師は、学生から十分な報酬を受け取っているにもかかわらず、学生からまったく報酬を受け取っていない教師や、給料以外の報酬がない教師と同じように、学生を無視する傾向がある。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	pay|受け取る|verb|give money that is due or owed	well|十分な|adverb|to a high standard; very well	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make someone likely to behave in a particular manner	at all|まったく|adverb|in any way; to any extent	recompense|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker

If the teacher happens to be a man of sense, it must be an unpleasant thing to him to be conscious, while he is lecturing to his students, that he is either speaking or reading nonsense, or what is very little better than nonsense.	教師がたまたま理性的な人間である場合、学生に講義している最中に、自分がナンセンスなことを話したり読んだりしていること、あるいはナンセンスなこととほとんど変わらないことを意識するのは、彼にとって不愉快なことに違いない。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	happen to be|たまたま〜である|verb|occur by chance	man of sense|理性的な人間|noun|a person who is sensible and has good judgment	be conscious|意識する|verb|be aware of and responding to one's surroundings	while|最中に|conjunction|during the time that; at the same time that	lecture|講義する|verb|give a lecture	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	speak|話す|verb|make sounds with the mouth that form words	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	nonsense|ナンセンス|noun|words or language having no meaning or conveying no intelligible ideas	unpleasant|不愉快な|adjective|not pleasant; disagreeable
It must, too, be unpleasant to him to observe, that the greater part of his students desert his lectures;	学生の大部分が講義を放棄するのを見るのも、彼にとって不愉快なことに違いない。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	desert|放棄する|verb|leave someone or something that you are supposed to stay with or support	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience
or perhaps, attend upon them with plain enough marks of neglect, contempt, and derision.	あるいは、無視、軽蔑、嘲笑の明らかな印をつけて出席する。	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	neglect|無視|noun|the state of being uncared for	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising	derision|嘲笑|noun|the act of laughing at someone or something in a scornful way
If he is obliged, therefore, to give a certain number of lectures, these motives alone, without any other interest, might dispose him to take some pains to give tolerably good ones.	したがって、彼が一定数の講義をしなければならない場合、これらの動機だけで、他の利害関係なしに、彼は、かなり良い講義をするために、ある程度の努力をするようになるかもしれない。	be obliged|義務がある|verb|be required to do something	give|行う|verb|perform an action	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience	these motives alone|これらの動機だけで|noun|these reasons by themselves	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	interest|利害関係|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	dispose|するようになる|verb|make someone likely to do something	take some pains|ある程度の努力をする|verb|make an effort	give|行う|verb|perform an action	tolerably|かなり|adverb|moderately; fairly	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
Several different expedients, however, may be fallen upon, which will effectually blunt the edge of all those incitements to diligence.	しかし、勤勉へのあらゆる刺激の刃先を効果的に鈍らせる、いくつかの異なる方策がとられるかもしれない。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	fall upon|とられる|verb|be chosen or adopted	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in an effective way	blunt|鈍らせる|verb|make or become less sharp	edge|刃先|noun|the sharpened side of a blade	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort
The teacher, instead of explaining to his pupils himself the science in which he proposes to instruct them, may read some book upon it;	教師は、生徒に教えようとしている科学を自分で説明する代わりに、その科学に関する本を読むかもしれない。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion	instruct|教える|verb|teach (someone) how to do something	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of (written or printed matter) by interpreting the characters or symbols of which it is composed
and if this book is written in a foreign and dead language, by interpreting it to them into their own, or, what would give him still less trouble, by making them interpret it to him, and by now and then making an occasional remark upon it, he may flatter himself that he is giving a lecture.	そして、もしこの本が外国語や死語で書かれていたら、それを生徒たちの言葉に翻訳して、あるいは、生徒たちに翻訳させて、時々それについてコメントすることで、彼は講義をしていると思い込むかもしれない。	foreign|外国語|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	dead|死語|adjective|no longer spoken or used	interpret|翻訳する|verb|explain the meaning of	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	trouble|面倒|noun|difficulty or problems	make|させる|verb|cause to happen	interpret|翻訳する|verb|explain the meaning of	now and then|時々|adverb|occasionally	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	remark|コメント|noun|a casual or brief expression of opinion	give|行う|verb|cause to have or receive	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience
The slightest degree of knowledge and application will enable him to do this, without exposing himself to contempt or derision, by saying any thing that is really foolish, absurd, or ridiculous.	ほんのわずかな知識と応用で、本当に愚かで、ばかげていて、滑稽なことを言うことで、軽蔑や嘲笑にさらされることなく、彼はこれをすることができるようになる。	slightest degree|わずかな|noun|the smallest amount or extent	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	application|応用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	enable|できる|verb|make possible	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising	derision|嘲笑|noun|contemptuous laughter	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	ridiculous|滑稽な|adjective|causing laughter because of being ludicrously incongruous or inappropriate
The discipline of the college, at the same time, may enable him to force all his pupils to the most regular attendance upon his sham lecture, and to maintain the most decent and respectful behaviour during the whole time of the performance.	同時に、大学の規律によって、彼はすべての生徒に彼の偽りの講義に最も定期的に出席させ、パフォーマンスの全期間中、最もきちんとした敬意ある態度を維持させることができるかもしれない。	discipline|規律|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	regular|定期的|adjective|happening or done frequently	attendance|出席|noun|the action or state of being present	sham|偽り|noun|a thing that is not what it is purported to be	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	decent|きちんとした|adjective|conforming with generally accepted standards of morality or respectability	respectful|敬意ある|adjective|showing respect	behaviour|態度|noun|the way in which one acts or conducts oneself

The discipline of colleges and universities is in general contrived, not for the benefit of the students, but for the interest, or, more properly speaking, for the ease of the masters.	大学の規律は、一般的に学生の利益のためではなく、教師の利益、より適切に言えば、教師の安楽のために考案されている。	discipline|規律|noun|a system of rules of conduct	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	contrived|考案された|adjective|deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of something	ease|安楽|noun|the state of being comfortable and relaxed	master|教師|noun|a person who has a high degree of knowledge or skill
Its object is, in all cases, to maintain the authority of the master, and, whether he neglects or performs his duty, to oblige the students in all cases to behave to him as if he performed it with the greatest diligence and ability.	その目的は、いずれの場合も、教師の権威を維持し、彼が義務を怠ろうが遂行しようが、学生が彼に対して、彼が最も勤勉に能力をもって義務を遂行したかのように振る舞うことを義務付けることである。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out or accomplish	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	behave|振る舞う|verb|act or conduct oneself in a specified way	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
It seems to presume perfect wisdom and virtue in the one order, and the greatest weakness and folly in the other.	それは、一方の階級には完全な知恵と美徳を、他方には最大の弱さと愚かさを前提としているように思われる。	presume|前提とする|verb|suppose that something is the case on the basis of probability	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise	virtue|美徳|noun|behaviour showing high moral standards	weakness|弱さ|noun|the state or condition of lacking the power to perform	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense
Where the masters, however, really perform their duty, there are no examples, I believe, that the greater part of the students ever neglect theirs.	しかし、教師が本当に義務を果たしているところでは、学生の大部分が義務を怠った例はないと私は信じる。	master|教師|noun|a person who has control over something	perform|果たす|verb|carry out or execute	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly
No discipline is ever requisite to force attendance upon lectures which are really worth the attending, as is well known wherever any such lectures are given.	本当に出席する価値のある講義に出席を強制するために規律が必要になることは決してない。	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience	attendance|出席|noun|the act of being present	force|強制する|verb|make someone do something against their will	discipline|規律|noun|training that produces orderliness, obedience, and self-control	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	wherever|どこであれ|adverb|in or to whatever place	give|行う|verb|cause to be received
Force and restraint may, no doubt, be in some degree requisite, in order to oblige children, or very young boys, to attend to those parts of education, which it is thought necessary for them to acquire during that early period of life;	子供や幼い少年に、人生の早い時期に身につける必要があると考えられる教育の部分に出席するよう義務付けるためには、ある程度の強制や抑制が必要であることは間違いない。	force|強制|noun|the use of physical or mental power to make someone do something	restraint|抑制|noun|the action of restraining someone or something	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	in some degree|ある程度|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	requisite|必要|adjective|required; necessary	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the aim of	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	children|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty	very young|幼い|adjective|of an early stage of development	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	those parts of education|教育の部分|noun|the different aspects of education	which|それら|pronoun|that which; the thing that	it is thought|考えられる|verb|be of the opinion that	necessary|必要|adjective|required; essential	for them|彼らにとって|pronoun|for those people	to acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or obtain	during that early period of life|人生の早い時期|noun|the early stages of a person's life
but after twelve or thirteen years of age, provided the master does his duty, force or restraint can scarce ever be necessary to carry on any part of education.	しかし、十二、三歳を過ぎれば、教師が義務を果たす限り、教育のどの部分を遂行するにも強制や抑制が必要になることはほとんどない。	after|過ぎれば|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	twelve or thirteen years of age|十二、三歳|noun|the age of twelve or thirteen	master|教師|noun|a male teacher	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	force|強制|noun|coercion or compulsion, especially with the use or threat of violence	restraint|抑制|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
Such is the generosity of the greater part of young men, that so far from being disposed to neglect or despise the instructions of their master, provided he shews some serious intention of being of use to them, they are generally inclined to pardon a great deal of incorrectness in the performance of his duty, and sometimes even to conceal from the public a good deal of gross negligence.	若者の大部分は寛大なので、教師が彼らの役に立とうとする真剣な意図を示せば、教師の指示を無視したり軽蔑したりするどころか、教師の義務遂行における多くの不正確さを許す傾向があり、時にはかなりの怠慢を公衆から隠そうとさえする。	Such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	generosity|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being kind and generous	young men|若者|noun|a young male person	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	despise|軽蔑する|verb|look down on with intense aversion	instruction|指示|noun|a direction or order	master|教師|noun|a male teacher	so far from|どころか|adverb|to the contrary	being disposed to|する傾向がある|verb|be inclined or willing to do something	pardon|許す|verb|excuse or forgive	incorrectness|不正確さ|noun|the quality of being inaccurate	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something

Those parts of education, it is to be observed, for the teaching of which there are no public institutions, are generally the best taught.	教育のこれらの部分は、公立の教育機関が存在しないために、一般的に最もよく教えられていることに注目すべきである。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	public institution|公立の教育機関|noun|an institution that is owned and controlled by the government	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	best|最もよく|adverb|to the highest degree or extent
When a young man goes to a fencing or a dancing school, he does not, indeed, always learn to fence or to dance very well;	若者がフェンシングやダンスの学校に通うとき、彼は確かにいつもフェンシングやダンスをとても上手に学ぶわけではない。	young man|若者|noun|a young male person	go to|通う|verb|attend regularly	fencing|フェンシング|noun|the sport of fighting with swords	dancing|ダンス|noun|the activity of moving rhythmically to music, typically following a set sequence of steps	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or answer	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	fence|フェンシングをする|verb|fight with swords	dance|ダンスをする|verb|move rhythmically to music, typically following a set sequence of steps
but he seldom fails of learning to fence or to dance.	しかし、彼がフェンシングやダンスを学ぶのに失敗することはめったにない。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	fence|フェンシング|noun|the sport of fighting with swords	dance|ダンス|noun|the activity of moving rhythmically to music, typically following a set sequence of steps
The good effects of the riding school are not commonly so evident.	乗馬学校の良い効果は、一般的にそれほど明白ではない。	good effect|良い効果|noun|a positive result or outcome	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	evident|明白|adjective|clear or obvious to the eye or mind
The expense of a riding school is so great, that in most places it is a public institution.	乗馬学校の費用は非常に高いので、ほとんどの場所では公立の学校である。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	riding school|乗馬学校|noun|a school where people learn to ride horses	so great|非常に高い|adjective|very large or very high	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	public institution|公立の学校|noun|an institution that is owned and controlled by the government
The three most essential parts of literary education, to read, write, and account, it still continues to be more common to acquire in private than in public schools;	読み書きと計算という、文学教育の最も重要な三つの部分は、公立学校よりも私立学校で習得する方が依然として一般的である。	three|三つの|adjective|being one more than two	essential|最も重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; indispensable	literary education|文学教育|noun|education in literature	read|読み|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	write|書き|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	continue|一般的である|verb|persist in an activity or process	acquire|習得する|verb|come to possess or have	public school|公立学校|noun|a school that is maintained at public expense for the education of the children of a community	private|私立学校|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only
and it very seldom happens, that anybody fails of acquiring them to the degree in which it is necessary to acquire them.	そして、誰かがそれらを習得するのに必要な程度まで習得し損なうことはめったに起こらない。	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	acquire|習得する|verb|gain or attain something	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed

In England, the public schools are much less corrupted than the universities.	イギリスでは、公立学校は大学よりもはるかに堕落していない。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	public school|公立学校|noun|a school that is funded by the government and is free to attend	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines
In the schools, the youth are taught, or at least may be taught, Greek and Latin; that is, everything which the masters pretend to teach, or which it is expected they should teach.	学校では、若者はギリシャ語とラテン語を教えられている、あるいは少なくとも教えられているかもしれない。つまり、教師が教えるふりをしていること、あるいは教えることが期待されていることすべてである。	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	youth|若者|noun|the time of life when one is young	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	master|教師|noun|a male teacher	pretend|ふりをする|verb|make it seem that something is the case when in fact it is not	expect|期待する|verb|regard (something) as likely to happen or be the case
In the universities, the youth neither are taught, nor always can find any proper means of being taught the sciences, which it is the business of those incorporated bodies to teach.	大学では、若者は教えられることもなければ、それらの法人が教えるべき学問を教えられる適切な手段を常に見つけられるわけでもない。	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	youth|若者|noun|the time of life when one is young	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	science|学問|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	incorporated body|法人|noun|a body corporate	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
The reward of the schoolmaster, in most cases, depends principally, in some cases almost entirely, upon the fees or honoraries of his scholars.	校長の報酬は、ほとんどの場合、主に、場合によってはほぼ完全に、彼の学者の授業料や謝礼金に依存している。	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	schoolmaster|校長|noun|the head teacher of a school	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	some cases|場合によっては|noun|a minority of instances	almost entirely|ほぼ完全に|adverb|to a very great extent	fee|授業料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services	honorarium|謝礼金|noun|a payment given to a professional person for services rendered when fees are not legally or traditionally required
Schools have no exclusive privileges.	学校には排他的な特権はない。	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	exclusive|排他的な|adjective|not shared with others	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
In order to obtain the honours of graduation, it is not necessary that a person should bring a certificate of his having studied a certain number of years at a public school.	卒業の栄誉を得るために、公立学校で一定年数勉強したという証明書を提出する必要はない。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the purpose of	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	honour|栄誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	graduation|卒業|noun|the receiving of an academic degree or diploma	it is not necessary that|する必要はない|conjunction|there is no need for	a person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	should bring|提出する|verb|take or carry with oneself	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that formally states a fact	having studied|勉強した|verb|having learned about a subject	a certain number of years|一定年数|noun|a specific number of years	at a public school|公立学校で|noun|a school that is funded and controlled by the government
If, upon examination, he appears to understand what is taught there, no questions are asked about the place where he learnt it.	試験で、そこで教えられたことを理解しているようであれば、どこで学んだかについては質問されない。	upon examination|試験で|noun|a formal test of a person's knowledge or skill	appear|理解しているようであれば|verb|seem to be	taught|教えられた|verb|past tense of teach	no questions are asked|質問されない|verb|no one asks any questions	where|どこで|adverb|in or to what place

The parts of education which are commonly taught in universities, it may perhaps be said, are not very well taught.	大学で一般的に教えられている教育の部分は、あまりよく教えられていないと言えるかもしれない。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner
But had it not been for those institutions, they would not have been commonly taught at all;	しかし、そうした制度がなければ、それらは一般的に教えられることはなかっただろう。	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something
and both the individual and the public would have suffered a good deal from the want of those important parts of education.	そして、個人も公衆も、教育の重要な部分の欠如からかなりの損害を被ったであろう。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	suffer|被る|verb|undergo or experience something bad	want|欠如|noun|the state of not having something that is needed or wanted	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

The present universities of Europe were originally, the greater part of them, ecclesiastical corporations, instituted for the education of churchmen.	ヨーロッパの現在の大学は、元々その大部分が聖職者の教育のために設立された教会法人だった。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or the clergy	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	institute|設立する|verb|establish or introduce (something)	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	churchman|聖職者|noun|a male cleric
They were founded by the authority of the pope;	それらは教皇の権威によって設立された。	found|設立する|verb|establish or originate	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church
and were so entirely under his immediate protection, that their members, whether masters or students, had all of them what was then called the benefit of clergy, that is, were exempted from the civil jurisdiction of the countries in which their respective universities were situated, and were amenable only to the ecclesiastical tribunals.	そして、教皇の直接の保護のもとにあったため、その構成員は、教師であれ学生であれ、当時聖職者の特権と呼ばれていたものをすべて享受していた。つまり、それぞれの大学が所在する国の民事裁判権から免除され、教会裁判所だけに従えばよかったのである。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	master|教師|noun|a person who has complete control over something	student|学生|noun|a person who is studying at a university or other place of higher education	benefit|特権|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person who is ordained for religious duties	jurisdiction|裁判権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	situated|所在する|adjective|having a particular location	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or the clergy	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice
What was taught in the greater part of those universities was suitable to the end of their institution, either theology, or something that was merely preparatory to theology.	これらの大学の大部分で教えられたことは、神学か、あるいは神学への準備にすぎないもので、その設立目的に適合していた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	end|目的|noun|the final part of something	institution|設立|noun|the action of establishing something	theology|神学|noun|the study of the nature of God and religious belief	preparatory|準備|adjective|serving to prepare for something

When Christianity was first established by law, a corrupted Latin had become the common language of all the western parts of Europe.	キリスト教が初めて法律で定められたとき、崩れたラテン語がヨーロッパの西部全体の共通語となっていた。	Christianity|キリスト教|noun|the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth	first|初めて|adverb|for the first time	establish|定める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	corrupt|崩れた|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	become|なる|verb|come to be	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	language|言語|noun|the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The service of the church, accordingly, and the translation of the Bible which were read in churches, were both in that corrupted Latin; that is, in the common language of the country,	したがって、教会の礼拝と教会で読まれる聖書の翻訳は、どちらもその崩れたラテン語、つまりその国の共通語で行われていた。	service|礼拝|noun|a religious ceremony	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Bible|聖書|noun|the sacred text of the Christian religion	translation|翻訳|noun|the process of converting or expressing the sense of a text from one language to another	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
After the irruption of the barbarous nations who overturned the Roman empire, Latin gradually ceased to be the language of any part of Europe.	ローマ帝国を転覆させた野蛮な民族の侵入後、ラテン語は次第にヨーロッパのどの地域でも使われなくなった。	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	irruption|侵入|noun|a sudden, violent, or forceful entry	overturn|転覆させる|verb|turn upside down	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	nation|民族|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	cease|使われなくなる|verb|come or bring to an end	language|言語|noun|the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way	part|地域|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time
But the reverence of the people naturally preserves the established forms and ceremonies of religion long after the circumstances which first introduced and rendered them reasonable, are no more.	しかし、人々の畏敬の念は、宗教の確立された形式や儀式を、それらが最初に導入され、合理的になった状況がもはや存在しなくなってからも、長い間自然に保存する。	reverence|畏敬|noun|a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	preserve|保存する|verb|keep in its original state	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	form|形式|noun|the way that something is done or organized	ceremony|儀式|noun|a formal religious or public occasion, especially one celebrating a particular event or anniversary	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	introduce|導入する|verb|bring (something new) into use or operation	render|～になる|verb|cause to be or become	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting according to reason or logic	no more|もはや～ない|adverb|not any longer; no longer
Though Latin, therefore, was no longer understood anywhere by the great body of the people, the whole service of the church still continued to be performed in that language.	したがって、ラテン語はもはや人々の大部分にはどこでも理解されなくなったが、教会の礼拝はすべてその言語で行われ続けた。	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore	anywhere|どこでも|adverb|in or to any place	great body of the people|人々の大部分|noun|the majority of people	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	service|礼拝|noun|a religious ceremony	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something
Two different languages were thus established in Europe, in the same manner as in ancient Egypt: a language of the priests, and a language of the people;	こうして、古代エジプトと同じように、ヨーロッパでは二つの異なる言語が確立された。聖職者の言語と民衆の言語である。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	language|言語|noun|a system of communication using sounds or symbols	thus|こうして|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in northeastern Africa	priest|聖職者|noun|a person who performs religious ceremonies	people|民衆|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
a sacred and a profane, a learned and an unlearned language.	神聖な言語と俗世の言語、学問の言語と無学の言語である。	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	profane|俗世の|adjective|not concerned with religion or religious purposes; secular	learned|学問の|adjective|having or showing knowledge or learning	unlearned|無学の|adjective|not learned; lacking in knowledge or learning
But it was necessary that the priests should understand something of that sacred and learned language in which they were to officiate;	しかし、聖職者は、彼らが司祭を務める神聖で学問的な言語をある程度理解する必要があった。	priest|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious duties	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity or to some religious purpose; consecrated	learn|学問的な|verb|gain knowledge or skills	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	officiate|司祭を務める|verb|perform a ceremony, especially a religious ceremony
and the study of the Latin language therefore made, from the beginning, an essential part of university education.	そのため、ラテン語の研究は、当初から大学教育の重要な部分を占めていた。	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	Latin language|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	beginning|当初|noun|the time when something starts	essential|重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	university education|大学教育|noun|education provided by a college or university

It was not so with that either of the Greek or of the Hebrew language.	ギリシャ語やヘブライ語ではそうはいかなかった。	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	Hebrew|ヘブライ語|noun|the language of the Hebrews
The infallible decrees of the church had pronounced the Latin translation of the Bible, commonly called the Latin Vulgate, to have been equally dictated by divine inspiration, and therefore of equal authority with the Greek and Hebrew originals.	教会の絶対的な布告は、一般にラテン語ウルガタと呼ばれる聖書のラテン語訳が、神の霊感によって等しく口述されたものであり、したがってギリシャ語とヘブライ語の原典と同等の権威を持つと宣言していた。	infallible|絶対的な|adjective|incapable of making mistakes or being wrong	decree|布告|noun|an official order or command	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	Bible|聖書|noun|the Christian scriptures, consisting of the Old and New Testaments	Latin Vulgate|ラテン語ウルガタ|noun|a late fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible	divine inspiration|神の霊感|noun|the quality or state of being divinely inspired	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	Hebrew|ヘブライ語|noun|the language of the Hebrews	original|原典|noun|the earliest version of something
The knowledge of those two languages, therefore, not being indispensably requisite to a churchman, the study of them did not for along time make a necessary part of the common course of university education.	したがって、この二つの言語の知識は、聖職者にとって不可欠なものではなかったので、長い間、大学教育の一般課程の必須科目とはならなかった。	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	not being|～ではなかったので|verb|not exist or occur	indispensably|不可欠なもの|adjective|absolutely necessary	requisite|必須科目|noun|something that is required or necessary	churchman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	along time|長い間|noun|a period of time	make|なる|verb|become	common|一般|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	course|課程|noun|a series of classes that cover a particular subject	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines
There are some Spanish universities, I am assured, in which the study of the Greek language has never yet made any part of that course.	スペインには、ギリシャ語の研究がまだそのコースの一部になっていない大学がいくつかあると私は確信している。	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	course|コース|noun|a series of classes in a particular subject
The first reformers found the Greek text of the New Testament, and even the Hebrew text of the Old, more favourable to their opinions than the vulgate translation, which, as might naturally be supposed, had been gradually accommodated to support the doctrines of the Catholic Church.	最初の改革者たちは、新約聖書のギリシャ語テキスト、さらには旧約聖書のヘブライ語テキストが、当然のことながらカトリック教会の教義を支持するために徐々に適応されてきたウルガタ訳よりも、自分たちの意見に有利であることに気づいた。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	reformer|改革者|noun|someone who brings about a change	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	text|テキスト|noun|the main body of a book or other written material	New Testament|新約聖書|noun|the second part of the Christian Bible	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent	Hebrew|ヘブライ語|noun|the language of the Hebrews	Old|旧約聖書|noun|the first part of the Christian Bible	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	favourable|有利な|adjective|giving an advantage	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something	vulgate|ウルガタ訳|noun|a Latin translation of the Bible	translation|翻訳|noun|the process of converting or expressing the sense of a text from one language into another	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural or normal way	suppose|思う|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	accommodate|適応させる|verb|provide with what is needed	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group
They set themselves, therefore, to expose the many errors of that translation, which the Roman catholic clergy were thus put under the necessity of defending or explaining.	そのため、彼らはその翻訳の多くの誤りを暴露することに乗り出し、ローマ・カトリックの聖職者はそれを擁護したり説明したりする必要に迫られた。	set oneself|乗り出す|verb|to start doing something	expose|暴露する|verb|to make known	error|誤り|noun|a mistake	translation|翻訳|noun|the process of converting or expressing the sense of a text from one language to another	Roman catholic|ローマ・カトリック|adjective|relating to the Roman Catholic Church	clergy|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	defend|擁護する|verb|to speak or write in favor of	explain|説明する|verb|to make clear or easy to understand
But this could not well be done without some knowledge of the original languages, of which the study was therefore gradually introduced into the greater part of universities;	しかし、これは原語の知識がなければうまくできないので、その研究は徐々に大学の大部分に導入された。	original language|原語|noun|the language in which a text was originally written	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines
both of those which embraced, and of those which rejected, the doctrines of the reformation.	宗教改革の教義を受け入れた大学と拒絶した大学の両方においてである。	both of|両方において|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	those which|それらの|determiner|the people or things mentioned	embraced|受け入れた|verb|accept or support willingly	those which|それらの|determiner|the people or things mentioned	rejected|拒絶した|verb|refuse to consider or agree to	the doctrines of the reformation|宗教改革の教義|noun|the main beliefs of the reformation
The Greek language was connected with every part of that classical learning, which, though at first principally cultivated by catholics and Italians, happened to come into fashion much about the same time that the doctrines of the reformation were set on foot.	ギリシャ語は、当初は主にカトリック教徒やイタリア人によって培われたが、宗教改革の教義が確立されたのとほぼ同じ時期に流行した古典学習のあらゆる部分と結びついていた。	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	connect|結びつく|verb|join or link together	classical learning|古典学習|noun|the study of the ancient Greek and Roman world	at first|当初|adverb|in the beginning	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part	catholic|カトリック教徒|noun|a member of the Roman Catholic Church	Italian|イタリア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Italy	come into fashion|流行する|verb|become popular	about the same time|ほぼ同じ時期|adverb|at approximately the same time	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	set on foot|確立される|verb|establish or initiate
In the greater part of universities, therefore, that language was taught previous to the study of philosophy, and as soon as the student had made some progress in the Latin.	そのため、大学の大部分では、哲学の研究に先立って、また学生がラテン語である程度進歩するとすぐに、その言語が教えられた。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome
The Hebrew language having no connection with classical learning, and, except the Holy Scriptures, being the language of not a single book in any esteem the study of it did not commonly commence till after that of philosophy, and when the student had entered upon the study of theology.	ヘブライ語は古典学習とは関係がなく、聖典を除いて、その研究は哲学の研究が終わるまで、また学生が神学の研究に入るまでは一般的に始まらなかった。	Hebrew|ヘブライ語|noun|a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family	connection|関係|noun|a relationship in which a person, thing, or idea is linked or associated with something else	classical learning|古典学習|noun|the study of the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology, and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean world	Holy Scriptures|聖典|noun|the sacred writings of Christianity contained in the Old Testament and the New Testament	esteem|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	commence|始まる|verb|start	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	theology|神学|noun|the study of the nature of God and religious belief

Originally, the first rudiments, both of the Greek and Latin languages, were taught in universities;	もともと、ギリシャ語とラテン語の両方の初歩的な基礎は大学で教えられていた。	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	rudiment|基礎|noun|a basic principle	Greek|ギリシャ語|noun|the language of Greece	Latin|ラテン語|noun|the language of ancient Rome	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines
and in some universities they still continue to be so.	そして、一部の大学では、今でもそうである。	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	still|今でも|adverb|even now or even then	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process
In others, it is expected that the student should have previously acquired, at least, the rudiments of one or both of those languages, of which the study continues to make everywhere a very considerable part of university education.	他の大学では、学生は少なくともこれらの言語の一方または両方の基礎を事前に習得していることが期待されており、その研究はどこでも大学教育の非常に重要な部分を占め続けている。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	previously|事前に|adverb|before the present time	acquire|習得する|verb|gain knowledge or skills	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	rudiment|基礎|noun|a basic principle	language|言語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines

The ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three great branches;	古代ギリシャ哲学は3つの大きな分野に分けられていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	three|3|numeral|the number 3	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main stem or trunk
physics, or natural philosophy;	物理学、または自然哲学。	physics|物理学|noun|the science of matter and energy and their interactions	natural philosophy|自然哲学|noun|the study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science
ethics, or moral philosophy; and logic.	倫理学、または道徳哲学。そして論理学。	ethics|倫理学|noun|the study of what is morally right or wrong	moral philosophy|道徳哲学|noun|the study of what is morally right or wrong	logic|論理学|noun|the study of the principles of reasoning
This general division seems perfectly agreeable to the nature of things.	この大まかな分類は、物事の性質に完全に合致しているように見える。	general division|大まかな分類|noun|a classification that is not specific	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is flawless or faultless	agreeable|合致している|adjective|able to be accepted; satisfactory	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something

The great phenomena of nature, the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, eclipses, comets;	自然の偉大な現象、天体の回転、日食、彗星。	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	phenomenon|現象|noun|something that happens or exists	heavenly body|天体|noun|an object in outer space such as a star, planet, or moon	revolution|回転|noun|a single complete turn of something around an axis or center	eclipse|日食|noun|an obscuring of the light from one celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination	comet|彗星|noun|a small body made of ice and dust that orbits the Sun
thunder and lightning, and other extraordinary meteors;	雷と稲妻、そして他の異常な流星。	thunder|雷|noun|the sound caused by lightning	lightning|稲妻|noun|a flash of light produced by an electrical discharge in the atmosphere	meteor|流星|noun|a small body of matter from outer space that enters the earth's atmosphere, becoming incandescent as a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light
the generation, the life, growth, and dissolution of plants and animals;	植物や動物の発生、生、成長、そして消滅。	generation|発生|noun|the production of offspring	life|生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	growth|成長|noun|the process of increasing in size	dissolution|消滅|noun|the breaking up of a whole into its component parts
are objects which, as they necessarily excite the wonder, so they naturally call forth the curiosity of mankind to inquire into their causes.	これらは必然的に驚きを呼び起こす対象であり、その原因を探求しようとする人類の好奇心を自然に呼び起こすものである。	excite|呼び起こす|verb|cause to feel a strong feeling	wonder|驚き|noun|a feeling of surprise mingled with admiration, caused by something beautiful, unexpected, unfamiliar, or inexplicable	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	call forth|呼び起こす|verb|cause to be remembered	curiosity|好奇心|noun|a strong desire to know or learn something	inquire|探求する|verb|ask about; seek information about
Superstition first attempted to satisfy this curiosity, by referring all those wonderful appearances to the immediate agency of the gods.	迷信は、まず、これらの素晴らしい現象をすべて神々の直接的な働きによるものとして、この好奇心を満たそうとした。	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	satisfy|満たす|verb|meet the requirements of	curiosity|好奇心|noun|a strong desire to know or learn something	wonderful|素晴らしい|adjective|extremely good; marvelous	appearance|現象|noun|the way that someone or something looks or seems	god|神|noun|a superhuman being or spirit worshiped as having power over nature or human fortunes; a deity
Philosophy afterwards endeavoured to account for them from more familiar causes, or from such as mankind were better acquainted with, than the agency of the gods.	その後、哲学は神々の働きよりも、より身近な原因、あるいは人類がよりよく知っている原因からそれらを説明しようと努力した。	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	account for|説明する|verb|give a satisfactory explanation for	familiar|身近な|adjective|well known from long or close association	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	acquainted|知っている|adjective|having knowledge or information about something
As those great phenomena are the first objects of human curiosity, so the science which pretends to explain them must naturally have been the first branch of philosophy that was cultivated.	これらの偉大な現象は人間の好奇心の最初の対象であるため、それらを説明する科学は当然、哲学の最初の分野として開拓されたに違いない。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	phenomenon|現象|noun|an observable fact or event	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	curiosity|好奇心|noun|a strong desire to know or learn something	explain|説明する|verb|make (something) clear or easy to understand	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body, system, or subject	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
The first philosophers, accordingly, of whom history has preserved any account, appear to have been natural philosophers.	したがって、歴史に名を残した最初の哲学者は自然哲学者だったようである。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	preserve|残す|verb|keep alive or in existence	account|名|noun|a record of money received and paid out	appear|ようである|verb|seem to be; give the impression of being

In every age and country of the world, men must have attended to the characters, designs, and actions of one another;	世界のどの時代、どの国でも、人々は互いの性格、意図、行動に注意を払ってきたに違いない。	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of; deal with	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	design|意図|noun|a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made	action|行動|noun|the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim
and many reputable rules and maxims for the conduct of human life must have been laid down and approved of by common consent.	そして、人間の生活を営むための多くの評判の良い規則や格言が定められ、共通の同意によって承認されたに違いない。	conduct|営む|noun|the manner in which one behaves	human life|人間の生活|noun|the life of a human being	lay down|定める|verb|to establish or set forth	approve|承認する|verb|to have or express a favorable opinion of	common consent|共通の同意|noun|the agreement of all concerned
As soon as writing came into fashion, wise men, or those who fancied themselves such, would naturally endeavour to increase the number of those established and respected maxims, and to express their own sense of what was either proper or improper conduct, sometimes in the more artificial form of apologues, like what are called the fables of Aesop; and sometimes in the more simple one of apophthegms or wise sayings, like the proverbs of Solomon, the verses of Theognis and Phocyllides, and some part of the works of Hesiod.	書くことが流行するようになるとすぐに、賢者や自分を賢者だと思い込んでいる人々は、当然のことながら、確立され尊敬されている格言の数を増やし、適切な行動と不適切な行動について自分自身の考えを表現しようとするようになる。時にはイソップ寓話と呼ばれるような、より人工的な寓話の形で、時にはソロモンの箴言、テオグニスやフォキリデスの詩、ヘシオドスの作品の一部のような、より単純な格言や賢い言葉の形で。	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	writing|書くこと|noun|the activity or skill of writing	come into fashion|流行する|verb|become popular	wise man|賢者|noun|a person who is wise	fancy|思い込む|verb|to like or be attracted to	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural or normal way	endeavour|努める|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	increase|増やす|verb|to make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy saying that expresses a general truth or rule of conduct	express|表現する|verb|to show or make known one's thoughts, feelings, or ideas	sense|考え|noun|a feeling or thought	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	improper|不適切な|adjective|not suitable or appropriate	conduct|行動|noun|the way in which someone behaves	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally	artificial|人工的な|adjective|made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally	form|形|noun|the shape of something	apologue|寓話|noun|a short story with a moral lesson	Aesop|イソップ|noun|a Greek fabulist	proverb|箴言|noun|a short, well-known saying that expresses a general truth or piece of advice	Solomon|ソロモン|noun|a king of Israel	Theognis|テオグニス|noun|a Greek poet	Phocyllides|フォキリデス|noun|a Greek poet	Hesiod|ヘシオドス|noun|a Greek poet
They might continue in this manner, for a long time, merely to multiply the number of those maxims of prudence and morality, without even attempting to arrange them in any very distinct or methodical order, much less to connect them together by one or more general principles, from which they were all deducible, like effects from their natural causes.	彼らは長い間、この方法を続けて、単に慎重さや道徳の格言の数を増やし、それらを非常に明確な方法で整理しようとさえせず、ましてやそれらを1つ以上の一般原則によって結びつけようともしなかった。	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	long time|長い間|noun|a long period of time	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number	prudence|慎重さ|noun|the quality of being careful and sensible	morality|道徳|noun|the quality of being good and just	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	arrange|整理する|verb|put things in a neat, attractive, or required order	distinct|明確な|adjective|clearly different or separate	methodical|方法的な|adjective|done or arranged in a systematic, orderly way	connect|結びつける|verb|join or fasten together	general principle|一般原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief, behavior, or for a chain of reasoning	natural cause|自然原因|noun|a cause that is not the result of human intervention
The beauty of a systematical arrangement of different observations, connected by a few common principles, was first seen in the rude essays of those ancient times towards a system of natural philosophy.	いくつかの共通原理によって結びつけられた、異なる観察結果を体系的に配置することの美しさは、自然哲学の体系に向けた古代の粗雑な論文に初めて見られた。	beauty|美しさ|noun|a combination of qualities that pleases the aesthetic senses	systematical arrangement|体系的な配置|noun|the act of putting things in a systematic order	different observation|異なる観察結果|noun|the act of noticing and recording something	common principle|共通原理|noun|a general truth or rule	first|初めて|adverb|for the first time	rude essay|粗雑な論文|noun|a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but the argument is not well-developed	ancient time|古代|noun|the period of history in which the earliest known civilizations developed	natural philosophy|自然哲学|noun|the study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science
Something of the same kind was afterwards attempted in morals.	その後、道徳においても同様のことが試みられた。	something|何か|noun|an unspecified thing	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something
The maxims of common life were arranged in some methodical order, and connected together by a few common principles, in the same manner as they had attempted to arrange and connect the phenomena of nature.	日常生活の格言は、自然現象を整理し結びつけようとしたのと同じ方法で、ある程度系統立てて整理され、いくつかの共通原理によって結びつけられた。	common life|日常生活|noun|the ordinary life of people	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	methodical order|系統立てた順序|noun|a systematic arrangement	connect|結びつける|verb|to join or fasten together	natural phenomenon|自然現象|noun|a natural event or occurrence
The science which pretends to investigate and explain those connecting principles, is what is properly called Moral Philosophy.	これらの結びつきの原理を研究し説明しようとする学問は、道徳哲学と呼ばれる。	science|学問|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	pretend|しようとする|verb|to make believe that something is the case when in fact it is not	investigate|研究する|verb|to study or examine something carefully and thoroughly	explain|説明する|verb|to make something clear or easy to understand	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning	properly|正しく|adverb|in a correct manner	call|呼ぶ|verb|to give a name to	Moral Philosophy|道徳哲学|noun|the branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and more specifically with the behavior of individuals in society

Different authors gave different systems, both of natural and moral philosophy.	自然哲学と道徳哲学の両方において、著者によって異なる体系が示された。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	give|示す|verb|to present or offer	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	moral|道徳|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
But the arguments by which they supported those different systems, far from being always demonstrations, were frequently at best but very slender probabilities, and sometimes mere sophisms, which had no other foundation but the inaccuracy and ambiguity of common language.	しかし、彼らがこれらの異なる体系を支持する議論は、常に論証には程遠く、よくて非常にわずかな蓋然性であり、時には日常言語の不正確さと曖昧さ以外に根拠のない単なる詭弁であった。	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	far from|程遠い|adverb|not even close to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	demonstration|論証|noun|a public display of the capabilities of a product or technique	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	at best|よくて|adverb|under the best of circumstances	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	slender|わずかな|adjective|small in width or thickness	probability|蓋然性|noun|the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the case	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; now and then	mere|単なる|adjective|being only what is specified	sophism|詭弁|noun|a false argument intended to deceive; a fallacy	foundation|根拠|noun|the basis on which something is founded or built	inaccuracy|不正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being inaccurate	ambiguity|曖昧さ|noun|the quality of being open to more than one interpretation
Speculative systems, have, in all ages of the world, been adopted for reasons too frivolous to have determined the judgment of any man of common sense, in a matter of the smallest pecuniary interest.	思弁的な体系は、世界のあらゆる時代において、ごくわずかな金銭的利害関係において、常識ある人間の判断を決定するにはあまりにも軽薄な理由で採用されてきた。	speculative|思弁的な|adjective|involving a high risk of loss	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	common sense|常識|noun|sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	interest|利害関係|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
Gross sophistry has scarce ever had any influence upon the opinions of mankind, except in matters of philosophy and speculation;	哲学や思弁の問題を除いて、ひどい詭弁が人類の意見に影響を与えたことはほとんどない。	gross|ひどい|adjective|very bad or serious	sophistry|詭弁|noun|the use of clever but false arguments	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	have any influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	speculation|思弁|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence
and in these it has frequently had the greatest.	そして、これらの問題においては、しばしば最大の影響力を持つ。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in|において|preposition|expressing the situation of something that is or happens within a place, area, or volume	these|これらの|determiner|used to refer to a thing or things that are near or connected to the speaker or writer	it|それ|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	has|持つ|verb|to hold, possess, or own	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	had|持つ|verb|to hold, possess, or own	the greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality, eminence, or importance
The patrons of each system of natural and moral philosophy, naturally endeavoured to expose the weakness of the arguments adduced to support the systems which were opposite to their own.	自然哲学と道徳哲学の各体系の支持者は、当然のことながら、自分たちの体系とは正反対の体系を支持するために持ち出された議論の弱点を暴露しようと努力した。	patron|支持者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	natural philosophy|自然哲学|noun|the study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science	moral philosophy|道徳哲学|noun|the branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and more specifically with the behavior of individuals in society	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	expose|暴露する|verb|make (something) visible, known, or vulnerable	weakness|弱点|noun|a quality or feature regarded as a disadvantage or fault	argument|議論|noun|a reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favour of	opposite|正反対|adjective|facing or going in the opposite direction
In examining those arguments, they were necessarily led to consider the difference between a probable and a demonstrative argument, between a fallacious and a conclusive one;	それらの議論を検討する中で、彼らは必然的に、蓋然的な議論と論証的な議論、誤った議論と決定的な議論の違いを考えるようになっていった。	examine|検討する|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being unlike or dissimilar	probable|蓋然的な|adjective|likely to happen or be true	demonstrative|論証的な|adjective|expressing or showing clearly	fallacious|誤った|adjective|containing a fallacy; logically unsound	conclusive|決定的な|adjective|decisive or final
and logic, or the science of the general principles of good and bad reasoning, necessarily arose out of the observations which a scrutiny of this kind gave occasion to;	そして、論理学、つまり善悪の推論の一般原理の科学は、必然的にこの種の精査が引き起こした観察から生じた。	logic|論理学|noun|the science of reasoning	general principle|一般原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	scrutiny|精査|noun|a close and careful examination or inspection
though, in its origin, posterior both to physics and to ethics, it was commonly taught, not indeed in all, but in the greater part of the ancient schools of philosophy, previously to either of those sciences.	論理学は、その起源においては物理学と倫理学の両方より後発であるが、古代哲学派のすべてではないが大部分では、これらの科学のいずれよりも前に、一般的に教えられた。	logic|論理学|noun|the science of reasoning	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	posterior|後発|adjective|coming after in time or order	physics|物理学|noun|the science of matter and energy and their interactions	ethics|倫理学|noun|the study of what is morally right or wrong	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
The student, it seems to have been thought, ought to understand well the difference between good and bad reasoning, before he was led to reason upon subjects of so great importance.	学生は、それほど重要な主題について推論するようになる前に、善悪の推論の違いをよく理解しておくべきだと考えられていたようだ。	student|学生|noun|a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution	ought to|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	difference|違い|noun|the quality or state of being unlike or dissimilar	good|善|adjective|to be desired or approved of	bad|悪|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	reasoning|推論|noun|the process of giving reasons for or against something	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	lead to|至る|verb|result in; have as a consequence	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a conversation or discussion	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important

This ancient division of philosophy into three parts was, in the greater part of the universities of Europe, changed for another into five.	哲学を三つに分けるこの古代の方法は、ヨーロッパの大学の大部分で、五つに分ける別の方法に変えられた。	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	three|三つ|numeral|one more than two	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	five|五つ|numeral|one more than four

In the ancient philosophy, whatever was taught concerning the nature either of the human mind or of the Deity, made a part of the system of physics.	古代哲学では、人間の精神や神の性質に関して教えられたことはすべて、物理学の体系の一部をなしていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	human|人間|noun|a human being	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	Deity|神|noun|a god or goddess	physics|物理学|noun|the science of matter and energy and their interactions
Those beings, in whatever their essence might be supposed to consist, were parts of the great system of the universe, and parts, too, productive of the most important effects.	これらの存在は、その本質が何であれ、宇宙の偉大なシステムの一部であり、また、最も重要な効果を生み出す部分でもあった。	being|存在|noun|something that exists	essence|本質|noun|the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	universe|宇宙|noun|all existing matter and space considered as a whole; the cosmos	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
Whatever human reason could either conclude or conjecture concerning them, made, as it were, two chapters, though no doubt two very important ones, of the science which pretended to give an account of the origin and revolutions of the great system of the universe.	人間の理性がそれらに関して結論づけたり推測したりできることはすべて、宇宙の偉大なシステムの起源と革命を説明する科学の二つの章をなしていた。	human reason|人間の理性|noun|the ability to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	conjecture|推測する|verb|form an opinion or supposition about something without having all the facts; guess	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	two chapters|二つの章|noun|two main divisions of a book	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	two very important ones|二つの非常に重要な章|noun|two very important chapters	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favour of a new system
But in the universities of Europe, where philosophy was taught only as subservient to theology, it was natural to dwell longer upon these two chapters than upon any other of the science.	しかし、哲学が神学に従属するものとしてのみ教えられたヨーロッパの大学では、この二つの章を他のどの科学よりも長く扱うのが自然だった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	theology|神学|noun|the study of the nature of God and religious belief	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
They were gradually more and more extended, and were divided into many inferior chapters;	それらは次第に拡大され、多くの下位の章に分割された。	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	more and more|ますます|adverb|to a greater and greater extent	extended|拡大される|verb|make or become longer or wider	divided|分割される|verb|separate into parts	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality
till at last the doctrine of spirits, of which so little can be known, came to take up as much room in the system of philosophy as the doctrine of bodies, of which so much can be known.	ついに、ほとんど知ることができない霊の教義が、哲学体系の中で、非常に多くのことを知ることができる物体の教義と同じくらい多くの場所を占めるようになった。	till at last|ついに|adverb|finally	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	spirit|霊|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network	body|物体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal
The doctrines concerning those two subjects were considered as making two distinct sciences.	この二つの主題に関する教義は、二つの異なる科学をなすものと考えられていた。	subject|主題|noun|the main topic of a text or speech	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
What are called metaphysics, or pneumatics, were set in opposition to physics, and were cultivated not only as the more sublime, but, for the purposes of a particular profession, as the more useful science of the two.	形而上学、あるいは気学と呼ばれるものは、物理学に対立するものとされ、より崇高なだけでなく、特定の職業のために、二つの科学のうちより有用な科学として研究された。	metaphysics|形而上学|noun|the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including such concepts as being, substance, essence, time, space, cause, identity, etc.	pneumatics|気学|noun|the branch of physics that deals with the mechanical properties of air and other gases	physics|物理学|noun|the science of matter and energy and their interactions	opposition|対立|noun|the action of opposing something	sublime|崇高な|adjective|of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	two|二つの|adjective|being one more than one
The proper subject of experiment and observation, a subject in which a careful attention is capable of making so many useful discoveries, was almost entirely neglected.	実験と観察の適切な対象、注意深く注意を払えば多くの有用な発見ができる対象は、ほとんど完全に無視されていた。	experiment|実験|noun|a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	careful|注意深い|adjective|taking care to avoid causing damage or harm	attention|注意|noun|the action or state of applying one's mind to something	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering something	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly
The subject in which, after a very few simple and almost obvious truths, the most careful attention can discover nothing but obscurity and uncertainty, and can consequently produce nothing but subtleties and sophisms, was greatly cultivated.	ごくわずかな単純でほとんど自明な真理を除いて、どんなに注意深く注意を払っても不明瞭さと不確実性しか発見できず、その結果、微妙な点や詭弁しか生み出せないような主題が、大いに研究された。	subject|主題|noun|the topic of a discussion or conversation	after|除いて|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	very few|ごくわずかな|determiner|a small number of	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	obvious|自明な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear	truth|真理|noun|the true or actual state of a matter	careful|注意深く|adjective|taking care to avoid damage, risk, or error	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	obscurity|不明瞭さ|noun|the state of being unknown or unclear	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	subtlety|微妙な点|noun|a fine or delicate quality or distinction	sophism|詭弁|noun|a false argument intended to deceive	greatly|大いに|adverb|to a great extent; very much	cultivate|研究する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening

When those two sciences had thus been set in opposition to one another, the comparison between them naturally gave birth to a third, to what was called ontology, or the science which treated of the qualities and attributes which were common to both the subjects of the other two sciences.	このように二つの科学が互いに対立させられると、その比較から第三の科学、すなわち存在論と呼ばれるもの、あるいは他の二つの科学の対象に共通する性質や属性を扱う科学が自然に生まれた。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	set in opposition|対立させる|verb|to be against something	one another|互い|pronoun|each other	comparison|比較|noun|the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the similarities and the differences between them	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	give birth to|生む|verb|to produce or create something	third|第三の|adjective|coming after two others in a series	ontology|存在論|noun|the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	treat|扱う|verb|to deal with or handle in a certain way	quality|性質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	attribute|属性|noun|a quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something
But if subtleties and sophisms composed the greater part of the metaphysics or pneumatics of the schools, they composed the whole of this cobweb science of ontology, which was likewise sometimes called metaphysics.	しかし、もし微妙な点や詭弁が学派の形而上学や気学の大部分を構成していたとしたら、それらは存在論というこの蜘蛛の巣のような科学の全体を構成していたことになり、それは同様に形而上学と呼ばれることもあった。	subtlety|微妙な点|noun|the quality of being subtle	sophism|詭弁|noun|a false argument intended to deceive	compose|構成する|verb|make up	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	metaphysics|形而上学|noun|the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including such concepts as being, substance, essence, time, space, cause, and identity	pneumatics|気学|noun|the branch of physics that deals with the mechanical properties of gases	school|学派|noun|a group of people who share the same ideas or beliefs	cobweb|蜘蛛の巣|noun|a web of silk made by a spider	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	ontology|存在論|noun|the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally

Wherein consisted the happiness and perfection of a man, considered not only as an individual, but as the member of a family, of a state, and of the great society of mankind, was the object which the ancient moral philosophy proposed to investigate.	個人としてだけでなく、家族、国家、そして人類の偉大な社会の一員として考えた場合、人間の幸福と完成はどこにあるのか、というのが古代道徳哲学が研究しようとした対象であった。	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	perfection|完成|noun|the state or quality of being perfect	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	moral|道徳|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	investigate|研究する|verb|examine or inspect closely and thoroughly
In that philosophy, the duties of human life were treated of as subservient to the happiness and perfection of human life,	その哲学では、人間の義務は人間の幸福と完成に従属するものとして扱われ、	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	human life|人間|noun|a human being	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	perfection|完成|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects
But when moral, as well as natural philosophy, came to be taught only as subservient to theology, the duties of human life were treated of as chiefly subservient to the happiness of a life to come.	しかし、道徳哲学も自然哲学も神学に従属するものとしてのみ教えられるようになり、人間の義務は主に来世の幸福に従属するものとして扱われるようになった。	moral|道徳哲学|noun|the principles of right and wrong behavior	natural philosophy|自然哲学|noun|the study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science	theology|神学|noun|the study of religious beliefs and practices	human life|人間の義務|noun|the life of a human being	come to be|されるようになる|verb|become	subservient|従属する|adjective|subordinate in position or importance	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy
In the ancient philosophy, the perfection of virtue was represented as necessarily productive, to the person who possessed it, of the most perfect happiness in this life.	古代哲学では、徳の完成は、それを所有する人に、この世で最も完全な幸福をもたらすものとして表されていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	perfection|完成|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects	virtue|徳|noun|behavior showing high moral standards	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
In the modern philosophy, it was frequently represented as generally, or rather as almost always, inconsistent with any degree of happiness in this life;	近代哲学では、徳の完成は、この世の幸福の程度とは一般的に、あるいはほとんど常に相容れないものとして表されることが多かった。	modern philosophy|近代哲学|noun|the philosophy of the modern period	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases; nearly always	inconsistent|相容れない|adjective|not in agreement or harmony	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy
and heaven was to be earned only by penance and mortification, by the austerities and abasement of a monk, not by the liberal, generous, and spirited conduct of a man.	そして天国は、人間の自由で寛大で勇敢な行為によってではなく、苦行と悔悟、修道士の厳しい修行と卑屈さによってのみ得られるものとされた。	heaven|天国|noun|the place where God lives and where good people go after they die	earn|得る|verb|to get or deserve something	penance|苦行|noun|a punishment that you give yourself because you feel guilty about something	mortification|悔悟|noun|a feeling of being very embarrassed or ashamed	austerity|厳しい修行|noun|the quality of being extremely simple and without any unnecessary features	abasement|卑屈さ|noun|the state of being of low rank or position	liberal|自由な|adjective|willing to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	spirited|勇敢な|adjective|having a lot of energy and determination	conduct|行為|noun|the way that someone behaves
Casuistry, and an ascetic morality, made up, in most cases, the greater part of the moral philosophy of the schools.	ほとんどの場合、決疑論と禁欲主義の道徳が、学校の道徳哲学の大部分を占めていた。	casuistry|決疑論|noun|the application of general ethical principles to resolve particular cases	ascetic|禁欲主義の|adjective|practicing severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons	morality|道徳|noun|a particular system of values and principles of conduct	make up|占める|verb|constitute or comprise	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	moral philosophy|道徳哲学|noun|the branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and more specifically with the behavior of individuals in society	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children
By far the most important of all the different branches of philosophy became in this manner by far the most corrupted.	哲学のあらゆる分野の中で、はるかに最も重要なものが、このようにして、はるかに最も堕落したものとなった。	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; very much	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	become|なる|verb|come to be	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	corrupt|堕落した|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain

Such, therefore, was the common course of philosophical education in the greater part of the universities in Europe.	したがって、ヨーロッパの大学の大部分では、これが哲学教育の一般的なコースだった。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	course|コース|noun|a series of lessons or lectures	philosophical|哲学的な|adjective|of or relating to philosophy	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines
Logic was taught first; ontology came in the second place;	最初に論理学が教えられ、次に存在論が教えられた。	logic|論理学|noun|the study of the principles of reasoning	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	ontology|存在論|noun|the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being	second|次に|adverb|after the first; next
pneumatology, comprehending the doctrine concerning the nature of the human soul and of the Deity, in the third;	第三に、人間の魂と神の性質に関する教義を理解する精神論が教えられた。	pneumatology|精神論|noun|the study of spiritual beings	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	human|人間|noun|a human being	soul|魂|noun|the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal	Deity|神|noun|a god or goddess	third|第三|noun|the ordinal number of three
in the fourth followed a debased system of moral philosophy, which was considered as immediately connected with the doctrines of pneumatology, with the immortality of the human soul, and with the rewards and punishments which, from the justice of the Deity, were to be expected in a life to come:	第四に、精神論の教義、人間の魂の不滅、神の正義から来世に期待される報酬と罰と直接関係があると考えられていた、堕落した道徳哲学体系が続いた。	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series	follow|続く|verb|come after something in time	debased|堕落した|adjective|lowered in quality or character	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	moral philosophy|道徳哲学|noun|the branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and more specifically with the behavior of individuals in society	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	connect|関係がある|verb|be related or associated	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	pneumatology|精神論|noun|the study of spiritual beings or phenomena	immortality|不滅|noun|the ability to live forever; eternal life	human soul|人間の魂|noun|the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	punishment|罰|noun|a penalty imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	Deity|神|noun|a being with supernatural powers or attributes, believed in and worshipped by a people, especially in monotheistic religions	life|来世|noun|the existence of an individual human being or animal
a short and superficial system of physics usually concluded the course.	短く表面的な物理学の体系が通常、コースの最後を締めくくった。	short|短い|adjective|having little length or height	superficial|表面的な|adjective|of or relating to a surface	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	physics|物理学|noun|the science of matter and energy and their interactions	conclude|締めくくる|verb|bring to an end

The alterations which the universities of Europe thus introduced into the ancient course of philosophy were all meant for the education of ecclesiastics, and to render it a more proper introduction to the study of theology.	ヨーロッパの大学がこのように古代哲学のコースに導入した変更はすべて、聖職者の教育を目的としており、神学の研究へのより適切な導入とすることを目的としていた。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	introduce|導入する|verb|bring in or establish	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	mean|意図する|verb|intend	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	ecclesiastic|聖職者|noun|a cleric or other member of the clergy	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books
But the additional quantity of subtlety and sophistry, the casuistry and ascetic morality which those alterations introduced into it, certainly did not render it more for the education of gentlemen or men of the world, or more likely either to improve the understanding or to mend the heart.	しかし、これらの変更によって導入された微妙さや詭弁、決疑論や禁欲的な道徳の量の増加は、確かに紳士や世間の人々の教育に役立つものではなく、理解を深めたり、心を修復したりする可能性も高くなかった。	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	subtlety|微妙さ|noun|the quality of being subtle	sophistry|詭弁|noun|the use of clever but false arguments	casuistry|決疑論|noun|the use of clever but false arguments	ascetic|禁欲的な|adjective|characterized by severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	render|役立つ|verb|cause to be or become	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	gentleman|紳士|noun|a chivalrous, courteous, or honorable man	world|世間|noun|the earth and all the people living on it	improve|深める|verb|make or become better	understanding|理解|noun|the ability to understand something	mend|修復する|verb|repair or restore something that is damaged, faulty, or worn

This course of philosophy is what still continues to be taught in the greater part of the universities of Europe, with more or less diligence, according as the constitution of each particular university happens to render diligence more or less necessary to the teachers.	この哲学のコースは、ヨーロッパの大学の大部分で、各大学の憲法が教師に多かれ少なかれ勤勉さを必要とするように、多かれ少なかれ勤勉に教え続けられているものである。	course|コース|noun|a series of lessons or lectures	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	render|必要とする|verb|cause to be or become	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
In some of the richest and best endowed universities, the tutors content themselves with teaching a few unconnected shreds and parcels of this corrupted course;	最も裕福で最も恵まれた大学のいくつかでは、家庭教師はこの堕落したコースのいくつかのつながりのない断片や小包を教えることに満足している。	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	richest|最も裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	best|最も恵まれた|adjective|of the highest quality	endowed|恵まれた|adjective|provided with a permanent fund or source of income	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	tutor|家庭教師|noun|a private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a small group	content|満足している|adjective|in a state of peaceful happiness	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	unconnected|つながりのない|adjective|not joined or connected	shred|断片|noun|a small piece torn or cut from something	parcel|小包|noun|a thing or collection of things wrapped in paper in order to be carried or sent by mail
and even these they commonly teach very negligently and superficially.	そして、これらでさえ、彼らは通常、非常に怠慢で表面的に教えている。	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than; more than	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	negligently|怠慢に|adverb|in a careless or irresponsible manner	superficially|表面的に|adverb|on or near the surface; not deeply

The improvements which, in modern times have been made in several different branches of philosophy, have not, the greater part of them, been made in universities, though some, no doubt, have.	近代において哲学のいくつかの異なる分野でなされた改善は、その大部分が大学でなされたものではないが、疑いなく一部は大学でなされたものである。	modern times|近代|noun|the period of history from the end of the Middle Ages to the present day	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body or category	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something
The greater part of universities have not even been very forward to adopt those improvements after they were made;	大学の大部分は、改善がなされた後でさえ、それらの改善を採用することにあまり前向きではなかった。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	forward|前向き|adjective|moving or directed toward the front or the future	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
and several of those learned societies have chosen to remain, for a long time, the sanctuaries in which exploded systems and obsolete prejudices found shelter and protection, after they had been hunted out of every other corner of the world.	そして、それらの学会のうちのいくつかは、長い間、爆発したシステムや時代遅れの偏見が世界の他のあらゆる場所から追い出された後、避難所や保護を見つけた聖域のままでいることを選んだ。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	learned society|学会|noun|an association of scholars in a particular field	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	sanctuary|聖域|noun|a place of refuge or safety	explode|爆発する|verb|burst or cause to burst suddenly and violently	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	obsolete|時代遅れの|adjective|no longer produced or used; out of date	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	shelter|避難所|noun|a place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	corner|場所|noun|a place or area, especially one that is remote or secluded	world|世界|noun|the earth and all the people living on it
In general, the richest and best endowed universities have been slowest in adopting those improvements, and the most averse to permit any considerable change in the established plan of education.	一般的に、最も裕福で最も恵まれた大学は、これらの改善を採用するのが最も遅く、確立された教育計画に大きな変更を許すことに最も嫌悪感を抱いている。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; on the whole	richest|最も裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	best|最も恵まれた|adjective|of the highest quality	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	slow|最も遅い|adjective|moving or operating or performed with little or no speed	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	averse|嫌悪感を抱く|adjective|having a strong feeling of dislike or disgust	permit|許す|verb|allow to do something	considerable|大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
Those improvements were more easily introduced into some of the poorer universities, in which the teachers, depending upon their reputation for the greater part of their subsistence, were obliged to pay more attention to the current opinions of the world.	これらの改善は、教師が生計の大部分を評判に依存しているため、世界の現在の意見にもっと注意を払わざるを得ない、より貧しい大学のいくつかに、より簡単に導入された。	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	poorer|より貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	pay attention|注意を払う|verb|direct one's mind to something	current|現在の|adjective|belonging to the present time	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

But though the public schools and universities of Europe were originally intended only for the education of a particular profession, that of churchmen;	しかし、ヨーロッパの公立学校や大学は、もともと特定の職業、つまり聖職者の教育だけを目的としていたが、	public school|公立学校|noun|a school that is funded by the government and is free to attend	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	originally|もともと|adverb|in the beginning; at first	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	churchman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy
and though they were not always very diligent in instructing their pupils, even in the sciences which were supposed necessary for that profession;	そして、彼らは生徒を指導するにあたって、その職業に必要とされる科学でさえ、いつも熱心だったわけではないが、	instruct|指導する|verb|teach or direct	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification
yet they gradually drew to themselves the education of almost all other people, particularly of almost all gentlemen and men of fortune.	それでも、彼らは徐々に他のほとんどすべての人々、特にほとんどすべての紳士や富裕層の教育を自分たちの手中に収めていった。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	draw to oneself|手中に収める|verb|to attract or win over	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	almost all|ほとんどすべての|determiner|nearly all	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	fortune|富裕層|noun|a large amount of money or property
No better method, it seems, could be fallen upon, of spending, with any advantage, the long interval between infancy and that period of life at which men begin to apply in good earnest to the real business of the world, the business which is to employ them during the remainder of their days.	幼児期から、人が真面目に世の中の現実の仕事、残りの人生を費やす仕事に取り組むようになるまでの長い期間を、有意義に過ごす方法としては、これ以上良い方法はないように思われる。	infancy|幼児期|noun|the earliest period of life	period|期間|noun|a length of time	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	apply|取り組む|verb|make a formal request	earnest|真面目|adjective|serious and sincere	real|現実|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	employ|費やす|verb|use or engage the services of	day|日々|noun|a period of time
The greater part of what is taught in schools and universities, however, does not seem to be the most proper preparation for that business.	しかし、学校や大学で教えられていることの大部分は、その仕事のための最も適切な準備ではないようである。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	business|仕事|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade

In England, it becomes every day more and more the custom to send young people to travel in foreign countries immediately upon their leaving school, and without sending them to any university.	イギリスでは、若者を学校卒業後すぐに外国旅行に送り出し、大学には行かせないという習慣が日増しに増えている。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	every day|日増しに|adverb|daily	more and more|ますます|adverb|to a greater and greater extent	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	young people|若者|noun|a person who is young	immediately|すぐに|adverb|without delay	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	foreign country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	travel|旅行|verb|go from one place to another	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research
Our young people, it is said, generally return home much improved by their travels.	我が国の若者は、一般的に旅行によって大きく成長して帰国すると言われている。	young people|若者|noun|people who are young	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	return home|帰国する|verb|go back to one's home country	travel|旅行|noun|the action of going from one place to another
A young man, who goes abroad at seventeen or eighteen, and returns home at one-and-twenty, returns three or four years older than he was when he went abroad;	17歳か18歳で海外に行き、21歳で帰国する若者は、海外に行ったときよりも3、4歳年を取って帰国する。	young man|若者|noun|a young male person	go abroad|海外に行く|verb|travel to a foreign country	seventeen or eighteen|17歳か18歳|noun|the number 17 or 18	return home|帰国する|verb|go back to one's home	one-and-twenty|21歳|noun|the number 21	three or four years|3、4歳|noun|the number 3 or 4	older|年を取って|adjective|having lived for a long time	when he went abroad|海外に行ったとき|noun|the time when one went abroad
and at that age it is very difficult not to improve a good deal in three or four years.	そして、その年齢では、3、4年でかなり成長しないことは非常に難しい。	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	three or four years|3、4年|noun|a period of three or four years	improve|成長する|verb|become better	very difficult|非常に難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand
In the course of his travels, he generally acquires some knowledge of one or two foreign languages;	旅行中に、彼は一般的に1つか2つの外国語の知識を身につける。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	travel|旅行|noun|the action of going from one place to another	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or obtain	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	foreign language|外国語|noun|a language that is not your native language
a knowledge, however, which is seldom sufficient to enable him either to speak or write them with propriety.	しかし、その知識は、彼がそれらの言語を適切に話したり書いたりできるほど十分であることはめったにない。	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	enable|できる|verb|make possible	speak|話す|verb|say words out loud	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement
In other respects, he commonly returns home more conceited, more unprincipled, more dissipated, and more incapable of my serious application, either to study or to business, than he could well have become in so short a time had he lived at home.	他の点では、彼は通常、自宅に住んでいたらそう短時間でなり得たよりも、よりうぬぼれ、より無節操で、より放蕩で、勉強や仕事に真剣に取り組むことができずに帰国する。	in other respects|他の点では|adverb|in other ways	commonly|通常|adverb|usually	return home|帰国する|verb|go back to one's home country	conceited|うぬぼれた|adjective|having too high an opinion of oneself	unprincipled|無節操な|adjective|lacking in morals or principles	dissipated|放蕩な|adjective|indulging in sensual pleasures	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	serious|真剣な|adjective|requiring much thought or work	application|取り組み|noun|the act of putting something into operation	study|勉強|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	business|仕事|noun|a usually commercial or professional activity engaged in as a means of livelihood
By travelling so very young, by spending in the most frivolous dissipation the most precious years of his life, at a distance from the inspection and control of his parents and relations, every useful habit, which the earlier parts of his education might have had some tendency to form in him, instead of being riveted and confirmed, is almost necessarily either weakened or effaced.	非常に若くして旅行し、人生で最も貴重な年月を最も軽薄な放蕩に費やし、両親や親戚の監督や管理から遠ざかることで、教育の初期段階で身につけたかもしれないあらゆる有益な習慣は、固定され確立されるどころか、ほとんど必然的に弱められたり消されたりする。	travel|旅行する|verb|go from one place to another	young|若い|adjective|having lived or existed for only a short time	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance	dissipation|放蕩|noun|unrestrained indulgence in sensual pleasures	precious|貴重な|adjective|of great value or worth	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	parent|親|noun|a father or mother	relation|親戚|noun|a person who is connected with another by blood or marriage	inspection|監督|noun|the action of inspecting something	control|管理|noun|the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events	earlier|初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	useful|有益な|adjective|being of practical use	rivet|固定する|verb|fasten or join with a rivet	confirm|確立する|verb|establish the truth or correctness of	weaken|弱める|verb|make or become weaker	efface|消す|verb|wipe out; obliterate
Nothing but the discredit into which the universities are allowing themselves to fall, could ever have brought into repute so very absurd a practice as that of travelling at this early period of life.	大学が自ら陥ることを許している不名誉以外に、人生のこの早い時期に旅行するなどという非常にばかげた習慣を評判にすることはできなかっただろう。	nothing but|以外に|adverb|only; exclusively	discredit|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect	allow|許す|verb|permit; let	fall|陥る|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	bring into repute|評判にする|verb|make famous or well known	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|ridiculous; extremely silly or foolish	practice|習慣|noun|a usual way of doing something	early period|早い時期|noun|a time in the beginning of something
By sending his son abroad, a father delivers himself, at least for some time, from so disagreeable an object as that of a son unemployed, neglected, and going to ruin before his eyes.	息子を海外に送ることで、父親は少なくともしばらくの間、失業し、無視され、目の前で破滅に向かっている息子のような不快な対象から自分を解放する。	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	deliver|解放する|verb|set free; rescue	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	disagreeable|不快な|adjective|unpleasant	object|対象|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	unemployed|失業した|adjective|not having a paid job	neglected|無視された|adjective|lacking care or attention	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction

Such have been the effects of some of the modern institutions for education.	これが現代の教育制度の一部の効果である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	have been|である|auxiliary verb|be	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice

Different plans and different institutions for education seem to have taken place in other ages and nations.	他の時代や国では、教育のための異なる計画や制度が存在していたようだ。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	take place|存在する|verb|happen; occur	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory

In the republics of ancient Greece, every free citizen was instructed, under the direction of the public magistrate, in gymnastic exercises and in music.	古代ギリシャの共和国では、すべての自由市民は、公職者の指導のもと、体操や音楽の訓練を受けていた。	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	free citizen|自由市民|noun|a person who is a legal member of a state or nation and is entitled to full civil rights	public magistrate|公職者|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	gymnastic exercise|体操|noun|a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control	music|音楽|noun|the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion
By gymnastic exercises, it was intended to harden his body, to sharpen his courage, and to prepare him for the fatigues and dangers of war;	体操によって、身体を鍛え、勇気を養い、戦争の疲労や危険に備えることを目的としていた。	gymnastic exercise|体操|noun|a physical activity that involves the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control	harden|鍛える|verb|make or become hard or harder	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one	fatigue|疲労|noun|extreme tiredness	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury
and as the Greek militia was, by all accounts, one of the best that ever was in the world, this part of their public education must have answered completely the purpose for which it was intended.	そして、ギリシャの民兵は、誰もが認めるように、世界で最も優れた民兵の1つだったので、彼らの公教育のこの部分は、その意図された目的に完全に応えていたに違いない。	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	one of the|1つ|noun|a member of a group of things	best|最も優れた|adjective|of the highest quality	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	public education|公教育|noun|education provided by the government	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	answer|応える|verb|reply to	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention
By the other part, music, it was proposed, at least by the philosophers and historians, who have given us an account of those institutions, to humanize the mind, to soften the temper, and to dispose it for performing all the social and moral duties of public and private life.	一方、音楽は、少なくともこれらの制度について説明してくれた哲学者や歴史家によって、心を人間らしくして、気分を和らげ、公私にわたる社会的、道徳的義務をすべて果たすためにそれを処分することが提案された。	by the other part|一方|adverb|on the other hand	music|音楽|noun|the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	historian|歴史家|noun|a person who studies or writes about history	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	humanize|人間らしくする|verb|make more humane or civilized	mind|心|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	temper|気分|noun|a state of mind or feeling	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else	perform|果たす|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	social|社会的|adjective|relating to society or its organization	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation; a responsibility

In ancient Rome, the exercises of the Campus Martius answered the same purpose as those of the Gymnasium in ancient Greece, and they seem to have answered it equally well.	古代ローマでは、マルス広場の演習は古代ギリシャの体育館の演習と同じ目的を果たしており、同じようにうまく答えていたようだ。	ancient Rome|古代ローマ|noun|the Roman civilization from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD	Campus Martius|マルス広場|noun|a public field in ancient Rome	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek civilization from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600)	Gymnasium|体育館|noun|a place or building where people go to do physical exercise	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree
But among the Romans there was nothing which corresponded to the musical education of the Greeks.	しかし、ローマ人にはギリシャ人の音楽教育に相当するものは何もなかった。	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of	correspond|相当する|verb|be in agreement or harmony	musical|音楽の|adjective|of or relating to music	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
The morals of the Romans, however, both in private and public life, seem to have been, not only equal, but, upon the whole, a good deal superior to those of the Greeks.	しかし、ローマ人の道徳は、私生活でも公的生活でも、ギリシャ人の道徳に匹敵するだけでなく、全体的にかなり優れていたように思われる。	morals|道徳|noun|a set of principles or values that guide one's behavior	Romans|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	private|私生活|adjective|not open to the public	public|公的生活|adjective|open to the public	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	equal|匹敵する|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	whole|全体的に|noun|all of something	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	superior|優れていた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
That they were superior in private life, we have the express testimony of Polybius, and of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, two authors well acquainted with both nations;	彼らが私生活において優れていたという証拠は、両国に精通した二人の著者、ポリュビオスとハリカルナッソスのディオニュシオスの証言がある。	private life|私生活|noun|the part of a person's life that is not connected with their work or public duties	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	testimony|証言|noun|a statement or declaration of fact or opinion given under oath by a witness	Polybius|ポリュビオス|noun|a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period	Dionysius of Halicarnassus|ハリカルナッソスのディオニュシオス|noun|a Greek historian and rhetorician of the Augustan age	two|二人|noun|the number 2	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	well acquainted|精通している|adjective|having a good knowledge of something	both|両国|adjective|the two people or things mentioned
and the whole tenor of the Greek and Roman history bears witness to the superiority of the public morals of the Romans.	そして、ギリシャとローマの歴史の全体的な傾向は、ローマ人の公衆道徳の優越性を証明している。	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Roman|ローマ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	history|歴史|noun|the study of past events	bear witness to|証明する|verb|to give evidence of	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	public morals|公衆道徳|noun|the moral standards of a society as a whole
The good temper and moderation of contending factions seem to be the most essential circumstances in the public morals of a free people.	争う派閥の温和さと節度が、自由な人々の公衆道徳において最も重要な状況であるように思われる。	good temper|温和|noun|the quality of being calm and not easily annoyed	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	contend|争う|verb|compete for or strive to gain or win	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	essential|重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	public morals|公衆道徳|noun|the moral values or standards of behavior of a society as a whole	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
But the factions of the Greeks were almost always violent and sanguinary;	しかし、ギリシャ人の派閥はほとんど常に暴力的で血なまぐさかった。	faction|派閥|noun|a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|in almost all cases	violent|暴力的|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	sanguinary|血なまぐさい|adjective|involving or causing bloodshed
whereas, till the time of the Gracchi, no blood had ever been shed in any Roman faction;	一方、グラックス兄弟の時代まで、ローマの派閥では血が流されたことはなかった。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	the Gracchi|グラックス兄弟|noun|Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, Roman brothers who served as tribunes and tried to reform the social and political system of the Roman Republic	no blood|血が流されたことはなかった|noun|no bloodshed	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	been shed|流された|verb|be lost or wasted	in|で|preposition|within the limits or bounds of	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; an unspecified amount or number of	Roman|ローマの|adjective|of or relating to Rome or its people or culture	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics
and from the time of the Gracchi, the Roman republic may be considered as in reality dissolved.	そして、グラックス兄弟の時代から、ローマ共和国は実際には解散したと見なすことができる。	from the time of|の時代から|noun phrase|from the time when	Gracchi|グラックス兄弟|noun|Roman statesman	Roman republic|ローマ共和国|noun|the ancient Roman state	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	dissolved|解散した|verb|break up or cause to break up
Notwithstanding, therefore, the very respectable authority of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius, and notwithstanding the very ingenious reasons by which Mr. Montesquieu endeavours to support that authority, it seems probable that the musical education of the Greeks had no great effect in mending their morals, since, without any such education, those of the Romans were, upon the whole, superior.	したがって、プラトン、アリストテレス、ポリビウスの非常に尊敬すべき権威にもかかわらず、またモンテスキュー氏がその権威を支持しようとする非常に独創的な理由にもかかわらず、ギリシャ人の音楽教育は彼らの道徳を改善する上で大きな効果がなかったようである。なぜなら、そのような教育がなくても、ローマ人の道徳は全体的に優れていたからである。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	Plato|プラトン|noun|Greek philosopher and mathematician	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|Greek philosopher and polymath	Polybius|ポリビウス|noun|Greek historian	Montesquieu|モンテスキュー|noun|French political philosopher	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	musical education|音楽教育|noun|education in music	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	moral|道徳|noun|a lesson, especially one concerning what is right or prudent, that can be derived from a story, a piece of information, or an experience	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
The respect of those ancient sages for the institutions of their ancestors had probably disposed them to find much political wisdom in what was, perhaps, merely an ancient custom, continued, without interruption, from the earliest period of those societies, to the times in which they had arrived at a considerable degree of refinement.	これらの古代の賢者たちの祖先の制度に対する敬意は、おそらく、それらの社会の初期の時代から、かなりの洗練度に達した時代まで、中断することなく続いた、おそらく単なる古代の習慣に多くの政治的知恵を見出すように彼らを配置した。	respect|敬意|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	sage|賢者|noun|a profoundly wise person	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	dispose|配置する|verb|arrange in a particular way	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	custom|習慣|noun|an established and approved way of behaving or doing things	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity or process	earliest|初期|adjective|occurring or done before the usual or expected time	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	refinement|洗練|noun|the improvement or clarification of something by making small changes
Music and dancing are the great amusements of almost all barbarous nations, and the great accomplishments which are supposed to fit any man for entertaining his society.	音楽と踊りは、ほとんどすべての野蛮な国々の大きな娯楽であり、誰もが自分の社会を楽しませるのに適していると思われる偉大な功績である。	music|音楽|noun|the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion	dancing|踊り|noun|the activity of moving rhythmically to music, typically following a set sequence of steps	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all; the vast majority of	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized; primitive	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	great accomplishment|偉大な功績|noun|something that has been achieved successfully	fit|適している|verb|be of the right shape and size	entertain|楽しませる|verb|provide entertainment for	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
It is so at this day among the negroes on the coast of Africa.	それは今日、アフリカ沿岸の黒人の間でもそうである。	at this day|今日|adverb|at the present time	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	the coast of Africa|アフリカ沿岸|noun|the land bordering the sea in Africa	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara
It was so among the ancient Celtes, among the ancient Scandinavians, and, as we may learn from Homer, among the ancient Greeks, in the times preceding the Trojan war.	古代ケルト人、古代スカンジナビア人、そしてホメロスから学ぶことができるように、トロイア戦争に先立つ時代の古代ギリシャ人の間でもそうだった。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Celtes|ケルト人|noun|a member of a group of peoples who inhabited much of Europe and the British Isles from pre-Roman times	Scandinavians|スカンジナビア人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Scandinavia	Homer|ホメロス|noun|a Greek epic poet	Greeks|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Trojan war|トロイア戦争|noun|a war between the Greeks and the Trojans
When the Greek tribes had formed themselves into little republics, it was natural that the study of those accomplishments should for a long time make a part of the public and common education of the people.	ギリシャの部族が小さな共和国を形成したとき、これらの功績の研究が長い間人々の公衆教育と一般教育の一部をなすのは当然のことだった。	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language or culture	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of people who share a common culture, language, religious beliefs, and history and who typically live in a particular geographical area	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	accomplishment|功績|noun|something that has been achieved successfully	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is or seems to be very long	make|なす|verb|form or constitute	part|一部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	public|公衆|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	common|一般|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

The masters who instructed the young people, either in music or in military exercises, do not seem to have been paid, or even appointed by the state, either in Rome or even at Athens, the Greek republic of whose laws and customs we are the best informed.	音楽や軍事演習で若者を指導した師匠は、ローマでも、あるいはギリシャ共和国のアテネでさえ、その法律や慣習について最もよく知っている国から支払われたり、任命されたりすることはなかったようだ。	instruct|指導する|verb|teach or direct	young people|若者|noun|a person who is young	music|音楽|noun|the art or science of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion	military exercise|軍事演習|noun|a military training activity	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	appoint|任命する|verb|officially choose someone for a job or position	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital city of Greece	Greek republic|ギリシャ共和国|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	custom|慣習|noun|a way of behaving or doing things that is usual or traditional
The state required that every free citizen should fit himself for defending it in war, and should upon that account, learn his military exercises.	国家は、すべての自由市民が戦争で国を守るために自分自身を適合させ、その上で軍事演習を学ぶことを要求した。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	require|要求する|verb|ask authoritatively or urgently for	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	fit|適合させる|verb|be of the right shape and size	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	upon|その上で|preposition|on top of	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills
But it left him to learn them of such masters as he could find;	しかし、彼が見つけられるような師匠からそれらを学ぶことは彼に任せた。	leave|任せる|verb|allow or cause to remain in a specified state	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice
and it seems to have advanced nothing for this purpose, but a public field or place of exercise, in which he should practise and perform them.	そして、この目的のためには、彼がそれらを練習し、実行するべき公共の場所や運動場以外には何も進歩しなかったようだ。	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	field|場所|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	exercise|運動|noun|physical activity that is done in order to become or stay fit and healthy	practise|練習する|verb|regularly or frequently do something	perform|実行する|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill

In the early ages, both of the Greek and Roman republics, the other parts of education seem to have consisted in learning to read, write, and account, according to the arithmetic of the times.	ギリシャとローマの両共和国の初期の時代には、教育の他の部分は、時代の算術に従って、読み書き、計算を学ぶことにあったようだ。	early age|初期の時代|noun|a period of time in one's life when one is young	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	Greek|ギリシャ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Roman|ローマ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
These accomplishments the richer citizens seem frequently to have acquired at home, by the assistance of some domestic pedagogue, who was, generally, either a slave or a freedman;	これらの技能は、裕福な市民は、一般的に奴隷か解放奴隷であった家庭教師の助けを借りて、自宅で身につけたようである。	accomplishment|技能|noun|something that has been achieved successfully	richer|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	acquire|身につける|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	home|自宅|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	assistance|助け|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	domestic|家庭の|adjective|of or relating to the running of a home or family	pedagogue|家庭教師|noun|a teacher, especially a strict or pedantic one	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	freedman|解放奴隷|noun|a former slave who has been freed
and the poorer citizens in the schools of such masters as made a trade of teaching for hire.	そして、貧しい市民は、賃金で教える商売をするような師匠の学校で学んだ。	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular town or city	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	master|師匠|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	teaching|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	hire|賃金|noun|the money paid for the temporary use of something
Such parts of education, however, were abandoned altogether to the care of the parents or guardians of each individual.	しかし、教育のそのような部分は、各個人の親や保護者の世話に完全に委ねられていた。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	abandon|委ねる|verb|give up completely	care|世話|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	parent|親|noun|a father or mother	guardian|保護者|noun|a person who has legal authority and responsibility for the care of a child or minor	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group
It does not appear that the state ever assumed any inspection or direction of them.	国家がそれらの検査や指導を行ったようには見えない。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	assume|行う|verb|take on or undertake	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination or investigation	direction|指導|noun|the action of directing or guiding
By a law of Solon, indeed, the children were acquitted from maintaining those parents who had neglected to instruct them in some profitable trade or business.	ソロンの法律によって、実際、子供たちは、利益のある貿易や商売を教えることを怠った親を養うことから免除された。	Solon|ソロン|noun|an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	maintain|養う|verb|to keep in existence or continuance	parent|親|noun|a father or mother	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	instruct|教える|verb|to teach or direct	profitable|利益のある|adjective|yielding a financial gain	trade|貿易|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	business|商売|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade

In the progress of refinement, when philosophy and rhetoric came into fashion, the better sort of people used to send their children to the schools of philosophers and rhetoricians, in order to be instructed in these fashionable sciences.	洗練の進歩の中で、哲学と修辞学が流行したとき、より良い種類の人々は、これらの流行の科学を教えるために、子供たちを哲学者や修辞学者の学校に送っていた。	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	refinement|洗練|noun|the process of improving something	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	rhetoric|修辞学|noun|the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing	come into fashion|流行する|verb|become popular	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies philosophy	rhetorician|修辞学者|noun|a person who studies rhetoric	instruct|教える|verb|teach or direct	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
But those schools were not supported by the public.	しかし、それらの学校は公衆に支持されていなかった。	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
They were, for a long time, barely tolerated by it.	長い間、それらはほとんど容認されていなかった。	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	barely|ほとんど|adverb|only just; almost not	tolerate|容認する|verb|allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of without prohibition or hindrance; permit
The demand for philosophy and rhetoric was, for a long time, so small, that the first professed teachers of either could not find constant employment in any one city, but were obliged to travel about from place to place.	哲学と修辞学に対する需要は、長い間、非常に小さかったため、どちらかの最初の公認教師は、どの都市でも定職を見つけることができず、場所から場所へと旅行することを余儀なくされた。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	rhetoric|修辞学|noun|the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	constant|定職|adjective|non-varying	employment|職|noun|the condition of having paid work	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	travel|旅行する|verb|go from one place to another	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
In this manner lived Zeno of Elea, Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias, and many others.	エレアのゼノン、プロタゴラス、ゴルギアス、ヒッピアス、その他多くの人々がこのように生活していた。	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	Zeno of Elea|エレアのゼノン|noun|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy	Protagoras|プロタゴラス|noun|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and sophist	Gorgias|ゴルギアス|noun|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and sophist	Hippias|ヒッピアス|noun|a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and sophist	many others|その他多くの人々|noun|a large number of other people
As the demand increased, the school, both of philosophy and rhetoric, became stationary, first in Athens, and afterwards in several other cities.	需要が増加するにつれて、哲学と修辞学の両方の学校は、最初はアテネで、その後他のいくつかの都市で定着した。	as|につれて|conjunction|while or when	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	rhetoric|修辞学|noun|the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques	become|なる|verb|come to be	stationary|定着した|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	first|最初|adverb|coming or occurring before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital and largest city of Greece	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many
The state, however, seems never to have encouraged them further, than by assigning to some of them a particular place to teach in, which was sometimes done, too, by private donors.	しかし、国家は、彼らの一部に教えるための特定の場所を割り当てる以外に、彼らをさらに奨励したことは一度もなかったようであり、それは時々、個人の寄付者によっても行われた。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	place|場所|noun|a particular portion of space	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	private|個人の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	donor|寄付者|noun|a person who gives something
The state seems to have assigned the Academy to Plato, the Lyceum to Aristotle, and the Portico to Zeno of Citta, the founder of the Stoics.	国家は、アカデメイアをプラトンに、リュケイオンをアリストテレスに、ポルティコをストア派の創始者であるキティオンのゼノンに割り当てたようである。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot to	Academy|アカデメイア|noun|a school founded by Plato in Athens	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher and mathematician	Lyceum|リュケイオン|noun|a school founded by Aristotle in Athens	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher and polymath	Portico|ポルティコ|noun|a porch or walkway with a roof supported by columns	Zeno of Citta|キティオンのゼノン|noun|a Greek philosopher	founder|創始者|noun|a person who establishes an institution or settlement	Stoics|ストア派|noun|a school of philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium
But Epicurus bequeathed his gardens to his own school.	しかし、エピクロスは自分の庭を自分の学校に遺贈した。	Epicurus|エピクロス|noun|an ancient Greek philosopher	bequeath|遺贈する|verb|leave (something) to someone in a will	garden|庭|noun|a piece of land where plants (such as flowers or vegetables) are grown	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children
Till about the time of Marcus Antoninus, however, no teacher appears to have had any salary from the public, or to have had any other emoluments, but what arose from the honorarius or fees of his scholars.	しかし、マルクス・アントニヌスの時代まで、教師は公衆から給料を受け取ったり、他の報酬を受け取ったりしたことはなかったようである。	Marcus Antoninus|マルクス・アントニヌス|noun|Roman emperor from 161 to 180	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	honorarius|謝礼金|noun|a fee offered for professional services that are rendered nominally without charge	fee|料金|noun|the price paid for a service	scholar|学者|noun|a specialist in a particular branch of study
The bounty which that philosophical emperor, as we learn from Lucian, bestowed upon one of the teachers of philosophy, probably lasted no longer than his own life.	ルキアノスから学んだように、この哲学的な皇帝が哲学の教師の一人にかけた恩恵は、おそらく彼自身の人生よりも長く続かなかった。	bounty|恩恵|noun|something that is given or received freely	philosophical|哲学的|adjective|of or relating to philosophy	emperor|皇帝|noun|the sovereign ruler of an empire	learn|学ぶ|verb|get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally	Lucian|ルキアノス|noun|a Greek writer of the 2nd century AD	bestow|かける|verb|confer or present as a gift	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
There was nothing equivalent to the privileges of graduation;	卒業の特権に相当するものは何もなかった。	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
and to have attended any of those schools was not necessary, in order to be permitted to practise any particular trade or profession.	そして、特定の貿易や職業を実践することを許可されるために、これらの学校のいずれかに出席する必要はなかった。	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	order|ために|noun|a command, direction, or instruction	permit|許可する|verb|allow to do something	practise|実践する|verb|carry out or perform	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification
If the opinion of their own utility could not draw scholars to them, the law neither forced anybody to go to them, nor rewarded anybody for having gone to them.	彼ら自身の有用性についての意見が学者を彼らに引き寄せることができなかったならば、法律は誰も彼らに行くことを強制せず、また彼らに行ったことに対して誰にも報酬を与えなかった。	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	draw|引き寄せる|verb|cause to come to a place or area	scholar|学者|noun|a specialist in a particular branch of study	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	reward|報酬を与える|verb|give a prize or other mark of recognition to (someone) for an action or achievement
The teachers had no jurisdiction over their pupils, nor any other authority besides that natural authority which superior virtue and abilities never fail to procure from young people towards those who are entrusted with any part of their education.	教師は生徒に対して管轄権を持たず、また、優れた徳と能力が教育の一部を任されている人々に対して若者から得ることに失敗しない自然な権威以外の権限も持たなかった。	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	virtue|徳|noun|behavior showing high moral standards	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

At Rome, the study of the civil law made a part of the education, not of the greater part of the citizens, but of some particular families.	ローマでは、市民法の研究は、市民の大部分ではなく、特定の家族の教育の一部となった。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	civil law|市民法|noun|the body of law that deals with the rights and obligations of individuals and organizations, as opposed to criminal law	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	part|一部|noun|something less than the whole of a quantity or extent	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are closely related to each other
The young people, however, who wished to acquire knowledge in the law, had no public school to go to, and had no other method of studying it, than by frequenting the company of such of their relations and friends as were supposed to understand it.	しかし、法律の知識を身につけたいと思った若者たちは、通うべき公立学校がなく、それを理解していると思われる親戚や友人の会社に頻繁に出入りする以外に、それを勉強する方法がなかった。	young people|若者たち|noun|people who are young	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or obtain	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules that is made by the government of a country or state and that people must obey	public school|公立学校|noun|a school that is paid for by the government and that all children can go to	study|勉強する|verb|to read and learn about a subject	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	understand|理解する|verb|to know or realize the intended meaning of something
It is, perhaps, worth while to remark, that though the laws of the twelve tables were many of them copied from those of some ancient Greek republics, yet law never seems to have grown up to be a science in any republic of ancient Greece.	十二表法の多くは古代ギリシャ共和国の法律を模倣したものであるが、古代ギリシャのどの共和国においても法律が科学として成長したことは一度もなかったということは、おそらく注目に値する。	twelve tables|十二表法|noun|the earliest code of Roman law	ancient Greek republics|古代ギリシャ共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
In Rome it became a science very early, and gave a considerable degree of illustration to those citizens who had the reputation of understanding it.	ローマでは、それは非常に早い時期に科学となり、それを理解しているという評判のある市民にかなりの程度の説明を与えた。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	very early|非常に早い時期に|adverb|at a time in the past that is long before the present	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	illustration|説明|noun|a picture or diagram that explains or decorates a text	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
In the republics of ancient Greece, particularly in Athens, the ordinary courts of justice consisted of numerous, and therefore disorderly, bodies of people, who frequently decided almost at random, or as clamour, faction, and party-spirit, happened to determine.	古代ギリシャの共和国、特にアテネでは、通常の裁判所は多数の、したがって無秩序な人々から構成され、彼らはしばしばほとんど無作為に、あるいは騒ぎ、派閥、党派心がたまたま決定したように決定した。	ancient Greece|古代ギリシャ|noun|the period of Greek history from the end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Athens|アテネ|noun|the capital and largest city of Greece	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	consist of|から構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	numerous|多数の|adjective|great in number; many	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	body|人々|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	at random|無作為に|adverb|without definite aim, direction, rule, or method	clamour|騒ぎ|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that made by a large number of people	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics	party-spirit|党派心|noun|devotion to a political party	happen to|たまたま|verb|do or occur by chance	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way; be the decisive factor in
The ignominy of an unjust decision, when it was to be divided among five hundred, a thousand, or fifteen hundred people (for some of their courts were so very numerous), could not fall very heavy upon any individual.	不当な判決の不名誉は、それが五百人、千人、あるいは千五百人の人々(彼らの裁判所のいくつかは非常に多数だった)の間で分割されるとき、どの個人にも非常に重く降りかかることはできなかった。	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just; unfair	decision|判決|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration	ignominy|不名誉|noun|public disgrace or dishonor	five hundred|五百|noun|the number 500	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	fifteen hundred|千五百|noun|the number 1500	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge	numerous|多数|adjective|great in number; many	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group
At Rome, on the contrary, the principal courts of justice consisted either of a single judge, or of a small number of judges, whose characters, especially as they deliberated always in public, could not fail to be very much affected by any rash or unjust decision.	それとは対照的に、ローマでは、主要な裁判所は単独の裁判官か少数の裁判官で構成され、彼らの性格は、特に常に公の場で審議されるため、軽率な判決や不当な判決によって非常に影響を受けざるを得なかった。	at Rome|ローマでは|preposition|in the city of Rome	on the contrary|それとは対照的に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	consist of|で構成される|verb|be made up of	single|単独の|adjective|only one	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	small number|少数の|noun|a small quantity	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	especially|特に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	deliberate|審議する|verb|think carefully about something	rash|軽率な|adjective|acting or done without careful thought or planning	unjust|不当な|adjective|not just or fair	decision|判決|noun|a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
In doubtful cases such courts, from their anxiety to avoid blame, would naturally endeavour to shelter themselves under the example or precedent of the judges who had sat before them, either in the same or in some other court.	疑わしい場合には、そのような裁判所は、非難を避けようと心配するあまり、同じ裁判所でも他の裁判所でも、自分たちの前に座った裁判官の例や判例に身を隠そうと努力するだろう。	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|not certain or sure	case|場合|noun|a situation or event	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal cases are heard and decided	anxiety|心配|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	blame|非難|noun|responsibility for a fault or wrong	naturally|当然|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	shelter|身を隠す|verb|provide protection for	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	precedent|判例|noun|a legal case or decision that may be or must be followed in subsequent similar cases	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law	sit|座る|verb|be in or assume a position in which one's weight is supported by one's buttocks rather than one's feet and one's upper body is more or less upright	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal cases are heard and decided
This attention to practice and precedent, necessarily formed the Roman law into that regular and orderly system in which it has been delivered down to us;	慣習と判例に対するこの注意は、必然的にローマ法を、それが私たちに伝えられてきた規則的で秩序あるシステムへと形成した。	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	practice|慣習|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	precedent|判例|noun|a legal case or decision that may be or must be followed in subsequent similar cases	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	Roman law|ローマ法|noun|the legal system of ancient Rome	regular|規則的|adjective|arranged in or constituting a fixed or ordered pattern	orderly|秩序ある|adjective|arranged or conducted in a neat, careful, and systematic way	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network	deliver|伝える|verb|convey or communicate
and the like attention has had the like effects upon the laws of every other country where such attention has taken place.	そして、同様の注意が、そのような注意が払われた他のすべての国の法律にも同様の効果をもたらした。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	like|同様の|adjective|having the same characteristics or qualities as some other person or thing	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	take place|起こる|verb|happen or occur
The superiority of character in the Romans over that of the Greeks, so much remarked by Polybius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, was probably more owing to the better constitution of their courts of justice, than to any of the circumstances to which those authors ascribe it.	ポリュビオスやハリカルナッソスのディオニュシオスが指摘しているように、ローマ人の性格がギリシャ人よりも優れていたのは、おそらくこれらの著者が挙げている状況よりも、裁判所の体制が優れていたことによるものだった。	superiority|優越性|noun|the state of being better than something else	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	Polybius|ポリュビオス|noun|a Greek historian of the Hellenistic period	Dionysius of Halicarnassus|ハリカルナッソスのディオニュシオス|noun|a Greek historian and teacher of rhetoric	remark|指摘する|verb|say something as a comment	constitution|体制|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	author|著者|noun|a writer of a book, article, or report	ascribe|挙げる|verb|regard something as being caused by
The Romans are said to have been particularly distinguished for their superior respect to an oath.	ローマ人は、特に誓いを尊重することで際立っていたと言われている。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	distinguished|際立っていた|adjective|marked by eminence, distinction, or excellence	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
But the people who were accustomed to make oath only before some diligent and well informed court of justice, would naturally be much more attentive to what they swore, than they who were accustomed to do the same thing before mobbish and disorderly assemblies.	しかし、勤勉で情報通の裁判所の前でのみ宣誓することに慣れている人々は、暴徒的で無秩序な集会の前で同じことをすることに慣れている人々よりも、当然のことながら、自分の誓ったことにずっと注意を払うだろう。	make oath|宣誓する|verb|make a solemn promise	accustomed|慣れている|adjective|familiar with something through repeated exposure	diligent|勤勉な|adjective|showing care and effort in your work or duties	well informed|情報通の|adjective|having a lot of knowledge about a particular subject	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	attentive|注意を払う|adjective|paying close attention to something	mobbish|暴徒的な|adjective|like a mob	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|not arranged or organized in a neat, tidy, or orderly way	assembly|集会|noun|a group of people gathered together in one place for a particular purpose

The abilities, both civil and military, of the Greeks and Romans, will readily be allowed to have been at least equal to those of any modern nation.	ギリシャ人とローマ人の能力は、文民、軍事ともに、少なくとも現代のどの国にも劣らなかったことは、すぐに認められるだろう。	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	civil|文民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	readily|すぐに|adverb|without difficulty or hesitation	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times
Our prejudice is perhaps rather to overrate them.	むしろ、私たちの偏見は、彼らを過大評価しているのかもしれない。	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	overrate|過大評価する|verb|have too high an opinion of
But except in what related to military exercises, the state seems to have been at no pains to form those great abilities;	しかし、軍事演習に関係するものを除いて、国家はそうした偉大な能力を形成するために苦労しなかったように思われる。	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	exercise|演習|noun|a military training activity	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something
for I cannot be induced to believe that the musical education of the Greeks could be of much consequence in forming them.	というのも、ギリシャ人の音楽教育が、そうした能力を形成する上で、それほど重要だったとは信じられない。	for|というのも|conjunction|because	I|私|pronoun|the speaker	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	be induced to|させられる|verb|be persuaded to do something	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	that|というのも|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that expresses a statement or hypothesis	the musical education|音楽教育|noun|the process of imparting knowledge and skill in music	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	the Greeks|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	could be|あり得る|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	much|多くの|adjective|great in quantity or degree	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition	in|において|preposition|within the limits or bounds of	forming|形成する|verb|bring into existence	them|それら|pronoun|used to refer to a group of people or things previously mentioned
Masters, however, had been found, it seems, for instructing the better sort of people among those nations, in every art and science in which the circumstances of their society rendered it necessary or convenient for them to be instructed.	しかし、これらの国々のより良い階級の人々を、社会の状況が彼らに教育を必要または便利なものにしたあらゆる芸術と科学において教育するために、師匠が見つけられたようである。	master|師匠|noun|a person who has control over others	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	instruct|教育する|verb|teach or educate	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
The demand for such instruction produced, what it always produces, the talent for giving it;	そのような教育に対する需要は、いつもそうであるように、それを提供する才能を生み出した。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	talent|才能|noun|a natural ability to be good at something
and the emulation which an unrestrained competition never fails to excite, appears to have brought that talent to a very high degree of perfection.	そして、無制限の競争が必ず引き起こす競争心は、その才能を非常に高度な完成度にまで高めたように思われる。	unrestrained|無制限の|adjective|not held back or controlled	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	excite|引き起こす|verb|cause strong feelings of	emulation|競争心|noun|the desire to equal or excel others	talent|才能|noun|a natural ability to be good at something	perfection|完成度|noun|the condition, state, or quality of being free or as free as possible from all flaws or defects
In the attention which the ancient philosophers excited, in the empire which they acquired over the opinions and principles of their auditors, in the faculty which they possessed of giving a certain tone and character to the conduct and conversation of those auditors, they appear to have been much superior to any modern teachers.	古代の哲学者たちは、聴衆の意見や主義を支配する力、聴衆の行動や会話に一定の調子や性格を与える能力において、現代の教師よりもはるかに優れていたように思われる。	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy	attention|注目|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	empire|支配力|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	acquire|獲得する|verb|to come into possession or ownership of	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	principle|主義|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	auditor|聴衆|noun|a person who listens to a public lecture, concert, or other event	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	conversation|会話|noun|informal talk between two or more people	appear|思われる|verb|to seem or give the impression of being	superior|優れている|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	modern|現代の|adjective|relating to the present time or recent times
In modern times, the diligence of public teachers is more or less corrupted by the circumstances which render them more or less independent of their success and reputation in their particular professions.	現代では、公立教師の勤勉さは、彼らをその職業での成功や評判から多かれ少なかれ独立させる状況によって、多かれ少なかれ損なわれている。	modern times|現代|noun|the present time or the recent past	public teacher|公立教師|noun|a teacher who works in a public school	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being careful and hardworking	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	corrupt|損なう|verb|cause to be dishonest or immoral	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	render|させる|verb|cause to be or become	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	independent|独立|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
Their salaries, too, put the private teacher, who would pretend to come into competition with them, in the same state with a merchant who attempts to trade without a bounty, in competition with those who trade with a considerable one.	彼らの給料もまた、彼らと競争しようとする私立教師を、かなりの賞金を得て商売をする者と競争して、賞金なしで商売しようとする商人と同じ状態に置く。	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	private teacher|私立教師|noun|a teacher who works in a private school	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is true when in fact it is not	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	bounty|賞金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	state|状態|noun|the condition of something
If he sells his goods at nearly the same price, he cannot have the same profit;	彼がほぼ同じ価格で商品を売ったとしても、同じ利益を得ることはできない。	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
and poverty and beggary at least, if not bankruptcy and ruin, will infallibly be his lot.	破産や破滅とまではいかなくても、少なくとも貧困と乞食は間違いなく彼の運命となるだろう。	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	beggary|乞食|noun|the state of being extremely poor	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	infallibly|間違いなく|adverb|in a way that is certain to happen or be true	lot|運命|noun|a person's destiny or fortune
If he attempts to sell them much dearer, he is likely to have so few customers, that his circumstances will not be much mended.	彼がもっと高く売ろうとしても、顧客があまりにも少ないので、彼の状況はあまり改善されないだろう。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	dear|高く|adjective|high in price	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	mend|改善する|verb|improve or repair
The privileges of graduation, besides, are in many countries necessary, or at least extremely convenient, to most men of learned professions, that is, to the far greater part of those who have occasion for a learned education.	その上、卒業の特権は、多くの国で、学問を修めた職業のほとんどの人々、つまり、学問を修めた教育を受ける機会のある人々の大部分にとって、必要であるか、少なくとも非常に便利である。	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	graduation|卒業|noun|the action or process of graduating from a college or university	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	many countries|多くの国|noun|a large number of nations	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree; very	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	learned profession|学問を修めた職業|noun|a profession that requires a high level of education and training	learned education|学問を修めた教育|noun|education that focuses on academic subjects
But those privileges can be obtained only by attending the lectures of the public teachers.	しかし、これらの特権は、公立教師の講義に出席することによってのみ得られる。	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	attend|出席する|verb|be present at	lecture|講義|noun|a talk or speech given to an audience, especially one given by a university or college teacher
The most careful attendance upon the ablest instructions of any private teacher cannot always give any title to demand them.	どんな私立教師の最も有能な指導にも最も注意深く出席しても、それらを要求する資格を常に与えてくれるわけではない。	the most careful attendance|最も注意深く出席|noun phrase|the act of being present at an event or place	the ablest instructions|最も有能な指導|noun phrase|the act of teaching or showing how to do something	any private teacher|どんな私立教師|noun phrase|a teacher who is not employed by a public school	cannot always give|常に与えてくれるわけではない|verb phrase|be unable to provide or produce	any title|資格|noun phrase|a name that describes someone's position or job	demand|要求する|verb|ask for something forcefully
It is from these different causes that the private teacher of any of the sciences, which are commonly taught in universities, is, in modern times, generally considered as in the very lowest order of men of letters.	これらのさまざまな原因から、大学で一般的に教えられている科学のいずれかの私立教師は、現代では、一般に、最も低い階層の文学者と考えられている。	It is from|それは〜からである|phrase|the cause or source of something is	these|これらの|determiner|the ones that are near or that have just been mentioned	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other	cause|原因|noun|the person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	that|それは|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that explains or gives more information about something	the private teacher|私立教師|noun|a teacher who works in a private school	of any of the sciences|科学のいずれかの|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	which are commonly taught|一般的に教えられている|relative clause|that are taught generally	in universities|大学で|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	is|である|verb|be	in modern times|現代では|noun|the present period of history	generally considered|一般に考えられている|verb|think of or regard in a specified way	as in the very lowest order|最も低い階層にある|phrase|the lowest position in a hierarchy	of men of letters|文学者|noun|a person who is involved in literature
A man of real abilities can scarce find out a more humiliating or a more unprofitable employment to turn them to.	真の能力のある人間は、それを生かすために、これ以上屈辱的で、これ以上不利益な職業を見つけることはできない。	real|真の|adjective|not fake or false	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	humiliating|屈辱的な|adjective|causing a severe loss in the dignity of and respect for someone or something	unprofitable|不利益な|adjective|not yielding a profit	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed
The endowments of schools and colleges have in this manner not only corrupted the diligence of public teachers, but have rendered it almost impossible to have any good private ones.	学校や大学への寄付は、このように公立教師の勤勉さを堕落させただけでなく、優秀な私立教師を雇うことをほとんど不可能にした。	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher education	endowment|寄付|noun|a gift of money or property	public|公立|adjective|of or relating to the people as a whole	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly	private|私立|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people

Were there no public institutions for education, no system, no science, would be taught, for which there was not some demand, or which the circumstances of the times did not render it either necessary or convenient, or at least fashionable to learn.	教育のための公的機関がなければ、何の制度も科学も教えられることはなく、それに対して何の需要もなかったり、時代の状況がそれを必要でも便利でも、少なくとも学ぶのに流行りでもないものにした。	public institution|公的機関|noun|an organization that is funded by the government	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to pay a price for a good or service	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	fashionable|流行り|adjective|in or influenced by the latest style or trend
A private teacher could never find his account in teaching either an exploded and antiquated system of a science acknowledged to be useful, or a science universally believed to be a mere useless and pedantic heap of sophistry and nonsense.	私立教師は、有用であると認められた科学の爆発的で時代遅れのシステムや、普遍的に単なる無用で衒学的な詭弁とナンセンスの山であると信じられている科学を教えることで、自分の説明を見つけることはできなかった。	private teacher|私立教師|noun|a teacher who works in a private school	find one's account|自分の説明を見つける|verb|to find a satisfactory explanation for something	exploded|爆発的|adjective|having increased or expanded rapidly	antiquated|時代遅れ|adjective|no longer produced or used; out of date	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	useful|有用|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in every case or on every occasion	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	useless|無用|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	pedantic|衒学的|adjective|excessively concerned with minor details or rules	heap|山|noun|a large amount of something piled or lying together	sophistry|詭弁|noun|the use of clever but false arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving	nonsense|ナンセンス|noun|spoken or written words that have no meaning or make no sense
Such systems, such sciences, can subsist nowhere but in those incorporated societies for education, whose prosperity and revenue are in a great measure independent of their industry.	そのような制度や科学は、その繁栄と収入が彼らの産業とはほとんど無関係な、教育のための法人化された社会でしか存在し得ない。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	subsist|存在し得る|verb|maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	but|しか|conjunction|only	those|それらの|adjective|the ones mentioned	incorporated|法人化された|adjective|legally established as a corporation	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	great|ほとんど|adjective|of major significance or importance	measure|無関係な|noun|a step taken for a particular purpose	independent|産業|adjective|free from outside control; not depending on another's authority
Were there no public institutions for education, a gentleman, after going through, with application and abilities, the most complete course of education which the circumstances of the times were supposed to afford, could not come into the world completely ignorant of everything which is the common subject of conversation among gentlemen and men of the world.	教育のための公的機関がなければ、紳士は、時代の状況が許す限り最も完全な教育課程を、熱意と能力をもって修了した後、紳士や世間の人々の間で話題になるような事柄を全く知らないまま世に出ることはできない。	public institution|公的機関|noun|an organization that is funded by the government	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	application|熱意|noun|the act of putting something into operation	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something	go through|修了する|verb|complete or finish	afford|許す|verb|have enough money to pay for	come into|世に出る|verb|be born	ignorant|知らない|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	conversation|話題|noun|informal talk between two or more people

There are no public institutions for the education of women, and there is accordingly nothing useless, absurd, or fantastical, in the common course of their education.	女性の教育のための公的機関は存在せず、したがって、女性の教育の一般的な過程には、無駄なこと、ばかげたこと、空想的なことは何もない。	public institution|公的機関|noun|an institution that is owned or controlled by the government	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	common course|一般的な過程|noun|the usual or ordinary way of doing something	useless|無駄な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	absurd|ばかげた|adjective|wildly unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	fantastical|空想的な|adjective|existing only in the imagination; unreal
They are taught what their parents or guardians judge it necessary or useful for them to learn, and they are taught nothing else.	彼女たちは、親や保護者が学ぶのに必要または有用であると判断したことを教えられ、それ以外は何も教えられていない。	parent|親|noun|a father or mother	guardian|保護者|noun|a person who has legal authority and responsibility for the care of a child	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	useful|有用|adjective|being of use or service	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing
Every part of their education tends evidently to some useful purpose;	彼女たちの教育のあらゆる部分は、明らかに何らかの有益な目的に向かっている。	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	tend|向かう|verb|be inclined or disposed	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily perceived or understood	useful|有益な|adjective|being of use or service	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something
either to improve the natural attractions of their person, or to form their mind to reserve, to modesty, to chastity, and to economy;	彼女たちの人格の自然な魅力を高めるか、あるいは控えめ、謙虚、貞淑、節約の精神を養うことである。	improve|高める|verb|make or become better	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	attraction|魅力|noun|the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something	person|人格|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	form|養う|verb|bring into existence	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	reserve|控えめ|noun|a tendency to be reticent or restrained	modesty|謙虚|noun|the quality or state of being unassuming or moderate in the estimation of one's abilities or accomplishments	chastity|貞淑|noun|the state or practice of refraining from extramarital, or especially from all, sexual intercourse	economy|節約|noun|the careful management of available resources
to render them both likely to became the mistresses of a family, and to behave properly when they have become such.	彼女たちが家族の奥方になる可能性を高め、また、奥方になったときには適切に振る舞うようにすることである。	render|高める|verb|cause to be or become	likely|可能性|adjective|having a high probability of occurring or being true	become|なる|verb|come to be	mistress|奥方|noun|a woman in a position of authority or control	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	behave|振る舞う|verb|act or conduct oneself in a specified way	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner
In every part of her life, a woman feels some conveniency or advantage from every part of her education.	女性は人生のあらゆる場面で、教育のあらゆる部分から何らかの便宜や利益を感じている。	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	feel|感じる|verb|experience (an emotion or sensation)	some conveniency|何らかの便宜|noun|some advantage or benefit	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
It seldom happens that a man, in any part of his life, derives any conveniency or advantage from some of the most laborious and troublesome parts of his education.	男性が人生のどの部分においても、教育の最も骨の折れる面倒な部分から何らかの便宜や利益を得ることはめったにない。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	derive|得る|verb|obtain or receive from a source	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that is convenient	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

Ought the public, therefore, to give no attention, it may be asked, to the education of the people?	では、国民の教育に公衆は注意を払うべきではないのか、と問われるかもしれない。	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	give no attention|注意を払わない|verb|not pay attention to	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
Or, if it ought to give any, what are the different parts of education which it ought to attend to in the different orders of the people?	あるいは、もし注意を払うべきなら、国民の異なる階層において注意を払うべき教育の異なる部分とは何か?	give|払う|verb|transfer something to someone	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area
and in what manner ought it to attend to them?	そして、どのような方法でそれらに注意を払うべきか?	in what manner|どのような方法で|adverb|in what way	ought|べき|auxiliary verb|should	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of; deal with

In some cases, the state of society necessarily places the greater part of individuals in such situations as naturally form in them, without any attention of government, almost all the abilities and virtues which that state requires, or perhaps can admit of.	ある場合には、社会の状態は必然的に、個人の大部分を、政府の注意を払うことなく、その状態が必要とする、あるいはおそらく認めることができるほとんどすべての能力と美徳を自然に形成するような状況に置く。	in some cases|ある場合には|adverb|sometimes	state of society|社会の状態|noun|the condition of a society	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|inevitably	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority	individual|個人|noun|a single human being	such situation|そのような状況|noun|a situation of the type mentioned	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	without any attention|注意を払うことなく|adverb|without being careful	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	admit|認める|verb|accept as true; acknowledge
In other cases, the state of the society does not place the greater part of individuals in such situations;	他の場合には、社会の状態は個人の大部分をそのような状況に置かない。	in other cases|他の場合には|adverb|in other situations	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place
and some attention of government is necessary, in order to prevent the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of the people.	そして、国民の大多数がほとんど完全に腐敗し、退廃するのを防ぐために、政府の注意が必要である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	some|いくらかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the aim of; so as to	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	entire|完全に|adjective|with no part left out; whole	corruption|腐敗|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power	degeneracy|退廃|noun|the state or process of being degenerate	great|大多数|adjective|of major significance or importance	body|国民|noun|the main part of a person's or animal's body

In the progress of the division of labour, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labour, that is, of the great body of the people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations;	分業の進歩に伴い、労働によって生計を立てている人々の大部分、つまり国民の大部分の雇用は、ごくわずかな単純な作業に限定されるようになる。	division of labour|分業|noun|the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, each of which is performed by a separate person or group of persons	progress|進歩|noun|the process of improving or developing	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	live by labour|労働によって生計を立てる|verb|to earn a living by working	that is|つまり|conjunction|in other words; to put it differently	great body of the people|国民の大部分|noun|the majority of the people	come to be|～になる|verb|to become something	confined to|限定される|verb|to be limited to	a few|ごくわずかな|determiner|a small number of	very simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	operation|作業|noun|a task or action that is carried out
frequently to one or two.	しばしば一つか二つに限定される。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	one|一つか|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	two|二つ|noun|a number equal to one plus one
But the understandings of the greater part of men are necessarily formed by their ordinary employments.	しかし、大部分の人々の理解力は、必然的に彼らの日常の仕事によって形成される。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	ordinary|日常の|adjective|normal or usual	employment|仕事|noun|the state of being employed
The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects, too, are perhaps always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention, in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur.	人生のすべてを、その効果もおそらく常に同じか、ほとんど同じである、ごくわずかな単純な作業の遂行に費やしている人は、決して起こらない困難を取り除くための方策を見つけるために、自分の理解力を発揮したり、発明の才を発揮したりする必要がない。	whole life|人生のすべて|noun|the entire period of a person's life	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	few|ごくわずかな|adjective|a small number of	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	operation|作業|noun|a process or series of acts especially of a practical nature	effect|効果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event	exert|発揮する|verb|to make a physical or mental effort	understanding|理解力|noun|the ability to understand something	invention|発明の才|noun|the creation of something that has not existed before	remove|取り除く|verb|to move something from where it is	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end
He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become.	そのため、彼は当然、そのような努力の習慣を失い、一般的に人間がなりうる限り愚かで無知になる。	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	habit|習慣|noun|a settled or regular tendency or practice	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	stupid|愚か|adjective|lacking intelligence or common sense	ignorant|無知|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general
The torpor of his mind renders him not only incapable of relishing or bearing a part in any rational conversation, but of conceiving any generous, noble, or tender sentiment, and consequently of forming any just judgment concerning many even of the ordinary duties of private life.	彼の精神の麻痺は、彼を合理的な会話を楽しんだり、その一部を担ったりすることができなくするだけでなく、寛大で高貴で優しい感情を抱くことも、その結果として私生活の日常的な義務の多くに関して正しい判断を下すこともできなくする。	torpor|麻痺|noun|a state of mental or physical inactivity or insensibility	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability or skill to do something	relish|楽しむ|verb|enjoy greatly	bear|担う|verb|carry or support	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	rational|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic	conversation|会話|noun|informal talk involving two or more people	generous|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a family of high social rank	tender|優しい|adjective|expressing gentleness or warmth	sentiment|感情|noun|a thought, opinion, or feeling	conceive|抱く|verb|become pregnant with	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	form|下す|verb|make or produce	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	concerning|に関して|preposition|about	many|多く|determiner|a large number of	even|さえ|adverb|used to emphasize the more extreme of two things	ordinary|日常的な|adjective|normal or usual	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation
Of the great and extensive interests of his country he is altogether incapable of judging;	彼は、自分の国の偉大で広範な利益について、まったく判断することができない。	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	judging|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about
and unless very particular pains have been taken to render him otherwise, he is equally incapable of defending his country in war.	そして、彼をそうではない状態にするために非常に特別な努力が払われない限り、彼は戦争で自分の国を守ることも同様にできない。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	pain|努力|noun|physical or mental suffering or anguish	have been taken|払われる|verb|to be removed from a place	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	otherwise|そうではない|adverb|in a different way	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same manner	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	defend|守る|verb|to protect from harm or danger	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The uniformity of his stationary life naturally corrupts the courage of his mind, and makes him regard, with abhorrence, the irregular, uncertain, and adventurous life of a soldier.	彼の定住生活の単調さは、当然彼の精神の勇気を腐敗させ、彼に兵士の不規則で不確実で冒険的な生活を嫌悪感をもって見させる。	uniformity|単調さ|noun|the quality or state of being uniform	stationary|定住|adjective|not moving or intended to be moved	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	corrupt|腐敗させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	courage|勇気|noun|the ability to do something that frightens one	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	abhorrence|嫌悪感|noun|a feeling of intense dislike	irregular|不規則|adjective|not regular	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not certain	adventurous|冒険的|adjective|involving risk or danger
It corrupts even the activity of his body, and renders him incapable of exerting his strength with vigour and perseverance in any other employment, than that to which he has been bred.	それは彼の身体の活動性さえも腐敗させ、彼が育てられた仕事以外のどんな仕事でも、彼が活力と忍耐をもって自分の力を行使することを不可能にする。	corrupt|腐敗させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	activity|活動性|noun|the state or quality of being active	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	render|不可能にする|verb|cause to be or become	incapable|不可能|adjective|lacking the ability to perform	exert|行使する|verb|apply or bring to bear	strength|力|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	perseverance|忍耐|noun|continued effort to achieve something despite difficulties, failure, or opposition	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work	breed|育てる|verb|produce offspring
His dexterity at his own particular trade seems, in this manner, to be acquired at the expense of his intellectual, social, and martial virtues.	彼自身の特定の職業における彼の器用さは、このようにして、彼の知的、社会的、そして軍事的徳を犠牲にして獲得されるように思われる。	dexterity|器用さ|noun|skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|職業|noun|a job requiring manual or mechanical skill	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost or charge incurred in making or doing something	intellectual|知的|adjective|of or relating to the intellect or its use	social|社会的|adjective|of or relating to society or its organization	martial|軍事的|adjective|of or relating to war or the armed forces
But in every improved and civilized society, this is the state into which the labouring poor, that is, the great body of the people, must necessarily fall, unless government takes some pains to prevent it.	しかし、あらゆる進歩した文明社会において、これが労働貧民、つまり国民の大多数が、政府がそれを防ぐために何らかの努力をしない限り、必然的に陥る状態である。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	improved|進歩した|adjective|made better	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	labouring|労働する|adjective|working hard	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	take pains|努力する|verb|make a great effort

It is otherwise in the barbarous societies, as they are commonly called, of hunters, of shepherds, and even of husbandmen in that rude state of husbandry which precedes the improvement of manufactures, and the extension of foreign commerce.	製造業の進歩と対外貿易の拡大に先立つ、農業の未熟な段階にある狩猟者、羊飼い、さらには農民の、いわゆる野蛮な社会ではそうではない。	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	hunter|狩猟者|noun|a person who hunts animals	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	husbandman|農民|noun|a farmer	rude|未熟な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect	state|段階|noun|a condition or stage of development	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	improvement|進歩|noun|the action of improving something	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	foreign|対外|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
In such societies, the varied occupations of every man oblige every man to exert his capacity, and to invent expedients for removing difficulties which are continually occurring.	そのような社会では、あらゆる人の多様な職業が、あらゆる人に自分の能力を発揮し、絶えず起こる困難を取り除くための方策を発明することを義務づけている。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	varied|多様な|adjective|not uniform or homogeneous	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	oblige|義務づける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	exert|発揮する|verb|apply or bring to bear	capacity|能力|noun|the ability to do something	invent|発明する|verb|create or design something that has not existed before	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	remove|取り除く|verb|take away or eliminate	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or obstacle
Invention is kept alive, and the mind is not suffered to fall into that drowsy stupidity, which, in a civilized society, seems to benumb the understanding of almost all the inferior ranks of people.	発明は生き続け、精神は、文明社会ではほとんどすべての下層階級の人々の理解力を麻痺させているように見える、あの眠たげな愚かさに陥ることは許されない。	invention|発明|noun|a new device, method, or process developed from study and experimentation	keep alive|生き続ける|verb|to continue to live	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	fall into|陥る|verb|to become involved in something	drowsy|眠たげな|adjective|sleepy	stupidity|愚かさ|noun|the quality or state of being stupid	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	inferior|下層の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military or police force	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
In those barbarous societies, as they are called, every man, it has already been observed, is a warrior.	すでに述べたように、いわゆる野蛮な社会では、すべての人が戦士である。	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	man|人|noun|an adult male human being	warrior|戦士|noun|a person engaged or experienced in warfare
Every man, too, is in some measure a statesman, and can form a tolerable judgment concerning the interest of the society, and the conduct of those who govern it.	すべての人は、ある程度政治家でもあり、社会の利益やそれを統治する人々の行動について、ある程度の判断を下すことができる。	every man|すべての人|noun|each person	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	some measure|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	statesman|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in the government of a country	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	form|下す|verb|make or produce	tolerable|ある程度の|adjective|able to be endured	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	concerning|について|preposition|about	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	govern|統治する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority
How far their chiefs are good judges in peace, or good leaders in war, is obvious to the observation of almost every single man among them.	彼らの首長が平和においてどれほど優れた裁判官であるか、戦争においてどれほど優れた指導者であるかは、彼らのほとんどすべての人にとって明らかである。	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe or clan	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	leader|指導者|noun|a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	obvious|明らか|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	single|すべての|adjective|one only; not one of several
In such a society, indeed, no man can well acquire that improved and refined understanding which a few men sometimes possess in a more civilized state.	確かに、そのような社会では、より文明化された国家で少数の人々が時折持つような、洗練された理解力を身につけることはできない。	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or response confirming something already suggested	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or get as one's own	improved|洗練された|adjective|made or become better	understanding|理解力|noun|the ability to understand something	civilized|文明化された|adjective|having a high level of social and cultural development	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
Though in a rude society there is a good deal of variety in the occupations of every individual, there is not a great deal in those of the whole society.	未開の社会では、各個人の職業にはかなりの多様性があるものの、社会全体の職業にはあまり多様性がない。	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	there is|ある|verb|exist	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	there is|ない|verb|not exist	great deal|あまり|noun|a large amount or extent	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
Every man does, or is capable of doing, almost every thing which any other man does, or is capable of being.	誰もが、他の誰かがしていること、あるいはできることのほとんどすべてをしているか、あるいはできる。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	do|する|verb|perform an action	capable of|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	everything|すべて|noun|all things	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	be capable of|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something
Every man has a considerable degree of knowledge, ingenuity, and invention but scarce any man has a great degree.	誰もがかなりの程度の知識、創意工夫、発明力を持っているが、高度な知識を持っている人はほとんどいない。	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	considerable degree|かなりの程度|noun|a large amount or extent	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	ingenuity|創意工夫|noun|the quality of being clever, original, and inventive	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process that has been invented by someone	scarce|ほとんどいない|adjective|not enough of something; not enough to meet a need	great degree|高度な|noun|a large amount or extent
The degree, however, which is commonly possessed, is generally sufficient for conducting the whole simple business of the society.	しかし、一般的に持っている程度の知識は、社会の単純な業務全体を遂行するには十分である。	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	possess|持っている|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	generally|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	sufficient|十分である|adjective|as much or as good as required	conduct|遂行する|verb|organize and carry out	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	business|業務|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
In a civilized state, on the contrary, though there is little variety in the occupations of the greater part of individuals, there is an almost infinite variety in those of the whole society.	逆に、文明化した国家では、個人の大部分の職業にはほとんど多様性がないが、社会全体の職業にはほとんど無限の多様性がある。	civilized state|文明化した国家|noun|a state that has a high level of culture and development	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	little variety|ほとんど多様性がない|noun|not much variety	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	almost infinite variety|ほとんど無限の多様性|noun|a very large amount of variety	whole society|社会全体|noun|all of society
These varied occupations present an almost infinite variety of objects to the contemplation of those few, who, being attached to no particular occupation themselves, have leisure and inclination to examine the occupations of other people.	これらの多様な職業は、自分自身は特定の職業に従事せず、他人の職業を調べる余裕と意欲のある少数の人々にとって、ほとんど無限の多様な対象を提供する。	varied|多様な|adjective|of different kinds or types	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	present|提供する|verb|give or make available	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	infinite|無限の|adjective|having no limits or end	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	contemplation|熟考|noun|the action of thinking about something deeply	few|少数の|adjective|a small number of	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	leisure|余裕|noun|time when one is not working or occupied	inclination|意欲|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something
The contemplation of so great a variety of objects necessarily exercises their minds in endless comparisons and combinations, and renders their understandings, in an extraordinary degree, both acute and comprehensive.	非常に多様な対象を熟考することは、必然的に彼らの精神を無限の比較と組み合わせで鍛え、彼らの理解を並外れた程度に鋭敏かつ包括的にする。	contemplation|熟考|noun|the action of thinking about something deeply	variety|多様性|noun|the quality or state of being different or varied	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	exercise|鍛える|verb|train or develop	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	endless|無限の|adjective|having or seeming to have no end or limit	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	combination|組み合わせ|noun|the act of combining two or more things	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	understanding|理解|noun|the ability to understand something	extraordinary|並外れた|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	acute|鋭敏な|adjective|having or showing a perceptive understanding or insight	comprehensive|包括的な|adjective|complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something
Unless those few, however, happen to be placed in some very particular situations, their great abilities, though honourable to themselves, may contribute very little to the good government or happiness of their society.	しかし、その少数の人々がたまたま非常に特殊な状況に置かれない限り、彼らの優れた能力は、彼ら自身にとっては名誉なことではあるが、彼らの社会の良い統治や幸福にほとんど貢献しないかもしれない。	few|少数の|adjective|a small number of	happen|たまたま|verb|take place by chance	particular|特殊な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or situation	great|優れた|adjective|of major significance or importance	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	honourable|名誉な|adjective|worthy of honour or respect	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or produce something	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	government|統治|noun|the action or manner of governing	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy
Notwithstanding the great abilities of those few, all the nobler parts of the human character may be, in a great measure, obliterated and extinguished in the great body of the people.	その少数の人々の優れた能力にもかかわらず、人間性のすべての高貴な部分は、大部分において、人々の大部分の中で消滅し、消滅するかもしれない。	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; despite	great|優れた|adjective|of major significance or importance	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	few|少数の|adjective|a small number of	human|人間の|adjective|of or relating to humankind	character|性質|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic	part|部分|noun|something less than the whole	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	measure|において|noun|a step taken in order to achieve a particular end	obliterate|消滅する|verb|destroy utterly; wipe out	extinguish|消滅する|verb|cause to stop burning or shining	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively

The education of the common people requires, perhaps, in a civilized and commercial society, the attention of the public, more than that of people of some rank and fortune.	一般人の教育は、おそらく、文明的で商業的な社会において、ある程度の地位や財産を持つ人々の教育よりも、公衆の注意を必要とする。	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	common people|一般人|noun|people in general	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	civilized|文明的な|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	commercial|商業的な|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	rank|地位|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
People of some rank and fortune are generally eighteen or nineteen years of age before they enter upon that particular business, profession, or trade, by which they propose to distinguish themselves in the world.	ある程度の地位や財産を持つ人々は、一般的に18歳か19歳で、世の中で自分を際立たせるために、特定の事業、職業、または貿易に従事する。	some rank and fortune|ある程度の地位や財産|noun phrase|a certain amount of social status and wealth	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	eighteen or nineteen years of age|18歳か19歳|noun phrase|the age of a person who is eighteen or nineteen years old	enter upon|従事する|verb|begin to be engaged in	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that requires prolonged training and a formal qualification	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	distinguish|際立たせる|verb|make noticeable or different	world|世の中|noun|the earth and all the people living on it
They have, before that, full time to acquire, or at least to fit themselves for afterwards acquiring, every accomplishment which can recommend them to the public esteem, or render them worthy of it.	その前に、彼らは、世間の尊敬を得るために推薦できる、またはそれに値するあらゆる成果を獲得する、または少なくとも後で獲得するために自分自身を適合させるための十分な時間を持っている。	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	full time|十分な時間|noun|the amount of time that a person works each week	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	afterwards|後で|adverb|later; subsequently	recommend|推薦する|verb|to suggest or put forward as being suitable for a particular purpose or role	public esteem|世間の尊敬|noun|the respect that people have for someone or something	render|する|verb|to cause to be or become	worthy|値する|adjective|deserving of something
Their parents or guardians are generally sufficiently anxious that they should be so accomplished, and are in most cases, willing enough to lay out the expense which is necessary for that purpose.	彼らの両親や保護者は、一般的に彼らがそうした成果を上げることに十分に熱心であり、ほとんどの場合、その目的のために必要な費用を支払うことに十分に前向きである。	parent|両親|noun|a father or mother	guardian|保護者|noun|a person who has legal authority and responsibility for the care of a child	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	anxious|熱心である|adjective|eager or worried about something	accomplish|成果を上げる|verb|to succeed in doing something	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	willing|前向きである|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	lay out|支払う|verb|to spend money	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed
If they are not always properly educated, it is seldom from the want of expense laid out upon their education, but from the improper application of that expense.	彼らが常に適切な教育を受けていないとしても、それは彼らの教育に費やされる費用の不足からではなく、その費用の不適切な適用からである。	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	educated|教育を受ける|verb|receive systematic instruction	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	want|不足|noun|a lack or deficiency	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	laid out|費やされる|verb|spend money on	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or proper	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation
It is seldom from the want of masters, but from the negligence and incapacity of the masters who are to be had, and from the difficulty, or rather from the impossibility, which there is, in the present state of things, of finding any better.	それは教師の不足からではなく、雇うべき教師の怠慢と無能さからであり、また、現状では、それより良い教師を見つけることが困難である、というより不可能であることからである。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	want|不足|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	incapacity|無能|noun|lack of the ability to do something	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem; a situation that is hard to deal with	impossibility|不可能|noun|the quality of being impossible	present|現状|noun|the current situation	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality
The employments, too, in which people of some rank or fortune spend the greater part of their lives, are not, like those of the common people, simple and uniform.	ある程度の地位や財産を持つ人々が人生の大部分を費やす職業も、一般の人々の職業のように単純で画一的ではない。	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	rank|地位|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	common|一般|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	simple|単純|adjective|easy to understand or do	uniform|画一的|adjective|not varying; the same throughout
They are almost all of them extremely complicated, and such as exercise the head more than the hands.	それらはほとんどすべて非常に複雑で、手よりも頭を動かすようなものである。	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	complicated|複雑な|adjective|having many parts and being difficult to understand or explain	such as|～のような|conjunction|for example	exercise|動かす|verb|use or apply	head|頭|noun|the upper part of the human body or the front part of an animal's body, containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs
The understandings of those who are engaged in such employments, can seldom grow torpid for want of exercise.	そのような職業に従事している人々の理解力が、訓練不足のために鈍くなることはめったにない。	be engaged in|従事している|verb|be occupied or busy with	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	grow torpid|鈍くなる|verb|become inactive or sluggish	want of|不足|noun|lack of
The employments of people of some rank and fortune, besides, are seldom such as harass them from morning to night.	その上、ある程度の地位や財産を持つ人々の職業は、朝から晩まで彼らを悩ませるようなことはめったにない。	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	rank|地位|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	harass|悩ませる|verb|to subject to aggressive pressure or intimidation
They generally have a good deal of leisure, during which they may perfect themselves in every branch, either of useful or ornamental knowledge, of which they may have laid the foundation, or for which they may have acquired some taste in the earlier part of life.	彼らはたいていかなりの余暇があり、その間に有用な知識であれ装飾的な知識であれ、その基礎を築いたか、人生の早い段階で何らかの趣味を身につけたあらゆる分野で自分を完成させることができる。	generally|たいてい|adverb|in most cases; usually	have a good deal of|かなりある|verb|have a lot of	leisure|余暇|noun|time free from work or duties	during which|その間に|conjunction|in or throughout the time that	perfect|完成させる|verb|make perfect or complete	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main stem	useful|有用な|adjective|being of use or service	ornamental|装飾的な|adjective|serving to decorate or embellish	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, or skill that you have gained through education or experience	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or developed	acquire|身につける|verb|come to have or possess	taste|趣味|noun|a liking for something

It is otherwise with the common people.	庶民はそうではない。	common people|庶民|noun|the ordinary people of a country	otherwise|そうではない|adverb|in a different way
They have little time to spare for education.	彼らには教育に割く時間はほとんどない。	have little time|ほとんど時間がない|verb|not have enough time	spare|割く|verb|use or give (something) for a particular purpose	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university
Their parents can scarce afford to maintain them, even in infancy.	彼らの親は、幼児期でさえ、彼らを養う余裕がほとんどない。	parent|親|noun|a father or mother	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	maintain|養う|verb|provide with the necessities of life	infancy|幼児期|noun|the earliest period of a person's life
As soon as they are able to work, they must apply to some trade, by which they can earn their subsistence.	彼らは働けるようになるとすぐに、生計を立てられるような仕事に就かなければならない。	as soon as|できるだけ早く|adverb|at the earliest possible time	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	work|働く|verb|be engaged in a job	apply to|応募する|verb|make a formal request	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labor or services	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life
That trade, too, is generally so simple and uniform, as to give little exercise to the understanding;	その仕事も、一般的に非常に単純で単調なので、理解力をほとんど必要としない。	trade|仕事|noun|a job or profession	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	uniform|単調な|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	give|必要とする|verb|cause to have or receive	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size or amount	exercise|理解力|noun|the use or application of a skill or quality
while, at the same time, their labour is both so constant and so severe, that it leaves them little leisure and less inclination to apply to, or even to think of any thing else.	同時に、彼らの労働は非常に絶え間なく過酷なので、他のことに取り組んだり、考えたりする余裕も意欲もほとんど残されていない。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	constant|絶え間ない|adjective|non-stop	severe|過酷|adjective|very great or intense	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	little|ほとんどない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	leisure|余裕|noun|time when you are not working or doing other duties	inclination|意欲|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	apply to|取り組む|verb|make a formal request	think of|考える|verb|direct one's mind toward someone or something; turn one's thoughts to

But though the common people cannot, in any civilized society, be so well instructed as people of some rank and fortune;	しかし、どんな文明社会でも、一般の人々は、ある程度の地位や財産を持つ人々ほど十分な教育を受けることはできないが、	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	civilized society|文明社会|noun|a society that has developed a high level of culture and technology	well instructed|十分な教育を受けている|adjective|having a lot of knowledge or information	some rank and fortune|ある程度の地位や財産|noun|a certain level of social status and wealth
the most essential parts of education, however, to read, write, and account, can be acquired at so early a period of life, that the greater part, even of those who are to be bred to the lowest occupations, have time to acquire them before they can be employed in those occupations.	しかし、教育の最も重要な部分である読み書きや計算は、人生の早い時期に身につけることができるので、最も低い職業に就く人々でさえ、その職業に就く前にそれらを身につける時間がある。	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	essential|重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	read|読み書き|verb|look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words	write|読み書き|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time	early|早い|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	life|人生|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	greater|大部分|adjective|larger or more important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	low|低い|adjective|of less than average height	occupation|職業|noun|a person's regular paid work	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	acquire|身につける|verb|come to have or possess	before|前に|preposition|during the period of time preceding (the event mentioned)	employ|就く|verb|give work to (someone) in return for regular or specified payment
For a very small expense, the public can facilitate, can encourage and can even impose upon almost the whole body of the people, the necessity of acquiring those most essential parts of education.	ごくわずかな費用で、国民は教育の最も重要な部分を習得する必要性を、国民のほぼ全体に促し、奨励し、さらには義務付けることさえできる。	very small expense|ごくわずかな費用|noun|a very small amount of money	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	facilitate|促す|verb|make easier	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support to	impose|義務付ける|verb|force to accept	almost the whole body of the people|国民のほぼ全体|noun|almost all of the people	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	acquire|習得する|verb|gain or attain	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university

The public can facilitate this acquisition, by establishing in every parish or district a little school, where children maybe taught for a reward so moderate, that even a common labourer may afford it;	国民は、すべての教区や地区に小さな学校を設立することで、この習得を促進することができ、そこでは子供たちが普通の労働者でさえも支払える程度の適度な報酬で教育を受けることができる。	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier	acquisition|習得|noun|the act of getting something	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty	maybe|おそらく|adverb|perhaps	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	common|普通の|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for
the master being partly, but not wholly, paid by the public;	教師の給与は、一部は国民が負担するが、全額ではない。	master|教師|noun|a person who has control over something	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	wholly|全額|adverb|completely; entirely	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area
because, if he was wholly, or even principally, paid by it, he would soon learn to neglect his business.	なぜなら、もし教師の給与が全額、あるいは大部分が国民負担であれば、教師はすぐに自分の仕事を怠るようになるだろうからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	wholly|全額|adverb|completely; entirely	principally|大部分|adverb|for the most part; mainly	paid|給与|verb|give money to someone in exchange for work	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	learn|怠るようになる|verb|gain knowledge or skills	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly
In Scotland, the establishment of such parish schools has taught almost the whole common people to read, and a very great proportion of them to write and account.	スコットランドでは、このような教区学校の設立により、ほぼすべての一般人が読み書きを習得し、そのうちの非常に多くの人が書き取りや計算を習得している。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	parish school|教区学校|noun|a school that is supported by a parish	teach|教える|verb|to impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	common people|一般人|noun|people who are not members of the nobility	read|読む|verb|to be able to understand the written word	write|書く|verb|to form (words, letters, or other characters) on a surface with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time
In England, the establishment of charity schools has had an effect of the same kind, though not so universally, because the establishment is not so universal.	イングランドでは、慈善学校の設立は、それほど普遍的ではないが、同じ種類の効果をもたらした。なぜなら、その設立はそれほど普遍的ではないからである。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	charity school|慈善学校|noun|a school that is supported by charity	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general
If, in those little schools, the books by which the children are taught to read, were a little more instructive than they commonly are;	もし、これらの小さな学校で、子供たちが読むことを教えられる本が、通常よりももう少し有益なものであれば、	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	school|学校|noun|an institution for educating children	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	read|読む|verb|look at and understand the meaning of (written or printed matter) by interpreting the characters or symbols of which it is composed	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	instructive|有益な|adjective|providing useful information or knowledge
and if, instead of a little smattering in Latin, which the children of the common people are sometimes taught there, and which can scarce ever be of any use to them, they were instructed in the elementary parts of geometry and mechanics;	そして、もし、一般の人々の子供たちがそこで時々教えられるラテン語のわずかな知識の代わりに、彼らにとってほとんど役に立たないラテン語の代わりに、彼らが幾何学と力学の初歩的な部分を教えられたならば、	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	a little smattering|わずかな知識|noun|a small amount of knowledge about a subject	Latin|ラテン語|noun|a language of ancient Rome	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	there|そこで|adverb|in or at that place	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	any use|役に立つ|noun|a purpose for which something is used	they|彼ら|pronoun|people in general	were instructed|教えられた|verb|teach or train (someone)	elementary|初歩的な|adjective|of or relating to the first principles of a subject	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	geometry|幾何学|noun|the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues	mechanics|力学|noun|the branch of physics concerned with the motion of objects in response to forces
the literary education of this rank of people would, perhaps, be as complete as can be.	この階級の人々の文学教育は、おそらく、可能な限り完全なものになるだろう。	literary education|文学教育|noun|education in literature	this rank of people|この階級の人々|noun|people of this rank	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	as complete as can be|可能な限り完全|adjective|as complete as possible
There is scarce a common trade, which does not afford some opportunities of applying to it the principles of geometry and mechanics, and which would not, therefore, gradually exercise and improve the common people in those principles, the necessary introduction to the most sublime, as well as to the most useful sciences.	幾何学と力学の原理を適用する機会を与えない、そしてそれゆえ、最も崇高な科学と最も有用な科学への必要な導入であるこれらの原理において、一般の人々を徐々に訓練し、改善しない、一般的な貿易はほとんどない。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	common trade|一般的な貿易|noun|trade that is not restricted to a particular group of people	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	opportunity|機会|noun|a chance to do something	apply|適用する|verb|make use of	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	geometry|幾何学|noun|the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogues	mechanics|力学|noun|the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	exercise|訓練する|verb|perform physical activity to stay healthy or become stronger	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	common people|一般の人々|noun|people who are not members of the upper classes	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	sublime|崇高な|adjective|of very great excellence or beauty	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way

The public can encourage the acquisition of those most essential parts of education, by giving small premiums, and little badges of distinction, to the children of the common people who excel in them.	一般の人々は、教育の最も重要な部分を習得した一般の人々の子供たちに、小さな賞金や小さな区別のバッジを与えることで、その習得を奨励することができる。	public|一般の人々|noun|the people as a whole	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	acquisition|習得|noun|the act of getting something	essential|重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	premium|賞金|noun|a sum added to the usual price or interest	badge|バッジ|noun|a small piece of metal or plastic with a design or words on it, which you wear on your clothes to show that you belong to a particular group or organization	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people

The public can impose upon almost the whole body of the people the necessity of acquiring the most essential parts of education, by obliging every man to undergo an examination or probation in them, before he can obtain the freedom in any corporation, or be allowed to set up any trade, either in a village or town corporate.	一般の人々は、あらゆる人が法人の自由を獲得したり、村や町の法人で商売を始める前に、教育の最も重要な部分を習得することを義務付けることで、ほぼすべての人々に教育の最も重要な部分を習得する必要性を課すことができる。	public|一般の人々|noun|the people as a whole	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly	whole|すべての|adjective|complete; entire	body|人々|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	acquire|習得する|verb|gain or attain	essential|重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat	undergo|受ける|verb|experience or be subjected to	examination|試験|noun|a formal test of a person's knowledge or proficiency in a subject or skill	probation|試用期間|noun|a period of testing or trial	before|前に|conjunction|earlier than the time that	obtain|獲得する|verb|get, acquire, or secure	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	corporation|法人|noun|a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law	allow|許可する|verb|give (someone) permission to do something	set up|始める|verb|establish or start	trade|商売|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services

It was in this manner, by facilitating the acquisition of their military and gymnastic exercises, by encouraging it, and even by imposing upon the whole body of the people the necessity of learning those exercises, that the Greek and Roman republics maintained the martial spirit of their respective citizens.	ギリシャとローマの共和国は、軍事訓練や体操の習得を促進し、奨励し、さらには国民全体にこれらの訓練を学ぶ必要性を課すことで、それぞれの市民の武道精神を維持した。	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	acquisition|習得|noun|the act of acquiring something	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	gymnastic|体操|adjective|of or relating to gymnastics	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that is done in order to become or remain healthy	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that is done in order to become or remain healthy	Greek|ギリシャ|adjective|of or relating to Greece or its people or language	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to ancient Rome or its people or language	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue	martial|武道|adjective|of or relating to war	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship
They facilitated the acquisition of those exercises, by appointing a certain place for learning and practising them, and by granting to certain masters the privilege of teaching in that place.	彼らは、それらの訓練を学び、実践するための特定の場所を指定し、特定の師匠にその場所で教える特権を与えることで、それらの訓練の習得を促進した。	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	acquisition|習得|noun|the act of acquiring something	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger	appoint|指定する|verb|officially choose someone for a job or position	certain|特定の|adjective|particular; specific	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	practice|実践する|verb|regularly or frequently do something	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
Those masters do not appear to have had either salaries or exclusive privileges of any kind.	これらの師匠は、給料も独占的特権も持っていなかったようである。	master|師匠|noun|a skilled practitioner of a particular art or activity	appear|ようである|verb|seem to be; give the impression of being	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	exclusive|独占的|adjective|belonging to or connected with one person or group of people only	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
Their reward consisted altogether in what they got from their scholars;	彼らの報酬は、すべて生徒から得るものだった。	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	consist|成る|verb|be composed or made up of	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally; wholly	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	scholar|生徒|noun|a person who studies at a university or other place of higher education
and a citizen, who had learnt his exercises in the public gymnasia, had no sort of legal advantage over one who had learnt them privately, provided the latter had learned them equally well.	そして、公立の体育館で訓練を学んだ市民は、後者が同じようによく学んだのであれば、私的に学んだ市民に対して、法的な優位性は全くなかった。	public|公立の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	gymnasium|体育館|noun|a place or building where people go to do physical exercise	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; a person who lives in a particular country, state, or city	privately|私的に|adverb|in a private manner	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	well|よく|adverb|in a good manner
Those republics encouraged the acquisition of those exercises, by bestowing little premiums and badges of distinction upon those who excelled in them.	これらの共和国は、これらの訓練に秀でた者に、小さな賞金や勲章を与えることで、これらの訓練の習得を奨励した。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	acquisition|習得|noun|the act of getting something	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honor, or responsibility	premium|賞金|noun|a sum added to the usual price or interest	badge|勲章|noun|a small piece of metal or cloth that is worn on a person's clothes to show their rank, position, or membership of an organization	distinction|秀でる|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people
To have gained a prize in the Olympic, Isthmian, or Nemaean games, gave illustration, not only to the person who gained it, but to his whole family and kindred.	オリンピック、イストミア、ネメア競技会で賞を獲得することは、それを獲得した本人だけでなく、その家族や親族全体に名誉を与えた。	Olympic|オリンピック|noun|an international sports festival with both summer and winter sports	Isthmian|イストミア|noun|a festival of ancient Greece	Nemaean|ネメア|noun|a festival of ancient Greece	gain|獲得する|verb|obtain or win	prize|賞|noun|a reward for success or achievement	illustration|名誉|noun|a thing that makes something clear or easy to understand	person|本人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	kindred|親族|noun|a person's relatives
The obligation which every citizen was under, to serve a certain number of years, if called upon, in the armies of the republic, sufficiently imposed the necessity of learning those exercises, without which he could not be fit for that service.	すべての市民が負っていた、召集されたら一定年数共和国の軍隊に従軍する義務は、これらの訓練を学ぶ必要性を十分に課しており、それがなければ、その任務に適さなかった。	obligation|義務|noun|a legal or moral duty	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a city or town	under|負う|verb|be subjected to	serve|従軍する|verb|be a member of the armed forces	certain number of years|一定年数|noun|a specific number of years	if called upon|召集されたら|verb|if summoned	army|軍隊|noun|the military forces of a country	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	exercise|訓練|noun|a physical or mental activity that is done to stay healthy or become stronger	without which|それがなければ|conjunction|if not for which	fit|適する|verb|be of the right shape and size

That in the progress of improvement, the practice of military exercises, unless government takes proper pains to support it, goes gradually to decay, and, together with it, the martial spirit of the great body of the people, the example of modern Europe sufficiently demonstrates.	近代ヨーロッパの例は、改善の進展の中で、政府がそれを支援するために適切な努力をしない限り、軍事訓練の実施は徐々に衰退し、それに伴って国民の大多数の尚武の気風も衰退することを十分に示している。	in the progress of|の進展の中で|preposition|during the development of	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	practice|実施|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	military exercise|軍事訓練|noun|a military training activity	unless|しない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	take pains|努力する|verb|make a great effort	support|支援する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual way	decay|衰退する|verb|rot or decompose	together with|伴って|preposition|in addition to	martial spirit|尚武の気風|noun|a spirit of military discipline and efficiency	the great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	modern Europe|近代ヨーロッパ|noun|Europe in the modern era	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of
But the security of every society must always depend, more or less, upon the martial spirit of the great body of the people.	しかし、あらゆる社会の安全は、常に多かれ少なかれ、国民の大多数の尚武の気風に依存しなければならない。	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	martial spirit|尚武の気風|noun|a spirit that values the military and is ready to fight	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people
In the present times, indeed, that martial spirit alone, and unsupported by a well-disciplined standing army, would not, perhaps, be sufficient for the defence and security of any society.	実際、現代では、その尚武の気風だけでは、よく訓練された常備軍に支えられなければ、おそらくどの社会の防衛と安全にも十分ではないだろう。	present time|現代|noun|the period of time that is happening now	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	martial spirit|尚武の気風|noun|a spirit of military discipline and efficiency	alone|だけでは|adverb|without any other people or things	unsupported|支えられなければ|adjective|not supported	well-disciplined|よく訓練された|adjective|having or showing a high standard of discipline	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	security|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or not exposed to danger or risk
But where every citizen had the spirit of a soldier, a smaller standing army would surely be requisite.	しかし、すべての市民が兵士の精神を持っているところでは、より小さな常備軍が確かに必要になるだろう。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a city or town	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	smaller|より小さな|adjective|less in size	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	requisite|必要|noun|something that is required or necessary
That spirit, besides, would necessarily diminish very much the dangers to liberty, whether real or imaginary, which are commonly apprehended from a standing army.	その上、その精神は、常備軍から一般的に懸念される、現実のものであれ想像上のものであれ、自由に対する危険を必然的に大いに減らすだろう。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	danger|危険|noun|the possibility of suffering harm or injury	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	real|現実の|adjective|existing or occurring as fact; actual	imaginary|想像上の|adjective|existing only in the imagination	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	apprehend|懸念する|verb|anticipate with fear or anxiety	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
As it would very much facilitate the operations of that army against a foreign invader;	外国の侵略者に対するその軍の活動を大いに促進するだろうから、	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier or less difficult	operation|活動|noun|the state of being active	army|軍|noun|the military forces of a country	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	invader|侵略者|noun|a person who invades a country or region
so it would obstruct them as much, if unfortunately they should ever be directed against the constitution of the state.	不幸にもその軍が国家の憲法に反する方向に向かった場合、その精神は彼らを大いに妨害するだろう。	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

The ancient institutions of Greece and Rome seem to have been much more effectual for maintaining the martial spirit of the great body of the people, than the establishment of what are called the militias of modern times.	ギリシャとローマの古代制度は、現代の民兵と呼ばれるものの設立よりも、人民の大多数の尚武の気風を維持するのにずっと効果的だったように思われる。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	martial|尚武|adjective|of or relating to war	spirit|気風|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency
They were much more simple.	ずっと単純だった。	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent or degree	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	simple|単純|adjective|easy to understand or do
When they were once established, they executed themselves, and it required little or no attention from government to maintain them in the most perfect vigour.	一度設立されると、それらは自らを執行し、政府がそれらを最も完全な活力で維持するのにほとんど、あるいはまったく注意を必要としなかった。	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	execute|執行する|verb|carry out or put into effect	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったく|determiner|not any	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	most|最も|determiner|used before the superlative form of an adjective or adverb	perfect|完全な|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy
Whereas to maintain, even in tolerable execution, the complex regulations of any modern militia, requires the continual and painful attention of government, without which they are constantly falling into total neglect and disuse.	一方、現代の民兵の複雑な規制を、許容できる程度に執行するだけでも、政府の継続的で骨の折れる注意が必要であり、それがなければ、民兵は常に完全に無視され、使われなくなる。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a plan, order, or course of action	complex|複雑な|adjective|having many parts	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	continual|継続的な|adjective|never stopping or ending	painful|骨の折れる|adjective|causing mental or emotional pain or suffering	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	without|なければ|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	constantly|常に|adverb|always; all the time	fall into|陥る|verb|get into a particular state or condition	neglect|無視|noun|the state or fact of being uncared for	disuse|使われない|noun|the state of not being used
The influence, besides, of the ancient institutions, was much more universal.	そのうえ、古代制度の影響はずっと普遍的だった。	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general
By means of them, the whole body of the people was completely instructed in the use of arms;	それらによって、国民全体が武器の使用について完全に教育された。	by means of|によって|preposition|using; with the help of	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	body|国民|noun|the main part of a person's or animal's body	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	instruct|教育する|verb|teach or direct	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
whereas it is but a very small part of them who can ever be so instructed by the regulations of any modern militia, except, perhaps, that of Switzerland.	一方、現代の民兵の規制によって、そうした教育を受けることができるのは、おそらくスイスを除いて、国民のごく一部にすぎない。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	very small part|ごく一部|noun phrase|a tiny portion	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	militia|民兵|noun|a military force that is composed of ordinary citizens	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is issued by an authority	instruct|教育する|verb|teach or educate	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a landlocked country in western Europe
But a coward, a man incapable either of defending or of revenging himself, evidently wants one of the most essential parts of the character of a man.	しかし、臆病者、つまり自分を守ることも復讐することもできない人間は、明らかに人間の性格の最も重要な部分の一つを欠いている。	coward|臆病者|noun|a person who lacks the courage to do or endure dangerous or unpleasant things	defend|守る|verb|to protect from harm or danger	revenge|復讐|noun|the action of hurting someone for a wrong suffered at their hands	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	want|欠く|verb|to be without or lacking something	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	most|最も|adjective|used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs	essential|重要な|adjective|absolutely necessary; extremely important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual
He is as much mutilated and deformed in his mind as another is in his body, who is either deprived of some of its most essential members, or has lost the use of them.	彼は、最も重要な身体の一部を欠損しているか、その使用を失った人と同じくらい、精神的に不完全で奇形である。	as much|同じくらい|adverb|to the same extent	mutilate|不完全|verb|inflict a violent and disfiguring injury on	deform|奇形|verb|make or become misshapen	mind|精神|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	body|身体|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	deprive|欠損|verb|prevent from having or using	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used
He is evidently the more wretched and miserable of the two;	彼は明らかに二人の中でより惨めで哀れである。	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	wretched|惨め|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	miserable|哀れ|adjective|very unhappy or uncomfortable
because happiness and misery, which reside altogether in the mind, must necessarily depend more upon the healthful or unhealthful, the mutilated or entire state of the mind, than upon that of the body.	なぜなら、幸福と不幸は、すべて精神に宿るものであり、必然的に身体の状態よりも、精神の健全か不健全か、不完全か完全かによって決まるからである。	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	misery|不幸|noun|a state of great unhappiness and emotional or physical pain	reside|宿る|verb|live in a particular place	mind|精神|noun|the part of a person that thinks, feels, and remembers	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	depend|決まる|verb|be controlled or determined by	healthful|健全|adjective|promoting or conducive to good health	unhealthful|不健全|adjective|not conducive to good health	mutilated|不完全|adjective|having a part removed or damaged	entire|完全|adjective|with no part left out; whole
Even though the martial spirit of the people were of no use towards the defence of the society, yet, to prevent that sort of mental mutilation, deformity, and wretchedness, which cowardice necessarily involves in it, from spreading themselves through the great body of the people, would still deserve the most serious attention of government;	国民の尚武精神が社会の防衛に役立たないとしても、臆病に伴う精神的な不完全さ、奇形、惨めさが国民の大多数に広がるのを防ぐことは、政府の最も真剣な関心を払うに値するだろう。	martial spirit|尚武精神|noun|a spirit of military discipline and efficiency	of no use|役立たない|adjective|not useful	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	sort|類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	mental|精神的|adjective|of or relating to the mind	mutilation|不完全さ|noun|an act or instance of damaging or injuring severely	deformity|奇形|noun|a physical abnormality	wretchedness|惨めさ|noun|a state of extreme suffering or distress	cowardice|臆病|noun|lack of courage or bravery	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	involve|伴う|verb|have as a necessary logical consequence	spread|広がる|verb|stretch out over a wide area	great body|大多数|noun|the majority	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	serious|真剣な|adjective|requiring much thought or work	attention|関心|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
in the same manner as it would deserve its most serious attention to prevent a leprosy, or any other loathsome and offensive disease, though neither mortal nor dangerous, from spreading itself among them;	ハンセン病やその他の忌まわしい病気が、致命的でも危険でもないにもかかわらず、国民の間に広がるのを防ぐことが政府の最も真剣な関心を払うに値するのと同じである。	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	serious|真剣な|adjective|requiring much thought or work	attention|関心|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	leprosy|ハンセン病|noun|a chronic bacterial disease that affects the skin, mucous membranes, and nerves, causing disfigurement and deformities	loathsome|忌まわしい|adjective|causing intense disgust	offensive|不快な|adjective|causing someone to feel resentful, upset, or annoyed	disease|病気|noun|a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury	mortal|致命的|adjective|causing or capable of causing death	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	spread|広がる|verb|stretch out over a wide area	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by
though, perhaps, no other public good might result from such attention, besides the prevention of so great a public evil.	おそらく、そのような関心から、そのような大きな公害の防止以外に、他の公益は生じないかもしれないが。	no other|他の|determiner|not any other	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	good|善|noun|that which is morally right	result|生じる|verb|come about as a consequence	such|そのような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	attention|関心|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; apart from	prevention|防止|noun|the action of stopping something from happening or arising	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable

The same thing may be said of the gross ignorance and stupidity which, in a civilized society, seem so frequently to benumb the understandings of all the inferior ranks of people.	文明社会において、下層階級の人々の理解力を麻痺させているように思われる、甚だしい無知と愚かさについても同じことが言える。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	gross|甚だしい|adjective|very large or serious	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	stupidity|愚かさ|noun|the quality of being stupid	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	benumb|麻痺させる|verb|make (someone or something) unable to feel or move	understanding|理解力|noun|the ability to understand something	inferior|下層の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces
A man without the proper use of the intellectual faculties of a man, is, if possible, more contemptible than even a coward, and seems to be mutilated and deformed in a still more essential part of the character of human nature.	人間の知的能力を適切に使用できない人間は、可能であれば、臆病者よりもさらに軽蔑すべきであり、人間性の性格のさらに本質的な部分で不完全で奇形であるように思われる。	proper use|適切な使用|noun|the correct or appropriate way to use something	intellectual faculty|知的能力|noun|the ability to think and reason	contemptible|軽蔑すべき|adjective|deserving contempt	coward|臆病者|noun|a person who lacks courage	mutilated|不完全な|adjective|having a part of the body cut off or damaged	deformed|奇形の|adjective|having a physical abnormality
Though the state was to derive no advantage from the instruction of the inferior ranks of people, it would still deserve its attention that they should not be altogether uninstructed.	国家は下層階級の人々の教育から利益を得ることはできないが、彼らが全く教育を受けていないということには注意を払うべきである。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching; education	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society or organization	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	deserve|払うべきである|verb|be worthy of or have a right to	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	uninstructed|教育を受けていない|adjective|not having received instruction
The state, however, derives no inconsiderable advantage from their instruction.	しかし、国家は彼らの教育から無視できない利益を得ている。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	no inconsiderable|無視できない|adjective|not insignificant	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching; education
The more they are instructed, the less liable they are to the delusions of enthusiasm and superstition, which, among ignorant nations frequently occasion the most dreadful disorders.	彼らが教育を受ければ受けるほど、無知な国々でしばしば最も恐ろしい混乱を引き起こす熱狂と迷信の妄想に陥りにくくなる。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	be instructed|教育を受ける|verb|be taught	the less|より少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	liable|陥りやすい|adjective|likely to do or suffer from something	delusion|妄想|noun|a false belief that is resistant to confrontation with actual facts	enthusiasm|熱狂|noun|intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	ignorant|無知な|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent, or history	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	dreadful|恐ろしい|adjective|causing or likely to cause great fear or suffering	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement
An instructed and intelligent people, besides, are always more decent and orderly than an ignorant and stupid one.	その上、教育を受けた知的な人々は、無知で愚かな人々よりも常に礼儀正しく秩序正しい。	instructed|教育を受けた|adjective|having received systematic instruction	intelligent|知的な|adjective|having or showing intelligence, especially of a high level	decent|礼儀正しい|adjective|conforming to standards of propriety or morality	orderly|秩序正しい|adjective|arranged or conducted in a neat, careful, and systematic way	ignorant|無知な|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	stupid|愚かな|adjective|lacking intelligence or common sense
They feel themselves, each individually, more respectable, and more likely to obtain the respect of their lawful superiors, and they are, therefore, more disposed to respect those superiors.	彼らは、それぞれがより尊敬に値し、合法的な上司の尊敬を得る可能性が高いと感じており、そのため、彼らはそれらの上司を尊敬する傾向がある。	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	individually|それぞれ|adverb|one by one; singly	respectable|尊敬に値する|adjective|worthy of respect	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	lawful|合法的な|adjective|being in accordance with the law	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	respect|尊敬する|verb|have a deep admiration for	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make willing or inclined
They are more disposed to examine, and more capable of seeing through, the interested complaints of faction and sedition;	彼らは、派閥や扇動の利害関係者の不満を調べる傾向があり、見抜く能力に優れている。	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	see through|見抜く|verb|perceive the true nature of	faction|派閥|noun|a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group	sedition|扇動|noun|conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch
and they are, upon that account, less apt to be misled into any wanton or unnecessary opposition to the measures of government.	そして、その理由で、政府の政策に対する無意味な、あるいは不必要な反対に惑わされる可能性が低い。	upon that account|その理由で|adverb|for that reason	apt|可能性|adjective|likely to do something	misled|惑わされる|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression	wanton|無意味な|adjective|deliberate and unprovoked	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something
In free countries, where the safety of government depends very much upon the favourable judgment which the people may form of its conduct, it must surely be of the highest importance, that they should not be disposed to judge rashly or capriciously concerning it.	政府の安全が、国民がその行為について下す好意的な判断に大きく依存している自由な国では、国民がそれについて無鉄砲に、あるいは気まぐれに判断する傾向がないようにすることが、間違いなく最も重要なことである。	free country|自由な国|noun|a country where the people are free to do what they want	safety|安全|noun|the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	favourable judgment|好意的な判断|noun|a judgment that is in one's favor	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	rashly|無鉄砲に|adverb|in a reckless or foolish manner	capriciously|気まぐれに|adverb|in a way that is unpredictable or impulsive	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make someone likely to behave in a particular manner

Art. III.—Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of all Ages.	第三章あらゆる年齢層の教育機関の費用について	Art.|章|noun|a division of a written work	III.|第三|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and two	the Expense of|の費用|noun|the cost required for something	the Institutions for|の教育機関|noun|an organization providing educational services	the Instruction of|の教育|noun|the action of teaching	People of|の人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	all Ages.|あらゆる年齢層|noun|people of all ages

The institutions for the instruction of people of all ages, are chiefly those for religious instruction.	あらゆる年齢層の教育機関は、主に宗教教育のためのものである。	institution|教育機関|noun|an organization or establishment founded for a particular purpose	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching; education	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	age|年齢|noun|the number of years since a person was born	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship
This is a species of instruction, of which the object is not so much to render the people good citizens in this world, as to prepare them for another and a better world in the life to come.	これは教育の一種であり、その目的は人々をこの世の善良な市民にすることではなく、来世のより良い世界に備えることにある。	species|一種|noun|a category of things or people having some common characteristics	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	render|すること|verb|cause to be or become	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	prepare|備える|verb|make ready for something
The teachers of the doctrine which contains this instruction, in the same manner as other teachers, may either depend altogether for their subsistence upon the voluntary contributions of their hearers;	この教育を含む教義の教師は、他の教師と同じように、生計を聴衆の自発的な寄付に頼るか、	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching; education	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	depend|頼る|verb|rely on	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	voluntary|自発的な|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	contribution|寄付|noun|the action of giving money, time, help, etc., to a person or organization
or they may derive it from some other fund, to which the law of their country may entitle them;	あるいは、自国の法律で認められた他の基金から生計を得るかである。	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	entitle|認める|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to something
such as a landed estate, a tythe or land tax, an established salary or stipend.	たとえば、土地、十分の一税、地租、定額給与、給費などである。	such as|たとえば|adverb|for example	landed estate|土地|noun|a large area of land with a house on it	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	established salary|定額給与|noun|a fixed amount of money paid to an employee	stipend|給費|noun|a fixed regular payment
Their exertion, their zeal and industry, are likely to be much greater in the former situation than in the latter.	彼らの努力、熱意、勤勉さは、後者よりも前者の方がはるかに大きいと思われる。	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or less important of two people or things mentioned
In this respect, the teachers of a new religion have always had a considerable advantage in attacking those ancient and established systems, of which the clergy, reposing themselves upon their benefices, had neglected to keep up the fervour of faith and devotion in the great body of the people;	この点で、新しい宗教の教師は、古代から確立された制度を攻撃する上で常にかなりの優位性を持っていた。その制度では、聖職者は自分の恩恵に頼り、人々の大部分の信仰と献身の熱意を維持することを怠っていた。	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church	repose|頼る|verb|lie or be laid to rest	benefice|恩恵|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	neglect|怠る|verb|fail to care for properly	fervour|熱意|noun|intense and passionate feeling	faith|信仰|noun|complete trust or confidence in someone or something	devotion|献身|noun|love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person or activity
and having given themselves up to indolence, were become altogether incapable of making any vigorous exertion in defence even of their own establishment.	そして怠惰に身を任せ、自分たちの施設を守るためにも精力的に努力することができなくなっていた。	give oneself up to|身を任せる|verb|to surrender oneself to	indolence|怠惰|noun|laziness	become incapable of|できなくなる|verb|to lose the ability to do something	making any vigorous exertion|精力的に努力する|verb|to make a great effort	defence|守る|noun|the action of protecting something against attack	even of|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree; very	their own establishment|自分たちの施設|noun|the place where they work
The clergy of an established and well endowed religion frequently become men of learning and elegance, who possess all the virtues of gentlemen, or which can recommend them to the esteem of gentlemen;	確立され、十分な資金を与えられた宗教の聖職者は、しばしば紳士のすべての美徳を備えた、あるいは紳士の尊敬に値するような、学識と優雅さを備えた人物となる。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	well endowed|十分な資金を与えられた|adjective|having a lot of money or property	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	learning|学識|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	elegance|優雅さ|noun|refinement of taste, style, or manner	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable	esteem|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something
but they are apt gradually to lose the qualities, both good and bad, which gave them authority and influence with the inferior ranks of people, and which had perhaps been the original causes of the success and establishment of their religion.	しかし、彼らは次第に、善悪両方の資質を失いがちであり、それが彼らに権威を与え、下層階級の人々に影響を与え、おそらく彼らの宗教の成功と確立の元々の原因であった。	apt|適当な|adjective|likely to do something	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	quality|資質|noun|a feature or characteristic belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify it	good|善|noun|that which is morally right; righteousness	bad|悪|noun|that which is morally wrong; evil	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society or organization	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|it is possible that; maybe	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	establishment|確立|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods
Such a clergy, when attacked by a set of popular and bold, though perhaps stupid and ignorant enthusiasts, feel themselves as perfectly defenceless as the indolent, effeminate, and full fed nations of the southern parts of Asia, when they were invaded by the active, hardy, and hungry Tartars of the north.	そのような聖職者は、大衆的で大胆な、しかしおそらく愚かで無知な熱狂者たちから攻撃されると、活動的で頑健で飢えた北方のタタール人に侵略されたときの、アジア南部の怠惰で女々しく、十分に食事をした国々と同じように、完全に無防備だと感じる。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	popular|大衆的|adjective|of or relating to the general public	bold|大胆|adjective|not hesitating or fearful in the face of danger or difficulty	stupid|愚か|adjective|lacking intelligence or common sense	ignorant|無知|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	enthusiast|熱狂者|noun|a person who is very interested in a particular activity or subject	defenceless|無防備|adjective|without protection or defence	indolent|怠惰|adjective|lazy	effeminate|女々しい|adjective|having or showing characteristics regarded as typical of a woman	full fed|十分に食事をした|adjective|having eaten enough	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	southern|南部|adjective|of or relating to the south	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	active|活動的|adjective|engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits	hardy|頑健|adjective|capable of enduring difficult conditions	hungry|飢えた|adjective|feeling a need or wish to eat	Tartars|タタール人|noun|a member of any of several Turkic peoples of southern Russia and adjacent parts of Asia
Such a clergy, upon such an emergency, have commonly no other resource than to call upon the civil magistrate to persecute, destroy, or drive out their adversaries, as disturbers of the public peace.	そのような聖職者は、そのような緊急事態に際して、通常、公衆の平和を乱す者として、敵対者を迫害し、破壊し、あるいは追い出すよう、民事裁判官に要請する以外に手段がない。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	emergency|緊急事態|noun|a serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action	resource|手段|noun|a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed	call upon|要請する|verb|to ask for help or support from	civil magistrate|民事裁判官|noun|a judge who presides over civil cases	persecute|迫害する|verb|to treat or pursue with cruelty or hostility, especially on the basis of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or beliefs	destroy|破壊する|verb|to cause the complete ruin or wreckage of	drive out|追い出す|verb|to force to leave a place	adversary|敵対者|noun|an enemy or opponent	disturber|乱す者|noun|a person who causes trouble or disruption	public peace|公衆の平和|noun|a state of peace and order in a community or society
It was thus that the Roman catholic clergy called upon the civil magistrate to persecute the protestants, and the church of England to persecute the dissenters;	こうしてローマ・カトリックの聖職者は、プロテスタントを迫害するよう民事裁判官に要請し、イングランド国教会は非国教徒を迫害するよう要請した。	Roman catholic|ローマ・カトリック|adjective|of or relating to the Roman Catholic Church	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	call upon|要請する|verb|to ask for help or support from	civil magistrate|民事裁判官|noun|a judge who presides over civil cases	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of one of the Christian churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	church of England|イングランド国教会|noun|the established church in England	dissenter|非国教徒|noun|a person who dissents from an established or official opinion or doctrine
and that in general every religious sect, when it has once enjoyed, for a century or two, the security of a legal establishment, has found itself incapable of making any vigorous defence against any new sect which chose to attack its doctrine or discipline.	そして、一般的に、あらゆる宗教宗派は、一世紀か二世紀にわたって、合法的な設立の安全を享受したとき、その教義や規律を攻撃することを選んだ新しい宗派に対して、強固な防御を行うことができないことに気づいた。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	religious sect|宗教宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong	once|かつて|adverb|at some earlier time	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	legal establishment|合法的な設立|noun|the creation of a legal entity	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	make|行う|verb|produce or create	vigorous|強固な|adjective|strong, forceful, or energetic	defence|防御|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong	choose|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military effort
Upon such occasions, the advantage, in point of learning and good writing, may sometimes be on the side of the established church.	そのような場合には、学問や文章の点で、国教会の側に有利なことがあるかもしれない。	upon|際に|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	learning|学問|noun|the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught	writing|文章|noun|the activity or skill of writing	sometimes|ことがある|adverb|occasionally; at times	side|側|noun|a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point
But the arts of popularity, all the arts of gaining proselytes, are constantly on the side of its adversaries.	しかし、人気を得る術、改宗者を得る術はすべて、常に敵対者の側にある。	art|術|noun|a skill at doing something that you learn by training	popularity|人気|noun|the state or condition of being liked, admired, or supported by many people	proselyte|改宗者|noun|a new convert to a religion, belief, or cause	adversary|敵対者|noun|an enemy or opponent
In England, those arts have been long neglected by the well endowed clergy of the established church, and are at present chiefly cultivated by the dissenters and by the methodists.	イギリスでは、これらの術は国教会の恵まれた聖職者によって長い間無視されてきたが、現在では主に非国教徒やメソジストによって育まれている。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	art|術|noun|a skill at doing something	long|長い間|adverb|for a long time	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	established church|国教会|noun|the Church of England	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	at present|現在|adverb|now	chiefly|主に|adverb|most importantly	dissenter|非国教徒|noun|a person who does not agree with the beliefs of the established church	methodist|メソジスト|noun|a member of a Christian denomination that developed from the Methodist movement in the 18th century
The independent provisions, however, which in many places have been made for dissenting teachers, by means of voluntary subscriptions, of trust rights, and other evasions of the law, seem very much to have abated the zeal and activity of those teachers.	しかし、多くの場所で、自発的な寄付、信託権、その他の法律の抜け道によって、反対する教師のために作られた独立した規定は、それらの教師の熱意と活動を大いに弱めたように思われる。	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	provision|規定|noun|a clause that provides for a particular matter	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	dissenting|反対する|adjective|holding or expressing a different opinion	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	voluntary|自発的な|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	subscription|寄付|noun|a sum of money that is paid regularly to receive or use a service	trust|信託|noun|a legal arrangement in which a person or organization holds property or assets for the benefit of another	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	evasion|抜け道|noun|the action of evading something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	abate|弱める|verb|make or become less intense or severe	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	activity|活動|noun|a thing that a person or group does or has done
They have many of them become very learned, ingenious, and respectable men;	彼らの多くは非常に学識があり、独創的で、尊敬に値する人物となっている。	many of them|彼らの多く|noun|a large number of them	become|なる|verb|come to be	learned|学識がある|adjective|having much knowledge acquired by study	ingenious|独創的|adjective|having or showing an aptitude for inventing or for using ingenuity or cleverness	respectable|尊敬に値する|adjective|worthy of respect
but they have in general ceased to be very popular preachers.	しかし、彼らは一般的にあまり人気のある説教者ではなくなった。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end	popular|人気のある|adjective|liked or admired by many people	preacher|説教者|noun|a person who delivers sermons
The methodists, without half the learning of the dissenters, are much more in vogue.	メソジストは、非国教徒の半分も学問がなくても、はるかに流行している。	methodist|メソジスト|noun|a member of a Christian denomination	dissenter|非国教徒|noun|a person who dissents	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	learning|学問|noun|the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught	vogue|流行|noun|the prevailing fashion or style

In the church of Rome the industry and zeal of the inferior clergy are kept more alive by the powerful motive of self-interest, than perhaps in any established protestant church.	ローマ教会では、下級聖職者の勤勉さと熱意は、おそらくどの国教会よりも、自己利益という強力な動機によってより活発に保たれている。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	inferior|下級|adjective|low or lower in status or quality	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	keep|保つ|verb|cause to remain in a specified state	alive|活発|adjective|living, not dead	powerful|強力|adjective|having great power or strength	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something	self-interest|自己利益|noun|one's personal interest or advantage	established|国教会|adjective|having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation
The parochial clergy derive many of them, a very considerable part of their subsistence from the voluntary oblations of the people;	教区の聖職者の多くは、生計のかなり大きな部分を人々の自発的な奉納物から得ている。	parochial|教区の|adjective|of or relating to a parish	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain from a specified source	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum (as of food and shelter) necessary to support life	voluntary|自発的な|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	oblation|奉納物|noun|something offered in worship or devotion
a source of revenue, which confession gives them many opportunities of improving.	収入源であり、告解は彼らに改善の機会を多く与えている。	source|源|noun|the place from which something comes or is obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income	confession|告解|noun|a statement admitting that you have done something wrong	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive something	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better
The mendicant orders derive their whole subsistence from such oblations.	托鉢修道会は、そうした奉納物から生計のすべてを得ている。	mendicant order|托鉢修道会|noun|a religious order that relies on alms	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	oblation|奉納物|noun|something offered to a deity as a gift
It is with them as with the hussars and light infantry of some armies;	彼らは、一部の軍隊の軽騎兵や軽歩兵のようなものだ。	with|～のような|preposition|having the same characteristics or qualities as	hussar|軽騎兵|noun|a member of a light cavalry regiment	light infantry|軽歩兵|noun|a member of a light infantry regiment	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
no plunder, no pay.	略奪がなければ給料もない。	no plunder|略奪がなければ|noun|the violent and dishonest taking of property	no pay|給料もない|noun|money paid to someone for regular work
The parochial clergy are like those teachers whose reward depends partly upon their salary, and partly upon the fees or honoraries which they get from their pupils;	教区の聖職者は、報酬が一部は給料に、一部は生徒から得る授業料や謝礼金に依存している教師のようなものだ。	parochial|教区の|adjective|of or relating to a parish	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	reward|報酬|noun|a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort, or achievement	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	salary|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	fee|授業料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services	honorarium|謝礼金|noun|a payment given to a professional person for services rendered without a fee being agreed upon beforehand	pupil|生徒|noun|a person who is studying at a school
and these must always depend, more or less, upon their industry and reputation.	そして、これらは常に多かれ少なかれ、彼らの勤勉さと評判に依存している。	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	reputation|評判|noun|the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
The mendicant orders are like those teachers whose subsistence depends altogether upon their industry.	托鉢修道会は、生計がすべて勤勉さにかかっている教師のようなものだ。	mendicant order|托鉢修道会|noun|a religious order that relies on alms	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and shelter necessary to maintain life	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working
They are obliged, therefore, to use every art which can animate the devotion of the common people.	したがって、彼らは一般の人々の信心を活気づけるあらゆる術を使わざるを得ない。	be obliged|せざるを得ない|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	every art|あらゆる術|noun|all the skills and techniques	animate|活気づける|verb|make lively or more interesting	devotion|信心|noun|love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause
The establishment of the two great mendicant orders of St Dominic and St. Francis, it is observed by Machiavel, revived, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the languishing faith and devotion of the catholic church.	聖ドミニコと聖フランシスコの二つの托鉢修道会の設立は、マキアヴェッリによれば、十三世紀と十四世紀にカトリック教会の衰退した信仰と信心を復興させた。	establishment|設立|noun|the act of establishing something	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	mendicant|托鉢|adjective|begging for alms	order|修道会|noun|a society of persons living under religious vows	St Dominic|聖ドミニコ|noun|a Spanish priest and founder of the Dominican Order	St. Francis|聖フランシスコ|noun|an Italian Roman Catholic friar and preacher	Machiavel|マキアヴェッリ|noun|an Italian diplomat, politician, and philosopher	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	revive|復興させる|verb|restore to life or consciousness	thirteenth|十三世紀|numeral|the number that is one more than twelve	fourteenth|十四世紀|numeral|the number that is one more than thirteen	catholic church|カトリック教会|noun|the body of the Catholic faithful as a whole
In Roman catholic countries, the spirit of devotion is supported altogether by the monks, and by the poorer parochial clergy.	ローマ・カトリックの国々では、信心の精神はすべて修道士と貧しい教区の聖職者によって支えられている。	Roman catholic|ローマ・カトリック|adjective|of or relating to the Roman Catholic Church	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	devotion|信心|noun|love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	monk|修道士|noun|a member of a religious order of men usually living in a monastery and devoted to a contemplative life	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	parochial|教区の|adjective|of or relating to a parish	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church
The great dignitaries of the church, with all the accomplishments of gentlemen and men of the world, and sometimes with those of men of learning, are careful to maintain the necessary discipline over their inferiors, but seldom give themselves any trouble about the instruction of the people.	教会の偉い高官は、紳士や世俗の人々のあらゆる教養を身につけ、時には学者の教養も身につけているが、部下に対して必要な規律を維持することには注意を払っているが、人々の教育についてはほとんど面倒を見ない。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	great|偉い|adjective|of major significance or importance	dignitary|高官|noun|a person holding high rank or office	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	world|世俗|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	accomplishment|教養|noun|something that has been achieved successfully	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	learning|学者|noun|the acquisition of knowledge or skills through studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something	careful|注意を払う|adjective|taking care to avoid causing damage or harm	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	inferior|部下|noun|a person lower in rank, status, or quality	seldom|ほとんど～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	give oneself trouble|面倒を見る|verb|to take the trouble to do something	instruction|教育|noun|the action of teaching; education

“Most of the arts and professions in a state,” says by far the most illustrious philosopher and historian of the present age, “are of such a nature, that, while they promote the interests of the society, they are also useful or agreeable to some individuals;	「国家における芸術や職業のほとんどは、社会の利益を促進する一方で、一部の個人にとっても有益または好ましいものであるという性質のものである」と、現代で最も著名な哲学者であり歴史家である人物は述べている。	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	state|国家|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	promote|促進する|verb|further the progress of; support or actively encourage	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or family	useful|有益な|adjective|able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|able to be accepted; satisfactory
and, in that case, the constant rule of the magistrate, except, perhaps, on the first introduction of any art, is, to leave the profession to itself, and trust its encouragement to the individuals who reap the benefit of it.	そして、その場合、おそらく、芸術の最初の導入を除いて、行政官の一定の方針は、職業をそれ自体に任せ、その利益を享受する個人にその奨励を委ねることである。	in that case|その場合|adverb|if that is the case	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	rule|方針|noun|a principle or regulation governing conduct, action, procedure, arrangement, etc.	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	itself|それ自体|pronoun|used to refer to a thing or things previously mentioned or easily identified	trust|委ねる|verb|place confidence in; rely on	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group, class, or family	reap|享受する|verb|cut or gather with a scythe or sickle	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something
The artizans, finding their profits to rise by the favour of their customers, increase, as much as possible, their skill and industry;	職人は、顧客の好意によって利益が増加することを知り、可能な限り技能と勤勉さを増す。	artizan|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	find|知る|verb|discover or notice	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	rise|増加する|verb|go up or increase	favour|好意|noun|approval, liking, or goodwill	customer|顧客|noun|a person or organization that buys goods or services from a store or business	increase|増す|verb|become or make greater or more numerous	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working and careful
and as matters are not disturbed by any injudicious tampering, the commodity is always sure to be at all times nearly proportioned to the demand.	そして、事態が軽率な干渉によって混乱させられない限り、商品は常に需要にほぼ比例するようになる。	matter|事態|noun|a situation or event	disturb|混乱させる|verb|to interfere with the normal progress or functioning of	injudicious|軽率な|adjective|showing a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rash	tampering|干渉|noun|the action of interfering with something in order to cause damage or make unauthorized alterations	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times	sure|確実に|adjective|certain to happen; guaranteed	at all times|常に|adverb|on all occasions; always	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one varies in accordance with changes in the other

“But there are also some callings which, though useful and even necessary in a state, bring no advantage or pleasure to any individual;	「しかし、国家にとって有益であり、必要でさえあるにもかかわらず、個人に利益や喜びをもたらさない職業もいくつかある。	calling|職業|noun|a profession or occupation	useful|有益な|adjective|having a beneficial use or effect	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or happen	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment
and the supreme power is obliged to alter its conduct with regard to the retainers of those professions.	そして、最高権力は、そうした職業の従事者に関して、その行動を変えざるを得ない。	supreme power|最高権力|noun|the highest power or authority	obliged|変えざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	conduct|行動|noun|the way in which someone behaves	retainer|従事者|noun|a person who is employed by someone
It must give them public encouragement in order to their subsistence;	彼らの生計のために、公的な奨励を与えなければならない。	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	public|公的な|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level
and it must provide against that negligence to which they will naturally be subject, either by annexing particular honours to profession, by establishing a long subordination of ranks, and a strict dependence, or by some other expedient.	そして、職業に特別な名誉を与えたり、長い階級制や厳しい依存関係を築いたり、あるいは他の便宜を図ったりして、彼らが当然受けることになる怠慢に対処しなければならない。	provide against|対処する|verb|take precautions against	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	subject|受けることになる|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	annex|与える|verb|add to something else as an extra or subordinate part	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being less important than something else	dependence|依存|noun|the state of relying on someone or something else	expedient|便宜|noun|a means of achieving something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
The persons employed in the finances, fleets, and magistracy, are instances of this order of men.	財政、艦隊、司法に従事する人々は、この階級の例である。	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	fleet|艦隊|noun|a group of ships	magistracy|司法|noun|the office or authority of a magistrate	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status

“It may naturally be thought, at first sight, that the ecclesiastics belong to the first class, and that their encouragement, as well as that of lawyers and physicians, may safely be entrusted to the liberality of individuals, who are attached to their doctrines, and who find benefit or consolation from their spiritual ministry and assistance.	「一見したところ、聖職者は第一階級に属し、彼らの奨励は、弁護士や医師の奨励と同様に、彼らの教義に執着し、彼らの霊的奉仕や援助から利益や慰めを見出す個人の寛大さに安全に委ねることができると考えるのは当然のことかもしれない。	at first sight|一見したところ|adverb|when first seen	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	first class|第一階級|noun|the most expensive and best quality travel	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging	lawyer|弁護士|noun|a person who is qualified to give legal advice and represent people in court	physician|医師|noun|a person qualified to practice medicine	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	entrust|委ねる|verb|assign responsibility for	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	spiritual|霊的|adjective|of or relating to religion or religious purposes	ministry|奉仕|noun|the work of a minister of religion	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
Their industry and vigilance will, no doubt, be whetted by such an additional motive;	彼らの勤勉さと用心深さは、間違いなく、そのような付加的な動機によって研ぎ澄まされるだろう。	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	vigilance|用心深さ|noun|the quality of being careful and watchful	whet|研ぎ澄ます|verb|sharpen	additional|付加的な|adjective|extra	motive|動機|noun|a reason for doing something
and their skill in the profession, as well as their address in governing the minds of the people, must receive daily increase, from their increasing practice, study, and attention.	そして、彼らの職業上の技能は、人々の心を支配する彼らの演説と同様に、彼らの増加する実践、研究、注意から日々増加しなければならない。	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	address|演説|noun|a formal speech delivered to an audience	govern|支配する|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	mind|心|noun|the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought	receive|増加する|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	daily|日々|adjective|happening or done every day	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater or more	practice|実践|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as opposed to theories about such application or use	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important

“But if we consider the matter more closely, we shall find that this interested diligence of the clergy is what every wise legislator will study to prevent;	「しかし、この問題をもっと綿密に検討してみると、聖職者のこの利害関係のある勤勉さは、賢明な立法者なら誰でも防ぐために研究するであろうことがわかる。	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	closely|綿密に|adverb|in a way that is very accurate or exact	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	legislator|立法者|noun|a person who makes laws	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
because, in every religion except the true, it is highly pernicious, and it has even a natural tendency to pervert the truth, by infusing into it a strong mixture of superstition, folly, and delusion.	なぜなら、真実の宗教を除くすべての宗教において、それは非常に有害であり、迷信、愚行、妄想の強い混合物を注入することによって、真実を歪める自然な傾向さえ持っているからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	except|除く|verb|not include; leave out	true|真実の|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality	highly|非常に|adverb|to a high degree or extent	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	pervert|歪める|verb|cause to turn aside from the proper or intended course	truth|真実|noun|the body of real things, events, and facts	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge, in or of the ominous significance of a particular thing, circumstance, occurrence, proceeding, or the like	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act, idea, or practice	delusion|妄想|noun|a false belief or opinion
Each ghostly practitioner, in order to render himself more precious and sacred in the eyes of his retainers, will inspire them with the most violent abhorrence of all other sects, and continually endeavour, by some novelty, to excite the languid devotion of his audience.	それぞれの幽霊のような実践者は、自分の家臣の目にはより貴重で神聖なものにするために、他のすべての宗派に対する最も激しい嫌悪感を彼らに吹き込み、何か目新しいことで聴衆の怠惰な信心を刺激しようと絶えず努力するだろう。	ghostly|幽霊のような|adjective|of or relating to a ghost	practitioner|実践者|noun|a person who practices a profession or occupation	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	precious|貴重な|adjective|of high worth or value	sacred|神聖な|adjective|consecrated to some deity, to some religious purpose, or to some other purpose	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis	inspire|吹き込む|verb|fill with an animating, quickening, or exalting influence	violent|激しい|adjective|marked by extreme force or sudden intense activity	abhorrence|嫌悪感|noun|a feeling of intense dislike	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical and as having separated from a larger group)	novelty|目新しい|noun|the quality of being new or original	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	languid|怠惰な|adjective|lacking energy or vitality	devotion|信心|noun|religious worship or observance	audience|聴衆|noun|the assembled spectators or listeners at a public event
No regard will be paid to truth, morals, or decency, in the doctrines inculcated.	教え込まれた教義において、真理、道徳、品位は考慮されない。	regard|考慮|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed	truth|真理|noun|the quality or state of being true	morals|道徳|noun|a lesson that can be derived from a story or event	decency|品位|noun|behavior that is considered morally good and proper	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	inculcate|教え込む|verb|impress (something) on someone by persistent instruction
Every tenet will be adopted that best suits the disorderly affections of the human frame.	人間の枠組みの無秩序な愛情に最も適したあらゆる教義が採用されるだろう。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy	be adopted|採用される|verb|be taken up and used by someone	best|最も|adverb|to the highest degree or extent	suit|適する|verb|be right or appropriate for	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something
Customers will be drawn to each conventicle by new industry and address, in practising on the passions and credulity of the populace.	顧客は、民衆の情熱と軽信につけこむ新しい産業と演説によって、それぞれの集会に引き寄せられるだろう。	customer|顧客|noun|a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business	draw|引き寄せる|verb|attract or cause to come	conventicle|集会|noun|a small and secret religious meeting	industry|産業|noun|the production of goods or services	address|演説|noun|a formal speech delivered to an audience	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement	credulity|軽信|noun|a tendency to be too ready to believe that something is true	populace|民衆|noun|the general public; the masses
And, in the end, the civil magistrate will find that he has dearly paid for his intended frugality, in saving a fixed establishment for the priests;	そして、結局、行政官は、聖職者のための固定施設を節約することで、意図した節約のために高くついたことに気づくだろう。	in the end|結局|adverb|finally	civil magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer with power to enforce laws	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	intended|意図した|adjective|planned or meant	frugality|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness	saving|節約|verb|spend less money	fixed establishment|固定施設|noun|a permanent place of business	priest|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious duties
and that, in reality, the most decent and advantageous composition, which he can make with the spiritual guides, is to bribe their indolence, by assigning stated salaries to their profession, and rendering it superfluous for them to be farther active, than merely to prevent their flock from straying in quest of new pastors.	そして、実際には、彼が精神的指導者たちと作ることができる最もきちんとした有利な構成は、彼らの職業に定められた給与を割り当て、彼らが単に新しい牧師を求めて群れが迷うのを防ぐよりも、彼らがさらに活動的になることを余計なものにすることで、彼らの怠惰を買収することである。	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; in truth	decent|きちんとした|adjective|conforming to generally or traditionally accepted standards of behavior or morals	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit	composition|構成|noun|the nature of something's ingredients or constituents	spiritual guide|精神的指導者|noun|a person who provides spiritual guidance	bribe|買収する|verb|dishonestly persuade someone to act in one's favor by a gift of money or other inducement	indolence|怠惰|noun|laziness	assign|割り当てる|verb|allocate or allot	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation	render|余計なものにする|verb|cause to be or become	superfluous|余計な|adjective|unnecessary, especially through being more than enough	active|活動的|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	flock|群れ|noun|a large number of people	stray|迷う|verb|wander from a path or from the right course	quest|探求|noun|a search or pursuit
And in this manner ecclesiastical establishments, though commonly they arose at first from religious views, prove in the end advantageous to the political interests of society.”	そして、このようにして、教会の施設は、一般的には最初は宗教的な見解から生じたが、最終的には社会の政治的利益に有利であることが証明される。」	in this manner|このようにして|adverb|in this way	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or the clergy	establishment|施設|noun|a business or organization	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	at first|最初は|adverb|in the beginning; initially	religious|宗教的な|adjective|of or relating to religion	view|見解|noun|an opinion or belief	in the end|最終的には|adverb|eventually; finally	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favorable; beneficial	political|政治的|adjective|of or relating to politics or government	interest|利益|noun|a benefit or advantage

But whatever may have been the good or bad effects of the independent provision of the clergy, it has, perhaps, been very seldom bestowed upon them from any view to those effects.	しかし、聖職者の独立した供給の善悪の影響が何であれ、おそらく、それらの影響に対する見解から彼らに与えられることはめったになかった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another	provision|供給|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	good|善|noun|that which is morally right; righteousness	bad|悪|noun|that which is morally wrong; evil	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honor, or responsibility	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely
Times of violent religious controversy have generally been times of equally violent political faction.	激しい宗教論争の時代は、一般的に同様に激しい政治的派閥の時代でもあった。	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	religious|宗教|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	controversy|論争|noun|a prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	political|政治|adjective|relating to the government or the public affairs of a country	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one
Upon such occasions, each political party has either found it, or imagined it, for his interest, to league itself with some one or other of the contending religious sects.	そのような機会に、各政党は、争っている宗教宗派のいずれかと同盟を結ぶことが、自分の利益になると気づいたり、想像したりした。	upon|に|preposition|on	occasion|機会|noun|a time or place at which something happens	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	political party|政党|noun|an organization of people with similar political aims and opinions	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	league|同盟|noun|an association of people or groups united by a common interest or goal	contend|争う|verb|compete with others in a rivalry	religious sect|宗教宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong
But this could be done only by adopting, or, at least, by favouring the tenets of that particular sect.	しかし、これはその特定の宗派の教義を採用するか、少なくとも支持することによってのみ可能だった。	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief that is generally accepted by a group of people
The sect which had the good fortune to be leagued with the conquering party necessarily shared in the victory of its ally, by whose favour and protection it was soon enabled, in some degree, to silence and subdue all its adversaries.	勝利した党と同盟を結ぶ幸運に恵まれた宗派は、必然的にその同盟国の勝利に加担し、その恩恵と保護によって、すぐにある程度はすべての敵を沈黙させ、従わせることができた。	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	have the good fortune to|幸運に恵まれる|verb|be lucky enough to	be leagued with|同盟を結ぶ|verb|be in alliance with	conquering party|勝利した党|noun|the party that won	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	share in|加担する|verb|have a part in	victory|勝利|noun|an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	ally|同盟国|noun|a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose	favour|恩恵|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	to some degree|ある程度|adverb|to a certain extent	silence|沈黙させる|verb|make or become silent	subdue|従わせる|verb|overcome, quieten, or bring under control
Those adversaries had generally leagued themselves with the enemies of the conquering party, and were, therefore the enemies of that party.	これらの敵は、一般的に勝利した党の敵と同盟を結んでいたので、その党の敵でもあった。	adversary|敵|noun|a person who is opposed to or hostile to someone or something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	league|同盟|noun|an association of people or groups united by a common interest or goal	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	party|党|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office
The clergy of this particular sect having thus become complete masters of the field, and their influence and authority with the great body of the people being in its highest vigour, they were powerful enough to overawe the chiefs and leaders of their own party, and to oblige the civil magistrate to respect their opinions and inclinations.	こうしてこの特定の宗派の聖職者は、その分野の完全な支配者となり、人民の大多数に対する影響力と権威が最高潮に達し、彼らは党の首長や指導者を畏怖させ、行政官に彼らの意見や意向を尊重させるほど強力だった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	thus|こうして|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	master|支配者|noun|a person who has control over people or things	field|分野|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	great|大多数|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	highest|最高潮|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	overawe|畏怖させる|verb|to impress forcibly or to a great degree	chief|首長|noun|the head of a tribe, clan, or other group	leader|指導者|noun|the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country	oblige|～させる|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or persuasion	civil|行政官|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	respect|尊重する|verb|have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	inclination|意向|noun|a person's natural tendency or urge to act or feel in a particular way
Their first demand was generally that he should silence and subdue all their adversaries;	彼らの最初の要求は、通常、彼がすべての敵を沈黙させ、従わせることだった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	silence|沈黙させる|verb|make or become silent	subdue|従わせる|verb|overcome, quieten, or bring under control
and their second, that he should bestow an independent provision on themselves.	そして二つ目は、彼が彼ら自身に独立した準備を与えることだった。	second|二つ目|noun|the number 2	bestow|与える|verb|give or confer	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or connected with others	provision|準備|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
As they had generally contributed a good deal to the victory, it seemed not unreasonable that they should have some share in the spoil.	彼らは一般的に勝利に大きく貢献していたので、彼らが戦利品の一部を受け取るのは不合理ではないように思われた。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	a good deal|大いに|noun|a large amount or extent	victory|勝利|noun|an act of defeating an enemy or opponent in a battle, game, or other competition	unreasonable|不合理な|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense
They were weary, besides, of humouring the people, and of depending upon their caprice for a subsistence.	そのうえ、彼らは人々をなだめることや、生計を彼らの気まぐれに頼ることにうんざりしていた。	weary|うんざりしている|adjective|feeling or showing extreme tiredness	humour|なだめる|verb|make someone feel more cheerful	depend|頼る|verb|be controlled or determined by	caprice|気まぐれ|noun|a sudden and unaccountable change of mood or behavior	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
In making this demand, therefore, they consulted their own ease and comfort, without troubling themselves about the effect which it might have, in future times, upon the influence and authority of their order.	したがって、この要求をするにあたって、彼らは将来、自分たちの階級の影響力や権威に及ぼす影響について悩むことなく、自分たちの安楽と快適さを考慮した。	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	consult|考慮する|verb|seek information or advice from	ease|安楽|noun|freedom from difficulty or effort	comfort|快適さ|noun|a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	future|将来|noun|the time yet to come	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
The civil magistrate, who could comply with their demand only by giving them something which he would have chosen much rather to take, or to keep to himself, was seldom very forward to grant it.	彼らの要求に応じることができるのは、自分が受け取るか、自分の手元に置いておくことを望む何かを彼らに与えることだけだったが、それを認めることにあまり積極的なことはめったになかった。	civil magistrate|行政長官|noun|a civil officer with power to enforce laws	comply with|応じる|verb|act in accordance with	demand|要求|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	take|受け取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	keep|置いておく|verb|have or retain possession of	grant|認める|verb|agree to give or allow something
Necessity, however, always forced him to submit at last, though frequently not till after many delays, evasions, and affected excuses.	しかし、多くの場合、多くの遅れ、回避、および影響を受けた言い訳の後までではないが、必要性は常に彼を最後に提出することを余儀なくさせた。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will	submit|提出する|verb|present (something) for consideration or discussion	delay|遅れ|noun|a period of time by which something is late or postponed	evasion|回避|noun|the action of evading something	excuse|言い訳|noun|a reason or explanation given to justify a fault or offense

But if politics had never called in the aid of religion, had the conquering party never adopted the tenets of one sect more than those of another, when it had gained the victory, it would probably have dealt equally and impartially with all the different sects, and have allowed every man to choose his own priest, and his own religion, as he thought proper.	しかし、政治が宗教の助けを借りたことがなかったら、勝利した党が勝利を収めたときに、ある宗派の教義を他の宗派の教義よりも採用したことがなかったら、おそらくすべての異なる宗派を平等に公平に扱い、すべての人が自分の考えに従って自分の司祭と自分の宗教を選ぶことを許していただろう。	call in|借りる|verb|to request the help of	aid|助け|noun|help, typically of a practical nature	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods	conquer|勝利する|verb|to overcome and take control of a country or area by force	party|党|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence or control government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office	adopt|採用する|verb|to take up and use as one's own	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	deal with|扱う|verb|to take action in response to or in connection with	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	impartially|公平に|adverb|in a fair and just way	allow|許す|verb|to give permission to	choose|選ぶ|verb|to pick out or select from a number of alternatives	priest|司祭|noun|an ordained minister of the Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican Church	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called
There would, and, in this case, no doubt, have been, a great multitude of religious sects.	この場合、間違いなく、非常に多くの宗教宗派があっただろう。	there would|あっただろう|verb|there would have been	in this case|この場合|noun|in this situation	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	have been|あった|verb|have existed	great multitude|非常に多くの|noun|a large number	religious sect|宗教宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong
Almost every different congregation might probably have had a little sect by itself, or have entertained some peculiar tenets of its own.	ほとんどすべての異なる会衆は、おそらくそれ自体で小さな宗派を持っていたかもしれないし、独自のいくつかの独特の教義を楽しんでいたかもしれない。	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	every|すべての|determiner|each and all of a group	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	congregation|会衆|noun|a group of people assembled for religious worship	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	by itself|それ自体で|adverb|without outside help	have entertained|楽しんでいた|verb|have amused or occupied	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or odd; unusual	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy
Each teacher, would, no doubt, have felt himself under the necessity of making the utmost exertion, and of using every art, both to preserve and to increase the number of his disciples.	各教師は、間違いなく、自分の弟子の数を維持し、増やすために、最大限の努力をし、あらゆる芸術を使用する必要性を感じていただろう。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	under the necessity of|必要性を感じている|noun phrase|being obliged to do something	make|する|verb|cause to happen or exist	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or amount	exertion|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	every|あらゆる|adjective|each of a group of people or things	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
But as every other teacher would have felt himself under the same necessity, the success of no one teacher, or sect of teachers, could have been very great.	しかし、他のすべての教師も同じ必要性を感じていただろうから、一人の教師や教師の宗派の成功は、それほど大きくはなかっただろう。	every other|他のすべての|adjective|each of the remaining members of a group	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
The interested and active zeal of religious teachers can be dangerous and troublesome only where there is either but one sect tolerated in the society, or where the whole of a large society is divided into two or three great sects;	宗教教師の利害関係のある活発な熱意は、社会で許容される宗派が1つしかない場合、または大規模な社会全体が2つまたは3つの大きな宗派に分かれている場合にのみ、危険で厄介なものになる可能性がある。	interested|利害関係のある|adjective|having a stake in something	active|活発な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	religious|宗教的な|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	troublesome|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	tolerate|許容する|verb|allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one does not necessarily like or agree with) without interference	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	divide|分かれる|verb|separate or be separated into parts	two|2|numeral|one more than one	three|3|numeral|one more than two
the teachers of each acting by concert, and under a regular discipline and subordination.	それぞれの教師は、協調して行動し、規則正しい規律と従属のもとにある。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	act|行動する|verb|do something	concert|協調|noun|a situation in which people work together	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	subordination|従属|noun|the state of being lower in rank or position
But that zeal must be altogether innocent, where the society is divided into two or three hundred, or, perhaps, into as many thousand small sects, of which no one could be considerable enough to disturb the public tranquillity.	しかし、社会が二、三百、あるいはおそらく数千もの小さな宗派に分かれている場合、その熱意は全く無害なものでなければならない。そのうちのどれも、公の平穏を乱すほどのものではない。	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	two or three hundred|二、三百|noun|a number between 200 and 300	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	thousand|数千|noun|a number between 1000 and 9999	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	disturb|乱す|verb|interfere with the peace or quiet of	public|公の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil; calmness
The teachers of each sect, seeing themselves surrounded on all sides with more adversaries than friends, would be obliged to learn that candour and moderation which are so seldom to be found among the teachers of those great sects, whose tenets, being supported by the civil magistrate, are held in veneration by almost all the inhabitants of extensive kingdoms and empires, and who, therefore, see nothing round them but followers, disciples, and humble admirers.	各宗派の教師は、自分たちが友人よりも敵に囲まれているのを見て、公職者によって支持され、広大な王国や帝国のほとんどすべての住民に尊敬されている大宗派の教師にはめったに見られない、率直さと節度を学ぶことを余儀なくされるだろう。	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	friend|友人|noun|a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection	adversary|敵|noun|a person who is opposed to or hostile to someone or something	be obliged to|余儀なくされる|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	candour|率直さ|noun|the quality of being open and honest in expression; frankness	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy	civil magistrate|公職者|noun|a government official who is responsible for administering the law	veneration|尊敬|noun|deep respect for someone or something	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress	follower|信者|noun|a person who follows or supports someone or something	disciple|弟子|noun|a follower or pupil of a teacher, leader, or philosopher	humble|謙虚な|adjective|having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance	admirer|崇拝者|noun|a person who admires someone or something
The teachers of each little sect, finding themselves almost alone, would be obliged to respect those of almost every other sect;	各小宗派の教師は、自分たちがほとんど孤立していることに気づき、他のほとんどすべての宗派の教師を尊敬せざるを得なくなるだろう。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	alone|孤立|adjective|having no one else present	respect|尊敬|verb|admire (someone or something) deeply, as a result of their abilities, qualities or achievements
and the concessions which they would mutually find in both convenient and agreeable to make one to another, might in time, probably reduce the doctrine of the greater part of them to that pure and rational religion, free from every mixture of absurdity, imposture, or fanaticism, such as wise men have, in all ages of the world, wished to see established;	そして、彼らが互いに都合がよく、また互いに同意できると考える譲歩は、おそらく時が経つにつれて、彼らの大部分の教義を、世界のあらゆる時代の賢者たちが確立されることを望んできたような、不条理、欺瞞、狂信の混合から解放された、純粋で合理的な宗教にまで還元するかもしれない。	concession|譲歩|noun|the act of conceding or yielding	mutually|互いに|adverb|in a mutual manner	convenient|都合がよい|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	agreeable|同意できる|adjective|able to be accepted	time|時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	reduce|還元する|verb|make or become smaller or less	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	pure|純粋な|adjective|not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material	rational|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or logic	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods	free|解放された|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	absurdity|不条理|noun|the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	imposture|欺瞞|noun|the action or practice of deceiving someone by assuming a false character or identity	fanaticism|狂信|noun|extreme and uncritical enthusiasm or zeal, as in religion or politics	wise|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur and people live and die	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted
but such as positive law has, perhaps, never yet established, and probably never will establish in any country;	しかし、実定法がおそらくまだ確立したことがなく、おそらくどの国でも確立することはないだろう。	positive law|実定法|noun|the body of law created by government or society	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time; so far	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	will|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing the future tense	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
because, with regard to religion, positive law always has been, and probably always will be, more or less influenced by popular superstition and enthusiasm.	なぜなら、宗教に関して、実定法は常に多かれ少なかれ民衆の迷信や熱狂の影響を受けてきたし、おそらくこれからもそうだろうからである。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	positive law|実定法|noun|the body of law created by government or society	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	popular|民衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge	enthusiasm|熱狂|noun|intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval
This plan of ecclesiastical government, or, more properly, of no ecclesiastical government, was what the sect called Independents (a sect, no doubt, of very wild enthusiasts), proposed to establish in England towards the end of the civil war.	この教会政府の計画、あるいはもっと適切に言えば、教会政府の不在の計画は、独立派と呼ばれる宗派(疑いなく、非常に熱狂的な狂信者の宗派)が内戦の終わりに向けてイギリスに設立することを提案したものだった。	ecclesiastical government|教会政府|noun|a government that is led by religious leaders	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	Independents|独立派|noun|a group of people who are not affiliated with any political party	civil war|内戦|noun|a war between factions or regions of the same country
If it had been established, though of a very unphilosophical origin, it would probably, by this time, have been productive of the most philosophical good temper and moderation with regard to every sort of religious principle.	もしそれが確立されていたら、非常に非哲学的な起源にもかかわらず、おそらく今頃は、あらゆる種類の宗教的原理に関して、最も哲学的な良い気分と節度を生み出していただろう。	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation of	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	unphilosophical|非哲学的|adjective|not in accordance with the principles of philosophy	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	by this time|今頃は|adverb|by now; by the present time	productive|生み出す|adjective|producing or capable of producing	philosophical|哲学的|adjective|of or relating to philosophy	good temper|良い気分|noun|a state of mind or feeling	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	regard|に関して|verb|to think of or consider in a specified way	every sort of|あらゆる種類の|determiner|all kinds of	religious principle|宗教的原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition on which other truths or propositions are based
It has been established in Pennsylvania, where, though the quakers happen to be the most numerous, the law, in reality, favours no one sect more than another;	それはペンシルバニアで確立されており、そこではクエーカー教徒がたまたま最も多くいるが、法律は実際にはどの宗派も他の宗派よりも優遇していない。	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	quakers|クエーカー教徒|noun|a member of the Religious Society of Friends	happen to be|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist	favour|優遇する|verb|regard with favour	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong
and it is there said to have been productive of this philosophical good temper and moderation.	そして、そこでは、この哲学的な良い気分と節度を生み出したと言われている。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	there|そこで|adverb|in or at that place	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	have been|されてきた|auxiliary verb|used to describe a state or situation that started in the past and continues to the present	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of something	this|この|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	philosophical|哲学的|adjective|of or relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	temper|気分|noun|a state of mind or feelings	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint

But though this equality of treatment should not be productive of this good temper and moderation in all, or even in the greater part of the religious sects of a particular country;	しかし、この待遇の平等が、特定の国のすべての、あるいは大部分の宗教宗派において、この良い気分と節度を生み出すわけではないとしても、	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	treatment|待遇|noun|the way that someone is treated	productive|生み出す|adjective|producing or capable of producing	temper|気分|noun|a state of mind or feeling	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	particular|特定の|adjective|specific; precise	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
yet, provided those sects were sufficiently numerous, and each of them consequently too small to disturb the public tranquillity, the excessive zeal of each for its particular tenets could not well be productive of any very hurtful effects, but, on the contrary, of several good ones;	それでも、それらの宗派が十分に多く、その結果としてそれぞれが小さすぎて公共の平穏を乱さないとすれば、それぞれの特定の教義に対する過度の熱意は、あまり有害な影響を生み出すことはできないが、逆に、いくつかの良い影響を生み出すことはできない。	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great many	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual or proper	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing emotional pain	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of
and if the government was perfectly decided, both to let them all alone, and to oblige them all to let alone one another, there is little danger that they would not of their own accord, subdivide themselves fast enough, so as soon to become sufficiently numerous.	そして、政府が彼らを放っておくことと、彼ら全員に互いに放っておくことを義務付けることの両方を完全に決定したのであれば、彼らが自らの意志で十分に早く細分化され、すぐに十分な数になるという危険はほとんどない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	decide|決定する|verb|reach, make, or come to a decision about something	let alone|放っておく|verb|not to mention; to say nothing of	oblige|義務付ける|verb|bind morally or legally	accord|意志|noun|agreement or harmony	subdivide|細分化する|verb|divide into smaller parts	fast|速く|adverb|at high speed	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	numerous|多数の|adjective|consisting of a great number

In every civilized society, in every society where the distinction of ranks has once been completely established, there have been always two different schemes or systems of morality current at the same time;	あらゆる文明社会において、階級の区別がかつて完全に確立されたあらゆる社会において、常に二つの異なる道徳体系が同時に存在してきた。	civilized society|文明社会|noun|a society that has developed a high level of culture and technology	distinction|区別|noun|the quality of being different from each other	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	establish|確立する|verb|to make or form something	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	scheme|体系|noun|a systematic plan of action	morality|道徳|noun|the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct	current|存在する|adjective|happening or existing now
of which the one may be called the strict or austere;	そのうちの一つは厳格なもの、あるいは厳格なものと呼ばれるかもしれない。	of which|そのうちの一つ|pronoun|of the things mentioned	may be called|呼ばれるかもしれない|verb|be referred to by a specified name	strict|厳格な|adjective|requiring complete obedience	austere|厳格な|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance
the other the liberal, or, if you will, the loose system.	もう一方はリベラル、あるいはゆるいシステムと呼んでもいい。	the other|もう一方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	liberal|リベラル|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	loose|ゆるい|adjective|not held or tied together, or not held or fastened firmly	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network
The former is generally admired and revered by the common people;	前者は一般に庶民に賞賛され、尊敬されている。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	common people|庶民|noun|people who are not of royal or noble rank
the latter is commonly more esteemed and adopted by what are called the people of fashion.	後者は、一般に、いわゆる上流階級の人々に高く評価され、採用されている。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	commonly|一般に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	esteem|高く評価する|verb|regard with respect or admiration	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	people of fashion|上流階級の人々|noun|people who are wealthy and fashionable
The degree of disapprobation with which we ought to mark the vices of levity, the vices which are apt to arise from great prosperity, and from the excess of gaiety and good humour, seems to constitute the principal distinction between those two opposite schemes or systems.	軽薄さの悪徳、大いなる繁栄から生じやすい悪徳、そして過度の陽気さや上機嫌から生じやすい悪徳を、私たちがどれほど非難すべきか、その程度が、この二つの対立する道徳体系の主要な違いをなしているように見える。	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	disapprobation|非難|noun|the expression of disapproval	mark|印|verb|to be a sign of	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	levity|軽薄さ|noun|lack of seriousness	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	gaiety|陽気さ|noun|the state or quality of being cheerful and lively	humour|上機嫌|noun|a state of mind	constitute|なす|verb|be equivalent to	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	distinction|違い|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	scheme|体系|noun|a systematic plan of action
In the liberal or loose system, luxury, wanton, and even disorderly mirth, the pursuit of pleasure to some degree of intemperance, the breach of chastity, at least in one of the two sexes, etc.	リベラル、あるいはゆるいシステムでは、贅沢、放縦、さらには無秩序な歓楽、ある程度の不節制なまでの快楽の追求、少なくとも男女の一方の貞操の侵害などが、	liberal|リベラル|adjective|willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own; open to new ideas	loose|ゆるい|adjective|not held or tied together, or not held or fastened firmly	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	wanton|放縦|adjective|deliberately and unprovokedly causing damage or injury	even|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	disorderly|無秩序|adjective|lacking order or regularity	mirth|歓楽|noun|amusement, especially as expressed in laughter	pursuit|追求|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	pleasure|快楽|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	some degree|ある程度|noun|an amount or extent of something	intemperance|不節制|noun|lack of moderation or self-control	breach|侵害|noun|an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct	chastity|貞操|noun|the state or quality of being chaste	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; no less than	one|一方|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	two|二|noun|a number or quantity that is one more than one	sex|性|noun|either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and most other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions
provided they are not accompanied with gross indecency, and do not lead to falsehood and injustice, are generally treated with a good deal of indulgence, and are easily either excused or pardoned altogether.	はなはだしいわいせつ行為を伴わず、虚偽や不正につながらない限り、一般にかなり寛大に扱われ、容易に許されたり、あるいは完全に許されたりする。	provided|伴わない限り|conjunction|on the condition or understanding that	gross|はなはだしい|adjective|very obvious and unacceptable	indecency|わいせつ行為|noun|behavior that is considered shocking or offensive	falsehood|虚偽|noun|a false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive; an intentional untruth; a lie	injustice|不正|noun|lack of fairness or justice	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	indulgence|寛大|noun|the act of indulging	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	excused|許される|verb|to be forgiven for a fault or offense	pardoned|許される|verb|to be forgiven for a crime or offense
In the austere system, on the contrary, those excesses are regarded with the utmost abhorrence and detestation.	反対に、厳格なシステムでは、これらの過剰行為は最大限の嫌悪と憎しみをもって見なされる。	austere|厳格な|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or intensity	abhorrence|嫌悪|noun|a feeling of intense dislike or disgust	detestation|憎しみ|noun|a feeling of intense dislike
The vices of levity are always ruinous to the common people, and a single week’s thoughtlessness and dissipation is often sufficient to undo a poor workman for ever, and to drive him, through despair, upon committing the most enormous crimes.	軽薄さの悪徳は、常に庶民にとって破滅的であり、たった一週間の軽率さと放蕩で、貧しい労働者を永遠に破滅させ、絶望のあまり、最も恐ろしい犯罪を犯すに至らせるには十分なことが多い。	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	levity|軽薄さ|noun|lack of seriousness	common people|庶民|noun|people in general	ruinous|破滅的|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	single week|たった一週間|noun|a period of seven days	thoughtlessness|軽率さ|noun|lack of care or consideration	dissipation|放蕩|noun|indulgence in sensual pleasures	undo|破滅させる|verb|cause the destruction or undoing of	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money or wealth	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	forever|永遠に|adverb|for all future time; for always	drive|至らせる|verb|cause to move or be moved in a specified way	despair|絶望|noun|the complete loss or absence of hope	enormous|恐ろしい|adjective|very large or great	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
The wiser and better sort of the common people, therefore, have always the utmost abhorrence and detestation of such excesses, which their experience tells them are so immediately fatal to people of their condition.	したがって、庶民の賢く善良な部類は、常にそうした過剰行為を最大限に嫌悪し忌み嫌っており、彼らの経験から、そうした過剰行為は彼らの境遇にある人々にとって即座に致命的であることが分かっている。	wiser|賢い|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	better|善良な|adjective|of a higher standard or quality	common people|庶民|noun|people who are not of the nobility	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	utmost|最大限の|adjective|of the highest degree or intensity	abhorrence|嫌悪|noun|a feeling of intense dislike	detestation|忌み嫌い|noun|a feeling of intense dislike	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	tell|分かる|verb|communicate information, news, or facts to someone	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	fatal|致命的|adjective|causing death
The disorder and extravagance of several years, on the contrary, will not always ruin a man of fashion;	反対に、数年間の無秩序と浪費は、常に上流階級の人を破滅させるわけではない。	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources in a careless or wasteful way	several years|数年間|noun|a period of time lasting for more than two years but not many years	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	man of fashion|上流階級の人|noun|a person who is a member of the upper class
and people of that rank are very apt to consider the power of indulging in some degree of excess, as one of the advantages of their fortune;	そして、その階級の人々は、ある程度の過剰に耽溺する力を、自分たちの富の利点の一つと考えがちである。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society	apt|がちである|adjective|likely to do something	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	indulge|耽溺する|verb|allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of	excess|過剰|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
and the liberty of doing so without censure or reproach, as one of the privileges which belong to their station.	そして、非難や非難を受けずにそうする自由を、自分たちの地位に属する特権の一つと考えがちである。	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	censure|非難|noun|an expression of disapproval	reproach|非難|noun|an expression of disapproval	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people
In people of their own station, therefore, they regard such excesses with but a small degree of disapprobation, and censure them either very slightly or not at all.	したがって、彼らは自分の身分の人々に対しては、そのような過剰行為をあまり非難せず、ほとんど非難しない。	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	station|身分|noun|a person's social or professional position	regard|みなす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	excess|過剰行為|noun|an amount of something that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable	disapprobation|非難|noun|strong disapproval	censure|非難する|verb|express severe disapproval of

Almost all religious sects have begun among the common people, from whom they have generally drawn their earliest, as well as their most numerous proselytes.	ほとんどすべての宗教宗派は、一般の人々の間で始まり、彼らは一般的に彼らの最も早い改宗者だけでなく、最も多くの改宗者を引き寄せてきた。	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all	religious sect|宗教宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	draw|引き寄せる|verb|attract or cause to come	earliest|最も早い|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	numerous|多くの|adjective|great in number; many	proselyte|改宗者|noun|a new convert to a religion or a cause
The austere system of morality has, accordingly, been adopted by those sects almost constantly, or with very few exceptions;	それに応じて、厳格な道徳体系は、ほとんど常に、あるいはごくわずかな例外を除いて、これらの宗派によって採用されてきた。	austere|厳格な|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	morality|道徳|noun|principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result or consequence	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	very few|ごくわずかな|adjective|a small number of	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule
for there have been some.	というのも、いくつかの例外があったからである。	for|というのも|conjunction|because	there have been|いくつかの例外があった|verb|there have been some exceptions	some|いくつかの|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of something
It was the system by which they could best recommend themselves to that order of people, to whom they first proposed their plan of reformation upon what had been before established.	それは、彼らが最初に改革の計画を提案した人々の階級に、彼らが最もよく自分たちを推薦できるシステムだった。	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	recommend|推薦する|verb|suggest or put forward as being suitable for a particular purpose or role	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	reformation|改革|noun|the action or process of reforming something	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something
Many of them, perhaps the greater part of them, have even endeavoured to gain credit by refining upon this austere system, and by carrying it to some degree of folly and extravagance;	彼らの多くは、おそらくその大部分は、この厳格なシステムを洗練し、それをある程度の愚かさと贅沢にまで持ち込むことで、信用を得ようとさえした。	many of|多く|noun|a large number of	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|it is possible that	greater part of|大部分|noun|the majority of	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	refining|洗練|verb|make more elegant or sophisticated	austere|厳格な|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	carry|持ち込む|verb|take or bring something from one place to another	some degree of|ある程度|noun|an amount or extent of something	folly|愚かさ|noun|foolishness; lack of good sense	extravagance|贅沢|noun|the spending of a lot of money in a careless or wasteful way
and this excessive rigour has frequently recommended them, more than any thing else, to the respect and veneration of the common people.	そしてこの過度の厳格さは、他の何よりも、彼らを一般の人々の尊敬と崇敬に推薦することが多かった。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	this|この|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	excessive|過度の|adjective|more than is usual, proper, or normal	rigour|厳格さ|noun|the quality of being extremely thorough, accurate, or careful	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	recommend|推薦する|verb|suggest or put forward as being suitable for a particular purpose or role	them|彼らを|pronoun|used as the object of a verb or preposition to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	more than|よりも|conjunction|to a greater extent than	anything|何よりも|pronoun|used to refer to a thing, no matter what	else|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or separate from one already mentioned or known about	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	veneration|崇敬|noun|great respect or admiration for someone or something

A man of rank and fortune is, by his station, the distinguished member of a great society, who attend to every part of his conduct, and who thereby oblige him to attend to every part of it himself.	身分と財産のある人は、その地位によって、大社会の著名な一員であり、その行動のあらゆる部分に注意を払い、それによって彼自身もそのあらゆる部分に注意を払うよう義務づけられている。	rank|身分|noun|a position in the social hierarchy	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	station|地位|noun|a person's social or professional position	distinguished|著名な|adjective|having a high reputation	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	attend|注意を払う|verb|take care of or deal with	oblige|義務づける|verb|make someone do something	part|部分|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole
His authority and consideration depend very much upon the respect which this society bears to him.	彼の権威と考慮は、この社会が彼に抱く尊敬に大きく依存している。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	consideration|考慮|noun|thinking about the possible effects of an action	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something
He dares not do anything which would disgrace or discredit him in it;	彼は、その中で自分の名誉を傷つけたり、信用を失ったりするようなことは何もしない。	dare|あえてする|verb|have the courage to do something new or dangerous	disgrace|名誉を傷つける|verb|bring shame or discredit to	discredit|信用を失う|verb|damage the good reputation of
and he is obliged to a very strict observation of that species of morals, whether liberal or austere, which the general consent of this society prescribes to persons of his rank and fortune.	そして彼は、この社会の一般的な同意が彼の身分と財産の人に規定する、寛大なものであれ厳格なものであれ、その種の道徳を非常に厳密に守らなければならない。	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	strict|厳密な|adjective|exact; precise	observation|観察|noun|the action of observing something	liberal|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected	austere|厳格な|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	prescribe|規定する|verb|officially or legally determine or order	rank|身分|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
A man of low condition, on the contrary, is far from being a distinguished member of any great society.	逆に、身分の低い人は、どんな大社会でも著名な一員とは程遠い。	low condition|身分の低い|adjective|of low social status	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	far from|程遠い|adverb|not at all; not nearly	distinguished|著名な|adjective|famous or well-known	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	great society|大社会|noun|a society that is large and complex
While he remains in a country village, his conduct may be attended to, and he may be obliged to attend to it himself.	彼が田舎の村にいる間は、彼の行動に注意を払うことができ、彼自身もそれに注意を払う義務があるかもしれない。	remain|いる|verb|be in a specified state	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in the country	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	attend to|注意を払う|verb|take care of	be obliged to|義務がある|verb|be required to do something
In this situation, and in this situation only, he may have what is called a character to lose.	この状況で、そしてこの状況でのみ、彼は失うべき性格と呼ばれるものをもつかもしれない。	in this situation|この状況で|adverb|in the current situation	in this situation only|この状況でのみ|adverb|only in the current situation	have|もつ|verb|possess, own, or hold	what is called|と呼ばれるもの|noun|something that is referred to as	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain
But as soon as he comes into a great city, he is sunk in obscurity and darkness.	しかし、彼が大都市に入るとすぐに、彼は不明瞭さと暗闇に沈む。	as soon as|～するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	come into|入る|verb|move or travel into	great city|大都市|noun|a large city	sink|沈む|verb|go down below the surface of a liquid	obscurity|不明瞭さ|noun|the state of being unknown or forgotten	darkness|暗闇|noun|the absence of light
His conduct is observed and attended to by nobody;	彼の行動は誰にも観察されず、注目もされない。	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	attend to|注目する|verb|take care of; deal with
and he is, therefore, very likely to neglect it himself, and to abandon himself to every sort of low profligacy and vice.	そのため、彼はそれを無視し、あらゆる種類の低俗な放蕩や悪徳に身を任せる可能性が非常に高い。	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	abandon|身を任せる|verb|give up completely	low|低俗な|adjective|of little importance or value	profligacy|放蕩|noun|a state of being extremely wasteful or extravagant	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior
He never emerges so effectually from this obscurity, his conduct never excites so much the attention of any respectable society, as by his becoming the member of a small religious sect.	彼は決してこの無名の状態から効果的に抜け出すことはなく、彼の行動は決して小さな宗教宗派のメンバーになることほど、どんな立派な社会の注目も集めることはできない。	emerge|抜け出す|verb|come out into view	obscurity|無名|noun|the state of being unknown	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	excite|集める|verb|cause to be interested or enthusiastic	respectable|立派な|adjective|worthy of respect	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	religious|宗教|adjective|relating to or believing in a religion	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong
He from that moment acquires a degree of consideration which he never had before.	その瞬間から、彼はこれまで経験したことのないほどの配慮を身につける。	from that moment|その瞬間から|adverb|from that time on	acquire|身につける|verb|to gain or obtain	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	consideration|配慮|noun|thinking about the needs or feelings of someone else
All his brother sectaries are, for the credit of the sect, interested to observe his conduct;	彼の兄弟宗派はすべて、宗派の信用のために、彼の行動を観察することに関心を持っている。	brother|兄弟|noun|a male sibling	sectary|宗派|noun|a member of a sect	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves
and, if he gives occasion to any scandal, if he deviates very much from those austere morals which they almost always require of one another, to punish him by what is always a very severe punishment, even where no evil effects attend it, expulsion or excommunication from the sect.	そして、もし彼が何か不祥事を起こした場合、もし彼が彼らがほとんどいつも互いに要求する厳しい道徳から大きく逸脱した場合、たとえ悪影響が伴わないとしても、常に非常に厳しい罰である宗派からの追放や破門によって彼を罰する。	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow (something) to happen	scandal|不祥事|noun|an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage	deviate|逸脱する|verb|depart from an established or usual course	austere|厳しい|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	morals|道徳|noun|a lesson, especially one concerning what is right or prudent, that can be derived from a story, a piece of information, or an experience	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense	severe|厳しい|adjective|(of something bad or undesirable) very great; intense	attend|伴う|verb|be present at (an event, meeting, or function)	expulsion|追放|noun|the action of expelling someone, especially a member of a group	excommunication|破門|noun|the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church
In little religious sects, accordingly, the morals of the common people have been almost always remarkably regular and orderly;	したがって、小さな宗教宗派では、一般の人々の道徳はほとんどいつも驚くほど規則正しく整然としている。	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	religious|宗教的な|adjective|of or relating to religion	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	common|一般の|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	always|いつも|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	remarkably|驚くほど|adverb|in a way that is surprising or notable	regular|規則正しい|adjective|done or happening frequently or at evenly spaced intervals	orderly|整然としている|adjective|arranged or organized in a neat, tidy, or systematic way
generally much more so than in the established church.	一般的に、国教会よりもずっとそうである。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	much more|ずっと|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	so|そう|adverb|in the way mentioned	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country
The morals of those little sects, indeed, have frequently been rather disagreeably rigorous and unsocial.	実際、これらの小さな宗派の道徳は、しばしばかなり不快なほど厳格で非社交的である。	morals|道徳|noun|a set of principles or values that guide one's behavior	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	rather|かなり|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	disagreeably|不快なほど|adverb|in an unpleasant way	rigorous|厳格な|adjective|extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate	unsocial|非社交的|adjective|not enjoying or good at social activities

There are two very easy and effectual remedies, however, by whose joint operation the state might, without violence, correct whatever was unsocial or disagreeably rigorous in the morals of all the little sects into which the country was divided.	しかし、二つの非常に簡単で効果的な救済策があり、その共同作業によって、国家は暴力を行使することなく、国が分断されているすべての小さな宗派の道徳において非社交的または不快なほど厳格なものを是正することができる。	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing the intended or expected result	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	joint|共同の|adjective|shared by or done with two or more people or things	operation|作業|noun|a planned activity involving many people	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	correct|是正する|verb|free from error; accurate	unsocial|非社交的|adjective|not enjoying the company of others	disagreeably|不快に|adverb|in an unpleasant way	rigorous|厳格な|adjective|extremely thorough or accurate	morals|道徳|noun|a lesson that can be derived from a story or event	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	divide|分断する|verb|separate into two or more parts

The first of those remedies is the study of science and philosophy, which the state might render almost universal among all people of middling or more than middling rank and fortune;	これらの救済策の第一は、科学と哲学の研究であり、国家は中流階級以上のすべての人々の間にほぼ普遍的に普及させることができる。	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	render|普及させる|verb|cause to be or become	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; applicable to all cases	middling|中流|adjective|of average or moderate quality, amount, or size	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society or organization	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets
not by giving salaries to teachers in order to make them negligent and idle, but by instituting some sort of probation, even in the higher and more difficult sciences, to be undergone by every person before he was permitted to exercise any liberal profession, or before he could be received as a candidate for any honourable office, of trust or profit.	教師に給与を与えて怠慢で怠惰にさせるのではなく、高等でより難しい科学でさえ、あらゆる人が自由な職業に従事することを許される前に、あるいは信頼や利益のある名誉ある役職の候補者として受け入れられる前に、ある種の試用期間を設けることによってである。	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	negligent|怠慢な|adjective|failing to take proper care in doing something	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	probation|試用期間|noun|a period of testing or trial	higher|高等な|adjective|of greater importance or rank	difficult|難しい|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	exercise|従事する|verb|perform or carry out	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	candidate|候補者|noun|a person who applies for a job or is nominated for election	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	trust|信頼|noun|firm belief in the reliability, truth, or ability of someone or something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
If the state imposed upon this order of men the necessity of learning, it would have no occasion to give itself any trouble about providing them with proper teachers.	国家がこの階級の人々に学習の必要性を課すならば、彼らに適切な教師を提供することについて、国家が自ら面倒をみる必要はないだろう。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	learning|学習|noun|the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught	occasion|必要|noun|a particular time or event	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of (something) to (someone)	trouble|面倒|noun|difficulty or problems	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
They would soon find better teachers for themselves, than any whom the state could provide for them.	彼らはすぐに、国家が提供できる教師よりも優れた教師を自分たちで見つけるだろう。	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition;	科学は熱狂と迷信の毒に対する偉大な解毒剤である。	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	antidote|解毒剤|noun|a remedy for counteracting the effects of poison	enthusiasm|熱狂|noun|intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge, that future events may be influenced by one's behaviour in some magical or mystical way
and where all the superior ranks of people were secured from it, the inferior ranks could not be much exposed to it.	そして、すべての上位階級の人々がそれから守られているところでは、下位階級の人々はそれにあまりさらされることはできない。	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	secure|守る|verb|make safe; protect	inferior|下位|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	expose|さらす|verb|make visible or accessible

The second of those remedies is the frequency and gaiety of public diversions.	二つ目の救済策は、公共の娯楽の頻度と華やかさである。	second|二つ目|adjective|coming after the first in position	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	gaiety|華やかさ|noun|the state or quality of being cheerful and lively	public|公共|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	diversion|娯楽|noun|an activity that is different from your usual work or routine, and that you enjoy
The state, by encouraging, that is, by giving entire liberty to all those who, from their own interest, would attempt, without scandal or indecency, to amuse and divert the people by painting, poetry, music, dancing;	国家は、絵画、詩、音楽、踊りによって人々を楽しませ、気晴らしをさせようとする人々を、彼ら自身の利益から、スキャンダルやわいせつなことなしに、奨励することによって、つまり、完全な自由を与えることによって、	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	give|与える|verb|transfer to another as a gift	entire|完全な|adjective|with no part left out; whole	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions or limitations	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	scandal|スキャンダル|noun|an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage	indecency|わいせつ|noun|behavior that is considered shocking or offensive	amuse|楽しませる|verb|cause to laugh or smile	divert|気晴らし|verb|cause to change direction or course
by all sorts of dramatic representations and exhibitions;	あらゆる種類の劇的な表現や展示によって、	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	all sorts of|あらゆる種類の|noun|a variety of different things	dramatic|劇的な|adjective|sudden and striking	representation|表現|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	exhibition|展示|noun|a public display of works of art or other items of interest
would easily dissipate, in the greater part of them, that melancholy and gloomy humour which is almost always the nurse of popular superstition and enthusiasm.	ほとんど常に民衆の迷信や熱狂の養い手である憂鬱で陰気な気分を、その大部分において容易に消散させることができるだろう。	dissipate|消散させる|verb|cause to disappear	melancholy|憂鬱な|adjective|feeling or showing sadness	gloomy|陰気な|adjective|dark or poorly lit	humour|気分|noun|a state of mind or feeling	nurse|養い手|noun|a person who looks after a sick or infirm person	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation	enthusiasm|熱狂|noun|intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval
Public diversions have always been the objects of dread and hatred to all the fanatical promoters of those popular frenzies.	公共の娯楽は、常にそうした民衆の狂乱の狂信的な推進者たちにとって恐怖と憎しみの対象であった。	public diversion|公共の娯楽|noun|a recreational activity that is open to the public	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	dread|恐怖|noun|a feeling of great fear or anxiety	hatred|憎しみ|noun|a very strong feeling of dislike	popular frenzy|民衆の狂乱|noun|a state of wild excitement or uncontrolled emotion	fanatical promoter|狂信的な推進者|noun|a person who is extremely enthusiastic about something and tries to persuade other people to share their beliefs
The gaiety and good humour which those diversions inspire, were altogether inconsistent with that temper of mind which was fittest for their purpose, or which they could best work upon.	こうした娯楽が呼び起こす陽気さや上機嫌は、彼らの目的にとって最も適した、あるいは彼らが最もうまく働きかけることができる精神の傾向とは全く相容れないものだった。	gaiety|陽気さ|noun|the state or quality of being cheerful and lively	good humour|上機嫌|noun|the quality of being cheerful and friendly	inspire|呼び起こす|verb|fill with the urge or ability to do or feel something	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	inconsistent|相容れない|adjective|not in harmony or keeping with each other or itself	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	work upon|働きかける|verb|to have an effect on
Dramatic representations, besides, frequently exposing their artifices to public ridicule, and sometimes even to public execration, were, upon that account, more than all other diversions, the objects of their peculiar abhorrence.	そのうえ、劇的な表現は、しばしば彼らの策略を公衆の嘲笑にさらし、時には公衆の呪詛にさらすことさえあったので、その点で、他のあらゆる娯楽よりも、彼らの特別な嫌悪の対象だった。	dramatic representation|劇的な表現|noun|a theatrical performance	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	expose|さらす|verb|make visible	artifice|策略|noun|a clever trick or stratagem	public ridicule|公衆の嘲笑|noun|the act of making fun of someone or something in public	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; now and then	public execration|公衆の呪詛|noun|the act of cursing someone or something in public	upon that account|その点で|adverb|for that reason	more than|よりも|preposition|to a greater extent than	all other|他のあらゆる|determiner|the remaining ones	diversion|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or amusement	object|対象|noun|a thing that is being considered, discussed, or dealt with	peculiar|特別な|adjective|strange or unusual	abhorrence|嫌悪|noun|a feeling of intense dislike

In a country where the law favoured the teachers of no one religion more than those of another, it would not be necessary that any of them should have any particular or immediate dependency upon the sovereign or executive power;	法律がどの宗教の教師も他の宗教の教師よりも優遇しない国では、教師の誰もが主権者や執行権力に特別な、あるいは直接的な依存関係を持つ必要はないだろう。	favour|優遇する|verb|prefer one person or thing over another	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	executive|執行権力|noun|the branch of government that is responsible for carrying out laws	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	immediate|直接的な|adjective|happening or done without delay	dependency|依存関係|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something
or that he should have anything to do either in appointing or in dismissing them from their offices.	あるいは、主権者が彼らを任命したり、解任したりする際に何かする必要もないだろう。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	should|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong recommendation or obligation	have anything to do|何かする必要がある|verb|be involved in something	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	appointing|任命する|verb|assign a job or role to	dismissing|解任する|verb|remove from office or employment
In such a situation, he would have no occasion to give himself any concern about them, further than to keep the peace among them, in the same manner as among the rest of his subjects, that is, to hinder them from persecuting, abusing, or oppressing one another.	そのような状況では、主権者は、他の臣民の間と同じように、彼らの間で平和を保つこと、つまり、彼らが互いに迫害したり、虐待したり、抑圧したりするのを防ぐこと以外に、彼らについて心配する必要はないだろう。	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	give oneself any concern|心配する|verb|to be worried or anxious about something	keep the peace|平和を保つ|verb|to maintain a state of peace	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	in the same manner as|同じように|adverb|in the same way as	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part of something	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	hinder|防ぐ|verb|to make it difficult for someone to do something	persecute|迫害する|verb|to treat someone cruelly or unfairly, especially because of their race, religion, or beliefs	abuse|虐待する|verb|to treat someone or something with cruelty or violence	oppress|抑圧する|verb|to treat someone or something in a cruel or unfair way
But it is quite otherwise in countries where there is an established or governing religion.	しかし、国教や支配的な宗教がある国では、事情はまったく異なる。	established|国教|adjective|officially recognized and supported	governing|支配的な|adjective|having the power to control and direct	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship
The sovereign can in this case never be secure, unless he has the means of influencing in a considerable degree the greater part of the teachers of that religion.	この場合、主権者は、その宗教の教師の大部分にかなりの程度影響を与える手段を持たない限り、決して安全ではありえない。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	case|場合|noun|a situation or event	never|決して|adverb|not ever; at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not at all	secure|安全|adjective|free from danger or threat	unless|～でなければ|conjunction|except if; if not	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	means|手段|noun|a method, way, or manner of doing something	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	degree|程度|noun|the extent, amount, or intensity of something	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship

The clergy of every established church constitute a great incorporation.	あらゆる国教の聖職者は、大規模な法人を構成している。	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	established church|国教|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	great|大規模な|adjective|of major significance or importance	incorporation|法人|noun|the formation of a legal corporation
They can act in concert, and pursue their interest upon one plan, and with one spirit as much as if they were under the direction of one man;	彼らは、まるで一人の人間の指揮下にあるかのように、協調して行動し、一つの計画に基づいて、一つの精神で利益を追求することができる。	act|行動する|verb|do something	concert|協調|noun|agreement in action	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	direction|指揮|noun|the management or guidance of a group of people	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two
and they are frequently, too, under such direction.	そして、彼らはしばしばそのような指揮下にある。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	direction|指揮|noun|the action of directing or guiding
Their interest as an incorporated body is never the same with that of the sovereign, and is sometimes directly opposite to it.	法人としての彼らの利益は、主権者の利益と決して同じではなく、時には正反対である。	incorporated body|法人|noun|a body of people recognized by law as having a legal personality with rights and duties	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	directly opposite|正反対|adjective|as different as possible
Their great interest is to maintain their authority with the people, and this authority depends upon the supposed certainty and importance of the whole doctrine which they inculcate, and upon the supposed necessity of adopting every part of it with the most implicit faith, in order to avoid eternal misery.	彼らの最大の関心事は、人々に対する権威を維持することであり、この権威は、彼らが教え込む教義全体の確実性と重要性、そして永遠の悲惨さを避けるために、その教義のあらゆる部分を最も暗黙の信仰をもって採用する必要性にある。	great interest|最大の関心事|noun|something that is of the most importance	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	depend upon|ある|verb|be controlled or determined by	supposed|想定される|adjective|assumed to exist or be true without proof	certainty|確実性|noun|the quality of being certain or inevitable	importance|重要性|noun|the quality of being important	whole|全体|adjective|all of; entire	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	inculcate|教え込む|verb|impress on the mind by frequent repetition or forceful argument	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of the parts	most implicit faith|最も暗黙の信仰|noun|the strongest possible belief in something	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	eternal|永遠の|adjective|lasting or existing forever; without end or beginning	misery|悲惨さ|noun|a state of great suffering or unhappiness
Should the sovereign have the imprudence to appear either to deride, or doubt himself of the most trifling part of their doctrine, or from humanity, attempt to protect those who did either the one or the other, the punctilious honour of a clergy, who have no sort of dependency upon him, is immediately provoked to proscribe him as a profane person, and to employ all the terrors of religion, in order to oblige the people to transfer their allegiance to some more orthodox and obedient prince.	主権者が軽率にも彼らの教義の最も些細な部分を嘲笑したり、疑ったり、あるいは人道的な観点から、どちらか一方を行った者を保護しようとしたりすれば、彼に何の依存もしていない聖職者の几帳面な名誉は、すぐに彼を冒涜者として追放し、人々がより正統で従順な君主に忠誠を移すようにするために、宗教のあらゆる恐怖を駆使しようとする。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	imprudence|軽率|noun|a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rashness	deride|嘲笑|verb|laugh at scornfully	doubt|疑う|verb|be uncertain about	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	humanity|人道|noun|the human race	protect|保護|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	punctilious|几帳面|adjective|showing great attention to detail	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	dependency|依存|noun|the state of relying on and needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	provoke|駆り立てる|verb|stimulate or incite	proscribe|追放|verb|officially or legally prohibit	profane|冒涜|adjective|not concerned with religion or religious purposes; secular	terror|恐怖|noun|a state of intense fear	employ|駆使|verb|make use of	allegiance|忠誠|noun|loyalty or commitment to a superior or to a group or cause	orthodox|正統|adjective|conforming to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; established and approved	obedient|従順|adjective|willing to obey; submissive to authority
Should he oppose any of their pretensions or usurpations, the danger is equally great.	彼が彼らの偽りまたは横領のいずれかに反対するならば、危険は同様に大きい。	oppose|反対する|verb|be against	pretension|偽り|noun|a claim to something	usurpation|横領|noun|the act of taking something by force or without right	danger|危険|noun|a situation that could cause damage or harm
The princes who have dared in this manner to rebel against the church, over and above this crime of rebellion, have generally been charged, too, with the additional crime of heresy, notwithstanding their solemn protestations of their faith, and humble submission to every tenet which she thought proper to prescribe to them.	このように教会に反逆しようとした君主たちは、この反逆罪に加えて、信仰を厳粛に表明し、教会が彼らに定めるべきと考えたあらゆる教義に謙虚に従ったにもかかわらず、一般的に異端の罪を追加して告発された。	dare|あえて|verb|have the courage to do something new or dangerous	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	rebel|反逆する|verb|fight against or refuse to obey a government or ruler	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	crime|罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	rebellion|反逆|noun|an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler	charge|告発する|verb|accuse (someone) of a crime or wrongdoing	heresy|異端|noun|belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine	faith|信仰|noun|a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof	solemn|厳粛な|adjective|formal and dignified	protestation|表明|noun|a strong declaration of objection	humble|謙虚な|adjective|having or showing a modest or low estimate of one's own importance	submission|服従|noun|the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person	tenet|教義|noun|a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy	prescribe|定める|verb|lay down authoritatively or officially
But the authority of religion is superior to every other authority.	しかし、宗教の権威は他のあらゆる権威に勝る。	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs	superior|勝る|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
The fears which it suggests conquer all other fears.	それが示唆する恐怖は、他のすべての恐怖に勝る。	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	suggest|示唆する|verb|mention or introduce as a possibility	conquer|勝る|verb|overcome and take control of a country or area by force
When the authorized teachers of religion propagate through the great body of the people, doctrines subversive of the authority of the sovereign, it is by violence only, or by the force of a standing army, that he can maintain his authority.	宗教の公認教師が、主権者の権威を転覆させる教義を人民の大多数に広める場合、彼が権威を維持できるのは、暴力によってのみ、あるいは常備軍の力によってのみである。	authorized|公認の|adjective|having official permission or approval	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	propagate|広める|verb|cause to increase or spread	great body|大多数|noun|the majority	people|人民|noun|the citizens of a country	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	subversive|転覆させる|adjective|seeking or intended to overthrow or undermine an established system or institution	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
Even a standing army cannot in this case give him any lasting security;	この場合、常備軍でさえ彼に永続的な安全を与えることはできない。	even|でさえ|adverb|to the extent of; including	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	lasting|永続的な|adjective|continuing for a long time	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat
because if the soldiers are not foreigners, which can seldom be the case, but drawn from the great body of the people, which must almost always be the case, they are likely to be soon corrupted by those very doctrines.	なぜなら、兵士が外国人ではなく、ほとんどありえないことだが、人民の大多数から引き抜かれた場合、ほとんど常にそうであるに違いないが、彼らはすぐにそうした教義によって堕落する可能性が高いからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group
The revolutions which the turbulence of the Greek clergy was continually occasioning at Constantinople, as long as the eastern empire subsisted;	東ローマ帝国が存続していた限り、ギリシャ聖職者の乱れがコンスタンティノープルで絶えず引き起こしていた革命は、	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	turbulence|乱れ|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	Constantinople|コンスタンティノープル|noun|the capital of the Roman Empire from 330 to 395 and of the Byzantine Empire from 395 to 1453	eastern empire|東ローマ帝国|noun|the eastern part of the Roman Empire after its division in 395	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist
the convulsions which, during the course of several centuries, the turbulence of the Roman clergy was continually occasioning in every part of Europe, sufficiently demonstrate how precarious and insecure must always be the situation of the sovereign, who has no proper means of influencing the clergy of the established and governing religion of his country.	数世紀にわたって、ローマ聖職者の乱れがヨーロッパのあらゆる場所で絶えず引き起こしていた混乱は、自国の確立された支配的な宗教の聖職者に影響を与える適切な手段を持たない主権者の状況が、いかに不安定で不安なものであるかを十分に示している。	convulsion|混乱|noun|a violent disturbance	course|経過|noun|the development of events over a period of time	several centuries|数世紀|noun|a period of time lasting from 100 to 999 years	turbulence|乱れ|noun|a state of violent disturbance	Roman clergy|ローマ聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	demonstrate|示す|verb|show or make clear how something works or is done	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not securely held or in position	insecure|不安な|adjective|not confident or assured	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	clergy|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church	establish|確立された|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	govern|支配的な|verb|conduct the policy, actions, and affairs of (a state, organization, or people) with authority	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods

Articles of faith, as well as all other spiritual matters, it is evident enough, are not within the proper department of a temporal sovereign, who, though he may be very well qualified for protecting, is seldom supposed to be so for instructing the people.	信仰条項は、他のすべての精神的な事柄と同様に、一時的な主権者の適切な部門の範囲外であることは十分に明らかであり、主権者は保護する資格は十分にあるかもしれないが、人々を指導する資格があるとはめったに考えられていない。	article|条項|noun|a particular item or section of a document	faith|信仰|noun|a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual conviction rather than proof	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation that is being dealt with or considered	evident|明らか|adjective|easy to understand or see	temporal|一時的|adjective|relating to time	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	department|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	qualify|資格がある|verb|be entitled to a particular benefit or privilege	instruct|指導する|verb|teach or train (someone) in a particular subject or skill
With regard to such matters, therefore, his authority can seldom be sufficient to counterbalance the united authority of the clergy of the established church.	したがって、そのような事柄に関して、彼の権威は、国教会の聖職者の統一された権威と釣り合うには十分ではない場合が多い。	with regard to|に関して|preposition|in relation to; concerning	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	matter|事柄|noun|a subject or situation under consideration	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	seldom|まれに|adverb|not often; rarely	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough	counterbalance|釣り合う|verb|act as a counterweight to	united|統一された|adjective|made or joined into a whole	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country
The public tranquillity, however, and his own security, may frequently depend upon the doctrines which they may think proper to propagate concerning such matters.	しかし、公衆の平穏と彼自身の安全は、そのような事柄に関して彼らが広めるのに適切と考えるかもしれない教義にしばしば依存するかもしれない。	public tranquillity|公衆の平穏|noun|the state of being calm and peaceful	his own security|彼自身の安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	depend upon|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	propagate|広める|verb|cause to increase or spread	such matters|そのような事柄|noun|things of the type just mentioned
As he can seldom directly oppose their decision, therefore, with proper weight and authority, it is necessary that he should be able to influence it;	彼は彼らの決定に直接反対することはめったにできないので、適切な重みと権限をもって、彼がそれに影響を与えることができる必要がある。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	oppose|反対する|verb|be against	decision|決定|noun|a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities	proper|適切な|adjective|of the required type or standard	weight|重み|noun|the amount that something weighs	authority|権限|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself
and he can influence it only by the fears and expectations which he may excite in the greater part of the individuals of the order.	そして、彼は教団の個人の大部分に引き起こすかもしれない恐れと期待によってのみそれに影響を与えることができる。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case in the future	excite|引き起こす|verb|cause strong feelings of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	order|教団|noun|a society of people living under religious vows
Those fears and expectations may consist in the fear of deprivation or other punishment, and in the expectation of further preferment.	これらの恐れと期待は、剥奪やその他の処罰の恐れと、さらなる昇進の期待から成り立っている。	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	expectation|期待|noun|a strong belief that something will happen or be the case in the future	consist in|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	deprivation|剥奪|noun|the damaging loss of something	punishment|処罰|noun|the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense	further|さらなる|adjective|more or greater in addition to what has already been mentioned	preferment|昇進|noun|a promotion or advancement in position or rank

In all Christian churches, the benefices of the clergy are a sort of freeholds, which they enjoy, not during pleasure, but during life or good behaviour.	すべてのキリスト教会において、聖職者の聖職禄は一種の自由保有地であり、彼らはそれを喜びの間ではなく、生涯または善行の間享受する。	Christian church|キリスト教会|noun|a church that follows the teachings of Jesus Christ	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	freehold|自由保有地|noun|an estate in land held in fee simple	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	pleasure|喜び|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	life|生涯|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	good behaviour|善行|noun|behaviour that is considered morally right or acceptable
If they held them by a more precarious tenure, and were liable to be turned out upon every slight disobligation either of the sovereign or of his ministers, it would perhaps be impossible for them to maintain their authority with the people, who would then consider them as mercenary dependents upon the court, in the sincerity of whose instructions they could no longer have any confidence.	もし彼らがもっと不安定な保有権でそれらを保持し、主権者またはその大臣のいずれかのわずかな義務不履行のたびに追い出される可能性があったなら、彼らが人々に対して権威を維持することはおそらく不可能であり、人々は彼らを宮廷に依存する傭兵と見なし、その指示の誠実さに彼らはもはや信頼を置くことができなくなるだろう。	hold|保持する|verb|keep in a certain state or position	precarious|不安定な|adjective|not secure or stable	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	liable|可能性があった|adjective|likely to do or have something	turn out|追い出される|verb|expel or eject	slight|わずかな|adjective|small in degree; inconsiderable	disobligation|義務不履行|noun|the failure to do something that one is morally or legally obliged to do	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or last	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about	mercenary|傭兵|noun|a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something for aid, support, or the like	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	instruction|指示|noun|a direction or order	sincerity|誠実さ|noun|honesty or genuineness of feeling	confidence|信頼|noun|a feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something
But should the sovereign attempt irregularly, and by violence, to deprive any number of clergymen of their freeholds, on account, perhaps, of their having propagated, with more than ordinary zeal, some factious or seditious doctrine, he would only render, by such persecution, both them and their doctrine ten times more popular, and therefore ten times more troublesome and dangerous, than they had been before.	しかし、主権者が不規則に、そして暴力によって、聖職者から自由保有地を奪おうとすれば、おそらく、彼らが通常以上の熱意をもって、何らかの派閥的または扇動的な教義を広めたために、そのような迫害によって、彼らとその教義の両方を以前の10倍も人気のあるものにし、それゆえ10倍も厄介で危険なものにするだけだろう。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	irregularly|不規則に|adverb|not regularly	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	deprive|奪う|verb|take something away from someone	clergyman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	freehold|自由保有地|noun|a piece of land owned outright	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	propagate|広める|verb|cause to increase or spread	factious|派閥的|adjective|causing disagreement between people	seditious|扇動的|adjective|encouraging people to disobey their government	persecution|迫害|noun|hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	popular|人気のある|adjective|liked or admired by many people	troublesome|厄介な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm
Fear is in almost all cases a wretched instrument of govermnent, and ought in particular never to be employed against any order of men who have the smallest pretensions to independency.	恐怖は、ほとんどすべての場合において、政府の惨めな道具であり、特に、独立に対する最も小さな主張を持つ人々の集団に対しては、決して用いられるべきではない。	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	in almost all cases|ほとんどすべての場合において|adverb|in most cases	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely unhappy or unfortunate	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	ought|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	in particular|特に|adverb|especially	never|決して～ない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	be employed|用いられる|verb|be used	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; a	order|集団|noun|a group of people with a particular characteristic in common	men|人々|noun|a human being of either sex; a person	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	the smallest|最も小さな|adjective|of the least size or extent	pretension|主張|noun|a claim or assertion of a right or title	to|に対する|preposition|in the direction of; toward	independence|独立|noun|the fact or state of being independent
To attempt to terrify them, serves only to irritate their bad humour, and to confirm them in an opposition, which more gentle usage, perhaps, might easily induce them either to soften, or to lay aside altogether.	彼らを恐怖に陥れようとすることは、彼らの機嫌を悪くさせ、反対を強めるだけであり、もっと穏やかな扱いであれば、おそらく彼らを和らげたり、あるいは完全に脇に置いたりすることができるだろう。	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	terrify|恐怖に陥れる|verb|fill with terror	serve|役立つ|verb|be of use	irritate|悪化させる|verb|make worse	humour|機嫌|noun|a state of mind	confirm|強める|verb|make stronger	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something	gentle|穏やかな|adjective|not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight	usage|扱い|noun|the way in which something is used	soften|和らげる|verb|make or become less hard, harsh, or severe	lay aside|脇に置く|verb|put to one side
The violence which the French government usually employed in order to oblige all their parliaments, or sovereign courts of justice, to enregister any unpopular edict, very seldom succeeded.	フランス政府が、すべての議会や最高裁判所に不人気な法令を登録させるために通常用いる暴力は、ほとんど成功しなかった。	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	French government|フランス政府|noun|the central government of France	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; normally	employ|用いる|verb|use	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	sovereign|最高|adjective|having supreme or ultimate power	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	enregister|登録する|verb|record officially	unpopular|不人気な|adjective|not liked by many people	edict|法令|noun|an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	succeed|成功する|verb|achieve a desired aim or result
The means commonly employed, however, the imprisonment of all the refractory members, one would think, were forcible enough.	しかし、一般的に用いられる手段は、すべての反抗的なメンバーを投獄することであり、十分に強制的なものであったと考えられる。	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally	employ|用いる|verb|use	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	imprisonment|投獄|noun|the state of being confined in prison	member|メンバー|noun|a person belonging to a group or an organization	refractory|反抗的な|adjective|resisting control or authority	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	forcible|強制的|adjective|done by force or violence
The princes of the house of Stuart sometimes employed the like means in order to influence some of the members of the parliament of England, and they generally found them equally intractable.	スチュアート家の王子たちは、イギリス議会の一部のメンバーに影響を与えるために、時々同様の手段を用いたが、彼らは一般的に彼らを同じように扱いにくいと感じていた。	House of Stuart|スチュアート家|noun|the royal house of Scotland and England from 1371 to 1714	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	employ|用いる|verb|use	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	find|感じる|verb|discover or notice	intractable|扱いにくい|adjective|hard to control or deal with
The parliament of England is now managed in another manner;	イギリス議会は現在、別の方法で運営されている。	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	now|現在|adverb|at the present time	manage|運営する|verb|be in charge of; run	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned
and a very small experiment, which the duke of Choiseul made, about twelve years ago, upon the parliament of Paris, demonstrated sufficiently that all the parliaments of France might have been managed still more easily in the same manner.	そして、約12年前にショワズール公爵がパリ議会に対して行ったごく小さな実験は、フランスのすべての議会が同じ方法でもっと簡単に運営できたことを十分に証明した。	duke|公爵|noun|a member of the highest rank of the British peerage	Choiseul|ショワズール|noun|a French statesman	about twelve years ago|約12年前|noun phrase|approximately 12 years before the present time	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
That experiment was not pursued.	その実験は追求されなかった。	experiment|実験|noun|a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after
For though management and persuasion are always the easiest and safest instruments of government as force and violence are the worst and the most dangerous;	というのも、力と暴力が最悪で最も危険であるのと同じように、管理と説得は常に最も簡単で安全な統治手段であるが、	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	persuasion|説得|noun|the act of persuading	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	easiest|最も簡単な|adjective|most easy	safest|最も安全な|adjective|most safe	instrument|手段|noun|a means of doing something	government|統治|noun|the action or manner of governing	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	worst|最悪の|adjective|most bad	most dangerous|最も危険な|adjective|most dangerous
yet such, it seems, is the natural insolence of man, that he almost always disdains to use the good instrument, except when he cannot or dare not use the bad one.	それでも、人間の生まれつきの横柄さは、悪い手段を使うことができないか、あえて使わないとき以外は、良い手段を使うことをほとんど常に軽蔑しているように見える。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	it seems|ように見える|verb|appear to be	natural|生まれつきの|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	insolence|横柄さ|noun|rude and disrespectful behavior	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always	disdain|軽蔑する|verb|look down on with intense aversion	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purpose or for one's own ends	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	instrument|手段|noun|a means whereby something is achieved, performed, or furthered	except|とき以外は|conjunction|not including; other than	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	dare|あえて|verb|have the courage to do something new, dangerous, or exciting
The French government could and durst use force, and therefore disdained to use management and persuasion.	フランス政府は力を使うことができ、またあえて使ったので、管理と説得を使うことを軽蔑した。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	could|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	durst|あえてする|verb|dare	use|使う|verb|convert to one's own purposes	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	disdain|軽蔑する|verb|look down on with intense aversion	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	persuasion|説得|noun|the act of persuading or seeking to persuade
But there is no order of men, it appears I believe, from the experience of all ages, upon whom it is so dangerous or rather so perfectly ruinous, to employ force and violence, as upon the respected clergy of an established church.	しかし、あらゆる時代の経験から、国教会の尊敬される聖職者に対して力と暴力を行使することほど危険で、むしろ完全に破滅的なものはないと思われる。	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm or injury	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	employ|行使する|verb|make use of	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination
The rights, the privileges, the personal liberty of every individual ecclesiastic, who is upon good terms with his own order, are, even in the most despotic governments, more respected than those of any other person of nearly equal rank and fortune.	最も専制的な政府でさえ、自分の階級とうまく折り合いをつけている個々の聖職者の権利、特権、個人の自由は、ほぼ同等の地位と財産を持つ他のどの人よりも尊重されている。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	personal liberty|個人の自由|noun|the freedom of the individual to do as he pleases	individual|個々の|adjective|single; separate	ecclesiastic|聖職者|noun|a cleric or other member of the clergy	good terms|うまく折り合いをつける|noun|a friendly or harmonious relationship	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	despotic|専制的な|adjective|exercising power in a cruel or oppressive way	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	equal|同等の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	rank|地位|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
It is so in every gradation of despotism, from that of the gentle and mild government of Paris, to that of the violent and furious government of Constantinople.	それは、パリの穏やかで温和な政府から、コンスタンティノープルの暴力的で激しい政府まで、あらゆる専制政治の段階においてそうである。	It|それは|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	be so|そうである|verb|be the case	every gradation|あらゆる段階|noun|each step or stage in a process	despotism|専制政治|noun|a system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power	gentle|穏やか|adjective|not rough or violent; mild, moderate, or slight	mild|温和|adjective|not severe, serious, or harsh	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Paris|パリ|noun|the capital of France	violent|暴力的|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	furious|激しい|adjective|extremely angry	Constantinople|コンスタンティノープル|noun|the capital of the Roman Empire
But though this order of men can scarce ever be forced, they may be managed as easily as any other;	しかし、この階級の人々はほとんど強制されることがないが、他の階級の人々と同じように簡単に管理することができる。	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	scarce|ほとんど|adverb|not enough; insufficient	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	be forced|強制される|verb|be compelled to do something	as easily as|と同じように簡単に|adverb|to the same degree or extent	any other|他の|determiner|some other; any of the others
and the security of the sovereign, as well as the public tranquillity, seems to depend very much upon the means which he has of managing them;	そして、主権者の安全は、公衆の平穏と同様に、主権者が彼らを管理する手段に大きく依存しているように見える。	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; administer	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something
and those means seem to consist altogether in the preferment which he has to bestow upon them.	そして、その手段は、主権者が彼らに与える昇進にすべてあるように思われる。	consist|ある|verb|be composed or made up of	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	preferment|昇進|noun|a promotion or advancement in rank or position	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honor, or award

In the ancient constitution of the Christian church, the bishop of each diocese was elected by the joint votes of the clergy and of the people of the episcopal city.	キリスト教会の古代憲法では、各教区の司教は聖職者と司教都市の人々の合同投票によって選出されていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	constitution|憲法|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	Christian church|キリスト教会|noun|the body of Christians worldwide	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	diocese|教区|noun|an administrative division of a church	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties	episcopal city|司教都市|noun|a city that is the seat of a bishop	joint|合同|adjective|done with or shared by two or more people or groups	vote|投票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice, either positive or negative, made by an individual or body of individuals
The people did not long retain their right of election;	人々は選挙権を長く保持しなかった。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting
and while they did retain it, they almost always acted under the influence of the clergy, who, in such spiritual matters, appeared to be their natural guides.	そして、人々が選挙権を保持していた間は、ほとんど常に聖職者の影響をうけて行動していた。聖職者は、そのような精神的な事柄において、人々の生まれながらの指導者であるように思われた。	retain|保持する|verb|keep in one's possession or power	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	spiritual|精神的な|adjective|of or relating to the spirit or soul	guide|指導者|noun|a person who shows the way to others
The clergy, however, soon grew weary of the trouble of managing them, and found it easier to elect their own bishops themselves.	しかし、聖職者はすぐに人々を管理する手間に飽き飽きし、自分たちで司教を選出する方が簡単だと気づいた。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	grow weary|飽き飽きする|verb|become tired or bored	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run	find|気づく|verb|discover or notice	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy
The abbot, in the same manner, was elected by the monks of the monastery, at least in the greater part of abbacies.	同様に、修道院長は、少なくとも修道院の大部分では、修道院の修道士によって選出されていた。	abbot|修道院長|noun|the head of a monastery	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	monastery|修道院|noun|a place where monks live and work	monk|修道士|noun|a member of a religious order of men	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something
All the inferior ecclesiastical benefices comprehended within the diocese were collated by the bishop, who bestowed them upon such ecclesiastics as he thought proper.	教区内に含まれるすべての下位の聖職禄は司教によって収集され、司教は適切と考えた聖職者にそれらを授けた。	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	diocese|教区|noun|an administrative division of a church	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	collate|収集する|verb|collect and combine	bestow|授ける|verb|confer or present as a gift	ecclesiastic|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy
All church preferments were in this manner in the disposal of the church.	すべての教会の昇進は、このようにして教会の処分にあった。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	preferment|昇進|noun|a promotion or advancement in position or rank	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something
The sovereign, though he might have some indirect influence in those elections, and though it was sometimes usual to ask both his consent to elect, and his approbation of the election, yet had no direct or sufficient means of managing the clergy.	君主は、これらの選挙に間接的な影響力を持つことはあったかもしれないし、選挙の同意と選挙の承認の両方を求めることが時々あったかもしれないが、聖職者を管理する直接的または十分な手段を持っていなかった。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	have some indirect influence|間接的な影響力を持つ|verb|have some influence that is not direct	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	approbation|承認|noun|approval or praise	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious service
The ambition of every clergyman naturally led him to pay court, not so much to his sovereign as to his own order, from which only he could expect preferment.	すべての聖職者の野心は、当然のことながら、彼を君主よりも自分の階級に媚びへつらわせ、そこからのみ昇進を期待することができた。	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	clergyman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	lead|導く|verb|cause to go in a specified direction	pay court|媚びへつらう|verb|try to gain favor with	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a hierarchy	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen

Through the greater part of Europe, the pope gradually drew to himself, first the collation of almost all bishoprics and abbacies, or of what were called consistorial benefices, and afterwards, by various machinations and pretences, of the greater part of inferior benefices comprehended within each diocese, little more being left to the bishop than what was barely necessary to give him a decent authority with his own clergy.	ヨーロッパの大部分を通して、教皇は徐々に自分自身に引き寄せ、最初はほとんどすべての司教区と修道院、または教会会議の聖職禄と呼ばれるものの照合を、その後、さまざまな策略と口実によって、各教区に含まれる下位の聖職禄の大部分を、司教に残されたのは、彼自身の聖職者に対してまともな権限を与えるのにかろうじて必要なものだけだった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	first|最初|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	bishopric|司教区|noun|the office or jurisdiction of a bishop	abbacy|修道院|noun|the office or jurisdiction of an abbot	consistorial|教会会議の|adjective|of or relating to a consistory	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which the revenue of an endowment is attached	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time	various|さまざまな|adjective|of different kinds or sorts	machination|策略|noun|a scheming or crafty action or artful design intended to accomplish some usually evil end	pretence|口実|noun|a false appearance or action intended to deceive	inferior|下位の|adjective|of or relating to a lower position	comprehend|理解する|verb|grasp mentally; understand	diocese|教区|noun|the district or see over which a bishop exercises jurisdiction	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	leave|残す|verb|go away from	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	barely|かろうじて|adverb|scarcely; only just	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	decent|まともな|adjective|conforming to generally or traditionally accepted standards of behavior or morals	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church
By this arrangement the condition of the sovereign was still worse than it had been before.	この取り決めによって、君主の状態は以前よりもさらに悪化した。	arrangement|取り決め|noun|an agreement about how something will be done	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	worse|悪化|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard
The clergy of all the different countries of Europe were thus formed into a sort of spiritual army, dispersed in different quarters indeed, but of which all the movements and operations could now be directed by one head, and conducted upon one uniform plan.	こうしてヨーロッパのあらゆる国の聖職者は、一種の精神的な軍隊を形成し、実際にはさまざまな場所に分散していたが、そのすべての動きと活動は、今や一人の頭によって指揮され、一つの統一された計画に基づいて行われるようになった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	thus|こうして|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	form|形成する|verb|make or produce	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	spiritual|精神的な|adjective|of or relating to the human spirit or soul as opposed to material or physical things	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	disperse|分散する|verb|distribute or spread about	quarter|場所|noun|a place where people live or work	movement|動き|noun|a change of position or location	operation|活動|noun|an action that is carried out	direct|指揮する|verb|control the operations of	head|頭|noun|the upper or front part of the human body, containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth	conduct|行う|verb|organize and carry out	plan|計画|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something
The clergy of each particular country might be considered as a particular detachment of that army, of which the operations could easily be supported and seconded by all the other detachments quartered in the different countries round about.	各国の聖職者は、その軍隊の特定の分遣隊と見なすことができ、その活動は周辺のさまざまな国に駐留する他のすべての分遣隊によって容易に支援され、援助される。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	each particular country|各国|noun|each individual country	detachment|分遣隊|noun|a group of soldiers sent on a special mission	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land	operation|活動|noun|an action that is carried out	support|支援|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	second|援助|verb|officially transfer a person on a temporary basis to a different job or organization
Each detachment was not only independent of the sovereign of the country in which it was quartered, and by which it was maintained, but dependent upon a foreign sovereign, who could at any time turn its arms against the sovereign of that particular country, and support them by the arms of all the other detachments.	各分遣隊は、駐留し、維持されている国の君主から独立しているだけでなく、いつでもその国の君主に対して武器を向け、他のすべての分遣隊の武器で支援できる外国の君主に依存していた。	detachment|分遣隊|noun|a group of soldiers sent on a special mission	independent|独立している|adjective|not dependent on another	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	quarter|駐留する|verb|to be stationed or lodged	maintain|維持する|verb|to keep in good condition	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	at any time|いつでも|adverb|whenever	turn|向ける|verb|to change direction	weapon|武器|noun|an object or device that is used or intended to be used to cause bodily harm or physical damage	support|支援する|verb|to give assistance to	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about

Those arms were the most formidable that can well be imagined.	それらの武器は、想像できる限り最も恐ろしい武器だった。	those|それらの|determiner|the	arm|武器|noun|a weapon	be|である|verb|be	the most|最も|determiner|the	formidable|恐ろしい|adjective|causing fear or dread
In the ancient state of Europe, before the establishment of arts and manufactures, the wealth of the clergy gave them the same sort of influence over the common people which that of the great barons gave them over their respective vassals, tenants, and retainers.	ヨーロッパの古代国家では、芸術や製造業が確立される前は、聖職者の富は、大貴族の富がそれぞれの家臣、小作人、家臣に与えた影響と同じように、一般の人々に影響を与えていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	establishment|確立|noun|the act of establishing something	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery especially on a large scale	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	common people|一般の人々|noun|the ordinary people of a country	great baron|大貴族|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the peerage	vassal|家臣|noun|a person granted the use of land in return for homage and military service	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	retainer|家臣|noun|a person attached to a person of importance in a subordinate position
In the great landed estates, which the mistaken piety both of princes and private persons had bestowed upon the church, jurisdictions were established, of the same kind with those of the great barons, and for the same reason.	君主と私人の両者の誤った信心が教会に与えた大土地所有地では、大貴族のものと同様で、同じ理由で管轄権が確立された。	great landed estates|大土地所有地|noun|a large area of land owned by one person or family	mistaken piety|誤った信心|noun|a belief or point of view that is not correct	princes|君主|noun|a son of a king or queen	private persons|私人|noun|a person who is not a public official	bestow|与える|verb|to give or present as a gift	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or start something	great barons|大貴族|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	same reason|同じ理由|noun|the same cause or explanation for something
In those great landed estates, the clergy, or their bailiffs, could easily keep the peace, without the support or assistance either of the king or of any other person;	これらの大土地所有地では、聖職者やその執行吏は、国王や他の人の支援や援助なしに、簡単に平和を維持することができた。	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	landed estate|土地所有地|noun|a large area of land owned by one person or family	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer who executes writs and processes and makes arrests	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	support|支援|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining someone or something	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources
and neither the king nor any other person could keep the peace there without the support and assistance of the clergy.	そして、国王も他の誰も、聖職者の支援と援助なしにそこで平和を維持することはできなかった。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	keep|維持する|verb|cause to continue; maintain	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped in this way	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties
The jurisdictions of the clergy, therefore, in their particular baronies or manors, were equally independent, and equally exclusive of the authority of the king’s courts, as those of the great temporal lords.	したがって、聖職者の管轄権は、彼らの特定の男爵領や荘園において、世俗の大領主の管轄権と同様に、王の裁判所の権限から独立しており、排他的であった。	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	barony|男爵領|noun|the domain of a baron	manor|荘園|noun|the estate of a lord	independent|独立している|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	exclusive|排他的|adjective|not admitting of something else	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge	temporal|世俗の|adjective|secular rather than religious	lord|大領主|noun|a person who has authority over others
The tenants of the clergy were, like those of the great barons, almost all tenants at will, entirely dependent upon their immediate lords, and, therefore, liable to be called out at pleasure, in order to fight in any quarrel in which the clergy might think proper to engage them.	聖職者の小作人は、大貴族の小作人と同様に、ほとんどすべてが自由小作人であり、直属の領主に完全に依存していたため、聖職者が彼らを従事させるのに適切と考えるかもしれないどんな争いでも戦うために、自由に呼び出される可能性があった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	baron|大貴族|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	at will|自由に|adverb|as one chooses; at one's discretion	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority over others	pleasure|自由|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	quarrel|争い|noun|an angry argument or disagreement	engage|従事させる|verb|occupy or attract the attention or interest of
Over and above the rents of those estates, the clergy possessed in the tithes a very large portion of the rents of all the other estates in every kingdom of Europe.	聖職者は、これらの私有地の地代に加えて、ヨーロッパのすべての王国にある他のすべての私有地の地代の非常に大きな部分を十分の一税として所有していた。	over and above|に加えて|adverb|in addition to	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	estate|私有地|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious service	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The revenues arising from both those species of rents were, the greater part of them, paid in kind, in corn, wine, cattle, poultry, etc.	これらの地代から生じる収入は、その大部分が、穀物、ワイン、牛、家禽などの現物で支払われた。	revenue|収入|noun|income	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	species|種類|noun|a category of biological classification ranking immediately below a genus or subgenus	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	kind|現物|noun|the quality or type of something	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant, especially maize	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated cloven-hoofed mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, kept for their eggs or meat
The quantity exceeded greatly what the clergy could themselves consume;	その量は聖職者自身が消費できる量を大幅に上回っていた。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
and there were neither arts nor manufactures, for the produce of which they could exchange the surplus.	そして、彼らが余剰分を交換できるような生産物のための芸術も製造業も存在しなかった。	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met
The clergy could derive advantage from this immense surplus in no other way than by employing it, as the great barons employed the like surplus of their revenues, in the most profuse hospitality, and in the most extensive charity.	聖職者は、この莫大な余剰分を、大貴族が収入の余剰分を最も豊かなもてなしや最も広範な慈善活動に用いたように、それを用いる以外に利益を得る方法はなかった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	advantage|利益|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	immense|莫大な|adjective|extremely large or great	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that remains after use or need	employ|用いる|verb|use something as a means of accomplishing a purpose	great baron|大貴族|noun|a person of great importance	revenue|収入|noun|income	profuse|豊かな|adjective|given or available in large quantities; abundant	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	charity|慈善活動|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need
Both the hospitality and the charity of the ancient clergy, accordingly, are said to have been very great.	したがって、古代聖職者のもてなしと慈善活動はどちらも非常に盛んだったと言われている。	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	charity|慈善活動|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	great|盛ん|adjective|of major significance or importance
They not only maintained almost the whole poor of every kingdom, but many knights and gentlemen had frequently no other means of subsistence than by travelling about from monastery to monastery, under pretence of devotion, but in reality to enjoy the hospitality of the clergy.	彼らはあらゆる王国のほとんどすべての貧しい人々を養っただけでなく、多くの騎士や紳士は、信心深さを装って、実際には聖職者のもてなしを楽しむために、修道院から修道院へと旅する以外に生計を立てる手段がなかった。	maintain|養う|verb|to keep in existence or continuance	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	knight|騎士|noun|a man who has been given a special honour by a king or queen	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is polite, well-educated, and has good manners	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	no other|他にない|determiner|not any other	means|手段|noun|a method, way, or manner of doing something	subsistence|生計|noun|the condition of remaining in existence	travel|旅する|verb|to go from one place to another	monastery|修道院|noun|a building where monks live and work	devotion|信心深さ|noun|love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious service
The retainers of some particular prelates were often as numerous as those of the greatest lay-lords; and the retainers of all the clergy taken together were, perhaps, more numerous than those of all the lay-lords.	ある特定の高位聖職者の家臣は、しばしば最大の俗人領主の家臣と同じくらい多く、聖職者全員の家臣を合わせると、おそらく俗人領主全員の家臣よりも多かった。	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	prelate|高位聖職者|noun|a high-ranking member of the clergy	often|しばしば|adverb|frequently; many times	as numerous as|同じくらい多い|adjective|having the same number or quantity	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality or eminence	lay-lord|俗人領主|noun|a person who is not a member of the clergy	taken together|合わせると|verb|to combine or join two or more things	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	more numerous than|より多い|adjective|having a greater number or quantity
There was always much more union among the clergy than among the lay-lords.	聖職者の間では、俗人領主の間よりも常にずっと多くの団結があった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	lay-lord|俗人領主|noun|a lord who is not a member of the clergy	union|団結|noun|the state of being joined or connected together	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by
The former were under a regular discipline and subordination to the papal authority.	前者は教皇権に対する規律と従属のもとにあった。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	be under|もとにある|verb|be governed or controlled by	regular|規律|adjective|done or happening frequently or at evenly spaced intervals	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	subordination|従属|noun|the quality or state of being inferior to or less important than something else	papal authority|教皇権|noun|the authority of the pope
The latter were under no regular discipline or subordination, but almost always equally jealous of one another, and of the king.	後者は規律や従属のもとにおらず、ほとんど常に互いに、そして王に対して嫉妬していた。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	under|もとに|preposition|below or beneath	discipline|規律|noun|training that is expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement	subordination|従属|noun|the state or condition of being inferior to or dependent on something else	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	jealous|嫉妬する|adjective|feeling or showing an envious resentment of someone or their achievements and advantages
Though the tenants and retainers of the clergy, therefore, had both together been less numerous than those of the great lay-lords, and their tenants were probably much less numerous, yet their union would have rendered them more formidable.	したがって、聖職者の小作人と家臣は、両方合わせても俗人領主の家臣よりも少なく、小作人はおそらくもっと少なかったが、彼らの団結は彼らをより手強いものにしただろう。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	retainer|家臣|noun|a person attached to a person of importance as a servant or follower	together|合わせて|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	numerous|多い|adjective|great in number; many	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	union|団結|noun|the action of joining together or the state of being joined together, especially in a political context	formidable|手強い|adjective|inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable
The hospitality and charity of the clergy, too, not only gave them the command of a great temporal force, but increased very much the weight of their spiritual weapons.	聖職者のもてなしと慈善もまた、彼らに大きな世俗的権力の指揮権を与えただけでなく、彼らの精神的武器の重みを大いに増大させた。	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church	temporal|世俗的|adjective|relating to worldly as opposed to spiritual affairs	force|権力|noun|power or strength exerted or brought to bear	weapon|武器|noun|a thing that is used to cause bodily harm or physical damage
Those virtues procured them the highest respect and veneration among all the inferior ranks of people, of whom many were constantly, and almost all occasionally, fed by them.	これらの美徳は、彼らにすべての下位階級の人々から最高の尊敬と崇敬をもたらし、その多くは常に、そしてほとんどすべてが時折、彼らによって養われていた。	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable in a person	procure|もたらす|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	veneration|崇敬|noun|great respect	inferior|下位|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; infrequently	feed|養う|verb|give food to
Everything belonging or related to so popular an order, its possessions, its privileges, its doctrines, necessarily appeared sacred in the eyes of the common people;	そのような人気のある秩序に属する、または関連するすべてのもの、その所有物、特権、教義は、必然的に一般の人々の目には神聖なものとして映った。	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	popular|人気のある|adjective|liked or admired by many people	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	possession|所有物|noun|something that you own	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general; the public
and every violation of them, whether real or pretended, the highest act of sacrilegious wickedness and profaneness.	そして、それらに対するあらゆる侵害は、本物であろうと偽りであろうと、冒涜的な邪悪さと冒涜の最高の行為である。	violation|侵害|noun|the action of breaking or failing to comply with a law, agreement, or other formal requirement	real|本物|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	pretended|偽り|adjective|not genuine; false	act|行為|noun|something that is done	sacrilegious|冒涜的な|adjective|showing a lack of respect for God or something holy	wickedness|邪悪さ|noun|the quality of being evil or harmful	profaneness|冒涜|noun|the quality of being profane; irreverence
In this state of things, if the sovereign frequently found it difficult to resist the confederacy of a few of the great nobility, we cannot wonder that he should find it still more so to resist the united force of the clergy of his own dominions, supported by that of the clergy of all the neighbouring dominions.	このような状況で、もし君主が少数の大貴族の連合に抵抗することがしばしば困難だと感じたなら、彼がすべての近隣の領土の聖職者の力に支えられた、彼自身の領土の聖職者の団結した力に抵抗することがさらに困難だと感じたとしても不思議ではない。	state|状況|noun|the way things are	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	difficult|困難|adjective|hard to do or understand	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	confederacy|連合|noun|a union of states or other organizations	nobility|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	wonder|不思議|noun|a feeling of surprise mingled with admiration, caused by something beautiful, unexpected, unfamiliar, or inexplicable	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	still|さらに|adverb|even more	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against	united|団結した|adjective|joined or connected together	force|力|noun|strength or energy exerted or brought to bear	clergy|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of a ruler or government
In such circumstances, the wonder is, not that he was sometimes obliged to yield, but that he ever was able to resist.	そのような状況では、彼が時折屈服を余儀なくされたことではなく、彼が抵抗することができたことに驚かされる。	in such circumstances|そのような状況では|adverb|in a situation like this	wonder|驚かされる|noun|a feeling of surprise mingled with admiration, caused by something beautiful, unexpected, unfamiliar, or inexplicable	not that|～ということではない|conjunction|not the fact that	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally; at times	obliged|余儀なくされる|adjective|compelled by law or duty	yield|屈服する|verb|give way to pressure, force, or persuasion	but that|～ということだ|conjunction|but the fact that	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	be able to|することができる|auxiliary verb|have the ability or power to do something	resist|抵抗する|verb|oppose or fight against

The privileges of the clergy in those ancient times (which to us, who live in the present times, appear the most absurd), their total exemption from the secular jurisdiction, for example, or what in England was called the benefit of clergy, were the natural, or rather the necessary, consequences of this state of things.	これらの古代における聖職者の特権(現代に生きる私たちには最も馬鹿げたものに思われる)、例えば世俗的管轄からの完全な免除、あるいはイギリスで聖職者の特権と呼ばれていたものは、この状況の自然な、あるいはむしろ必然的な結果であった。	those ancient times|古代|noun|the period of history in which the Roman Empire existed	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	secular|世俗的|adjective|not concerned with religion or religious purposes	jurisdiction|管轄|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	benefit|特権|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	consequence|結果|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition
How dangerous must it have been for the sovereign to attempt to punish a clergyman for any crime whatever, if his order were disposed to protect him, and to represent either the proof as insufficient for convicting so holy a man, or the punishment as too severe to be inflicted upon one whose person had been rendered sacred by religion?	聖職者の階級が彼を守ろうとし、また、証拠が聖なる人を有罪にするには不十分であるか、あるいは宗教によって神聖にされた者に課するには刑罰が厳しすぎると主張するならば、君主が聖職者をどんな犯罪であれ処罰しようとすることは、どれほど危険なことだっただろうか?	clergyman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	punish|処罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	dispose|守ろうとする|verb|make someone willing to do something	represent|主張する|verb|state or express something by using a symbol or sign	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement	insufficient|不十分|adjective|not enough	convict|有罪にする|verb|declare (someone) guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law	holy|聖なる|adjective|dedicated to God or to some religious purpose; consecrated	punishment|刑罰|noun|a penalty imposed on someone as retribution for a crime	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	inflict|課する|verb|cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods
The sovereign could, in such circumstances, do no better than leave him to be tried by the ecclesiastical courts, who, for the honour of their own order, were interested to restrain, as much as possible, every member of it from committing enormous crimes, or even from giving occasion to such gross scandal as might disgust the minds of the people.	そのような状況では、君主は彼を教会裁判所に引き渡す以外に何もできなかった。教会裁判所は、自らの階級の名誉のために、その階級のすべてのメンバーが巨大な犯罪を犯したり、人々の心を不快にさせるようなひどいスキャンダルを起こしたりしないように、可能な限り抑制することに関心があった。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	leave|引き渡す|verb|go away from a place	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	order|階級|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political position	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	commit|犯す|verb|do or perform	crime|犯罪|noun|an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law	give occasion to|引き起こす|verb|cause or allow to happen	gross|ひどい|adjective|very obvious and unacceptable	scandal|スキャンダル|noun|an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage	disgust|不快にする|verb|cause to feel revulsion or strong disapproval

In the state in which things were, through the greater part of Europe, during the tenth, eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, and for some time both before and after that period, the constitution of the church of Rome may be considered as the most formidable combination that ever was formed against the authority and security of civil government, as well as against the liberty, reason, and happiness of mankind, which can flourish only where civil government is able to protect them.	十世紀、十一世紀、十二世紀、十三世紀、そしてその前後のしばらくの間、ヨーロッパの大部分で物事が存在していた状態では、ローマ教会の憲法は、市民政府の権威と安全、そして市民政府が保護できる場合にのみ繁栄できる人類の自由、理性、幸福に対して形成された最も恐ろしい組み合わせと考えることができる。	tenth|十世紀|noun|the number 10	eleventh|十一世紀|noun|the number 11	twelfth|十二世紀|noun|the number 12	thirteenth|十三世紀|noun|the number 13	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	constitution|憲法|noun|a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government of a state or nation in which the supreme power is held by the citizens entitled to vote	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	reason|理性|noun|the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	happiness|幸福|noun|an emotional state characterized by feelings of joy, satisfaction, contentment, and fulfillment	mankind|人類|noun|human beings considered collectively	flourish|繁栄する|verb|to grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	protect|保護する|verb|to keep safe from harm or injury
In that constitution, the grossest delusions of superstition were supported in such a manner by the private interests of so great a number of people, as put them out of all danger from any assault of human reason;	その憲法では、迷信の最もひどい妄想が、非常に多くの人々の私利によって、人間の理性による攻撃からあらゆる危険から逃れられるように支持されていた。	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or way of behaving that is based on fear of the unknown and faith in magic or luck	delusion|妄想|noun|a false belief that is held despite evidence to the contrary	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or group of individuals	human reason|人間の理性|noun|the ability to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic
because, though human reason might, perhaps, have been able to unveil, even to the eyes of the common people, some of the delusions of superstition, it could never have dissolved the ties of private interest.	なぜなら、人間の理性は、おそらく一般の人々の目にも、迷信の妄想の一部を明らかにすることができたかもしれないが、私利の結びつきを解消することはできなかったからである。	human reason|人間の理性|noun|the ability to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic	unveil|明らかにする|verb|remove a veil or covering from	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	delusion|妄想|noun|a false belief that is resistant to confrontation with actual facts	superstition|迷信|noun|a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation	dissolve|解消する|verb|cause to disappear	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or group of individuals
Had this constitution been attacked by no other enemies but the feeble efforts of human reason, it must have endured for ever.	この憲法が人間の理性の弱い努力以外の敵に攻撃されていなかったら、永遠に耐えられたに違いない。	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	attack|攻撃|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation	enemy|敵|noun|a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	endure|耐える|verb|tolerate something unpleasant	for ever|永遠に|adverb|always; eternally
But that immense and well-built fabric, which all the wisdom and virtue of man could never have shaken, much less have overturned, was, by the natural course of things, first weakened, and afterwards in part destroyed;	しかし、人間のすべての知恵と美徳が揺るがすことも、ましてや覆すこともできなかった、その巨大で頑丈な構造物は、物事の自然な流れによって、最初に弱まり、その後部分的に破壊された。	immense|巨大な|adjective|extremely large or great	well-built|頑丈な|adjective|strongly or solidly constructed	fabric|構造物|noun|a structure consisting of a network of parts	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable	shake|揺るがす|verb|to move or cause to move up and down or from side to side	overturn|覆す|verb|to turn from an upright or normal position	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	course|流れ|noun|the general direction in which something progresses	first|最初に|adverb|coming before all others in time or order	weaken|弱める|verb|to make or become less strong or intense	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	part|部分的に|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole	destroy|破壊する|verb|to cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
and is now likely, in the course of a few centuries more, perhaps, to crumble into ruins altogether.	そして今や、あと数世紀のうちに、おそらく完全に崩壊する可能性が高い。	a few centuries|数世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	crumble|崩壊する|verb|break or cause to break into small fragments	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely

The gradual improvements of arts, manufactures, and commerce, the same causes which destroyed the power of the great barons, destroyed, in the same manner, through the greater part of Europe, the whole temporal manufactures, and commerce, the clergy, like the great barons, found something for which they could exchange their rude produce, and thereby discovered the means of spending their whole revenues upon their own persons, without giving any considerable share of them to other people.	芸術、製造業、商業の漸進的改善、大貴族の権力を破壊したのと同じ原因が、ヨーロッパの大部分で、同じ方法で、すべての世俗的権力を破壊した。製造業と商業の進歩によって、大貴族と同じように、聖職者は粗野な生産物を交換できる何かを見つけ、それによって収入の大部分を他の人に分けることなく、自分のために使う手段を発見した。	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	gradual|漸進的|adjective|taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to (something) as to make it useless or unrecognizable	power|権力|noun|the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events	baron|大貴族|noun|a member of the lowest order of the British nobility	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	temporal|世俗的|adjective|secular rather than religious	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or showing a lack of respect for other people	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice (something previously unseen or unknown)	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	person|自分|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
Their charity became gradually less extensive, their hospitality less liberal, or less profuse.	彼らの慈善活動は次第に狭まり、もてなしもあまり寛大ではなくなった。	charity|慈善活動|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	less|狭まり|adjective|not as much or as many as before	extensive|広範囲の|adjective|covering a large area	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	less|あまり|adjective|not as much or as many as before	liberal|寛大な|adjective|willing to give money, time, help, etc., especially more than is usual or expected
Their retainers became consequently less numerous, and, by degrees, dwindled away altogether.	その結果、家臣の数は減り、次第に全体的に減少していった。	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a house on a permanent basis	become|なる|verb|come to be	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many	numerous|多数の|adjective|consisting of a great number	by degrees|次第に|adverb|gradually	dwindle|減少する|verb|become smaller or fewer	away|全体的に|adverb|completely
The clergy, too, like the great barons, wished to get a better rent from their landed estates, in order to spend it, in the same manner, upon the gratification of their own private vanity and folly.	聖職者もまた、大貴族と同じように、自分たちの私的な虚栄心や愚行を満足させるために、同じように、自分たちの土地からより良い地代を得たいと望んでいた。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	great baron|大貴族|noun|a person of great importance	landed estate|土地|noun|a large area of land owned by one person or family	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	folly|愚行|noun|a foolish act or idea
But this increase of rent could be got only by granting leases to their tenants, who thereby became, in a great measure, independent of them.	しかし、この地代の増加は、借地人に賃貸借契約を与えることによってのみ得ることができ、それによって借地人は、大いに彼らから独立するようになった。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	grant|与える|verb|give or allow something to someone	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	great measure|大いに|noun|a large amount or extent	independent|独立する|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence
The ties of interest, which bound the inferior ranks of people to the clergy, were in this manner gradually broken and dissolved.	下層階級の人々を聖職者に縛り付けていた利害関係は、こうして次第に破れ、解消されていった。	tie|関係|noun|a bond or connection between people or things	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	bind|縛り付ける|verb|tie or fasten together	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious duties	manner|こうして|noun|a way of doing something	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	break|破れる|verb|separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress
They were even broken and dissolved sooner than those which bound the same ranks of people to the great barons;	それらは、同じ階級の人々を大貴族に縛り付けていたものよりも早く破れ、解消された。	break|破れる|verb|separate into pieces as a result of impact or stress	dissolve|解消される|verb|(with reference to an assembly or organization) officially cease to exist	sooner|より早く|adverb|earlier or more quickly than	bind|縛り付ける|verb|tie or fasten together	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society or organization	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	baron|貴族|noun|a member of the lowest order of the British nobility
because the benefices of the church being, the greater part of them, much smaller than the estates of the great barons, the possessor of each benefice was much sooner able to spend the whole of its revenue upon his own person.	なぜなら、教会の聖職禄は、その大部分が、大貴族の領地よりもはるかに小さく、各聖職禄の所有者は、その収入のすべてを自分のために使うことができるようになるまでにはるかに早かったからである。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which a certain income is attached	baron|大貴族|noun|a member of the lowest order of the British peerage	estate|領地|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	possessor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	revenue|収入|noun|income	person|自分|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
During the greater part of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the power of the great barons was, through the greater part of Europe, in full vigour.	十四世紀と十五世紀の大部分の期間、大貴族の権力は、ヨーロッパの大部分で、全盛を極めていた。	during|の間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	fourteenth|十四番目|adjective|the ordinal number of fourteen	fifteenth|十五番目|adjective|the ordinal number of fifteen	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	full|全盛|adjective|having or containing as much or as many as possible	vigour|極める|noun|physical or mental strength or energy
But the temporal power of the clergy, the absolute command which they had once had over the great body of the people was very much decayed.	しかし、聖職者の世俗的権力、つまり、かつて彼らが人民の大部分に対して持っていた絶対的な命令権は、非常に衰退していた。	temporal|世俗的|adjective|secular; worldly	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	absolute|絶対的|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	command|命令権|noun|an authoritative order	decay|衰退|verb|rot or decompose
The power of the church was, by that time, very nearly reduced, through the greater part of Europe, to what arose from their spiritual authority;	その頃には、教会の権力は、ヨーロッパの大部分で、彼らの精神的権威から生じるものへと、ほとんど縮小されていた。	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	by that time|その頃には|adverb|at that time	very nearly|ほとんど|adverb|almost	reduce|縮小する|verb|make or become smaller or less	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	spiritual authority|精神的権威|noun|the power to influence others based on one's spiritual beliefs or practices
and even that spiritual authority was much weakened, when it ceased to be supported by the charity and hospitality of the clergy.	そして、その精神的権威でさえ、聖職者の慈善と歓待によって支えられなくなると、かなり弱まった。	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of; including	spiritual|精神的|adjective|of or relating to the spirit or soul	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	much|かなり|adverb|to a great extent or degree	weaken|弱まる|verb|make or become less strong or intense	charity|慈善|noun|the voluntary giving of help, typically in the form of money, to those in need	hospitality|歓待|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers
The inferior ranks of people no longer looked upon that order as they had done before;	下層階級の人々は、もはや以前のようにその階級を尊敬しなくなった。	inferior|下層の|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore; not now	look upon|尊敬する|verb|to regard or consider in a particular way	order|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy
as the comforters of their distress, and the relievers of their indigence.	彼らの苦悩を慰め、貧困を救済してくれる存在として。	comforter|慰め|noun|a person who gives solace	distress|苦悩|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	reliever|救済|noun|a person who provides relief	indigence|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor
On the contrary, they were provoked and disgusted by the vanity, luxury, and expense of the richer clergy, who appeared to spend upon their own pleasures what had always before been regarded as the patrimony of the poor.	それどころか、彼らは、これまで常に貧しい人々の遺産と見なされてきたものを、自分たちの楽しみのために費やしているように見える、裕福な聖職者の虚栄心、贅沢、浪費に腹を立て、嫌悪感を抱いていた。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|quite the opposite	provoke|腹を立てる|verb|to cause to feel angry or annoyed	disgust|嫌悪感を抱く|verb|to cause to feel disgust	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	expense|浪費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	patrimony|遺産|noun|property inherited from one's father or ancestor	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support

In this situation of things, the sovereigns in the different states of Europe endeavoured to recover the influence which they had once had in the disposal of the great benefices of the church;	このような状況の中で、ヨーロッパの各国の君主たちは、かつて教会の大きな恩恵を享受していた影響力を取り戻そうと努力した。	in this situation of things|このような状況の中で|noun phrase|in this situation	the sovereigns|君主たち|noun|a supreme ruler	in the different states of Europe|ヨーロッパの各国で|noun phrase|in the different states of Europe	endeavoured|努力した|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	to recover|取り戻す|verb|to return to a normal state	the influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	which they had once had|かつて持っていた|relative clause|which they had once had	in the disposal of|享受していた|noun phrase|in the disposal of	the great benefices of the church|教会の大きな恩恵|noun phrase|the great benefices of the church
by procuring to the deans and chapters of each diocese the restoration of their ancient right of electing the bishop;	各教区の司教と参事会に司教を選出する古来の権利の回復を獲得することによって。	by procuring|獲得することによって|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	dean|司教|noun|the head of a college or university	chapter|参事会|noun|a division of a book	diocese|教区|noun|an administrative division of a church	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select	ancient|古来の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something
and to the monks of each abbacy that of electing the abbot.	そして、各修道院の修道士には修道院長を選出する権利を。	monk|修道士|noun|a member of a religious order that usually takes vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	abbot|修道院長|noun|the head of a monastery
The re-establishing this ancient order was the object of several statutes enacted in England during the course of the fourteenth century, particularly of what is called the statute of provisors;	この古代秩序の再建は、14世紀の間にイギリスで制定されたいくつかの法令、特にプロビゾア法と呼ばれるものの目的であった。	re-establish|再建する|verb|establish again	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	course|間に|noun|the period of time during which something happens	fourteenth century|14世紀|noun|the period from 1301 to 1400	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	what|もの|noun|the thing that	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	statute of provisors|プロビゾア法|noun|a law passed in England in 1351 to prevent the pope from making appointments to English benefices
and of the pragmatic sanction, established in France in the fifteenth century.	そして15世紀にフランスで制定された国事詔書の目的であった。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	pragmatic sanction|国事詔書|noun|a solemn decree issued by a sovereign on a matter of primary importance and intended to be permanent	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	fifteenth century|15世紀|noun|the period from 1401 to 1500
In order to render the election valid, it was necessary that the sovereign should both consent to it before hand, and afterwards approve of the person elected;	選挙を有効にするためには、主権者が事前に同意し、その後に選出された人物を承認することが必要だった。	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the purpose of	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	valid|有効な|adjective|having legal force or effect	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person for public office by voting	it was necessary that|必要だった|verb|be required or essential	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	should|するべき|auxiliary verb|used to express obligation, duty, or correctness	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	before hand|事前に|adverb|in advance	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	approve|承認する|verb|officially agree to something
and though the election was still supposed to be free, he had, however all the indirect means which his situation necessarily afforded him, of influencing the clergy in his own dominions.	そして、選挙は依然として自由であるはずだったが、彼は自分の領土内の聖職者に影響を与えるために、彼の状況が必然的に彼に与えたすべての間接的な手段を持っていた。	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then	be supposed to|はずである|verb|be expected to	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	indirect|間接的な|adjective|not direct	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of a ruler or government
Other regulations, of a similar tendency, were established in other parts of Europe.	同様の傾向を持つ他の規制がヨーロッパの他の地域で制定された。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	similar|同様の|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance	tendency|傾向|noun|a general direction in which something is developing or changing	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
But the power of the pope, in the collation of the great benefices of the church, seems, before the reformation, to have been nowhere so effectually and so universally restrained as in France and England.	しかし、教会の大きな聖職禄の授与における教皇の権力は、宗教改革以前には、フランスとイギリスほど効果的かつ普遍的に制限された場所はなかったように思われる。	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
The concordat afterwards, in the sixteenth century, gave to the kings of France the absolute right of presenting to all the great, or what are called the consistorial, benefices of the Gallican church.	その後、16世紀にコンコルダートによって、フランスの王は、ガリカンの教会のすべての偉大な、あるいはコンシストーリアルと呼ばれる聖職禄を授与する絶対的な権利を与えられた。	concordat|コンコルダート|noun|an agreement between the pope and a government	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	sixteenth century|16世紀|noun|the period from 1501 to 1600	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	king|王|noun|the male ruler of a country	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	present|授与する|verb|give something to someone formally or ceremonially	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	consistorial|コンシストーリアル|adjective|of or relating to a consistory	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	Gallican church|ガリカンの教会|noun|the Catholic Church in France

Since the establishment of the pragmatic sanction and of the concordat, the clergy of France have in general shewn less respect to the decrees of the papal court, than the clergy of any other catholic country.	国事詔書とコンコルダートの制定以来、フランスの聖職者は、他のカトリック国の聖職者よりも、教皇裁判所の判決をあまり尊重していない。	pragmatic sanction|国事詔書|noun|a law enacted by a monarch without the consent of the legislature	concordat|コンコルダート|noun|an agreement between the pope and a government	establishment|制定|noun|the act of establishing something	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	general|一般的に|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent	respect|尊重|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something	decree|判決|noun|an official order issued by a legal authority	papal court|教皇裁判所|noun|the court of the pope	catholic|カトリック|adjective|relating to the Roman Catholic Church
In all the disputes which their sovereign has had with the pope, they have almost constantly taken part with the former.	彼らの君主が教皇と行ったすべての論争において、彼らはほとんど常に前者に加担してきた。	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between two or more people or groups	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	take part|加担する|verb|be involved in something	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing
This independency of the clergy of France upon the court of Rome seems to be principally founded upon the pragmatic sanction and the concordat.	フランスの聖職者のローマ教皇庁からの独立は、主に国事詔書とコンコルダートに基づいているように思われる。	independency|独立|noun|the state of being independent	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	found|基づく|verb|base or establish on	pragmatic sanction|国事詔書|noun|a sovereign's decree that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land	concordat|コンコルダート|noun|an agreement between the pope and a government or ruler
In the earlier periods of the monarchy, the clergy of France appear to have been as much devoted to the pope as those of any other country.	君主制の初期には、フランスの聖職者は他の国と同じように教皇に忠実だったようだ。	earlier period|初期|noun|the first part of a period of time	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which one person, usually a king or queen, has all the power	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person who has been ordained for religious duties	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	appear|ようだ|verb|seem	devoted|忠実|adjective|very loving or loyal	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
When Robert, the second prince of the Capetian race, was most unjustly excommunicated by the court of Rome, his own servants, it is said, threw the victuals which came from his table to the dogs, and refused to taste any thing themselves which had been polluted by the contact of a person in his situation.	カペー朝の第二王子ロベールがローマ教皇庁によって最も不当に破門されたとき、彼自身の召使たちは彼の食卓から出た食事を犬に投げつけ、彼のような立場の人間との接触によって汚染されたものは何も口にしようとしなかったという。	Robert|ロベール|noun|a masculine given name	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the monarch	Capetian|カペー朝|noun|a member of the Capetian dynasty	race|王朝|noun|a family or line of rulers	unjustly|不当に|adverb|in an unfair or unjust way	excommunicate|破門する|verb|officially exclude someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church	court|教皇庁|noun|the system of law courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	table|食卓|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	dog|犬|noun|a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, and a barking, howling, or whining voice	refuse|拒む|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	taste|口にする|verb|perceive or experience the flavor of	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	contact|接触|noun|the state or condition of touching	person|人間|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	situation|立場|noun|a set of circumstances in which one finds oneself
They were taught to do so, it may very safely be presumed, by the clergy of his own dominions.	彼らはそうするように教えられたのであり、彼自身の領土の聖職者によってそうされたと推測しても差し支えないだろう。	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	dominion|領土|noun|a territory over which sovereignty is exercised

The claim of collating to the great benefices of the church, a claim in defence of which the court of Rome had frequently shaken, and sometimes overturned, the thrones of some of the greatest sovereigns in Christendom, was in this manner either restrained or modified, or given up altogether, in many different parts of Europe, even before the time of the reformation.	教会の大きな聖職禄を授与する権利、ローマ教皇庁がキリスト教世界の最も偉大な君主の何人かの王位をしばしば揺るがし、時には転覆させた権利は、宗教改革の時代以前でさえ、ヨーロッパの多くの地域で、このように制限されたり、変更されたり、あるいは完全に放棄されたりした。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	claim|権利|noun|a statement that something is true	collate|授与する|verb|collect and combine (texts, information, or sets of figures) in a systematic way	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	court|教皇庁|noun|the residence of a sovereign	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	shake|揺るがす|verb|move or cause to move up and down or from side to side with small rapid movements	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	overturn|転覆させる|verb|turn upside down or on its side	throne|王位|noun|the seat occupied by a sovereign on state occasions	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	Christendom|キリスト教世界|noun|the Christian world	manner|ように|noun|a way of doing something	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	modify|変更する|verb|make partial or minor changes to	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
As the clergy had now less influence over the people, so the state had more influence over the clergy.	聖職者の人々に対する影響力が弱まったので、国家の聖職者に対する影響力は強まった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	have less influence|影響力が弱まる|verb|have a weaker effect	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	have more influence|影響力が強まる|verb|have a stronger effect
The clergy, therefore, had both less power, and less inclination, to disturb the state.	したがって、聖職者は国家を混乱させる力も意欲も弱まった。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	inclination|意欲|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	disturb|混乱させる|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

The authority of the church of Rome was in this state of declension, when the disputes which gave birth to the reformation began in Germany, and soon spread themselves through every part of Europe.	ローマ教会の権威がこのように衰退していたとき、宗教改革を生み出した論争がドイツで始まり、すぐにヨーロッパ各地に広がった。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	declension|衰退|noun|a gradual decrease in size, amount, or value	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	give birth to|生み出す|verb|produce or create	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	spread|広がる|verb|stretch out over a wide area	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The new doctrines were everywhere received with a high degree of popular favour.	新しい教義はどこでも大衆の支持を大いに受けた。	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	receive|受けた|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	high degree|大いに|noun|a large amount or extent	popular|大衆の|adjective|liked or admired by many people	favour|支持|noun|approval, liking, or support
They were propagated with all that enthusiastic zeal which commonly animates the spirit of party, when it attacks established authority.	新しい教義は、既存の権威を攻撃するときに党派心を活気づける熱狂的な熱意をもって広められた。	propagate|広める|verb|cause to increase or spread	enthusiastic zeal|熱狂的な熱意|noun|a strong feeling of interest or approval	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	animate|活気づける|verb|give life, action, or energy to	party|党派|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence or control government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military operation of considerable magnitude	established authority|既存の権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience
The teachers of those doctrines, though perhaps, in other respects, not more learned than many of the divines who defended the established church, seem in general to have been better acquainted with ecclesiastical history, and with the origin and progress of that system of opinions upon which the authority of the church was established;	これらの教義の教師は、おそらく他の点では、国教会を擁護した多くの神学者よりも学識があるわけではないが、一般に教会史や教会の権威が確立された思想体系の起源と進歩についてより精通していたようである。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	not more|わけではない|adverb|not to a greater extent	learn|学識がある|verb|gain knowledge or skills	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	divine|神学者|noun|a theologian	defend|擁護する|verb|speak or write in favor of	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	general|一般に|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	better|より|adverb|to a greater extent	acquainted|精通している|adjective|having knowledge or experience of	ecclesiastical history|教会史|noun|the history of the Christian church	origin|起源|noun|the point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or interconnecting network	opinion|思想|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	upon which|その上に|preposition|on top of which	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	establish|確立された|verb|set up or lay the foundations of
and they had thereby the advantage in almost every dispute.	そして、それによって彼らはほとんどすべての論争で優位に立った。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	advantage|優位|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups
The austerity of their manners gave them authority with the common people, who contrasted the strict regularity of their conduct with the disorderly lives of the greater part of their own clergy.	彼らの態度の厳しさは、彼らの行動の厳格な規則性と彼ら自身の聖職者の大部分の無秩序な生活を対比させた一般の人々に対して彼らに権威を与えた。	austerity|厳しさ|noun|sternness or severity of manner or attitude	manner|態度|noun|a way of behaving or acting	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	contrast|対比させる|verb|be strikingly different from one another in juxtaposition or close association	strict|厳格な|adjective|demanding that rules or standards be obeyed	regularity|規則性|noun|the quality of being regular	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church
They possessed, too, in a much higher degree than their adversaries, all the arts of popularity and of gaining proselytes;	彼らはまた、敵対者よりもはるかに高度に、人気を得て改宗者を獲得するあらゆる術を身につけていた。	possess|身につける|verb|have as an attribute, knowledge, or skill	adversary|敵対者|noun|someone who opposes or attacks	popularity|人気|noun|the state or condition of being liked, admired, or supported by many people	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	proselyte|改宗者|noun|a new convert to a religion, belief, or cause
arts which the lofty and dignified sons of the church had long neglected, as being to them in a great measure useless.	教会の尊大で威厳のある息子たちは、自分たちにとってほとんど役に立たないとして、長い間無視してきた術である。	art|術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	lofty|尊大な|adjective|of great height	dignified|威厳のある|adjective|having or showing a serious and impressive manner	son|息子|noun|a male child or offspring	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	long|長い間|adjective|having or being of great or more than average length	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	great|ほとんど|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	measure|程度|noun|a quantity or extent of something	useless|役に立たない|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome
The reason of the new doctrines recommended them to some, their novelty to many;	新しい教義の理由は、一部の人にはそれを推奨し、多くの人には目新しさを推奨した。	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	recommend|推奨する|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role	some|一部|noun|an unspecified amount or number of people or things	many|多くの|noun|a large number of people or things
the hatred and contempt of the established clergy to a still greater number: but the zealous, passionate, and fanatical, though frequently coarse and rustic eloquence, with which they were almost everywhere inculcated, recommended them to by far the greatest number.	既成聖職者に対する憎しみと軽蔑はさらに多くの人々に向けられたが、熱心で情熱的で狂信的でありながら、しばしば粗野で田舎くさい雄弁さで、ほとんどどこでも教え込まれ、圧倒的多数の人々に推奨された。	hatred|憎しみ|noun|intense dislike	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the act of despising	established|既成|adjective|having been in existence for a long time	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent	greater|多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	zealous|熱心な|adjective|having or showing great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	passionate|情熱的な|adjective|having or showing strong feelings or emotions	fanatical|狂信的な|adjective|filled with excessive and single-minded zeal	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	coarse|粗野な|adjective|rough or harsh in texture or quality	rustic|田舎くさい|adjective|characteristic of the country or country life	eloquence|雄弁さ|noun|fluent or persuasive speaking or writing	inculcate|教え込む|verb|to impress on the mind by frequent repetition or forceful argument	recommend|推奨する|verb|to present as worthy of acceptance or trial	far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	greatest|最も|adjective|of the highest quality or degree

The success of the new doctrines was almost everywhere so great, that the princes, who at that time happened to be on bad terms with the court of Rome, were, by means of them, easily enabled, in their own dominions, to overturn the church, which having lost the respect and veneration of the inferior ranks of people, could make scarce any resistance.	新しい教義の成功はほとんどどこでも非常に大きく、当時ローマの宮廷と折り合いが悪かった君主たちは、それによって、自分の領土内で、下層階級の人々の尊敬と崇敬を失い、ほとんど抵抗することができなくなった教会を簡単に転覆させることができた。	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	happen to|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	be on bad terms with|折り合いが悪い|verb|have a bad relationship with	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	in one's own dominion|自分の領土内|noun|a territory over which a sovereign rules	overturn|転覆させる|verb|cause to fall or turn over	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements	veneration|崇敬|noun|great respect	make scarce|ほとんどない|verb|be in short supply	resistance|抵抗|noun|the refusal to accept or comply with something
The court of Rome had disobliged some of the smaller princes in the northern parts of Germany, whom it had probably considered as too insignificant to be worth the managing.	ローマの宮廷は、ドイツ北部の小君主の一部を不快にさせたが、彼らはおそらく取るに足りない存在と見なしていたのだろう。	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital of Italy	disoblige|不快にさせる|verb|fail to do a favor for	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified number or amount	smaller|小|adjective|of less than average size	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	northern|北部|adjective|of or relating to the north	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; very likely	insignificant|取るに足りない|adjective|of minor importance	worth|価値がある|adjective|meriting attention or effort
They universally, therefore, established the reformation in their own dominions.	そのため、彼らは普遍的に自らの領土に宗教改革を定着させた。	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in a way that applies to all cases or to all members of a set or category	establish|定着させる|verb|to cause to be accepted or recognized	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	dominion|領土|noun|a territory over which sovereignty is exercised
The tyranny of Christiern II., and of Troll archbishop of Upsal, enabled Gustavus Vasa to expel them both from Sweden.	クリスチャン二世とウプサラ大司教トロルの暴政により、グスタフ・ヴァーサは両者をスウェーデンから追放することができた。	Christiern II|クリスチャン二世|noun|King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden	Troll|トロル|noun|a supernatural being in folklore	archbishop|大司教|noun|a bishop of the highest rank	Upsal|ウプサラ|noun|a city in Sweden	Gustavus Vasa|グスタフ・ヴァーサ|noun|King of Sweden	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe
The pope favoured the tyrant and the archbishop, and Gustavus Vasa found no difficulty in establishing the reformation in Sweden.	教皇は暴君と大司教を支持し、グスタフ・ヴァーサはスウェーデンに宗教改革を定着させるのに何の困難も感じなかった。	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of	tyrant|暴君|noun|a cruel and oppressive ruler	archbishop|大司教|noun|a bishop of the highest rank	Gustavus Vasa|グスタフ・ヴァーサ|noun|King of Sweden from 1523 to 1560	find|感じる|verb|experience or feel	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem; a situation that is hard to deal with	establish|定着させる|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Christiern II. was afterwards deposed from the throne of Denmark, where his conduct had rendered him as odious as in Sweden.	クリスチャン二世はその後、デンマークの王位から退位させられたが、そこでの彼の行動はスウェーデンと同じく憎しみを買っていた。	Christiern II|クリスチャン二世|noun|King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	depose|退位させる|verb|remove from office suddenly and forcefully	throne|王位|noun|the seat of a king	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	render|買う|verb|cause to be or become	odious|憎しみ|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in northern Europe
The pope, however, was still disposed to favour him;	しかし、教皇は依然として彼を支持する傾向にあった。	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	still|依然として|adverb|even now or even then; even so	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make someone inclined to do something	favour|支持する|verb|approve of or be in favour of
and Frederic of Holstein, who had mounted the throne in his stead, revenged himself, by following the example of Gustavus Vasa.	そして、彼に代わって王位に就いたホルシュタインのフレデリックは、グスタフ・ヴァーサの先例に倣って復讐を果たした。	Frederic|フレデリック|noun|a male given name	Holstein|ホルシュタイン|noun|a region in northern Germany	mount|就く|verb|go up	throne|王位|noun|the seat of a king	stead|代わって|noun|the place or role that someone or something should have or fill	revenge|復讐|noun|the action of hurting someone for a wrong suffered at their hands	himself|彼|pronoun|the male person previously mentioned	follow|倣って|verb|go after someone or something	example|先例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	Gustavus Vasa|グスタフ・ヴァーサ|noun|King of Sweden from 1523 to 1560
The magistrates of Berne and Zurich, who had no particular quarrel with the pope, established with great ease the reformation in their respective cantons, where just before some of the clergy had, by an imposture somewhat grosser than ordinary, rendered the whole order both odious and contemptible.	教皇と特に争うことのなかったベルンとチューリッヒの行政官は、それぞれの州で非常に簡単に宗教改革を定着させたが、その直前には聖職者の一部が通常よりもややひどい詐欺によって、教団全体を憎しみと軽蔑の対象にしていた。	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	Zurich|チューリッヒ|noun|the largest city in Switzerland	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	pope|教皇|noun|the head of the Roman Catholic Church	quarrel|争い|noun|an angry argument or disagreement	establish|定着させる|verb|to make or form	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	canton|州|noun|a state or political division of a country	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	imposture|詐欺|noun|the action or practice of deceiving someone by assuming a false character or identity	gross|ひどい|adjective|very obvious and unacceptable	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	render|する|verb|to cause to be or become	odious|憎しみ|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	contemptible|軽蔑|adjective|deserving contempt

In this critical situation of its affairs the papal court was at sufficient pains to cultivate the friendship of the powerful sovereigns of France and Spain, of whom the latter was at that time emperor of Germany.	このような危機的な状況の中で、教皇庁はフランスとスペインの強力な君主の友情を育むのに十分な苦労をしていたが、そのうち後者は当時ドイツ皇帝であった。	critical|危機的な|adjective|extremely important	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	papal court|教皇庁|noun|the court of the pope	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	pain|苦労|noun|a state of great suffering	cultivate|育む|verb|to grow or produce	friendship|友情|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a kingdom in southwestern Europe	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	emperor|皇帝|noun|the male ruler of an empire
With their assistance, it was enabled, though not without great difficulty, and much bloodshed, either to suppress altogether, or to obstruct very much, the progress of the reformation in their dominions.	彼らの援助によって、大きな困難と多くの流血を伴ったが、彼らの支配下にある地域での宗教改革の進展を完全に抑圧するか、あるいは非常に妨害することが可能になった。	with|によって|preposition|accompanied by	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem	much|多くの|adverb|many or much; lots of	bloodshed|流血|noun|the killing or wounding of people	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	suppress|抑圧する|verb|forcibly put an end to	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	progress|進展|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control
It was well enough inclined, too, to be complaisant to the king of England.	イギリス国王に従順であることも十分に好まれていた。	be inclined|好まれる|verb|be disposed or willing	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom
But from the circumstances of the times, it could not be so without giving offence to a still greater sovereign, Charles V., king of Spain and emperor of Germany.	しかし、当時の状況から、スペイン国王でありドイツ皇帝でもあった、さらに強大な君主であるカール五世に反感を抱かせずにそうすることはできなかった。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	give offence|反感を抱かせる|verb|cause someone to feel resentful, upset, or annoyed	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	Charles V|カール五世|noun|Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Central Europe with 16 states
Henry VIII., accordingly, though he did not embrace himself the greater part of the doctrines of the reformation, was yet enabled, by their general prevalence, to suppress all the monasteries, and to abolish the authority of the church of Rome in his dominions.	それに応じて、ヘンリー八世は、宗教改革の教義の大部分を自ら受け入れなかったが、その教義が広く普及したことで、すべての修道院を抑圧し、ローマ教会の権威を廃止することができた。	Henry VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 28 January 1547 until his death	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	embrace|受け入れる|verb|accept or have willingly	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	general prevalence|広く普及|noun|the state of being common or widespread	suppress|抑圧する|verb|forcibly put an end to	monastery|修道院|noun|a building where monks live	authority|権威|noun|the power to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship
That he should go so far, though he went no further, gave some satisfaction to the patrons of the reformation, who, having got possession of the government in the reign of his son and successor completed, without any difficulty, the work which Henry VIII. had begun.	彼がそこまで行ったことは、それ以上は進まなかったものの、宗教改革の庇護者たちにはある程度の満足感を与え、彼らは息子と後継者の治世に政府を掌握し、何の困難もなくヘンリー八世が始めた仕事を完成させた。	go so far|そこまで行く|verb|to reach a certain point	go no further|それ以上進まない|verb|to not go any further	give some satisfaction|ある程度の満足感を与える|verb|to make someone feel happy or pleased	reformation|宗教改革|noun|the religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	patron|庇護者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	son|息子|noun|a male child	successor|後継者|noun|a person who takes over a position or role from someone else	reign|治世|noun|the period of time during which a monarch rules	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	possession|掌握|noun|the state of having something	difficulty|困難|noun|a problem or situation that is difficult to deal with	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	begin|始める|verb|to start doing something

In some countries, as in Scotland, where the government was weak, unpopular, and not very firmly established, the reformation was strong enough to overturn, not only the church, but the state likewise, for attempting to support the church.	スコットランドのように、政府が弱く、人気がなく、あまり強固に確立されていない国では、宗教改革は教会を支えようとしたために、教会だけでなく国家をも転覆させるほど強力だった。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	weak|弱い|adjective|lacking the power to perform	unpopular|人気のない|adjective|not liked by many people	firmly|強固に|adverb|in a secure or stable manner	establish|確立する|verb|cause to be recognized and accepted	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	overturn|転覆させる|verb|cause to turn over	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something

Among the followers of the reformation, dispersed in all the different countries of Europe, there was no general tribunal, which, like that of the court of Rome, or an oecumenical council, could settle all disputes among them, and, with irresistible authority, prescribe to all of them the precise limits of orthodoxy.	ヨーロッパのあらゆる国に散らばった宗教改革の信奉者のあいだには、ローマ法王庁や世界教会会議のような、彼らの間のあらゆる論争を解決し、抵抗できない権威をもって、彼ら全員に正統派の正確な限界を規定できるような一般裁判所はなかった。	follower|信奉者|noun|a person who follows or supports a particular person, group, or belief	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	tribunal|裁判所|noun|a court of justice	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	oecumenical council|世界教会会議|noun|a council of bishops representing the whole Christian church	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	prescribe|規定する|verb|lay down authoritatively; prescribe a course of action	orthodoxy|正統派|noun|the beliefs or practices of a religious group that are generally or traditionally accepted as right or true
When the followers of the reformation in one country, therefore, happened to differ from their brethren in another, as they had no common judge to appeal to, the dispute could never be decided;	そのため、ある国の宗教改革の信奉者が、別の国の兄弟たちと意見が異なると、訴えるべき共通の裁判官がいないため、論争は決して決着がつかなかった。	follower|信奉者|noun|a person who follows or supports a particular person or set of ideas	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	happen to|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	differ|異なる|verb|be unlike or dissimilar	brethren|兄弟たち|noun|fellow members of a group	another|別の|adjective|different	common|共通の|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	appeal|訴える|verb|make a serious or urgent request	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	be decided|決着がつく|verb|have a decision made about it
and many such disputes arose among them.	そして、彼らの間にはそのような論争が数多く起こった。	dispute|論争|noun|a disagreement between people or groups	arise|起こる|verb|come into being or existence
Those concerning the government of the church, and the right of conferring ecclesiastical benefices, were perhaps the most interesting to the peace and welfare of civil society.	教会の統治と教会の聖職禄を授与する権利に関する論争は、おそらく市民社会の平和と福祉にとって最も興味深いものだった。	government|統治|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	confer|授与する|verb|grant or bestow	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or to organized religion	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an endowed church office	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	interesting|興味深い|adjective|holding or catching the attention	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	welfare|福祉|noun|the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group
They gave birth, accordingly, to the two principal parties or sects among the followers of the reformation, the Lutheran and Calvinistic sects, the only sects among them, of which the doctrine and discipline have ever yet been established by law in any part of Europe.	それに応じて、彼らは宗教改革の信奉者のあいだで二つの主要な党派、つまりルター派とカルヴァン派を生み出したが、これらはヨーロッパのどの地域でも教義と規律が法律によって確立された唯一の宗派である。	give birth to|生み出す|verb|produce or create	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|as a result	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	party|党派|noun|a political organization	sect|宗派|noun|a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong	follower|信奉者|noun|a person who follows or admires someone or something	reformation|宗教改革|noun|a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	Lutheran|ルター派|noun|a member of the Lutheran Church	Calvinistic|カルヴァン派|noun|a follower of the system of Christian theology and church polity associated with John Calvin and his successors	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	discipline|規律|noun|the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	part|地域|noun|a piece of something that has been divided	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

The followers of Luther, together with what is called the church of England, preserved more or less of the episcopal government, established subordination among the clergy, gave the sovereign the disposal of all the bishoprics, and other consistorial benefices within his dominions, and thereby rendered him the real head of the church;	ルターの信奉者は、英国国教会と呼ばれる教会とともに、多かれ少なかれ主教制を維持し、聖職者の間で従属関係を確立し、主権者にその支配下にあるすべての司教区とその他の教会禄の処分権を与え、それによって主権者を教会の真の長とした。	follower|信奉者|noun|a person who follows or supports a particular person or set of ideas	Luther|ルター|noun|a German theologian and religious reformer	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	church of England|英国国教会|noun|the established church of England	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	episcopal government|主教制|noun|a system of church government in which bishops have authority	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	subordination|従属関係|noun|the state or condition of being subordinate	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	disposal|処分権|noun|the power to deal with something as one wishes	bishopric|司教区|noun|the office or jurisdiction of a bishop	consistorial benefice|教会禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office or position that provides its holder with an income	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	render|する|verb|cause to be or become
and without depriving the bishop of the right of collating to the smaller benefices within his diocese, they, even to those benefices, not only admitted, but favoured the right of presentation, both in the sovereign and in all other lay patrons.	そして、司教から教区内の小教区の聖職禄を授与する権利を奪うことなく、彼らは、それらの聖職禄に対しても、主権者と他のすべての信徒後援者の両方において、推薦権を認めただけでなく、支持した。	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	diocese|教区|noun|the district under the jurisdiction of a bishop	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	collating|授与|verb|to collect and combine	smaller|小教区|adjective|of less than average size	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	depriving|奪う|verb|to take something away from someone	admitted|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	favoured|支持する|verb|to support or be in favour of	presentation|推薦|noun|the action of presenting something	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	lay|信徒|adjective|not ordained or belonging to a religious order	patron|後援者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity
This system of church government was, from the beginning, favourable to peace and good order, and to submission to the civil sovereign.	この教会統治制度は、当初から平和と秩序、そして市民主権への服従に有利だった。	church government|教会統治|noun|the system of governing a church	from the beginning|当初から|adverb|from the start	favourable|有利|adjective|giving an advantage	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	good order|秩序|noun|a state of peace, lawfulness, and obedience to authority	submission|服従|noun|the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person	civil sovereign|市民主権|noun|the ultimate power or authority within a civil state
It has never, accordingly, been the occasion of any tumult or civil commotion in any country in which it has once been established.	したがって、一度確立された国では、騒動や内乱の原因となったことは一度もない。	occasion|原因|noun|a particular time or event	tumult|騒動|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	civil commotion|内乱|noun|a disturbance of the peace by an uprising of citizens	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for
The church of England, in particular, has always valued herself, with great reason, upon the unexceptionable loyalty of her principles.	特に英国国教会は、その原則の非の打ちどころのない忠誠心を常に高く評価してきた。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	in particular|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	value|評価する|verb|regard highly; think much of	great reason|大きな理由|noun|a good or valid reason	unexceptionable|非の打ちどころのない|adjective|not open to objection or criticism	loyalty|忠誠心|noun|the quality of being loyal	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning
Under such a government, the clergy naturally endeavour to recommend themselves to the sovereign, to the court, and to the nobility and gentry of the country, by whose influence they chiefly expect to obtain preferment.	このような政府のもとでは、聖職者は当然、主権者、宮廷、そして国の貴族や紳士に自分を推薦しようと努力するが、彼らの影響力によって主に昇進を得ることを期待している。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	clergy|聖職者|noun|a priest or minister	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	recommend|推薦する|verb|suggest as being suitable for a purpose or role	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign	nobility|貴族|noun|the quality of being noble	gentry|紳士|noun|a person of good breeding	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all; mainly	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	preferment|昇進|noun|a promotion or advancement in position or rank
They pay court to those patrons, sometimes, no doubt, by the vilest flattery and assentation;	彼らは、時には卑劣なお世辞や同意によって、これらのパトロンに敬意を表する。	pay court to|敬意を表する|verb|try to gain the favor of	patron|パトロン|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; surely	vile|卑劣な|adjective|extremely unpleasant	flattery|お世辞|noun|excessive and insincere praise	assentation|同意|noun|ready agreement to someone's demands
but frequently, too, by cultivating all those arts which best deserve, and which are therefore most likely to gain them, the esteem of people of rank and fortune;	しかし、しばしば、身分や財産のある人々の尊敬に最も値し、したがって、彼らを獲得する可能性が最も高いすべての芸術を育成することによっても、彼らは敬意を表する。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	cultivate|育成する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	deserve|値する|verb|be worthy of	gain|獲得する|verb|obtain or win	esteem|尊敬|noun|respect and admiration
by their knowledge in all the different branches of useful and ornamental learning, by the decent liberality of their manners, by the social good humour of their conversation, and by their avowed contempt of those absurd and hypocritical austerities which fanatics inculcate and pretend to practise, in order to draw upon themselves the veneration, and upon the greater part of men of rank and fortune, who avow that they do not practise them, the abhorrence of the common people.	有用で装飾的な学問のあらゆる分野における知識、礼儀正しい態度、社交的な会話、そして狂信者たちが自分たちの尊敬を集めるために教え込み、実践しているふりをする不条理で偽善的な厳格さを公然と軽蔑することによって、また、それを実践していないと公言する身分や財産のある人々の大部分に対して、一般の人々の嫌悪感を抱かせるために。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	branch|分野|noun|a part of a tree	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose	ornamental|装飾的な|adjective|serving to decorate	learning|学問|noun|the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	decent|礼儀正しい|adjective|morally good, proper, or correct	liberality|態度|noun|the quality of being generous	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	social|社交的な|adjective|relating to activities in which people meet each other for pleasure	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	humour|ユーモア|noun|the quality of being amusing or comic, especially as expressed in literature or speech	conversation|会話|noun|informal talk between two or more people	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	avowed|公然と|adjective|openly acknowledged	contempt|軽蔑|noun|the feeling that a person or a thing is not good enough to be treated with respect	those|それらの|determiner|the particular one or ones	absurd|不条理な|adjective|ridiculously unreasonable, unsound, or incongruous	hypocritical|偽善的な|adjective|behaving in a way that suggests that you have higher standards or more noble beliefs than is the case	austerities|厳格さ|noun|sternness of manner or attitude	which|それ|relative pronoun|that	fanatics|狂信者|noun|a person filled with excessive and single-minded zeal, especially for an extreme religious or political cause	inculcate|教え込む|verb|to impress on the mind by frequent repetition or forceful argument	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	draw|集める|verb|to cause to come to a place	upon|自分自身に|preposition|on	the|その|determiner|the particular one or ones	veneration|尊敬|noun|great respect	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	upon|大部分に|preposition|on	the|その|determiner|the particular one or ones	greater|大部分|adjective|larger or more important	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	men|人々|noun|an adult male human being	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	rank|身分|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces, police, or other organization	and|と|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	fortune|富|noun|a large amount
Such a clergy, however, while they pay their court in this manner to the higher ranks of life, are very apt to neglect altogether the means of maintaining their influence and authority with the lower.	しかし、そのような聖職者は、このように上流階級に敬意を表する一方で、下層階級に対する影響力や権威を維持する手段を完全に無視しがちである。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	pay court|敬意を表する|verb|show special attention to	higher rank|上流階級|noun|a person of high social status	lower rank|下層階級|noun|a person of low social status	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something
They are listened to, esteemed, and respected by their superiors;	彼らは上司に耳を傾けられ、尊敬され、尊敬されている。	listen to|耳を傾ける|verb|give one's attention to a sound or action	esteem|尊敬する|verb|regard with respect or admiration	respect|尊敬する|verb|have a high opinion of
but before their inferiors they are frequently incapable of defending, effectually, and to the conviction of such hearers, their own sober and moderate doctrines, against the most ignorant enthusiast who chooses to attack them.	しかし、彼らの下位の者たちの前では、彼らを攻撃しようとする最も無知な熱狂者に対して、彼ら自身の冷静で穏健な教義を効果的に、そしてそのような聴衆の確信に至るまで擁護することができないことが多い。	inferior|下位|noun|a person lower in rank, status, or quality	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	defending|擁護する|verb|speak or write in favor of	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	conviction|確信|noun|a firmly held belief or opinion	hearer|聴衆|noun|a person who hears something	sober|冷静な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	moderate|穏健な|adjective|not extreme	doctrine|教義|noun|a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group	attack|攻撃する|verb|take aggressive action against (a place or enemy forces) with weapons or armed force, typically a concerted military effort	ignorant|無知な|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	enthusiast|熱狂者|noun|a person who is very interested in a particular activity or subject

The followers of Zuinglius, or more properly those of Calvin, on the contrary, bestowed upon the people of each parish, whenever the church became vacant, the right of electing their own pastor;	反対に、ツヴィングリウスの信奉者、より正確にはカルヴァンの信奉者は、教会が空席になったときはいつでも、各教区の人々に自分たちの牧師を選ぶ権利を与えた。	follower|信奉者|noun|a person who follows or supports a particular person or set of ideas	Zuinglius|ツヴィングリウス|noun|a Swiss Protestant leader	Calvin|カルヴァン|noun|a French Protestant theologian	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|in contrast to what has been said or implied	bestow|与える|verb|give or confer	parish|教区|noun|an area having its own church and clergyman	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	vacant|空席|adjective|not filled or occupied	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	elect|選ぶ|verb|choose or select	pastor|牧師|noun|a minister in charge of a Christian church
and established, at the same time, the most perfect equality among the clergy.	そして同時に、聖職者の間に最も完全な平等を確立した。	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundation of	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination
The former part of this institution, as long as it remained in vigour, seems to have been productive of nothing but disorder and confusion, and to have tended equally to corrupt the morals both of the clergy and of the people.	この制度の前半部分は、それが活発に機能している限り、無秩序と混乱しか生み出さず、聖職者と民衆の両方の道徳を等しく堕落させる傾向があったように思われる。	former|前半|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	institution|制度|noun|an established law, custom, or practice	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	vigour|活発|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	nothing but|しか|adverb|only; exclusively	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	confusion|混乱|noun|a state of being uncertain about something	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed to do something	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same manner	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain	morals|道徳|noun|a lesson, especially one concerning what is right or prudent, that can be derived from a story, a piece of information, or an experience	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	people|民衆|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
The latter part seems never to have had any effects but what were perfectly agreeable.	後半部分は、完全に好ましい効果しかなかったように思われる。	latter part|後半部分|noun|the last part of something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	have any effects|効果がある|verb|cause a specific outcome or result	perfectly agreeable|完全に好ましい|adjective|completely acceptable or satisfactory

As long as the people of each parish preserved the right of electing their own pastors, they acted almost always under the influence of the clergy, and generally of the most factious and fanatical of the order.	各教区の人々が自分たちの牧師を選ぶ権利を保持している限り、彼らはほとんど常に聖職者の影響下にあり、一般的にはその教団の最も派閥的で狂信的な人々の影響下にあった。	parish|教区|noun|a small administrative district typically having its own church and a priest or pastor	preserve|保持する|verb|keep in its original state	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	elect|選ぶ|verb|choose or select	pastor|牧師|noun|a minister in charge of a Christian church	act|行動する|verb|do something	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	clergy|聖職者|noun|the body of all people ordained for religious duties	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	factious|派閥的|adjective|causing disagreement or division	fanatical|狂信的な|adjective|filled with excessive and single-minded zeal
The clergy, in order to preserve their influence in those popular elections, became, or affected to become, many of them, fanatics themselves, encouraged fanaticism among the people, and gave the preference almost always to the most fanatical candidate.	聖職者は、これらの人気投票で影響力を維持するために、彼らの多くが狂信者になったり、狂信者になったふりをしたり、人々の間に狂信を助長したり、ほとんど常に最も狂信的な候補者を優先したりした。	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a religious denomination	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	popular election|人気投票|noun|an election in which the winner is the candidate with the most votes	become|なる|verb|come to be	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	fanatic|狂信者|noun|a person filled with excessive and single-minded zeal	encourage|助長する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always	preference|優先|noun|a greater liking for one alternative over another or others	fanatical|狂信的な|adjective|filled with excessive and single-minded zeal	candidate|候補者|noun|a person who applies for a job or is nominated for election
So small a matter as the appointment of a parish priest, occasioned almost always a violent contest, not only in one parish, but in all the neighbouring parishes who seldom failed to take part in the quarrel.	教区司祭の任命のような小さな事柄でさえ、ほとんど常に激しい争いを引き起こし、それは一つの教区だけでなく、喧嘩に参加しないことはめったにない近隣のすべての教区でも起こった。	appointment|任命|noun|the action of appointing someone to a position	parish priest|教区司祭|noun|a priest in charge of a parish	small matter|小さな事柄|noun|a matter of little importance	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	violent contest|激しい争い|noun|a competition in which the participants are very aggressive	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	one parish|一つの教区|noun|a small administrative district typically having its own church and a priest or minister	neighbouring parish|近隣の教区|noun|a parish that is next to another parish	seldom fail to|めったに〜しない|verb|almost never fail to	take part in|参加する|verb|be involved in	quarrel|喧嘩|noun|an angry argument
When the parish happened to be situated in a great city, it divided all the inhabitants into two parties;	教区がたまたま大都市にあると、住民はすべて二つの党派に分かれた。	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	happen to|たまたま|verb|occur by chance	be situated|ある|verb|be located	great city|大都市|noun|a large city	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	party|党派|noun|a political group
and when that city happened, either to constitute itself a little republic, or to be the head and capital of a little republic, as in the case with many of the considerable cities in Switzerland and Holland, every paltry dispute of this kind, over and above exasperating the animosity of all their other factions, threatened to leave behind it, both a new schism in the church, and a new faction in the state.	そして、その都市がたまたま、スイスやオランダの多くの重要な都市の場合のように、小さな共和国を形成したり、小さな共和国の首都になったりすると、この種のあらゆる些細な争いが、他のすべての派閥の敵意を激化させるだけでなく、教会における新たな分裂と国家における新たな派閥の両方を残す恐れがあった。	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives	head|首都|noun|the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a landlocked country in western Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	paltry|些細な|adjective|of little value or importance	dispute|争い|noun|a disagreement between two or more people or groups	over and above|その上|adverb|in addition to	exasperate|激化させる|verb|to make someone very angry or annoyed	animosity|敵意|noun|a strong feeling of dislike or hatred	faction|派閥|noun|a small group of people within a larger group who have different ideas from the main group	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
In those small republics, therefore, the magistrate very soon found it necessary, for the sake of preserving the public peace, to assume to himself the right of presenting to all vacant benefices.	したがって、これらの小さな共和国では、治安維持のために、すべての空き聖職禄を任命する権利を自ら引き受ける必要があることに気づいた。	small republic|小さな共和国|noun|a republic with a small population	magistrate|治安判事|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	public peace|治安|noun|the state of law and order in a community	vacant benefice|空き聖職禄|noun|a church office or position that is not currently filled	right of presenting|任命する権利|noun|the right to appoint someone to a position	assume|引き受ける|verb|take on a responsibility or a duty
In Scotland, the most extensive country in which this presbyterian form of church government has ever been established, the rights of patronage were in effect abolished by the act which established presbytery in the beginning of the reign of William III.	スコットランドでは、この長老派教会制度がこれまでに確立された最も広大な国であり、ウィリアム三世の治世の初めに長老派教会を設立した法律によって、後援権は事実上廃止された。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	presbyterian|長老派教会|noun|a system of church government by presbyters	patronage|後援|noun|the support given by a patron	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	effect|事実上|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	act|法律|noun|a thing done; deed	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	beginning|初め|noun|the point in time or space at which something starts	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702
That act, at least, put in the power of certain classes of people in each parish to purchase, for a very small price, the right of electing their own pastor.	その法律は、少なくとも、各教区の特定の階級の人々に、非常に安い価格で自分たちの牧師を選出する権利を購入する権限を与えた。	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	put in|与える|verb|to give or add something	power|権限|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	purchase|購入する|verb|to buy something	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	small|安い|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select by voting	pastor|牧師|noun|a minister in charge of a Christian church
The constitution which this act established, was allowed to subsist for about two-and-twenty years, but was abolished by the 10th of queen Anne, ch.12, on account of the confusions and disorders which this more popular mode of election had almost everywhere occasioned.	この法律によって制定された憲法は、約22年間存続を許されたが、このより一般的な選挙方法がほとんどどこでも引き起こした混乱と無秩序のために、アン女王の第10章第12条によって廃止された。	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	act|法律|noun|a thing done; deed	allow|許す|verb|give permission to	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to live or exist	about|約|adverb|approximately	two-and-twenty|22|adjective|twenty-two	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	queen|女王|noun|the wife or widow of a king	Anne|アン|noun|the last of the Stuart monarchs	10th|第10|adjective|tenth	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	12|第12|adjective|twelfth	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial situation of a person or organization	confusion|混乱|noun|lack of understanding; uncertainty	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce
In so extensive a country as Scotland, however, a tumult in a remote parish was not so likely to give disturbance to government as in a smaller state.	しかし、スコットランドのような広大な国では、遠隔地の教区での騒動は、小さな国ほど政府に混乱をもたらす可能性は低かった。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	remote|遠隔地の|adjective|far away in distance or time	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	tumult|騒動|noun|a state of confusion or disorder	disturbance|混乱|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The 10th of queen Anne restored the rights of patronage.	アン女王の第10章は後援権を回復させた。	10th|第10章|noun|the ordinal number of ten	queen|女王|noun|the wife or widow of a king	Anne|アン|noun|the last Stuart monarch of England	restore|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former condition	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	patronage|後援|noun|the support of a patron
But though, in Scotland, the law gives the benefice, without any exception to the person presented by the patron;	しかし、スコットランドでは、法律は例外なく、後援者によって推薦された人物に聖職禄を与えている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something concrete or abstract to someone	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	patron|後援者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity
yet the church requires sometimes (for she has not in this respect been very uniform in her decisions) a certain concurrence of the people, before she will confer upon the presentee what is called the cure of souls, or the ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the parish.	それでも教会は、推薦者に魂の治療、つまり教区の教会管轄権を与える前に、時々(この点で彼女の決定があまり一貫していないため)人々の一定の同意を必要とする。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	cure|治療|noun|a method or course of medical treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder	soul|魂|noun|the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church or to organized religion	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the official power to make legal decisions and judgments	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese
She sometimes, at least, from an affected concern for the peace of the parish, delays the settlement till this concurrence can be procured.	彼女は時々、少なくとも教区の平和への影響を受けた懸念から、この合意が得られるまで和解を遅らせる。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	affected|影響を受けた|adjective|influenced or changed by something	concern|懸念|noun|worry or anxiety about something	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	delay|遅らせる|verb|make (something) late or slow	settlement|和解|noun|an official agreement or decision that ends a dispute	concurrence|合意|noun|agreement in opinion or action	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
The private tampering of some of the neighbouring clergy, sometimes to procure, but more frequently to prevent this concurrence, and the popular arts which they cultivate, in order to enable them upon such occasions to tamper more effectually, are perhaps the causes which principally keep up whatever remains of the old fanatical spirit, either in the clergy or in the people of Scotland.	近隣の聖職者の一部の私的な干渉は、時にはこの合意を得るために、しかしより頻繁にはこの合意を阻止するために、そして彼らがそのような機会にもっと効果的に干渉できるようにするために彼らが育成する大衆芸術は、おそらく主に古い狂信的な精神の残滓を維持する原因である。聖職者にもスコットランドの人々にも。	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	tampering|干渉|noun|the action of interfering with something in order to cause damage or make unauthorized alterations	neighbouring|近隣の|adjective|living or situated near or next to	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	procure|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	concurrence|合意|noun|agreement in opinion or action	popular|大衆的な|adjective|liked or admired by many people	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	cultivate|育成する|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	keep up|維持する|verb|continue at the same rate or level	remain|残滓|noun|the remaining part of something	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively

The equality which the presbyterian form of church government establishes among the clergy, consists, first, in the equality of authority or ecclesiastical jurisdiction;	長老派教会政府の形態が聖職者の間で確立する平等は、第一に、権威または教会の管轄権の平等にある。	presbyterian|長老派|adjective|of or relating to Presbyterianism	church government|教会政府|noun|the system of government of a church	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or lay the foundation for	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	consist|ある|verb|to be composed or made up of	first|第一に|adverb|before all others; in the first place	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience	ecclesiastical|教会の|adjective|of or relating to a church	jurisdiction|管轄権|noun|the power or right to exercise authority
and, secondly, in the equality of benefice.	そして第二に、聖職禄の平等にある。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal
In all presbyterian churches, the equality of authority is perfect;	すべての長老派教会において、権威の平等は完全である。	presbyterian church|長老派教会|noun|a church that is governed by elders	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	authority|権威|noun|the power to command or enforce obedience
that of benefice is not so.	聖職禄の平等はそうではない。	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	be not so|そうではない|verb|be not the case
The difference, however, between one benefice and another, is seldom so considerable, as commonly to tempt the possessor even of the small one to pay court to his patron, by the vile arts of flattery and assentation, in order to get a better.	しかし、聖職禄の間の差は、小さな聖職禄の所有者でさえ、より良い聖職禄を得るために、卑劣な媚びへつらいや追従の術によって、自分の後援者に媚びを売ろうとするほど、めったに大きくはない。	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	between|間の|preposition|in the space or interval that separates two things	one|1つの|determiner|the number 1	another|別の|determiner|one more; an additional	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	considerable|大きい|adjective|large in size, amount, or extent	as|ほど|conjunction|to the extent or degree that	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	tempt|誘惑する|verb|entice or allure	possessor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	small|小さな|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	pay court to|媚びを売る|verb|try to gain favor with	patron|後援者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	vile|卑劣な|adjective|morally despicable or contemptible	flattery|媚びへつらい|noun|excessive and insincere praise	assentation|追従|noun|excessive or servile agreement with the opinions or actions of others	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold
In all the presbyterian churches, where the rights of patronage are thoroughly established, it is by nobler and better arts, that the established clergy in general endeavour to gain the favour of their superiors;	後援権が完全に確立しているすべての長老派教会では、聖職者は一般に、より高貴でより優れた術によって、上司の好意を得ようと努力する。	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	patronage|後援|noun|the support given by a patron	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	presbyterian|長老派|adjective|of or relating to Presbyterianism	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	clergy|聖職者|noun|a person ordained for religious duties	endeavour|努力する|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	favour|好意|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected
by their learning, by the irreproachable regularity of their life, and by the faithful and diligent discharge of their duty.	学問によって、非の打ちどころのない生活の規則正しさによって、そして忠実で勤勉な義務の遂行によってである。	learning|学問|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	irreproachable|非の打ちどころのない|adjective|so good that no criticism can be made	regularity|規則正しさ|noun|the quality of being regular	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal, constant, and steadfast	diligent|勤勉な|adjective|showing care and effort in your work or duties	discharge|遂行|noun|the performance of a duty or task
Their patrons even frequently complain of the independency of their spirit, which they are apt to construe into ingratitude for past favours, but which, at worse, perhaps, is seldom anymore than that indifference which naturally arises from the consciousness that no further favours of the kind are ever to be expected.	彼らの後援者は、彼らの精神の独立性についてしばしば不満を漏らすが、彼らはそれを過去の恩恵に対する恩知らずと解釈しがちであるが、それは、おそらく、それ以上の恩恵は期待できないという意識から自然に生じる無関心以上のものであることはめったにない。	patron|後援者|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	complain|不満を漏らす|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	independency|独立性|noun|the quality or state of being independent	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	construe|解釈する|verb|interpret or understand in a particular way	ingratitude|恩知らず|noun|lack of gratitude	past|過去|noun|the time before the present	favour|恩恵|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	worse|もっと悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	indifference|無関心|noun|lack of interest, concern, or sympathy	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	consciousness|意識|noun|the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen or be the case
There is scarce, perhaps, to be found anywhere in Europe, a more learned, decent, independent, and respectable set of men, than the greater part of the presbyterian clergy of Holland, Geneva, Switzerland, and Scotland.	おそらく、ヨーロッパのどこにも、オランダ、ジュネーブ、スイス、スコットランドの長老派聖職者の大部分よりも、より学識があり、品行方正で、独立心があり、尊敬に値する人々はほとんどいないであろう。	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	anywhere|どこにも|adverb|in or to any place	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	learned|学識がある|adjective|having or showing knowledge or learning	decent|品行方正な|adjective|conforming to generally accepted standards of behavior or morality	independent|独立心がある|adjective|not dependent on or influenced by others	respectable|尊敬に値する|adjective|worthy of respect	set|人々|noun|a group of people with a shared interest	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Geneva|ジュネーブ|noun|a city in southwestern Switzerland	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a country in western Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in the United Kingdom	presbyterian|長老派|adjective|of or relating to a system of church government by presbyters	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church

Where the church benefices are all nearly equal, none of them can be very great;	教会の聖職禄がすべてほぼ等しいところでは、どれもそれほど大きくはなりえない。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	great|大きく|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average
and this mediocrity of benefice, though it may be, no doubt, carried too far, has, however, some very agreeable effects.	そして、この聖職禄の平凡さは、間違いなく行き過ぎかもしれないが、しかし、いくつかの非常に好ましい効果をもたらす。	mediocrity|平凡さ|noun|the state of being average or ordinary	benefice|聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which property is attached	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; surely	carry|行き過ぎ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; even so; in spite of that	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	agreeable|好ましい|adjective|pleasant; pleasing
Nothing but exemplary morals can give dignity to a man of small fortune.	模範的な道徳以外に、小金持ちに威厳を与えるものはない。	nothing but|以外に|adverb|only; exclusively	exemplary|模範的な|adjective|serving as a model	morals|道徳|noun|a set of principles or values	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have or receive	dignity|威厳|noun|the quality of being worthy of honor or respect	small fortune|小金持ち|noun|a large amount of money
The vices of levity and vanity necessarily render him ridiculous, and are, besides, almost as ruinous to him as they are to the common people.	軽薄さと虚栄心という悪徳は、必然的に彼を滑稽なものにし、そのうえ、一般の人々にとってそうであるように、彼にとってもほとんど破滅的なものである。	levity|軽薄さ|noun|lack of seriousness	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	ridiculous|滑稽な|adjective|causing laughter because of being foolish or absurd	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general
In his own conduct, therefore, he is obliged to follow that system of morals which the common people respect the most.	したがって、彼は自分の行動において、一般の人々が最も尊敬する道徳体系に従わざるを得ない。	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which one behaves	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	system|体系|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something
He gains their esteem and affection, by that plan of life which his own interest and situation would lead him to follow.	彼は、自分の利益と状況が彼に従わせるような人生設計によって、彼らの尊敬と愛情を得る。	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win	esteem|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	plan|設計|noun|a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place, time, etc.
The common people look upon him with that kindness with which we naturally regard one who approaches somewhat to our own condition, but who, we think, ought to be in a higher.	一般の人々は、私たちが自分の境遇に近づきつつあるが、もっと高い境遇にあるべきだと考える人を自然に見る親切さで彼を見ている。	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	look upon|見ている|verb|regard or consider in a specified way	kindness|親切さ|noun|the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	regard|見る|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	condition|境遇|noun|the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order	ought to|するべきだ|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or a strong recommendation	higher|もっと高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent
Their kindness naturally provokes his kindness.	彼らの親切は当然彼の親切を誘発する。	kindness|親切|noun|the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate	naturally|当然|adverb|as may be expected	provoke|誘発する|verb|cause or tend to cause a reaction or response
He becomes careful to instruct them, and attentive to assist and relieve them.	彼は彼らを指導することに注意深くなり、彼らを助け、救済することに熱心になる。	careful|注意深い|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	instruct|指導する|verb|teach or direct	attentive|熱心な|adjective|paying close attention	assist|助ける|verb|help	relieve|救済する|verb|reduce or remove
He does not even despise the prejudices of people who are disposed to be so favourable to him, and never treats them with those contemptuous and arrogant airs, which we so often meet with in the proud dignitaries of opulent and well endowed churches.	彼は、自分に対して好意的に振る舞う人々の偏見を軽蔑することさえせず、裕福で恵まれた教会の傲慢な高官によく見られる軽蔑的で傲慢な態度で彼らに接することは決してない。	despise|軽蔑する|verb|to look down on with intense aversion	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	favourable|好意的|adjective|expressing approval or support	dispose|振る舞う|verb|to put in a particular place or arrangement	contemptuous|軽蔑的|adjective|showing contempt; scornful	arrogant|傲慢|adjective|having or showing an exaggerated opinion of one's own importance or abilities	air|態度|noun|a particular way of behaving that is intended to impress or deceive others	opulent|裕福|adjective|extremely rich, luxurious, or lavish	endowed|恵まれた|adjective|having a particular quality or characteristic	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship
The presbyterian clergy, accordingly, have more influence over the minds of the common people, than perhaps the clergy of any other established church.	したがって、長老派の聖職者は、おそらく他のどの国教会の聖職者よりも、一般の人々の心に大きな影響力を持っている。	presbyterian|長老派|adjective|of or relating to Presbyterianism	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	any other|他のどの|determiner|some other; any of the others	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a nation
It is, accordingly, in presbyterian countries only, that we ever find the common people converted, without persecution completely, and almost to a man, to the established church.	したがって、長老派の国々でのみ、迫害を受けることなく、一般の人々が完全に、そしてほとんど一人残らず国教に改宗しているのを見ることができる。	presbyterian|長老派|adjective|of or relating to Presbyterianism	persecution|迫害|noun|hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	man|一人|noun|an adult male human being	established church|国教|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country

In countries where church benefices are, the greater part of them, very moderate, a chair in a university is generally a better establishment than a church benefice.	教会の聖職禄が、その大部分が非常に穏健な国では、大学の教職は一般に教会の聖職禄よりも良い地位である。	church benefice|教会の聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which a revenue is attached	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	chair|教職|noun|a professorship	establishment|地位|noun|a place of business or residence	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually
The universities have, in this case, the picking and chusing of their members from all the churchmen of the country, who, in every country, constitute by far the most numerous class of men of letters.	この場合、大学は、どの国でも文人の中で群を抜いて多い階級を形成している、その国のすべての聖職者からメンバーを選抜することになる。	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	case|場合|noun|a particular situation, event, or fact	picking|選抜|noun|the action of selecting something	chusing|選抜|noun|the action of selecting something	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	churchman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	every|どの|determiner|each and all of a group	far|群を抜いて|adverb|by a great distance	numerous|多い|adjective|great in number; many	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	letter|文人|noun|a person who is involved with literature or writing
Where church benefices, on the contrary, are many of them very considerable, the church naturally draws from the universities the greater part of their eminent men of letters;	逆に、教会の聖職禄の多くが非常に高額な国では、教会は当然のことながら、大学から優秀な文人の大部分を引き抜くことになる。	church benefice|教会の聖職禄|noun|an ecclesiastical office to which a revenue is attached	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|in a way that is opposite to what has been said or expected	many of them|その多く|noun|a large number of people or things	very considerable|非常に高額な|adjective|very large in amount or extent	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a way that is expected or normal	draw|引き抜く|verb|move or cause to move in a specified way	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	eminent|優秀な|adjective|of high rank or status	man of letters|文人|noun|a person who is learned in literature and the humanities
who generally find some patron, who does himself honour by procuring them church preferment.	彼らはたいてい、教会の昇進を斡旋することで名誉を得ようとするパトロンをみつける。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	patron|パトロン|noun|a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	preferment|昇進|noun|a promotion or advancement in rank or position
In the former situation, we are likely to find the universities filled with the most eminent men of letters that are to be found in the country.	前者の状況では、大学はその国で最も優れた文人で埋め尽くされていることが多い。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	fill|埋め尽くす|verb|make or become full	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
In the latter, we are likely to find few eminent men among them, and those few among the youngest members of the society, who are likely, too, to be drained away from it, before they can have acquired experience and knowledge enough to be of much use to it.	後者の状況では、大学に優れた文人はほとんどおらず、その数少ない優れた文人も、大学に大いに役立つだけの経験と知識を身につける前に、大学から引き抜かれてしまうことが多い。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two people or things mentioned	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	eminent|優れた|adjective|of high rank or status	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	among|の中で|preposition|in the middle of	youngest|最も若い|adjective|of the least age	member|一員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	likely|多い|adjective|probable	drain away|引き抜かれる|verb|remove or draw off liquid	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	acquire|身につける|verb|gain or obtain	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	enough|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	use|役立つ|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used
It is observed by Mr. de Voltaire, that father Porée, a jesuit of no great eminence in the republic of letters, was the only professor they had ever had in France, whose works were worth the reading.	ヴォルテール氏は、文芸界ではあまり著名ではないイエズス会のポーレー神父が、フランスで唯一、作品を読むに値する教授であったと述べている。	Mr. de Voltaire|ヴォルテール氏|noun|a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher	father Porée|ポーレー神父|noun|a French Jesuit priest and author	republic of letters|文芸界|noun|the world of literature and scholarship	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	work|作品|noun|a product of mental or physical work or activity	worth|値する|adjective|meriting or worthy of
In a country which has produced so many eminent men of letters, it must appear somewhat singular, that scarce one of them should have been a professor in a university.	非常に多くの優れた文人を輩出してきた国で、そのうちのほとんど誰も大学の教授にならなかったというのは、いささか奇妙なことに思われるに違いない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|輩出する|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	so many|非常に多くの|determiner|a large number of	eminent|優れた|adjective|of high rank or status	man of letters|文人|noun|a learned person, especially a writer	must|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	appear|思われる|verb|seem or look like	somewhat|いささか|adverb|to some extent; slightly	singular|奇妙な|adjective|very good or unusual	scarce|ほとんど|adjective|not enough; insufficient	one|誰も|noun|the number 1	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines
The famous Cassendi was, in the beginning of his life, a professor in the university of Aix.	有名なカッセンディは、人生の初めにエクス大学の教授だった。	Cassendi|カッセンディ|noun|a French astronomer and mathematician	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	life|人生|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	professor|教授|noun|a teacher of the highest rank in a college or university
Upon the first dawning of his genius, it was represented to him, that by going into the church he could easily find a much more quiet and comfortable subsistence, as well as a better situation for pursuing his studies;	彼の才能が最初に開花したとき、教会に入ることで、彼はもっと静かで快適な生活を送れるだけでなく、研究を続けるためのより良い環境を簡単に見つけられるだろうと彼に示された。	first dawning|最初の開花|noun|the first appearance or occurrence of something	genius|才能|noun|exceptional intellectual or creative power or other natural ability	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	quiet|静かな|adjective|making little or no noise	comfortable|快適な|adjective|providing physical ease and relaxation	subsistence|生活|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	study|研究|noun|the devotion of time and attention to gaining knowledge especially by means of books
and he immediately followed the advice.	そして彼はすぐにその忠告に従った。	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	follow|従う|verb|go after someone or something	advice|忠告|noun|an opinion or recommendation offered as a guide to action, conduct, or procedure
The observation of Mr. de Voltaire may be applied, I believe, not only to France, but to all other Roman Catholic countries.	ヴォルテール氏の観察は、フランスだけでなく、他のすべてのローマ・カトリック国にも当てはまると思う。	Mr. de Voltaire|ヴォルテール氏|noun|a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	apply|当てはまる|verb|be relevant or suitable	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Roman Catholic|ローマ・カトリック|adjective|relating to the Roman Catholic Church
We very rarely find in any of them an eminent man of letters, who is a professor in a university, except, perhaps, in the professions of law and physic;	おそらく法律と物理の専門職を除いて、それらのいずれにおいても、大学の教授である著名な文学者を見つけることはめったにない。	very rarely|めったにない|adverb|not often; infrequently	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	any of them|いずれにおいても|pronoun|any one of them	eminent|著名な|adjective|famous and respected within a particular sphere	man of letters|文学者|noun|a learned person	professor|教授|noun|a teacher of the highest rank in a college or university	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	physic|物理|noun|the science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions
professions from which the church is not so likely to draw them.	教会が彼らを引き寄せる可能性があまりない職業である。	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself, as by exerting a force or creating a vacuum
After the church of Rome, that of England is by far the richest and best endowed church in Christendom.	ローマ教会に次いで、イングランド教会はキリスト教世界で群を抜いて最も裕福で最も寄付金が多い教会である。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Rome|ローマ|noun|capital of Italy	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Christendom|キリスト教世界|noun|the Christian world	by far|群を抜いて|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	richest|最も裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	best|最も|adjective|of the highest quality	endowed|寄付金が多い|adjective|provided with a permanent fund or source of income
In England, accordingly, the church is continually draining the universities of all their best and ablest members;	したがって、イングランドでは、教会は大学から最良で最も有能なメンバーを絶えず吸い上げている。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	drain|吸い上げる|verb|cause to flow away gradually	best|最良|adjective|of the highest quality	ablest|最も有能な|adjective|having great ability or skill
and an old college tutor who is known and distinguished in Europe as an eminent man of letters, is as rarely to be found there as in any Roman catholic country,	そして、ヨーロッパで著名な文学者として知られ、著名な老齢の大学教師は、ローマ・カトリックの国々と同じように、そこではめったに見つからない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	eminent|著名な|adjective|standing out so as to be readily seen or noticed	man of letters|文学者|noun|a learned person	old|老齢の|adjective|having lived for a long time	college|大学|noun|an institution of higher learning	tutor|教師|noun|a private teacher	rarely|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; seldom	Roman catholic|ローマ・カトリック|adjective|of or relating to the Roman Catholic Church	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
In Geneva, on the contrary, in the protestant cantons of Switzerland, in the protestant countries of Germany, in Holland, in Scotland, in Sweden, and Denmark, the most eminent men of letters whom those countries have produced, have, not all indeed, but the far greater part of them, been professors in universities.	反対に、ジュネーブでは、スイスのプロテスタント州、ドイツのプロテスタント諸国、オランダ、スコットランド、スウェーデン、デンマークでは、これらの国々が生み出した最も著名な文学者は、実際にはすべてではないが、その大部分が大学の教授であった。	Geneva|ジュネーブ|noun|a city in Switzerland	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a country in Europe	Germany|ドイツ|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in Europe	Sweden|スウェーデン|noun|a country in Europe	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in Europe	the most eminent|最も著名な|adjective|the most famous or respected	men of letters|文学者|noun|a person who is learned in literature	have|生み出した|verb|produce or give birth to	not all|すべてではない|adverb|not the whole of	the far greater part|その大部分|noun|the majority	been|であった|verb|be	professor|教授|noun|a teacher of the highest rank in a college or university
In those countries, the universities are continually draining the church of all its most eminent men of letters.	これらの国々では、大学は教会から最も著名な文学者を絶えず吸い上げている。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	university|大学|noun|an institution of higher education and research, which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	drain|吸い上げる|verb|cause to flow away gradually	letter|文学者|noun|a person who is involved with literature or writing

It may, perhaps, be worth while to remark, that, if we except the poets, a few orators, and a few historians, the far greater part of the other eminent men of letters, both of Greece and Rome, appear to have been either public or private teachers;	詩人、少数の雄弁家、少数の歴史家を除けば、ギリシャとローマの両方で、他の著名な文学者の大部分は、公立または私立の教師であったように思われることは、おそらく注目に値するだろう。	be worth while|注目に値する|verb|be worth the time or effort spent	remark|述べる|verb|say something as a comment	except|除く|verb|not include	poet|詩人|noun|a person who writes poems	orator|雄弁家|noun|a person who makes speeches	historian|歴史家|noun|a person who studies or writes about history	far greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	eminent|著名な|adjective|well-known and respected	letter|文学者|noun|a person who is involved with literature or writing	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	appear|思われる|verb|seem	public|公立|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	private|私立|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school
generally either of philosophy or of rhetoric.	一般的には哲学か修辞学のどちらかである。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	philosophy|哲学|noun|the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline	rhetoric|修辞学|noun|the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques
This remark will be found to hold true, from the days of Lysias and Isocrates, of Plato and Aristotle, down to those of Plutarch and Epictetus, Suetonius, and Quintilian.	この発言は、リュシアスやイソクラテス、プラトンやアリストテレスの時代から、プルタルコスやエピクテトゥス、スエトニウス、クインティリアヌスの時代まで、真実であることがわかるだろう。	remark|発言|noun|a statement that expresses a fact or opinion	hold true|真実である|verb|be valid or correct	Lysias|リュシアス|noun|a Greek rhetorician	Isocrates|イソクラテス|noun|an Athenian orator	Plato|プラトン|noun|a Greek philosopher	Aristotle|アリストテレス|noun|a Greek philosopher	Plutarch|プルタルコス|noun|a Greek historian	Epictetus|エピクテトゥス|noun|a Greek philosopher	Suetonius|スエトニウス|noun|a Roman historian	Quintilian|クインティリアヌス|noun|a Roman rhetorician
To impose upon any man the necessity of teaching, year after year, in any particular branch of science seems in reality to be the most effectual method for rendering him completely master of it himself.	科学の特定の分野で、毎年教える必要性を誰かに課すことは、実際には、その分野を完全に習得させるための最も効果的な方法であるように思われる。	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	teaching|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	year after year|毎年|adverb|for an indefinitely long time	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a river, road, or railway	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing the intended or desired effect	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	render|させる|verb|cause to be or become	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	master|習得する|verb|acquire complete knowledge or skill in (a subject or accomplishment)
By being obliged to go every year over the same ground, if he is good for any thing, he necessarily becomes, in a few years, well acquainted with every part of it, and if, upon any particular point, he should form too hasty an opinion one year, when he comes, in the course of his lectures to reconsider the same subject the year thereafter, he is very likely to correct it.	毎年同じことを繰り返すことで、もし彼が何かに秀でているなら、数年のうちに必然的にその分野のあらゆる部分に精通するようになるし、もしある特定の点について、ある年にあまりにも性急な意見を形成してしまったとしても、翌年には講義の中で同じテーマを再考することになり、それを訂正する可能性が非常に高い。	be obliged to|義務付けられる|verb|be required to do something	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	over the same ground|同じことを繰り返す|noun|the same thing	if he is good for any thing|もし彼が何かに秀でているなら|conditional|if he is good at something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|inevitably	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years	well acquainted with|精通する|verb|know someone or something well	if, upon any particular point|もしある特定の点について|conditional|if, on a particular point	too hasty an opinion|あまりにも性急な意見|noun|an opinion that is formed too quickly	one year|ある年に|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	in the course of|の中で|preposition|during	the same subject|同じテーマ|noun|the same topic	very likely|非常に高い|adjective|very probable
As to be a teacher of science is certainly the natural employment of a mere man of letters;	科学の教師になることは、確かに単なる文学者の自然な仕事である。	teacher|教師|noun|a person who teaches, especially in a school	science|科学|noun|the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	employment|仕事|noun|the condition of having paid work
so is it likewise, perhaps, the education which is most likely to render him a man of solid learning and knowledge.	同様に、おそらく、彼を堅固な学問と知識のある人間にする可能性が最も高い教育でもある。	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	solid|堅固な|adjective|firm or strong in shape or structure	learning|学問|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject
The mediocrity of church benefices naturally tends to draw the greater part of men of letters in the country where it takes place, to the employment in which they can be the most useful to the public, and at the same time to give them the best education, perhaps, they are capable of receiving.	教会の聖職禄の平凡さは、当然のことながら、それが起こっている国で文人の大部分を、彼らが公衆に最も役立つことができる職業に引き寄せ、同時に彼らにおそらく彼らが受けることができる最高の教育を与える傾向がある。	mediocrity|平凡さ|noun|the quality of being average or ordinary	church benefice|教会の聖職禄|noun|a church office or position that provides a living	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|in a natural manner	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward oneself or itself	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	man of letters|文人|noun|a person who is learned in literature or the humanities	take place|起こる|verb|happen	employment|職業|noun|the state of being employed	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	best|最高の|adjective|of the highest quality	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	be capable of|できる|verb|have the ability to do something
It tends to render their learning both as solid as possible, and as useful as possible.	それは彼らの学問を可能な限り堅固なものにし、また可能な限り有用なものにする傾向がある。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	learning|学問|noun|knowledge acquired by systematic study	solid|堅固|adjective|firm or strong in structure	useful|有用|adjective|capable of being used to good effect

The revenue of every established church, such parts of it excepted as may arise from particular lands or manors, is a branch, it ought to be observed, of the general revenue of the state, which is thus diverted to a purpose very different from the defence of the state.	すべての国教会の収入は、特定の土地や荘園から生じるかもしれない部分を除いて、国家の一般収入の一部であり、国家の防衛とは非常に異なる目的に転用されていることに注意すべきである。	revenue|収入|noun|income	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	manor|荘園|noun|the estate of a lord	branch|一部|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	ought to be observed|注意すべきである|verb|should be noticed	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
The tithe, for example, is a real land tax, which puts it out of the power of the proprietors of land to contribute so largely towards the defence of the state as they otherwise might be able to do.	例えば、十分の一税は、実際の土地税であり、土地所有者が国家の防衛に大きく貢献することを不可能にしている。	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; existing or happening in fact	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	put|不可能にする|verb|place or move something in a specified position	out of|の|preposition|from inside	power|力|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply something	largely|大きく|adverb|to a great extent	towards|に向けて|preposition|in the direction of	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The rent of land, however, is, according to some, the sole fund;	しかし、一部の人の考えでは、土地の賃借料が唯一の資金である。	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount	sole|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
and, according to others, the principal fund, from which, in all great monarchies, the exigencies of the state must be ultimately supplied.	また、他の人の考えでは、土地の賃借料は、すべての大君主国において、国家の緊急事態に最終的に供給されるべき主要な資金である。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	monarchy|君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a king or queen	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	ultimately|最終的に|adverb|finally; in the end	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with
The more of this fund that is given to the church, the less, it is evident, can be spared to the state.	この資金が教会に多く与えられるほど、国家に回せる資金が少なくなるのは明らかである。	the more|より多く|determiner|a larger amount or number of	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	the less|より少なく|determiner|a smaller amount or number of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It may be laid down as a certain maxim, that all other things being supposed equal, the richer the church, the poorer must necessarily be, either the sovereign on the one hand, or the people on the other;	他の条件がすべて同じだとすれば、教会が豊かであればあるほど、一方では君主、他方では人民のどちらかが必然的に貧しくなるという格言を定めることができる。	be laid down|定めることができる|verb|be established or created	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	all other things|他の条件|noun|everything else	being supposed|だとすれば|verb|be assumed or believed to be	equal|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	the richer|豊かであればあるほど|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	the poorer|貧しくなるという|adjective|having little money or few assets	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	either|どちらかが|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	on the one hand|一方では|adverb|on the first hand	on the other|他方では|adverb|on the second hand
and, in all cases, the less able must the state be to defend itself.	そして、いずれの場合も、国家は自国を守る能力が低下する。	in all cases|いずれの場合も|adverb|regardless of the circumstances	less|低下する|adjective|not as much or as many	able|能力|adjective|having the power or skill to do something	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger
In several protestant countries, particularly in all the protestant cantons of Switzerland, the revenue which anciently belonged to the Roman catholic church, the tithes and church lands, has been found a fund sufficient, not only to afford competent salaries to the established clergy, but to defray, with little or no addition, all the other expenses of the state.	いくつかのプロテスタント国、特にスイスのすべてのプロテスタント州では、古代にローマ・カトリック教会に属していた収入、十分の一税、教会領地は、国教会の聖職者に十分な給与を支払うだけでなく、ほとんどまたはまったく追加することなく、国家の他のすべての経費を賄うのに十分な資金であることがわかった。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of one of the churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of one of the churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	canton|州|noun|a political division of a country	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	anciently|古代に|adverb|in ancient times	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	Roman catholic church|ローマ・カトリック教会|noun|the Christian church that has the pope as its head	tithe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	church land|教会領地|noun|land owned by a church	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	competent|十分な|adjective|having the necessary ability or knowledge to do something successfully	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	established|国教会の|adjective|officially recognized and approved	clergy|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	addition|追加|noun|the action or process of adding something to something else	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The magistrates of the powerful canton of Berne, in particular, have accumulated, out of the savings from this fund, a very large sum, supposed to amount to several millions;	特に、強力なベルン州の行政官は、この基金の貯蓄から、数百万に上るとされる非常に大きな金額を蓄積した。	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	powerful|強力な|adjective|having great power or strength	canton|州|noun|a political division of a country	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	savings|貯蓄|noun|money that is saved	amount|上る|verb|to be equal to in number, value, or effect	million|百万|noun|the number that is represented as a one followed by six zeros
part of which is deposited in a public treasure, and part is placed at interest in what are called the public funds of the different indebted nations of Europe; chiefly in those of France and Great Britain.	その一部は公庫に預けられ、一部はヨーロッパのさまざまな負債国の公的資金と呼ばれるものに利子をつけて預けられている。主にフランスとイギリスのものだ。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	deposit|預ける|verb|put or keep in a bank account	public treasure|公庫|noun|a place where money is kept	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	place|預ける|verb|put or keep in a bank account	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	public fund|公的資金|noun|money that is available for public use	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	indebted|負債|adjective|owing money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	chiefly|主に|adverb|most importantly	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
What may be the amount of the whole expense which the church, either of Berne, or of any other protestant canton, costs the state, I do not pretend to know.	ベルンや他のどのプロテスタント州の教会が国家に負担をかけている総費用がいくらになるか、私は知っているふりはしない。	amount|総額|noun|the total of two or more quantities added together	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of any of the churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	canton|州|noun|a political division of a country	cost|負担|noun|an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is the case when in fact it is not
By a very exact account it appears, that, in 1755, the whole revenue of the clergy of the church of Scotland, including their glebe or church lands, and the rent of their manses or dwelling-houses, estimated according to a reasonable valuation, amounted only to £68,514:1:5 1/12d.	非常に正確な計算によると、1755年には、スコットランド教会の聖職者の収入は、教会領地や教会用地、住居の家賃を含めて、合理的な評価によると、わずか68,514ポンド1シリング5ペンス1/12だった。	By a very exact account|非常に正確な計算によると|noun phrase|by a very exact calculation	it appears|によると|verb|it seems	in 1755|1755年には|noun phrase|in the year 1755	the whole revenue|収入は|noun phrase|the total income	the clergy|聖職者|noun|a priest or minister	the church of Scotland|スコットランド教会|noun phrase|the church of Scotland	including|含めて|verb|take into account	their glebe or church lands|教会領地や教会用地|noun phrase|their glebe or church lands	the rent of their manses or dwelling-houses|住居の家賃|noun phrase|the rent of their manses or dwelling-houses	estimated|によると|verb|calculated	according to a reasonable valuation|合理的な評価によると|noun phrase|according to a reasonable valuation	amounted|だった|verb|was	only to|わずか|adverb|only	£68,514:1:5 1/12d|68,514ポンド1シリング5ペンス1/12|noun phrase|£68,514:1:5 1/12d
This very moderate revenue affords a decent subsistence to nine hundred and forty-four ministers.	この非常に控えめな収入で、944人の聖職者がまともな生活を送っている。	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	moderate|控えめな|adjective|not extreme or excessive	revenue|収入|noun|income	afford|送っている|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	decent|まともな|adjective|of an acceptable standard; good enough	subsistence|生活|noun|the state or fact of existing or living	nine hundred and forty-four|944|numeral|a number	minister|聖職者|noun|a person authorized to perform the rites of a religion
The whole expense of the church, including what is occasionally laid out for the building and reparation of churches, and of the manses of ministers, cannot well be supposed to exceed eighty or eighty-five thousand pounds a-year.	教会の建設や修理、聖職者の住居のために時折支出される費用を含めて、教会の総費用は年間8万から8万5千ポンドを超えることは考えにくい。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	building|建設|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	reparation|修理|noun|the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged	minister|聖職者|noun|a person authorized to perform the rites of a religion	manse|住居|noun|a house provided for a minister of religion	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; at times; sometimes	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	eighty|8万|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and eight	eighty-five thousand|8万5千|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of ten, eight, and five hundred	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
The most opulent church in Christendom does not maintain better the uniformity of faith, the fervour of devotion, the spirit of order, regularity, and austere morals, in the great body of the people, than this very poorly endowed church of Scotland.	キリスト教世界で最も裕福な教会は、この非常に貧弱なスコットランド教会よりも、信仰の統一性、信仰の熱意、秩序の精神、規則性、厳しい道徳を、人々の大部分において維持しているわけではない。	Christendom|キリスト教世界|noun|the Christian world	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	uniformity|統一性|noun|the quality or state of being uniform	faith|信仰|noun|a strong belief in the doctrines of a religion	fervour|熱意|noun|intense and passionate feeling	devotion|信仰|noun|love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause	order|秩序|noun|the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method	regularity|規則性|noun|the quality or state of being regular	austere|厳しい|adjective|severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	morals|道徳|noun|a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do	great body|大部分|noun|the majority of a group of people	poorly|貧弱な|adverb|in a poor manner	endowed|恵まれた|adjective|having a particular quality or characteristic
All the good effects, both civil and religious, which an established church can be supposed to produce, are produced by it as completely as by any other.	国教会が生み出すと考えられる、市民的にも宗教的にもあらゆる良い効果は、他の教会と同じように完全に生み出されている。	all|あらゆる|adjective|the whole amount of	good|良い|adjective|to be desired or approved of	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	civil|市民的|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	religious|宗教的|adjective|of or relating to religion	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
The greater part of the protestant churches of Switzerland, which, in general, are not better endowed than the church of Scotland, produce those effects in a still higher degree.	スイスのプロテスタント教会の大部分は、一般的にスコットランド教会よりも恵まれてはいないが、それらの効果をさらに高めている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	protestant church|プロテスタント教会|noun|a church that is a part of the protestant branch of Christianity	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a landlocked country in western Europe	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; on the whole	church of Scotland|スコットランド教会|noun|the national church of Scotland	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create something	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	still higher degree|さらに高い程度|noun|a greater extent or amount
In the greater part of the protestant cantons, there is not a single person to be found, who does not profess himself to be of the established church.	プロテスタント州の大部分では、国教会を信仰していないと公言する人は一人もいないだろう。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of a church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	canton|州|noun|a division of a country	single|一人|adjective|only one	profess|公言する|verb|declare openly	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a country
If he professes himself to be of any other, indeed, the law obliges him to leave the canton.	実際、もし彼が他の教会を信仰していると公言すれば、法律によってその州を去らなければならない。	profess|公言する|verb|declare openly	himself|彼自身|pronoun|the male person being discussed	any other|他の|determiner|some other	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by using force or threats	leave|去る|verb|go away from a place	canton|州|noun|a political division of a country
But so severe, or, rather, indeed, so oppressive a law, could never have been executed in such free countries, had not the diligence of the clergy beforehand converted to the established church the whole body of the people, with the exception of, perhaps, a few individuals only.	しかし、聖職者の勤勉さが、おそらく少数の個人を除いて、国民全体を国教会に改宗させていなかったら、このような厳しい、あるいはむしろ、実際には、このような抑圧的な法律は、このような自由な国で決して執行されることはなかっただろう。	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	clergy|聖職者|noun|a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church	diligence|勤勉|noun|careful and persistent work or effort	beforehand|前もって|adverb|in advance; before the usual or expected time	convert|改宗させる|verb|cause to change from one religion, belief, or opinion to another	established church|国教会|noun|a church recognized by law as the official church of a nation	whole body|国民全体|noun|all the people of a nation or state	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group
In some parts of Switzerland, accordingly, where, from the accidental union of a protestant and Roman catholic country, the conversion has not been so complete, both religions are not only tolerated, but established by law.	したがって、プロテスタントとローマ・カトリックの国が偶然に統合されたために、改宗がそれほど完全ではなかったスイスの一部の地域では、両方の宗教が容認されているだけでなく、法律で定められている。	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a landlocked country in western Europe	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result or consequence	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member of any of the churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation	Roman catholic|ローマ・カトリック|noun|a member of the Roman Catholic Church	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	accidental|偶然の|adjective|happening by chance or accident	union|統合|noun|the act of joining two or more things together	conversion|改宗|noun|the act of changing from one religion to another	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	religion|宗教|noun|a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs	tolerate|容認する|verb|allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of (something that one does not necessarily like or agree with) without interference	establish|定める|verb|set up or lay the foundations of

The proper performance of every service seems to require, that its pay or recompence should be, as exactly as possible, proportioned to the nature of the service.	あらゆる奉仕を適切に遂行するには、その報酬や報酬が、可能な限り正確に、奉仕の性質に比例している必要があるように思われる。	performance|遂行|noun|the execution of an action	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	pay|報酬|noun|money paid to someone for regular work	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something
If any service is very much underpaid, it is very apt to suffer by the meanness and incapacity of the greater part of those who are employed in it.	どんな奉仕も、非常に低賃金であれば、それに従事している人の大部分の卑劣さと無能さによって苦しむことになりがちである。	service|奉仕|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	underpaid|低賃金|adjective|paid too little	meanness|卑劣さ|noun|the quality of being unkind or unfair	incapacity|無能さ|noun|the inability to do something	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant
If it is very much overpaid, it is apt to suffer, perhaps still more, by their negligence and idleness.	もしそれが非常に過払いであれば、彼らの怠慢と怠惰によって、おそらくさらに苦しむことになる。	very much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very	overpaid|過払い|adjective|paid too much	apt|適当な|adjective|likely or inclined	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	negligence|怠慢|noun|failure to take proper care in doing something	idleness|怠惰|noun|the state of being idle; laziness
A man of a large revenue, whatever may be his profession, thinks he ought to live like other men of large revenues;	収入の多い人は、職業が何であれ、他の収入の多い人と同じように生活すべきだと考える。	large revenue|収入の多い|adjective|having a lot of income	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	ought to|すべきだ|auxiliary verb|should	live|生活する|verb|be alive	like|ように|preposition|similar to
and to spend a great part of his time in festivity, in vanity, and in dissipation.	そして、自分の時間の大部分を、祝祭、虚栄、放蕩に費やす。	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	festivity|祝祭|noun|a day or period of celebration	vanity|虚栄|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	dissipation|放蕩|noun|unrestrained indulgence in sensual pleasures
But in a clergyman, this train of life not only consumes the time which ought to be employed in the duties of his function, but in the eyes of the common people, destroys almost entirely that sanctity of character, which can alone enable him to perform those duties with proper weight and authority.	しかし、聖職者の場合、この生活の流れは、彼の職務に従事すべき時間を消費するだけでなく、一般の人々の目には、彼が適切な重みと権威をもって職務を遂行できる唯一の資質である、人格の神聖さをほとんど完全に破壊してしまう。	clergyman|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	train of life|生活の流れ|noun|the way of life	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	be employed in|従事する|verb|have a job	duty|職務|noun|a task or action that one is required to perform	function|機能|noun|the action or purpose for which a person or thing is specially fitted or used	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause to cease to exist	almost entirely|ほとんど完全に|adverb|to a great extent	sanctity|神聖さ|noun|the state or quality of being holy	character|人格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	alone|唯一|adjective|without any other people or things	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out	duty|職務|noun|a task or action that one is required to perform	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	weight|重み|noun|the amount that a person or thing weighs	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience

PART IV. Of the Expense of supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign.	第四部君主の威厳を支える費用について	PART IV|第四部|noun|the fourth part of something	Dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	Sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch

Over and above the expenses necessary for enabling the sovereign to perform his several duties, a certain expense is requisite for the support of his dignity.	君主がその職務を遂行するために必要な費用に加えて、その威厳を支えるためにも一定の費用が必要である。	over and above|に加えて|adverb|in addition to	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	perform|遂行する|verb|carry out, accomplish, or fulfill	duty|職務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect
This expense varies, both with the different periods of improvement, and with the different forms of government.	この費用は、改善の時期や政府の形態によって異なる。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	form|形態|noun|the shape and structure of something

In an opulent and improved society, where all the different orders of people are growing every day more expensive in their houses, in their furniture, in their tables, in their dress, and in their equipage;	豊かで進歩した社会では、あらゆる階層の人々が、家、家具、食事、衣服、馬車など、日々より高価なものを求めている。	opulent|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or possessions	improved|進歩した|adjective|made or become better	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	order|階層|noun|a group of people with a particular social, economic, or political status	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	grow|求める|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	table|食事|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at	dress|衣服|noun|a garment for a woman or girl that covers the body and extends down over the legs	equipage|馬車|noun|a carriage and horses with their attendants
it cannot well be expected that the sovereign should alone hold out against the fashion.	君主だけがその流行に逆らうことは期待できない。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	hold out|逆らう|verb|resist or withstand something	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend
He naturally, therefore, or rather necessarily, becomes more expensive in all those different articles too.	だから、君主も当然、いやむしろ必然的に、そうしたあらゆる品物にもっとお金をかけるようになる。	naturally|当然|adverb|in a natural manner	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	become|なる|verb|come to be	expensive|お金がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	article|品物|noun|a particular item or object
His dignity even seems to require that he should become so.	君主の威厳は、むしろそうあることを要求しているようにさえ思われる。	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	so|そう|adverb|in the way mentioned

As, in point of dignity, a monarch is more raised above his subjects than the chief magistrate of any republic is ever supposed to be above his fellow-citizens; so a greater expense is necessary for supporting that higher dignity.	威厳という点では、君主は臣民よりも高く位置づけられているが、共和国の最高責任者が同胞よりも高く位置づけられることはありえない。だから、そのより高い威厳を支えるためには、より多くの出費が必要である。	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	monarch|君主|noun|the head of a monarchy	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	chief magistrate|最高責任者|noun|the head of a state or a city	fellow-citizen|同胞|noun|a person who is a citizen of the same country as another	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent
We naturally expect more splendour in the court of a king, than in the mansion-house of a doge or burgo-master.	我々は当然、王の宮廷には、総督や市長の邸宅よりも、より多くの壮麗さを期待する。	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	mansion-house|邸宅|noun|a large, impressive house	doge|総督|noun|the chief magistrate in the former republics of Venice and Genoa	burgo-master|市長|noun|the chief magistrate of a town or city

CONCLUSION.	結論	conclusion|結論|noun|the final decision or result of a discussion or meeting

The expense of defending the society, and that of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, are both laid out for the general benefit of the whole society.	社会を守るための費用と、最高責任者の威厳を支えるための費用は、どちらも社会全体の利益のために支出される。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defend|守る|verb|protect from harm or danger	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	chief magistrate|最高責任者|noun|the head of a state or a city	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	general benefit|一般利益|noun|the benefit to all members of a group	whole society|社会全体|noun|all of the people living together in a more or less ordered community
It is reasonable, therefore, that they should be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society;	したがって、それらは社会全体の一般的な貢献によって賄われるべきであると考えるのが妥当である。	reasonable|妥当である|adjective|fair and just	defrayed|賄われる|verb|pay for	general|一般的な|adjective|not limited to a particular class or group	contribution|貢献|noun|a gift or payment	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations
all the different members contributing, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities.	すべての異なるメンバーが、可能な限り、それぞれの能力に応じて貢献する。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	as nearly as possible|可能な限り|adverb|to the greatest extent possible	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something

The expense of the administration of justice, too, may no doubt be considered as laid out for the benefit of the whole society.	司法運営の費用も、間違いなく社会全体の利益のために支出されていると考えることができる。	administration of justice|司法運営|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are enforced and that justice is done	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	whole society|社会全体|noun|all of society
There is no impropriety, therefore, in its being defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society.	したがって、社会全体の一般的な貢献によって賄われることには、何の不都合もない。	impropriety|不都合|noun|the quality or state of being improper	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
The persons, however, who give occasion to this expense, are those who, by their injustice in one way or another, make it necessary to seek redress or protection from the courts of justice.	しかし、この費用を発生させるのは、何らかの不正によって、裁判所からの救済や保護を求める必要が生じた人々である。	give occasion to|発生させる|verb|cause to happen	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	person|人々|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	one way or another|何らかの|adverb|by some means or other	make it necessary|必要が生じる|verb|cause to be necessary	seek|求める|verb|try to obtain or achieve	redress|救済|noun|the setting right of a wrong	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law
The persons, again, most immediately benefited by this expense, are those whom the courts of justice either restore to their rights, or maintain in their rights.	また、この費用によって最も直接的に利益を得るのは、裁判所によって権利を回復されたり、権利を維持されたりする人々である。	person|人々|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	immediately|直接的に|adverb|without delay or intervention	benefit|利益を得る|verb|receive an advantage or profit from	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	court|裁判所|noun|a tribunal presided over by a judge	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	restore|回復する|verb|bring back to a former condition, place, or position	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state
The expense of the administration of justice, therefore, may very properly be defrayed by the particular contribution of one or other, or both, of those two different sets of persons, according as different occasions may require, that is, by the fees of court.	したがって、司法運営の費用は、さまざまな機会に応じて、これら2つの異なる人々のいずれか、または両方の特別な寄付、つまり裁判所の手数料によって賄われるのが適切である。	administration of justice|司法運営|noun|the process of ensuring that laws are enforced and that justice is done	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defrayed|賄われる|verb|pay for	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a single person, thing, or event	contribution|寄付|noun|a gift or payment	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services
It cannot be necessary to have recourse to the general contribution of the whole society, except for the conviction of those criminals who have not themselves any estate or fund sufficient for paying those fees.	これらの手数料を支払うのに十分な財産や資金を自ら持たない犯罪者の有罪判決を除いて、社会全体の一般的な貢献に頼る必要はない。	have recourse to|頼る|verb|turn to for help or support	general contribution|一般的な貢献|noun|a contribution that is not specific to a particular person or group	whole society|社会全体|noun|all of society	except for|を除いて|preposition|not including; other than	conviction|有罪判決|noun|a finding of guilt in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed	criminal|犯罪者|noun|a person who has committed a crime	have not|持たない|verb|do not have	estate|財産|noun|all of the property owned by a person	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	fee|手数料|noun|a charge or payment for a service

Those local or provincial expenses, of which the benefit is local or provincial (what is laid out, for example, upon the police of a particular town or district), ought to be defrayed by a local or provincial revenue, and ought to be no burden upon the general revenue of the society.	地方または地方の利益となる地方または地方の費用(たとえば、特定の町や地区の警察に支払われる費用)は、地方または地方の収入で賄われるべきであり、社会の一般収入に負担をかけるべきではない。	local|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a province	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	local|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a province	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	local|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a province	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
It is unjust that the whole society should contribute towards an expense, of which the benefit is confined to a part of the society.	社会全体が費用を負担し、その利益が社会の一部に限定されるのは不公平である。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	contribute|負担する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	unjust|不公平な|adjective|not just; unfair

The expense of maintaining good roads and communications is, no doubt, beneficial to the whole society, and may, therefore, without any injustice, be defrayed by the general contributions of the whole society.	良い道路や通信を維持するための費用は、間違いなく社会全体に有益であり、したがって、不正なく、社会全体の一般的な貢献によって賄われる可能性がある。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	communication|通信|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	injustice|不正|noun|lack of fairness or justice	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	contribution|貢献|noun|a gift or payment given to a common fund or collection
This expense, however, is most immediately and directly beneficial to those who travel or carry goods from one place to another, and to those who consume such goods.	しかし、この費用は、ある場所から別の場所に旅行したり、商品を運んだりする人や、そのような商品を消費する人にとって、最も直接的に有益である。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	immediately|直接的に|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	beneficial|有益である|adjective|favourable or advantageous	travel|旅行する|verb|go from one place to another	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
The turnpike tolls in England, and the duties called peages in other countries, lay it altogether upon those two different sets of people, and thereby discharge the general revenue of the society from a very considerable burden.	イギリスの有料道路通行料や、他の国々で通行料と呼ばれる税金は、これら二つの異なる人々に課せられ、それによって社会の一般収入を非常に大きな負担から解放している。	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll is charged	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported goods	other countries|他の国々|noun|countries other than the one being discussed	lay|課する|verb|put or place	altogether|合わせて|adverb|in total	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	set|人々|noun|a group of people	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	discharge|解放する|verb|release from an obligation or responsibility	general revenue|一般収入|noun|the income of a government from all sources	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	considerable|大きな|adjective|large in size or amount	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load

The expense of the institutions for education and religious instruction, is likewise, no doubt, beneficial to the whole society, and may, therefore, without injustice, be defrayed by the general contribution of the whole society.	教育や宗教教育のための施設の費用も、間違いなく社会全体に有益であり、したがって、不正なく、社会全体の一般的な貢献によって賄われる可能性がある。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	institution|施設|noun|an established organization	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction	religious instruction|宗教教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction in religion	likewise|同様に|adverb|also; in addition	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; surely	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous	whole society|社会全体|noun|all of society	injustice|不正|noun|unfairness	be defrayed|賄われる|verb|be paid for	general contribution|一般的な貢献|noun|a contribution that is not specific to any particular person or group
This expense, however, might, perhaps, with equal propriety, and even with some advantage, be defrayed altogether by those who receive the immediate benefit of such education and instruction, or by the voluntary contribution of those who think they have occasion for either the one or the other.	しかし、この費用は、おそらく、同等の妥当性と、ある程度の利点さえも伴って、そのような教育や指導の直接的な利益を受ける人々によって、あるいは、どちらか一方の機会があると思う人々の自発的な貢献によって、すべて賄われるかもしれない。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	equal|同等の|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	propriety|妥当性|noun|the state or quality of being proper or suitable	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	some|ある程度の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	be defrayed|賄われる|verb|pay for	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	those|人々|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	immediate|直接的な|adjective|occurring or done without delay	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	education|教育|noun|the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university	instruction|指導|noun|the action of teaching; education	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	by|によって|preposition|expressing the agent, cause, or means of an action	the voluntary contribution|自発的な貢献|noun|a gift or payment given of one's own free will	those|人々|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	think|思う|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	have occasion|機会がある|verb|have the opportunity to do something	either|どちらか一方|determiner|one or the other of two people or things

When the institutions, or public works, which are beneficial to the whole society, either cannot be maintained altogether, or are not maintained altogether, by the contribution of such particular members of the society as are most immediately benefited by them;	社会全体に有益な施設や公共事業が、それらによって最も直接的に利益を受ける社会の特定のメンバーの貢献によって、全体として維持できないか、あるいは全体として維持されていない場合、	institution|施設|noun|an organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose	public work|公共事業|noun|a project of construction or repair of public facilities	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	beneficial|有益な|adjective|favourable or advantageous	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	altogether|全体として|adverb|completely; totally	contribution|貢献|noun|a gift or payment given in order to help achieve or provide something	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a single or specific person, thing, or situation	member|メンバー|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	directly|直接的に|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	case|場合|noun|a particular situation or event
the deficiency must, in most cases, be made up by the general contribution of the whole society.	ほとんどの場合、その不足分は社会全体の一般的な貢献によって補われなければならない。	deficiency|不足分|noun|the state or fact of being deficient	make up|補う|verb|to compensate for something	general contribution|一般的な貢献|noun|the act of giving or doing something	whole society|社会全体|noun|the entirety of a society
The general revenue of the society, over and above defraying the expense of defending the society, and of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, must make up for the deficiency of many particular branches of revenue.	社会の一般歳入は、社会を守り、行政長官の尊厳を支える費用を賄うだけでなく、歳入の多くの特定部門の不足を補わなければならない。	general revenue|一般歳入|noun|the income of a government from all sources	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defend|守る|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	chief magistrate|行政長官|noun|the head of a state or city	dignity|尊厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	make up for|補う|verb|compensate for; make amends for	deficiency|不足|noun|a lack or shortage	revenue|歳入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
The sources of this general or public revenue, I shall endeavour to explain in the following chapter.	この一般歳入または公的歳入の源泉については、次章で説明する。	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes or is obtained	general|一般|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation and other sources


## CHAPTER II: OF THE SOURCES OF THE GENERAL OR PUBLIC REVENUE OF THE SOCIETY.	第二章: 社会の一般歳入または公的歳入の源泉について	CHAPTER II|第二章|noun|the second chapter	OF THE SOURCES OF THE GENERAL OR PUBLIC REVENUE OF THE SOCIETY|社会の一般歳入または公的歳入の源泉について|noun phrase|about the sources of the general or public revenue of the society

The revenue which must defray, not only the expense of defending the society and of supporting the dignity of the chief magistrate, but all the other necessary expenses of government, for which the constitution of the state has not provided any particular revenue may be drawn, either, first, from some fund which peculiarly belongs to the sovereign or commonwealth, and which is independent of the revenue of the people;	社会を守り、行政長官の尊厳を支える費用だけでなく、国家の憲法が特定の歳入を定めていない政府の他のすべての必要な費用を賄わなければならない歳入は、第一に、主権者または連邦に特有の資金から引き出される。そしてそれは国民の歳入とは独立している。	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	dignity|尊厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit having local autonomy but united with the others in an overall political system with a central government	independent|独立している|adjective|not influenced or controlled by others in matters of opinion, conduct, etc.
or, secondly, from the revenue of the people.	あるいは第二に、国民の歳入から引き出される。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation

PART I. Of the Funds, or Sources, of Revenue, which may peculiarly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth.	第一部主権者または連邦に特有の歳入の資金または源泉について	PART I|第一部|noun|the first part of something	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes or is obtained	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	peculiarly|特有の|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	Sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	Commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit consisting of a number of states or provinces united by a central government

The funds, or sources, of revenue, which may peculiarly belong to the sovereign or commonwealth, must consist, either in stock, or in land.	主権者または連邦に特有の歳入の資金または源泉は、株式または土地で構成されなければならない。	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	source|源泉|noun|the place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	peculiarly|特有の|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	stock|株式|noun|a share of the value of a company	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth

The sovereign, like, any other owner of stock, may derive a revenue from it, either by employing it himself, or by lending it.	主権者は、他の株式所有者と同様に、自分でそれを運用するか、貸し出すことで、そこから収入を得ることができる。	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	like|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stock|株式|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income	employ|運用する|verb|make use of	lend|貸し出す|verb|give someone money that they agree to pay back later, usually with interest
His revenue is, in the one case, profit, in the other interest.	彼の収入は、前者の場合は利益であり、後者の場合は利子である。	revenue|収入|noun|income	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money

The revenue of a Tartar or Arabian chief consists in profit.	タタール人やアラビア人の酋長の収入は利益から成り立っている。	revenue|収入|noun|income	consist in|成り立つ|verb|be composed of	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
It arises principally from the milk and increase of his own herds and flocks, of which he himself superintends the management, and is the principal shepherd or herdsman of his own horde or tribe.	それは主に、彼自身が管理監督し、彼自身の部族や部族の主要な羊飼いまたは牧夫である、彼自身の群れや群れの牛乳と増加から生じる。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals	increase|増加|noun|the result of increasing	herd|群れ|noun|a large group of animals of one type which live together	flock|群れ|noun|a large group of birds	superintend|監督する|verb|supervise or oversee	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	herdsman|牧夫|noun|a person who looks after cattle or other animals	horde|部族|noun|a large group of people	tribe|部族|noun|a social group or community, typically a group of families or clans, living together or having a shared culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader
It is, however, in this earliest and rudest state of civil government only, that profit has ever made the principal part of the public revenue of a monarchical state.	しかし、この最も初期の、最も粗野な市民政府の状態でのみ、利益が君主制国家の公的収入の主要部分を占めてきた。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	earliest|最も初期の|adjective|happening or done before the usual or expected time	rudest|最も粗野な|adjective|lacking good manners or respect for others	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	civil government|市民政府|noun|a government that is not military	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	principal part|主要部分|noun|the most important part	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	monarchical state|君主制国家|noun|a state with a monarch as head of state

Small republics have sometimes derived a considerable revenue from the profit of mercantile projects.	小共和国は、商業プロジェクトの利益からかなりの収入を得ることがある。	small|小|adjective|little in size	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce
The republic of Hamburgh is said to do so from the profits of a public wine-cellar and apothecary’s shop. {See Memoires concernant les Droits et Impositions en Europe, tome i. page 73.	ハンブルク共和国は、公共のワインセラーと薬局の利益からそうしていると言われている。{ヨーロッパの権利と課税に関する回想録、第1巻73ページを参照。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Hamburgh|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	do so|そうする|verb|do the same thing	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	wine-cellar|ワインセラー|noun|a room or area where wine is stored	apothecary|薬局|noun|a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	Memoires concernant les Droits et Impositions en Europe|ヨーロッパの権利と課税に関する回想録|noun|a book by Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye	tome|巻|noun|a book, especially a large or scholarly one	page|ページ|noun|one side of a sheet of paper in a book, magazine, or newspaper
This work was compiled by the order of the court, for the use of a commission employed for some years past in considering the proper means for reforming the finances of France.	この作品は、フランスの財政を改革するための適切な手段を検討するために過去数年間にわたって採用された委員会の使用のために、裁判所の命令によって編集された。	work|作品|noun|a product of effort, especially one that is creative	compile|編集する|verb|produce (something, especially a book) by assembling information collected from other sources	order|命令|noun|a command, direction, or instruction	court|裁判所|noun|a place where legal disputes are settled	commission|委員会|noun|a group of people officially charged with a particular function	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	past|過去|noun|the time before the present	consider|検討する|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	reform|改革する|verb|make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets
The account of the French taxes, which takes up three volumes in quarto, may be regarded as perfectly authentic.	フランスの税金の説明は、四つ折り判で三巻を占めており、完全に信頼できるものと見なすことができる。	account|説明|noun|a statement of the facts or events of a situation	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	take up|占める|verb|occupy or fill	three|三|numeral|the number 3	volume|巻|noun|a book	quarto|四つ折り判|noun|a book or pamphlet made up of sheets of paper folded into four	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	authentic|信頼できる|adjective|of undisputed origin; genuine
That of those of other European nations was compiled from such information as the French ministers at the different courts could procure.	他のヨーロッパ諸国の税金の説明は、各裁判所のフランス大臣が入手できる情報から編集された。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	compile|編集する|verb|produce (something, especially a book) by assembling information collected from other sources	information|情報|noun|facts or knowledge provided or learned	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	court|裁判所|noun|a place where people are tried for crimes	procure|入手する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means
It is much shorter, and probably not quite so exact as that of the French taxes.}	それははるかに短く、おそらくフランスの税金ほど正確ではない。}	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	shorter|短い|adjective|having a small distance from one end to the other	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	not quite|あまり|adverb|to a small extent	so|それほど|adverb|to such a great extent	exact|正確|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact; true	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
That state cannot be very great, of which the sovereign has leisure to carry on the trade of a wine-merchant or an apothecary.	君主がワイン商人や薬剤師の商売を営む余裕がある国は、それほど大きくはありえない。	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	leisure|余裕|noun|time free from the demands of work or duty	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	wine-merchant|ワイン商人|noun|a person who sells wine	apothecary|薬剤師|noun|a person who prepares and sells medicines
The profit of a public bank has been a source of revenue to more considerable states.	公立銀行の利益は、より重要な国家の収入源となってきた。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	public bank|公立銀行|noun|a bank that is owned by the government	source of revenue|収入源|noun|a source of income	considerable|重要な|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It has been so, not only to Hamburgh, but to Venice and Amsterdam.	ハンブルクだけでなく、ヴェネツィアやアムステルダムでもそうだった。	Hamburgh|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital city of the Netherlands
A revenue of this kind has even by some people been thought not below the attention of so great an empire as that of Great Britain.	このような収入は、イギリスのような大帝国でさえ注目に値すると考える人もいる。	revenue|収入|noun|income	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	some people|一部の人々|noun|a group of people	even|でさえ|adverb|to the extent of	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Reckoning the ordinary dividend of the bank of England at five and a-half per cent., and its capital at ten millions seven hundred and eighty thousand pounds, the neat annual profit, after paying the expense of management, must amount, it is said, to five hundred and ninety-two thousand nine hundred pounds.	イングランド銀行の通常配当を5・5パーセント、資本金を1078万ポンドとすると、経営費を支払った後の純年間利益は59万2900ポンドに達すると言われている。	bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	ordinary dividend|通常配当|noun|a distribution of a portion of a company's earnings, decided by the board of directors, to a class of its shareholders	five and a-half per cent|5・5パーセント|noun|a percentage	capital|資本金|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ten millions seven hundred and eighty thousand pounds|1078万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money	neat annual profit|純年間利益|noun|the net income of a company after deducting all costs from its revenue	expense|経営費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	five hundred and ninety-two thousand nine hundred pounds|59万2900ポンド|noun|a large amount of money
Government, it is pretended, could borrow this capital at three per cent.	政府はこの資本を3パーセントで借りることができるとされている。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	three|3|numeral|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
interest, and, by taking the management of the bank into its own hands, might make a clear profit of two hundred and sixty-nine thousand five hundred pounds a-year.	利子で、銀行の経営を自らの手中に収めることで、年間26万9500ポンドの純益を上げることができるかもしれない。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	management|経営|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	take into one's own hands|自らの手中に収める|verb|to take control of something	make a profit|利益を上げる|verb|to gain money	clear|純益|adjective|free from doubt or confusion	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
The orderly, vigilant, and parsimonious administration of such aristocracies as those of Venice and Amsterdam, is extremely proper, it appears from experience, for the management of a mercantile project of this kind.	ヴェネツィアやアムステルダムのような貴族政治の秩序正しく、用心深く、倹約的な運営は、経験からすると、この種の商業的プロジェクトの運営に非常に適している。	orderly|秩序正しい|adjective|arranged or organized in a neat, tidy, or systematic way	vigilant|用心深い|adjective|keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	parsimonious|倹約的な|adjective|unwilling to spend money or use resources	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business, organization, or institution	aristocracy|貴族政治|noun|a government or state ruled by an aristocracy	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges	Amsterdam|アムステルダム|noun|the capital and largest city of the Netherlands	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	mercantile|商業的な|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim
But whether such a government as that of England, which, whatever may be its virtues, has never been famous for good economy;	しかし、その美徳が何であれ、良い経済で有名になったことがないイギリスのような政府が、	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	virtue|美徳|noun|a quality considered morally good or desirable	economy|経済|noun|the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services
which, in time of peace, has generally conducted itself with the slothful and negligent profusion that is, perhaps, natural to monarchies;	平和な時代には、おそらく君主制に自然な怠惰で怠慢な浪費をもって行動してきた政府が、	in time of peace|平和な時代には|noun phrase|when there is no war	conduct oneself|行動する|verb|behave	slothful|怠惰な|adjective|lazy	negligent|怠慢な|adjective|careless	profusion|浪費|noun|a large amount of something	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature	monarchy|君主制|noun|a system of government in which one person, usually a king or queen, rules over a country
and, in time of war, has constantly acted with all the thoughtless extravagance that democracies are apt to fall into, could be safely trusted with the management of such a project, must at least be a good deal more doubtful.	戦争の時代には、民主主義が陥りがちな無思慮な浪費を常に行ってきた政府が、そのようなプロジェクトの運営を安全に任せることができるかどうかは、少なくともかなり疑わしい。	in time of|の時代に|preposition|during	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	act|行う|verb|do something	thoughtless|無思慮な|adjective|lacking care for others	extravagance|浪費|noun|spending money or resources freely and recklessly; lavish expenditure	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	fall into|陥る|verb|get into a bad situation	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	trust|任せる|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	management|運営|noun|the process of managing	project|プロジェクト|noun|an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	doubtful|疑わしい|adjective|questionable

The post-office is properly a mercantile project.	郵便局は、正しくは商業的なプロジェクトである。	post-office|郵便局|noun|a public department or corporation responsible for postal services and in some countries telecommunications	properly|正しくは|adverb|in a correct manner	mercantile|商業的な|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking
The government advances the expense of establishing the different offices, and of buying or hiring the necessary horses or carriages, and is repaid, with a large profit, by the duties upon what is carried.	政府は、さまざまな事務所の設立費用や、必要な馬や馬車の購入や賃借の費用を前払いし、運搬されるものに対する関税によって、大きな利益を得て返済される。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	office|事務所|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks	buy|購入する|verb|get by paying for	hire|賃借する|verb|pay to be able to use something for a short time	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	carriage|馬車|noun|a vehicle pulled by a horse	repay|返済される|verb|pay back (money) that you have borrowed	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
It is, perhaps, the only mercantile project which has been successfully managed by, I believe, every sort of government.	おそらく、あらゆる種類の政府によって首尾よく運営されてきた唯一の商業プロジェクトであると思う。	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	successfully|首尾よく|adverb|in a way that achieves a desired result	manage|運営する|verb|be in charge of; run	every sort of|あらゆる種類の|noun|all kinds of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
The capital to be advanced is not very considerable.	前払いされる資本はそれほど大きくない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	be advanced|前払いされる|verb|be paid or given before it is due	not very|それほど～ない|adverb|to a moderate degree; fairly
There is no mystery in the business.	その事業には謎はない。	mystery|謎|noun|something that is difficult or impossible to understand or explain
The returns are not only certain but immediate.	収益は確実なだけでなく即時的である。	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization makes	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	certain|確実な|adjective|having or showing no doubt	immediate|即時的|adjective|happening or done without delay

Princes, however, have frequently engaged in many other mercantile projects, and have been willing, like private persons, to mend their fortunes, by becoming adventurers in the common branches of trade.	しかし、君主はしばしば他の多くの商業プロジェクトに従事し、私人のように、貿易の一般的な分野で冒険家になることで、運命を改善しようとしてきた。	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	private person|私人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	mend|改善する|verb|repair or improve	fortune|運命|noun|the good or bad luck that befalls someone	adventurer|冒険家|noun|a person who has or enjoys new and exciting experiences	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
They have scarce ever succeeded.	彼らはほとんど成功したことがない。	scarce|ほとんど|adverb|not enough; barely	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
The profusion with which the affairs of princes are always managed, renders it almost impossible that they should.	君主の業務が常に管理されている豊富さは、彼らがそうすることをほとんど不可能にしている。	profusion|豊富さ|noun|a great quantity of something	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; be responsible for	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved
The agents of a prince regard the wealth of their master as inexhaustible;	君主の代理人は、主人の富を無尽蔵だと見なしている。	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of as being	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	inexhaustible|無尽蔵|adjective|too large or too much to be used up
are careless at what price they buy, are careless at what price they sell, are careless at what expense they transport his goods from one place to another.	彼らはどんな価格で買うか、どんな価格で売るか、どんな費用で彼の商品をある場所から別の場所に運ぶかについて無頓着である。	careless|無頓着な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	transport|運ぶ|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship
Those agents frequently live with the profusion of princes;	これらの代理人はしばしば君主の豊富さとともに生きている。	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	live|生きる|verb|be alive	profusion|豊富|noun|a large or excessive amount of something
and sometimes, too, in spite of that profusion, and by a proper method of making up their accounts, acquire the fortunes of princes.	そしてまた、時には、その豊富さにもかかわらず、そして彼らの勘定を合わせる適切な方法によって、君主の富を獲得する。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	profusion|豊富さ|noun|an abundance or plentiful supply	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right for the purpose	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	make up|合わせる|verb|to form or constitute	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or assets
It was thus, as we are told by Machiavel, that the agents of Lorenzo of Medicis, not a prince of mean abilities, carried on his trade.	マキアヴェッリが語っているように、メディチ家のロレンツォの代理人は、卑劣な能力の君主ではなく、彼の貿易を行った。	Machiavel|マキアヴェッリ|noun|Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer	Lorenzo of Medicis|メディチ家のロレンツォ|noun|Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or spiteful	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The republic of Florence was several times obliged to pay the debt into which their extravagance had involved him.	フィレンツェ共和国は、彼らの浪費が彼を巻き込んだ負債を支払う義務を何度か負った。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Florence|フィレンツェ|noun|a city in Italy	several times|何度か|adverb|on more than one occasion	obliged|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money in an extravagant or lavish way	involve|巻き込む|verb|cause to be included or concerned in something
He found it convenient, accordingly to give up the business of merchant, the business to which his family had originally owed their fortune, and, in the latter part of his life, to employ both what remained of that fortune, and the revenue of the state, of which he had the disposal, in projects and expenses more suitable to his station.	彼は、それに応じて、商人の仕事を放棄し、彼の家族が元々彼らの財産を負っていた事業を放棄し、そして彼の人生の最後の部分で、その財産の残りと彼が処分した国家の収入の両方を彼の地位により適したプロジェクトと経費に投入することが便利だとわかった。	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	latter part|最後の部分|noun|the last part of something	employ|投入する|verb|use	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	revenue|収入|noun|income	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	project|プロジェクト|noun|a planned undertaking	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

No two characters seem more inconsistent than those of trader and sovereign.	商人と君主ほど矛盾した性格はないように思われる。	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	inconsistent|矛盾した|adjective|not consistent; not in agreement or harmony
If the trading spirit of the English East India company renders them very bad sovereigns, the spirit of sovereignty seems to have rendered them equally bad traders.	イギリス東インド会社の貿易精神が彼らを非常に悪い君主にしているのであれば、主権の精神は彼らを同様に悪い貿易業者にしているように思われる。	English East India company|イギリス東インド会社|noun|a British joint-stock company formed in 1600	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	sovereignty|主権|noun|supreme power or authority	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades; a merchant
While they were traders only, they managed their trade successfully, and were able to pay from their profits a moderate dividend to the proprietors of their stock.	彼らがただの貿易業者であった間は、彼らは貿易を首尾よく管理し、彼らの利益から彼らの株の所有者に適度な配当を支払うことができた。	while|間|conjunction|during the time that	trader|貿易業者|noun|a person who trades	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	successfully|首尾よく|adverb|in a way that achieves a desired result	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	dividend|配当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly by a company to its shareholders out of its profits	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment
Since they became sovereigns, with a revenue which, it is said, was originally more than three millions sterling, they have been obliged to beg the ordinary assistance of government, in order to avoid immediate bankruptcy.	彼らが君主になって以来、収入は元々300万ポンド以上だったと言われているが、彼らは即時の破産を避けるために政府の通常の援助を請う義務を負っている。	since|以来|conjunction|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration	become|なる|verb|come to be	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	revenue|収入|noun|income	originally|元々|adverb|in or at the beginning	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	three millions|300万|noun|the number 3,000,000	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	have been obliged to|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	beg|請う|verb|ask for something earnestly	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type	assistance|援助|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, information, or other resources	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt
In their former situation, their servants in India considered themselves as the clerks of merchants;	彼らの以前の状況では、インドの彼らの使用人は彼ら自身を商人の事務員と考えていた。	former|以前の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time or place	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	India|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	clerk|事務員|noun|a person employed in an office or bank to keep records and accounts and to undertake other routine administrative duties
in their present situation, those servants consider themselves as the ministers of sovereigns.	彼らの現在の状況では、それらの使用人は彼ら自身を君主の大臣と見なしている。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch

A state may sometimes derive some part of its public revenue from the interest of money, as well as from the profits of stock.	国家は、公的収入の一部を株の利益からだけでなく、金利から得ることもある。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	interest|金利|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
If it has amassed a treasure, it may lend a part of that treasure, either to foreign states, or to its own subjects.	国家が資金を蓄積した場合、その資金の一部を外国や自国の臣民に貸し付けることができる。	amass|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	treasure|資金|noun|a collection of valuable things	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than your own	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign

The canton of Berne derives a considerable revenue by lending a part of its treasure to foreign states, that is, by placing it in the public funds of the different indebted nations of Europe, chiefly in those of France and England.	ベルン州は、その資金の一部を外国に貸し付けることによって、つまり、主にフランスとイギリスのヨーロッパのさまざまな負債国の公的資金にそれを置くことによって、かなりの収入を得ている。	canton|州|noun|a division of a country	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	revenue|収入|noun|income	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	treasure|資金|noun|a collection of valuable things	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	place|置く|verb|put something in a particular position	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in western Europe
The security of this revenue must depend, first, upon the security of the funds in which it is placed, or upon the good faith of the government which has the management of them;	この収入の安全性は、第一に、それが置かれている資金の安全性、またはそれらを管理している政府の誠実性に依存しなければならない。	security|安全性|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	place|置く|verb|put in a particular position	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	good faith|誠実性|noun|honesty or sincerity of intention
and, secondly, upon the certainty or probability of the continuance of peace with the debtor nation.	そして第二に、債務国との平和の継続の確実性または可能性に依存する。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	certainty|確実性|noun|the quality of being certain	probability|可能性|noun|the quality of being probable	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
In the case of a war, the very first act of hostility on the part of the debtor nation might be the forfeiture of the funds of its credit.	戦争の場合、債務国側の最初の敵対行為は、その信用資金の没収かもしれない。	in the case of|の場合|preposition|if	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	the very first|最初の|adjective|the earliest	act|行為|noun|something that is done	hostility|敵対|noun|unfriendliness or opposition	on the part of|側|preposition|by	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	might be|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of something as a penalty
This policy of lending money to foreign states is, so far as I know peculiar to the canton of Berne.	私の知る限り、外国に資金を貸し付けるこの政策は、ベルン州特有のものだ。	foreign state|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	so far as I know|私の知る限り|adverb|to the extent of my knowledge	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to a person, group, or thing	canton|州|noun|a division of a country

The city of Hamburgh {See Memoire concernant les Droites et Impositions en Europe tome i p. 73.}has established a sort of public pawn-shop, which lends money to the subjects of the state, upon pledges, at six per cent.	ハンブルグ市は、一種の公営質屋を設立し、国籍を問わず、質草を預けて6パーセントの利子で金を借りることができる。	Hamburgh|ハンブルグ|noun|a city in northern Germany	Memoire concernant les Droites et Impositions en Europe|ヨーロッパにおける関税と課税に関する覚書|noun|a book by Adam Smith	public|公営|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	pawn-shop|質屋|noun|a shop where people can borrow money by leaving something of value as a guarantee	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else that you expect them to return	state|国籍|noun|a nation or its territory	pledge|質草|noun|a thing that is given as a guarantee that a debt will be paid or that something will be done	six|6|noun|the number 6	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
interest.	利子。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
This pawn-shop, or lombard, as it is called, affords a revenue, it is pretended, to the state, of a hundred and fifty thousand crowns, which, at four and sixpence the crown, amounts to £33,750 sterling.	この質屋、あるいはロンバードと呼ばれるものは、国に15万クラウンの収入をもたらすと言われており、これは1クラウン4シリング6ペンスで3万3750ポンドに相当する。	pawn-shop|質屋|noun|a shop where people can borrow money by leaving personal property as security	lombard|ロンバード|noun|a person from Lombardy	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	hundred and fifty thousand|15万|numeral|150,000	crown|クラウン|noun|a former British coin with a value of five shillings	four and sixpence|4シリング6ペンス|numeral|4 shillings and 6 pence	amount to|相当する|verb|to be equal to	£33,750|3万3750ポンド|numeral|£33,750

The government of Pennsylvania, without amassing any treasure, invented a method of lending, not money, indeed, but what is equivalent to money, to its subjects.	ペンシルバニア政府は、資金を蓄積することなく、国民に金銭ではなく、金銭に相当するものを貸し付ける方法を発明した。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of North America	amass|蓄積する|verb|to gather together or acquire a large amount of something	treasure|資金|noun|a collection of valuable things	invent|発明する|verb|to create or design something that has not existed before	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	lending|貸し付ける|verb|to give someone money that they must pay back, usually with interest	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	subject|国民|noun|a person who lives in a particular country, state, or under a particular political system
By advancing to private people, at interest, and upon land security to double the value, paper bills of credit, to be redeemed fifteen years after their date;	利子付きで、価値の2倍の土地を担保に、発行から15年後に償還される紙幣を民間人に貸し付けることによって、	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to	private people|民間人|noun|a person who is not a member of the armed forces or a government official	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	land security|土地を担保に|noun|the use of land as collateral for a loan	double|2倍|adjective|twice as many or as much	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	paper bill|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	redeem|償還される|verb|exchange for money	fifteen years|15年|noun|a period of time equal to 15 years	date|発行|noun|the day, month, and year on which something is written, printed, or otherwise produced
and, in the mean time, made transferable from hand to hand, like banknotes, and declared by act of assembly to be a legal tender in all payments from one inhabitant of the province to another, it raised a moderate revenue, which went a considerable way towards defraying an annual expense of about £4,500, the whole ordinary expense of that frugal and orderly government.	その間に、銀行券のように手から手へと譲渡できるようにし、議会の議決により、州の住民同士の支払いにはすべて法定通貨として通用すると宣言したことで、適度な収入が得られ、その質素で秩序ある政府の通常経費全体である年間約4500ポンドの支出を賄う上でかなりの役割を果たした。	in the mean time|その間に|adverb|during the intervening period	transferable|譲渡できる|adjective|capable of being transferred	hand to hand|手から手へ|adjective|from one person to another	banknote|銀行券|noun|a piece of paper money	act of assembly|議会の議決|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	legal tender|法定通貨|noun|money that must be accepted if offered in payment of a debt	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	raise|得る|verb|to cause to be received	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme	revenue|収入|noun|income	go a considerable way towards|かなりの役割を果たす|verb|to make a significant contribution to	defraying|賄う|verb|to provide money for	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	orderly|秩序ある|adjective|arranged or organized in a neat, tidy, or systematic way	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
The success of an expedient of this kind must have depended upon three different circumstances: first, upon the demand for some other instrument of commerce, besides gold and silver money, or upon the demand for such a quantity of consumable stock as could not be had without sending abroad the greater part of their gold and silver money, in order to purchase it;	この種の便法の成功は、三つの異なる状況に依存していたに違いない。第一に、金銀貨幣以外の他の商業手段に対する需要、あるいは、それを購入するために金銀貨幣の大部分を海外に送らなければ手に入らないような消費財の需要である。	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	besides|以外|preposition|in addition to; apart from	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	abroad|海外|adverb|in or to a foreign country or countries	purchase|購入|verb|buy
secondly, upon the good credit of the government which made use of this expedient;	第二に、この便法を利用した政府の信用である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	upon|～に依存する|preposition|on	good credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	make use of|利用する|verb|to use something for a particular purpose	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end
and, thirdly, upon the moderation with which it was used, the whole value of the paper bills of credit never exceeding that of the gold and silver money which would have been necessary for carrying on their circulation, had there been no paper bills of credit.	第三に、それが使用された節度であり、紙幣の総額が、紙幣がなければ流通を続けるために必要だったであろう金銀貨幣の総額を超えることは決してなかった。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	paper bill|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	circulation|流通|noun|the movement of something from place to place or person to person	paper bill of credit|紙幣|noun|a piece of paper money
The same expedient was, upon different occasions, adopted by several other American colonies;	同じ便法が、別の機会に、他のいくつかのアメリカ植民地でも採用された。	same|同じ|adjective|not different	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	upon|際に|preposition|on	different|別の|adjective|not the same	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own
but, from want of this moderation, it produced, in the greater part of them, much more disorder than conveniency.	しかし、この節度が欠如していたため、その大部分において、便宜よりもはるかに多くの混乱が生じた。	want|欠如|noun|the state of being without something	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	produce|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	disorder|混乱|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that is convenient; an advantage

The unstable and perishable nature of stock and credit, however, renders them unfit to be trusted to as the principal funds of that sure, steady, and permanent revenue, which can alone give security and dignity to government.	しかし、株と信用の不安定で無常な性質は、それらを、政府に安全と威厳を与えることのできる唯一の確実で安定した永続的な収入の主要な資金として信頼するには不適当なものにしている。	unstable|不安定な|adjective|not stable; not firm or steady	perishable|無常な|adjective|liable to perish; subject to decay, destruction, or death	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	render|する|verb|cause to be or become; make	unfit|不適当な|adjective|not fit; unsuitable	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance; chief	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	sure|確実な|adjective|certain to happen or be the case	steady|安定した|adjective|firm or stable in position or movement	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged indefinitely	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	dignity|威厳|noun|the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect
The government of no great nation, that was advanced beyond the shepherd state, seems ever to have derived the greater part of its public revenue from such sources.	羊飼いの国家を超えて進歩した大国の政府は、その公的収入の大部分をそのような源泉から得たことは一度もなかったようである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	shepherd|羊飼い|noun|a person who looks after sheep	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	advance|進歩する|verb|move forward	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained

Land is a fund of more stable and permanent nature;	土地は、より安定した永続的な性質の資金である。	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	stable|安定した|adjective|not likely to change or fail	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something
and the rent of public lands, accordingly, has been the principal source of the public revenue of many a great nation that was much advanced beyond the shepherd state.	したがって、公有地の地代は、羊飼いの国家をはるかに超えて進歩した多くの大国の公的収入の主要な源泉となってきた。	public land|公有地|noun|land owned by the government	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government	shepherd state|羊飼いの国家|noun|a nation that relies on shepherding as its main economic activity	principal source|主要な源泉|noun|the main source of something
From the produce or rent of the public lands, the ancient republics of Greece and Italy derived for a long time the greater part of that revenue which defrayed the necessary expenses of the commonwealth.	古代ギリシャとイタリアの共和国は、長い間、公有地の産物や地代から、連邦の必要経費を賄う収入の大部分を得ていた。	public land|公有地|noun|land owned by the government	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	revenue|収入|noun|income	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	necessary expense|必要経費|noun|an expense that is required	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit
The rent of the crown lands constituted for a long time the greater part of the revenue of the ancient sovereigns of Europe.	王領地の地代は、長い間、ヨーロッパの古代君主の収入の大部分を占めていた。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	crown land|王領地|noun|land owned by the monarch	constitute|占める|verb|be or form a part of	long time|長い間|noun|a period of time that is long	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

War, and the preparation for war, are the two circumstances which, in modern times, occasion the greater part of the necessary expense or all great states.	戦争と戦争の準備は、現代において、すべての大国の必要経費の大部分を占める二つの状況である。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	preparation|準備|noun|the action or process of making ready or being made ready for use or consideration	modern times|現代|noun|the present period of history	occasion|占める|verb|be the cause of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	necessary expense|必要経費|noun|the cost of doing business	great state|大国|noun|a powerful and influential nation
But in the ancient republics of Greece and Italy, every citizen was a soldier, and both served, and prepared himself for service, at his own expense.	しかし、古代ギリシャやイタリアの共和国では、すべての市民が兵士であり、自費で従軍し、従軍の準備をしていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	Greece|ギリシャ|noun|a country in southeastern Europe	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in southern Europe	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	soldier|兵士|noun|one engaged in military service and especially in the army	serve|従軍する|verb|be a member of the armed forces	prepare|準備する|verb|make ready for use or consideration	expense|自費|noun|something paid out or to be paid out
Neither of those two circumstances, therefore, could occasion any very considerable expense to the state.	したがって、この二つの状況はどちらも、国家に大きな出費を強いることはなかった。	neither|どちらも|determiner|not either	those two|この二つの|determiner|the two mentioned	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	occasion|強いる|verb|cause or produce	any|大きな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	very|大きな|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	considerable|大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The rent of a very moderate landed estate might be fully sufficient for defraying all the other necessary expenses of government.	ごく普通の土地の地代で、政府の他の必要経費をすべて賄うのに十分だったかもしれない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	moderate|普通の|adjective|average or ordinary	landed estate|土地|noun|a large area of land	fully sufficient|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

In the ancient monarchies of Europe, the manners and customs of the time sufficiently prepared the great body of the people for war;	ヨーロッパの古代君主制では、当時の風習や習慣が、国民の大部分を戦争に十分に備えさせていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	monarchy|君主制|noun|a political system in which a monarch rules	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	manner|風習|noun|a way of behaving	custom|習慣|noun|a way of behaving that is usual and traditional among the people in a particular group or place	time|当時|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	prepare|備えさせる|verb|make ready or suitable for a particular purpose or for some use, event, or course of action	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	body|国民|noun|the main part of a person's or animal's body	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
and when they took the field, they were, by the condition of their feudal tenures, to be maintained either at their own expense, or at that of their immediate lords, without bringing any new charge upon the sovereign.	そして、彼らが戦場に赴くときには、封建的保有の条件によって、彼ら自身の費用で、あるいは彼らの直属の領主の費用で維持され、君主に新たな負担をかけることはなかった。	take the field|戦場に赴く|verb|go to a place where a battle is being fought	feudal tenure|封建的保有|noun|the holding of land by a vassal in exchange for military service	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before something else can happen or be done	own expense|自費|noun|the cost of something paid for by the person who owns it	immediate lord|直属の領主|noun|the person who owns the land that a vassal holds	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
The other expenses of government were, the greater part of them, very moderate.	政府の他の支出は、その大部分が非常に控えめだった。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	moderate|控えめ|adjective|not extreme or excessive
The administration of justice, it has been shewn, instead of being a cause of expense was a source of revenue.	司法行政は、すでに示したように、支出の原因ではなく、収入源だった。	administration of justice|司法行政|noun|the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state	cause of expense|支出の原因|noun|something that causes money to be spent	source of revenue|収入源|noun|a source of income
The labour of the country people, for three days before, and for three days after, harvest, was thought a fund sufficient for making and maintaining all the bridges, highways, and other public works, which the commerce of the country was supposed to require.	収穫前三日と収穫後三日の農民の労働は、国の商業に必要とされるすべての橋、街道、その他の公共事業の建設と維持に十分な資金になると考えられていた。	country people|農民|noun|people who live in the country	three days before|収穫前三日|noun|the three days before a certain event	three days after|収穫後三日|noun|the three days after a certain event	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	make|建設|verb|construct or create something	maintain|維持|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	bridge|橋|noun|a structure built over a river, road, or railway to allow people or vehicles to cross from one side to the other	highway|街道|noun|a main road, especially one connecting major towns or cities	public work|公共事業|noun|a project or service that is provided by the government for the benefit of the public	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
In those days the principal expense of the sovereign seems to have consisted in the maintenance of his own family and household.	当時、君主の主な支出は、自分の家族と家計の維持にあったようだ。	those days|当時|noun|a time in the past	principal|主な|adjective|most important	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	household|家計|noun|a group of people living together in one residence
The officers of his household, accordingly, were then the great officers of state.	したがって、当時の君主の家臣は、国家の高官でもあった。	officer|家臣|noun|a person who holds a position of authority or command	household|君主|noun|a person who rules a country or territory	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The lord treasurer received his rents.	大蔵卿は君主の地代を受け取った。	lord treasurer|大蔵卿|noun|the head of the treasury	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something
The lord steward and lord chamberlain looked after the expense of his family.	宮内大臣と侍従長は君主の家族の支出を管理した。	lord steward|宮内大臣|noun|the head of the royal household	lord chamberlain|侍従長|noun|the chief officer of the royal household	look after|管理する|verb|take care of	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The care of his stables was committed to the lord constable and the lord marshal.	君主の厩舎の管理は、大法官と大元帥に委ねられていた。	care|管理|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	stable|厩舎|noun|a building for housing horses	commit|委ねる|verb|do or perform	lord constable|大法官|noun|the highest-ranking official in the British judicial system	lord marshal|大元帥|noun|the highest-ranking military official in the British armed forces
His houses were all built in the form of castles, and seem to have been the principal fortresses which he possessed.	君主の住居はすべて城の形で建てられ、君主が所有する主要な要塞だったようだ。	house|住居|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	build|建てる|verb|construct (something) by putting parts or material together over a period of time	castle|城|noun|a large building, typically made of stone, with towers and high walls, built in the past as a place of defence	seem|ようだ|verb|give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	fortress|要塞|noun|a military building designed to be defended against an enemy attack
The keepers of those houses or castles might be considered as a sort of military governors.	これらの住居や城の管理人は、一種の軍事総督と見なすことができる。	keeper|管理人|noun|a person who has the care, custody, or management of something	house|住居|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	castle|城|noun|a large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with towers, battlements, and often a moat	consider|見なす|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	governor|総督|noun|the person appointed to govern a colony, state, or province
They seem to have been the only military officers whom it was necessary to maintain in time of peace.	彼らは平和な時代に維持する必要があった唯一の軍事将校だったようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	officer|将校|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
In these circumstances, the rent of a great landed estate might, upon ordinary occasions, very well defray all the necessary expenses of government.	このような状況では、大規模な土地の賃借料は、通常の場合には、政府の必要な経費をすべて賄うことができる。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	landed estate|土地|noun|an area of land and the buildings on it	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

In the present state of the greater part of the civilized monarchies of Europe, the rent of all the lands in the country, managed as they probably would be, if they all belonged to one proprietor, would scarce, perhaps, amount to the ordinary revenue which they levy upon the people even in peaceable times.	ヨーロッパの文明化された君主国の大部分の現状では、国内のすべての土地の賃借料は、おそらくそうであるように管理されているが、もしそれらがすべて一人の所有者に属していたら、おそらく平和な時代でさえ人々から徴収する通常の収入に達することはないであろう。	In the present state of|現状では|noun phrase|in the current situation	the greater part of|大部分|noun phrase|the majority of	the civilized monarchies of Europe|ヨーロッパの文明化された君主国|noun phrase|the monarchies in Europe that have been civilized	the rent of|賃借料|noun phrase|the amount of money paid to use something	all the lands in the country|国内のすべての土地|noun phrase|all the land in the country	managed as they probably would be|おそらくそうであるように管理されている|verb phrase|managed in the way that they probably would be	if they all belonged to one proprietor|もしそれらがすべて一人の所有者に属していたら|conditional phrase|if they all belonged to one owner	would scarce, perhaps, amount to|おそらく達することはないであろう|verb phrase|would probably not amount to	the ordinary revenue|通常の収入|noun phrase|the revenue that is usually received	which they levy upon the people|人々から徴収する|relative clause|that they levy upon the people	even in peaceable times|平和な時代でさえ|adverb phrase|even in times of peace
The ordinary revenue of Great Britain, for example, including not only what is necessary for defraying the current expense of the year, but for paying the interest of the public debts, and for sinking a part of the capital of those debts, amounts to upwards of ten millions a-year.	例えば、英国の通常の収入は、その年の当面の経費を賄うために必要なものだけでなく、公債の利子を支払い、それらの債務の元本の一部を償却するために必要なものも含めて、年間1000万ポンド以上にのぼる。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	ordinary revenue|通常の収入|noun|the income that a government or company receives from its normal business activities	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	current expense|当面の経費|noun|the cost of doing business that is incurred in the current period	public debts|公債|noun|money that a government owes to people who have bought its bonds	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	sinking|償却|verb|gradually reduce the value of an asset over a period of time	capital|元本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	upwards of|以上に|adverb|more than	ten millions|1000万|noun|a very large number	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
But the land tax, at four shillings in the pound, falls short of two millions a-year.	しかし、地租は1ポンド4シリングで、年間200万ポンドに満たない。	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	fall short of|満たない|verb|be insufficient or inadequate	two millions|200万|noun|a very large number	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
This land tax, as it is called however, is supposed to be one-fifth, not only of the rent of all the land, but of that of all the houses, and of the interest of all the capital stock of Great Britain, that part of it only excepted which is either lent to the public, or employed as farming stock in the cultivation of land.	しかし、この地租は、すべての土地の賃借料だけでなく、すべての住宅の賃借料、および英国のすべての資本金の利子の5分の1であると考えられており、そのうちの一部だけが公衆に貸し付けられたり、土地の耕作に農業用株として使われたりしている。	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	interest|利子|noun|a payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has received from its owners in exchange for shares	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	land cultivation|土地の耕作|noun|the process of preparing land for growing crops
A very considerable part of the produce of this tax arises from the rent of houses and the interest of capital stock.	この税の収入の非常に大きな部分は、住宅の賃借料と資本金の利子から生じている。	a very considerable part|非常に大きな部分|noun phrase|a large portion	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money
The land tax of the city of London, for example, at four shillings in the pound, amounts to £123,399: 6: 7; that of the city of Westminster to £63,092: 1: 5; that of the palaces of Whitehall and St. James’s, to £30,754: 6: 3.	例えば、ロンドン市の地租は、1ポンド4シリングで、123399ポンド6シリング7ペンスにのぼり、ウェストミンスター市の地租は、63092ポンド1シリング5ペンス、ホワイトホール宮殿とセント・ジェームズ宮殿の地租は、30754ポンド6シリング3ペンスにのぼる。	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equivalent to	Westminster|ウェストミンスター|noun|a city in central London	Whitehall|ホワイトホール|noun|a street in central London	St. James's|セント・ジェームズ|noun|a district in central London
A certain proportion of the land tax is, in the same manner, assessed upon all the other cities and towns corporate in the kingdom;	地租の一定割合は、同様に、王国の他のすべての都市や町に課せられる。	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	certain proportion|一定割合|noun|a fixed part of a whole	same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	all the other|他のすべての|determiner|the remaining ones	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen
and arises almost altogether, either from the rent of houses, or from what is supposed to be the interest of trading and capital stock.	そして、ほとんどすべてが、住宅の賃借料か、貿易や資本金の利子と考えられる収入から生じている。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment
According to the estimation, therefore, by which Great Britain is rated to the land tax, the whole mass of revenue arising from the rent of all the lands, from that of all the houses, and from the interest of all the capital stock, that part of it only excepted which is either lent to the public, or employed in the cultivation of land, does not exceed ten millions sterling a-year, the ordinary revenue which government levies upon the people, even in peaceable times.	したがって、イギリスが地租を課せられる評価によると、すべての土地の賃借料、すべての住宅の賃借料、すべての資本金の利子から生じる収入の総額は、公衆に貸し付けられるか、土地の耕作に使用される部分を除いて、政府が平和な時期でさえ国民に課す通常の収入である年間1000万スターリングを超えない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	capital stock|資本金|noun|the total amount of money that a company has available to spend	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	ten millions|1000万|noun|a very large number	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	peaceable|平和な|adjective|inclined to avoid conflict or dissent
The estimation by which Great Britain is rated to the land tax is, no doubt, taking the whole kingdom at an average, very much below the real value;	イギリスが地租を課せられる評価は、間違いなく、王国全体を平均すると、実際の価値をはるかに下回っている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	estimation|評価|noun|the action of estimating something	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money that it can be exchanged for
though in several particular counties and districts it is said to be nearly equal to that value.	いくつかの特定の郡や地区では、その価値とほぼ等しいと言われている。	county|郡|noun|a territorial division of a state	district|地区|noun|a territorial division of a country	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The rent of the lands alone, exclusive of that of houses and of the interest of stock, has by many people been estimated at twenty millions;	土地の賃借料だけでも、住宅の賃借料や資本金の利子を除いて、多くの人が2000万と見積もっている。	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	stock|資本金|noun|the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	twenty million|2000万|noun|a number equal to the product of twenty and one million
an estimation made in a great measure at random, and which, I apprehend, is as likely to be above as below the truth.	かなり無作為に行われた見積もりであり、私の理解では、真実より上回る可能性も下回る可能性もある。	estimation|見積もり|noun|an approximate calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	great measure|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	at random|無作為に|adverb|without a definite aim, direction, rule, or method	apprehend|理解する|verb|perceive or understand	above|上回る|preposition|in or to a higher place or position	below|下回る|preposition|in or to a lower place or position	truth|真実|noun|the quality or state of being true
But if the lands of Great Britain, in the present state of their cultivation, do not afford a rent of more than twenty millions a-year, they could not well afford the half, most probably not the fourth part of that rent, if they all belonged to a single proprietor, and were put under the negligent, expensive, and oppressive management of his factors and agents.	しかし、イギリスの土地が、現在の耕作状態では、年間2000万以上の地代を支払えないのであれば、もしそれらがすべて単一の所有者に属し、その所有者の代理人や代理人の怠慢で高額で抑圧的な管理下に置かれたとしたら、その地代の半分、おそらく4分の1も支払えなかっただろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	afford|支払う|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts into which something is or can be divided	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	single|単一の|adjective|only one	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	negligent|怠慢な|adjective|failing to take proper care in doing something	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
The crown lands of Great Britain do not at present afford the fourth part of the rent which could probably be drawn from them if they were the property of private persons.	イギリスの王領地は、現在、私有地であればおそらくそこから得られるであろう地代の4分の1も支払っていない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	crown land|王領地|noun|land owned by the monarch	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	afford|支払う|verb|be able to pay for	fourth|4分の1|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	private person|私有地|noun|a person who is not a public official or a member of the military
If the crown lands were more extensive, it is probable, they would be still worse managed.	もし王領地がもっと広ければ、おそらくもっとひどい管理になるだろう。	crown land|王領地|noun|land owned by the monarch	extensive|広い|adjective|covering a large area	probable|ありうる|adjective|likely to happen or be true	worse|もっとひどい|adjective|of poorer quality or a lower standard	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of; run

The revenue which the great body of the people derives from land is, in proportion, not to the rent, but to the produce of the land.	国民の大多数が土地から得る収入は、地代ではなく、土地の生産物に比例している。	revenue|収入|noun|income	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	derive|得る|verb|obtain or receive	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
The whole annual produce of the land of every country, if we except what is reserved for seed, is either annually consumed by the great body of the people, or exchanged for something else that is consumed by them.	どの国の土地の年間生産物も、種子用に確保されているものを除けば、毎年、国民の大多数によって消費されるか、彼らが消費する何かと交換される。	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	except|除く|verb|not include; leave out	seed|種子|noun|a plant's unit of reproduction	reserve|確保する|verb|keep for future use	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive something in return	something|何か|noun|an unspecified thing
Whatever keeps down the produce of the land below what it would otherwise rise to, keeps down the revenue of the great body of the people, still more than it does that of the proprietors of land.	土地の生産物を、そうでなければ上昇するであろう水準より低く抑えるものは何であれ、土地所有者の収入よりも、国民の大多数の収入をさらに低く抑える。	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	revenue|収入|noun|income	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
The rent of land, that portion of the produce which belongs to the proprietors, is scarce anywhere in Great Britain supposed to be more than a third part of the whole produce.	土地の地代、つまり生産物のうち所有者に属する部分は、イギリスのどこでも、生産物全体の三分の一以上になることはほとんどない。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	whole|全体|noun|all of something; the entire amount
If the land which, in one state of cultivation, affords a revenue of ten millions sterling a-year, would in another afford a rent of twenty millions;	ある耕作状態では年間一千万ポンドの収入をもたらす土地が、別の耕作状態では二千万ポンドの地代をもたらすならば、	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	revenue|収入|noun|income	ten millions|一千万|noun|ten million	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	year|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	another|別の|adjective|different	twenty millions|二千万|noun|twenty million	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
the rent being, in both cases, supposed a third part of the produce, the revenue of the proprietors would be less than it otherwise might be, by ten millions a-year only;	どちらの場合も地代が生産物の三分の一だとすると、所有者の収入は、そうでなければありうる額より、年間一千万ポンドだけ少ないことになる。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	both|どちらも|adjective|the two people or things mentioned	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	revenue|収入|noun|income	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	ten millions|一千万|noun|a very large number	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun
but the revenue of the great body of the people would be less than it otherwise might be, by thirty millions a-year, deducting only what would be necessary for seed.	しかし、国民の大多数の収入は、種子に必要な分だけを差し引いて、そうでなければありうる額より、年間三千万ポンドだけ少ないことになる。	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	revenue|収入|noun|income	less than|より少ない|preposition|not as much as	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	thirty millions|三千万|noun|thirty million	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year	deducting|差し引いて|verb|subtract	necessary|必要な|adjective|required	seed|種子|noun|a plant's unit of reproduction
The population of the country would be less by the number of people which thirty millions a-year, deducting always the seed, could maintain, according to the particular mode of living, and expense which might take place in the different ranks of men, among whom the remainder was distributed.	国の人口は、種子を差し引いた三千万ポンドが、残りの部分が分配される人々のさまざまな階級で生じうる特定の生活様式や支出に応じて、維持できる人数だけ少なくなる。	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular area or country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	thirty millions|三千万|noun|a number equal to 30,000,000	a-year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	seed|種子|noun|a small object produced by a plant that can develop into a new plant	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	mode|様式|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	living|生活|noun|the condition or state of being alive	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	take place|生じる|verb|happen or occur	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as each other or as another	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces or police force	among|間に|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people

Though there is not at present in Europe, any civilized state of any kind which derives the greater part of its public revenue from the rent of lands which are the property of the state;	現在ヨーロッパには、国家の所有する土地の地代から公的収入の大部分を得ている文明国は存在しないが、	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	civilized state|文明国|noun|a state that has a high level of culture and development	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory; a nation or its government
yet, in all the great monarchies of Europe, there are still many large tracts of land which belong to the crown.	それでも、ヨーロッパのすべての大君主国には、王室に属する広大な土地がまだたくさんある。	yet|それでも|adverb|nevertheless; even so; still	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	monarchy|君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a monarch	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and their family
They are generally forest, and sometimes forests where, after travelling several miles, you will scarce find a single tree;	それらはたいてい森林であり、ときには数マイルも旅した後でさえ、一本も木を見つけられないような森林である。	generally|たいてい|adverb|in most cases; usually	forest|森林|noun|a large area of land covered with trees	sometimes|ときには|adverb|occasionally; at times	several|数|adjective|more than two but not very many	mile|マイル|noun|a unit of length equal to 1.609 kilometers	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	single|一本|adjective|only one; not one of several
a mere waste and loss of country, in respect both of produce and population.	生産物と人口の両方に関して、国の単なる浪費と損失である。	waste|浪費|noun|the act of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	loss|損失|noun|the act of losing something	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	respect|に関して|noun|a particular aspect or point	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	population|人口|noun|the total number of people inhabiting a country, city, or any other area
In every great monarchy of Europe, the sale of the crown lands would produce a very large sum of money, which, if applied to the payment of the public debts, would deliver from mortgage a much greater revenue than any which those lands have ever afforded to the crown.	ヨーロッパのすべての大君主国では、王室の土地の売却は非常に多額の資金を生み出し、それを公的債務の支払いに充てれば、それらの土地が王室に提供してきたどの収入よりもはるかに大きな収入を抵当から得ることができるだろう。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	monarchy|君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a monarch	crown land|王室の土地|noun|land that belongs to the monarch	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	large sum of money|多額の資金|noun|a lot of money	public debt|公的債務|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes	payment|支払い|noun|the transfer of money from one party to another	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other lender lends money to someone to buy a property, and the property is used as security for the loan	revenue|収入|noun|income	afford|提供する|verb|to be able to pay for something	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and their family
In countries where lands, improved and cultivated very highly, and yielding, at the time of sale, as great a rent as can easily be got from them, commonly sell at thirty years purchase;	土地が非常に高度に改良され耕作され、売却時にそれらから簡単に得られる限りの大きな地代を生み出している国では、通常三十年分の収入で売却される。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	highly|高度に|adverb|to a high degree or level	yield|生み出す|verb|produce or provide	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	sell|売却される|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money
the unimproved, uncultivated, and low-rented crown lands, might well be expected to sell at forty, fifty, or sixty years purchase.	未改良で未耕作で低地代の王室の土地は、四十年分、五十年分、あるいは六十年分の収入で売却されることが期待できるだろう。	unimproved|未改良の|adjective|not improved	uncultivated|未耕作の|adjective|not cultivated	low-rented|低地代の|adjective|having a low rent	crown land|王室の土地|noun|land owned by the monarch	sell|売却される|verb|exchange or deliver for money	forty|四十年分|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	fifty|五十年分|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and ten	sixty|六十年分|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of six and ten	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	purchase|収入|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it
The crown might immediately enjoy the revenue which this great price would redeem from mortgage.	王室は、この高額で抵当から買い戻される収入をすぐに享受できるだろう。	crown|王室|noun|the monarch or the monarch's power	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	revenue|収入|noun|income	great|高額|adjective|of major significance or importance	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	redeem|買い戻す|verb|buy back	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt
In the course of a few years, it would probably enjoy another revenue.	数年のうちに、王室はおそらく別の収入を享受するだろう。	in the course of|うちに|adverb|during	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
When the crown lands had become private property, they would, in the course of a few years, become well improved and well cultivated.	王室の土地が私有財産になったら、数年のうちに、それらは十分に改良され、十分に耕作されるだろう。	crown land|王室の土地|noun|land owned by the monarch	become|なる|verb|come to be	private property|私有財産|noun|property owned by a private person or group	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years	well improved|十分に改良される|adjective|made much better	well cultivated|十分に耕作される|adjective|grown with care
The increase of their produce would increase the population of the country, by augmenting the revenue and consumption of the people.	その生産物の増加は、人々の収入と消費を増大させることで、国の人口を増加させるだろう。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	population|人口|noun|the total number of people living in a particular country or area	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
But the revenue which the crown derives from the duties or custom and excise, would necessarily increase with the revenue and consumption of the people.	しかし、王室が関税や消費税から得る収入は、必然的に人々の収入と消費の増加に伴って増加するだろう。	crown|王室|noun|the monarch or the monarch's power	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods or services	revenue|収入|noun|income	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource

The revenue which, in any civilized monarchy, the crown derives from the crown lands, though it appears to cost nothing to individuals, in reality costs more to the society than perhaps any other equal revenue which the crown enjoys.	どんな文明化した君主国でも、王室が王室の土地から得る収入は、個人には何の費用もかかっていないように見えるが、実際には、王室が享受する他の同額の収入よりも、社会に多くの費用がかかっている。	revenue|収入|noun|income	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development	monarchy|君主国|noun|a country that is ruled by a king or queen	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and his or her family	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	crown land|王室の土地|noun|land that belongs to the monarch	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	cost|費用|noun|the price paid for something	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in
It would, in all cases, be for the interest of the society, to replace this revenue to the crown by some other equal revenue, and to divide the lands among the people, which could not well be done better, perhaps, than by exposing them to public sale.	いずれにせよ、この収入を他の同額の収入に置き換えて王室に収め、土地を国民に分配することは、おそらく公売にかけるよりも良い方法はないだろうが、社会の利益になるだろう。	in all cases|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances	be for the interest of|の利益になる|verb|be beneficial to	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	replace|置き換える|verb|take the place of	revenue|収入|noun|income	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and their family	divide|分配する|verb|split or separate into parts	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or region	could not well be done better|良い方法はないだろう|verb|there is no better way	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	by exposing them to public sale|公売にかける|verb|sell something to the public

Lands, for the purposes of pleasure and magnificence, parks, gardens, public walks, etc.	土地、娯楽や壮大さのために、公園、庭園、公共の散歩道など。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	pleasure|娯楽|noun|an activity that you enjoy doing	magnificence|壮大さ|noun|the quality of being impressive or very good	park|公園|noun|a large area of land with grass and trees, in a town, where people go in order to relax and enjoy themselves	garden|庭園|noun|an area of land where plants, such as flowers, fruit, and vegetables, are grown	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	walk|散歩道|noun|the action of moving at a regular and fairly slow pace by lifting and setting down each foot in turn, never having both feet off the ground at once
possessions which are everywhere considered as causes of expense, not as sources of revenue, seem to be the only lands which, in a great and civilized monarchy, ought to belong to the crown.	どこでも収入源ではなく支出の原因と考えられている所有物は、偉大で文明化した君主国において、王室に属するべき唯一の土地であるように思われる。	possession|所有物|noun|something that you own	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or to say what is right or desirable	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and their family

Public stock and public lands, therefore, the two sources of revenue which may peculiarly belong to the sovereign or commonwealth, being both improper and insufficient funds for defraying the necessary expense of any great and civilized state;	したがって、公的資金と公有地は、主権者や連邦に特有の収入源であるが、いずれも偉大で文明化した国家の必要経費を賄うには不適切かつ不十分な資金である。	public stock|公的資金|noun|the stock of a company that is traded on a public stock exchange	public land|公有地|noun|land owned by the government	revenue|収入|noun|income	peculiarly|特有の|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or right	insufficient|不十分な|adjective|not enough	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	civilized|文明化した|adjective|having a high level of culture and development
it remains that this expense must, the greater part of it, be defrayed by taxes of one kind or another;	残るは、この支出の大部分を何らかの税金で賄わなければならないということである。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	be defrayed|賄われる|verb|be paid for	one kind or another|何らかの|noun|some kind or another	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
the people contributing a part of their own private revenue, in order to make up a public revenue to the sovereign or commonwealth.	国民は、主権者や連邦に公共収入を補填するために、自らの私的収入の一部を拠出している。	contribute|拠出する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	revenue|収入|noun|income	make up|補填する|verb|to compensate for something	public|公共|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit

PART II.	第二部	PART II|第二部|noun|the second part of something
Of Taxes.	税について	of|について|preposition|on the subject of	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

The private revenue of individuals, it has been shown in the first book of this Inquiry, arises, ultimately from three different sources;	個人の私的収入は、この研究の第一巻で示したように、最終的には三つの異なる源泉から生じる。	private revenue|私的収入|noun|the income of an individual or household	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	first book|第一巻|noun|the first volume of a work	inquiry|研究|noun|an investigation or examination	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	ultimately|最終的には|adverb|finally; in the end	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained
rent, profit, and wages.	地代、利潤、賃金である。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
Every tax must finally be paid from some one or other of those three different sources of revenue, or from all of them indifferently.	あらゆる税は、最終的には、この三つの異なる収入源のいずれか、あるいは無差別にすべてから支払われなければならない。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	some one or other|いずれか|noun|one or the other	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other
I shall endeavour to give the best account I can, first, of those taxes which, it is intended should fall upon rent;	私はまず、地代に課税されるべき税について、できる限り説明するよう努力する。	give an account|説明する|verb|to provide an explanation or justification for something	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	those taxes|それらの税|noun|the taxes that are being discussed	fall upon|課税される|verb|to be imposed on or levied on	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property
secondly, of those which, it is intended should fall upon profit;	次に、利潤に課税されるべき税について説明する。	secondly|次に|adverb|in the second place	fall upon|課税される|verb|be imposed on	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
thirdly, of those which, it is intended should fall upon wages;	三番目に、賃金に課税されるべき税について説明する。	thirdly|三番目に|adverb|in the third place	fall upon|課税される|verb|be imposed on	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
and fourthly, of those which, it is intended should fall indifferently upon all those three different sources of private revenue.	そして四番目に、私的収入の三つの異なる源泉すべてに無差別に課税されるべき税について説明する。	fourthly|四番目に|adverb|in the fourth place	fall|課税される|verb|be imposed or levied	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without distinction or preference	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes or is obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
The particular consideration of each of these four different sorts of taxes will divide the second part of the present chapter into four articles, three of which will require several other subdivisions.	これらの四つの異なる種類の税のそれぞれについて個別に考察することで、本章の第二部は四つの節に分けられ、そのうち三つはさらにいくつかの細分が必要となる。	particular|個別の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	consideration|考察|noun|careful thought, typically over a period of time, about a possible course of action	each|それぞれ|determiner|every one of two or more people or things	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another thing	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	divide|分ける|verb|separate or be separated into parts	second|第二|numeral|coming after the first in position	part|部|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	four|四つ|numeral|the number 4	article|節|noun|a particular item or section of a writing	three|三つ|numeral|the number 3	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	several|いくつかの|determiner|more than two but not many	subdivision|細分|noun|a division of a part into smaller parts
Many of these taxes, it will appear from the following review, are not finally paid from the fund, or source of revenue, upon which it is intended they should fall.	これらの税の多くは、以下の考察から明らかなように、最終的には課税されるべき資金や収入源から支払われるわけではない。	many of|多くの|noun|a large number of	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	appear|明らかなように|verb|be obvious or evident	review|考察|noun|a formal assessment of something with the intention of instituting change if necessary	finally|最終的には|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	fall|課税される|verb|be subject to (a tax or other imposition)

Before I enter upon the examination of particular taxes, it is necessary to premise the four following maxims with regard to taxes in general.	個々の税の検討に入る前に、税一般に関して以下の四つの格言を前提としておく必要がある。	enter upon|入る|verb|to begin to be engaged in	examination|検討|noun|the act of inspecting or investigating	particular|個々の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	premise|前提|noun|a statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion	four|四つ|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	regard|に関して|verb|to think of or consider in a specified way	general|一般|adjective|involving, applicable to, or affecting the whole

1. The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities;	一、あらゆる国家の臣民は、できるだけ各自の能力に応じて、政府の維持に貢献すべきである。	1|一|number|one	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other sovereign	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	support|維持|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or other resources	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	ability|能力|noun|the physical or mental power or skill to do something
that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.	つまり、国家の保護のもとで各自が享受する収入に応じてである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	in proportion to|に応じて|adverb|in a manner that is in a direct relationship to something else	revenue|収入|noun|income	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation, is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate.	大国の国民にとっての政府の支出は、大地所の共同借地人にとっての管理費のようなもので、借地人はみな地所における各自の利害に応じて負担する義務がある。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	individual|国民|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	great nation|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	joint tenant|共同借地人|noun|a person who holds a property jointly with one or more other people	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	estate|地所|noun|a large piece of land in the country, usually with a large house on it	proportion|応じて|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	interest|利害|noun|a right or title to property	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something by law or social convention
In the observation or neglect of this maxim, consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation.	この格言を守るか無視するかによって、課税の平等性または不平等性と呼ばれるものが生じる。	observation|守る|noun|the act of observing something	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	consist|生じる|verb|be composed or made up of	equality|平等性|noun|the state of being equal	inequality|不平等性|noun|the state of being unequal	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes
Every tax, it must be observed once for all, which falls finally upon one only of the three sorts of revenue above mentioned, is necessarily unequal, in so far as it does not affect the other two.	あらゆる税は、一度はっきりと理解しておかなければならないが、最終的に上記の三種類の収入のうち一つだけに課せられるものは、他の二つに影響しない限り、必然的に不平等である。	every tax|あらゆる税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	once for all|一度はっきりと|adverb|once and for all; finally and conclusively	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	two|二つ|noun|the number 2
In the following examination of different taxes, I shall seldom take much farther notice of this sort of inequality;	以下、さまざまな税を検討するが、この種の不平等についてはほとんど言及しない。	examination|検討|noun|the act of inspecting or investigating something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal
but shall, in most cases, confine my observations to that inequality which is occasioned by a particular tax falling unequally upon that particular sort of private revenue which is affected by it.	ほとんどの場合、特定の税が影響を受ける特定の種類の私的収入に不平等に課せられることによる不平等に観察を限定する。	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall|課せられる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	unequally|不平等に|adverb|in an unequal manner	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature

2. The tax which each individual is bound to pay, ought to be certain and not arbitrary.	二、各個人が支払うべき税は、確実なものであり、恣意的であってはならない。	2|二|numeral|the number 2	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	bound|支払うべき|adjective|obliged or required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	ought to|であるべき|auxiliary verb|should	certain|確実な|adjective|having or showing confidence and certainty	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to every other person.	支払時期、支払方法、支払額は、すべて納税者および他のすべての人にとって明確でなければならない。	time|時期|noun|the space or span of time	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	quantity|額|noun|the amount or number of something	ought|～べきである|auxiliary verb|should	clear|明確|adjective|easy to understand	plain|明確|adjective|easy to understand	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax	every other|他のすべての|determiner|each of the remaining members of a group
Where it is otherwise, every person subject to the tax is put more or less in the power of the tax-gatherer, who can either aggravate the tax upon any obnoxious contributor, or extort, by the terror of such aggravation, some present or perquisite to himself.	そうでない場合、課税対象者は多かれ少なかれ徴税吏の権力に服することになり、徴税吏は気に入らない納税者の税を重くしたり、そうした重税の恐怖を利用して、自分への贈り物や収入を強要したりすることができる。	be subject to|服する|verb|be under the control or influence of	tax-gatherer|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	aggravate|重くする|verb|make worse	obnoxious|気に入らない|adjective|extremely unpleasant	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays taxes	extort|強要する|verb|obtain by force, threats, or other unfair means	present|贈り物|noun|a gift	perquisite|収入|noun|a benefit to which one is entitled as an addition to one's regular income
The uncertainty of taxation encourages the insolence, and favours the corruption, of an order of men who are naturally unpopular, even where they are neither insolent nor corrupt.	課税の不確実性は、横柄でも腐敗もしていない場合でさえ、もともと人気がない人々の横柄さを助長し、腐敗を助長する。	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	encourage|助長する|verb|give support to	insolence|横柄さ|noun|the quality of being rude and disrespectful	favour|助長する|verb|give support to	corruption|腐敗|noun|the act of corrupting or state of being corrupt	naturally|もともと|adverb|in a natural manner	unpopular|人気がない|adjective|not liked by many people	insolent|横柄な|adjective|rude and disrespectful	corrupt|腐敗した|adjective|having or showing a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain
The certainty of what each individual ought to pay is, in taxation, a matter of so great importance, that a very considerable degree of inequality, it appears, I believe, from the experience of all nations, is not near so great an evil as a very small degree of uncertainty.	各個人が支払うべき税額の確実性は、課税において非常に重要な問題であり、非常に大きな不平等でさえ、すべての国の経験から、ごくわずかな不確実性ほど大きな悪ではないと思われる。	certainty|確実性|noun|the state of being certain	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	matter|問題|noun|a subject of concern	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	evil|悪|noun|something that is harmful or undesirable	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain

3. Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.	3.すべての税は、納税者が支払うのに最も都合の良い時期または方法で徴収されるべきである。	3|3|number|three	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ought to be|べきである|auxiliary verb|should be	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	at the time|その時点で|adverb|at that time	in the manner|その方法で|adverb|in that manner	in which|において|adverb|in that	it is most likely to be|最も都合の良い|verb|it is most likely	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|suitable to one's needs, activities, or lifestyle	for|にとって|preposition|for the benefit of	the contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something	to pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
A tax upon the rent of land or of houses, payable at the same term at which such rents are usually paid, is levied at the time when it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay;	土地や住宅の地代に課せられる税金は、通常の地代の支払い時期と同じ時期に支払われるため、納税者が支払うのに最も都合の良い時期に徴収される。	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
or when he is most likely to have wherewithall to pay.	つまり、納税者が支払いに必要な資金を最も確保しやすい時期に徴収される。	or|つまり|conjunction|in other words	when|時期|noun|the time at which something happens	he|納税者|noun|the person who is paying taxes	is most likely to|最も確保しやすい|verb|have the greatest chance of	have|確保する|verb|possess, own, or hold	wherewithall|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	to pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed
Taxes upon such consumable goods as are articles of luxury, are all finally paid by the consumer, and generally in a manner that is very convenient for him.	贅沢品のような消費財に課せられる税金は、最終的にはすべて消費者が支払うことになり、通常は消費者にとって非常に都合の良い方法で支払われる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, or after many problems	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
He pays them by little and little, as he has occasion to buy the goods.	消費者は、商品を購入する機会があるたびに少しずつ税金を支払う。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens or could happen
As he is at liberty too, either to buy or not to buy, as he pleases, it must be his own fault if he ever suffers any considerable inconveniency from such taxes.	消費者は、自分の好きなように買うも買わないも自由なので、そのような税金によってかなりの不便を被ったとしても、それは消費者自身の責任である。	at liberty|自由である|adjective|free to do as one pleases	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money	please|好きなように|verb|cause to feel happy or satisfied	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or discomfort

4. Every tax ought to be so contrived, as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.	4.あらゆる税は、国家の公庫に収める額を超えて、できるだけ国民の懐から取り出さず、また取り出さないように工夫されるべきである。	4|4|noun|a number	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	contrive|工夫する|verb|plan or invent cleverly	take out|取り出す|verb|remove something from a place	keep out|取り出さない|verb|not allow to enter	pocket|懐|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree possible	over and above|を超えて|adverb|in addition to	bring into|収める|verb|cause to be in a specified state	public treasury|公庫|noun|a place where public funds are deposited and kept
A tax may either take out or keep out of the pockets of the people a great deal more than it brings into the public treasury, in the four following ways.	税金は、次の4つの方法で、国庫に入る額よりもはるかに多くの額を国民の懐から取り出したり、取り出さないようにしたりすることがある。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	take out|取り出す|verb|remove something from a place	keep out|取り出さないようにする|verb|prevent from entering	pocket|懐|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	public treasury|国庫|noun|the funds of a government or state	four|4つ|noun|the number 4	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
First, the levying of it may require a great number of officers, whose salaries may eat up the greater part of the produce of the tax, and whose perquisites may impose another additional tax upon the people.	第一に、徴税には多数の役人が必要であり、その給与が税収の大部分を食いつぶし、その役得が国民にさらなる税負担を課すことがある。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	levying|徴収|noun|the collection of a tax or other payment	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	great number|多数|noun|a large number	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made to an employee	eat up|食いつぶす|verb|consume or use up all of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	perquisite|役得|noun|a benefit to which one is entitled as an addition to one's regular salary or wages	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country
Secondly, it may obstruct the industry of the people, and discourage them from applying to certain branches of business which might give maintenance and employment to great multitudes.	第二に、それは国民の産業を妨害し、大衆に維持と雇用を与えるかもしれない特定の業種に従事することを妨げることがある。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	discourage|妨げる|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm	apply|従事する|verb|make a formal request for something	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	branch|業種|noun|a subdivision of a main activity	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work
While it obliges the people to pay, it may thus diminish, or perhaps destroy, some of the funds which might enable them more easily to do so.	国民に支払いを義務付ける一方で、国民がより簡単に支払いができるようになる資金の一部を減らしたり、破壊したりすることがある。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or goods	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose
Thirdly, by the forfeitures and other penalties which those unfortunate individuals incur, who attempt unsuccessfully to evade the tax, it may frequently ruin them, and thereby put an end to the benefit which the community might have received from the employment of their capitals.	第三に、税金を回避しようとして失敗した不幸な人々が被る没収やその他の罰則によって、彼らはしばしば破滅し、それによって社会が彼らの資本の使用から得ていた利益を終わらせることがある。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of a right or privilege as a penalty	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	unfortunate|不幸な|adjective|having or marked by bad luck	incur|被る|verb|become subject to	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause to stop	benefit|利益|noun|an advantage or profit gained from something	community|社会|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
An injudicious tax offers a great temptation to smuggling.	軽率な税は密輸への大きな誘惑となる。	injudicious|軽率な|adjective|showing a lack of care for the consequences of an action; rash	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	offer|与える|verb|present or proffer	temptation|誘惑|noun|a desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise
But the penalties of smuggling must arise in proportion to the temptation.	しかし、密輸の罰則は誘惑に比例して発生する。	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	arise|発生する|verb|come into being or existence	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to have or do something that you know you should not
The law, contrary to all the ordinary principles of justice, first creates the temptation, and then punishes those who yield to it;	法律は、正義のすべての通常の原則に反して、まず誘惑を作り出し、次にそれに屈した者を罰する。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	contrary|反して|adjective|opposite in nature or character	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	create|作り出す|verb|cause to come into being; make or produce	temptation|誘惑|noun|the desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	yield|屈する|verb|give way to pressure, force, or persuasion	punish|罰する|verb|inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an offense
and it commonly enhances the punishment, too, in proportion to the very circumstance which ought certainly to alleviate it, the temptation to commit the crime. {See Sketches of the History of Man page 474, and Seq.}	そして、それは通常、罰を軽減するべき状況、つまり犯罪を犯す誘惑に比例して、罰を強化する。{人類史のスケッチ474ページ、およびSeqを参照。}	enhance|強化する|verb|to make or become greater or better	punishment|罰|noun|a penalty imposed for a crime or other offense	alleviate|軽減する|verb|to make less severe or intense	temptation|誘惑|noun|the desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	Sketches of the History of Man|人類史のスケッチ|noun|a book by Henry Home, Lord Kames	page|ページ|noun|one side of a sheet of paper in a book, magazine, or newspaper	Seq|Seq|noun|an abbreviation for "sequence"
Fourthly, by subjecting the people to the frequent visits and the odious examination of the tax-gatherers, it may expose them to much unnecessary trouble, vexation, and oppression;	第四に、人々を徴税吏の頻繁な訪問と忌まわしい検査にさらすことで、彼らを多くの不必要なトラブル、悩み、抑圧にさらすことがありうる。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	subject|さらす|verb|cause to experience or undergo	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening often	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	odious|忌まわしい|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	examination|検査|noun|the act of inspecting or investigating	expose|さらす|verb|cause to be open to something	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	vexation|悩み|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
and though vexation is not, strictly speaking, expense, it is certainly equivalent to the expense at which every man would be willing to redeem himself from it.	そして、悩みは厳密に言えば費用ではないが、それは確かに誰もが喜んで自分をそこから解放するために支払う費用に相当する。	vexation|悩み|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried	strictly speaking|厳密に言えば|adverb|in the strictest sense	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	redeem|解放する|verb|buy back	oneself|自分|noun|a person's own self
It is in some one or other of these four different ways, that taxes are frequently so much more burdensome to the people than they are beneficial to the sovereign.	税金が主権者に利益をもたらすよりも国民に負担となることが多いのは、これらの4つの異なる方法のいずれかである。	one or other|いずれか|noun|one or the other	four|4つ|noun|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	burdensome|負担となる|adjective|involving a great deal of effort or difficulty	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	beneficial|利益をもたらす|adjective|favourable or advantageous	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch

The evident justice and utility of the foregoing maxims have recommended them, more or less, to the attention of all nations.	前述の格言の明らかな正義と有用性は、多かれ少なかれ、すべての国の注目を集めている。	evident|明らかな|adjective|easy to understand or recognize	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness	utility|有用性|noun|the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	recommend|注目を集める|verb|present as worthy of acceptance or trial	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory
All nations have endeavoured, to the best of their judgment, to render their taxes as equal as they could contrive;	すべての国は、彼らの判断の及ぶ限り、彼らの税金を彼らが工夫できる限り平等にしようと努力してきた。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	contrive|工夫する|verb|plan or invent in a skillful or clever way
as certain, as convenient to the contributor, both the time and the mode of payment, and in proportion to the revenue which they brought to the prince, as little burdensome to the people.	納税者にとって、支払いの時期と方法の両方において、また、国民に負担をかけないように、王子にもたらした収入に比例して、確実で便利なものである。	as certain|確実で|adjective|sure or certain	as convenient|便利で|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something	time|時期|noun|the space or span of time	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the monarch	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country
The following short review of some of the principal taxes which have taken place in different ages and countries, will show, that the endeavours of all nations have not in this respect been equally successful.	異なる時代や国で行われた主要な税金のいくつかについて、以下に簡単に概観するが、すべての国の努力がこの点で等しく成功しているわけではないことがわかるだろう。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	age|時代|noun|a period of time in which events occur	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	take place|行われる|verb|happen	following|以下の|adjective|coming after something in time; next	short|短い|adjective|having little length or height	review|概観|noun|a critical assessment of a book, play, film, etc.	endeavour|努力|noun|a serious attempt to achieve something	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	equally|等しく|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	successful|成功している|adjective|accomplishing an aim or purpose

ARTICLE I.—Taxes upon Rent—Taxes upon the Rent of Land.	第一条地代に対する税金土地の地代に対する税金	ARTICLE I|第一条|noun|the first article	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

A tax upon the rent of land may either be imposed according to a certain canon, every district being valued at a curtain rent, which valuation is not afterwards to be altered;	土地の地代に対する税金は、一定の基準に従って課せられ、各地区は一定の地代で評価され、その評価はその後変更されることはない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	canon|基準|noun|a general law, rule, principle, or criterion by which something is judged or decided	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of something's worth	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different in some particular way
or it may be imposed in such a manner, as to vary with every variation in the real rent of the land, and to rise or fall with the improvement or declension of its cultivation.	あるいは、土地の実際の地代のあらゆる変動に応じて変動し、耕作の改善や衰退に伴って増減するように課せられることもある。	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way of doing something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rise|増加する|verb|go up	fall|減少する|verb|go down	improvement|改善|noun|the action of making or becoming better	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or power

A land tax which, like that of Great Britain, is assessed upon each district according to a certain invariable canon, though it should be equal at the time of its first establishment, necessarily becomes unequal in process of time, according to the unequal degrees of improvement or neglect in the cultivation of the different parts of the country.	イギリスのように、一定の不変の基準に従って各地区に課せられる土地税は、最初に制定された時点では平等であっても、国の各地域の耕作の改善や怠慢の程度が不平等であるため、時間の経過とともに必然的に不平等になる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	assess|課する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	canon|基準|noun|a general law, rule, principle, or criterion by which something is judged or decided	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	establishment|制定|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, size, value, or status	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state or fact of being uncared for	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	part|地域|noun|a piece of something that forms a whole	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
In England, the valuation, according to which the different counties and parishes were assessed to the land tax by the 4th of William and Mary, was very unequal even at its first establishment.	イギリスでは、ウィリアムとメアリーの第四代によって、各郡や教区が土地税を課せられた評価額は、最初に制定された時点でさえ非常に不平等だった。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	valuation|評価額|noun|the value of something as estimated	county|郡|noun|a division of a state	parish|教区|noun|a division of a county	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	William and Mary|ウィリアムとメアリー|noun|the joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	establishment|制定|noun|the act of establishing something
This tax, therefore, so far offends against the first of the four maxims above mentioned.	したがって、この税は、これまでのところ、上記の四つの格言の最初のものに違反している。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	offend|違反する|verb|break or fail to comply with a rule or law	four|四|numeral|the number 4	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
It is perfectly agreeable to the other three.	他の三つには完全に合致している。	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	agreeable|合致している|adjective|able to be accepted; satisfactory
It is perfectly certain.	それは完全に確実である。	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner	certain|確実|adjective|known for sure; established beyond doubt
The time of payment for the tax, being the same as that for the rent, is as convenient as it can be to the contributor.	税金の支払時期は、家賃の支払時期と同じなので、納税者にとって都合の良いものである。	time of payment|支払時期|noun|the time when a payment is due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax
Though the landlord is, in all cases, the real contributor, the tax is commonly advanced by the tenant, to whom the landlord is obliged to allow it in the payment of the rent.	あらゆる場合において、地主が真の納税者であるが、税金は通常、借地人が前払いしており、地主は家賃の支払いにおいてそれを認めざるを得ない。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
This tax is levied by a much smaller number of officers than any other which affords nearly the same revenue.	この税は、ほぼ同じ収入をもたらす他の税よりもはるかに少ない数の役人によって徴収される。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
As the tax upon each district does not rise with the rise of the rent, the sovereign does not share in the profits of the landlord’s improvements.	各地区の税金は、地代の上昇に伴って上昇しないので、君主は地主の改良による利益を分かち合うことはない。	rise|上昇|verb|go up	rise|上昇|noun|an increase	share|分かち合う|verb|have or use something at the same time as someone else	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
Those improvements sometimes contribute, indeed, to the discharge of the other landlords of the district.	実際、これらの改良は、その地区の他の地主の負担軽減に役立つことがある。	those|これらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in common with others	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	discharge|負担軽減|noun|the act of releasing or letting go	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of a group of two or more	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government
But the aggravation of the tax, which this may sometimes occasion upon a particular estate, is always so very small, that it never can discourage those improvements, nor keep down the produce of the land below what it would otherwise rise to.	しかし、これが特定の土地に課される税の増額は、常に非常に小さいので、これらの改良を阻害することも、土地の生産物を他の方法で上昇するであろう水準より低く抑えることもできない。	aggravation|増額|noun|an increase in the severity or seriousness of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	occasion|課される|verb|cause or produce	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree; extremely	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	otherwise|他の方法で|adverb|in a different way; differently
As it has no tendency to diminish the quantity, it can have none to raise the price of that produce.	量を減らす傾向がないので、その生産物の価格を上げる傾向もない。	have no tendency to|傾向がない|verb|be not likely to	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	raise|上げる|verb|move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
It does not obstruct the industry of the people;	それは人々の産業を妨害しない。	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
it subjects the landlord to no other inconveniency besides the unavoidable one of paying the tax.	それは地主に、税金を支払うという避けられない不便以外に、他の不便を課すことはない。	subject|課す|verb|cause to experience or undergo	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	besides|以外に|preposition|in addition to; as well as	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided or prevented	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
The advantage, however, which the land-lord has derived from the invariable constancy of the valuation, by which all the lands of Great Britain are rated to the land-tax, has been principally owing to some circumstances altogether extraneous to the nature of the tax.	しかし、地主が、イギリスのすべての土地が地租に課せられる評価の不変性から得た利点は、主に税の性質とは全く関係のないいくつかの状況によるものだった。	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	land-lord|地主|noun|a person who owns land	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	invariable constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	land-tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	extraneous|関係のない|adjective|not belonging to or connected with a thing	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

It has been owing in part, to the great prosperity of almost every part of the country, the rents of almost all the estates of Great Britain having, since the time when this valuation was first established, been continually rising, and scarce any of them having fallen.	それは、この評価が最初に確立された時から、イギリスのほとんどすべての地所の地代が絶えず上昇し、ほとんど下落しなかったという、国のほとんどすべての部分の大きな繁栄に一部起因している。	owe|起因する|verb|be caused by or be the result of	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	estate|地所|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	fall|下落する|verb|go down
The landlords, therefore, have almost all gained the difference between the tax which they would have paid, according to the present rent of their estates, and that which they actually pay according to the ancient valuation.	したがって、地主はほとんどすべて、彼らの土地の現在の地代に従って支払ったであろう税と、古代の評価に従って実際に支払った税との差額を得ている。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	almost all|ほとんどすべて|adverb|nearly all; the vast majority of	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	difference|差額|noun|the state or relation of being different	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house on it	ancient|古代の|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the monetary worth of something
Had the state of the country been different, had rents been gradually falling in consequence of the declension of cultivation, the landlords would almost all have lost this difference.	もし国の状態が違っていたら、もし耕作の衰退の結果として地代が徐々に下がっていたなら、地主はほとんどすべてこの差を失っていただろう。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly and steadily	fall|下がる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	difference|差|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar
In the state of things which has happened to take place since the revolution, the constancy of the valuation has been advantageous to the landlord and hurtful to the sovereign.	革命以来起こった事態において、評価の不変性は地主にとって有利であり、君主にとって有害だった。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	hurtful|有害|adjective|causing pain or damage	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
In a different state of things it might have been advantageous to the sovereign and hurtful to the landlord.	別の状況では、それは君主にとって有利であり、地主にとって有害だったかもしれない。	state|状況|noun|the way things are	different|別の|adjective|not the same	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	hurtful|有害|adjective|causing pain or damage	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others

As the tax is made payable in money, so the valuation of the land is expressed in money.	税金は金銭で支払われるので、土地の評価は金銭で表される。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be made payable|支払われる|verb|be required to be paid	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	be expressed|表される|verb|be communicated or represented in words or other symbols
Since the establishment of this valuation, the value of silver has been pretty uniform, and there has been no alteration in the standard of the coin, either as to weight or fineness.	この評価の確立以来、銀の価値はかなり一定しており、重量や品位に関しても貨幣の基準に変更はない。	establishment|確立|noun|the act of establishing something	valuation|評価|noun|the act of estimating the value of something	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the worth of something	pretty|かなり|adverb|very or extremely	uniform|一定|adjective|not changing; constant	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	standard|基準|noun|a level of quality or attainment	weight|重量|noun|the heaviness of something	fineness|品位|noun|the quality of being fine
Had silver risen considerably in its value, as it seems to have done in the course of the two centuries which preceded the discovery of the mines of America, the constancy of the valuation might have proved very oppressive to the landlord.	銀の価値が、アメリカの鉱山発見に先立つ二世紀の間に起こったように、かなり上昇していたら、評価の不変性は地主にとって非常に抑圧的だったかもしれない。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	course|間に|noun|a period of time	two centuries|二世紀|noun|a period of two hundred years	precede|先立つ|verb|come before in time	discovery|発見|noun|the action or process of discovering or being discovered	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	valuation|評価|noun|the action of estimating the monetary worth of something	constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
Had silver fallen considerably in its value, as it certainly did for about a century at least after the discovery of those mines, the same constancy of valuation would have reduced very much this branch of the revenue of the sovereign.	銀の価値が、少なくともこれらの鉱山発見後約一世紀にわたって確かにそうだったように、かなり下落していたら、評価の同じ不変性は君主の収入のこの部門を非常に減少させただろう。	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	discovery|発見|noun|the finding of something new or previously unknown	mine|鉱山|noun|a place where coal, gold, or other minerals are dug or cut from the ground in large quantities	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	reduce|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
Had any considerable alteration been made in the standard of the money, either by sinking the same quantity of silver to a lower denomination, or by raising it to a higher;	同じ量の銀をより低い額面まで下げるか、より高い額面まで上げることによって、貨幣の基準にかなりの変更が加えられたとしたら、	make|加える|verb|cause to happen or exist	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	lower|より低い|adjective|less high	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	higher|より高い|adjective|more high
had an ounce of silver, for example, instead of being coined into five shillings and two pence, been coined either into pieces which bore so low a denomination as two shillings and seven pence, or into pieces which bore so high a one as ten shillings and four pence, it would, in the one case, have hurt the revenue of the proprietor, in the other that of the sovereign.	例えば、一オンスの銀が五シリング二ペンスに鋳造される代わりに、二シリング七ペンスという低い額面の硬貨に鋳造されたり、十シリング四ペンスという高い額面の硬貨に鋳造されたりしたら、前者の場合は地主の収入を、後者の場合は君主の収入を損なうことになっただろう。	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	five shillings|五シリング|noun|a former British coin worth five shillings	two pence|二ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth two pence	two shillings|二シリング|noun|a former British coin worth two shillings	seven pence|七ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth seven pence	ten shillings|十シリング|noun|a former British coin worth ten shillings	four pence|四ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth four pence	one case|前者|noun|the first of two or more alternatives	the other|後者|noun|the second of two or more alternatives	proprietor|地主|noun|the owner of a business	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler

In circumstances, therefore, somewhat different from those which have actually taken place, this constancy of valuation might have been a very great inconveniency, either to the contributors or to the commonwealth.	したがって、実際に起こった状況とは多少異なる状況では、この評価の不変性は、納税者にとっても、国家にとっても、非常に大きな不都合となったかもしれない。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	take place|起こる|verb|happen; occur	constancy|不変性|noun|the quality of being unchanging	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	inconvenience|不都合|noun|a cause of trouble or difficulty	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something	commonwealth|国家|noun|a political unit
In the course of ages, such circumstances, however, must at some time or other happen.	しかし、長い年月の間には、そのような状況がいつかは起こるに違いない。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	age|年月|noun|the length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	at some time or other|いつか|adverb|at some unspecified or unknown time in the future
But though empires, like all the other works of men, have all hitherto proved mortal, yet every empire aims at immortality.	しかし、帝国は、人間の他のすべての作品と同様に、これまでのところすべて滅びることが証明されているが、それでもすべての帝国は不滅を目指している。	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	work|作品|noun|a thing or things done or made	man|人間|noun|an adult male human being	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up until the present	prove|証明する|verb|to show or make clear that something is true or exists	mortal|滅びる|adjective|subject to death	aim|目指す|verb|to direct or point at a target	immortality|不滅|noun|the ability to live forever
Every constitution, therefore, which it is meant should be as permanent as the empire itself, ought to be convenient, not in certain circumstances only, but in all circumstances;	したがって、帝国そのものと同じくらい永続的であるべきとされるあらゆる憲法は、特定の状況だけでなく、あらゆる状況において都合の良いものでなければならない。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	permanent|永続的|adjective|lasting forever	ought to|であるべき|auxiliary verb|should	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
or ought to be suited, not to those circumstances which are transitory, occasional, or accidental, but to those which are necessary, and therefore always the same.	あるいは、一時的、偶発的、または偶然の状況ではなく、必要であり、したがって常に同じである状況に適合するべきである。	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|should	be suited|適合する|verb|be appropriate or suitable for	transitory|一時的|adjective|not permanent	occasional|偶発的|adjective|happening infrequently and irregularly	accidental|偶然|adjective|happening by chance or accident	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	the same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed

A tax upon the rent of land, which varies with every variation of the rent, or which rises and falls according to the improvement or neglect of cultivation, is recommended by that sect of men of letters in France, who call themselves the economists, as the most equitable of all taxes.	地代に課せられる税は、地代のあらゆる変動に応じて変動し、あるいは耕作の改善や怠慢に応じて増減するが、フランスでは、自らをエコノミストと称する文人派によって、あらゆる税の中で最も公平なものとして推奨されている。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state or fact of being uncared for	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	economist|エコノミスト|noun|an expert in economics	equitable|公平な|adjective|just or fair	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
All taxes, they pretend, fall ultimately upon the rent of land, and ought, therefore, to be imposed equally upon the fund which must finally pay them.	彼らは、すべての税は最終的には地代に課せられるので、最終的に税を支払わなければならない基金に平等に課せられるべきだと主張している。	all taxes|すべての税|noun|all the taxes	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	ought|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	be imposed|課せられる|verb|be forced on someone or something	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
That all taxes ought to fall as equally as possible upon the fund which must finally pay them, is certainly true.	すべての税は、最終的に支払わなければならない基金にできるだけ平等に課せられるべきだということは、確かに真実である。	all|すべての|adjective|the whole amount of	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ought to|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	fall|課せられる|verb|be imposed or levied	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	certainly|確かに|adverb|definitely; surely	true|真実である|adjective|being in accordance with fact or reality
But without entering into the disagreeable discussion of the metaphysical arguments by which they support their very ingenious theory, it will sufficiently appear, from the following review, what are the taxes which fall finally upon the rent of the land, and what are those which fall finally upon some other fund.	しかし、彼らが非常に巧妙な理論を支持する形而上学的議論の不快な議論に入ることなく、以下のレビューから、最終的に土地の地代に課せられる税金は何か、そして最終的に他の基金に課せられる税金は何か、十分に明らかになるだろう。	enter into|入る|verb|to become involved in	disagreeable|不快な|adjective|unpleasant	discussion|議論|noun|a conversation or debate about a particular topic	metaphysical|形而上学的|adjective|of or relating to metaphysics	argument|議論|noun|a statement or series of statements for or against something	support|支持する|verb|to give assistance to, or to be in favor of	ingenious|巧妙な|adjective|clever, original, and inventive	theory|理論|noun|a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something	appear|現れる|verb|to come into sight	review|レビュー|noun|a critical assessment of a book, play, film, etc.	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|課せられる|verb|to be imposed on	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose

In the Venetian territory, all the arable lands which are given in lease to farmers are taxed at a tenth of the rent. {Memoires concernant les Droits, p. 240, 241.}	ヴェネツィア領では、農民に貸し出されているすべての耕地は、地代の10分の1の税率で課税されている。{Memoires concernant les Droits, p. 240, 241.}	Venetian|ヴェネツィア|adjective|of or relating to Venice	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	arable land|耕地|noun|land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	lease|貸し出す|verb|grant use or occupation of (something) in return for rent	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts into which something is or can be divided	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on (someone or something)	Memoires concernant les Droits|Memoires concernant les Droits|noun|a book by Jacques Necker	p.|p.|noun|page
The leases are recorded in a public register, which is kept by the officers of revenue in each province or district.	賃貸借契約は、各州または地区の税務官が保管する公的登記簿に記録される。	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	record|記録される|verb|set down in writing or some other permanent form	public register|公的登記簿|noun|an official list or record of items	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	officer|税務官|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation or other sources
When the proprietor cultivates his own lands, they are valued according to an equitable estimation, and he is allowed a deduction of one-fifth of the tax;	所有者が自分の土地を耕作する場合、公正な評価に基づいて評価され、税金の5分の1の控除が認められる。	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	equitable|公正な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	estimation|評価|noun|an opinion or judgment of the worth, quality, or importance of someone or something	deduction|控除|noun|a subtraction of an amount or part from a total	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
so that for such land he pays only eight instead of ten per cent.	そのため、そのような土地に対しては、10パーセントではなく8パーセントしか支払わない。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	for|に対して|preposition|in exchange for	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	he|彼|pronoun|the male person being discussed	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	only|しか|adverb|and no more	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	instead of|ではなく|preposition|as an alternative to	ten|10|numeral|the number 10	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
of the supposed rent.	想定される地代の。	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is true without having evidence to confirm it

A land-tax of this kind is certainly more equal than the land-tax of England.	このような土地税は、確かにイギリスの土地税よりも公平である。	land-tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
It might not, perhaps, be altogether so certain, and the assessment of the tax might frequently occasion a good deal more trouble to the landlord.	おそらく、それほど確実ではないかもしれないし、税金の査定は、しばしば地主にかなりの面倒をかけることがあるかもしれない。	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	certain|確実|adjective|known or proved to be true	assessment|査定|noun|the action of assessing something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	occasion|かける|verb|cause or produce	trouble|面倒|noun|difficulty or problems
It might, too, be a good deal more expensive in the levying.	徴収にはかなりの費用がかかるかもしれない。	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	be a good deal|かなりの|noun|a large amount	expensive|費用がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	levying|徴収|noun|the imposition of a tax, fee, fine, or other charge

Such a system of administration, however, might, perhaps, be contrived, as would in a great measure both prevent this uncertainty, and moderate this expense.	しかし、このような行政システムは、この不確実性をかなりの程度防止し、この費用を抑えることができるように工夫することができるかもしれない。	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; probably	be contrived|工夫される|verb|be created or designed in a clever or skillful way	great measure|かなりの程度|noun|a large amount or extent	prevent|防止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	moderate|抑える|verb|make or become less extreme, intense, rigorous, or violent

The landlord and tenant, for example, might jointly be obliged to record their lease in a public register.	例えば、地主と借地人は、共同で賃貸契約を公の登記簿に記録する義務を負うかもしれない。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	tenant|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	jointly|共同で|adverb|together with another or others	be obliged to|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	record|記録する|verb|set down in writing or some other permanent form	lease|賃貸契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	public register|公の登記簿|noun|an official list or record of items
Proper penalties might be enacted against concealing or misrepresenting any of the conditions;	条件を隠したり、偽ったりすることに対して適切な罰則を制定することができる。	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	misrepresent|偽る|verb|give an inaccurate or misleading account of	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	enact|制定する|verb|make (a bill or other proposal) into law
and if part of those penalties were to be paid to either of the two parties who informed against and convicted the other of such concealment or misrepresentation, it would effectually deter them from combining together in order to defraud the public revenue.	そして、もしその罰金の一部が、そのような隠蔽や虚偽表示を告発し、有罪判決を受けた当事者のいずれかに支払われるとしたら、それは彼らが公的収入を騙し取るために結託することを効果的に阻止するだろう。	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	penalty|罰金|noun|a punishment imposed or incurred for a violation of law or rule	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a legal action	inform|告発する|verb|give information to	against|に対して|preposition|in opposition to	convict|有罪判決を受ける|verb|declare (someone) guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law	concealment|隠蔽|noun|the action of hiding something or keeping it secret	misrepresentation|虚偽表示|noun|a false or inaccurate statement	effectually|効果的に|adverb|in such a manner as to produce a desired effect	deter|阻止する|verb|discourage or prevent from doing something	combine|結託する|verb|join or merge together	order|ために|noun|a command, direction, or instruction	defraud|騙し取る|verb|deprive of something by deception
All the conditions of the lease might be sufficiently known from such a record.	賃貸借契約のすべての条件は、そのような記録から十分に知ることができる。	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before another state of affairs can exist or occur	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information

Some landlords, instead of raising the rent, take a fine for the renewal of the lease.	地主の中には、家賃を上げる代わりに、賃貸契約の更新料を徴収する者もいる。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	take|徴収する|verb|receive as a payment	fine|更新料|noun|a sum of money that is paid as a punishment	renewal|更新|noun|the act of renewing something	lease|賃貸契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment
This practice is, in most cases, the expedient of a spendthrift, who, for a sum of ready money sells a future revenue of much greater value.	この慣行は、ほとんどの場合、浪費家の方便であり、浪費家は、即金のために、はるかに価値の高い将来の収入を売り払う。	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	expedient|方便|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	spendthrift|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in an extravagant, irresponsible way	ready money|即金|noun|money that is immediately available	future revenue|将来の収入|noun|income that will be received in the future	much greater value|はるかに価値の高い|noun|a value that is much higher
It is, in most cases, therefore, hurtful to the landlord;	したがって、ほとんどの場合、それは地主にとって有害である。	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
it is frequently hurtful to the tenant;	それはしばしば借主にとって有害である。	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord
and it is always hurtful to the community.	そして、それは常に共同体にとって有害である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it|それは|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
It frequently takes from the tenant so great a part of his capital, and thereby diminishes so much his ability to cultivate the land, that he finds it more difficult to pay a small rent than it would otherwise have been to pay a great one.	それはしばしば借主から資本の大部分を奪い、それによって土地を耕す能力を非常に低下させるので、借主はそうでなければ大きな地代を払うよりも小さな地代を払うのがより難しいと感じる。	take|奪う|verb|remove something from someone or something	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	diminish|低下させる|verb|make or become less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	find|感じる|verb|discover or notice something	difficult|難しい|adjective|needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand	pay|払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
Whatever diminishes his ability to cultivate, necessarily keeps down, below what it would otherwise have been, the most important part of the revenue of the community.	彼の耕作能力を低下させるものは何であれ、必然的に共同体の収入の最も重要な部分を、そうでなければあったであろう水準より低く抑える。	diminish|低下させる|verb|make or become less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	keep down|抑える|verb|prevent from rising or increasing	below|より低く|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; differently	have been|あったであろう|auxiliary verb|be in the past	most important|最も重要な|adjective|of greatest significance or value	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common
By rendering the tax upon such fines a good deal heavier than upon the ordinary rent, this hurtful practice might be discouraged, to the no small advantage of all the different parties concerned, of the landlord, of the tenant, of the sovereign, and of the whole community.	このような保証金に対する税金を通常の地代よりもかなり重くすることで、この有害な慣行は阻止され、関係するすべての当事者、地主、借主、君主、そして共同体全体に少なからぬ利益をもたらすだろう。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fine|保証金|noun|a sum of money exacted as a penalty by a court of law or other authority	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or injury	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	concerned|関係する|adjective|involved or interested in something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common

Some leases prescribe to the tenant a certain mode of cultivation, and a certain succession of crops, during the whole continuance of the lease.	一部の賃貸借契約は、賃借期間中ずっと、借主に一定の耕作方法と一定の作物の連作を規定している。	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	prescribe|規定する|verb|lay down or impose authoritatively	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	succession|連作|noun|the action of following in order or sequence	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food, especially on a large scale
This condition, which is generally the effect of the landlord’s conceit of his own superior knowledge (a conceit in most cases very ill-founded), ought always to be considered as an additional rent, as a rent in service, instead of a rent in money.	この条件は、一般的に地主が自分の知識が優れているといううぬぼれ(ほとんどの場合、根拠のないうぬぼれ)の結果であり、常に追加の地代、金銭の地代ではなく労働の地代と見なされるべきである。	condition|条件|noun|something that must happen or be done before another thing can happen or be done	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	conceit|うぬぼれ|noun|too much pride in oneself	superior|優れた|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land, a building, or an apartment	service|労働|noun|the work performed by one that serves	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
In order to discourage the practice, which is generally a foolish one, this species of rent might be valued rather high, and consequently taxed somewhat higher than common money-rents.	一般的に愚かな慣行であるこの慣行を阻止するために、この種の地代はかなり高く評価され、その結果、通常の金銭地代よりもやや高い税率が課せられるかもしれない。	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or deter from doing something	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment; unwise	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	somewhat|やや|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	common|通常の|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

Some landlords, instead of a rent in money, require a rent in kind, in corn, cattle, poultry, wine, oil, etc.; others, again, require a rent in service.	一部の地主は、金銭の地代の代わりに、穀物、牛、家禽、ワイン、油などの現物地代を要求し、また別の地主は労働地代を要求する。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	kind|現物|noun|the particular type of something	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	cattle|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	poultry|家禽|noun|a bird that is kept for its eggs or meat	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	oil|油|noun|a thick liquid that is used as a fuel and for making other products	service|労働|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
Such rents are always more hurtful to the tenant than beneficial to the landlord.	そのような地代は、常に地主に利益をもたらすよりも借主に害を与える。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
They either take more, or keep more out of the pocket of the former, than they put into that of the latter.	彼らは、後者のポケットに入れたよりも、前者のポケットからより多くを受け取るか、より多くを保管する。	take|受け取る|verb|get into one's possession, power, or control	keep|保管する|verb|have or retain possession of	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things
In every country where they take place, the tenants are poor and beggarly, pretty much according to the degree in which they take place.	それが起こるすべての国で、借主は貧しく、物乞いであり、それが起こる程度に応じてかなり貧しい。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	beggarly|物乞い|adjective|extremely poor	pretty much|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; very much	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present
By valuing, in the same manner, such rents rather high, and consequently taxing them somewhat higher than common money-rents, a practice which is hurtful to the whole community, might, perhaps, be sufficiently discouraged.	同様に、そのような地代をかなり高く評価し、その結果、一般的な金銭地代よりも少し高く課税することで、コミュニティ全体に害を及ぼす慣行は、おそらく十分に阻止されるかもしれない。	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by, coming from, or done by several people	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	community|コミュニティ|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	hurtful|有害な|adjective|causing pain or damage	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something

When the landlord chose to occupy himself a part of his own lands, the rent might be valued according to an equitable arbitration of the farmers and landlords in the neighbourhood, and a moderate abatement of the tax might be granted to him, in the same manner as in the Venetian territory, provided the rent of the lands which he occupied did not exceed a certain sum.	地主が自分の土地の一部を占有することを選択した場合、地代は近隣の農民と地主の公正な仲裁に従って評価され、占有した土地の地代が一定の金額を超えない場合は、ヴェネツィア領土と同じ方法で、適度な減税が認められるかもしれない。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	occupy|占有する|verb|take up all or a lot of space, time, or attention	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	value|評価する|verb|estimate the monetary worth of	equitable|公正な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	arbitration|仲裁|noun|the settlement of a dispute by an arbitrator	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme; reasonable or average	abatement|減税|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	grant|認める|verb|give or allow something to someone	Venetian|ヴェネツィア|adjective|of or relating to Venice	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
It is of importance that the landlord should be encouraged to cultivate a part of his own land.	地主が自分の土地の一部を耕作するよう奨励されることは重要である。	be of importance|重要である|verb|be important	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a house, apartment, or other building that is rented to others	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	part|一部|noun|a piece of something
His capital is generally greater than that of the tenant, and, with less skill, he can frequently raise a greater produce.	彼の資本は一般的に借主の資本よりも大きく、技能が低くても、より多くの生産物を生産できることが多い。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	raise|生産する|verb|cause to be grown or produced
The landlord can afford to try experiments, and is generally disposed to do so.	地主は実験を試す余裕があり、一般的にそうする傾向がある。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	try|試す|verb|make an attempt at doing something	experiment|実験|noun|a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	dispose|傾向がある|verb|make someone likely to behave in a particular manner
His unsuccessful experiments occasion only a moderate loss to himself.	彼の実験が失敗しても、彼自身には適度な損失しか生じない。	unsuccessful|失敗した|adjective|not achieving the desired end	experiment|実験|noun|a scientific test to determine the validity of a hypothesis	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	moderate|適度な|adjective|not extreme; temperate	loss|損失|noun|the act of losing something
His successful ones contribute to the improvement and better cultivation of the whole country.	彼の成功した実験は、国全体の改善とより良い耕作に貢献する。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land
It might be of importance, however, that the abatement of the tax should encourage him to cultivate to a certain extent only.	しかし、税の軽減によって、彼が一定程度までしか耕作しないように奨励されることは重要かもしれない。	be of importance|重要である|verb|be important	abatement|軽減|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	to a certain extent|ある程度|adverb|to some extent; to some degree
If the landlords should, the greater part of them, be tempted to farm the whole of their own lands, the country (instead of sober and industrious tenants, who are bound by their own interest to cultivate as well as their capital and skill will allow them) would be filled with idle and profligate bailiffs, whose abusive management would soon degrade the cultivation, and reduce the annual produce of the land, to the diminution, not only of the revenue of their masters, but of the most important part of that of the whole society.	もし地主の大部分が、自分たちの土地のすべてを耕作したいと思うようになったら、この国は(自分の利益のために、自分の資本と技能が許す限り耕作する、地味で勤勉な小作人ではなく)怠惰で放蕩な執行吏でいっぱいになり、その乱暴な管理によってすぐに耕作が衰退し、土地の年間生産量が減少し、主人の収入だけでなく、社会全体の収入の最も重要な部分が減少することになるだろう。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	be tempted|したいと思うようになる|verb|be strongly attracted to something	farm|耕作する|verb|grow crops or raise animals	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sober|地味な|adjective|not bright or showy	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|hard-working	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	own interest|自分の利益|noun|the benefit or advantage of oneself	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	skill|技能|noun|the ability to do something well; expertise	allow|許す|verb|permit	idle|怠惰な|adjective|lazy; inactive	profligate|放蕩な|adjective|recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources	bailiff|執行吏|noun|a law enforcement officer who executes writs and processes and makes arrests	abusive|乱暴な|adjective|extremely offensive or insulting	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	degrade|衰退する|verb|cause to deteriorate or decline	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	annual|年間の|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making something less	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

Such a system of administration might, perhaps, free a tax of this kind from any degree of uncertainty, which could occasion either oppression or inconveniency to the contributor;	このような管理システムは、おそらく、この種の税を、納税者に抑圧や不便をもたらす可能性のある不確実性から解放するだろう。	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	free|解放する|verb|release from captivity, confinement, or slavery	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	oppression|抑圧|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something
and might, at the same time, serve to introduce into the common management of land such a plan of policy as might contribute a good deal to the general improvement and good cultivation of the country.	同時に、土地の一般的な管理に、国の全般的な改善と耕作に大いに貢献するような政策を導入するのに役立つかもしれない。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	serve to|役立つ|verb|be of use to	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	common|一般的な|adjective|shared by all members of a group	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	good deal|大いに|noun|a large amount or extent	general|全般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants

The expense of levying a land-tax, which varied with every variation of the rent, would, no doubt, be somewhat greater than that of levying one which was always rated according to a fixed valuation.	地代の変動に応じて変動する土地税を徴収する費用は、常に固定評価額に従って課税される土地税を徴収する費用よりも、多少高くなることは間違いない。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	land-tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in form, quality, or extent	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	doubt|疑い|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	greater|高い|adjective|of a size, amount, or intensity considerably above average	fixed|固定|adjective|not subject to change or variation	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of the monetary worth of something
Some additional expense would necessarily be incurred, both by the different register-offices which it would be proper to establish in the different districts of the country, and by the different valuations which might occasionally be made of the lands which the proprietor chose to occupy himself.	国の各地区に設置するのが適当な登記所や、所有者が自分で占有することを選んだ土地の評価額が異なることによって、必然的に追加費用が発生することになる。	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	incur|発生する|verb|become subject to	register-office|登記所|noun|an office where registers are kept	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a city or town	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	occupy|占有する|verb|take up all or a lot of space, time, or attention
The expense of all this, however, might be very moderate, and much below what is incurred in the levying of many other taxes, which afford a very inconsiderable revenue in comparison of what might easily be drawn from a tax of this kind.	しかし、これらすべての費用は非常に控えめなものであり、この種の税から簡単に引き出せるものと比較して非常にわずかな収入しか得られない他の多くの税の徴収にかかる費用をはるかに下回る可能性がある。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	moderate|控えめ|adjective|not extreme or excessive	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	incur|かかる|verb|become subject to	levying|徴収|noun|the imposition of a tax, fine, or other charge	afford|得られる|verb|have enough money to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	comparison|比較|noun|the act of comparing two or more things	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	draw|引き出す|verb|take out or remove

The discouragement which a variable land-tax of this kind might give to the improvement of land, seems to be the most important objection which can be made to it.	この種の変動土地税が土地の改良に与える阻害が、この税に対してなされる最も重要な反対意見であるように思われる。	discouragement|阻害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	variable|変動|adjective|able to be changed or adapted	land-tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	objection|反対意見|noun|an expression or statement of disapproval
The landlord would certainly be less disposed to improve, when the sovereign, who contributed nothing to the expense, was to share in the profit of the improvement.	費用を負担していない君主が改良の利益を分かち合うなら、地主は確かに改良する気がなくなるだろう。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	less|少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	disposed|気がなくなる|adjective|inclined or willing	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	contribute|負担する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	share|分かち合う|verb|have a portion of (something) with another or others	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Even this objection might, perhaps, be obviated, by allowing the landlord, before he began his improvement, to ascertain, in conjunction with the officers of revenue, the actual value of his lands, according to the equitable arbitration of a certain number of landlords and farmers in the neighbourhood, equally chosen by both parties: and by rating him, according to this valuation, for such a number of years as might be fully sufficient for his complete indemnification.	この反対意見でさえ、地主が改良を始める前に、収入役と協力して、両当事者が平等に選んだ近隣の地主と農民の一定数の公正な仲裁に従って、自分の土地の実際の価値を確認することを許可することによって、おそらく回避できるかもしれない。そして、この評価に従って、彼の完全な補償に十分な年数の間、彼を評価することによって。	objection|反対意見|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish the truth or facts about something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	arbitration|仲裁|noun|the settlement of a dispute by an arbitrator	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place	party|当事者|noun|a person or group involved in a situation or event	rating|評価|noun|a classification or ranking of someone or something based on a comparative assessment of their quality, standard, or performance	indemnification|補償|noun|security or protection against a loss or other financial burden
To draw the attention of the sovereign towards the improvement of the land, from a regard to the increase of his own revenue, is one or the principal advantages proposed by this species of land-tax.	君主の注意を、自らの収入の増加への配慮から土地の改良に向けさせることは、この種の土地税によって提案される主要な利点の1つである。	draw|向ける|verb|cause to move or be moved in a specified direction	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	regard|配慮|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	revenue|収入|noun|income	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	principal|主要な|adjective|first in rank or importance	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	land-tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land
The term, therefore, allowed, for the indemnification of the landlord, ought not to be a great deal longer than what was necessary for that purpose, lest the remoteness of the interest should discourage too much this attention.	したがって、地主の補償のために認められる期間は、利害関係が遠くにあるためにこの注意があまりにも阻害されないように、その目的に必要な期間よりも大幅に長くすべきではない。	term|期間|noun|a period of time	allow|認める|verb|to give permission for	indemnification|補償|noun|the action of indemnifying someone	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	ought|すべき|auxiliary verb|should	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	lest|ないように|conjunction|in order that not	remoteness|遠く|noun|the state of being far away	discourage|阻害する|verb|to make someone less likely to do something	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something
It had better, however, be somewhat too long, than in any respect too short.	しかし、どんな点でも短すぎるよりは、多少長すぎる方がよい。	had better|よい|auxiliary verb|would be better to	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	too long|長すぎる|adjective|longer than is desirable or necessary	than|より|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	in any respect|どんな点でも|adverb|in any way; at all	too short|短すぎる|adjective|shorter than is desirable or necessary
No incitement to the attention of the sovereign can ever counterbalance the smallest discouragement to that of the landlord.	君主の注意を喚起するいかなる刺激も、地主の注意を阻害する最小の障害を相殺することはできない。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	incitement|刺激|noun|something that encourages or urges	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	discouragement|障害|noun|something that discourages	counterbalance|相殺する|verb|to act against with an equal force or effect
The attention of the sovereign can be, at best, but a very general and vague consideration of what is likely to contribute to the better cultivation of the greater part of his dominions.	君主の注意は、せいぜい、その領土の大部分の耕作を改善するのに役立つと思われることについて、非常に一般的で漠然とした考慮にすぎない。	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	at best|せいぜい|adverb|under the best of circumstances	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	vague|漠然とした|adjective|of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning	consideration|考慮|noun|careful thought, typically over a period of time, about a possible course of action	contribute|役立つ|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better
The attention of the landlord is a particular and minute consideration of what is likely to be the most advantageous application of every inch of ground upon his estate.	地主の注意は、自分の土地のあらゆる場所を最も有利に活用するには何が最適かについて、具体的かつ詳細に検討することである。	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	particular|具体的|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	minute|詳細|adjective|very small in size or amount	consideration|検討|noun|careful thought about something	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit	application|活用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house on it
The principal attention of the sovereign ought to be, to encourage, by every means in his power, the attention both of the landlord and of the farmer, by allowing both to pursue their own interest in their own way, and according to their own judgment;	君主の主要な注意は、地主と農民の両方が自分の利益を自分のやり方で、自分の判断に従って追求できるようにすることで、自分の力の及ぶ限りあらゆる手段をもって、地主と農民の両方の注意を促すことであるべきである。	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	ought to be|であるべきである|auxiliary verb|should be	encourage|促す|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	every means|あらゆる手段|noun|all possible methods	power|力の及ぶ限り|noun|the ability or capacity to perform or act	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	way|やり方|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	judgment|判断|noun|the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions
by giving to both the most perfect security that they shall enjoy the full recompence of their own industry;	両者に、彼らが自分の勤勉さの完全な報酬を享受できるという最も完全な保障を与えることである。	give|与える|verb|cause someone to have something	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things previously mentioned	most perfect|最も完全な|adjective|the most complete or best possible	security|保障|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	full|完全な|adjective|complete in every way	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment given for an action	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working
and by procuring to both the most extensive market for every part of their produce, in consequence of establishing the easiest and safest communications, both by land and by water, through every part of his own dominions, as well as the most unbounded freedom of exportation to the dominions of all other princes.	そして、自分の領土のあらゆる場所で陸路と水路の両方で最も簡単で安全な交通を確立し、他のすべての君主の領土への輸出を最も無制限に自由にすることで、両者に生産物のあらゆる部分に対して最も広範な市場を獲得することである。	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or natural products	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	safe|安全な|adjective|not likely to cause or lead to harm, injury, or loss	communication|交通|noun|the imparting or exchanging of information or news	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	water|水路|noun|the liquid that descends from the sky as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent	dominion|領土|noun|a territory over which sovereignty is exercised	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king

If, by such a system of administration, a tax of this kind could be so managed as to give, not only no discouragement, but, on the contrary, some encouragement to the improvement or land, it does not appear likely to occasion any other inconveniency to the landlord, except always the unavoidable one of being obliged to pay the tax.	もし、このような管理システムによって、この種の税が、阻害するどころか、逆に土地の改良を促すように管理できるならば、地主にとって、税金を支払わなければならないという避けられない不便を除いて、他の不便が生じる可能性は低いと思われる。	system|システム|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	discouragement|阻害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	inconvenience|不便|noun|trouble or difficulty caused to one's personal requirements or comfort	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
In all the variations of the state of the society, in the improvement and in the declension of agriculture;	社会の状態のあらゆる変化において、農業の改善と衰退において、	in all the variations|あらゆる変化において|preposition|in every possible way	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance
in all the variations in the value of silver, and in all those in the standard of the coin, a tax of this kind would, of its own accord, and without any attention of government, readily suit itself to the actual situation of things, and would be equally just and equitable in all those different changes.	銀の価値のあらゆる変化において、そして貨幣の基準のあらゆる変化において、この種の税は、政府の注意を払うことなく、自ら物事の実際の状況に容易に適合し、あらゆる変化において等しく公正で公平なものとなるだろう。	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	variation|変化|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	standard|基準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	accord|合意|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place	just|公正|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	equitable|公平|adjective|just or fair; impartial
It would, therefore, be much more proper to be established as a perpetual and unalterable regulation, or as what is called a fundamental law of the commonwealth, than any tax which was always to be levied according to a certain valuation.	したがって、一定の評価額に従って常に徴収される税よりも、永続的で変更できない規制、または連邦の基本法と呼ばれるものとして制定する方がはるかに適切であろう。	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever	unalterable|変更できない|adjective|not able to be changed	regulation|規制|noun|a rule or order that is made and maintained by an authority	commonwealth|連邦|noun|a political unit	fundamental law|基本法|noun|a law that is basic to a system of laws	valuation|評価額|noun|the value of something as judged by a competent evaluator

Some states, instead of the simple and obvious expedient of a register of leases, have had recourse to the laborious and expensive one of an actual survey and valuation of all the lands in the country.	一部の州では、賃貸借契約書の登録という単純で明白な手段の代わりに、国中のすべての土地を実際に調査して評価するという、労力と費用のかかる手段に頼っている。	some states|一部の州|noun|a group of states	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	obvious|明白な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear	expedient|手段|noun|a means of achieving an end	register|登録|noun|an official list or record	lease|賃貸借契約書|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	have recourse to|頼る|verb|turn to for help or protection	laborious|労力|adjective|requiring a lot of effort	expensive|費用のかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact; real	survey|調査|noun|a general view, examination, or description of someone or something	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the worth of something
They have suspected, probably, that the lessor and lessee, in order to defraud the public revenue, might combine to conceal the real terms of the lease.	おそらく、賃貸人と賃借人が、公的収入を騙し取るために、賃貸借契約の実際の条件を隠蔽するために結託するのではないかと疑ったのだろう。	lessor|賃貸人|noun|a person who leases property to another	lessee|賃借人|noun|a person who leases property from another	defraud|騙し取る|verb|to deprive of something by deception	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	combine|結託する|verb|to join or act together	conceal|隠蔽する|verb|to hide or keep secret	lease|賃貸借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment
Doomsday-book seems to have been the result of a very accurate survey of this kind.	ドゥームズデイ・ブックは、この種の非常に正確な調査の結果であるように思われる。	Doomsday-book|ドゥームズデイ・ブック|noun|a record of the lands of England, their owners, and their value, made in 1086	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	result|結果|noun|something that happens or comes about as a consequence of something else	survey|調査|noun|an examination of the condition, amount, or extent of something

In the ancient dominions of the king of Prussia, the land-tax is assessed according to an actual survey and valuation, which is reviewed and altered from time to time. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	プロイセン王の古代領土では、土地税は実際の調査と評価に基づいて査定され、随時見直しや変更が行われている。	In the ancient dominions of the king of Prussia|プロイセン王の古代領土では|noun phrase|in the ancient dominions of the king of Prussia	land-tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	assessed|査定される|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or ability of	actual survey|実際の調査|noun phrase|an actual survey	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of something's worth	reviewed|見直される|verb|examine or inspect again	altered|変更される|verb|make or become different	from time to time|随時|adverb|occasionally; now and then
tom, i. p. 114, 115, 116, etc.}	トム、i. p. 114、115、116、など}	tom|トム|noun|a male given name	114|114|noun|a number	115|115|noun|a number	116|116|noun|a number
According to that valuation, the lay proprietors pay from twenty to twenty-five per cent.	その評価によると、一般の所有者は20から25パーセントを支払う。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	lay proprietor|一般の所有者|noun|a person who owns something but is not a member of the clergy	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	twenty-five|25|numeral|the number 25	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
of their revenue; ecclesiastics from forty to forty-five per cent.	彼らの収入の40から45パーセント。	revenue|収入|noun|income	ecclesiastic|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	forty-five|45|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of five and nine
The survey and valuation of Silesia was made by order of the present king, it is said, with great accuracy.	シレジアの調査と評価は、現国王の命令により、非常に正確に行われたと言われている。	survey|調査|noun|an examination of the condition, amount, or extent of something	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the monetary worth of something	Silesia|シレジア|noun|a historical region of central Europe	present|現|adjective|existing or occurring now	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	accuracy|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise
According to that valuation, the lands belonging to the bishop of Breslaw are taxed at twenty-five per cent.	その評価によると、ブレスラウの司教に属する土地には25パーセントの税金が課せられる。	according to|によると|preposition|as stated or reported by	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of something's worth	belong to|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	Breslaw|ブレスラウ|noun|a city in southwestern Poland	bishop|司教|noun|a senior member of the Christian clergy	twenty-five percent|25パーセント|noun|a quarter of a whole
of their rent.	彼らの地代の。	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	their|彼らの|pronoun|belonging to or connected with the people or things previously mentioned	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property
The other revenues of the ecclesiastics of both religions at fifty per cent.	両宗教の聖職者のその他の収入は50パーセントである。	other|その他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones	revenue|収入|noun|income	ecclesiastic|聖職者|noun|a member of the clergy	religion|宗教|noun|a system of beliefs and practices	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to five times ten	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
The commanderies of the Teutonic order, and of that of Malta, at forty per cent.	ドイツ騎士団とマルタ騎士団の司令官は40パーセントである。	Teutonic order|ドイツ騎士団|noun|a Catholic religious order founded in the late 12th century	Malta|マルタ|noun|an island in the Mediterranean Sea	commandery|司令官|noun|the office or position of a commander	forty|40|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
Lands held by a noble tenure, at thirty-eight and one-third per cent.	貴族の保有する土地は38と3分の1パーセントである。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	hold|保有する|verb|have or possess	noble|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	tenure|保有|noun|the holding of an office or property	thirty-eight|38|noun|a number	one-third|3分の1|noun|a fraction
Lands held by a base tenure, at thirty-five and one-third per cent.	卑賤な保有者が保有する土地は35と3分の1パーセントである。	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	hold|保有する|verb|have or keep in one's possession	base|卑賤な|adjective|of low value or quality	tenure|保有者|noun|the holding of an office or property	thirty-five|35|noun|the number 35	one-third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred

The survey and valuation of Bohemia is said to have been the work of more than a hundred years.	ボヘミアの調査と評価は100年以上もかかったと言われている。	survey|調査|noun|an examination of the condition, amount, or extent of something	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	Bohemia|ボヘミア|noun|a historical country in central Europe	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
It was not perfected till after the peace of 1748, by the orders of the present empress queen. {Id. tom i. p.85, 84.}	それは1748年の和平の後、現在の女帝の命令によって完成された。	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	empress|女帝|noun|a female monarch
The survey of the duchy of Milan, which was begun in the time of Charles VI., was not perfected till after 1760. It is esteemed one of the most accurate that has ever been made.	カール六世の時代に始まったミラノ公国の調査は、1760年まで完成しなかった。これはこれまでに行われた中で最も正確なものの一つとされている。	survey|調査|noun|an examination of the condition, amount, or extent of something	duchy|公国|noun|a territory ruled by a duke or duchess	Milan|ミラノ|noun|a city in northern Italy	Charles VI|カール六世|noun|Holy Roman Emperor from 1711 and King of Bohemia from 1711	1760|1760年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all
The survey of Savoy and Piedmont was executed under the orders of the late king of Sardinia. {Id. p. 280, etc.; also p, 287. etc. to 316.}	サヴォイとピエモンテの調査は、サルディニアの故国王の命令で行われた。	Savoy|サヴォイ|noun|a historical region in southeastern France	Piedmont|ピエモンテ|noun|a region in northwestern Italy	survey|調査|noun|an examination of the condition, amount, or extent of something	execute|行う|verb|carry out or put into effect	order|命令|noun|a command or instruction	late|故|adjective|no longer living; dead	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a country	Sardinia|サルディニア|noun|a large Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea

In the dominions of the king of Prussia, the revenue of the church is taxed much higher than that of lay proprietors.	プロイセン王の領土では、教会の収入は一般の所有者の収入よりもはるかに高い税率が課せられている。	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of a ruler or government	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	Prussia|プロイセン|noun|a former kingdom in north-central Europe	revenue|収入|noun|income	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	lay proprietor|一般の所有者|noun|a person who owns something but is not a member of the clergy	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent
The revenue of the church is, the greater part of it, a burden upon the rent of land.	教会の収入は、その大部分が土地の賃借料の負担となっている。	revenue|収入|noun|income	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property
It seldom happens that any part of it is applied towards the improvement of land;	その一部が土地の改良に使われることはめったにない。	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	apply|使われる|verb|make use of	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something
or is so employed as to contribute, in any respect, towards increasing the revenue of the great body of the people.	あるいは、国民の大多数の収入を増やすために、何らかの点で貢献するように使われることはめったにない。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
His Prussian majesty had probably, upon that account, thought it reasonable that it should contribute a good deal more towards relieving the exigencies of the state.	プロイセン王は、おそらくその理由で、国家の緊急事態の救済にもっと貢献するべきだと考えたのだろう。	His Prussian majesty|プロイセン王|noun|the king of Prussia	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	upon that account|その理由で|adverb|for that reason	think reasonable|理にかなっていると考える|verb|consider to be fair or just	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	good deal|もっと|noun|a large amount or extent	relieving|救済|noun|the alleviation of pain, distress, or anxiety	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
In some countries, the lands of the church are exempted from all taxes.	国によっては、教会の土地はすべての税金が免除されている。	some countries|国によっては|noun|a group of nations	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone from an obligation or requirement
In others, they are taxed more lightly than other lands.	他の国では、他の土地よりも軽く課税されている。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	lightly|軽く|adverb|to a small extent
In the duchy of Milan, the lands which the church possessed before 1575, are rated to the tax at a third only or their value.	ミラノ公国では、1575年以前に教会が所有していた土地は、その価値の3分の1だけが課税対象となっている。	duchy|公国|noun|a territory ruled by a duke or duchess	Milan|ミラノ|noun|a city in northern Italy	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rate|課税する|verb|estimate the value of	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

In Silesia, lands held by a noble tenure are taxed three per cent.	シレジアでは、貴族の保有する土地には3パーセントの税金が課せられる。	Silesia|シレジア|noun|a historical region of central Europe	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	hold|保有する|verb|have or possess	noble|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	tenure|保有|noun|the holding of an office or property	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	three|3|numeral|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part
higher than those held by a base tenure.	卑賤な保有権によって保有される土地よりも高い。	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	base|卑賤な|adjective|of low value or quality	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property
The honours and privileges of different kinds annexed to the former, his Prussian majesty had probably imagined, would sufficiently compensate to the proprietor a small aggravation of the tax;	前者に付随するさまざまな種類の名誉と特権は、プロイセン国王はおそらく、所有者にとって税金のわずかな増額を十分に補償するだろうと想像していた。	honour|名誉|noun|high respect	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	annex|付随する|verb|to add or attach, especially to something larger or more important	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	Prussian|プロイセン|adjective|of or relating to Prussia or its people	majesty|国王|noun|a title used to address or refer to a king, queen, or emperor	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image or concept of	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other asset	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
while, at the same time, the humiliating inferiority of the latter would be in some measure alleviated, by being taxed somewhat more lightly.	同時に、後者の屈辱的な劣等性は、多少軽い課税によってある程度軽減されるだろう。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	humiliating|屈辱的な|adjective|causing a severe loss in the dignity of and respect for someone or something	inferiority|劣等性|noun|the state or quality of being lower in rank, status, or quality	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make (something) less severe, serious, or painful	somewhat|多少|adverb|to a moderate extent or by a moderate amount	lightly|軽い|adverb|with little weight or force
In other countries, the system of taxation, instead of alleviating, aggravates this inequality.	他の国では、課税制度はこの不平等を軽減するどころか、悪化させている。	other country|他の国|noun|a country other than the one you are in	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make less severe	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal or uneven
In the dominions of the king of Sardinia, and in those provinces of France which are subject to what is called the real or predial taille, the tax falls altogether upon the lands held by a base tenure.	サルディニア王の領土や、いわゆる実物税や土地税の対象となるフランスの諸州では、税金はすべて卑賤な保有権によって保有される土地に課せられる。	dominion|領土|noun|a territory over which a sovereign rules	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	Sardinia|サルディニア|noun|an island in the Mediterranean Sea	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	real|実物|adjective|of or relating to things rather than ideas or qualities	predial|土地|adjective|of or relating to land	taille|税|noun|a tax formerly levied by a French king	fall|課せられる|verb|be imposed or charged	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	base|卑賤な|adjective|of low value or quality	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property
Those held by a noble one are exempted.	高貴な保有権によって保有される土地は免除される。	hold|保有される|verb|have or keep in one's possession	noble|高貴な|adjective|belonging to a hereditary class with high social or political status; aristocratic	exempt|免除される|verb|free or release from an obligation or liability imposed on others

A land tax assessed according to a general survey and valuation, how equal soever it may be at first, must, in the course of a very moderate period of time, become unequal.	一般的な調査と評価に基づいて評価される土地税は、最初はどれほど平等であっても、非常に短い期間のうちに不平等になるに違いない。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	assess|評価する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	general survey|一般的な調査|noun|a survey that is not limited to a particular group of people or things	valuation|評価|noun|an estimation of something's worth	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	must|違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	very moderate period of time|非常に短い期間|noun|a period of time that is not very long	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; different in size, amount, value, or status
To prevent its becoming so would require the continual and painful attention of government to all the variations in the state and produce of every different farm in the country.	そうなるのを防ぐには、国内のあらゆる農場の状態や生産物のあらゆる変化に政府が継続的かつ苦心して注意を払う必要がある。	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	continual|継続的|adjective|continuing in an uninterrupted manner	painful|苦心して|adjective|causing mental or emotional pain or suffering	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	produce|生産物|noun|agricultural or industrial products
The governments of Prussia, of Bohemia, of Sardinia, and of the duchy of Milan, actually exert an attention of this kind;	プロイセン、ボヘミア、サルディニア、ミラノ公国の政府は、実際にこの種の注意を払っている。	Prussia|プロイセン|noun|a former kingdom in north-central Europe	Bohemia|ボヘミア|noun|a historical country in central Europe	Sardinia|サルディニア|noun|a large Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea	duchy|公国|noun|the territory or dominion of a duke or duchess	Milan|ミラノ|noun|a city in northern Italy	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	exert|払う|verb|to make a physical or mental effort	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important
an attention so unsuitable to the nature of government, that it is not likely to be of long continuance, and which, if it is continued, will probably, in the long-run, occasion much more trouble and vexation than it can possibly bring relief to the contributors.	政府の本質にあまりにも不適切な注意であり、長く続く可能性は低く、また、もし続いたとしても、長期的には、おそらく納税者にもたらす救済よりもはるかに多くのトラブルや悩みの種となるだろう。	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	unsuitable|不適切な|adjective|not appropriate or proper	nature|本質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	continuance|継続|noun|the action of continuing	long-run|長期的|adjective|occurring over or involving a long period of time	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	vexation|悩みの種|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress

In 1666, the generality of Montauban was assessed to the real or predial taille, according, it is said, to a very exact survey and valuation. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	1666年、モントーバンの一般性は、非常に正確な調査と評価によると、実質的またはプレディアル・テイルに評価されたと言われている。{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	1666|1666年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Montauban|モントーバン|noun|a city in southern France	generality|一般性|noun|the quality of being general	real|実質的|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	predial|プレディアル|adjective|of or relating to land	taille|テイル|noun|a tax levied on land or property	survey|調査|noun|a detailed examination of a subject	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	Memoires concernant les Droits|Memoires concernant les Droits|noun|a book by Adam Smith
tom. ii p. 139, etc.}	ii p. 139、etc.}	tom.|tom.|noun|a male cat	ii|ii|noun|the Roman numeral for two	p.|p.|noun|page	139|139|noun|the natural number following 138 and preceding 140	etc.|etc.|noun|and other things; and so forth
By 1727, this assessment had become altogether unequal.	1727年までに、この評価は全く不平等になった。	by|までに|preposition|not later than	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal
In order to remedy this inconveniency, government has found no better expedient, than to impose upon the whole generality an additional tax of a hundred and twenty thousand livres.	この不都合を是正するために、政府は一般性全体に12万リーブルの追加税を課すこと以上に良い方策を見つけることができなかった。	remedy|是正する|verb|to make something better or correct a fault or mistake	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that is not convenient	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	expedient|方策|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	impose|課す|verb|to force someone to accept something	generality|一般性|noun|the quality of being general	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	livres|リーブル|noun|a former French unit of currency
This additional tax is rated upon all the different districts subject to the taille according to the old assessment.	この追加税は、旧評価に基づいてテイルの対象となるすべての地区に課せられる。	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rate|課する|verb|to estimate the value or quality of	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	assessment|評価|noun|the action of assessing something or someone
But it is levied only upon those which, in the actual state of things, are by that assessment under-taxed; and it is applied to the relief of those which, by the same assessment, are over-taxed.	しかし、それは現実の状況において、その評価によって過小課税されているものに対してのみ課せられる。そして、それは同じ評価によって過大課税されているものの救済に適用される。	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	state|状況|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	thing|もの|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	assessment|評価|noun|the action of assessing someone or something	under-taxed|過小課税|adjective|taxed too little	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress	over-taxed|過大課税|adjective|taxed too much
Two districts, for example, one of which ought, in the actual state of things, to be taxed at nine hundred, the other at eleven hundred livres, are, by the old assessment, both taxed at a thousand livres.	例えば、2つの地区のうち、1つは現実の状況では900リーブル、もう1つは1100リーブルの課税となるべきだが、旧評価ではどちらも1000リーブルの課税となっている。	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	one|1つ|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	ought|べきだ|auxiliary verb|should	actual|現実の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	nine hundred|900|numeral|nine times one hundred	eleven hundred|1100|numeral|eleven times one hundred	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	thousand|1000|numeral|ten times one hundred
Both these districts are, by the additional tax, rated at eleven hundred livres each.	これらの地区はどちらも、追加税によってそれぞれ1100リーブルと評価される。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	eleven hundred|1100|numeral|the number 1100	livre|リーブル|noun|a former French unit of currency
But this additional tax is levied only upon the district under-charged, and it is applied altogether to the relief of that overcharged, which consequently pays only nine hundred livres.	しかし、この追加税は過小課税の地区にのみ課せられ、過大課税の地区の救済にすべて適用されるため、その地区は900リーブルしか支払わない。	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	levied|課せられる|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	under-charged|過小課税の|adjective|charged too little	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress	overcharged|過大課税の|adjective|charged too much	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred
The government neither gains nor loses by the additional tax, which is applied altogether to remedy the inequalities arising from the old assessment.	政府は追加税によって得も損もしないが、それはすべて旧評価から生じる不平等を是正するために適用される。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	lose|失う|verb|no longer have something	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	remedy|是正する|verb|put right; rectify	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	arise|生じる|verb|come into being; originate
The application is pretty much regulated according to the discretion of the intendant of the generality, and must, therefore, be in a great measure arbitrary.	その適用は、一般性監督官の裁量によってかなり規制されているため、かなり恣意的なものにならざるを得ない。	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	pretty much|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; very much	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation	intendant|監督官|noun|a person who manages or supervises something	generality|一般性|noun|the quality or state of being general	must|ならざるを得ない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	great measure|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system

Taxes which are proportioned, not in the Rent, but to the Produce of Land.	地代ではなく、土地の生産物に比例する税金。	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a due or proper relation to something else	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	produce|生産物|noun|the result of an action or process

Taxes upon the produce of land are, In reality, taxes upon the rent;	土地の生産物に対する税は、実際には地代に対する税である。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth, as distinct from the sea or air	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	reality|現実|noun|the state of things as they actually exist, as opposed to an idealistic or notional idea of them	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
and though they may be originally advanced by the farmer, are finally paid by the landlord.	もともとは農民が前払いしていたとしても、最終的には地主が支払うことになる。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others
When a certain portion of the produce is to be paid away for a tax, the farmer computes as well as he can, what the value of this portion is, one year with another, likely to amount to, and he makes a proportionable abatement in the rent which he agrees to pay to the landlord.	生産物の一定部分を税金として支払う場合、農民はできる限りこの部分の価値が1年でどれくらいになるかを計算し、地主に支払うことに同意した地代を比例的に減額する。	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	pay away|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	amount to|達する|verb|be equivalent to	make|行う|verb|cause to happen or exist	abatement|減額|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	agree|同意する|verb|have the same opinion about something
There is no farmer who does not compute beforehand what the church tythe, which is a land tax of this kind, is, one year with another, likely to amount to.	教会の十分の一税は、この種の土地税であるが、1年でどれくらいになるかを事前に計算しない農民はいない。	church tythe|教会の十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	one year with another|1年で|noun|on average	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to or the same as

The tythe, and every other land tax of this kind, under the appearance of perfect equality, are very unequal taxes;	十分の一税や、この種の他のあらゆる土地税は、完全な平等を装っているが、非常に不平等な税である。	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income	every other|他のあらゆる|determiner|each of the remaining	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	under the appearance of|を装っている|verb|to make it seem that something is the case when in fact it is not	perfect equality|完全な平等|noun|the state of being equal in all respects	very unequal|非常に不平等な|adjective|not equal in size, amount, value, or status
a certain portion of the produce being in different situations, equivalent to a very different portion of the rent.	生産物の一定部分は、状況によって地代の非常に異なる部分に相当する。	a certain portion|一定部分|noun|a part of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	different situation|状況によって|noun|a state of affairs	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, or effect	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
In some very rich lands, the produce is so great, that the one half of it is fully sufficient to replace to the farmer his capital employed in cultivation, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighbourhood.	非常に豊かな土地では、生産量が非常に多いため、その半分だけでも、農民が耕作に用いた資本と、近隣の農業用資産の通常の利益を補填するのに十分である。	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	great|非常に多い|adjective|of major significance or importance	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	fully|十分に|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree	sufficient|十分である|adjective|as much or as many as required	replace|補填する|verb|take the place of	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|用いる|verb|use	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation and use of land for growing crops	together|合わせる|adverb|with or at the same time as	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資産|noun|the goods or equipment that a business has for sale or use
The other half, or, what comes to the same thing, the value of the other half, he could afford to pay as rent to the landlord, if there was no tythe.	残りの半分、あるいは同じことだが、残りの半分の価値は、十分の一税がなければ、地主に地代として支払う余裕がある。	the other half|残りの半分|noun|the remaining half	the same thing|同じこと|noun|the same thing	the value of the other half|残りの半分の価値|noun|the value of the remaining half	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out to others	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income
But if a tenth of the produce is taken from him in the way of tythe, he must require an abatement of the fifth part of his rent, otherwise he cannot get back his capital with the ordinary profit.	しかし、十分の一税として生産物の10分の1を徴収された場合、地代の5分の1の減額を要求しなければ、通常の利益とともに資本を取り戻すことはできない。	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	taken|徴収される|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	require|要求する|verb|to need or want	abatement|減額|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
In this case, the rent of the landlord, instead of amounting to a half, or five-tenths of the whole produce, will amount only to four-tenths of it.	この場合、地主の地代は、生産物全体の半分、つまり10分の5に達するのではなく、10分の4にしかならない。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being considered	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of land or property	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	five-tenths|10分の5|noun|a fraction equal to one half	whole|全体|adjective|complete; entire	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	only|しか|adverb|no more than; solely	four-tenths|10分の4|noun|a fraction equal to two fifths
In poorer lands, on the contrary, the produce is sometimes so small, and the expense of cultivation so great, that it requires four-fifths of the whole produce, to replace to the farmer his capital with the ordinary profit.	逆に、貧しい土地では、生産量が非常に少なく、耕作にかかる費用が非常に大きいため、農民が資本を通常の利益とともに回収するには、生産量全体の5分の4が必要になることがある。	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	on the contrary|逆に|adverb|to the opposite effect	produce|生産量|noun|the amount of something that is produced	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	small|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	great|大きい|adjective|of a size that is greater than normal or usual	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	four-fifths|5分の4|noun|the fraction equal to four divided by five	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
In this case, though there was no tythe, the rent of the landlord could amount to no more than one-fifth or two-tenths of the whole produce.	この場合、十分の一税がなくても、地主の地代は生産物全体の5分の1、つまり10分の2にしかならない。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	no|ない|adjective|not any	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to	no more than|しかならない|adverb|only	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	two-tenths|10分の2|noun|two of ten equal parts	whole|全体|adjective|all of something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
But if the farmer pays one-tenth of the produce in the way of tythe, he must require an equal abatement of the rent of the landlord, which will thus be reduced to one-tenth only of the whole produce.	しかし、農民が十分の一税として生産物の10分の1を支払う場合、地主の地代を同額減額する必要があり、地代は生産物全体の10分の1に減額される。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	one-tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the annual produce of agricultural land	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	equal|同額|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	abatement|減額|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	whole|全体|adjective|all of something; entire
Upon the rent of rich lands the tythe may sometimes be a tax of no more than one-fifth part, or four shillings in the pound;	豊かな土地の地代に対しては、十分の一税は5分の1、つまり1ポンドあたり4シリングにしかならないことがある。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	rich|豊かな|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income	sometimes|ことがある|adverb|occasionally; at times	no more than|しかならない|adverb|only; merely	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	four|4|noun|the number 4	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
whereas upon that of poorer lands, it may sometimes be a tax of one half, or of ten shillings in the pound.	一方、貧しい土地の地代に対しては、十分の一税は半分、つまり1ポンドあたり10シリングになることがある。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand; in contrast	upon|に対して|preposition|on	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sometimes|ことがある|adverb|occasionally; at times	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	ten|10|numeral|the number 10	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom

The tythe, as it is frequently a very unequal tax upon the rent, so it is always a great discouragement, both to the improvements of the landlord, and to the cultivation of the farmer.	十分の一税は、地代に対して非常に不平等な税であることが多いため、地主の改良と農民の耕作の両方にとって常に大きな障害となっている。	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	unequal|不平等な|adjective|not equal; not the same in quantity, value, rank, or quality	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	discouragement|障害|noun|something that discourages	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
The one cannot venture to make the most important, which are generally the most expensive improvements;	地主は、一般的に最も費用のかかる改良である最も重要な改良を敢行することができない。	venture|敢行する|verb|to do something that involves taking a risk	make|行う|verb|to create or produce something	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	expensive|費用のかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better
nor the other to raise the most valuable, which are generally, too, the most expensive crops;	農民も、一般的に最も費用のかかる作物である最も価値の高い作物を育てることができない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	other|農民|noun|a person who works on a farm	raise|育てる|verb|cause to grow or increase	valuable|価値の高い|adjective|worth a great deal of money	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	expensive|費用のかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food
when the church, which lays out no part of the expense, is to share so very largely in the profit.	費用を負担しない教会が、利益を非常に大きく分け合うことになるからである。	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	lay out|負担する|verb|spend or pay	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	share|分け合う|verb|have a portion of (something) with another or others	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
The cultivation of madder was, for a long time, confined by the tythe to the United Provinces, which, being presbyterian countries, and upon that account exempted from this destructive tax, enjoyed a sort of monopoly of that useful dyeing drug against the rest of Europe.	茜の栽培は、長い間、十分の一税によって連合州に限定されていたが、連合州は長老派の国であり、その理由でこの破壊的な税から免除されていたため、ヨーロッパの他の国々に対して、この有用な染料の一種の独占を享受していた。	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	madder|茜|noun|a plant of the genus Rubia	for a long time|長い間|adverb|for a long period of time	be confined by|限定される|verb|be restricted to	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income	United Provinces|連合州|noun|a historical country in Europe	presbyterian|長老派|adjective|of or relating to Presbyterianism	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	upon that account|その理由で|adverb|for that reason	be exempted from|免除される|verb|be free from an obligation or requirement	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	sort of|一種の|adverb|to some extent; in some way	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service	useful|有用な|adjective|being of use or service	dyeing|染料|noun|a substance used to color something	drug|薬|noun|a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body
The late attempts to introduce the culture of this plant into England, have been made only in consequence of the statute, which enacted that five shillings an acre should be received in lieu of all manner of tythe upon madder.	この植物の栽培をイギリスに導入しようとする最近の試みは、茜に対するあらゆる十分の一税の代わりに一エーカーあたり五シリングを受け取るべきだと定めた法令の結果としてのみ行われてきた。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	culture|栽培|noun|the act of growing plants	plant|植物|noun|a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	attempt|試み|noun|an act of trying to do something	statute|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	enact|定める|verb|make into law	five shillings|五シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	manner|あらゆる|noun|a way of doing something	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the annual produce of agriculture or personal industry	madder|茜|noun|a plant of the genus Rubia tinctorum, the roots of which are used as a red dye

As through the greater part of Europe, the church, so in many different countries of Asia, the state, is principally supported by a land tax, proportioned not to the rent, but to the produce of the land.	ヨーロッパの大部分では教会が、アジアの多くの国では国家が、主に地代ではなく土地の生産物に比例した土地税によって支えられている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent, located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by agriculture
In China, the principal revenue of the sovereign consists in a tenth part of the produce of all the lands of the empire.	中国では、君主の主な収入は帝国のすべての土地の生産物の十分の一からなる。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	principal|主な|adjective|most important	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	consist in|からなる|verb|be composed of	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler
This tenth part, however, is estimated so very moderately, that, in many provinces, it is said not to exceed a thirtieth part of the ordinary produce.	しかし、この十分の一は非常に控えめに見積もられているので、多くの省では通常の生産物の三十分の一を超えないといわれている。	tenth|十分の一|noun|one of ten equal parts	moderately|控えめに|adverb|in a moderate manner	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	province|省|noun|an administrative division of a country	thirtieth|三十分の一|noun|one of thirty equal parts	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
The land tax or land rent which used to be paid to the Mahometan government of Bengal, before that country fell into the hands of the English East India company, is said to have amounted to about a fifth part of the produce.	ベンガルがイギリス東インド会社の手に落ちる前、ベンガルのイスラム教政府に支払われていた土地税または地代は、生産物の約五分の一に達していたと言われている。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	land rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land	Mahometan|イスラム教|adjective|of or relating to the prophet Muhammad or to the religion, law, or civilization of Islam	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent	fall into the hands of|手に落ちる|verb|be taken over by	English East India company|イギリス東インド会社|noun|a British joint-stock company formed in 1600 to trade with India and eastern Asia	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	about a fifth part|約五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced
The land tax of ancient Egypt is said likewise to have amounted to a fifth part.	古代エジプトの土地税も同様に五分の一に達していたと言われている。	ancient Egypt|古代エジプト|noun|the civilization of ancient Egypt	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on land	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts

In Asia, this sort of land tax is said to interest the sovereign in the improvement and cultivation of land.	アジアでは、この種の土地税は君主に土地の改良と耕作に関心を抱かせるといわれている。	Asia|アジア|noun|the world's largest and most populous continent	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	interest|関心を抱かせる|verb|cause to be interested	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land
The sovereigns of China, those of Bengal while under the Mahometan govermnent, and those of ancient Egypt, are said, accordingly, to have been extremely attentive to the making and maintaining of good roads and navigable canals, in order to increase, as much as possible, both the quantity and value of every part of the produce of the land, by procuring to every part of it the most extensive market which their own dominions could afford.	中国の君主、イスラム教政府下にあったベンガルの君主、古代エジプトの君主は、それに応じて、土地のあらゆる部分に自国の支配下にある最も広範な市場を獲得することによって、土地の生産物のあらゆる部分の量と価値を可能な限り増加させるために、良い道路や運河の建設と維持に非常に注意を払っていたと言われている。	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in South Asia	Mahometan|イスラム教|noun|the religion of the Muslims	Egypt|エジプト|noun|a country in North Africa	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate or suitable	attentive|注意を払う|adjective|paying close attention	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	dominion|支配|noun|the power to rule	afford|与える|verb|be able to pay for
The tythe of the church is divided into such small portions that no one of its proprietors can have any interest of this kind.	教会の十分の一税は、その所有者の誰もがこの種の利害を持つことができないような小さな部分に分割されている。	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	divide|分割する|verb|separate into parts	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	interest|利害|noun|a right or title to property	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic
The parson of a parish could never find his account, in making a road or canal to a distant part of the country, in order to extend the market for the produce of his own particular parish.	教区の牧師は、自分の教区の産物の市場を拡大するために、国の遠隔地に道路や運河を建設しても、自分の利益を計算することはできなかった。	parson|牧師|noun|a minister in charge of a Christian parish	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	find one's account|自分の利益を計算する|verb|to find out how much money one has made or lost	make|建設する|verb|to construct or build	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	distant|遠隔|adjective|far away in space or time	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	extend|拡大する|verb|to make or become larger or more extensive	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by agriculture
Such taxes, when destined for the maintenance of the state, have some advantages, which may serve in some measure to balance their inconveniency.	このような税金は、国家の維持のために使われる場合、いくつかの利点があり、その不便さをある程度相殺するのに役立つかもしれない。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	have|持つ|verb|possess, own, or hold	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	serve|役立つ|verb|perform a specified function	measure|ある程度|noun|a means of achieving a purpose	balance|相殺する|verb|counteract the effect of	inconvenience|不便さ|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient
When destined for the maintenance of the church, they are attended with nothing but inconveniency.	教会の維持のために使われる場合、不便なだけである。	be destined for|使われる場合|verb|be intended for	maintenance|維持|noun|the process of maintaining something	church|教会|noun|a building used for public Christian worship	nothing but|だけ|adverb|only	inconveniency|不便|noun|lack of ease or comfort

Taxes upon the produce of land may be levied, either in kind, or, according to a certain valuation in money.	土地の産物に対する税金は、現物で徴収することも、一定の評価額に従って金銭で徴収することもできる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth, as distinct from the sea or air	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	kind|現物|noun|the quality or character of something	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

The parson of a parish, or a gentleman of small fortune who lives upon his estate, may sometimes, perhaps find some advantage in receiving, the one his tythe, and the other his rent, in kind.	教区の牧師や、自分の土地で暮らす小金持ちの紳士は、前者は十分の一税を、後者は地代を現物で受け取ることに、時折、何らかの利点を見出すかもしれない。	parson|牧師|noun|a minister in charge of a Christian parish	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man of good breeding, education, and refinement	small fortune|小金持ち|noun|a large amount of money	estate|土地|noun|a large piece of land	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	advantage|利点|noun|a favourable circumstance or event	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	one|前者|pronoun|the number 1	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	other|後者|pronoun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	kind|現物|noun|the quality or type of something
The quantity to be collected, and the district within which it is to be collected, are so small, that they both can oversee, with their own eyes, the collection and disposal of every part of what is due to them.	徴収される量と徴収される地域が非常に小さいので、彼らはどちらも自分たちの目で、自分たちに支払われるべきもののすべての部分の徴収と処分を見守ることができる。	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	collect|徴収する|verb|gather together or assemble	district|地域|noun|an area of a country or city	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	oversee|見守る|verb|supervise	disposal|処分|noun|the action or process of getting rid of something	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	due|支払われるべき|adjective|owed or payable	eye|目|noun|an organ of vision
A gentleman of great fortune, who lived in the capital, would be in danger of suffering much by the neglect, and more by the fraud, of his factors and agents, if the rents of an estate in a distant province were to be paid to him in this manner.	首都に住む大金持ちの紳士は、遠い地方の土地の地代をこの方法で支払われるとしたら、その怠慢によって、またそれ以上に代理人や手代の詐欺によって、大いに苦しむ危険にさらされるだろう。	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable	great fortune|大金持ち|noun|a large amount of money	live|住む|verb|have as one's home	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state or fact of being uncared for	fraud|詐欺|noun|the crime of deceiving someone in order to gain something	factor|代理人|noun|a person who acts for or manages someone else's business	agent|手代|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
The loss of the sovereign, from the abuse and depredation of his tax-gatherers, would necessarily be much greater.	君主の損失は、徴税吏の横領や略奪によって、必然的にもっと大きくなるだろう。	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	abuse|横領|noun|the improper use of something	depredation|略奪|noun|the action of robbing or plundering	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	greater|もっと大きい|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree
The servants of the most careless private person are, perhaps, more under the eye of their master than those of the most careful prince;	最も不注意な個人の召使は、おそらく、最も注意深い君主の召使よりも、主人の目が届くところにいる。	careless|不注意な|adjective|not giving sufficient attention or care to avoiding harm or errors	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	eye|目の届くところ|noun|the organ of vision	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king
and a public revenue, which was paid in kind, would suffer so much from the mismanagement of the collectors, that a very small part of what was levied upon the people would ever arrive at the treasury of the prince.	そして、現物で支払われる公的収入は、徴税吏の不正管理によって非常に損害を被るので、人々から徴収されたもののごく一部しか君主の宝庫に届かないだろう。	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	pay|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due	kind|現物|noun|the quality or type of something	suffer|損害を被る|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	mismanagement|不正管理|noun|bad or incompetent management	collector|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects things	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	arrive|届く|verb|reach a destination	treasury|宝庫|noun|a place where treasure is stored	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king
Some part of the public revenue of China, however, is said to be paid in this manner.	しかし、中国の公的収入の一部は、この方法で支払われていると言われている。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way
The mandarins and other tax-gatherers will, no doubt, find their advantage in continuing the practice of a payment, which is so much more liable to abuse than any payment in money.	官吏や他の徴税吏は、間違いなく、金銭での支払いよりも横領しやすい支払い方法の慣行を続けることで、自分たちの利益を見出すだろう。	mandarin|官吏|noun|a high-ranking official in the former Chinese Empire	tax-gatherer|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	find|見出す|verb|discover or notice	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	abuse|横領|noun|the improper use of something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

A tax upon the produce of land, which is levied in money, may be levied, either according to a valuation, which varies with all the variations of the market price;	金銭で徴収される土地の生産物に対する税は、市場価格の変動に応じて変動する評価額に従って徴収されるか、	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth, as distinct from the sea or air	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of the worth of something	market price|市場価格|noun|the price at which a good or service is offered for sale in a market	variation|変動|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level
or according to a fixed valuation, a bushel of wheat, for example, being always valued at one and the same money price, whatever may be the state of the market.	あるいは、固定評価額に従って徴収される。例えば、小麦1ブッシェルは、市場の状態がどうであれ、常に同一の金銭価格で評価される。	according to|従って|preposition|as stated or reported by	fixed|固定|adjective|not changing or varying	valuation|評価額|noun|the determination of the value of something	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for grain and other dry commodities	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant that is the most important crop in the world	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	one and the same|同一|adjective|being one thing and no other	money price|金銭価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
The produce of a tax levied in the former way will vary only according to the variations in the real produce of the land, according to the improvement or neglect of cultivation.	前者の方法で徴収される税の収入は、耕作の改善や怠慢に応じて、土地の実際の生産物の変化に応じてのみ変化する。	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization receives from its business activities	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	according to|応じて|preposition|as stated by or in	improvement|改善|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state or fact of being uncared for	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating land
The produce of a tax levied in the latter way will vary, not only according to the variations in the produce of the land, but according both to those in the value of the precious metals, and those in the quantity of those metals which is at different times contained in coin of the same denomination.	後者の方法で徴収される税の収入は、土地の生産物の変化に応じて変化するだけでなく、貴金属の価値の変化と、同じ額面の硬貨に含まれる貴金属の量の変化の両方に応じて変化する。	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	vary|変化する|verb|change or cause to change	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	precious metal|貴金属|noun|a metal that is considered to be valuable, such as gold, silver, or platinum	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)	different time|異なる時期|noun|a time that is not the same as another time	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	coin|硬貨|noun|a small, flat, round piece of metal with an official design stamped on it, used as money	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money
The produce of the former will always bear the same proportion to the value of the real produce of the land.	前者の収入は、常に土地の実際の生産物の価値に対して同じ割合を占める。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	produce|収入|noun|agricultural and other primary products	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; invariably	bear|占める|verb|carry or support	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The produce of the latter may, at different times, bear very different proportions to that value.	後者の収入は、異なる時期に、その価値に対して非常に異なる割合を占めることがある。	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization receives	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	time|時期|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes	bear|占める|verb|to have or show	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

When, instead either of a certain portion of the produce of land, or of the price of a certain portion, a certain sum of money is to be paid in full compensation for all tax or tythe;	土地の生産物の一定部分、または一定部分の価格の代わりに、一定額の金銭がすべての税金または十分の一税の全額補償として支払われる場合、	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	be to be paid|支払われる|verb|be to be paid	compensation|補償|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the church and clergy
the tax becomes, in this case, exactly of the same nature with the land tax of England.	この場合、税金はイギリスの土地税と全く同じ性質のものになる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	become|なる|verb|come to be	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	exactly|全く|adverb|in every way; totally	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land
It neither rises nor falls with the rent of the land.	それは土地の地代と共に上がったり下がったりしない。	neither|～も～もない|conjunction|not either	rise|上がる|verb|go up	fall|下がる|verb|go down	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
It neither encourages nor discourages improvement.	それは改良を促進することも阻害することもない。	encourage|促進する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm
The tythe in the greater part of those parishes which pay what is called a modus, in lieu of all other tythe is a tax of this kind.	他のすべての十分の一税の代わりに、いわゆるモダスと呼ばれるものを支払う教区の大部分の十分の一税は、この種の税金である。	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	modus|モダス|noun|a method of procedure	lieu|代わりに|noun|instead of	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
During the Mahometan government of Bengal, instead of the payment in kind of the fifth part of the produce, a modus, and, it is said, a very moderate one, was established in the greater part of the districts or zemindaries of the country.	ベンガルのマホメット教政府の時代には、生産物の五分の一を現物で支払う代わりに、モダス、しかも非常に穏当なものが、国の地区やゼミンダリーの大部分で確立されていたという。	Mahometan government|マホメット教政府|noun|a government that is based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad	Bengal|ベンガル|noun|a region in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	kind|現物|noun|the quality or type of something	fifth|五分の一|noun|one of five equal parts	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	modus|モダス|noun|a method or manner of doing something	moderate|穏当|adjective|not extreme or excessive	establish|確立する|verb|to set up or create something on a firm or permanent basis	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	zemindar|ゼミンダリー|noun|a landowner in India
Some of the servants of the East India company, under pretence of restoring the public revenue to its proper value, have, in some provinces, exchanged this modus for a payment in kind.	東インド会社の使用人の一部は、公的収入を適正な価値に戻すという口実で、一部の州でこのモダスを現物支払いに変更した。	East India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government from taxation and other sources	proper value|適正な価値|noun|the true or actual value of something	pretence|口実|noun|a false appearance or action intended to deceive; a pretext	some provinces|一部の州|noun|a part of a country that is governed as a unit	exchange|変更する|verb|give and receive something in return for something else	modus|モダス|noun|a method of procedure	payment in kind|現物支払い|noun|a payment made in goods or services rather than money
Under their management, this change is likely both to discourage cultivation, and to give new opportunities for abuse in the collection of the public revenue, which has fallen very much below what it was said to have been when it first fell under the management of the company.	彼らの管理下では、この変更は耕作意欲を阻害するとともに、公的収入の徴収において新たな不正の機会を与える可能性があり、公的収入は会社が最初に管理下に置いたときの水準を大幅に下回っている。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of cultivating	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	abuse|不正|noun|the improper use of something	collection|徴収|noun|the action or process of collecting	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	fall|下回る|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	below|下|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	what|水準|noun|the thing that	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	fall under|置く|verb|come under the control or influence of	management|管理|noun|the process of managing
The servants of the company may, perhaps, have profited by the change, but at the expense, it is probable, both of their masters and of the country.	会社の使用人は、おそらくこの変更によって利益を得たかもしれないが、おそらく主人と国の両方の犠牲を払ってのことだろう。	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	company|会社|noun|a business organization	profit|利益を得る|verb|obtain a financial advantage or benefit	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	master|主人|noun|a man who has people working for him, especially servants or slaves	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

Taxes upon the Rent of Houses.	家賃に対する税金。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

The rent of a house may be distinguished into two parts, of which the one may very properly be called the building-rent;	家の賃料は二つの部分に分けられ、そのうちの一つは建物賃料と呼ぶのが適切である。	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	be distinguished into|分けられる|verb|be divided into	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	one|一つ|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory
the other is commonly called the ground-rent.	もう一方は一般的に地代と呼ばれる。	the other|もう一方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; ordinarily	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid to a landowner for the use of land

The building-rent is the interest or profit of the capital expended in building the house.	建物賃料は、家を建てる際に費やした資本の利子または利益である。	building-rent|建物賃料|noun|the rent paid for a building	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
In order to put the trade of a builder upon a level with other trades, it is necessary that this rent should be sufficient, first, to pay him the same interest which he would have got for his capital, if he had lent it upon good security;	建設業者の取引を他の取引と同等にするには、まず、この賃料が、もし彼が十分な担保をつけて貸し付けていたならば、彼が自分の資本に対して得ていたであろう利子と同じ利子を支払うのに十分であることが必要である。	put|置く|verb|place something somewhere	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	builder|建設業者|noun|a person who constructs something	level|同等|noun|the same position or standard	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a different person or thing from the one already mentioned or known about	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	sufficient|十分|adjective|enough for the purpose	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	security|担保|noun|something pledged as a guarantee for the repayment of a loan
and, secondly, to keep the house in constant repair, or, what comes to the same thing, to replace, within a certain term of years, the capital which had been employed in building it.	そして第二に、家を常に修理しておくか、あるいは同じことだが、一定の年数内にその建設に費やされた資本を回収するのに十分であることが必要である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	keep|保つ|verb|cause to continue; maintain	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	repair|修理|noun|the restoration of something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	what comes to the same thing|同じことだが|phrase|used to say that two things are the same	replace|回収する|verb|take the place of	within|内に|preposition|inside	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	term|年数|noun|a period of time	employ|費やす|verb|use	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The building-rent, or the ordinary profit of building, is, therefore, everywhere regulated by the ordinary interest of money.	したがって、建物賃料、つまり建物の通常の利益は、どこでも貨幣の通常の利子によって調整される。	building-rent|建物賃料|noun|the rent paid for a building	ordinary profit|通常の利益|noun|the profit that is typically made	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	regulated|調整される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	ordinary interest|通常の利子|noun|the interest that is typically paid
Where the market rate of interest is four per cent.	市場金利が4パーセントであるところでは、	market rate|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest prevailing in the market	interest|利子|noun|the money paid for the use of money	four|4|noun|the number 4	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part of a dollar
the rent of a house, which, over and above paying the ground-rent, affords six or six and a-half per cent.	地代を支払ったうえで、6パーセントまたは6.5パーセントの利益をもたらす家の賃料は、	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	over and above|支払ったうえで|adverb|in addition to	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	six|6|noun|the number 6	six and a-half|6.5|noun|the number 6.5	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the whole expense of building, may, perhaps, afford a sufficient profit to the builder.	建物の総費用に対して、おそらく建設業者に十分な利益をもたらすだろう。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	whole|総|adjective|complete; entire	expense|費用|noun|cost	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	may|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	builder|建設業者|noun|a person who constructs buildings
Where the market rate of interest is five per cent.	市場金利が5パーセントであるところでは、	market rate|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest prevailing in the market	interest|利子|noun|the money paid for the use of money	five|5|noun|the number 5	cent|パーセント|noun|a hundredth part of a unit
it may perhaps require seven or seven and a half per cent.	おそらく7パーセントまたは7.5パーセントが必要になるだろう。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	seven|7|noun|the number 7	seven and a half|7.5|noun|the number 7.5
If, in proportion to the interest of money, the trade of the builders affords at any time much greater profit than this, it will soon draw so much capital from other trades as will reduce the profit to its proper level.	もし、金利に比例して、建設業者の取引がいつでもこれよりはるかに大きな利益をもたらすなら、それはすぐに他の取引から多くの資本を引き寄せ、利益を適切な水準にまで引き下げるだろう。	in proportion to|に比例して|preposition|in a way that is directly related to the size, amount, or degree of something else	interest|金利|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	builder|建設業者|noun|a person who constructs something	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do or have something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	draw|引き寄せる|verb|to move or cause to move toward or into a place	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	reduce|引き下げる|verb|to make or become smaller or less	level|水準|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality
If it affords at any time much less than this, other trades will soon draw so much capital from it as will again raise that profit.	もし、いつでもこれよりはるかに少ない利益しか得られない場合、他の取引はすぐにそこから多くの資本を引き寄せ、再びその利益を増やすだろう。	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	much less|はるかに少ない|adverb|to a much smaller extent	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a group of two or more people or things	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	draw|引き寄せる|verb|move or cause to move toward or into a place	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	raise|増やす|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of

Whatever part of the whole rent of a house is over and above what is sufficient for affording this reasonable profit, naturally goes to the ground-rent; and, where the owner of the ground and the owner of the building are two different persons, is, in most cases, completely paid to the former.	家の賃料全体のどの部分が、この合理的な利益を得るのに十分な額を超えていても、当然地代に回される。そして、土地の所有者と建物の所有者が別人である場合には、ほとんどの場合、前者に全額支払われる。	house|家|noun|a place where people live	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	over and above|を超える|adverb|in addition to	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes	naturally|当然|adverb|as expected	go to|回される|verb|be used for	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls	two|2|numeral|one more than one	different|別|adjective|not the same	person|人|noun|a human being	case|場合|noun|an instance of something	completely|全額|adverb|totally	pay|支払われる|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service
This surplus rent is the price which the inhabitant of the house pays for some real or supposed advantage of the situation.	この余剰賃料は、家の住人がその立地の実際の、あるいは想定される利点に対して支払う代償である。	surplus rent|余剰賃料|noun|the amount of rent that is left over after all expenses have been paid	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	house|家|noun|a place where people live	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	price|代償|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	situation|立地|noun|the place where something is located
In country houses, at a distance from any great town, where there is plenty of ground to chuse upon, the ground-rent is scarce anything, or no more than what the ground which the house stands upon would pay, if employed in agriculture.	大都市から離れた田舎の家では、選べる土地が豊富にあるため、地代はほとんどゼロか、家が建っている土地を農業に利用した場合に支払われる額にすぎない。	country house|田舎の家|noun|a large house in the country	at a distance|離れた|adjective|far away	great town|大都市|noun|a large town	plenty of|豊富な|adjective|a lot of	ground|土地|noun|the surface of the earth	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	no more than|にすぎない|adjective|only	house|家|noun|a place where people live	stand upon|建っている|verb|be located on	pay|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
In country villas, in the neighbourhood of some great town, it is sometimes a good deal higher;	大都市の近郊にある田舎の別荘では、地代がかなり高くなることもある。	country villa|田舎の別荘|noun|a large and impressive country house	neighbourhood|近郊|noun|the area around a place	great town|大都市|noun|a large town	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	a good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent
and the peculiar conveniency or beauty of situation is there frequently very well paid for.	そして、立地の独特の利便性や美しさは、そこではしばしば非常に高く支払われる。	peculiar|独特の|adjective|strange or odd	conveniency|利便性|noun|the quality of being convenient	beauty|美しさ|noun|the quality or aggregate of qualities in a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit	situation|立地|noun|the place or type of place where something is located or has occurred	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	very well|非常に高く|adverb|to a high degree or level	pay for|支払われる|verb|give money in exchange for goods or services
Ground-rents are generally highest in the capital, and in those particular parts of it where there happens to be the greatest demand for houses, whatever be the reason of that demand, whether for trade and business, for pleasure and society, or for mere vanity and fashion.	地代は一般に首都で最も高く、また、貿易やビジネス、娯楽や社交、あるいは単なる虚栄心や流行のためなど、その需要の理由が何であれ、住宅の需要が最も大きい特定の地域では、地代が最も高くなる。	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	happen|最も大きい|verb|take place; occur	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	business|ビジネス|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	pleasure|娯楽|noun|an activity that is enjoyable	society|社交|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	fashion|流行|noun|a popular trend, especially in styles of dress and ornament

A tax upon house-rent, payable by the tenant, and proportioned to the whole rent of each house, could not, for any considerable time at least, affect the building-rent.	家賃に課せられる税金は、借主が支払い、各家の家賃全体に比例するもので、少なくともかなりの期間は、建物の賃料に影響を与えることはできない。	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid for the use of a house	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	building-rent|建物の賃料|noun|the amount of money paid for the use of a building
If the builder did not get his reasonable profit, he would be obliged to quit the trade;	建設業者が合理的な利益を得られないならば、彼はその商売をやめざるを得ないだろう。	builder|建設業者|noun|a person who constructs buildings	get|得る|verb|receive or be given	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	quit|やめる|verb|leave or stop doing something	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services
which, by raising the demand for building, would, in a short time, bring back his profit to its proper level with that of other trades.	それは、建設需要を高めることで、短期間で彼の利益を他の業種と同等の適正水準に戻すことになる。	raise|高める|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	building|建設|noun|the process of constructing a building	short time|短期|noun|a period of time that is brief	bring back|戻す|verb|return something to a previous location or condition	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	proper level|適正水準|noun|the correct or appropriate amount or extent of something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from the one already mentioned or known about
Neither would such a tax fall altogether upon the ground-rent; but it would divide itself in such a manner, as to fall partly upon the inhabitant of the house, and partly upon the owner of the ground.	そのような税金は、地代にすべてかかるわけではなく、一部は家の住人に、一部は地主にかかるように分割されるだろう。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either	fall|かかる|verb|be borne by	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid for the use of land	divide|分割される|verb|separate into parts	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	house|家|noun|a place where people live	owner|地主|noun|a person who owns something

Let us suppose, for example, that a particular person judges that he can afford for house-rent all expense of sixty pounds a-year; and let us suppose, too, that a tax of four shillings in the pound, or of one-fifth, payable by the inhabitant, is laid upon house-rent.	例えば、ある人が家賃に年間60ポンドの出費を許容できると判断したとしよう。また、家賃に1ポンドにつき4シリング、つまり5分の1の税金が住人によって支払われるとしよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	particular|ある|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	afford|許容できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid for renting a house	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sixty pounds|60ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 7000 grains	a-year|年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	laid upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on
A house of sixty pounds rent will, in that case, cost him seventy-two pounds a-year, which is twelve pounds more than he thinks he can afford.	その場合、家賃60ポンドの家は、年間72ポンドの費用がかかり、彼が許容できると思う額より12ポンド多い。	sixty pounds|60ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	seventy-two pounds|72ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	twelve pounds|12ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	afford|許容できる|verb|have enough money to pay for
He will, therefore, content himself with a worse house, or a house of fifty pounds rent, which, with the additional ten pounds that he must pay for the tax, will make up the sum of sixty pounds a-year, the expense which he judges he can afford, and, in order to pay the tax, he will give up a part of the additional conveniency which he might have had from a house of ten pounds a-year more rent.	そのため、彼はもっと悪い家、つまり家賃50ポンドの家で満足するだろう。それに税金として支払わなければならない10ポンドを加えると、年間60ポンドとなり、彼が許容できると判断する費用となる。そして、税金を支払うために、彼は年間10ポンド高い家賃の家から得られたかもしれない追加の利便性の一部を放棄することになる。	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	worse|もっと悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or lower standard	fifty pounds|50ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	ten pounds|10ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	sixty pounds|60ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	afford|許容できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	conveniency|利便性|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily	ten pounds|10ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	more|高い|adjective|greater in size, amount, degree, or value
He will give up, I say, a part of this additional conveniency;	彼はこの追加の利便性の一部を放棄するだろう。	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra	conveniency|利便性|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily and conveniently
for he will seldom be obliged to give up the whole, but will, in consequence of the tax, get a better house for fifty pounds a-year, than he could have got if there had been no tax for as a tax of this kind, by taking away this particular competitor, must diminish the competition for houses of sixty pounds rent, so it must likewise diminish it for those of fifty pounds rent, and in the same manner for those of all other rents, except the lowest rent, for which it would for some time increase the competition.	というのも、彼がすべてを放棄しなければならないことはめったになく、税金の結果として、税金がなかった場合に得られたよりも、年間50ポンドでより良い家を得ることになるからだ。この種の税金は、この特定の競合者を排除することで、60ポンドの家賃の家に対する競争を減らすに違いないので、同様に50ポンドの家賃の家に対する競争も減らすに違いないし、同様に最低の家賃を除く他のすべての家賃の家に対する競争も減らすに違いない。	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	obliged|～しなければならない|adjective|required to do something	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	consequence|結果|noun|something that happens as a result of something else	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	no|～ない|determiner|not any	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	this|この|determiner|the person or thing that is close to you or that you are thinking about	kind|種|noun|a group of people or things having similar characteristics	take away|取り除く|verb|remove something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	competitor|競合者|noun|a person or organization that is trying to win or achieve something by defeating or establishing superiority over others	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	sixty|60|numeral|the number 60	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land, a building, or an apartment	fifty|50|numeral|the number 50	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least height or amount	some time|しばらく|noun|a period of time	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more
But the rents of every class of houses for which the competition was diminished, would necessarily be more or less reduced.	しかし、競争が減ったすべての階級の家賃は、必然的に多かれ少なかれ下がるだろう。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	diminish|減る|verb|become or make smaller or less	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less
As no part of this reduction, however, could for any considerable time at least, affect the building-rent, the whole of it must, in the long-run, necessarily fall upon the ground-rent.	しかし、この減額のどの部分も、少なくともかなりの期間、建物の賃料に影響を与えることはできないので、長期的には、そのすべてが必然的に地代に転嫁されることになる。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	reduction|減額|noun|the act of reducing something	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	building-rent|建物の賃料|noun|the rent paid for a building	whole|すべて|noun|all of something	long-run|長期的|adjective|happening over a long period of time	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|inevitably; unavoidably	fall upon|転嫁される|verb|be passed on to
The final payment of this tax, therefore, would fall partly upon the inhabitant of the house, who, in order to pay his share, would be obliged to give up a part of his conveniency;	したがって、この税の最終的な支払いは、一部は家の住人にかかり、住人は自分の負担分を支払うために、利便性の一部を放棄せざるを得なくなる。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	share|負担分|noun|a part or portion belonging to, due to, or contributed by a person	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	conveniency|利便性|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily and conveniently	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing or having something
and partly upon the owner of the ground, who, in order to pay his share, would be obliged to give up a part of his revenue.	そして一部は土地の所有者にかかり、所有者は自分の負担分を支払うために、収入の一部を放棄せざるを得なくなる。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	share|負担分|noun|a part or portion belonging to, due to, or contributed by a person	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
In what proportion this final payment would be divided between them, it is not, perhaps, very easy to ascertain.	この最終的な支払いが、彼らの間でどのような割合で分割されるかは、おそらく簡単にはわからない。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	ascertain|わからない|verb|find out or establish with certainty
The division would probably be very different in different circumstances, and a tax of this kind might, according to those different circumstances, affect very unequally, both the inhabitant of the house and the owner of the ground.	分割は、状況によって大きく異なるだろうし、この種の税は、そうした状況の違いによって、家の住人と土地の所有者の両方に非常に不平等に影響するかもしれない。	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	unequally|不平等に|adverb|in an unequal manner	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	ground|土地|noun|the surface of the earth

The inequality with which a tax of this kind might fall upon the owners of different ground-rents, would arise altogether from the accidental inequality of this division.	この種の税が、異なる地代収入の所有者にかかる不平等は、この分割の偶然の不平等から生じるだろう。	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	fall upon|かかる|verb|be imposed on	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	ground-rent|地代収入|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	accidental|偶然の|adjective|happening by chance or accident	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided
But the inequality with which it might fall upon the inhabitants of different houses, would arise, not only from this, but from another cause.	しかし、それが異なる家の住人にかかる不平等は、これだけでなく、別の原因から生じるだろう。	fall upon|かかる|verb|be imposed on	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or prominence	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition
The proportion of the expense of house-rent to the whole expense of living, is different in the different degrees of fortune.	家賃の支出が生活費全体に占める割合は、富の程度によって異なる。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid regularly by a tenant to a landlord for the use of a house	living|生活|noun|the condition or state of being alive	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present
It is, perhaps, highest in the highest degree, and it diminishes gradually through the inferior degrees, so as in general to be lowest in the lowest degree.	それはおそらく、最高度で最も高く、下位の度数で徐々に減少し、一般に最低度で最も低くなる。	highest|最も高い|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	highest degree|最高度|noun|the highest level or rank	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	inferior degree|下位の度数|noun|a degree that is lower in rank or importance	lowest|最も低い|adjective|of the least vertical extent	lowest degree|最低度|noun|the lowest level or rank
The necessaries of life occasion the great expense of the poor.	生活必需品は貧しい人々の大きな出費となる。	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	occasion|出費|noun|a particular time or instance	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
They find it difficult to get food, and the greater part of their little revenue is spent in getting it.	彼らは食料を得るのが難しく、わずかな収入の大部分を食料を得るために費やしている。	find|思う|verb|to discover or notice	difficult|難しい|adjective|hard to do or understand	get|得る|verb|to receive, obtain, or acquire	food|食料|noun|any substance that can be eaten or drunk to provide nutritional support for the body	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	little|わずかな|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	spend|費やす|verb|to pay out or use up money
The luxuries and vanities of life occasion the principal expense of the rich;	生活の贅沢や虚栄心は、金持ちの主な出費となる。	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and a magnificent house embellishes and sets off to the best advantage all the other luxuries and vanities which they possess.	そして、壮大な家は、彼らが所有する他のすべての贅沢品や虚栄心を飾り立て、最大限に引き立たせる。	embellish|飾り立てる|verb|make more attractive by adding decoration or detail	set off|引き立たせる|verb|make more attractive or prominent	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in or admiration of one's own appearance or achievements
A tax upon house-rents, therefore, would in general fall heaviest upon the rich;	したがって、家賃に対する税金は、一般的に金持ちに最も重くのしかかる。	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid for the use of a house	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall|のしかかる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight
and in this sort of inequality there would not, perhaps, be any thing very unreasonable.	そして、この種の不平等には、おそらく、あまり不合理なことは何もないだろう。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	in|に|preposition|used to indicate a place, position, or state	this|この|determiner|used to identify a specific person or thing close at hand or being indicated or experienced	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	of|の|preposition|used to indicate a particular thing belonging to or connected with the person or thing mentioned	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	there|そこに|adverb|in or at that place	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention or determination	not|ない|adverb|used to express negation	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	be|である|linking verb|used to connect the subject of a sentence with a predicate that describes it	any|何か|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	very|あまり|adverb|to a great extent; extremely	unreasonable|不合理|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense
It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expense, not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that proportion.	金持ちが収入に比例するだけでなく、その割合よりも少し多く公費に貢献するのは、あまり不合理なことではない。	rich|金持ち|noun|a person with a great deal of money or property	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	public expense|公費|noun|money spent by the government	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	unreasonable|不合理|adjective|not guided by or based on good sense

The rent of houses, though it in some respects resembles the rent of land, is in one respect essentially different from it.	家賃は、ある点では地代に似ているが、ある点では地代とは本質的に異なる。	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	essentially|本質的に|adverb|in or relating to the essential nature of something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other
The rent of land is paid for the use of a productive subject.	地代は生産的な対象の使用に対して支払われる。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities
The land which pays it produces it.	それを支払う土地はそれを産み出す。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|産み出す|verb|make or create something
The rent of houses is paid for the use of an unproductive subject.	家賃は非生産的な対象の使用に対して支払われる。	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with
Neither the house, nor the ground which it stands upon, produce anything.	家も、その建っている土地も、何も生み出さない。	neither|どちらも|conjunction|not either; not one nor the other	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create something
The person who pays the rent, therefore, must draw it from some other source of revenue, distinct from and independent of this subject.	だから、家賃を支払う人は、この対象とは別で独立した、他の収入源からそれを引き出さなければならない。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	draw|引き出す|verb|take or get something from a particular source	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	distinct|別|adjective|not the same	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on or controlled by another
A tax upon the rent of houses, so far as it falls upon the inhabitants, must be drawn from the same source as the rent itself, and must be paid from their revenue, whether derived from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land.	家賃に対する税は、住民に課せられる限り、家賃そのものと同じ源泉から引き出され、労働賃金、資本の利潤、土地の地代から得られる収入から支払われなければならない。	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
So far as it falls upon the inhabitants, it is one of those taxes which fall, not upon one only, but indifferently upon all the three different sources of revenue;	住民に課せられる限り、それは一つの収入源にのみ課せられるのではなく、三つの異なる収入源すべてに無差別に課せられる税の一つである。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	three|三つ|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of one and two	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	source|源|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
and is, in every respect, of the same nature as a tax upon any other sort of consumable commodities.	そして、あらゆる点で、他の種類の消費財に対する税と同じ性質のものである。	in every respect|あらゆる点で|adverb|in all aspects	of the same nature|同じ性質のもの|noun|of the same kind	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	consumable commodity|消費財|noun|a good that is used up in the process of being used
In general, there is not perhaps, any one article of expense or consumption by which the liberality or narrowness of a man’s whole expense can be better judged of than by his house-rent.	一般に、家賃ほど、人の支出全体の豊かさや貧しさを判断するのに適した支出や消費の項目はおそらくない。	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	there is not|ない|verb|not exist	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	any one|どれか|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	article|項目|noun|a particular item or object	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	by which|によって|preposition|by means of which	liberality|豊かさ|noun|the quality of being generous	narrowness|貧しさ|noun|the quality of being small in width	can be better judged of|判断するのに適した|verb|be able to be judged more effectively	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid for the use of a house
A proportional tax upon this particular article of expense might, perhaps, produce a more considerable revenue than any which has hitherto been drawn from it in any part of Europe.	この特定の支出項目に対する比例税は、おそらく、ヨーロッパのどの地域でもこれまでに徴収されたどの税よりもかなりの収入を生み出すかもしれない。	proportional tax|比例税|noun|a tax that takes a fixed percentage of the base	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now or until the point mentioned	draw|徴収する|verb|take or receive (money) from a particular source	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
If the tax, indeed, was very high, the greater part of people would endeavour to evade it as much as they could, by contenting themselves with smaller houses, and by turning the greater part of their expense into some other channel.	実際、税率が非常に高ければ、人々の大部分は、小さな家で満足し、支出の大部分を他の経路に回すことで、できるだけ税を回避しようとするだろう。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	smaller|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than normal or usual	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access

The rent of houses might easily be ascertained with sufficient accuracy, by a policy of the same kind with that which would be necessary for ascertaining the ordinary rent of land.	家賃は、土地の通常の地代を確定するために必要となる政策と同じ種類の政策によって、十分な正確さで容易に確定できるだろう。	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	ascertain|確定する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	accuracy|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being correct or precise	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
Houses not inhabited ought to pay no tax.	住居していない家には税金を課すべきではない。	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	inhabit|住居する|verb|live in or occupy	ought to|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
A tax upon them would fall altogether upon the proprietor, who would thus be taxed for a subject which afforded him neither conveniency nor revenue.	これらの家屋に課税すれば、その税はすべて所有者にかかり、所有者は便宜も収入も得られない対象に課税されることになる。	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	conveniency|便宜|noun|something that is convenient	revenue|収入|noun|income
Houses inhabited by the proprietor ought to be rated, not according to the expense which they might have cost in building, but according to the rent which an equitable arbitration might judge them likely to bring if leased to a tenant.	所有者が住んでいる家は、建設にかかる費用ではなく、公正な仲裁によって借主に貸し出された場合にもたらされる可能性のある賃料に応じて評価されるべきである。	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	building|建設|noun|the process of constructing a building	rent|賃料|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	equitable|公正な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	arbitration|仲裁|noun|the settlement of a dispute by an arbitrator	tenant|借主|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord
If rated according to the expense which they might have cost in building, a tax of three or four shillings in the pound, joined with other taxes, would ruin almost all the rich and great families of this, and, I believe, of every other civilized country.	もし建設にかかる費用に応じて評価されるならば、一ポンドにつき三、四シリングという税率は、他の税金と相まって、この国、そして他のすべての文明国のほとんどすべての富裕層や大家族を破滅させるだろう。	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	building|建設|noun|the process of constructing a building	tax|税率|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	join|相まって|verb|connect or fasten together	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	great|大家族|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Whoever will examine with attention the different town and country houses of some of the richest and greatest families in this country, will find that, at the rate of only six and a-half, or seven per cent.	この国で最も裕福で偉大な家族のいくつかの異なる町や田舎の家を注意深く調べる人は誰でも、わずか6.5パーセントまたは7パーセントの割合で、	examine|調べる|verb|inspect closely and thoroughly	attention|注意|noun|the action of applying one's mind to something	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	richest|最も裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	greatest|最も偉大な|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	family|家族|noun|a group of people related by blood or marriage	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	six|6|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	half|半分|noun|one of two equal or roughly equal parts	seven|7|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the original expense of building, their house-rent is nearly equal to the whole neat rent of their estates.	建設当初の費用で、彼らの家賃は彼らの財産の純賃料の合計とほぼ等しいことに気づくだろう。	upon|～の上に|preposition|on top of	original|当初の|adjective|existing from the beginning	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	building|建設|noun|the action of constructing something	house-rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid to rent a house	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	whole|合計|noun|the entire amount of something	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or organization
It is the accumulated expense of several successive generations, laid out upon objects of great beauty and magnificence, indeed, but, in proportion to what they cost, of very small exchangeable value.	それは、確かに非常に美しく壮大なものに費やされた、数世代にわたる累積費用であるが、その費用に比べて交換価値は非常に小さい。	accumulated expense|累積費用|noun|the total amount of money that has been spent on something over a period of time	successive generations|数世代|noun|a series of people or things that come one after the other	great beauty|非常に美しく|noun|a quality that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind	magnificence|壮大なもの|noun|the quality of being impressive or very good	indeed|確かに|adverb|used to emphasize a statement or to express agreement	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a way that is related to the size or amount of something else	exchangeable value|交換価値|noun|the value of a good or service as expressed in terms of another good or service for which it can be exchanged
{Since the first publication of this book, a tax nearly upon the above-mentioned principles has been imposed.}	{この本の初版以来、上記の原則に近い税が課せられている。}	first publication|初版|noun|the first edition of a book	above-mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in the same text	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	impose|課する|verb|to establish or apply by authority

Ground-rents are a still more proper subject of taxation than the rent of houses.	地代は、家賃よりもさらに適切な課税対象である。	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	house|家|noun|a place where people live	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes
A tax upon ground-rents would not raise the rent of houses;	地代に対する税は、家賃を上げないだろう。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
it would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent, who acts always as a monopolist, and exacts the greatest rent which can be got for the use of his ground.	それは、常に独占者として行動し、自分の土地の使用に対して得られる最大の地代を徴収する地主に、すべて降りかかるだろう。	fall upon|降りかかる|verb|happen to	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid for the use of land	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person who has exclusive control over a commodity or service	exact|徴収する|verb|demand and obtain	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
More or less can be got for it, according as the competitors happen to be richer or poorer, or can afford to gratify their fancy for a particular spot of ground at a greater or smaller expense.	競争相手がたまたまより裕福かより貧しいか、あるいはより大きいかより小さい出費で特定の土地に対する自分の好みを満足させることができるかによって、多かれ少なかれ得ることができる。	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	happen to be|たまたま〜である|verb|occur by chance	richer|より裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	poorer|より貧しい|adjective|having little money or few assets	afford|できる|verb|have enough money to pay for	gratify|満足させる|verb|give (someone) pleasure or satisfaction	fancy|好み|noun|a liking for something	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	spot|場所|noun|a particular place or location	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In every country, the greatest number of rich competitors is in the capital, and it is there accordingly that the highest ground-rents are always to be found.	どの国でも、裕福な競争相手の数が最も多いのは首都であり、したがって、最も高い地代は常にそこで見つかることになる。	every country|どの国でも|noun|all the countries in the world	greatest number|最も多い|noun|the largest number	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	highest|最も高い|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be found|見つかることになる|verb|be discovered or noticed
As the wealth of those competitors would in no respect be increased by a tax upon ground-rents, they would not probably be disposed to pay more for the use of the ground.	これらの競争相手の富は、地代に対する税によって決して増加しないので、彼らはおそらく土地の使用に対してより多くを支払う気はないだろう。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ground-rent|地代|noun|a rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	dispose|気がある|verb|incline or be willing	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a service provided	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
Whether the tax was to be advanced by the inhabitant or by the owner of the ground, would be of little importance.	税金を住民が前払いするか、土地の所有者が前払いするかは、あまり重要ではないだろう。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be advanced|前払いされる|verb|be paid before it is due	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	little|あまり|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important
The more the inhabitant was obliged to pay for the tax, the less he would incline to pay for the ground;	住民が税金を支払う義務を負えば負うほど、土地の代金を支払う気はなくなるだろう。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	be obliged to|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	the less|少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	incline to|気がある|verb|be disposed or willing to do something	pay for|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
so that the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the owner of the ground-rent.	そのため、税金の最終的な支払いは、すべて地代の所有者にかかることになる。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall|かかる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid for the use of land
The ground-rents of uninhabited houses ought to pay no tax.	無人の家の地代には税金がかからないはずだ。	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	uninhabited|無人の|adjective|not lived in	ought to|はずだ|auxiliary verb|should; must	pay|かかる|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Both ground-rents, and the ordinary rent of land, are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own.	地代も土地の通常の地代も、多くの場合、所有者が何の心配も注意も払わずに享受できる収入の一種である。	ground-rent|地代|noun|a rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	ordinary rent|通常の地代|noun|a rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	many cases|多くの場合|noun|a large number of instances	care|心配|noun|worry or concern	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	species|一種|noun|a category of things having some property in common
Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry.	この収入の一部を国家の経費に充てるために彼から取り上げられたとしても、それによっていかなる産業も阻害されることはない。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	revenue|収入|noun|income	take|取り上げる|verb|remove something from a place	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	discouragement|阻害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before.	社会の土地と労働の年間生産物、国民の大多数の真の富と収入は、そのような税金の後でも前と同じであるかもしれない。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	real|真の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	great|大多数の|adjective|of major significance or importance	body|国民|noun|the physical structure, including the bones, flesh and organs, of a person or an animal	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	same|同じ|adjective|identical; not different	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	before|前|preposition|earlier or preceding (the event mentioned)	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Ground-rents, and the ordinary rent of land, are therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them.	したがって、地代と土地の通常の地代は、おそらく、特別な税金が課せられても最も耐えられる収入の一種である。	ground-rent|地代|noun|a rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	species|一種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	revenue|収入|noun|income	bear|耐える|verb|to carry or support	peculiar|特別な|adjective|strange or unusual	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted or put in place

Ground-rents seem, in this respect, a more proper subject of peculiar taxation, than even the ordinary rent of land.	この点で、地代は土地の通常の地代よりも、特別課税の対象としてより適切であるように思われる。	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	this respect|この点|noun|this aspect	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	peculiar|特別|adjective|strange or unusual	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property
The ordinary rent of land is, in many cases, owing partly, at least, to the attention and good management of the landlord.	土地の通常の地代は、多くの場合、少なくとも一部は地主の注意と適切な管理に起因している。	ordinary rent|通常の地代|noun|the rent that is usually paid for a property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	many cases|多くの場合|noun|a large number of instances	owing|起因している|verb|be caused by	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	good management|適切な管理|noun|the process of managing something well
A very heavy tax might discourage, too much, this attention and good management.	非常に重い税金は、この注意と適切な管理を過度に阻害するかもしれない。	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	discourage|阻害する|verb|cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
Ground-rents, so far as they exceed the ordinary rent of land, are altogether owing to the good government of the sovereign, which, by protecting the industry either of the whole people or of the inhabitants of some particular place, enables them to pay so much more than its real value for the ground which they build their houses upon;	地代は、土地の通常の地代を超える限り、主権者の善政に起因しており、国民全体または特定の場所の住民の産業を保護することによって、彼らが家を建てる土地に対して、その真の価値よりもはるかに多くを支払うことを可能にしている。	ground-rent|地代|noun|the rent paid for the use of land	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	altogether|全体として|adverb|completely or totally	owe|起因する|verb|have or show a duty or obligation to pay or repay in return for something received	good government|善政|noun|the conduct of government in a just and efficient manner	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	protect|保護する|verb|keep safe from harm or injury	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a service provided	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	real value|真の価値|noun|the actual worth of something	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	build|建てる|verb|construct (something) by putting parts or material together over a period of time
or to make to its owner so much more than compensation for the loss which he might sustain by this use of it.	あるいは、その所有者に対して、その土地をこのように使用することで被る損失の補償よりもはるかに多くを支払うことを可能にしている。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	make|支払う|verb|give or transfer money	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	so much more|はるかに多く|adverb|to a much greater extent	compensation|補償|noun|something that is given or received as a payment or reward	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
Nothing can be more reasonable, than that a fund, which owes its existence to the good government of the state, should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds, towards the support of that government.	国家の善政にその存在を負う基金が、その政府の支援に向けて、特別に課税されるか、他の基金の大部分よりも何かを多く貢献するべきであるということ以上に、合理的なことはない。	owe|負う|verb|have or feel a duty or obligation to do something	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	good government|善政|noun|a government that is honest and efficient	be taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	peculiarly|特別に|adverb|in a strange or unusual way	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	support|支援|noun|the action of helping or encouraging someone or something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it

Though, in many different countries of Europe, taxes have been imposed upon the rent of houses, I do not know of any in which ground-rents have been considered as a separate subject of taxation.	ヨーロッパの多くの国々では、住宅の家賃に税金が課せられているが、地代が課税の対象として別個に考慮されている国は知らない。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	separate|別個の|adjective|forming a unit that is distinct from others	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of tax
The contrivers of taxes have, probably, found some difficulty in ascertaining what part of the rent ought to be considered as ground-rent, and what part ought to be considered as building-rent.	税金の考案者は、おそらく、地代のどの部分を地代と見なし、どの部分を建物賃料と見なすべきかを確定するのに、多少の困難を感じたのだろう。	contriver|考案者|noun|a person who invents or designs something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid to a landowner for the use of land	building-rent|建物賃料|noun|rent paid to a landlord for the use of a building
It should not, however, seem very difficult to distinguish those two parts of the rent from one another.	しかし、地代のこの二つの部分を互いに区別することは、それほど難しくはないはずだ。	distinguish|区別する|verb|recognize as different	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other

In Great Britain the rent of houses is supposed to be taxed in the same proportion as the rent of land, by what is called the annual land tax.	イギリスでは、住宅の家賃は、年額地租と呼ばれるものによって、土地の地代と同じ割合で課税されることになっている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tax|課税される|verb|impose a tax on	annual|年額|adjective|happening or payable once a year	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land
The valuation, according to which each different parish and district is assessed to this tax, is always the same.	各教区や地区がこの税金を査定される評価額は、常に同じである。	valuation|評価額|noun|the value of something as estimated	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	assess|査定する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or ability of	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
It was originally extremely unequal, and it still continues to be so.	それはもともと非常に不平等で、今もそうである。	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal	still|今も|adverb|even now or at this time; yet
Through the greater part of the kingdom this tax falls still more lightly upon the rent of houses than upon that of land.	王国の大部分では、この税は土地の地代よりも住宅の家賃に軽く課せられている。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	fall|課せられる|verb|be imposed or charged	lightly|軽く|adverb|to a small degree; slightly	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water
In some few districts only, which were originally rated high, and in which the rents of houses have fallen considerably, the land tax of three or four shillings in the pound is said to amount to an equal proportion of the real rent of houses.	もともと高く評価され、住宅の家賃がかなり下落した一部の地区でのみ、1ポンドあたり3、4シリングの地租は、住宅の実質家賃の同率に相当すると言われている。	some few|一部の|adjective|a small number of	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city	originally|もともと|adverb|at or from the beginning	rate|評価する|verb|estimate the value or quality of	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	fall|下落する|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a noticeable extent	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	three or four|3、4|numeral|the number three or four	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	amount to|相当する|verb|be equal to	equal proportion|同率|noun|the same ratio	real rent|実質家賃|noun|the rent paid for a property, excluding any additional charges or fees
Untenanted houses, though by law subject to the tax, are, in most districts, exempted from it by the favour of the assessors;	空き家は、法律上は課税対象であるが、ほとんどの地区では、査定官の好意により課税を免除されている。	untenanted house|空き家|noun|a house that is not occupied by a tenant	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	subject to|対象|adjective|liable or likely to be affected by	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	most districts|ほとんどの地区|noun|the majority of the districts	exempted|免除される|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	favour|好意|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is usual or expected	assessor|査定官|noun|a person who assesses something
and this exemption sometimes occasions some little variation in the rate of particular houses, though that of the district is always the same.	この免除により、地区の税率は常に同じであるが、特定の住宅の税率に多少のばらつきが生じることがある。	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	variation|ばらつき|noun|the action or state of varying	particular|特定の|adjective|of, relating to, or being a particular person, thing, group, class, or category	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country or city	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; invariably
Improvements of rent, by new buildings, repairs, etc.	新築、修理などによる家賃の改善。	improvement|改善|noun|an instance of improving something	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property	new building|新築|noun|a building that has been recently built	repair|修理|noun|the action of restoring something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition
go to the discharge of the district, which occasions still further variations in the rate of particular houses.	地区の免除につながり、特定の住宅の税率にさらにばらつきが生じる。	go to|つながる|verb|lead to	discharge|免除|noun|the action of freeing someone from a duty, liability, or responsibility	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	variation|ばらつき|noun|the action of varying or the state of being varied	rate|税率|noun|the amount of a charge or payment expressed as a percentage of another amount

In the province of Holland, {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	ホラント州では、{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	Holland|ホラント|noun|a country in western Europe	Memoires concernant les Droits|権利に関する覚書|noun|a book about rights
p. 223.} every house is taxed at two and a-half per cent.	223.}すべての住宅に2.5パーセントの税金が課せられる。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	two and a-half|2.5|noun|a number equal to two plus a half	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
of its value, without any regard, either to the rent which it actually pays, or to the circumstance of its being tenanted or untenanted.	その価値の、実際に支払っている家賃にも、借り手がいるかいないかという状況にも、一切関係なく。	of|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	any|一切|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	regard|関係|noun|a feeling of respect and affection	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more alternatives	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	actually|実際に|adverb|in fact; really	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	tenant|借り手|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	untenanted|いない|adjective|not occupied by a tenant
There seems to be a hardship in obliging the proprietor to pay a tax for an untenanted house, from which he can derive no revenue, especially so very heavy a tax.	特に非常に重い税金である、収入を得ることができない空き家に対して、所有者に税金を支払う義務を課すことには困難があるように思われる。	There seems to be|あるように思われる|verb|to appear to exist or be true	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or trouble	obliging|義務を課す|verb|to make someone do something	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns a business or property	pay|支払う|verb|to give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	untenanted|空き家|adjective|not occupied by a tenant	house|家|noun|a place where people live	derive|得る|verb|to obtain or receive something from a source	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	especially|特に|adverb|used to single out one person, thing, or situation over all others	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight
In Holland, where the market rate of interest does not exceed three per cent., two and a-half per cent.	市場金利が3パーセントを超えないオランダでは、2.5パーセントである。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	market rate of interest|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest that prevails in the market	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	three per cent|3パーセント|noun|a percentage of three	two and a-half per cent|2.5パーセント|noun|a percentage of two and a half
upon the whole value of the house must, in most cases, amount to more than a third of the building-rent, perhaps of the whole rent.	住宅の全価値に対して、ほとんどの場合、建物の賃料の3分の1以上、おそらく全賃料に相当する額になる。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	must|なる|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of; more than half of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent	more than|以上|preposition|greater than	third|3分の1|noun|one of three equal parts of something	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	rent|賃料|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
The valuation, indeed, according to which the houses are rated, though very unequal, is said to be always below the real value.	実際、住宅が評価される評価額は、非常に不平等ではあるが、常に実際の価値を下回っていると言われている。	valuation|評価額|noun|the value of something as estimated	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	rate|評価される|verb|estimate the value or quality of	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status	below|下回る|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	real value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy
When a house is rebuilt, improved, or enlarged, there is a new valuation, and the tax is rated accordingly.	住宅が再建、改良、または拡張されると、新たな評価額が算出され、それに応じて税額が決定される。	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	rebuild|再建する|verb|build again	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	enlarge|拡張する|verb|make or become bigger or greater	valuation|評価額|noun|an estimation of something's worth	tax|税額|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rate|決定される|verb|decide the amount of

The contrivers of the several taxes which in England have, at different times, been imposed upon houses, seem to have imagined that there was some great difficulty in ascertaining, with tolerable exactness, what was the real rent of every house.	イギリスで様々な時期に住宅に課せられてきたいくつかの税金の考案者は、各住宅の実際の地代がいくらかを、かなり正確に確かめることにはかなりの困難があると考えていたようである。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	contriver|考案者|noun|a person who invents or designs something	different|様々な|adjective|not the same	time|時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	tolerable|かなりの|adjective|able to be endured	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality or state of being exact; precision	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
They have regulated their taxes, therefore, according to some more obvious circumstance, such as they had probably imagined would, in most cases, bear some proportion to the rent.	そのため、彼らは、ほとんどの場合、地代に一定の割合を占めるだろうと想像していたような、より明白な状況に応じて税金を調整してきた。	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image or concept of	bear|占める|verb|be in a certain relation to	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

The first tax of this kind was hearth-money; or a tax of two shillings upon every hearth.	この種の最初の税は炉税、つまり炉ごとに2シリングを課す税だった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	hearth|炉|noun|the floor of a fireplace	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	two|2|numeral|one more than one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound
In order to ascertain how many hearths were in the house, it was necessary that the tax-gatherer should enter every room in it.	家の中に何個の炉があるかを確認するためには、徴税吏が家の中のすべての部屋に入る必要があった。	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	hearth|炉|noun|the floor of a fireplace	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	tax-gatherer|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	enter|入る|verb|go or come in	room|部屋|noun|a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling
This odious visit rendered the tax odious.	この忌まわしい訪問は、税を忌まわしいものにした。	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Soon after the Revolution, therefore, it was abolished as a badge of slavery.	そのため、革命後まもなく、奴隷の証しとして廃止された。	soon|まもなく|adverb|in a short time	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to (a system, practice, or institution)	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave

The next tax of this kind was a tax of two shillings upon every dwelling-house inhabited.	この種の次の税は、居住しているすべての住居に2シリングを課す税だった。	next|次の|adjective|immediately following the time of writing	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality	two|2|numeral|one more than one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	dwelling-house|住居|noun|a house used as a residence	inhabit|居住する|verb|live in or occupy
A house with ten windows to pay four shillings more.	10個の窓がある家は、4シリングを追加で支払う。	ten|10個|adjective|the number 10	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to enter	four|4|adjective|the number 4	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	more|追加で|adverb|to a greater extent or degree
A house with twenty windows and upwards to pay eight shillings.	20個以上の窓がある家は、8シリングを支払う。	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to enter	upwards|以上|adverb|more than	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
This tax was afterwards so far altered, that houses with twenty windows, and with less than thirty, were ordered to pay ten shillings, and those with thirty windows and upwards to pay twenty shillings.	この税はその後、20個以上の窓があり、30個未満の窓がある家は10シリングを支払い、30個以上の窓がある家は20シリングを支払うように変更された。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	so far|これまで|adverb|to the extent or degree previously mentioned	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof of a building or vehicle that allows light and air to come in	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	ten shillings|10シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound	thirty|30|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of ten and three	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound
The number of windows can, in most cases, be counted from the outside, and, in all cases, without entering every room in the house.	窓の数は、ほとんどの場合、外から数えることができ、すべての場合において、家のすべての部屋に入る必要はない。	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	window|窓|noun|an opening in a wall or roof that allows light and air to enter	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	outside|外|noun|the external part of something	house|家|noun|a place where people live
The visit of the tax-gatherer, therefore, was less offensive in this tax than in the hearth-money.	したがって、この税では、徴税吏の訪問は炉税ほど不快ではなかった。	tax-gatherer|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	less|より少なく|adjective|not as much or as many	offensive|不快な|adjective|causing someone to feel upset, angry, or annoyed

This tax was afterwards repealed, and in the room of it was established the window-tax, which has undergone two several alterations and augmentations.	この税はその後廃止され、その代わりに窓税が制定され、2度の変更と増額を経た。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	repeal|廃止する|verb|revoke or annul (a law or congressional act)	room|代わりに|noun|a part of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	undergo|経る|verb|experience or be subjected to	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering or being altered	augmentation|増額|noun|the action or process of augmenting or being augmented
The window tax, as it stands at present (January 1775), over and above the duty of three shillings upon every house in England, and of one shilling upon every house in Scotland, lays a duty upon every window, which in England augments gradually from twopence, the lowest rate upon houses with not more than seven windows, to two shillings, the highest rate upon houses with twenty-five windows and upwards.	窓税は、現行(1775年1月)では、イングランドのすべての住宅に3シリング、スコットランドのすべての住宅に1シリングを課税するほか、すべての窓に課税し、イングランドでは7枚以下の窓がある住宅に課せられる最低税率の2ペンスから、25枚以上の窓がある住宅に課せられる最高税率の2シリングまで段階的に増額される。	window tax|窓税|noun|a tax on windows	at present|現行|adverb|now; at this time	January 1775|1775年1月|noun|the first month of the year 1775	over and above|ほかに|adverb|in addition to	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	lay a duty upon|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	gradually|段階的に|adverb|in a gradual manner	augment|増額される|verb|increase in size, amount, or degree	twopence|2ペンス|noun|a British coin worth two pennies	seven|7|noun|the number 7	two shillings|2シリング|noun|a British coin worth two shillings	twenty-five|25|noun|the number 25	upwards|以上|adverb|more than

The principal objection to all such taxes is their inequality;	このような税金に対する主な反対意見は、その不平等性である。	principal|主な|adjective|most important	objection|反対意見|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	inequality|不平等性|noun|the quality of being unequal
an inequality of the worst kind, as they must frequently fall much heavier upon the poor than upon the rich.	最悪の種類の不平等であり、貧しい人々は金持ちよりもはるかに重い負担を強いられることが多い。	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	worst|最悪の|adjective|of the poorest quality or the most unpleasant	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	fall|強いられる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	heavy|重い|adjective|having a high weight	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets
A house of ten pounds rent in a country town, may sometimes have more windows than a house of five hundred pounds rent in London; and though the inhabitant of the former is likely to be a much poorer man than that of the latter, yet, so far as his contribution is regulated by the window tax, he must contribute more to the support of the state.	田舎町の家賃10ポンドの家は、ロンドンの家賃500ポンドの家よりも窓が多いことがある。前者の住人は後者の住人よりもはるかに貧しい人である可能性が高いが、それでも彼の負担が窓税によって規制されている限り、彼は国家の支援にもっと貢献しなければならない。	ten pounds|10ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	country town|田舎町|noun|a small town in a rural area	five hundred pounds|500ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	inhabitant|住人|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|coming after something in time; later	contribution|負担|noun|the action of contributing money, time, or effort to a common purpose	window tax|窓税|noun|a tax on windows	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
Such taxes are, therefore, directly contrary to the first of the four maxims above mentioned.	したがって、このような税金は、上記の4つの格言の最初のものに真っ向から反している。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	directly|真っ向から|adverb|in a direct manner	contrary|反する|adjective|opposite in nature or tendency	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	four|4つ|adjective|being one more than three	maxim|格言|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct
They do not seem to offend much against any of the other three.	他の3つについては、あまり反対していないようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	offend|反対する|verb|cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	three|3つ|noun|the number 3

The natural tendency of the window tax, and of all other taxes upon houses, is to lower rents.	窓税や住宅に対する他のすべての税金の自然な傾向は、家賃を下げることだ。	window tax|窓税|noun|a tax on windows	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	lower|下げる|verb|move something to a lower position	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property
The more a man pays for the tax, the less, it is evident, he can afford to pay for the rent.	税金を多く払えば払うほど、家賃を払う余裕がなくなるのは明らかだ。	the more|より多く|determiner|a larger amount or number of	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	the less|より少なく|determiner|a smaller amount or number of	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
Since the imposition of the window tax, however, the rents of houses have, upon the whole, risen more or less, in almost every town and village of Great Britain, with which I am acquainted.	しかし、窓税の課税以来、私が知っているイギリスのほとんどすべての町や村で、家賃は全体的に多少上昇している。	window tax|窓税|noun|a tax on windows	imposition|課税|noun|the action of imposing something	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	upon the whole|全体的に|adverb|in general; generally speaking	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	more or less|多少|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	be acquainted with|知っている|verb|know someone or something
Such has been, almost everywhere, the increase of the demand for houses, that it has raised the rents more than the window tax could sink them;	ほとんどどこでも、住宅の需要が増加し、窓税が家賃を下げるよりも家賃が上昇した。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	almost everywhere|ほとんどどこでも|adverb|in almost all places	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	raise|上昇|verb|go up	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	sink|下げる|verb|go down
one of the many proofs of the great prosperity of the country, and of the increasing revenue of its inhabitants.	これは、この国の大いなる繁栄と住民の収入増加を示す多くの証拠の一つである。	one|一つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Had it not been for the tax, rents would probably have risen still higher.	税金がなかったら、家賃はもっと高くなっていただろう。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rent|家賃|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	rise|上がる|verb|go up	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell

ARTICLE II.—Taxes upon Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock.	第二条利潤税、または資本から生じる収入に対する税	ARTICLE II|第二条|noun|the second article	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	arise|生じる|verb|come into being; originate

The revenue or profit arising from stock naturally divides itself into two parts;	資本から生じる収入または利潤は、自然に二つの部分に分かれる。	revenue|収入|noun|income	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	itself|それ自体|pronoun|the thing mentioned	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
that which pays the interest, and which belongs to the owner of the stock;	利子を支払う部分と、資本の所有者に属する部分である。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has and uses to make a profit
and that surplus part which is over and above what is necessary for paying the interest.	そして、利子を支払うのに必要な額を超えた余剰部分である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	that|その|determiner|used to refer to a specific person or thing that has already been mentioned or is already known about	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	over and above|を超えた|adverb|in addition to	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

This latter part of profit is evidently a subject not taxable directly.	この後者の部分の利潤は、明らかに直接課税の対象ではない。	latter|後者の|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	evidently|明らかに|adverb|in a way that is obvious or easily seen or understood	taxable|課税の対象|adjective|subject to taxation	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping
It is the compensation, and, in most cases, it is no more than a very moderate compensation for the risk and trouble of employing the stock.	それは報酬であり、ほとんどの場合、資本を運用するリスクと手間に対する非常に控えめな報酬にすぎない。	compensation|報酬|noun|something (such as money) that is given or received as payment or reparation	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	no more than|すぎない|adverb|only; merely	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree; extremely	moderate|控えめな|adjective|not extreme; not excessive	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of loss or injury	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems
The employer must have this compensation, otherwise he cannot, consistently with his own interest, continue the employment.	使用者は、この報酬を得なければならない。さもなければ、彼は自分の利益と矛盾することなく、使用を続けることはできない。	employer|使用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	have|得る|verb|possess, own, or hold	compensation|報酬|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|if not; or else	consistently|矛盾することなく|adverb|in a way that is consistent; without contradiction	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process
If he was taxed directly, therefore, in proportion to the whole profit, he would be obliged either to raise the rate of his profit, or to charge the tax upon the interest of money;	したがって、もし彼が利潤全体に比例して直接課税されたら、彼は利潤率を上げたり、金利に課税したりしなければならなくなるだろう。	be taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	charge|課す|verb|demand (a price) for a service or product	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
that is, to pay less interest.	つまり、利子を少なく支払うことになる。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	less|少なく|adjective|not as much or as many as before	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
If he raised the rate of his profit in proportion to the tax, the whole tax, though it might be advanced by him, would be finally paid by one or other of two different sets of people, according to the different ways in which he might employ the stock of which he had the management.	もし彼が税金に比例して利潤率を上げたら、税金全体は、彼が前払いするかもしれないが、彼が管理している資本を運用する方法の違いに応じて、最終的には二つの異なる集団のどちらかによって支払われることになる。	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	advance|前払いする|verb|move forward	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, or after many problems	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	set|集団|noun|a group of things that belong together or are thought of as a unit	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	according to|応じて|preposition|as stated by or in	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	employ|運用する|verb|use or utilize	stock|資本|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
If he employed it as a farming stock, in the cultivation of land, he could raise the rate of his profit only by retaining a greater portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of a greater portion, of the produce of the land;	もし彼がそれを農業資本として土地の耕作に用いたら、彼は土地の生産物のより大きな部分、あるいは同じことだが、より大きな部分の価格を保持することによってのみ、利潤率を上げることができる。	employ|用いる|verb|use	farming stock|農業資本|noun|capital used for farming	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	raise|上げる|verb|increase	rate|率|noun|a measure of the amount of something in relation to another thing	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth that is not covered by water
and as this could be done only by a reduction of rent, the final payment of the tax would fall upon the landlord.	そして、これは地代の削減によってのみ可能なので、税金の最終的な支払いは地主にかかることになる。	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of
If he employed it as a mercantile or manufacturing stock, he could raise the rate of his profit only by raising the price of his goods;	もし彼がそれを商業資本や製造資本として用いたら、彼は商品の価格を上げることだけで利潤率を上げることができる。	employ|用いる|verb|use	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	manufacturing|製造の|adjective|of or relating to the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	raise|上げる|verb|increase	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
in which case, the final payment of the tax would fall altogether upon the consumers of those goods.	その場合、税金の最終的な支払いは、それらの商品の消費者にすべてかかることになる。	in which case|その場合|adverb|in the situation that	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use
If he did not raise the rate of his profit, he would be obliged to charge the whole tax upon that part of it which was allotted for the interest of money.	もし彼が利潤率を上げなかったら、彼は税金の全額を利子に充てられた部分に課さざるを得なくなる。	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	charge|課す|verb|demand (a price) for a service or product	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
He could afford less interest for whatever stock he borrowed, and the whole weight of the tax would, in this case, fall ultimately upon the interest of money.	彼は借りた資本が何であれ、利子を支払う余裕が減り、この場合、税金の全重量は最終的に利子にかかることになる。	afford|支払う余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily that belongs to someone else	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
So far as he could not relieve himself from the tax in the one way, he would be obliged to relieve himself in the other.	彼が一方の方法で税金から逃れられない限り、彼はもう一方の方法で逃れざるを得なくなる。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	relieve|逃れる|verb|free from a burden or responsibility	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	one|一方|adjective|the number 1	other|もう一方|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things

The interest of money seems, at first sight, a subject equally capable of being taxed directly as the rent of land.	利子は、一見したところ、土地の地代と同じように直接課税できる対象であるように思われる。	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	at first sight|一見したところ|adverb|when first seen or considered	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	equally|同じように|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	capable|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something	being taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
Like the rent of land, it is a neat produce, which remains, after completely compensating the whole risk and trouble of employing the stock.	土地の地代と同じように、それは純粋な生産物であり、資本を運用するリスクと手間を完全に補償した後に残るものである。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	risk|リスク|noun|the possibility of something bad happening	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	employing|運用する|verb|make use of
As a tax upon the rent of land cannot raise rents, because the neat produce which remains, after replacing the stock of the farmer, together with his reasonable profit, cannot be greater after the tax than before it, so, for the same reason, a tax upon the interest of money could not raise the rate of interest;	土地の地代に対する税は地代を上げることができない。なぜなら、農民の資本を補填した後に残る純粋な生産物は、彼の合理的な利益と共に、課税後には課税前よりも大きくなることはできないからである。同様の理由で、利子に対する税は利子率を上げることができない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	rate|率|noun|the amount, degree, or frequency of something in relation to a particular standard or measure
the quantity of stock or money in the country, like the quantity of land, being supposed to remain the same after the tax as before it.	国内の資本や貨幣の量は、土地の量と同様に、課税後も課税前と同じであると想定されているからである。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	remain|同じである|verb|stay in the same place or condition	before|前|preposition|earlier than; in front of	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The ordinary rate of profit, it has been shewn, in the first book, is everywhere regulated by the quantity of stock to be employed, in proportion to the quantity of the employment, or of the business which must be done by it.	第一巻で示したように、通常の利潤率は、どこでも、雇用量、あるいはそれによって行われなければならない事業量に比例して、雇用される資本の量によって調整される。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or in every situation	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	do|行う|verb|carry out, accomplish, or execute
But the quantity of the employment, or of the business to be done by stock, could neither be increased nor diminished by any tax upon the interest of money.	しかし、雇用量、あるいは資本によって行われるべき事業量は、利子に対する税によって増加することも減少することもない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	employment|雇用|noun|the state of having paid work	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	be done|行われる|verb|be finished or completed	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
If the quantity of the stock to be employed, therefore, was neither increased nor diminished by it, the ordinary rate of profit would necessarily remain the same.	したがって、雇用される資本の量がそれによって増加も減少もしなかったとしたら、通常の利潤率は必然的に同じままになるだろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	employ|雇用する|verb|give work to	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	diminish|減少|verb|make or become less	ordinary|通常の|adjective|with no special or distinctive features; normal or commonplace	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	remain|残る|verb|be left after others or other parts have been removed or destroyed
But the portion of this profit, necessary for compensating the risk and trouble of the employer, would likewise remain the same;	しかし、雇用者のリスクと手間を補償するために必要なこの利益の部分も同様に同じままになるだろう。	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	compensate|補償する|verb|to make amends for	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	employer|雇用者|noun|a person that employs people	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	remain|残る|verb|to stay in the same place or condition
that risk and trouble being in no respect altered.	そのリスクと手間は、いかなる点でも変更されない。	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	trouble|手間|noun|difficulty or problems	in no respect|いかなる点でも|adverb|not at all; in no way	alter|変更する|verb|make or become different
The residue, therefore, that portion which belongs to the owner of the stock, and which pays the interest of money, would necessarily remain the same too.	したがって、残余、つまり資本の所有者に属し、利子を支払う部分も必然的に同じままになるだろう。	residue|残余|noun|what is left after other parts have been taken away	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	same|同じ|adjective|not different or changed
At first sight, therefore, the interest of money seems to be a subject as fit to be taxed directly as the rent of land.	したがって、一見したところ、利子は地代と同じように直接課税するのに適した対象であるように思われる。	at first sight|一見したところ|adverb|when first seen or considered	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	fit|適した|adjective|of a suitable quality, standard, or type	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

There are, however, two different circumstances, which render the interest of money a much less proper subject of direct taxation than the rent of land.	しかし、利子を地代よりも直接課税の対象として適切でないものにする二つの異なる状況がある。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	much|あまり|adverb|to a great extent or degree	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	direct|直接|adjective|extending or moving from one place to another by the shortest way without changing direction or stopping	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of a tax or taxes	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land

First, the quantity and value of the land which any man possesses, can never be a secret, and can always be ascertained with great exactness.	第一に、誰かが所有する土地の量と価値は決して秘密にはなり得ず、常に非常に正確に確かめることができる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; initially	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	exactness|正確に|noun|the quality of being exact; precision
But the whole amount of the capital stock which he possesses is almost always a secret, and can scarce ever be ascertained with tolerable exactness.	しかし、その人が所有する資本の総額は、ほとんど常に秘密であり、許容できる程度の正確さで確かめることはほとんどできない。	capital stock|資本|noun|the value of the shares issued by a company	whole amount|総額|noun|the total amount	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being exact
It is liable, besides, to almost continual variations.	その上、それはほとんど絶えず変動する。	liable|起こりやすい|adjective|likely to happen or to be the case	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	continual|絶えず|adjective|happening or done without interruption	variation|変動|noun|a change in the usual way of doing something
A year seldom passes away, frequently not a month, sometimes scarce a single day, in which it does not rise or fall more or less.	一年が過ぎても、しばしば一ヶ月が過ぎても、時には一日が過ぎても、それが多少とも増減しないことはめったにない。	pass away|過ぎる|verb|die	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	scarce|めったにない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	rise|増加する|verb|go up	fall|減少する|verb|go down
An inquisition into every man’s private circumstances, and an inquisition which, in order to accommodate the tax to them, watched over all the fluctuations of his fortune, would be a source of such continual and endless vexation as no person could support.	すべての人の私生活を調査し、税金をそれに適応させるために、その人の財産のすべての変動を監視するような調査は、誰もが耐えられないほどの絶え間ない悩みの種となるだろう。	inquisition|調査|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	private circumstance|私生活|noun|one's personal life	accommodate|適応させる|verb|provide with something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	watch over|監視する|verb|look after and protect	fluctuation|変動|noun|a variation in the size, amount, or value of something	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	source|種|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	continual|絶え間ない|adjective|happening or done without interruption	endless|悩みの種|adjective|having or seeming to have no end	vexation|悩みの種|noun|a source of irritation or annoyance	support|耐える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of

Secondly, land is a subject which cannot be removed;	第二に、土地は移動できない対象である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	remove|移動する|verb|change place or position
whereas stock easily may.	一方、株は簡単に移動できる。	whereas|一方|conjunction|on the other hand	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be allowed or permitted to
The proprietor of land is necessarily a citizen of the particular country in which his estate lies.	土地の所有者は、必然的にその土地がある特定の国の市民である。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	estate|土地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house on it
The proprietor of stock is properly a citizen of the world, and is not necessarily attached to any particular country.	株の所有者は、正しくは世界の市民であり、必ずしも特定の国に所属しているわけではない。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	properly|正しくは|adverb|in a correct manner	citizen|市民|noun|a person who is a member of a particular country	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group
He would be apt to abandon the country in which he was exposed to a vexatious inquisition, in order to be assessed to a burdensome tax;	彼は、重税を課せられるために、厄介な異端審問にさらされた国を捨て去る傾向があるだろう。	abandon|捨て去る|verb|give up completely	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	expose|さらされる|verb|make visible or accessible	vexatious|厄介な|adjective|causing or likely to cause annoyance, frustration, or worry	inquisition|異端審問|noun|a judicial or official inquiry or examination	assess|課せられる|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	burdensome|重い|adjective|causing hardship or difficulty	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
and would remove his stock to some other country, where he could either carry on his business, or enjoy his fortune more at his ease.	そして、彼は自分の株を他の国に移し、そこで事業を続けるか、あるいはもっと気楽に自分の財産を楽しむことができるだろう。	remove|移す|verb|move something from one place to another	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	enjoy|楽しむ|verb|take delight or pleasure in	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
By removing his stock, he would put an end to all the industry which it had maintained in the country which he left.	彼は株を移すことで、彼が去った国で維持していたすべての産業を終わらせることになる。	remove|移す|verb|move something from one place to another	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	put an end to|終わらせる|verb|cause something to stop happening or existing	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Stock cultivates land; stock employs labour.	株は土地を耕し、労働者を雇用する。	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for crops or gardening	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work and pay for	labour|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages
A tax which tended to drive away stock from any particular country, would so far tend to dry up every source of revenue, both to the sovereign and to the society.	特定の国から株を追い払う傾向のある税は、これまでのところ、主権者と社会の両方にとって、あらゆる収入源を枯渇させる傾向があるだろう。	drive away|追い払う|verb|cause to go away	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or disposed	dry up|枯渇させる|verb|cause to dry up	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
Not only the profits of stock, but the rent of land, and the wages of labour, would necessarily be more or less diminished by its removal.	株の利益だけでなく、土地の地代や労働者の賃金も、その除去によって多かれ少なかれ減少するだろう。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	removal|除去|noun|the action of taking away something

The nations, accordingly, who have attempted to tax the revenue arising from stock, instead of any severe inquisition of this kind, have been obliged to content themselves with some very loose, and, therefore, more or less arbitrary estimation.	したがって、株から生じる収入に課税しようとした国々は、この種の厳しい調査の代わりに、非常に緩い、したがって多かれ少なかれ恣意的な見積もりで満足せざるを得なかった。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to achieve something	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	revenue|収入|noun|income	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	instead|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	inquisition|調査|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	loose|緩い|adjective|not held or tied together, or not held or fastened firmly	arbitrary|恣意的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
The extreme inequality and uncertainty of a tax assessed in this manner, can be compensated only by its extreme moderation;	このようにして査定される税の極端な不平等と不確実性は、その極端な節度によってのみ補償される。	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	assess|査定する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	moderation|節度|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint
in consequence of which, every man finds himself rated so very much below his real revenue, that he gives himself little disturbance though his neighbour should be rated somewhat lower.	その結果、誰もが自分の実際の収入をはるかに下回る評価を受けているため、隣人が多少低い評価を受けても、ほとんど動揺しない。	in consequence of|結果として|preposition|as a result of	every man|誰もが|noun|each person	find oneself|気づく|verb|to become aware of oneself	rated|評価される|verb|to be given a particular value or quality	so very much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent	below|下回る|preposition|lower than	real|実際の|adjective|true; genuine	revenue|収入|noun|income	that|そのため|conjunction|for that reason	give oneself|動揺する|verb|to become upset or agitated	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	disturbance|動揺|noun|an interruption of a settled or peaceful condition	though|にもかかわらず|conjunction|despite the fact that	neighbour|隣人|noun|a person who lives next door or near to another	should be rated|評価される|verb|to be given a particular value or quality	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; a little

By what is called the land tax in England, it was intended that the stock should be taxed in the same proportion as land.	イギリスの土地税と呼ばれるものによって、株は土地と同じ割合で課税されることが意図されていた。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on
When the tax upon land was at four shillings in the pound, or at one-fifth of the supposed rent, it was intended that stock should be taxed at one-fifth of the supposed interest.	土地税が1ポンドにつき4シリング、つまり想定地代の5分の1だったとき、株は想定利子の5分の1で課税されることが意図されていた。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	supposed|想定|adjective|generally assumed or believed to be the case, but not necessarily so	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	stock|株|noun|the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a business or warehouse and available for sale or distribution	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
When the present annual land tax was first imposed, the legal rate of interest was six per cent.	現在の年額土地税が最初に課せられたとき、法定利子率は6パーセントだった。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	annual|年額|adjective|happening or payable once a year	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	first|最初に|adverb|before any other person or thing	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to the law	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	six|6|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
Every hundred pounds stock, accordingly, was supposed to be taxed at twenty-four shillings, the fifth part of six pounds.	したがって、株の百ポンドごとに、6ポンドの5分の1である24シリングが課税されることになっていた。	every hundred pounds|百ポンドごとに|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.59237 grams	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	twenty-four shillings|24シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	the fifth part of six pounds|6ポンドの5分の1|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.59237 grams
Since the legal rate of interest has been reduced to five per cent.	法定利子率が5パーセントに引き下げられてからは、	legal|法定の|adjective|of or relating to law	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
every hundred pounds stock is supposed to be taxed at twenty shillings only.	株の百ポンドごとに、20シリングだけ課税されることになっている。	every hundred pounds|百ポンドごとに|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.59237 grams	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	be supposed to|ことになっている|verb|be required or expected to	be taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
The sum to be raised, by what is called the land tax, was divided between the country and the principal towns.	土地税と呼ばれる税によって徴収される金額は、地方と主要都市の間で分割された。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	be raised|徴収される|verb|be collected or levied	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	be divided|分割される|verb|be separated into parts	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	principal town|主要都市|noun|the most important town
The greater part of it was laid upon the country;	その大部分は地方に課せられ、	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	lay upon|課する|verb|impose or inflict on	country|地方|noun|the land of a nation
and of what was laid upon the towns, the greater part was assessed upon the houses.	都市に課せられた分については、その大部分が家屋に課せられた。	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	lay upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	assess|課せられる|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of
What remained to be assessed upon the stock or trade of the towns (for the stock upon the land was not meant to be taxed) was very much below the real value of that stock or trade.	都市の資本や取引に課せられる残りの部分(土地の資本は課税対象ではなかった)は、その資本や取引の実際の価値をはるかに下回っていた。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	assess|課する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	town|都市|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
Whatever inequalities, therefore, there might be in the original assessment, gave little disturbance.	したがって、当初の課税にどんな不平等があったとしても、ほとんど混乱は生じなかった。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be|ある|verb|exist	original|当初の|adjective|existing from the beginning	assessment|課税|noun|the action of assessing something	give|生じる|verb|cause to happen or exist	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	disturbance|混乱|noun|the interruption of a settled and peaceful condition
Every parish and district still continues to be rated for its land, its houses, and its stock, according to the original assessment;	どの教区や地区も、当初の課税に従って、その土地、家屋、資本に対して課税され続けている。	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	rate|課税する|verb|to determine the value of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	house|家屋|noun|a building that people live in	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
and the almost universal prosperity of the country, which, in most places, has raised very much the value of all these, has rendered those inequalities of still less importance now.	そして、ほとんどすべての場所でこれらすべての価値を非常に高めた、国のほぼ普遍的な繁栄は、これらの不平等を今でもさらに重要でないものにしている。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	raise|高める|verb|cause to rise	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	importance|重要性|noun|the state or quality of being important
The rate, too, upon each district, continuing always the same, the uncertainty of this tax, so far as it might he assessed upon the stock of any individual, has been very much diminished, as well as rendered of much less consequence.	各地区の税率も常に同じであり、この税の不確実性は、個人の資本に課税される限り、大幅に減少し、また、影響もはるかに小さくなった。	rate|税率|noun|the amount of a charge or payment expressed as a percentage of another amount	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or in a certain state	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	consequence|影響|noun|a result or effect of an action or condition
If the greater part of the lands of England are not rated to the land tax at half their actual value, the greater part of the stock of England is, perhaps, scarce rated at the fiftieth part of its actual value.	イギリスの土地の大部分が実際の価値の半分にも満たない地租を課せられているのなら、イギリスの資本の大部分は、おそらく実際の価値の50分の1にも満たない税率を課せられている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts	actual value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	fiftieth|50分の1|noun|one of fifty equal parts	actual value|実際の価値|noun|the value of something in terms of money
In some towns, the whole land tax is assessed upon houses;	一部の町では、地租のすべてが家屋に課せられている。	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	assess|課する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or ability of
as in Westminster, where stock and trade are free.	ウェストミンスターでは、資本と貿易は自由である。	as in|～のように|preposition|in the same way that	Westminster|ウェストミンスター|noun|a city in central London	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
It is otherwise in London.	ロンドンではそうではない。	otherwise|そうではない|adverb|in a different way	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom

In all countries, a severe inquisition into the circumstances of private persons has been carefully avoided.	どの国でも、私人の事情を厳しく調べることは慎重に避けられてきた。	in all countries|どの国でも|adverb|in every country	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	inquisition|調べること|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	private person|私人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	carefully|慎重に|adverb|taking care to avoid damage, risk, or error	avoid|避ける|verb|prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening

At Hamburg, {Memoires concernant les Droits, tom.	ハンブルクでは、{Memoires concernant les Droits, tom.	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	Memoires concernant les Droits|Memoires concernant les Droits|noun|a book
i, p.74} every inhabitant is obliged to pay to the state one fourth per cent.	i、p.74}すべての住民は、州に0.25パーセントを支払う義務がある。	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	state|州|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	one fourth|0.25|noun|a quarter	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
of all that he possesses; and as the wealth of the people of Hamburg consists principally in stock, this tax maybe considered as a tax upon stock.	ハンブルクの人々の富は主に株で構成されているので、この税は株に対する税と考えることができる。	of all that|すべての|noun|the whole of	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision
Every man assesses himself, and, in the presence of the magistrate, puts annually into the public coffer a certain sum of money, which he declares upon oath, to be one fourth per cent.	誰もが自分自身を評価し、行政官の面前で、毎年一定額の金を公庫に入れ、その額が0.25パーセントであると宣誓する。	assess|評価する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	public coffer|公庫|noun|a fund of money belonging to the government	certain sum of money|一定額の金|noun|a specific amount of money	oath|宣誓|noun|a solemn promise, often invoking a deity or other witness	one fourth per cent|0.25パーセント|noun|a quarter of a percent
of all that he possesses, but without declaring what it amounts to, or being liable to any examination upon that subject.	彼が所有するすべてのものの、しかし、それがいくらになるかを宣言したり、その件に関していかなる調査も受けることなく。	of all|すべての|preposition|belonging to the whole of a group or class	that|その|determiner|the one or ones already mentioned or implied	he|彼|pronoun|the man or boy previously mentioned	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to oneself or oneself and others	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not doing something	declare|宣言する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	what|いくら|determiner|the amount or quantity of something	amount|なる|verb|be equal to in number, value, or effect	to|に|preposition|used to indicate a destination	or|または|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	being|受けること|verb|exist or live	liable|責任を負う|adjective|responsible by law; legally answerable	any|いかなる|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	examination|調査|noun|an official inspection or investigation
This tax is generally supposed to be paid with great fidelity.	この税金は一般的に非常に忠実に支払われていると考えられている。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	fidelity|忠実|noun|faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support
In a small republic, where the people have entire confidence in their magistrates, are convinced of the necessity of the tax for the support of the state, and believe that it will be faithfully applied to that purpose, such conscientious and voluntary payment may sometimes be expected.	人々が行政官を完全に信頼し、国家を支えるために税金が必要であると確信し、それが忠実にその目的に適用されると信じている小さな共和国では、そのような良心的で自発的な支払いが期待できることがある。	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	have confidence in|信頼する|verb|to have trust in	magistrate|行政官|noun|a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law	be convinced of|確信する|verb|to be certain of	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	support|支える|verb|to give assistance to, or to be in favor of	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	be applied to|適用される|verb|to be put to use	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	conscientious|良心的|adjective|governed by or done according to conscience	voluntary|自発的|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	be expected|期待される|verb|to be regarded as likely to happen or arrive
It is not peculiar to the people of Hamburg.	それはハンブルクの人々に特有のものではない。	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing

The canton of Underwald, in Switzerland, is frequently ravaged by storms and inundations, and it is thereby exposed to extraordinary expenses.	スイスのウンターヴァルト州は、しばしば嵐や洪水に襲われ、そのために特別な出費を強いられている。	canton|州|noun|a political division of a country	Underwald|ウンターヴァルト|noun|a canton of Switzerland	Switzerland|スイス|noun|a landlocked country in western Europe	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	storm|嵐|noun|a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds and usually rain, snow, or hail	inundation|洪水|noun|an overflowing of water	thereby|そのために|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
Upon such occasions the people assemble, and every one is said to declare with the greatest frankness what he is worth, in order to be taxed accordingly.	そのような場合には人々が集まり、それに応じて課税されるために、誰もが自分の資産を最大限率直に申告すると言われている。	upon|～の際に|preposition|on	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	assemble|集まる|verb|come together as a group	every one|誰もが|pronoun|each person	declare|申告する|verb|make a formal statement about something	frankness|率直さ|noun|the quality of being honest and direct	worth|資産|noun|the value of something	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate to the situation	taxed|課税される|verb|impose a tax on
At Zurich, the law orders, that in cases of necessity, every one should be taxed in proportion to his revenue;	チューリッヒでは、必要に応じて、誰もが収入に応じて課税されるべきであると法律で定められている。	Zurich|チューリッヒ|noun|the largest city in Switzerland	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	order|定める|verb|to give an order to	necessity|必要|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	everyone|誰もが|pronoun|every person	revenue|収入|noun|income	tax|課税される|verb|to impose a tax on	proportion|応じて|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
the amount of which he is obliged to declare upon oath.	その額は宣誓して申告する義務がある。	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more quantities	be obliged to|義務がある|verb|be required to do something	declare|申告する|verb|make a formal statement about something	oath|宣誓|noun|a formal promise or statement of fact
They have no suspicion, it is said, that any of their fellow citizens will deceive them.	彼らは、仲間の市民の誰かが自分を欺くだろうとは疑っていないと言われている。	have no suspicion|疑っていない|verb|not think that something is possible or likely	fellow citizen|仲間の市民|noun|a person who lives in the same country as you	deceive|欺く|verb|cause someone to believe something that is not true
At Basil, the principal revenue of the state arises from a small custom upon goods exported.	バーゼルでは、州の主要な収入は輸出品に対する小額の関税から生じている。	Basil|バーゼル|noun|a city in northwestern Switzerland	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	revenue|収入|noun|income	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	small|小額の|adjective|of a size that is less than average	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	export|輸出|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale
All the citizens make oath, that they will pay every three months all the taxes imposed by law.	すべての市民は、法律で定められたすべての税金を3ヶ月ごとに支払うことを宣誓する。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	make oath|宣誓する|verb|make a solemn promise	every three months|3ヶ月ごとに|adverb|once every three months	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|定める|verb|to establish or create by authority	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority
All merchants, and even all inn-keepers, are trusted with keeping themselves the account of the goods which they sell, either within or without the territory.	すべての商人、さらにはすべての宿屋の主人までが、領土内外で販売する商品の勘定を自分で管理することを信頼されている。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	inn-keeper|宿屋の主人|noun|a person who runs an inn	keep|管理する|verb|to have or retain possession of	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	sell|販売する|verb|to give or hand over in exchange for money	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state
At the end of every three months, they send this account to the treasurer, with the amount of the tax computed at the bottom of it.	3ヶ月ごとに、彼らはこの勘定書を会計係に送り、その下に税額を計算して記入する。	at the end of|終わりに|preposition|at the final point of	every three months|3ヶ月ごとに|noun|a period of three months	send|送る|verb|cause to go or be taken to a destination; arrange for the delivery of	account|勘定書|noun|a record of financial transactions	treasurer|会計係|noun|a person who is in charge of the finances of an organization	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	bottom|下|noun|the lowest part of something
It is not suspected that the revenue suffers by this confidence. {Memoires concernant les Droits, tom.	この信頼によって収入が損なわれるとは考えられない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	suffer|損なわれる|verb|be affected adversely	confidence|信頼|noun|the feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something
i p. 163, 167,171.}	163、167、171頁}

To oblige every citizen to declare publicly upon oath, the amount of his fortune, must not, it seems, in those Swiss cantons, be reckoned a hardship.	すべての市民に、宣誓のもとで公然と自分の財産額を申告することを義務付けることは、これらのスイス諸州では、困難なこととは考えられていないようだ。	oblige|義務付ける|verb|make someone do something	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	declare|申告する|verb|make a formal statement about something	publicly|公然と|adverb|in a way that is known or seen by many people	oath|宣誓|noun|a formal promise or statement of fact	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more numbers or amounts	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	must not|～してはならない|auxiliary verb|be not allowed to	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be the case	Swiss|スイス|adjective|of or relating to Switzerland	canton|州|noun|a division of a country	be reckoned|考えられる|verb|be considered to be	hardship|困難|noun|a situation that is difficult to deal with
At Hamburg it would be reckoned the greatest.	ハンブルクでは、それが最大と見なされるだろう。	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	be reckoned|見なされる|verb|be considered or regarded as	the greatest|最大|adjective|of the highest quality or eminence
Merchants engaged in the hazardous projects of trade, all tremble at the thoughts of being obliged, at all times, to expose the real state of their circumstances.	危険な貿易事業に従事する商人は、いつでも自分の状況の本当の姿をさらけ出さなければならないという考えに震え上がる。	engage in|従事する|verb|be involved in	hazardous|危険な|adjective|involving or exposing one to risk	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	tremble|震え上がる|verb|shake or shiver	thought|考え|noun|an idea or opinion produced by thinking or occurring suddenly in the mind	at all times|いつでも|adverb|always	expose|さらけ出す|verb|make visible	real state|本当の姿|noun|the actual condition of something	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
The ruin of their credit, and the miscarriage of their projects, they foresee, would too often be the consequence.	彼らは、信用の破綻と事業の失敗が、あまりにも頻繁に結果となるだろうと予測している。	ruin|破綻|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	miscarriage|失敗|noun|the expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently	foresee|予測する|verb|be aware of beforehand	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something
A sober and parsimonious people, who are strangers to all such projects, do not feel that they have occasion for any such concealment.	そのような事業には一切関与しない、地味で倹約家な人々は、そのような隠し事をする必要性を感じていない。	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	parsimonious|倹約家な|adjective|unwilling to spend money	stranger|関与しない|noun|a person whom one does not know	project|事業|noun|a planned undertaking	concealment|隠し事|noun|the state of being concealed

In Holland, soon after the exaltation of the late prince of Orange to the stadtholdership, a tax of two per cent.	オランダでは、オレンジ公が総督に昇格した直後に、2パーセントの税金が課せられた。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	exaltation|昇格|noun|the action of raising someone or something in rank, status, or importance	late|故|adjective|no longer living; dead	prince|公|noun|a son of a king or queen	Orange|オレンジ|noun|a city in southern California	stadtholdership|総督|noun|the office or position of stadtholder	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	two|2|numeral|one more than one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
or the fiftieth penny, as it was called, was imposed upon the whole substance of every citizen.	あるいは、いわゆる50ペニー税が、すべての市民の全財産に課せられた。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce an alternative	fiftieth|50番目の|adjective|coming after forty-nine others in a series	penny|ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin worth one hundredth of a pound	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	substance|財産|noun|a particular kind of matter with uniform properties	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town
Every citizen assesed himself, and paid his tax, in the same manner as at Hamburg, and it was in general supposed to have been paid with great fidelity.	ハンブルクと同じように、すべての市民が自分で税額を査定し、税金を支払っていたが、一般的にはかなり忠実に支払われていたと考えられている。	citizen|市民|noun|an inhabitant of a city or town; especially : one entitled to the rights and privileges of a freeman	asses|査定する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or value of	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	general|一般的|adjective|involving, applicable to, or affecting the whole	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true without having evidence to confirm it	fidelity|忠実|noun|the quality of being faithful
The people had at that time the greatest affection for their new government, which they had just established by a general insurrection.	当時、国民は総蜂起によって成立したばかりの新政府に最大の愛着を抱いていた。	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	have affection for|愛着を抱く|verb|to like someone or something a lot	new government|新政府|noun|a government that has recently come into power	just|ちょうど|adverb|very recently; in the very recent past	establish|成立する|verb|to set up or start	general insurrection|総蜂起|noun|a large-scale rebellion against an established government or ruler
The tax was to be paid but once, in order to relieve the state in a particular exigency.	この税金は、特定の緊急事態に国家を救済するために、一度だけ支払われることになっていた。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be to be|されることになっている|auxiliary verb|be arranged or planned for	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	relieve|救済する|verb|alleviate or reduce (pain, anxiety, or distress)	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand
It was, indeed, too heavy to be permanent.	実際、永続するには重すぎる税金だった。	heavy|重い|adjective|having a large mass or weight	permanent|永続する|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time
In a country where the market rate of interest seldom exceeds three per cent., a tax of two per cent. amounts to thirteen shillings and four pence in the pound, upon the highest neat revenue which is commonly drawn from stock.	市場金利が三パーセントを超えることはめったにない国では、二パーセントの税率は、通常、株から得られる最高の純収入に対して、一ポンドあたり十三シリング四ペンスに相当する。	market rate of interest|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest that prevails in the market	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	three per cent|三パーセント|noun|a percentage of three	two per cent|二パーセント|noun|a percentage of two	thirteen shillings|十三シリング|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	four pence|四ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	pound|ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest value or importance	neat revenue|純収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization has left after paying all its costs	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	stock|株|noun|a share of the ownership of a company
It is a tax which very few people could pay, without encroaching more or less upon their capitals.	これは、多かれ少なかれ資本を侵害せずに支払える人はほとんどいない税金である。	very few|ほとんどいない|adjective|a very small number of	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
In a particular exigency, the people may, from great public zeal, make a great effort, and give up even a part of their capital, in order to relieve the state.	特定の緊急事態において、人々は、国家を救済するために、大いなる公的熱意から、大いなる努力をし、資本の一部さえも放棄するかもしれない。	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	great|大いなる|adjective|of major significance or importance	public|公的|adjective|of or relating to the people as a whole	zeal|熱意|noun|great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective	make|する|verb|perform or carry out	effort|努力|noun|a vigorous or determined attempt	give up|放棄する|verb|cease making an effort	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
But it is impossible that they should continue to do so for any considerable time;	しかし、彼らがかなりの期間そうし続けることは不可能である。	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	time|期間|noun|the space or span of time; a period
and if they did, the tax would soon ruin them so completely, as to render them altogether incapable of supporting the state.	そして、もしそうすれば、その税金はすぐに彼らを完全に破滅させ、彼らが国家を支えることができなくなるだろう。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly; absolutely	render|～することができなくなる|verb|cause to be or become	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally; utterly	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially; enable to function or act	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

The tax upon stock, imposed by the land tax bill in England, though it is proportioned to the capital, is not intended to diminish or, take away any part of that capital.	イギリスの地租法案によって課せられる株式に対する税金は、資本に比例しているが、その資本の一部を減らしたり、取り上げたりすることを意図していない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	stock|株式|noun|a type of security that signifies ownership in a corporation and represents a claim on part of the corporation's assets and earnings	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	land tax bill|地租法案|noun|a bill that proposes a tax on land	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	diminish|減らす|verb|to make or become smaller or less	take away|取り上げる|verb|to remove or withdraw something	intend|意図する|verb|to have (something) as one's purpose or intention
It is meant only to be a tax upon the interest of money, proportioned to that upon the rent of land;	それは、土地の賃料に対する税金に比例した、金利に対する税金にすぎない。	mean|意味する|verb|intend to convey, indicate, or refer to (something)	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rent|賃料|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
so that when the latter is at four shillings in the pound, the former may be at four shillings in the pound too.	後者が1ポンドにつき4シリングであるとき、前者も1ポンドにつき4シリングになるようにである。	so that|ように|conjunction|with the result or consequence that	when|とき|conjunction|at or during the time that	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	too|も|adverb|also; as well
The tax at Hamburg, and the still more moderate taxes of Underwald and Zurich, are meant, in the same manner, to be taxes, not upon the capital, but upon the interest or neat revenue of stock.	ハンブルクの税金、そしてウンターヴァルトとチューリッヒのさらに穏健な税金は、同じように、資本に対する税金ではなく、株式の利子または純収入に対する税金であることが意図されている。	Hamburg|ハンブルク|noun|a city in northern Germany	Underwald|ウンターヴァルト|noun|a canton in central Switzerland	Zurich|チューリッヒ|noun|a city in northern Switzerland	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	neat|純粋な|adjective|in a pure or unmixed state	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
That of Holland was meant to be a tax upon the capital.	オランダの税金は、資本に対する税金であることが意図されていた。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	be meant to be|意図されている|verb|be intended to be	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

Taxes upon the Profit of particular Employments.	特定の雇用の利益に対する税金。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	employment|雇用|noun|the condition of having paid work

In some countries, extraordinary taxes are imposed upon the profits of stock;	いくつかの国では、株式の利益に臨時税が課せられる。	some countries|いくつかの国|noun|an unspecified number of countries	extraordinary tax|臨時税|noun|a tax that is levied in addition to the usual taxes	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|株式|noun|a type of security that represents ownership in a corporation
sometimes when employed in particular branches of trade, and sometimes when employed in agriculture.	時には特定の業種に、時には農業に課せられる。	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	branch|業種|noun|a subdivision of a main group	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming

Of the former kind, are in England, the tax upon hawkers and pedlars, that upon hackney-coaches and chairs, and that which the keepers of ale-houses pay for a licence to retail ale and spiritous liquors.	前者の種類には、イギリスでは、行商人や行商人に対する税金、ハックニー馬車や椅子に対する税金、エールハウスの管理人がエールやスピリッツを小売するためのライセンス料を支払う税金がある。	Of the former kind|前者の種類には|noun phrase|of the first type	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	hawker|行商人|noun|a person who travels about selling goods	pedlar|行商人|noun|a person who travels about selling goods	hackney-coach|ハックニー馬車|noun|a horse-drawn carriage that could be hired	chair|椅子|noun|a piece of furniture with a seat, a back, and usually four legs	ale-house|エールハウス|noun|a place where beer is sold and drunk	keeper|管理人|noun|a person who manages or looks after something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	licence|ライセンス|noun|a permit from an authority to do something	retail|小売|verb|sell goods to the public	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	spiritous liquor|スピリッツ|noun|a strong alcoholic drink
During the late war, another tax of the same kind was proposed upon shops.	前回の戦争中に、同じ種類の別の税金が店に提案された。	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	another|別の|determiner|used to refer to an additional person or thing of the same type as one already mentioned or known about	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality	propose|提案する|verb|put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or discussion
The war having been undertaken, it was said, in defence of the trade of the country, the merchants, who were to profit by it, ought to contribute towards the support of it.	戦争は国の貿易を守るために行われたのだから、それによって利益を得る商人は、戦争を支援するために貢献すべきだ、と言われた。	undertake|行う|verb|take on or assume a responsibility or task	defence|守る|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	ought to|すべきだ|auxiliary verb|should	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something

A tax, however, upon the profits of stock employed in any particular branch of trade, can never fall finally upon the dealers (who must in all ordinary cases have their reasonable profit, and, where the competition is free, can seldom have more than that profit), but always upon the consumers, who must be obliged to pay in the price of the goods the tax which the dealer advances;	しかし、特定の業種に投入された資本の利潤に対する税金は、最終的には業者(通常は合理的な利潤を得なければならず、競争が自由な場合にはそれ以上の利潤を得ることはほとんどない)に課せられるのではなく、常に消費者に課せられ、消費者は業者が前払いした税金を商品の価格で支払わなければならない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	trade|業種|noun|a business or profession	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be the responsibility of	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|fair and sensible	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	advance|前払いする|verb|move forward
and generally with some overcharge.	そして、一般的にはある程度の過大請求がある。	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	overcharge|過大請求|noun|an excessive price or charge

A tax of this kind, when it is proportioned to the trade of the dealer, is finally paid by the consumer, and occasions no oppression to the dealer.	この種の税金は、業者の取引に比例して課せられると、最終的には消費者が支払うことになり、業者に負担をかけることはない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a due or proper relation to something else	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods or assets	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	oppression|負担|noun|the state of being subject to unjust treatment or control
When it is not so proportioned, but is the same upon all dealers, though in this case, too, it is finally paid by the consumer, yet it favours the great, and occasions some oppression to the small dealer.	それが比例していない場合でも、すべての業者に同じである場合、この場合も最終的には消費者が支払うことになるが、大業者に有利であり、小業者にはある程度の負担をかける。	be proportioned|比例する|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation	be the same|同じである|verb|be identical	dealer|業者|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	in this case|この場合|noun|in the situation that is being discussed	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	favour|有利である|verb|be to the advantage of	occasion|負担をかける|verb|cause or produce	some|ある程度の|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	oppression|負担|noun|the state of being oppressed
The tax of five shillings a-week upon every hackney coach, and that of ten shillings a-year upon every hackney chair, so far as it is advanced by the different keepers of such coaches and chairs, is exactly enough proportioned to the extent of their respective dealings.	すべての辻馬車に週5シリング、すべての辻駕籠に年10シリングという税金は、そうした馬車や駕籠の所有者によって前払いされる限り、それぞれの取引の規模に十分に比例している。	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	ten shillings|10シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one tenth of a pound	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	coach|馬車|noun|a large, usually closed, four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle	chair|駕籠|noun|a seat with a back and usually four legs	advanced|前払いされる|verb|pay or give (money) before it is due	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	dealing|取引|noun|a business transaction
It neither favours the great, nor oppresses the smaller dealer.	それは大業者に有利でもなければ、小業者に負担をかけるものでもない。	favour|有利|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	great|大業者|adjective|of major significance or importance	oppress|負担をかける|verb|keep down by severe and unjust use of force or authority
The tax of twenty shillings a-year for a licence to sell ale;	エールを販売する許可証にかかる年額20シリングという税金は、	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	a-year|年額|noun|the amount of money that is paid or received each year	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer that is brewed using a warm fermentation method resulting in a sweet, full-bodied taste
of forty shillings for a licence to sell spiritous liquors;	蒸留酒を販売する許可証にかかる年額40シリングという税金は、	forty shillings|40シリング|noun|a sum of money	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something	sell|販売する|verb|exchange or deliver for money	spiritous liquors|蒸留酒|noun|a drink containing alcohol
and of forty shillings more for a licence to sell wine, being the same upon all retailers, must necessarily give some advantage to the great, and occasion some oppression to the small dealers.	ワインを販売する許可証にかかる年額40シリングという税金は、すべての小売業者に同じであるため、必然的に大業者に有利に働き、小業者に負担をかける。	forty shillings|40シリング|noun|a sum of money	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption rather than for resale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	occasion|かける|verb|cause or produce	oppression|負担|noun|prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or control
The former must find it more easy to get back the tax in the price of their goods than the latter.	前者は後者よりも、商品の価格に税金を上乗せして取り戻すのが容易に違いない。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	easy|容易|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned
The moderation of the tax, however, renders this inequality of less importance;	しかし、税金が控えめなので、この不平等は重要性が低い。	moderation|控えめ|noun|the quality of being moderate; restraint	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal or uneven	importance|重要性|noun|the quality or state of being important; significance
and it may to many people appear not improper to give some discouragement to the multiplication of little ale-houses.	そして、多くの人々にとって、小さな居酒屋の増加を阻害することは不適切ではないように思われるかもしれない。	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	appear|思われる|verb|seem	improper|不適切|adjective|not suitable or proper	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	discouragement|阻害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	ale-house|居酒屋|noun|a place where beer is sold and drunk
The tax upon shops, it was intended, should be the same upon all shops.	店舗税は、すべての店舗で同じになるように意図されていた。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	shop|店舗|noun|a building or part of a building where goods or services are sold	intend|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other; identical
It could not well have been otherwise.	そうでなければうまくいかなかっただろう。	could not|できなかった|auxiliary verb|be unable to	well|うまく|adverb|in a good manner	have been|だっただろう|auxiliary verb|be in the past	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way
It would have been impossible to proportion, with tolerable exactness, the tax upon a shop to the extent of the trade carried on in it, without such an inquisition as would have been altogether insupportable in a free country.	自由な国ではまったく耐えられないほどの調査をしなければ、店舗税をその店舗で行われている取引の規模に応じて、許容できる程度の正確さで比例させることは不可能だっただろう。	proportion|比例させる|verb|be in a due or proper relation to	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being exact	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	shop|店舗|noun|a building or part of a building where goods or services are sold	trade|取引|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
If the tax had been considerable, it would have oppressed the small, and forced almost the whole retail trade into the hands of the great dealers.	もし税金がかなり高かったなら、それは小規模業者を圧迫し、ほとんどすべての小売業を大規模業者の手に委ねることとなっただろう。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	considerable|かなり高い|adjective|large in amount or extent	oppress|圧迫する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	small|小規模業者|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	force|委ねる|verb|make someone or something do something or cause something to happen	whole|すべての|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	retail|小売業|noun|the sale of goods to the general public for use or consumption rather than for resale	great|大規模業者|adjective|of a size that is above average or usual
The competition of the former being taken away, the latter would have enjoyed a monopoly of the trade;	前者の競争が取り去られれば、後者は取引の独占を享受しただろう。	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	take away|取り去る|verb|remove or carry something from a place	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service
and, like all other monopolists, would soon have combined to raise their profits much beyond what was necessary for the payment of the tax.	そして、他のすべての独占者と同じように、すぐに結託して、税金の支払いに必要な額をはるかに超える利益を上げていただろう。	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person or group having exclusive control over a commodity or service	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	combine|結託する|verb|join or merge	raise|上げる|verb|increase	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	beyond|超える|preposition|on the farther side of	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
The final payment, instead of falling upon the shop-keeper, would have fallen upon the consumer, with a considerable overcharge to the profit of the shop-keeper.	最終的な支払いは、店主にかかるのではなく、消費者にかかっていただろうし、店主の利益にかなりの割増金が加わっていただろう。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	instead of|～の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	shop-keeper|店主|noun|the owner of a shop	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	overcharge|割増金|noun|an excessive price or charge	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
For these reasons, the project of a tax upon shops was laid aside, and in the room of it was substituted the subsidy, 1759.	これらの理由から、店舗税の計画は取り下げられ、その代わりに補助金が代用された(1759年)。	for these reasons|これらの理由から|phrase|because of this	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	shop|店舗|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	be laid aside|取り下げられる|verb|be put away	in the room of|代わりに|phrase|instead of	be substituted|代用される|verb|be used instead of	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low

What in France is called the personal taille, is perhaps, the most important tax upon the profits of stock employed in agriculture, that is levied in any part of Europe.	フランスで人頭税と呼ばれるものは、おそらくヨーロッパのどこでも徴収されている農業に投下された資本の利潤に対する最も重要な税金である。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	personal taille|人頭税|noun|a tax on the person	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employed|投下された|verb|use	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	levied|徴収されている|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere

In the disorderly state of Europe, during the prevalence of the feudal government, the sovereign was obliged to content himself with taxing those who were too weak to refuse to pay taxes.	封建政府が優勢だったヨーロッパの無秩序な状態では、君主は税金を支払うことを拒否するには弱すぎる人々に課税することで満足せざるを得なかった。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	feudal government|封建政府|noun|a government in which the king or queen is the supreme ruler	prevalence|優勢|noun|the state of being widespread	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	obliged|せざるを得ない|verb|be forced or compelled to do something	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	refuse|拒否する|verb|decline to accept, consider, or do something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due
The great lords, though willing to assist him upon particular emergencies, refused to subject themselves to any constant tax, and he was not strong enough to force them.	大領主たちは、特別な緊急事態には喜んで彼を助けたが、恒常的な税金を課されることを拒否し、彼には彼らを強制するだけの力がなかった。	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	assist|助ける|verb|give support or aid to	particular emergency|特別な緊急事態|noun|an unexpected and usually dangerous situation that calls for immediate action	refuse|拒否する|verb|indicate or show that one is not willing to do something	constant tax|恒常的な税金|noun|a tax that is always in effect	strong|強い|adjective|having the power to perform well or to withstand	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will
The occupiers of land all over Europe were, the greater part of them, originally bond-men.	ヨーロッパ全土の土地の占有者は、その大部分が元々は農奴だった。	occupier|占有者|noun|a person who occupies a place	all over|全土|adverb|everywhere in	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	originally|元々|adverb|in or at the beginning	bond-man|農奴|noun|a person in a state of serfdom or slavery
Through the greater part of Europe, they were gradually emancipated.	ヨーロッパの大部分で、彼らは徐々に解放されていった。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other of	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a gradual manner	emancipate|解放する|verb|free from legal, social, or political restrictions
Some of them acquired the property of landed estates, which they held by some base or ignoble tenure, sometimes under the king, and sometimes under some other great lord, like the ancient copy-holders of England.	彼らの一部は、土地の所有権を獲得し、それを卑劣な保有権によって、時には王の下で、時には他の大領主の下で、イギリスの古代のコピーホルダーのように保有していた。	some of|一部の|determiner|a portion of	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or get	property|所有権|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	landed estate|土地|noun|an area of land	hold|保有する|verb|to have or keep in one's possession	base|卑劣な|adjective|of little or no value or importance	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	sometimes|時には|adverb|on some occasions or in some cases	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	other|他の|determiner|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	like|ように|preposition|similar to	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	copy-holder|コピーホルダー|noun|a person who holds land by copy of court roll
Others, without acquiring the property, obtained leases for terms of years, of the lands which they occupied under their lord, and thus became less dependent upon him.	他の者は、所有権を取得せずに、領主の下で占有していた土地の年限付きの賃借権を得て、領主への依存度を低下させた。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a group of two or more people or things	acquire|取得する|verb|to gain or get as one's own	property|所有権|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	obtain|得る|verb|to get, acquire, or receive	lease|賃借権|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	term|年限|noun|a fixed period of time	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	occupy|占有する|verb|to live in or use a building or area	lord|領主|noun|a person who has authority, control, or power over others	thus|こうして|adverb|as a result or consequence of this; therefore	become|なる|verb|to come to be	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like
The great lords seem to have beheld the degree of prosperity and independency, which this inferior order of men had thus come to enjoy, with a malignant and contemptuous indignation, and willingly consented that the sovereign should tax them.	大領主たちは、この下層階級の人々が享受するようになった繁栄と独立の度合いを、悪意と軽蔑の念を抱いて眺めていたようであり、君主が彼らに課税することに喜んで同意した。	great lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or influence	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	behold|眺める|verb|to look at or view attentively	degree|度合い|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	independency|独立|noun|the state of being independent	inferior|下層階級|adjective|of low quality or value	enjoy|享受する|verb|to take delight or pleasure in	malignant|悪意|adjective|having or showing a wish to do evil to others	contemptuous|軽蔑|adjective|showing contempt	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust, unworthy, or mean	willingly|喜んで|adverb|in a willing manner	consent|同意する|verb|to give permission for something to happen	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	tax|課税する|verb|to impose a tax on
In some countries, this tax was confined to the lands which were held in property by an ignoble tenure;	一部の国では、この税は卑劣な保有権によって所有されている土地に限定されていた。	some countries|一部の国|noun|a group of nations	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	hold|所有する|verb|have as one's own; possess	property|所有物|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	ignoble|卑劣な|adjective|not honorable in character or purpose
and, in this case, the taille was said to be real.	この場合、テイルは実物税と呼ばれた。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being considered	be said to be|と呼ばれる|verb|be described as being	real|実物税|adjective|relating to things rather than to people
The land tax established by the late king of Sardinia, and the taille in the provinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphine, and Britanny; in the generality of Montauban, and in the elections of Agen and Condom, as well as in some other districts of France; are taxes upon lands held in property by an ignoble tenure.	サルディニアの故国王によって制定された土地税、ラングドック、プロヴァンス、ドーフィネ、ブルターニュの各州のテイル、モントーバンの一般性、アジャンとコンドムの選挙、そしてフランスの他のいくつかの地区では、卑劣な保有権によって所有されている土地に対する税金である。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	late|故|adjective|no longer living; dead	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	Sardinia|サルディニア|noun|an island in the Mediterranean Sea	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	Languedoc|ラングドック|noun|a former province of southern France	Provence|プロヴァンス|noun|a former province of southeastern France	Dauphine|ドーフィネ|noun|a former province of southeastern France	Britanny|ブルターニュ|noun|a former province of northwestern France	generality|一般性|noun|the state or quality of being general	Montauban|モントーバン|noun|a city in southwestern France	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position or office	Agen|アジャン|noun|a city in southwestern France	Condom|コンドム|noun|a city in southwestern France	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	hold|所有する|verb|have as one's own; possess	property|所有権|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property
In other countries, the tax was laid upon the supposed profits of all those who held, in farm or lease, lands belonging to other people, whatever might be the tenure by which the proprietor held them;	他の国では、所有者がどのような保有権をもって所有していようとも、農場や賃貸で他人の土地を所有しているすべての人の想定利益に課税された。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	lay|課する|verb|put or set down	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	hold|所有する|verb|have or keep in one's hand or hands	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	lease|賃貸|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	belong|属する|verb|be a member of or be connected with	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	whatever|どのような|determiner|no matter what; of any kind at all	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or other property	hold|所有する|verb|have or keep in one's hand or hands
and in this case, the taille was said to be personal.	この場合、テイルは人頭税と呼ばれた。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being considered	taille|テイル|noun|a direct and personal tax on the French peasantry and non-noble townspeople	be said to be|と呼ばれる|verb|be described as being
In the greater part of those provinces of France, which are called the countries of elections, the taille is of this kind.	選挙の国と呼ばれるフランスの州の大部分では、テイルはこの種のものである。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	taille|テイル|noun|a direct tax on land or property in France before the Revolution	this kind|この種のもの|noun|this type of thing
The real taille, as it is imposed only upon a part of the lands of the country, is necessarily an unequal, but it is not always an arbitrary tax, though it is so upon some occasions.	実際のテイルは、国の土地の一部にのみ課せられるので、必然的に不平等であるが、常に恣意的な税金ではないが、そうである場合もある。	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	taille|テイル|noun|a direct tax on land or property	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event
The personal taille, as it is intended to be proportioned to the profits of a certain class of people, which can only be guessed at, is necessarily both arbitrary and unequal.	人頭税は、推測することしかできない特定の階級の人々の利益に比例することを意図しているので、必然的に恣意的かつ不平等である。	personal taille|人頭税|noun|a tax on the person	be intended to|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	be proportioned to|比例する|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation to	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	certain class|特定の階級|noun|a group of people who share the same social, economic, or educational status	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	guess|推測する|verb|estimate or suppose (something) without having all the facts; conjecture	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status

In France, the personal taille at present (1775) annually imposed upon the twenty generalities, called the countries of elections, amounts to 40,107,239 livres, 16 sous. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc tom.	フランスでは、現在(1775年)選挙の国と呼ばれる20の一般市民に課せられる個人テイルは、40,107,239リーブル、16スーにのぼる。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	generalities|一般市民|noun|a general statement or concept	called|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equal to	40,107,239|40,107,239|numeral|the number 40,107,239	livres|リーブル|noun|a former unit of currency in France	16|16|numeral|the number 16	sous|スー|noun|a former unit of currency in France
ii, p.17.}	ii、p.17.}	ii|ii|noun|the Roman numeral for two	p.17|p.17|noun|page 17
the proportion in which this sum is assessed upon those different provinces, varies from year to year, according to the reports which are made to the king’s council concerning the goodness or badness of the crops, as well as other circumstances, which may either increase or diminish their respective abilities to pay.	この金額がこれらの異なる州に課せられる割合は、作物の良し悪しや、支払い能力を増減させるその他の状況に関する国王評議会への報告書によると、年ごとに異なる。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	assess|課する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	report|報告書|noun|a statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which definite information is required	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people formally constituted and meeting regularly to advise, govern, or legislate	goodness|良し悪し|noun|the quality of being good	crop|作物|noun|a plant grown for food, especially on a large scale	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due
Each generality is divided into a certain number of elections;	各一般市民は一定数の選挙に分割される。	each|各|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	generality|一般市民|noun|the main body of the people	divide|分割される|verb|separate into two or more parts	certain|一定|adjective|having no doubt; confident	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label
and the proportion in which the sum imposed upon the whole generality is divided among those different elections, varies likewise from year to year, according to the reports made to the council concerning their respective abilities.	そして、一般市民全体に課せられる金額がこれらの異なる選挙に分割される割合は、それぞれの能力に関する評議会への報告書によると、同様に年ごとに異なる。	generality|一般市民|noun|the main body of people	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	report|報告書|noun|a document that gives information about something	council|評議会|noun|a group of people who are responsible for making decisions or giving advice	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something
It seems impossible, that the council, with the best intentions, can ever proportion, with tolerable exactness, either of these two assessments to the real abilities of the province or district upon which they are respectively laid.	評議会が、最善の意図をもって、これらの二つの課税を、それぞれ課せられる州や地区の実際の能力に、許容できる程度の正確さで比例させることは不可能であるように思われる。	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country, state, city, etc.	best|最善の|adjective|of the highest quality	intention|意図|noun|a determination to act in a certain way	proportion|比例させる|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation to	tolerable|許容できる|adjective|able to be endured	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being accurate	assessment|課税|noun|the action of assessing something	province|州|noun|a large division of a country	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	lay|課する|verb|put or place something somewhere
Ignorance and misinformation must always, more or less, mislead the most upright council.	無知と誤報は、常に、多かれ少なかれ、最も正直な評議会を誤解させるに違いない。	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	misinformation|誤報|noun|false or inaccurate information that is unintentionally spread	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	mislead|誤解させる|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression	upright|正直な|adjective|morally correct	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area
The proportion which each parish ought to support of what is assessed upon the whole election, and that which each individual ought to support of what is assessed upon his particular parish, are both in the same manner varied from year to year, according as circumstances are supposed to require.	各教区が選挙全体で課税される額のうち負担すべき割合と、各個人が自分の教区で課税される額のうち負担すべき割合は、どちらも状況に応じて毎年同じように変更される。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	support|負担する|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	assess|課税する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
These circumstances are judged of, in the one case, by the officers of the election, in the other, by those of the parish;	これらの状況は、一方では選挙の役人によって、他方では教区の役人によって判断される。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	judge|判断する|verb|form an opinion or conclusion about	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position, especially a political position, by voting	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command, especially in the armed forces	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England
and both the one and the other are, more or less, under the direction and influence of the intendant.	そして、どちらも、多かれ少なかれ、インテンダントの指示と影響下にある。	both the one and the other|どちらも|noun|both of the two things mentioned	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	under the direction|指示のもと|noun|under the guidance or control of	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself
Not only ignorance and misinformation, but friendship, party animosity, and private resentment, are said frequently to mislead such assessors.	無知と誤報だけでなく、友情、党派心、私怨が、しばしばそうした査定官を誤らせるといわれている。	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	misinformation|誤報|noun|false or inaccurate information that is unintentionally spread	friendship|友情|noun|the emotions or conduct of friends	party|党派|noun|a political organization	animosity|敵意|noun|a strong feeling of dislike or hatred	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	resentment|恨み|noun|bitter indignation at having been treated unfairly	mislead|誤らせる|verb|cause to have a wrong idea or impression about someone or something	assessor|査定官|noun|a person who assesses something
No man subject to such a tax, it is evident, can ever be certain, before he is assessed, of what he is to pay.	このような税金を課せられた人は、査定されるまでは、自分が支払うべき金額を確信できないのは明らかである。	subject to|課せられる|verb|be exposed or liable to	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	evident|明らかである|adjective|obvious to the eye or mind	assess|査定する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due
He cannot even be certain after he is assessed.	査定された後でさえ、確信できない。	be assessed|査定される|verb|be evaluated or estimated	be certain|確信する|verb|be sure or confident about something
If any person has been taxed who ought to have been exempted, or if any person has been taxed beyond his proportion, though both must pay in the mean time, yet if they complain, and make good their complaints, the whole parish is reimposed next year, in order to reimburse them.	免除されるべき人が課税されたり、自分の割合を超えて課税されたりした場合は、その間に支払わなければならないが、苦情を申し立てて、その苦情が認められれば、翌年には教区全体に再課税され、その人に返済される。	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	mean time|その間に|noun|the intervening period	complain|苦情を申し立てる|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	make good|認められる|verb|compensate for	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire	next year|翌年|noun|the year after this one	reimburse|返済する|verb|pay back
If any of the contributors become bankrupt or insolvent, the collector is obliged to advance his tax;	納税者のいずれかが破産したり、支払不能になった場合、徴税吏はその人の税金を前払いする義務がある。	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax	become bankrupt|破産する|verb|be declared in law as unable to pay their debts	insolvent|支払不能|adjective|unable to pay debts	collector|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	advance|前払いする|verb|pay before the usual or expected time	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
and the whole parish is reimposed next year, in order to reimburse the collector.	そして、徴税吏に返済するために、翌年には教区全体に再課税される。	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a diocese	next year|翌年|noun|the year after this one	reimburse|返済する|verb|pay back	collector|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes
If the collector himself should become bankrupt, the parish which elects him must answer for his conduct to the receiver-general of the election.	徴税吏自身が破産した場合、彼を選出した教区は、選挙の徴税吏長官に対して彼の行為に責任を負わなければならない。	collector|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	bankrupt|破産|noun|a person who is declared in law unable to pay their debts	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	elect|選出する|verb|choose or select	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	receiver-general|徴税吏長官|noun|the chief collector of taxes
But, as it might be troublesome for the receiver to prosecute the whole parish, he takes at his choice five or six of the richest contributors, and obliges them to make good what had been lost by the insolvency of the collector.	しかし、徴税吏長官が教区全体を起訴するのは面倒なので、彼は最も裕福な納税者を五、六人選び、徴税吏の支払不能によって失われたものを補填するよう義務付ける。	receiver|徴税吏長官|noun|a person appointed to manage the property of a bankrupt person or company	prosecute|起訴する|verb|to institute legal proceedings against	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	take|選ぶ|verb|to choose or select	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing or selecting	richest|最も裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or pays something, especially a sum of money, to a common fund or collection	oblige|義務付ける|verb|to bind morally or legally	make good|補填する|verb|to compensate for	insolvency|支払不能|noun|the inability to pay debts when they fall due
The parish is afterwards reimposed, in order to reimburse those five or six.	その後、教区は、その五、六人に返済するために再課税される。	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	reimburse|返済する|verb|pay back	five or six|五、六人|noun|the number 5 or 6
Such reimpositions are always over and above the taille of the particular year in which they are laid on.	このような再課税は、常に課税される特定の年のtailleに追加される。	reimposition|再課税|noun|the act of imposing something again	over and above|追加される|adverb|in addition to	particular year|特定の年|noun|a specific year	laid on|課税される|verb|to be imposed on

When a tax is imposed upon the profits of stock in a particular branch of trade, the traders are all careful to bring no more goods to market than what they can sell at a price sufficient to reimburse them from advancing the tax.	特定の業種の資本の利潤に課税されると、商人はみな、税金を前払いした分を補填するのに十分な価格で売れる量以上の商品を市場に出さないように注意する。	be imposed upon|課せられる|verb|be forced to accept or put up with	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	branch|業種|noun|a division of a large company	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	trader|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods and services	careful|注意する|adjective|taking care to avoid harm or damage	bring|出す|verb|cause to come or go to a place	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	reimburse|補填する|verb|pay back (money) that has been spent or lost	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Some of them withdraw a part of their stocks from the trade, and the market is more sparingly supplied than before.	彼らの一部は、その業種から資本の一部を引き上げ、市場には以前よりもわずかな量しか供給されない。	some|一部|noun|an unspecified number or amount	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	trade|業種|noun|a business or industry	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	sparingly|わずかな|adverb|in a very small amount	supply|供給|verb|provide or make available
The price of the goods rises, and the final payment of the tax falls upon the consumer.	商品の価格は上昇し、税金の最終的な支払いは消費者にかかる。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of
But when a tax is imposed upon the profits of stock employed in agriculture, it is not the interest of the farmers to withdraw any part of their stock from that employment.	しかし、農業に投下された資本の利潤に課税されると、農民は資本の一部をその用途から引き上げることはできない。	be imposed upon|課される|verb|be forced to accept or put up with	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employed|投下される|verb|use	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed
Each farmer occupies a certain quantity of land, for which he pays rent.	農民はそれぞれ一定の土地を占有し、その地代を支払っている。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	occupy|占有する|verb|take up all or a lot of space	quantity|一定の|noun|a particular amount	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of property
For the proper cultivation of this land, a certain quantity of stock is necessary;	この土地を適切に耕作するには、一定量の資本が必要である。	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right for the purpose	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed
and by withdrawing any part of this necessary quantity, the farmer is not likely to be more able to pay either the rent or the tax.	そして、この必要量の一部を引き上げることで、農民は地代や税金を支払うことができるようになるわけではない。	withdraw|引き上げる|verb|take away or back	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
In order to pay the tax, it can never be his interest to diminish the quantity of his produce, nor consequently to supply the market more sparingly than before.	税金を支払うために、生産量を減らしたり、その結果として市場への供給量を以前よりも少なくしたりすることは、決して彼の利益にはならない。	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the purpose of	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	produce|生産|noun|agricultural and other primary products	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	consequently|その結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	supply|供給|verb|make available for use; provide	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	sparingly|少なく|adverb|in a very limited way	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past
The tax, therefore, will never enable him to raise the price of his produce, so as to reimburse himself, by throwing the final payment upon the consumer.	したがって、税金によって、彼は最終的な支払いを消費者に転嫁することで、自分の生産物の価格を上げて、自分自身に返済することはできない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	raise|上げる|verb|increase	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	reimburse|返済する|verb|pay back	throw|転嫁する|verb|move or cause to move forcefully through the air	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use
The farmer, however, must have his reasonable profit as well as every other dealer, otherwise he must give up the trade.	しかし、農民は他のすべての商人と同様に、合理的な利益を得なければならない。さもなければ、彼はその取引を放棄しなければならない。	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	dealer|商人|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	otherwise|さもなければ|conjunction|if not; or else	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something
After the imposition of a tax of this kind, he can get this reasonable profit only by paying less rent to the landlord.	この種の税金が課せられた後、彼は地主に支払う地代を減らすことによってのみ、この合理的な利益を得ることができる。	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	imposition|課税|noun|an excessive or unfair demand	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	this kind|この種の|determiner|of the type mentioned	get|得る|verb|come to have or hold	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	less|より少ない|determiner|a smaller amount of	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
The more he is obliged to pay in the way of tax, the less he can afford to pay in the way of rent.	彼が税金として支払う義務を負えば負うほど、彼は地代として支払う余裕がなくなる。	the more|より多く|adverb|to a greater extent	be obliged to|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	the less|より少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
A tax of this kind, imposed during the currency of a lease, may, no doubt, distress or ruin the farmer.	賃借期間中に課せられるこの種の税金は、間違いなく農民を苦しめたり、破滅させたりする可能性がある。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	currency|期間|noun|the time during which something is valid or in effect	lease|賃借|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	distress|苦しめる|verb|cause pain or suffering to	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction
Upon the renewal of the lease, it must always fall upon the landlord.	賃借契約の更新時には、常に地主に課せられる。	upon|時に|preposition|on the occasion of	renewal|更新|noun|the act of renewing	lease|賃借契約|noun|a contract by which one party conveys land, property, services, etc. to another for a specified time, usually in return for a periodic payment	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented or leased to another

In the countries where the personal taille takes place, the farmer is commonly assessed in proportion to the stock which he appears to employ in cultivation.	人頭税が課せられる国では、農民は通常、耕作に従事していると思われる家畜の割合に応じて課税される。	take place|課せられる|verb|happen or occur	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	assess|課税される|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	stock|家畜|noun|animals or birds kept for breeding or slaughter	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops
He is, upon this account, frequently afraid to have a good team of horses or oxen, but endeavours to cultivate with the meanest and most wretched instruments of husbandry that he can.	そのため、彼は馬や牛の良いチームを持つことをしばしば恐れているが、できる限り卑劣で最も惨めな農具で耕作しようと努力する。	upon this account|そのため|adverb|for this reason	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	afraid|恐れている|adjective|feeling fear or worry	team|チーム|noun|a group of people who work together	horse|馬|noun|a large four-legged mammal that has been domesticated by humans since prehistoric times	ox|牛|noun|a large domesticated mammal that is kept for milk or meat	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	cultivate|耕す|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	mean|卑劣な|adjective|unkind or unfair	wretched|惨めな|adjective|very bad or unpleasant	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	husbandry|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
Such is his distrust in the justice of his assessors, that he counterfeits poverty, and wishes to appear scarce able to pay anything, for fear of being obliged to pay too much.	彼は査定官の正義を信じていないため、貧困を偽り、あまりにも多くを支払わなければならないことを恐れて、ほとんど何も支払えないかのように見せかけたいと願っている。	assessor|査定官|noun|a person who assesses something	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; fairness	distrust|不信|noun|a lack of trust	counterfeit|偽る|verb|make a copy of something with the intention to deceive	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	obliged|義務付けられる|adjective|required to do something	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm
By this miserable policy, he does not, perhaps, always consult his own interest in the most effectual manner;	この惨めな政策によって、彼はおそらく、常に最も効果的な方法で自分の利益を追求しているわけではない。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	miserable|惨めな|adjective|very unhappy or uncomfortable	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	consult|追求する|verb|seek information or advice from	own|自分の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	effectual|効果的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens
and he probably loses more by the diminution of his produce, than he saves by that of his tax.	そして、彼はおそらく、税金の減少によって節約するよりも、生産物の減少によってより多くを失う。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	save|節約する|verb|keep and store up	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Though, in consequence of this wretched cultivation, the market is, no doubt, somewhat worse supplied;	この惨めな耕作の結果として、市場は間違いなく、多少供給が悪くなるが、	in consequence of|の結果として|preposition|as a result of	wretched|惨めな|adjective|extremely bad or unpleasant	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	worse|より悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or lower standard	supply|供給|verb|provide or furnish with
yet the small rise of price which this may occasion, as it is not likely even to indemnify the farmer for the diminution of his produce, it is still less likely to enable him to pay more rent to the landlord.	それでも、これによって生じるわずかな価格の上昇は、農民が生産物の減少を補償することさえできないため、地主にもっと地代を支払うことを可能にする可能性はさらに低い。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	small|わずかな|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	indemnify|補償する|verb|compensate for loss or damage	diminution|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	pay|支払う|verb|give money to someone in exchange for a good or service	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others
The public, the farmer, the landlord, all suffer more or less by this degraded cultivation.	国民、農民、地主は皆、この劣悪な耕作によって多かれ少なかれ苦しんでいる。	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	suffer|苦しむ|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	degraded|劣悪な|adjective|of low quality or value	cultivation|耕作|noun|the preparation of land for growing crops
That the personal taille tends, in many different ways, to discourage cultivation, and consequently to dry up the principal source of the wealth of every great country, I have already had occasion to observe in the third book of this Inquiry.	人頭税は、さまざまな方法で耕作意欲を阻害し、その結果、あらゆる大国の富の主な源泉を枯渇させる傾向があることは、すでにこの研究の第三巻で観察したことがある。	personal taille|人頭税|noun|a tax on each person	discourage|阻害する|verb|prevent or hinder	cultivation|耕作|noun|the act of growing crops	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result	dry up|枯渇させる|verb|to make or become dry	principal source|主な源泉|noun|the main source	wealth|富|noun|a large amount of money or valuable possessions	great country|大国|noun|a powerful and influential country	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	occasion|機会|noun|a time or event when something happens	observe|観察する|verb|notice or perceive	third book|第三巻|noun|the third volume of a book	this Inquiry|この研究|noun|this research

What are called poll-taxes in the southern provinces of North America, and the West India islands, annual taxes of so much a-head upon every negro, are properly taxes upon the profits of a certain species of stock employed in agriculture.	北アメリカ南部諸州や西インド諸島で人頭税と呼ばれているものは、すべての黒人に対して一人当たりの年間税額が非常に高く、農業に従事する特定の種類の資本の利益に対する税金である。	North America|北アメリカ|noun|the northern continent of the western hemisphere	southern|南部|adjective|of or relating to the south	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	West India|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax of a fixed amount per person	annual|年間|adjective|of or relating to a year	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	negro|黒人|noun|a member of a dark-skinned group of peoples originally native to Africa south of the Sahara	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming
As the planters, are the greater part of them, both farmers and landlords, the final payment of the tax falls upon them in their quality of landlords, without any retribution.	農園主は、その大部分が農民でもあり地主でもあるので、税金の最終的な支払いは、何の報いも受けずに地主としての彼らにかかってくる。	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	final payment|最終的な支払い|noun|the last payment made on a loan or other debt	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|かかる|verb|to be the responsibility of	retribution|報い|noun|punishment for a crime or wrongdoing

Taxes of so much a head upon the bondmen employed in cultivation, seem anciently to have been common all over Europe.	耕作に従事する奴隷に対する一人当たりの税金は、古代にはヨーロッパ全土で一般的だったようである。	so much a head|一人当たり|noun|a fixed amount for each person	bondman|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing plants	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	anciently|古代には|adverb|in ancient times	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the whole community	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
There subsists at present a tax of this kind in the empire of Russia.	現在、ロシア帝国にはこの種の税金が存在している。	subsist|存在する|verb|to exist or continue to exist	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Russia|ロシア|noun|a country in northern Eurasia
It is probably upon this account that poll-taxes of all kinds have often been represented as badges of slavery.	おそらくこのため、あらゆる種類の人頭税はしばしば奴隷の証しとして表されてきた。	account|ため|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on every person	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave
Every tax, however, is, to the person who pays it, a badge, not of slavery, but of liberty.	しかし、あらゆる税金は、それを支払う人にとっては、奴隷の証しではなく、自由の証しである。	every|あらゆる|adjective|each and all of a group	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	badge|証し|noun|a small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth bearing a design or words, typically worn to identify a person	slavery|奴隷|noun|the state of being a slave	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views
It denotes that he is subject to government, indeed;	それは確かに彼が政府に従属していることを意味する。	denote|意味する|verb|be a sign of; indicate	subject to|従属している|adjective|under the power or authority of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
but that, as he has some property, he cannot himself be the property of a master.	しかし、彼はいくらかの財産を持っているので、彼自身が主人の財産になることはできない。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	that|それ|pronoun|the thing or things mentioned before	as|なので|conjunction|for the reason that; because	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	some|いくらかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	himself|彼自身|pronoun|that male person or animal	be|である|verb|exist or live
A poll tax upon slaves is altogether different from a poll-tax upon freemen.	奴隷に対する人頭税は、自由人に対する人頭税とは全く異なる。	poll tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on every person	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	freeman|自由人|noun|a person who is not a slave
The latter is paid by the persons upon whom it is imposed;	後者は、課税された人が支払う。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	impose|課税する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place
the former, by a different set of persons.	前者は、別の人々が支払う。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	different|別の|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike in nature, form, or quality	set|集合|noun|a collection of things that belong together or are thought of as a group	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
The latter is either altogether arbitrary, or altogether unequal, and, in most cases, is both the one and the other;	後者は、全く独断的か、全く不平等であり、ほとんどの場合、その両方である。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	arbitrary|独断的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of; more than half of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something
the former, though in some respects unequal, different slaves being of different values, is in no respect arbitrary.	前者は、ある意味不平等ではあるが、奴隷の価値はそれぞれ異なるので、決して独断的ではない。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	though|ではあるが|conjunction|despite the fact that	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	arbitrary|独断的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
Every master, who knows the number of his own slaves, knows exactly what he has to pay.	自分の奴隷の数を知っている主人は誰でも、自分が支払わなければならない額を正確に知っている。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	number|数|noun|a quantity that is one or more	slave|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due
Those different taxes, however, being called by the same name, have been considered as of the same nature.	しかし、これらの異なる税は、同じ名前で呼ばれているため、同じ性質のものと考えられている。	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something

The taxes which in Holland are imposed upon men and maid servants, are taxes, not upon stock, but upon expense;	オランダで男性とメイドに課せられる税金は、資産に対する税金ではなく、支出に対する税金である。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	stock|資産|noun|the goods or money that a company has	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and so far resemble the taxes upon consumable commodities.	そして、消費財に対する税金に似ている。	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	consumable|消費財|adjective|able to be used up
The tax of a guinea a-head for every man-servant, which has lately been imposed in Great Britain, is of the same kind.	イギリスで最近課せられた、男性使用人一人当たり一ギニーの税金も同じ種類のものだ。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	guinea|ギニー|noun|a former British gold coin with a value of one pound and one shilling	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	lately|最近|adverb|not long ago; recently	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place
It falls heaviest upon the middling rank.	それは中流階級に最も重くのしかかる。	fall|のしかかる|verb|move downward, as through the air, under the influence of gravity	heaviest|最も重く|adjective|of very great weight	middling|中流|adjective|of medium quality, rank, or position
A man of two hundred a-year may keep a single man-servant.	年収二百ポンドの人は、一人の男性使用人を雇うことができる。	two hundred|二百|noun|the number 200	a-year|年収|noun|the amount of money that a person earns in a year	keep|雇う|verb|have as a permanent employee	single|一人の|adjective|only one	man-servant|男性使用人|noun|a male servant
A man of ten thousand a-year will not keep fifty.	年収一万ポンドの人は、五十人は雇わない。	ten thousand|一万|noun|the number 10000	a-year|年収|noun|the amount of money that a person earns in a year	fifty|五十|noun|the number 50
It does not affect the poor.	それは貧しい人々には影響しない。	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support

Taxes upon the profits of stock, in particular employments, can never affect the interest of money.	特定の用途における資本の利潤に対する税は、決して利子に影響を与えることはできない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific, or particular thing	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
Nobody will lend his money for less interest to those who exercise the taxed, than to those who exercise the untaxed employments.	誰も、課税されない用途に従事している人よりも、課税される用途に従事している人に、より低い利子で自分のお金を貸すことはない。	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a short time, expecting it to be returned	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	less|より低い|adjective|not as much or as many	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	exercise|従事する|verb|use or apply	taxed|課税される|adjective|subject to tax	untaxed|課税されない|adjective|not subject to tax	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed
Taxes upon the revenue arising from stock in all employments, where the government attempts to levy them with any degree of exactness, will, in many cases, fall upon the interest of money.	政府があらゆる用途の資本から生じる収入に課税しようとする場合、その税は、多くの場合、利子にかかることになる。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	employment|用途|noun|the state of being employed	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	attempt|試みる|verb|make an effort to do something	levy|課税する|verb|impose or collect a tax	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being exact	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of
The vingtieme, or twentieth penny, in France, is a tax of the same kind with what is called the land tax in England, and is assessed, in the same manner, upon the revenue arising upon land, houses, and stock.	フランスのヴァンティーエーム、つまり二十分の一税は、イギリスの地租と呼ばれるものと同種の税であり、土地、家屋、資本から生じる収入に対して、同じように課税される。	vingtieme|ヴァンティーエーム|noun|a tax of one twentieth	twentieth|二十分の一|adjective|one of twenty equal parts	penny|ペニー|noun|a British pre-decimal coin worth one-twentieth of a pound	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has
So far as it affects stock, it is assessed, though not with great rigour, yet with much more exactness than that part of the land tax in England which is imposed upon the same fund.	資本に影響を与える限り、それは、それほど厳密ではないが、イギリスの地租のうち同じ資金に課せられる部分よりもはるかに正確に査定される。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	assess|査定する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or ability of	rigour|厳密|noun|the quality of being extremely thorough, accurate, or careful	yet|はるかに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	exactness|正確|noun|the quality or state of being exact	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
It, in many cases, falls altogether upon the interest of money.	それは、多くの場合、完全に利子にかかる。	in many cases|多くの場合|adverb|frequently; often	fall upon|かかる|verb|be imposed on	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money
Money is frequently sunk in France, upon what are called contracts for the constitution of a rent;	フランスでは、地代設定契約と呼ばれるものに資金が投じられることがよくある。	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	sink|投じる|verb|put a lot of money, effort, time, etc. into something	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	constitution|設定|noun|the system of fundamental principles according to which a state or other organization is governed	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
that is, perpetual annuities, redeemable at any time by the debtor, upon payment of the sum originally advanced, but of which this redemption is not exigible by the creditor except in particular cases.	つまり、永続的な年金であり、債務者はいつでも、当初貸し付けられた金額を支払えば償還できるが、債権者は特別な場合を除いてこの償還を請求できない。	that is|つまり|conjunction|in other words	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	redeemable|償還できる|adjective|able to be exchanged for money or goods	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	at any time|いつでも|adverb|whenever	upon|支払えば|preposition|on	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	originally|当初|adverb|at or from the beginning	advanced|貸し付けられた|adjective|given or provided before the usual or expected time	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	particular|特別な|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation
The vingtieme seems not to have raised the rate of those annuities, though it is exactly levied upon them all.	ヴァンティーエムは、それらの年金すべてに正確に課せられているが、それらの年金の利率を上げていないようである。	vingtieme|ヴァンティーエム|noun|a tax of 5% on income	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	rate|利率|noun|the amount of money charged for a particular service	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life


## APPENDIX TO ARTICLES I. AND II: Taxes upon the Capital Value of Lands, Houses, and Stock.	第一条および第二条の付録:土地、家屋、および株の資本価値に対する税金。	article|条|noun|a separate clause or section of a legal document	appendix|付録|noun|a section at the end of a book containing additional information	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	house|家屋|noun|a building that people live in	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment

While property remains in the possession of the same person, whatever permanent taxes may have been imposed upon it, they have never been intended to diminish or take away any part of its capital value, but only some part of the revenue arising from it.	財産が同じ人の所有である限り、どんな永続的な税金が課せられようとも、その資本価値の一部を減らしたり奪ったりすることを意図したものではなく、そこから生じる収入の一部だけを奪うことを意図したものである。	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	whatever|どんな|determiner|no matter what	permanent|永続的な|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	take away|奪う|verb|remove or steal something from a person or place	capital value|資本価値|noun|the net value of a company's assets	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
But when property changes hands, when it is transmitted either from the dead to the living, or from the living to the living, such taxes have frequently been imposed upon it as necessarily take away some part of its capital value.	しかし、財産が手を変えるとき、つまり死者から生者へ、あるいは生者から生者へと移転するときには、その資本価値の一部を必然的に奪うような税金がしばしば課せられてきた。	change hands|手を変える|verb|be transferred from one owner to another	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	dead|死者|noun|a person who has died	living|生者|noun|a person who is alive	transmit|移転する|verb|pass on from one person or place to another	capital value|資本価値|noun|the net value of a company's assets	take away|奪う|verb|remove or take from a place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place

The transference of all sorts of property from the dead to the living, and that of immoveable property of land and houses from the living to the living, are transactions which are in their nature either public and notorious, or such as cannot be long concealed.	あらゆる種類の財産の死者から生者への移転、および土地や家屋の不動産の生者から生者への移転は、その性質上、公然と行われるか、あるいは長く隠し通すことのできない取引である。	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	dead|死者|noun|a person who has died	living|生者|noun|a person who is alive	immoveable property|不動産|noun|property consisting of land and buildings	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	house|家屋|noun|a place where people live; a home	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	public|公然と|adjective|done, perceived, or existing in open view	notorious|悪名高い|adjective|well known for some bad quality or deed	long|長く|adjective|having or covering a great distance	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide
Such transactions, therefore, may be taxed directly.	したがって、そのような取引には直接課税することができる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	may|できる|auxiliary verb|be permitted to; be allowed to	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary
The transference of stock or moveable property, from the living to the living, by the lending of money, is frequently a secret transaction, and may always be made so.	金銭の貸し付けによる、生者から生者への株式や動産の移転は、しばしば秘密の取引であり、常にそうすることができる。	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	stock|株式|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	moveable property|動産|noun|property that can be moved from one place to another	living|生者|noun|a person who is alive	lending|貸し付け|noun|the action of lending something	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	secret|秘密|noun|something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions
It cannot easily, therefore, be taxed directly.	したがって、直接課税することは容易ではない。	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	be taxed|課税される|verb|be imposed a tax on	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary
It has been taxed indirectly in two different ways;	二つの異なる方法で間接的に課税されてきた。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on
first, by requiring that the deed, containing the obligation to repay, should be written upon paper or parchment which had paid a certain stamp duty, otherwise not to be valid;	第一に、返済義務を記載した証書は、一定の印紙税を支払った紙または羊皮紙に書かなければ有効でないとすることにより、	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one concerning ownership of property	contain|記載する|verb|have or hold within	obligation|義務|noun|an act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound; a duty or commitment	repay|返済|verb|pay back (money)	paper|紙|noun|a material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances, used for writing, printing, or wrapping	parchment|羊皮紙|noun|a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax levied on the transfer of certain documents	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; if not	valid|有効|adjective|having legal force or effect
secondly, by requiring, under the like penalty of invalidity, that it should be recorded either in a public or secret register, and by imposing certain duties upon such registration.	第二に、同様に無効の罰則のもとで、公的または秘密の登記簿に記録することを義務付け、そのような登記に一定の義務を課すことにより、	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	invalidity|無効|noun|the quality or state of being invalid	require|義務付ける|verb|need for a particular purpose	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	secret|秘密|adjective|not known or seen or not meant to be known or seen by others	register|登記簿|noun|an official list or record	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	registration|登記|noun|the action or process of registering or of being registered
Stamp duties, and duties of registration, have frequently been imposed likewise upon the deeds transferring property of all kinds from the dead to the living, and upon those transferring immoveable property from the living to the living;	印紙税や登録税は、あらゆる種類の財産を死者から生者に移転する証書や、不動産を生者から生者に移転する証書にも同様に課せられてきた。	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on the transfer of property	duty|税|noun|a tax on the transfer of property	registration|登録|noun|the act of registering	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that transfers ownership of property	transfer|移転|verb|to move something from one place to another	property|財産|noun|something that is owned	dead|死者|noun|a person who has died	living|生者|noun|a person who is alive	immovable|不動産|adjective|not able to be moved
transactions which might easily have been taxed directly.	これらの取引は、直接課税することも容易にできたはずである。	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary

The vicesima hereditatum, or the twentieth penny of inheritances, imposed by Augustus upon the ancient Romans, was a tax upon the transference of property from the dead to the living.	アウグストゥスが古代ローマ人に課したヴィケシマ・ヘレディタトゥム、つまり相続税の二十分の一は、死者から生者への財産の移転に対する税金だった。	vicesima hereditatum|ヴィケシマ・ヘレディタトゥム|noun|a tax on inheritances	Augustus|アウグストゥス|noun|the first Roman emperor	ancient Romans|古代ローマ人|noun|the people of ancient Rome	twentieth|二十分の一|adjective|one of twenty equal parts	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	inheritance|相続|noun|the acquisition of property from a deceased person	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	dead|死者|noun|a person who has died	living|生者|noun|a person who is alive
Dion Cassius, { Lib. 55. See also Burman. de Vectigalibus Pop. Rom. cap. xi. and Bouchaud de l’impot du vingtieme sur les successions.} the author who writes concerning it the least indistinctly, says, that it was imposed upon all successions, legacies and donations, in case of death, except upon those to the nearest relations, and to the poor.	ディオン・カッシウスは、この税について最も明確に記述している著者だが、この税は、近親者や貧しい人々への相続を除いて、死亡に際してのすべての相続、遺産、寄付に課せられていたと述べている。	Dion Cassius|ディオン・カッシウス|noun|a Roman historian	Burman|バーマン|noun|a Dutch scholar	de Vectigalibus Pop. Rom.|de Vectigalibus Pop. Rom.|noun|a book by Burman	Bouchaud de l’impot du vingtieme sur les successions|Bouchaud de l’impot du vingtieme sur les successions|noun|a book by Bouchaud	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	least|最も|adverb|to the smallest extent	indistinctly|不明瞭に|adverb|not clearly	say|述べる|verb|express (something) in words	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	legacy|遺産|noun|an amount of money or property left to someone in a will	donation|寄付|noun|a gift of money or other property	death|死亡|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money

Of the same kind is the Dutch tax upon successions. {See Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	オランダの相続税も同じ種類のものだ。	of the same kind|同じ種類の|adjective|of the same type or category	Dutch|オランダの|adjective|of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or language	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.
tom i, p. 225.}	第一巻二二五頁を参照。	tom|巻|noun|a book	p.|頁|noun|a page	225|二二五|noun|a number
Collateral successions are taxed according to the degree of relation, from five to thirty per cent.	傍系相続は、関係の程度に応じて五パーセントから三十パーセントまで課税される。	collateral succession|傍系相続|noun|inheritance by a collateral relative	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	relation|関係|noun|the state of being connected or related	five|五|noun|the number 5	thirty|三十|noun|the number 30	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon the whole value of the succession.	相続財産の全額に対して課税される。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.
Testamentary donations, or legacies to collaterals, are subject to the like duties.	遺言による寄付や傍系への遺産も同様の課税対象となる。	testamentary|遺言による|adjective|of or relating to a will	donation|寄付|noun|a gift of money or other property	legacy|遺産|noun|money or property left to someone in a will	collateral|傍系|noun|a security in addition to the primary security	be subject to|対象となる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	duty|課税|noun|a tax on the import of goods
Those from husband to wife, or from wife to husband, to the fiftieth penny.	夫から妻へ、または妻から夫への遺産は五十ペニーまで課税される。	husband|夫|noun|a married man	wife|妻|noun|a married woman	fiftieth|五十|adjective|being the number that is five times ten	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound
The luctuosa hereditas, the mournful succession of ascendants to descendants, to the twentieth penny only.	luctuosa hereditas、つまり直系尊属から直系卑属への悲しみの相続は、二十ペニーのみ課税される。	luctuosa hereditas|luctuosa hereditas|noun|a Latin phrase meaning "sorrowful inheritance"	ascendant|直系尊属|noun|a person from whom one is descended	descendant|直系卑属|noun|a person who is descended from another	twentieth|二十|adjective|the ordinal number of twenty	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound
Direct successions, or those of descendants to ascendants, pay no tax.	直系相続、つまり直系卑属から直系尊属への相続は課税されない。	direct succession|直系相続|noun|inheritance by a direct descendant	descendant|直系卑属|noun|a person who is descended from another	ascendant|直系尊属|noun|a person from whom one is descended	pay|課税される|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The death of a father, to such of his children as live in the same house with him, is seldom attended with any increase, and frequently with a considerable diminution of revenue;	父親の死は、同じ家に住んでいる子供たちにとって、収入が増えることはめったになく、むしろかなりの収入減を伴うことが多い。	death|死|noun|the end of life	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large or great	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
by the loss of his industry, of his office, or of some life-rent estate, of which he may have been in possession.	父親の勤勉さや、職業、あるいは所有していたかもしれない終身年金の喪失によってである。	by the loss of|の喪失によって|noun phrase|the state or fact of having lost something	industry|勤勉さ|noun|the quality of being hard-working	office|職業|noun|a room or set of rooms or a building where people work, usually sitting at desks	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	life-rent estate|終身年金|noun|a right to receive a fixed sum of money from a particular property for the duration of one's life	which|の|relative pronoun|that; who; whom	he|父親|pronoun|a male person or animal that is being talked about	may have been in possession|所有していたかもしれない|verb phrase|to have had or have owned something
That tax would be cruel and oppressive, which aggravated their loss, by taking from them any part of his succession.	相続の一部を奪うことで、彼らの損失を悪化させるような税は、残酷で抑圧的なものであろう。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	cruel|残酷な|adjective|willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|make worse	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.
It may, however, sometimes be otherwise with those children, who, in the language of the Roman law, are said to be emancipated;	しかし、ローマ法の用語で解放されたと言われる子供たちにとっては、そうではないこともある。	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	those|それらの|determiner|the	children|子供たち|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	Roman law|ローマ法|noun|the legal system of ancient Rome	be said to be|言われる|verb|be reported to be	emancipated|解放された|adjective|freed from legal, social, or political restrictions
in that of the Scotch law, to be foris-familiated; that is, who have received their portion, have got families of their own, and are supported by funds separate and independent of those of their father.	スコットランド法では、家族から離れた者、つまり、自分の分け前を受け取り、自分の家族を持ち、父親とは別に独立した資金で生活している子供たちにとっては、そうではないこともある。	Scotch law|スコットランド法|noun|the law of Scotland	foris-familiated|家族から離れた|adjective|having received one's share of the family property and being no longer under the control of the father	portion|分け前|noun|a part of a whole	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	father|父親|noun|a man who has a child
Whatever part of his succession might come to such children, would be a real addition to their fortune, and might, therefore, perhaps, without more inconveniency than what attends all duties of this kind, be liable to some tax.	相続のどの部分がそのような子供たちに渡ったとしても、それは彼らの財産に実際に加算されるものであり、したがって、おそらく、この種のすべての義務に伴う不便さよりも大きな不便を伴うことなく、何らかの税金を課せられるかもしれない。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	come to|渡る|verb|be given to	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	addition|加算|noun|the mathematical operation of combining two numbers to make a third	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	might|課せられるかもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The casualties of the feudal law were taxes upon the transference of land, both from the dead to the living, and from the living to the living.	封建法の犠牲者は、死者から生者へ、生者から生者への土地の移転に対する税金だった。	feudal law|封建法|noun|the legal system of feudalism	casualty|犠牲者|noun|a person killed or injured in a war or accident	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
In ancient times, they constituted, in every part of Europe, one of the principal branches of the revenue of the crown.	古代には、ヨーロッパのあらゆる地域で、王室収入の主要な部門の1つを構成していた。	ancient time|古代|noun|the period of history from the earliest known human societies in the Middle East and Mediterranean until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the West and the end of the Roman Empire in the East	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of	principal branch|主要な部門|noun|the main part of something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	crown|王室|noun|the monarch or the monarch's position

The heir of every immediate vassal of the crown paid a certain duty, generally a year’s rent, upon receiving the investiture of the estate.	王室の直臣の相続人は、領地の授与を受ける際に、一定の義務、通常は1年分の地代を支払った。	heir|相続人|noun|a person who inherits and continues the legacy of a predecessor	immediate|直臣|adjective|having no intermediary	vassal|臣下|noun|a person who has entered into a formal agreement of homage and fealty with a lord	crown|王室|noun|the monarch or the monarchy	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	receive|受ける|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	investiture|授与|noun|the formal ceremony at which a person is given a knighthood or other honor	estate|領地|noun|a large area of land in the country, usually with a large house, owned by a rich person
If the heir was a minor, the whole rents of the estate, during the continuance of the minority, devolved to the superior, without any other charge besides the maintenance of the minor, and the payment of the widow’s dower, when there happened to be a dowager upon the land.	相続人が未成年の場合、未成年の間、その領地の全地代は、未成年の扶養と、その土地に未亡人がいる場合には未亡人の持参金の支払い以外に何の負担もなく、上司に委譲された。	heir|相続人|noun|a person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property	minor|未成年|noun|a person who is not yet an adult	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	estate|領地|noun|a large area of land in the country with a large house	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	charge|負担|noun|a financial burden	maintenance|扶養|noun|the provision of food, clothing, and other necessities of life	widow|未亡人|noun|a woman whose husband has died	dower|持参金|noun|the property that a woman brings to her husband at marriage
When the minor came to be of age, another tax, called relief, was still due to the superior, which generally amounted likewise to a year’s rent.	未成年者が成人になると、救済と呼ばれる別の税金が依然として上司に支払われる必要があり、これも通常は1年分の家賃に相当した。	minor|未成年者|noun|a person who is not yet an adult	come to be of age|成人する|verb|reach the age at which one is legally an adult	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	relief|救済|noun|alleviation of or deliverance from pain, anxiety, or distress	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	amount to|相当する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
A long minority, which, in the present times, so frequently disburdens a great estate of all its incumbrances, and restores the family to their ancient splendour, could in those times have no such effect.	現代では、長い未成年期が、大所帯のあらゆる負担を軽減し、家族を昔の栄光を取り戻すことがよくあるが、当時はそのような効果はなかった。	minority|未成年期|noun|the state or period of being under the legal age	disburden|軽減する|verb|relieve of a burden	estate|大所帯|noun|a large house with a lot of land	incumbrance|負担|noun|a burden or impediment	restore|取り戻す|verb|bring back to a former condition	splendour|栄光|noun|magnificence or grandeur
The waste, and not the disincumbrance of the estate, was the common effect of a long minority.	長い未成年期の一般的な影響は、財産の無駄遣いであり、負担の軽減ではなかった。	waste|無駄遣い|noun|the act of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	estate|財産|noun|all the money and property owned by a person or group	disincumbrance|負担の軽減|noun|the removal of a burden or impediment	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	minority|未成年期|noun|the state or period of being under the legal age

By a feudal law, the vassal could not alienate without the consent of his superior, who generally extorted a fine or composition on granting it.	封建法では、家臣は上司の同意なしに疎外することはできず、上司は通常、同意を与える際に罰金や和解金を強要した。	feudal law|封建法|noun|the legal system of feudalism	vassal|家臣|noun|a person granted the use of land in return for homage and military service	alienate|疎外する|verb|cause to feel isolated or estranged	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another	consent|同意|noun|permission for something to happen or agreement to do something	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	extort|強要する|verb|obtain by force, threats, or other unfair means	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for breaking the law	composition|和解金|noun|the act of composing; the creation of a work of art, literature, music, etc.
This fine, which was at first arbitrary, came, in many countries, to be regulated at a certain portion of the price of the land.	この罰金は、当初は任意だったが、多くの国で土地の価格の一定部分に規制されるようになった。	fine|罰金|noun|a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense	at first|当初|adverb|in the beginning; initially	arbitrary|任意|adjective|based on or determined by individual preference or convenience rather than by necessity or the intrinsic nature of something	come|なる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be regulated|規制される|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
In some countries, where the greater part of the other feudal customs have gone into disuse, this tax upon the alienation of land still continues to make a very considerable branch of the revenue of the sovereign.	他の封建的慣習の大部分が廃止された国々では、土地の疎外に対するこの税は、依然として主権者の収入の非常に重要な部分を占めている。	feudal|封建的|adjective|of or relating to feudalism	custom|慣習|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or traditional	disuse|廃止|noun|the state of not being used	alienation|疎外|noun|the state of being isolated or separated from others	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler
In the canton of Berne it is so high as a sixth part of the price of all noble fiefs, and a tenth part of that of all ignoble ones. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc, tom.i p.154}	ベルン州では、すべての貴族領の価格の6分の1、すべての卑劣な領地の価格の10分の1にも及ぶ。{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc, tom.i p.154}	In the canton of Berne|ベルン州では|noun phrase|in the canton of Berne	as high as|にも及ぶ|adverb|to the same degree or extent as	sixth|6分の1|adjective|coming after the fifth in position	tenth|10分の1|adjective|coming after the ninth in position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	noble|貴族|adjective|belonging to a family of high social or political rank	fief|領地|noun|a piece of land held under the feudal system	ignoble|卑劣な|adjective|of low character, quality, or status	Droits|Droits|noun|rights	tom.i|tom.i|noun|volume 1
In the canton of Lucern, the tax upon the sale of land is not universal, and takes place only in certain districts.	ルツェルン州では、土地の売却に対する税は普遍的ではなく、特定の地区でのみ行われる。	canton|州|noun|a political division of a country	Lucern|ルツェルン|noun|a city in central Switzerland	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	take place|行われる|verb|happen; occur
But if any person sells his land in order to remove out of the territory, he pays ten per cent.	しかし、もし誰かがその領土から移転するために土地を売却するならば、彼は10パーセントを支払う。	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	ten percent|10パーセント|noun|a tenth of something
upon the whole price of the sale. {id. p.157.}	売却価格全体に対して。{id. p.157.}	upon|に対して|preposition|on	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Taxes of the same kind, upon the sale either of all lands, or of lands held by certain tenures, take place in many other countries, and make a more or less considerable branch of the revenue of the sovereign.	すべての土地、または特定の保有権によって保有されている土地の売却に対して、同じ種類の税金が他の多くの国々で行われており、主権者の収入の多かれ少なかれ重要な部分を占めている。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tenure|保有権|noun|the holding of an office or property	take place|行われる|verb|happen	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|主権者|noun|a supreme ruler

Such transactions may be taxed indirectly, by means either of stamp duties, or of duties upon registration;	そのような取引は、印紙税または登録税によって間接的に課税される。	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|not directly	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	registration|登録|noun|the action or process of registering or being registered
and those duties either may, or may not, be proportioned to the value of the subject which is transferred.	そして、これらの税は、移転される対象の価値に比例するかもしれないし、しないかもしれない。	duty|税|noun|a tax on imported goods	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation to	subject|対象|noun|the person or thing that is being discussed	transfer|移転する|verb|move from one place to another

In Great Britain, the stamp duties are higher or lower, not so much according to the value of the property transferred (an eighteen-penny or half-crown stamp being sufficient upon a bond for the largest sum of money), as according to the nature of the deed.	英国では、印紙税は、移転される財産の価値に応じて高くなったり低くなったりするのではなく(18ペニーまたは半クラウンの印紙で、最大の金額の債券に十分である)、証書の性質に応じて高くなったり低くなったりする。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on the transfer of property	higher or lower|高くなったり低くなったりする|adjective|more or less	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	transferred|移転される|verb|move from one place to another	eighteen-penny|18ペニー|noun|a former British coin worth eighteen pennies	half-crown|半クラウン|noun|a former British coin worth two shillings and sixpence	stamp|印紙|noun|a small piece of paper that is stuck onto a letter or parcel to show that the correct amount of postage has been paid	sufficient|十分である|adjective|as much or as many as required	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt issued by a government or a company promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest at a specified time	largest|最大の|adjective|of the greatest size or extent	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one concerning ownership of property
The highest do not exceed six pounds upon every sheet of paper, or skin of parchment;	最高額は、紙一枚または羊皮紙一枚につき6ポンドを上回らない。	highest|最高額|noun|the highest amount	exceed|上回る|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)	six pounds|6ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces	sheet of paper|紙一枚|noun|a piece of paper	skin of parchment|羊皮紙一枚|noun|a piece of parchment
and these high duties fall chiefly upon grants from the crown, and upon certain law proceedings, without any regard to the value of the subject.	そして、これらの高い税は、主に対象の価値に関係なく、王冠からの補助金と特定の法律手続きに課せられる。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	grant|補助金|noun|a sum of money given by a government or public body to fund a particular project	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch	law proceeding|法律手続き|noun|a legal action	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
There are, in Great Britain, no duties on the registration of deeds or writings, except the fees of the officers who keep the register;	英国では、登記簿を保管する役人の手数料を除いて、証書や文書の登記に税金はかからない。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import of goods	registration|登記|noun|the action or process of registering	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one concerning ownership of property	writing|文書|noun|a text that is written	register|登記簿|noun|an official list or record	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	fee|手数料|noun|a payment made to a professional person or to a professional or public body in exchange for services
and these are seldom more than a reasonable recompence for their labour.	そして、これらは彼らの労働に対する合理的な報酬を超えることはめったにない。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	these|これら|pronoun|the things that are close to you or that you are talking about	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	more than|以上|preposition|over; above; in excess of	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	recompence|報酬|noun|something given or received as a return for something done	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The crown derives no revenue from them.	王冠は彼らから収入を得ていない。	crown|王冠|noun|a circular head ornament made of precious metals and jewels and worn by a monarch	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source

In Holland {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	オランダでは、{Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Memoires concernant les Droits|Memoires concernant les Droits|noun|a book
tom. i. p 223, 224, 225.} there are both stamp duties and duties upon registration;	トム。i.p 223、224、225.}印紙税と登録税の両方がある。	tom|トム|noun|a male given name	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	duty|税|noun|a tax on certain goods or services	registration|登録|noun|the action of registering something
which in some cases are, and in some are not, proportioned to the value of the property transferred.	ある場合には移転された財産の価値に比例し、ある場合には比例しない。	in some cases|ある場合には|adverb|sometimes	in some cases|ある場合には|adverb|sometimes	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	transfer|移転|verb|move from one place to another
All testaments must be written upon stamped paper, of which the price is proportioned to the property disposed of;	すべての遺言は、処分された財産に比例した価格の印紙に書かなければならない。	testament|遺言|noun|a legal document that sets out a person's wishes regarding the disposal of their property after their death	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	be written|書かれる|verb|be represented by written symbols	stamped paper|印紙|noun|a piece of paper that has a stamp on it	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	be proportioned to|～に比例する|verb|be in a proper or suitable relation to	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	dispose of|処分する|verb|get rid of; throw away
so that there are stamps which cost from three pence or three stivers a-sheet, to three hundred florins, equal to about twenty-seven pounds ten shillings of our money.	そのため、一枚三ペンスまたは三スティーバーから三百フローリン、つまり約二十七ポンド十シリングに相当する印紙がある。	three pence|三ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth three pennies	three stivers|三スティーバー|noun|a former Dutch coin worth three pennies	three hundred florins|三百フローリン|noun|a former Dutch coin worth three hundred pennies	twenty-seven pounds|二十七ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to sixteen ounces	ten shillings|十シリング|noun|a former British coin worth ten pennies
If the stamp is of an inferior price to what the testator ought to have made use of, his succession is confiscated.	印紙が遺言者が使用すべきものより安い価格のものであれば、彼の相続は没収される。	stamp|印紙|noun|a small piece of paper that is put on a letter or parcel to show that the correct amount of postage has been paid	inferior|安い|adjective|of low standard or quality	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	testator|遺言者|noun|a person who has made a will	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	make use of|使用する|verb|to use something	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.	confiscate|没収する|verb|to take or seize with authority
This is over and above all their other taxes on succession.	これは、相続に対する他のすべての税金に追加される。	over and above|追加される|adverb|in addition to	succession|相続|noun|the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.
Except bills of exchange, and some other mercantile bills, all other deeds, bonds, and contracts, are subject to a stamp duty.	為替手形やその他の商業手形を除いて、他のすべての証書、債券、契約は印紙税の対象となる。	bill of exchange|為替手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that transfers ownership of property from one person to another	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	subject to|対象となる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents
This duty, however, does not rise in proportion to the value of the subject.	しかし、この税は対象の価値に比例して上昇するわけではない。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one varies in accordance with the other	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
All sales of land and of houses, and all mortgages upon either, must be registered, and, upon registration, pay a duty to the state of two and a-half per cent.	土地や住宅のすべての売却、およびそのいずれかのすべての抵当権は登録されなければならず、登録時に2.5パーセントの税金を国に支払わなければならない。	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	mortgage|抵当権|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other lender lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	must|～しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	register|登録する|verb|enter or record on an official list or directory	upon|～の際に|preposition|on	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	duty|税金|noun|a moral or legal obligation	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory; nation
upon the amount of the price or of the mortgage.	価格または抵当権の額に応じて。	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more quantities added together	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	mortgage|抵当権|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt
This duty is extended to the sale of all ships and vessels of more than two tons burden, whether decked or undecked.	この税は、甲板の有無にかかわらず、2トン以上の積載量を持つすべての船舶の売却にも拡大されている。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	ship|船舶|noun|a large seagoing vessel	vessel|船舶|noun|a hollow container used to hold liquid	more than|以上の|adjective|greater in number or amount than	two|2|numeral|one more than one	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	burden|積載量|noun|the weight of a ship's cargo	whether|かどうか|conjunction|used to introduce alternative possibilities	decked|甲板のある|adjective|having a deck	undecked|甲板のない|adjective|not having a deck
These, it seems, are considered as a sort of houses upon the water.	これらは、水上の一種の家と考えられているようだ。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	sort|一種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	house|家|noun|a place where people live
The sale of moveables, when it is ordered by a court of justice, is subject to the like duty of two and a-half per cent.	動産の売却は、裁判所の命令による場合には、同様に2.5パーセントの税金が課せられる。	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	moveable|動産|noun|a piece of property that can be moved	court of justice|裁判所|noun|a court of law	subject to|課せられる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	like|同様に|adjective|similar or having a likeness to	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import of goods	two and a-half per cent|2.5パーセント|noun|a percentage

In France, there are both stamp duties and duties upon registration.	フランスでは、印紙税と登録税の両方がある。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	duty|税|noun|a tax on certain goods or services	registration|登録|noun|the action of registering something
The former are considered as a branch of the aids of excise, and, in the provinces where those duties take place, are levied by the excise officers.	前者は消費税の一種と考えられており、これらの税金が課せられる地方では、消費税官吏によって徴収される。	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	consider|考えられる|verb|think carefully about	branch|一種|noun|a subdivision of a main group	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods and services	take place|課せられる|verb|happen	levy|徴収される|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment
The latter are considered as a branch of the domain of the crown and are levied by a different set of officers.	後者は王領の一種と考えられており、別の役人によって徴収される。	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	branch|一種|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	domain|王領|noun|the territory over which a sovereign rules	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornament made of gold and jewels and worn on the head by a king or queen	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization

Those modes of taxation by stamp duties and by duties upon registration, are of very modern invention.	印紙税や登録税による課税方法は、非常に近代的な発明である。	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	duty|税|noun|a tax on certain goods or services	registration|登録|noun|the action or process of registering	modern|近代的な|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	invention|発明|noun|a new or improved product or process
In the course of little more than a century, however, stamp duties have, in Europe, become almost universal, and duties upon registration extremely common.	しかし、1世紀余りの間に、ヨーロッパでは印紙税がほぼ普遍的になり、登録税も非常に一般的になった。	in the course of|間に|preposition|during	little more than|余り|adverb|slightly more than	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	become|なる|verb|come to be	almost|ほぼ|adverb|very nearly	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	registration|登録|noun|the action or process of registering	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people
There is no art which one government sooner learns of another, than that of draining money from the pockets of the people.	政府が他の政府から学ぶ技術の中で、国民のポケットから金を吸い上げる技術ほど早いものはない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	art|技術|noun|a skill at doing a specified thing, typically one acquired through practice	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

Taxes upon the transference of property from the dead to the living, fall finally, as well as immediately, upon the persons to whom the property is transferred.	死者から生者への財産の移転に対する税は、最終的には、また即座に、財産が移転される人にかかる。	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	dead|死者|noun|a person who has died	living|生者|noun|a person who is alive	fall|かかる|verb|be borne by	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	immediately|即座に|adverb|at once; instantly	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	transfer|移転される|verb|move from one place to another
Taxes upon the sale of land fall altogether upon the seller.	土地の売却に対する税は、すべて売り手にかかる。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	seller|売り手|noun|a person who sells something
The seller is almost always under the necessity of selling, and must, therefore, take such a price as he can get.	売り手はほとんど常に売却の必要に迫られているので、手に入る価格で売らざるを得ない。	seller|売り手|noun|a person who sells something	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always; most of the time	under the necessity of|必要に迫られている|verb|be forced to do something	take|売る|verb|receive as a payment	such a price as|手に入る価格|noun|the price that is available	can get|手に入る|verb|be able to obtain
The buyer is scarce ever under the necessity of buying, and will, therefore, only give such a price as he likes.	買い手はほとんど買う必要に迫られることがないので、自分の好きな価格しか提示しない。	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	under the necessity of|必要に迫られる|verb|be forced to do something	buying|買う|verb|acquire by paying for	will|提示する|verb|express a desire, intention, or determination to do something	only|しか|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else; solely	give|出す|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as a payment	such a price as|好きな価格|noun|the amount of money that is required or offered for something
He considers what the land will cost him, in tax and price together.	彼は、税金と価格を合わせて、土地にいくらかかるかを考える。	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The more he is obliged to pay in the way of tax, the less he will be disposed to give in the way of price.	税金として支払う義務があるほど、価格として支払う気はなくなる。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	be obliged to|義務がある|verb|be required to do something	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	the less|より少なく|adverb|to a smaller extent	be disposed to|気がある|verb|be inclined or willing to do something	give|支払う|verb|transfer to another as a gift or as a payment	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Such taxes, therefore, fall almost always upon a necessitous person, and must, therefore, be frequently very cruel and oppressive.	したがって、そのような税金はほとんど常に困窮した人に課せられ、それゆえ、しばしば非常に残酷で抑圧的なものとなる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	necessitous|困窮した|adjective|lacking the necessities of life	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	cruel|残酷な|adjective|willfully causing pain or suffering to others, or feeling no concern about it	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe
Taxes upon the sale of new-built houses, where the building is sold without the ground, fall generally upon the buyer, because the builder must generally have his profit;	建物が土地なしで売られる新築住宅の売却税は、一般的に買い手にかかる。なぜなら、建設業者は一般的に利益を得なければならないからである。	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	new-built|新築|adjective|recently built	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls	ground|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	fall|かかる|verb|be borne by	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	builder|建設業者|noun|a person who builds something	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
otherwise he must give up the trade.	さもなければ、彼はその商売を諦めなければならない。	otherwise|さもなければ|adverb|in a different way; in other circumstances	give up|諦める|verb|stop trying to do something
If he advances the tax, therefore, the buyer must generally repay it to him.	したがって、彼が税金を前払いした場合、買い手は一般的にそれを彼に返済しなければならない。	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	repay|返済する|verb|pay back (money) that has been borrowed or lent
Taxes upon the sale of old houses, for the same reason as those upon the sale of land, fall generally upon the seller;	古い家の売却税は、土地の売却税と同じ理由で、一般的に売り手にかかる。	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	fall|かかる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	seller|売り手|noun|a person or company that sells something
whom, in most cases, either conveniency or necessity obliges to sell.	ほとんどの場合、都合や必要性から売却を余儀なくされる。	whom|誰|pronoun|what or which person or persons	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	conveniency|都合|noun|the state of being able to be done or used easily	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	oblige|余儀なくされる|verb|make (someone) do something, especially by force or threat
The number of new-built houses that are annually brought to market, is more or less regulated by the demand.	毎年市場に出される新築住宅の数は、多かれ少なかれ需要によって調整される。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	bring to market|市場に出す|verb|make available for purchase	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations
Unless the demand is such as to afford the builder his profit, after paying all expenses, he will build no more houses.	需要が、すべての経費を支払った後で建設業者に利益をもたらすようなものでなければ、彼は家を建てることはないだろう。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	builder|建設業者|noun|a person who builds	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	house|家|noun|a place where people live
The number of old houses which happen at any time to come to market, is regulated by accidents, of which the greater part have no relation to the demand.	いつでも市場に出回る古い住宅の数は、偶然によって決まるが、その大部分は需要とは関係がない。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	any time|いつでも|adverb|at all times; always	come to market|市場に出回る|verb|be offered for sale	be regulated by|によって決まる|verb|be controlled or governed by	accident|偶然|noun|an unfortunate event that happens unexpectedly and usually results in harm or damage	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	have no relation to|とは関係がない|verb|be unrelated to	demand|需要|noun|the desire or willingness to buy something
Two or three great bankruptcies in a mercantile town, will bring many houses to sale, which must be sold for what can be got for them.	商業都市で二、三件の大きな破産が起これば、多くの家が売りに出され、それらは手に入る金額で売られることになる。	two or three|二、三件|noun|a small number of	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	mercantile|商業|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	bring|起こる|verb|cause to come or happen	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	sale|売り|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money	must|ことになる|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; have to	sell|売られる|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	get|手に入る|verb|come into possession of; receive
Taxes upon the sale of ground-rents fall altogether upon the seller, for the same reason as those upon the sale of lands.	地代売却税は、土地売却税と同じ理由で、すべて売り手にかかる。	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	ground-rent|地代|noun|rent paid for the use of land	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	seller|売り手|noun|a person who sells something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
Stamp duties, and duties upon the registration of bonds and contracts for borrowed money, fall altogether upon the borrower, and, in fact, are always paid by him.	印紙税や借入金の債券や契約書の登録税は、すべて借り手にかかり、実際には常に借り手が支払う。	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	duty|税|noun|a tax on certain goods or services	registration|登録|noun|the action of registering something	bond|債券|noun|a certificate of debt	contract|契約書|noun|a legally binding document	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	borrower|借り手|noun|a person who borrows something	pay|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for goods or services
Duties of the same kind upon law proceedings fall upon the suitors.	訴訟に関する同種の税は、訴訟当事者にかかる。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	law proceeding|訴訟|noun|a legal action	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of
They reduce to both the capital value of the subject in dispute.	どちらも争点の資本価値を減らす。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	capital value|資本価値|noun|the value of a capital asset
The more it costs to acquire any property, the less must be the neat value of it when acquired.	財産を取得するのにかかる費用が大きいほど、取得した時の純価値は小さくなる。	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	acquire|取得する|verb|come into possession or ownership of	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	less|小さい|adjective|not as great or as much as the other or the average	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something

All taxes upon the transference of property of every kind, so far as they diminish the capital value of that property, tend to diminish the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labour.	あらゆる種類の財産の移転に対するすべての税は、その財産の資本価値を減少させる限り、生産的労働の維持に充てられる資金を減少させる傾向がある。	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	capital value|資本価値|noun|the net value of a company's assets	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services
They are all more or less unthrifty taxes that increase the revenue of the sovereign, which seldom maintains any but unproductive labourers, at the expense of the capital of the people, which maintains none but productive.	これらはすべて、多かれ少なかれ浪費的な税であり、生産的労働者以外を維持することはめったにない君主の収入を、生産的労働者以外を維持しない国民の資本を犠牲にして増やすものである。	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat	unthrifty|浪費的な|adjective|not thrifty; wasteful	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	maintain|維持する|verb|cause or enable to continue in a certain state	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	expense|犠牲|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing

Such taxes, even when they are proportioned to the value of the property transferred, are still unequal;	そのような税は、移転される財産の価値に比例していても、依然として不平等である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	even when|であっても|conjunction|although	proportion|比例する|verb|be in a due or proper relation to	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	transfer|移転|verb|move from one place to another
the frequency of transference not being always equal in property of equal value.	移転の頻度は、同等の価値の財産では常に同等ではない。	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	transference|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
When they are not proportioned to this value, which is the case with the greater part of the stamp duties and duties of registration, they are still more so.	印紙税や登録税の大部分がそうであるように、この価値に比例していない場合は、さらに不平等である。	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents	duty|税|noun|a tax on certain goods or services	registration|登録|noun|the action or process of registering or being registered
They are in no respect arbitrary, but are, or may be, in all cases, perfectly clear and certain.	これらは決して恣意的なものではなく、すべての場合に完全に明確で確実なものである。	in no respect|決して|adverb|not at all; in no way	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on or determined by individual preference or convenience rather than by necessity or the intrinsic nature of something	in all cases|すべての場合に|adverb|in every situation	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is entirely or completely	clear|明確|adjective|easy to understand; intelligible	certain|確実|adjective|known for sure; established beyond doubt
Though they sometimes fall upon the person who is not very able to pay, the time of payment is, in most cases, sufficiently convenient for him.	支払いにあまり余裕のない人に課せられることもあるが、支払い時期はほとんどの場合、その人にとって十分に都合の良いものである。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	time|時期|noun|a point of time as measured in hours and minutes	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example	convenient|都合の良い|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
When the payment becomes due, he must, in most cases, have the more to pay.	支払期日が来ると、ほとんどの場合、支払うべき金額が増えている。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	become due|支払期日が来る|verb|become payable	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	have the more to pay|支払うべき金額が増えている|verb|have a greater amount to pay
They are levied at very little expense, and in general subject the contributors to no other inconveniency, besides always the unavoidable one of paying the tax.	これらは非常にわずかな費用で徴収され、一般に、納税者に税金を支払うという避けられない不便以外には、他の不便を課すことはない。	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something	inconveniency|不便|noun|a lack of ease or convenience	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
In France, the stamp duties are not much complained of.	フランスでは、印紙税についてあまり不満はない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on the transfer of property or the sale of goods	complain|不満|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance
Those of registration, which they call the Controle, are.	彼らがコントロルと呼ぶ登録税はそうである。	registration|登録|noun|the action or process of registering	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	Controle|コントロル|noun|a system of government in which all economic and political power is centralized and controlled by a single authority
They give occasion, it is pretended, to much extortion in the officers of the farmers-general who collect the tax, which is in a great measure arbitrary and uncertain.	これらは、税金を徴収する徴税請負人の役人による多くの強要の機会を与えているとされているが、これはかなり恣意的で不確実である。	give occasion|機会を与える|verb|provide an opportunity	pretend|されている|verb|claim to be or do something that you are not or that you are not doing	much|多くの|adjective|a large amount or number of	extortion|強要|noun|the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	collect|徴収する|verb|gather together or acquire	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
In the greater part of the libels which have been written against the present system of finances in France, the abuses of the controle make a principal article.	フランスの現在の財政制度に反対して書かれた誹謗中傷の大部分では、コントロールの乱用が主要な記事となっている。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	libel|誹謗中傷|noun|a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation	write|書く|verb|mark (letters, words, or other symbols) on a surface, typically paper, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement	present system|現在の制度|noun|the system that is currently in place	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	make|なる|verb|become	principal article|主要な記事|noun|the main article in a publication
Uncertainty, however, does not seem to be necessarily inherent in the nature of such taxes.	しかし、不確実性は、必ずしもそのような税の性質に内在するものではないようである。	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	inherent|内在する|adjective|existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute
If the popular complaints are well founded, the abuse must arise, not so much from the nature of the tax as from the want of precision and distinctness in the words of the edicts or laws which impose it.	民衆の不満が正当なものであるならば、その乱用は、税の性質からというよりは、それを課す法令や法律の文言の正確性と明確さの欠如から生じているに違いない。	popular|民衆の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	complaint|不満|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable	well founded|正当な|adjective|based on good evidence or reasons	abuse|乱用|noun|the improper use of something	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	precision|正確性|noun|the quality, condition, or fact of being exact and accurate	distinctness|明確さ|noun|the quality of being clear and easy to understand	edict|法令|noun|an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties

The registration of mortgages, and in general of all rights upon immoveable property, as it gives great security both to creditors and purchasers, is extremely advantageous to the public.	抵当権の登録は、債権者と購入者の両方に大きな安心感を与えるので、不動産に対するすべての権利の登録は、一般に公衆にとって非常に有利である。	registration|登録|noun|the action or process of registering	mortgage|抵当権|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	general|一般に|adjective|involving or affecting the whole	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	immoveable property|不動産|noun|property consisting of land and buildings	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole
That of the greater part of deeds of other kinds, is frequently inconvenient and even dangerous to individuals, without any advantage to the public.	他の種類の証書の大部分の登録は、公衆に何の利益もなく、しばしば個人にとって不便であり、危険でさえある。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that transfers ownership of property	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	public|公衆|noun|the people as a whole	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
All registers which, it is acknowledged, ought to be kept secret, ought certainly never to exist.	秘密にすべきだと認められているすべての登記簿は、絶対に存在すべきではない。	register|登記簿|noun|a book or system of public records	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	ought to|すべきだ|auxiliary verb|should	keep secret|秘密にする|verb|not reveal or tell	certainly|絶対に|adverb|without doubt; definitely	exist|存在する|verb|have objective reality or being
The credit of individuals ought certainly never to depend upon so very slender a security, as the probity and religion of the inferior officers of revenue.	個人の信用は、下級収税官の誠実さや宗教心といった、非常に頼りない担保に依存すべきではない。	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for them later	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	ought|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	never|決して～ない|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	security|担保|noun|something given or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an obligation	probity|誠実さ|noun|the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency	religion|宗教|noun|a particular system of faith and worship	inferior|下級の|adjective|low or lower in rank or status	officer|官吏|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command, especially in the armed forces	revenue|収税|noun|income, especially when of a large amount
But where the fees of registration have been made a source of revenue to the sovereign, register-offices have commonly been multiplied without end, both for the deeds which ought to be registered, and for those which ought not.	しかし、登録料が国王の収入源となっているところでは、登録すべき証書と登録すべきでない証書の両方について、登記所が際限なく増加している。	fee|料金|noun|a sum of money paid for a service	registration|登録|noun|the action of registering	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|国王|noun|a supreme ruler	register-office|登記所|noun|an office where registers are kept	commonly|普通|adverb|usually	multiply|増加する|verb|increase in number	end|際限|noun|the final part of something	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that shows ownership of a property	ought|べき|auxiliary verb|should	not|ない|adverb|a word used to express negation
In France there are several different sorts of secret registers.	フランスには、いくつかの異なる種類の秘密登記簿がある。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	secret|秘密|adjective|not known or seen or meant to be known or seen by others	register|登記簿|noun|an official list or record
This abuse, though not perhaps a necessary, it must be acknowledged, is a very natural effect of such taxes.	この悪用は、おそらく必然ではないが、そのような税の非常に自然な結果であることは認めざるを得ない。	abuse|悪用|noun|the improper use of something	necessary|必然|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	natural|自然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

Such stamp duties as those in England upon cards and dice, upon newspapers and periodical pamphlets, etc.	イギリスのカードやサイコロ、新聞や定期刊行物などの印紙税は、	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	card|カード|noun|a piece of thick, stiff paper or thin pasteboard, especially one used for writing or printing on	dice|サイコロ|noun|a small cube with each side having a different number of spots on it, ranging from one to six, thrown and used in gambling and other games	newspaper|新聞|noun|a printed publication consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements and correspondence	periodical|定期刊行物|noun|a publication issued at regular and usually fairly frequent intervals	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on certain legal documents
are properly taxes upon consumption;	消費税である。	be properly|である|verb|be correctly or accurately	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
the final payment falls upon the persons who use or consume such commodities.	最終的な支払いは、そのような商品を使用または消費する人々にかかる。	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
Such stamp duties as those upon licences to retail ale, wine, and spiritous liquors, though intended, perhaps, to fall upon the profits of the retailers, are likewise finally paid by the consumers of those liquors.	ビール、ワイン、蒸留酒の小売免許にかかる印紙税は、おそらく小売業者の利益にかかることを意図しているが、同様に最終的にはこれらの酒類の消費者が支払う。	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on the transfer of property	licence|免許|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade	retail|小売|verb|sell goods to the general public	ale|ビール|noun|a type of beer	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	spiritous liquor|蒸留酒|noun|an alcoholic drink produced by distillation	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the general public	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
Such taxes, though called by the same name, and levied by the same officers, and in the same manner with the stamp duties above mentioned upon the transference of property, are, however, of a quite different nature, and fall upon quite different funds.	このような税は、同じ名称で呼ばれ、同じ役人によって徴収され、上記の財産移転にかかる印紙税と同じ方法で徴収されるが、しかし、全く異なる性質のものであり、全く異なる資金にかかる。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	name|名称|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	mention|言及|verb|refer to briefly	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	transfer|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	quite|全く|adverb|to the fullest extent	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose

ARTICLE III.—Taxes upon the Wages of Labour.	第三章労働賃金に対する税	ARTICLE III|第三章|noun|the third chapter	Taxes|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker, for work done	Labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

The wages of the inferior classes of work men, I have endeavoured to show in the first book are everywhere necessarily regulated by two different circumstances;	下層労働者の賃金は、第一巻で示したように、どこでも必然的に二つの異なる状況によって調整される。	inferior|下層|adjective|of low quality or value	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	work man|労働者|noun|a person who works	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
the demand for labour, and the ordinary or average price of provisions.	労働需要と食料の通常価格または平均価格である。	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something
The demand for labour, according as it happens to be either increasing stationary or declining;	労働需要は、増加、停滞、減少のいずれかによって、	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|減少|verb|become or make smaller or fewer in size, amount, intensity, or degree
or to require an increasing, stationary, or declining population, regulates the subsistence of the labourer, and determines in what degree it shall be either liberal, moderate, or scanty.	あるいは人口の増加、停滞、減少のいずれかを必要とすることで、労働者の生計を調整し、それがどの程度豊か、中庸、あるいは乏しいかを決定する。	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	subsistence|生計|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	liberal|豊か|adjective|giving or given freely	moderate|中庸|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	scanty|乏しい|adjective|small in amount or quantity
The ordinary average price of provisions determines the quantity of money which must be paid to the workman, in order to enable him, one year with another, to purchase this liberal, moderate, or scanty subsistence.	食料の通常の平均価格は、労働者がこの豊かで、中庸で、あるいは乏しい生計を維持するために、毎年支払わなければならない金額を決定する。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	determine|決定する|verb|cause to occur in a particular way	quantity|金額|noun|the amount or number of something	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a man who does manual or industrial work	enable|維持する|verb|make possible or practicable	one year with another|毎年|noun|on average over a period of years	purchase|購入|verb|buy	liberal|豊かな|adjective|giving or given freely	moderate|中庸な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	scanty|乏しい|adjective|small in amount or quantity	subsistence|生計|noun|the state or fact of existing or living, especially at a minimum level
While the demand for the labour and the price of provisions, therefore, remain the same, a direct tax upon the wages of labour can have no other effect, than to raise them somewhat higher than the tax.	したがって、労働需要と食料価格が同じままである限り、労働賃金に対する直接税は、税額よりも多少高く引き上げること以外に効果はない。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	remain|同じままである|verb|stay in the same place or condition	direct tax|直接税|noun|a tax that is levied on the person or organization that is expected to bear the burden of the tax	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	effect|効果|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	tax|税額|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Let us suppose, for example, that, in a particular place, the demand for labour and the price of provisions were such as to render ten shillings a-week the ordinary wages of labour;	例えば、ある特定の場所では、労働需要と食料価格が週10シリングを通常の労働賃金にするようなものだったとしよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	ten|10|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	ordinary|通常の|adjective|with no special or distinctive features; normal or commonplace	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
and that a tax of one-fifth, or four shillings in the pound, was imposed upon wages.	そして、賃金に5分の1、つまり1ポンドにつき4シリングの税金が課せられたとしよう。	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
If the demand for labour and the price of provisions remained the same, it would still be necessary that the labourer should, in that place, earn such a subsistence as could be bought only for ten shillings a-week; so that, after paying the tax, he should have ten shillings a-week free wages.	労働需要と食料価格が同じままであれば、その場所で労働者は週10シリングでしか買えないような生計を立てることが必要であり、税金を支払った後、週10シリングを自由に使える賃金として受け取ることになる。	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	remain|同じままである|verb|stay in the same place or condition	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who does work, especially hard physical work	earn|稼ぐ|verb|obtain (money) in return for labour or services	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	have|受け取る|verb|possess, own, or hold	free|自由に使える|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
But, in order to leave him such free wages, after paying such a tax, the price of labour must, in that place, soon rise, not to twelve shillings a week only, but to twelve and sixpence;	しかし、そのような税金を支払った後で、彼にそのような自由な賃金を残すためには、その場所での労働価格はすぐに週12シリングだけでなく、12シリング6ペンスに上昇しなければならない。	leave|残す|verb|go away from a place	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	week|週|noun|a period of seven days	twelve|12|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	twelve|12|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies
that is, in order to enable him to pay a tax of one-fifth, his wages must necessarily soon rise, not one-fifth part only, but one-fourth.	つまり、彼が5分の1の税金を支払えるようにするためには、彼の賃金はすぐに5分の1だけでなく4分の1に上昇しなければならない。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	in order to|するために|conjunction|with the aim of	enable|できるようにする|verb|make possible	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	one-fifth|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	necessarily|必ず|adverb|as a necessary result	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	one-fifth part|5分の1|noun|one of five equal parts	one-fourth|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts
Whatever was the proportion of the tax, the wages of labour must, in all cases rise, not only in that proportion, but in a higher proportion.	税率がどうであれ、労働賃金はすべての場合において、その税率だけでなく、それよりも高い割合で上昇しなければならない。	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	rise|上昇|verb|go up	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring; an example of something
If the tax for example, was one-tenth, the wages of labour must necessarily soon rise, not one-tenth part only, but one-eighth.	例えば、税率が10分の1であれば、労働賃金はすぐに10分の1だけでなく、8分の1に上昇しなければならない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	one-tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	one-tenth part|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	one-eighth|8分の1|noun|one of eight equal parts

A direct tax upon the wages of labour, therefore, though the labourer might, perhaps, pay it out of his hand, could not properly be said to be even advanced by him;	したがって、労働賃金に対する直接税は、労働者がおそらく自分の手で支払うかもしれないが、彼が前払いしているとさえ適切に言うことはできない。	direct tax|直接税|noun|a tax paid directly to the government by the person or organization on whom it is levied	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due
at least if the demand for labour and the average price of provisions remained the same after the tax as before it.	少なくとも、労働需要と食料の平均価格が課税後も課税前と同じであれば。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	demand|需要|noun|the desire of consumers to purchase a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, or level	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	remain|同じである|verb|stay in the same place or condition	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	before|前|preposition|earlier than; in front of
In all such cases, not only the tax, but something more than the tax, would in reality be advanced by the person who immediately employed him.	そのようなすべての場合において、税金だけでなく、税金以上のものが、実際には彼を直接雇用した人によって前払いされるだろう。	in all such cases|そのようなすべての場合において|adverb|in all cases like the one described	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; really	be advanced|前払いされる|verb|be paid before it is due	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
The final payment would, in different cases, fall upon different persons.	最終的な支払いは、場合によって異なる人にかかるだろう。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual
The rise which such a tax might occasion in the wages of manufacturing labour would be advanced by the master manufacturer, who would both be entitled and obliged to charge it, with a profit, upon the price of his goods.	そのような税金が製造労働の賃金に生じさせるかもしれない上昇は、製造業者の親方によって前払いされるだろうが、彼はそれを自分の商品の価格に利益を乗せて請求する権利と義務を負うだろう。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	occasion|生じさせる|verb|cause or produce	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	manufacturing labour|製造労働|noun|labour that is used in the manufacturing industry	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	master manufacturer|製造業者の親方|noun|a person who owns or manages a manufacturing business	entitled|権利がある|adjective|having a right to do or have something	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	charge|請求する|verb|ask for a particular price for a service or product	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
The final payment of this rise of wages, therefore, together with the additional profit of the master manufacturer would fall upon the consumer.	したがって、この賃金上昇の最終的な支払いは、製造業者の親方の追加利益とともに、消費者にかかるだろう。	final payment|最終的な支払い|noun|the last payment	rise of wages|賃金上昇|noun|an increase in wages	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to	additional profit|追加利益|noun|extra profit	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of
The rise which such a tax might occasion in the wages of country labour would be advanced by the farmer, who, in order to maintain the same number of labourers as before, would be obliged to employ a greater capital.	そのような税金が農村労働の賃金に生じさせるかもしれない上昇は、農民によって前払いされるだろうが、彼は以前と同じ数の労働者を維持するために、より多くの資本を雇用する義務を負うだろう。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	occasion|生じさせる|verb|cause or produce	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	country labour|農村労働|noun|work done in a rural area	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	employ|雇用する|verb|use or engage the services of (someone) in return for payment	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
In order to get back this greater capital, together with the ordinary profits of stock, it would be necessary that he should retain a larger portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of a larger portion, of the produce of the land, and, consequently, that he should pay less rent to the landlord.	このより大きな資本を、株の通常の利益とともに取り戻すためには、彼がより大きな部分、あるいは同じことである土地の生産物のより大きな部分の価格を保持し、その結果、地主に支払う賃料を減らす必要があるだろう。	get back|取り戻す|verb|regain possession of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to; as well as	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	retain|保持する|verb|continue to have or keep	larger|より大きな|adjective|of greater size or extent	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece or share	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	rent|賃料|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
The final payment of this rise of wages, therefore, would, in this case, fall upon the landlord, together with the additional profit of the farmer who had advanced it.	したがって、この賃金上昇の最終的な支払いは、この場合、それを前払いした農民の追加利益とともに、地主にかかるだろう。	final payment|最終的な支払い|noun|the last payment	rise of wages|賃金上昇|noun|an increase in wages	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	landlord|地主|noun|the owner of a property that is rented out	additional profit|追加利益|noun|extra profit	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	advance|前払いする|verb|pay in advance
In all cases, a direct tax upon the wages of labour must, in the long-run, occasion both a greater reduction in the rent of land, and a greater rise in the price of manufactured goods than would have followed from the proper assessment of a sum equal to the produce of the tax, partly upon the rent of land, and partly upon consumable commodities.	いずれにせよ、労働賃金に対する直接税は、長期的には、土地の賃料の大幅な引き下げと、製造品の価格の大幅な上昇の両方を引き起こすに違いないが、これは、税の産出額に等しい金額を、一部は土地の賃料に、一部は消費財に適切に課税した場合に生じるであろうものよりも大きい。	in all cases|いずれにせよ|adverb|whatever the circumstances	direct tax|直接税|noun|a tax paid directly to the government by the person or organization on whom it is levied	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for their work	in the long-run|長期的には|adverb|in the end; eventually	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	reduction|引き下げ|noun|the act of reducing something	rent of land|土地の賃料|noun|the amount of money paid to the owner of land for the use of that land	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price of manufactured goods|製造品の価格|noun|the amount of money that a manufacturer charges for a product	proper assessment|適切な課税|noun|the act of assessing something correctly	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	equal to|等しい|adjective|the same as	produce of the tax|税の産出額|noun|the amount of money that is collected from a tax	partly|一部は|adverb|to some extent	upon|に|preposition|on	consumable commodities|消費財|noun|goods that are used up in the process of consumption

If direct taxes upon the wages of labour have not always occasioned a proportionable rise in those wages, it is because they have generally occasioned a considerable fall in the demand of labour.	労働賃金に対する直接税が、常にその賃金の比例的な上昇をもたらさなかったとすれば、それは、一般的に労働需要の大幅な低下をもたらしたからである。	direct tax|直接税|noun|a tax paid directly to the government by the person or organization on whom it is levied	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	proportionable|比例的な|adjective|being in proportion	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or strength	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	considerable|大幅な|adjective|large in amount or extent	fall|低下|noun|a decrease in amount, value, or strength	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
The declension of industry, the decrease of employment for the poor, the diminution of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, have generally been the effects of such taxes.	産業の衰退、貧困層の雇用の減少、国の土地と労働の年間生産量の減少は、一般的にそのような税の効果であった。	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, status, or prosperity	decrease|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making less	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
In consequence of them, however, the price of labour must always be higher than it otherwise would have been in the actual state of the demand;	しかし、その結果として、労働の価格は、実際の需要の状態ではそうでない場合よりも常に高くなければならない。	in consequence of|結果として|preposition|as a result of	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way	have been|だっただろう|auxiliary verb|be in the past	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact or reality	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it
and this enhancement of price, together with the profit of those who advance it, must always be finally paid by the landlords and consumers.	そして、この価格の上昇は、それを前払いする者の利益とともに、最終的には常に地主と消費者が支払わなければならない。	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase in the quality, value, or extent of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	advance|前払いする|verb|supply or pay (money) before it is due	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred

A tax upon the wages of country labour does not raise the price of the rude produce of land in proportion to the tax;	農村労働者の賃金に対する税は、土地の粗生産物の価格を税に比例して上昇させるわけではない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	country labour|農村労働者|noun|a person who works in a rural area	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rude|粗い|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
for the same reason that a tax upon the farmer’s profit does not raise that price in that proportion.	農民の利益に対する税がその価格をその割合で上昇させないのと同じ理由である。	for the same reason|同じ理由で|adverb|for the same cause or purpose	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	raise|上昇させる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole

Absurd and destructive as such taxes are, however, they take place in many countries.	そのような税は馬鹿げていて破壊的だが、しかし、多くの国で存在している。	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	take place|存在する|verb|happen or occur
In France, that part of the taille which is charged upon the industry of workmen and day-labourers in country villages, is properly a tax of this kind.	フランスでは、農村の労働者と日雇い労働者の労働に課せられるタイヤの部分は、まさにこの種の税である。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	taille|タイヤ|noun|a tax levied on the profits of land	charge|課する|verb|demand payment for	industry|労働|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	day-labourer|日雇い労働者|noun|a person who is hired to work for a day	country village|農村|noun|a village in the countryside	properly|まさに|adverb|in a correct manner	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Their wages are computed according to the common rate of the district in which they reside;	彼らの賃金は、彼らが住んでいる地区の一般的な率に従って計算される。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	district|地区|noun|an administrative division of a country	common|一般的な|adjective|of or relating to the community as a whole	rate|率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure
and, that they may be as little liable as possible to any overcharge, their yearly gains are estimated at no more than two hundred working days in the year. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	そして、彼らが過大請求に対してできるだけ責任を負わないように、彼らの年間収入は年間200労働日以下と見積もられている。	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree possible	liable|責任がある|adjective|legally responsible for something	overcharge|過大請求|noun|an excessive charge	yearly|年間|adjective|happening or done once a year or every year	gain|収入|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	no more than|以下|adverb|not more than; only	working day|労働日|noun|a day on which work is done	Memoires concernant les Droits|Memoires concernant les Droits|noun|a book by the French economist and statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert
tom. ii. p. 108.}	ii. p. 108.}	tom.|tom.|noun|a male cat	ii.|ii.|noun|two	p.|p.|noun|page	108.|108.|noun|one hundred eight
The tax of each individual is varied from year to year, according to different circumstances, of which the collector or the commissary, whom intendant appoints to assist him, are the judges.	各個人の税金は、さまざまな状況に応じて年ごとに異なり、その状況については、徴税吏や、徴税吏を補佐するために任命された代官が裁判官となる。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	year to year|年ごとに|adverb|from one year to the next	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	collector|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects things	commissary|代官|noun|a person authorized to act for another	appoint|任命する|verb|officially assign someone to a position or role	assist|補佐する|verb|help by sharing work	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law
In Bohemia, in consequence of the alteration in the system of finances which was begun in 1748, a very heavy tax is imposed upon the industry of artificers.	ボヘミアでは、1748年に始まった財政制度の変更の結果、職人の産業に非常に重い税金が課せられた。	Bohemia|ボヘミア|noun|a historical country in central Europe	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
They are divided into four classes.	彼らは4つの階級に分けられる。	divide|分ける|verb|separate into parts	four|4つ|adjective|the number 4	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status
The highest class pay a hundred florins a year, which, at two-and-twenty pence half penny a-florin, amounts to £9:7:6.	最上位の階級は年間100フローリンを支払うが、これは1フローリンが22ペンス半ペニーなので、9ポンド7シリング6ペンスに相当する。	highest|最上位の|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social, economic, or educational status	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	florin|フローリン|noun|a former gold coin of the Netherlands	year|年間|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	two-and-twenty|22|noun|the number 22	pence|ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to one hundredth of a pound	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	penny|ペニー|noun|a unit of money in the UK, equal to one hundredth of a pound	amount|相当する|verb|be equal to in number, value, or effect	£|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the UK	9:7:6|9ポンド7シリング6ペンス|noun|nine pounds, seven shillings, and six pence
The second class are taxed at seventy;	第二階級は70フローリンを課税される。	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	class|階級|noun|a group of people sharing the same social or economic status	tax|課税される|verb|impose a tax on	seventy|70|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of seven and ten
the third at fifty;	第三階級は50フローリンを課税される。	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	fifty|50|noun|the cardinal number that is equal to five times ten
and the fourth, comprehending artificers in villages, and the lowest class of those in towns, at twenty-five florins. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	そして第四階級は、村の職人や町の職人の最下層階級を含み、25フローリンを課税される。	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after the third and before the fifth in position	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or rank	class|階級|noun|a division of society based on social and economic status	twenty-five|25|adjective|the number 25	florin|フローリン|noun|a former gold coin of the Netherlands	Memoires concernant les Droits|権利に関する覚書|noun|a memoir concerning rights
tom. iii. p. 87.}	第三巻87頁}	tom.|巻|noun|a book	iii.|第三|noun|three	p.|頁|noun|a page	87.|87|noun|eighty-seven

The recompence of ingenious artists, and of men of liberal professions, I have endeavoured to show in the first book, necessarily keeps a certain proportion to the emoluments of inferior trades.	第一巻で示したように、独創的な芸術家や自由業に従事する人の報酬は、必然的に下位の職業の報酬と一定の比率を保っている。	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment	ingenious|独創的な|adjective|having or showing an unusual aptitude for discovering, inventing, or contriving	artist|芸術家|noun|a person who produces works in any of the arts that are primarily subject to aesthetic criteria	liberal|自由な|adjective|of or relating to the liberal arts	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	endeavour|示す|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	keep|保つ|verb|continue or maintain in a certain state, position, or course	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to a whole	inferior|下位の|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality
A tax upon this recompence, therefore, could have no other effect than to raise it somewhat higher than in proportion to the tax.	したがって、この報酬に対する税は、税に比例するよりもやや高く引き上げる以外に効果はない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	recompence|報酬|noun|a reward or punishment given in return for an action	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
If it did not rise in this manner, the ingenious arts and the liberal professions, being no longer upon a level with other trades, would be so much deserted, that they would soon return to that level.	もしこの方法で上昇しなければ、独創的な芸術や自由業は、もはや他の職業と同等のレベルではなくなり、見捨てられるので、すぐにそのレベルに戻ってしまうだろう。	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	ingenious|独創的な|adjective|showing great creativity or imagination	art|芸術|noun|the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power	liberal|自由な|adjective|of or characteristic of a liberal	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	level|レベル|noun|a position on a scale of amount, quantity, extent, or quality	desert|見捨てる|verb|leave someone without help or support	return|戻る|verb|go or come back to a place or person that one has already left

The emoluments of offices are not, like those of trades and professions, regulated by the free competition of the market, and do not, therefore, always bear a just proportion to what the nature of the employment requires.	役職の報酬は、商売や職業のように市場の自由競争によって規制されているわけではないので、その職務の性質上必要とされるものと常に正しい比率になっているわけではない。	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	trade|商売|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	profession|職業|noun|a paid occupation, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	free competition|自由競争|noun|a situation in which companies compete with each other without any government intervention	regulate|規制する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	employment|職務|noun|the state of being employed	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
They are, perhaps, in most countries, higher than it requires;	おそらく、ほとんどの国では、必要以上に高い。	they|それらは|pronoun|the things mentioned before	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose
the persons who have the administration of government being generally disposed to regard both themselves and their immediate dependents, rather more than enough.	政府の運営に携わる人々は、一般的に自分自身とその直属の部下を十分すぎるほどに重視する傾向がある。	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business or organization	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	regard|重視する|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	enough|十分|adjective|as much or as many as required
The emoluments of offices, therefore, can, in most cases, very well bear to be taxed.	したがって、役職の報酬は、ほとんどの場合、課税に耐えることができる。	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	office|役職|noun|a position of authority or responsibility	bear|耐える|verb|to carry or support	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The persons, besides, who enjoy public offices, especially the more lucrative, are, in all countries, the objects of general envy;	その上、公職に就いている人々は、特に収入の多い人々は、どの国でも一般に羨望の的である。	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	public office|公職|noun|a position in government or in a public institution	enjoy|就く|verb|have, possess, or experience	especially|特に|adverb|to a great extent; very much	lucrative|収入の多い|adjective|producing a great deal of profit	object|的|noun|a person or thing to which a specified action or feeling is directed	envy|羨望|noun|a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck
and a tax upon their emoluments, even though it should be somewhat higher than upon any other sort of revenue, is always a very popular tax.	そして、彼らの報酬に対する税金は、他の収入に対する税金よりも多少高くても、常に非常に人気のある税金である。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	emolument|報酬|noun|a salary, fee, or profit from employment or office	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	popular|人気のある|adjective|liked or admired by many people
In England, for example, when, by the land-tax, every other sort of revenue was supposed to be assessed at four shillings in the pound, it was very popular to lay a real tax of five shillings and sixpence in the pound upon the salaries of offices which exceeded a hundred pounds a-year; the pensions of the younger branches of the royal family, the pay of the officers of the army and navy, and a few others less obnoxious to envy, excepted.	たとえば、イギリスでは、地租によって、他のあらゆる収入が1ポンドにつき4シリングと評価されていたとき、年額100ポンドを超える役職の給与に1ポンドにつき5シリング6ペンスの実質税を課すことは非常に人気があった。王室の若い分家の年金、陸海軍の将校の給与、その他嫉妬の対象となりにくいものを除いてである。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	land-tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	revenue|収入|noun|income	four shillings|4シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth one fortieth of a pound	hundred pounds|100ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom	royal family|王室|noun|the family of a king or queen	army|陸軍|noun|the military land forces of a country	navy|海軍|noun|the military sea forces of a country	envy|嫉妬|noun|a feeling of discontented or resentful longing aroused by someone else's possessions, qualities, or luck
There are in England no other direct taxes upon the wages of labour.	イギリスには労働賃金に対する直接税は他にない。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	direct tax|直接税|noun|a tax paid directly to the government by the person or organization on whom it is levied	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for their work

ARTICLE IV.—Taxes which it is intended should fall indifferently upon every different Species of Revenue.	第四条あらゆる種類の収入に無差別に課税されるべき税金	ARTICLE IV|第四条|noun|the fourth article	fall|課税される|verb|be imposed or levied	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without discrimination or distinction	every different Species of Revenue|あらゆる種類の収入|noun|all kinds of income

The taxes which it is intended should fall indifferently upon every different species of revenue, are capitation taxes, and taxes upon consumable commodities.	あらゆる種類の収入に無差別に課税されるべき税金は、人頭税と消費財に対する税金である。	fall indifferently|無差別に課税される|verb|be imposed without discrimination	revenue|収入|noun|income	capitation tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	consumable commodity|消費財|noun|a good that is used up in the process of being used
Those must be paid indifferently, from whatever revenue the contributors may possess;	これらは、納税者がどんな収入を得ていようとも、無差別に支払わなければならない。	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	be paid|支払われる|verb|receive money in exchange for work or a service	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	possess|得る|verb|have as belonging to one; own
from the rent of their land, from the profits of their stock, or from the wages of their labour.	土地の地代からであれ、資本の利潤からであれ、労働の賃金からであれ。	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a company has	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee

Capitation Taxes.	人頭税	capitation tax|人頭税|noun|a tax that is levied on every person

Capitation taxes, if it is attempted to proportion them to the fortune or revenue of each contributor, become altogether arbitrary.	人頭税は、各納税者の資産や収入に応じて課税しようとすると、まったく恣意的なものになってしまう。	capitation tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	fortune|資産|noun|a large amount of money or property	revenue|収入|noun|income	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system
The state of a man’s fortune varies from day to day;	人の資産の状態は日々変化する。	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	fortune|資産|noun|a large amount of money or property	vary|変化する|verb|be different from one another	day|日|noun|a period of time from sunrise to sunset
and, without an inquisition, more intolerable than any tax, and renewed at least once every year, can only be guessed at.	そして、どんな税よりも耐え難く、少なくとも年に一度は更新される調査なしには、推測することしかできない。	inquisition|調査|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	intolerable|耐え難い|adjective|too bad or severe to be endured	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	renew|更新する|verb|make or become new, fresh, or strong again	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	guess|推測する|verb|estimate or suppose (something) without having all the facts; conjecture
His assessment, therefore, must, in most cases, depend upon the good or bad humour of his assessors, and must, therefore, be altogether arbitrary and uncertain.	したがって、彼の評価は、ほとんどの場合、評価者の機嫌の良し悪しに依存し、したがって、まったく恣意的で不確実なものにならざるを得ない。	assessment|評価|noun|the action of assessing something or someone	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	humour|機嫌|noun|a state of mind	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite

Capitation taxes, if they are proportioned, not to the supposed fortune, but to the rank of each contributor, become altogether unequal;	人頭税は、想定される資産ではなく、各納税者の階級に応じて課税されると、まったく不平等になる。	capitation tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	fortune|資産|noun|a large amount of money or property	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally
the degrees of fortune being frequently unequal in the same degree of rank.	同じ階級でも資産の程度が不平等であることがよくある。	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	fortune|資産|noun|a large amount of money or property	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not the same in quantity, value, or status

Such taxes, therefore, if it is attempted to render them equal, become altogether arbitrary and uncertain;	したがって、そのような税は、平等にしようとすると、まったく恣意的で不確実なものになる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	attempt|しようとする|verb|make an effort to achieve something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	equal|平等|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; in total	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	uncertain|不確実|adjective|not able to be relied on; not known or definite
and if it is attempted to render them certain and not arbitrary, become altogether unequal.	そして、それを恣意的ではなく確実なものにしようとすると、まったく不平等になる。	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	certain|確実|adjective|having or showing no doubt	arbitrary|恣意的|adjective|based on or determined by individual preference or convenience rather than by necessity or the intrinsic nature of something	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal
Let the tax be light or heavy, uncertainty is always a great grievance.	税が軽くても重くても、不確実性は常に大きな不満である。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	light|軽い|adjective|of little weight	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain	grievance|不満|noun|a real or imagined cause for complaint or protest
In a light tax, a considerable degree of inequality may be supported;	軽い税では、かなりの程度の不平等が支持されるかもしれない。	light|軽い|adjective|of little weight	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	support|支持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of
in a heavy one, it is altogether intolerable.	重い税では、それはまったく耐えられない。	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	intolerable|耐えられない|adjective|too bad or severe to be endured

In the different poll-taxes which took place in England during the reign of William III. the contributors were, the greater part of them, assessed according to the degree of their rank;	ウィリアム三世の治世中にイングランドで行われた様々な人頭税では、納税者は、その大部分が、その身分の程度に応じて課税された。	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on every person	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax	rank|身分|noun|a position in a social hierarchy
as dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, barons, esquires, gentlemen, the eldest and youngest sons of peers, etc.	公爵、侯爵、伯爵、子爵、男爵、従士、紳士、貴族の長男と末っ子などである。	duke|公爵|noun|a member of the highest rank of the British peerage	marquis|侯爵|noun|a member of the second highest rank of the British peerage	earl|伯爵|noun|a member of the third highest rank of the British peerage	viscount|子爵|noun|a member of the fourth highest rank of the British peerage	baron|男爵|noun|a member of the lowest rank of the British peerage	esquire|従士|noun|a man who is a member of the landed gentry	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered and courteous	eldest|長男|adjective|oldest	youngest|末っ子|adjective|least old	peer|貴族|noun|a member of the British peerage
All shop-keepers and tradesmen worth more than three hundred pounds, that is, the better sort of them, were subject to the same assessment, how great soever might be the difference in their fortunes.	三百ポンド以上の価値のあるすべての店主や商人、つまり、彼らのより良い部類は、その財産の差がどれほど大きくても、同じ課税対象となった。	shop-keeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	tradesman|商人|noun|a person who is engaged in trade or commerce	worth|価値がある|adjective|having a specified value	three hundred pounds|三百ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	subject to|対象となる|verb|be exposed or liable to	assessment|課税|noun|the determination of the value, quality, or importance of something	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
Their rank was more considered than their fortune.	彼らの身分は、その財産よりも重視された。	rank|身分|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
Several of those who, in the first poll-tax, were rated according to their supposed fortune were afterwards rated according to their rank.	最初の人頭税では、推定される財産に応じて課税された人々の多くは、その後、身分に応じて課税された。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax of a fixed amount levied on every adult	several|多く|adjective|more than two but not very many	those|人々|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	rank|身分|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces
Serjeants, attorneys, and proctors at law, who, in the first poll-tax, were assessed at three shillings in the pound of their supposed income, were afterwards assessed as gentlemen.	最初の人頭税では、推定所得の1ポンドにつき3シリングと評価された法廷弁護士、法務官、法廷代理人は、その後、紳士として評価された。	serjeant|法廷弁護士|noun|a lawyer of the highest rank	attorney|法務官|noun|a person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters	proctor|法廷代理人|noun|a person who represents another in a court of law	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax of a fixed amount levied on every adult	three shillings|3シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	supposed|推定される|adjective|assumed to be true or real without proof	income|所得|noun|money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is courteous, or honorable, or well-bred
In the assessment of a tax which was not very heavy, a considerable degree of inequality had been found less insupportable than any degree of uncertainty.	あまり重くない税の評価では、かなりの程度の不平等は、どんな程度の不確実性よりも耐え難いものではないとわかった。	assessment|評価|noun|the action of assessing something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	uncertainty|不確実性|noun|the state of being uncertain

In the capitation which has been levied in France, without-any interruption, since the beginning of the present century, the highest orders of people are rated according to their rank, by an invariable tariff;	フランスで徴収されている人頭税では、今世紀の初めから中断されることなく、上流階級の人々は、不変の関税によって、その身分に応じて課税されている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax	interruption|中断|noun|the stoppage of an activity	beginning|初め|noun|the first part of something	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years	highest|上流階級|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	order|人々|noun|a group of people with shared interests	rank|身分|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	rate|課税する|verb|determine the amount of a tax	invariable|不変の|adjective|not subject to or capable of variation or change	tariff|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
the lower orders of people, according to what is supposed to be their fortune, by an assessment which varies from year to year.	下層階級の人々は、その財産と推定されるものに応じて、年ごとに異なる評価によって課税されている。	lower order|下層階級|noun|the lower social classes	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	vary|異なる|verb|be different from one another	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
The officers of the king’s court, the judges, and other officers in the superior courts of justice, the officers of the troops, etc are assessed in the first manner.	国王の宮廷の役人、裁判官、高等裁判所の他の役人、軍隊の役人などは、最初の方法で評価される。	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	king's court|国王の宮廷|noun|the court of a king	judge|裁判官|noun|a public official who hears and decides cases in a court of law	superior court|高等裁判所|noun|a court of law with jurisdiction to review the decisions of lower courts	troop|軍隊|noun|a group of soldiers, especially the smallest subdivision of an army	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
The inferior ranks of people in the provinces are assessed in the second.	地方の下層階級の人々は、二番目の方法で評価される。	inferior|下層|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	province|地方|noun|a large administrative division of a country	second|二番目|adjective|coming after the first in position or time
In France, the great easily submit to a considerable degree of inequality in a tax which, so far as it affects them, is not a very heavy one;	フランスでは、大物は、彼らに影響する限り、それほど重くない税金において、かなりの程度の不平等に容易に従う。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	great|大物|noun|a person of high rank or eminence	easily|容易に|adverb|without difficulty	submit|従う|verb|to yield to the control or authority of another	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something is felt, experienced, or done	inequality|不平等|noun|the state of being unequal	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	affect|影響する|verb|to have an effect on	heavy|重い|adjective|having a large mass or weight
but could not brook the arbitrary assessment of an intendant.	しかし、代官の独断的な評価には耐えられなかった。	could not brook|耐えられなかった|verb|be unable to tolerate	arbitrary|独断的な|adjective|based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system	assessment|評価|noun|the action of assessing something or someone

The inferior ranks of people must, in that country, suffer patiently the usage which their superiors think proper to give them.	その国では、下層階級の人々は、上司が適切と考える扱いに辛抱強く耐えなければならない。	inferior|下層の|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	patiently|辛抱強く|adverb|in a patient manner	suffer|耐える|verb|experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant	usage|扱い|noun|the way in which something is used	superior|上司|noun|a person who has a higher rank or position than another person	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate in the circumstances

In England, the different poll-taxes never produced the sum which had been expected from them, or which it was supposed they might have produced, had they been exactly levied.	イギリスでは、さまざまな人頭税は、それらから期待されていた額、あるいは正確に徴収されていたら生み出していたかもしれない額を生み出すことはなかった。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on every person	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise and accurate manner	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine
In France, the capitation always produces the sum expected from it.	フランスでは、人頭税は常に期待される額を生み出している。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money
The mild government of England, when it assessed the different ranks of people to the poll-tax, contented itself with what that assessment happened to produce, and required no compensation for the loss which the state might sustain, either by those who could not pay, or by those who would not pay (for there were many such), and who, by the indulgent execution of the law, were not forced to pay.	イギリスの穏健な政府は、人頭税を徴収する際に、さまざまな階級の人々を評価したとき、その評価によって生み出されたものに満足し、支払えない人や支払わない人(そのような人はたくさんいた)によって国家が被る損失に対して、補償を要求しなかったし、法律の寛大な執行によって、支払いを強制されることもなかった。	mild|穏健な|adjective|not severe, serious, or harsh	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	assess|評価する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	rank|階級|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	poll-tax|人頭税|noun|a tax of a fixed amount levied on every adult	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	compensation|補償|noun|something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	sustain|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	state|国家|noun|a nation or its territory	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link alternatives	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	would not|しない|verb|be unwilling to	many|たくさん|adjective|a large number of	indulgent|寛大な|adjective|lenient or tolerant	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	force|強制する|verb|make (someone) do something against their will
The more severe government of France assesses upon each generality a certain sum, which the intendant must find as he can.	フランスのより厳しい政府は、各総督府に一定の金額を課税し、総督はそれをできる限り見つけ出さなければならない。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	assess|課税する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	generality|総督府|noun|the office or position of a governor	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	intendant|総督|noun|a person appointed to head a department of state	find|見つけ出す|verb|discover or notice
If any province complains of being assessed too high, it may, in the assessment of next year, obtain an abatement proportioned to the overcharge of the year before;	いずれかの州が課税額が高すぎると不満を言う場合、翌年の課税では、前年の過大請求に比例した減額を受けることができる。	province|州|noun|a division of a country	complain|不満を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	next year|翌年|noun|the year after this one	obtain|受けることができる|verb|get, acquire, or receive	abatement|減額|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	proportioned|比例した|adjective|having a particular relationship in size or amount	overcharge|過大請求|noun|an excessive charge	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
but it must pay in the mean time.	しかし、その間は支払わなければならない。	mean time|その間|noun|the time between two events	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to; have to
The intendant, in order to be sure of finding the sum assessed upon his generality, was empowered to assess it in a larger sum, that the failure or inability of some of the contributors might be compensated by the overcharge of the rest;	総督は、自分の総督府に課せられた金額を確実に見つけるために、より大きな金額で課税する権限を与えられ、一部の納税者の失敗や無能力は、残りの納税者の過大請求によって補償されるかもしれない。	intendant|総督|noun|a person who manages or supervises something	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	assess|課する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	generality|総督府|noun|the office or position of a governor	empower|権限を与える|verb|make someone stronger and more confident, especially in controlling their life and claiming their rights	larger|より大きな|adjective|of greater size or extent	failure|失敗|noun|lack of success	inability|無能力|noun|the state of being unable to do something	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for something	overcharge|過大請求|noun|charge too much for something
and till 1765, the fixation of this surplus assessment was left altogether to his discretion.	そして1765年まで、この余剰課税の固定は完全に彼の裁量に任されていた。	till|まで|preposition|up to (the point in time or space indicated)	fixation|固定|noun|the action of fixing something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is left over when requirements have been met	assessment|課税|noun|the action of assessing something	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	discretion|裁量|noun|the freedom to decide what should be done in a particular situation
In that year, indeed, the council assumed this power to itself.	その年、実際、評議会はこの権限を自ら引き受けた。	in that year|その年|noun phrase|the year in question	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	council|評議会|noun|an assembly of people who are elected to make laws and decisions for a country or area	assume|引き受ける|verb|take on	power|権限|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way
In the capitation of the provinces, it is observed by the perfectly well informed author of the Memoirs upon the Impositions in France, the proportion which falls upon the nobility, and upon those whose privileges exempt them from the taille, is the least considerable.	地方の人口税では、フランスの課税に関する回想録の非常によく知られた著者によって、貴族や特権によってテイルを免除されている人々にかかる割合が最も小さいことが観察されている。	capitation|人口税|noun|a tax levied on each person	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	Memoirs upon the Impositions upon France|フランスの課税に関する回想録|noun|a book written by an unknown author	nobility|貴族|noun|the highest social class	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	exempt|免除する|verb|free someone from an obligation or requirement	taille|テイル|noun|a direct land tax in France during the Middle Ages and the Ancien Régime	least|最も小さい|adjective|smallest in amount or extent
The largest falls upon those subject to the taille, who are assessed to the capitation at so much a-pound of what they pay to that other tax.	最も大きいのは、テイルの対象となる人々で、彼らは他の税金に支払う額の1ポンドあたりの額で人頭税を課せられる。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	taille|テイル|noun|a tax formerly levied by the French government on land, property, and personal income	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Capitation taxes, so far as they are levied upon the lower ranks of people, are direct taxes upon the wages of labour, and are attended with all the inconveniencies of such taxes.	人頭税は、下層階級の人々に課せられる限り、労働賃金に対する直接税であり、そうした税金のあらゆる不都合を伴う。	capitation tax|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on every person	lower rank|下層階級|noun|the lower social class	direct tax|直接税|noun|a tax paid directly to the government by the person or organization on whom it is levied	inconvenience|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance

Capitation taxes are levied at little expense;	人頭税はほとんど費用をかけずに徴収される。	capitation tax|人頭税|noun|a tax that is levied on each person	little expense|ほとんど費用をかけずに|noun|a small amount of money spent
and, where they are rigorously exacted, afford a very sure revenue to the state.	そして、厳密に徴収される場合には、国家に非常に確実な収入をもたらす。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It is upon this account that, in countries where the case, comfort, and security of the inferior ranks of people are little attended to, capitation taxes are very common.	このような理由から、下層階級の人々の安楽や安全がほとんど顧みられない国では、人頭税が非常に一般的である。	account|理由|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	case|場合|noun|a particular situation or event	comfort|安楽|noun|a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military or police force	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	little|ほとんど|adverb|to a small extent; slightly	attend to|顧みる|verb|take care of; deal with	capitation|人頭|noun|a tax or fee levied on each person	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people
It is in general, however, but a small part of the public revenue, which, in a great empire, has ever been drawn from such taxes;	しかし、大帝国では、そうした税金から得られる収入は、一般的に公的収入のごく一部にすぎない。	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large and powerful state	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	be drawn from|得られる|verb|to be obtained from	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
and the greatest sum which they have ever afforded, might always have been found in some other way much more convenient to the people.	そして、そうした税金から得られる最大の収入は、常に、国民にとってもっと便利な他の方法で得ることができたはずである。	afford|得られる|verb|have enough money to pay for	sum|収入|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items	find|得る|verb|discover or notice	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area

Taxes upon Consumable Commodities.	消費財に対する税金	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	consumable|消費|adjective|able to be used up	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee

The impossibility of taxing the people, in proportion to their revenue, by any capitation, seems to have given occasion to the invention of taxes upon consumable commodities.	人頭税によって、人々の収入に比例した課税をすることが不可能であることが、消費財に対する課税の発明の機会を与えたように思われる。	impossibility|不可能|noun|the quality of being impossible	tax|課税|verb|impose a tax on	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	revenue|収入|noun|income	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	give occasion to|機会を与える|verb|cause or allow	invention|発明|noun|the creation of something that has never existed before	consumable commodity|消費財|noun|a good that is used up in the process of being used
The state not knowing how to tax, directly and proportionably, the revenue of its subjects, endeavours to tax it indirectly by taxing their expense, which, it is supposed, will, in most cases, be nearly in proportion to their revenue.	国家は、国民の収入に直接的かつ比例的に課税する方法を知らず、国民の支出に課税することで間接的に課税しようとするが、これはほとんどの場合、国民の収入にほぼ比例すると考えられている。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	not knowing|知らない|verb|be not aware of	how to|方法|noun|the means by which something is done or achieved	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	directly|直接的に|adverb|in a direct manner	proportionably|比例的に|adverb|in a proportionate manner	revenue|収入|noun|income	endeavour|努める|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|in an indirect manner	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one varies in accordance with changes in the other
Their expense is taxed, by taxing the consumable commodities upon which it is laid out.	国民の支出は、支出される消費財に課税することで課税される。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	consumable commodity|消費財|noun|a good that is used up in the process of being used	lay out|支出する|verb|spend money

Consumable commodities are either necessaries or luxuries.	消費財は必需品か贅沢品である。	consumable|消費できる|adjective|able to be used up	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more things	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain

By necessaries I understand, not only the commodities which are indispensibly necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without.	必需品とは、生活を支えるために絶対に必要な商品だけでなく、その国の習慣によって、どんなに身分の低い人でも、信用できる人が持っていないとみっともないものと考えられるものをすべて指す。	necessaries|必需品|noun|things that are absolutely essential	understand|指す|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	render|考える|verb|cause to be or become	indecent|みっともない|adjective|not conforming with generally or traditionally held standards of behavior or morals	creditable|信用できる|adjective|worthy of praise or approval	order|身分|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy
A linen shirt, for example, is, strictly speaking, not a necessary of life.	例えば、麻のシャツは、厳密に言えば、生活必需品ではない。	linen shirt|麻のシャツ|noun|a shirt made of linen	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	strictly speaking|厳密に言えば|adverb|in a strict sense	necessary of life|生活必需品|noun|something that is essential for living
The Greeks and Romans lived, I suppose, very comfortably, though they had no linen.	ギリシャ人やローマ人は、麻の衣類がなかったにもかかわらず、非常に快適に暮らしていたと思う。	Greek|ギリシャ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Greece	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of Rome	live|暮らす|verb|be alive	suppose|思う|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	comfortably|快適に|adverb|in a way that is physically or mentally comfortable	linen|麻の衣類|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant
But in the present times, through the greater part of Europe, a creditable day-labourer would be ashamed to appear in public without a linen shirt, the want of which would be supposed to denote that disgraceful degree of poverty, which, it is presumed, nobody can well fall into without extreme bad conduct.	しかし、現代では、ヨーロッパの大部分で、信用できる日雇い労働者は、麻のシャツを着ずに人前に出ることを恥ずかしく思うだろうし、麻のシャツを着ていないことは、恥ずべき貧困の程度を示すと考えられているだろうし、極端に悪い行いをしなければ、誰もそのような貧困に陥ることはないと推定される。	present time|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	creditable|信用できる|adjective|worthy of praise or approval	day-labourer|日雇い労働者|noun|a person who is hired to work for a day at a time	ashamed|恥ずかしい|adjective|feeling shame or guilt	appear in public|人前に出る|verb|to be seen by other people	linen shirt|麻のシャツ|noun|a shirt made from the fibers of the flax plant	want|欠如|noun|the state of not having something	denote|示す|verb|to be a sign of	disgraceful|恥ずべき|adjective|causing a loss of respect	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	fall into|陥る|verb|to become involved in something bad or unpleasant	extreme|極端な|adjective|very great in degree	bad conduct|悪い行い|noun|behavior that is not morally right
Custom, in the same manner, has rendered leather shoes a necessary of life in England.	同じように、習慣によって革靴はイギリスの生活必需品となった。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	in the same manner|同じように|adverb|in the same way	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal	shoe|靴|noun|an item of footwear	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or essential	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
The poorest creditable person, of either sex, would be ashamed to appear in public without them.	どちらの性であれ、最も貧しい信用できる人は、革靴を履かずに人前に出ることを恥ずかしく思うだろう。	poorest|最も貧しい|adjective|having the least money or possessions	creditable|信用できる|adjective|worthy of praise or approval	either sex|どちらの性|noun|either male or female	ashamed|恥ずかしい|adjective|feeling shame or guilt	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight	public|人前|noun|the people as a whole	without|履かずに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by
In Scotland, custom has rendered them a necessary of life to the lowest order of men;	スコットランドでは、習慣によって革靴は最下層の人々の生活必需品となっている。	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or value
but not to the same order of women, who may, without any discredit, walk about barefooted.	しかし、女性の同じ階級にはそうではなく、女性は、何の不名誉もなく、裸足で歩き回ることができる。	barefooted|裸足で|adjective|without shoes or socks	walk about|歩き回る|verb|walk around	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	discredit|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect
In France, they are necessaries neither to men nor to women;	フランスでは、革靴は男性にも女性にも必需品ではない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	men|男性|noun|an adult male human being	women|女性|noun|an adult female human being
the lowest rank of both sexes appearing there publicly, without any discredit, sometimes in wooden shoes, and sometimes barefooted.	両性の最下層階級は、何の不名誉もなく、時には木靴を履き、時には裸足で公然と現れる。	both sexes|両性|noun|both men and women	lowest rank|最下層階級|noun|the lowest social class	publicly|公然と|adverb|in a public manner	discredit|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation	wooden shoes|木靴|noun|shoes made of wood	barefooted|裸足|adjective|having no shoes or socks on
Under necessaries, therefore, I comprehend, not only those things which nature, but those things which the established rules of decency have rendered necessary to the lowest rank of people.	したがって、必需品とは、自然がそうしたものだけでなく、確立された礼儀作法が最下層の人々に必要とさせたものも含むと私は理解している。	under|に含む|preposition|below or beneath	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	established|確立された|adjective|having been in existence for a long time	rule|ルール|noun|a statement that tells you what you are allowed or not allowed to do	decency|礼儀作法|noun|behavior that is considered morally good and proper	render|必要とさせる|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or rank	rank|人々|noun|a position or grade in the armed forces
All other things I call luxuries, without meaning, by this appellation, to throw the smallest degree of reproach upon the temperate use of them.	他のすべてのものを私は贅沢品と呼ぶが、この呼び名によって、それらの節度ある使用を少しでも非難するつもりはない。	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	without meaning|つもりはない|adverb|not intending to	this appellation|この呼び名|noun|this name	throw|非難する|verb|direct (a remark) at someone in an aggressive or critical way	the smallest degree|少しでも|noun|the least amount	reproach|非難|noun|a rebuke or criticism	temperate|節度ある|adjective|moderate in action, speech, or opinion	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
Beer and ale, for example, in Great Britain, and wine, even in the wine countries, I call luxuries.	例えば、イギリスのビールやエール、そしてワイン生産国でさえもワインは贅沢品と呼ぶ。	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	wine country|ワイン生産国|noun|a country that produces wine	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain
A man of any rank may, without any reproach, abstain totally from tasting such liquors.	どんな身分の人間でも、そうした酒を飲まなくても、何の非難も受けないだろう。	rank|身分|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society	reproach|非難|noun|an expression of disapproval	abstain|飲まない|verb|refrain from doing something	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
Nature does not render them necessary for the support of life;	自然は、それらを生命維持に必要なものとはしていない。	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	support|維持|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or other resources
and custom nowhere renders it indecent to live without them.	そして、習慣はどこでもそれらなしでは生きられないようにはしていない。	custom|習慣|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or expected	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	indecent|できない|adjective|not decent; not proper or respectable	live|生きる|verb|be alive; have life

As the wages of labour are everywhere regulated, partly by the demand for it, and partly by the average price of the necessary articles of subsistence;	労働の賃金は、どこでも、一部は労働需要によって、一部は生活必需品の平均価格によって調整されている。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	regulate|調整する|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	average price|平均価格|noun|the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	article|品物|noun|a particular item or object	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of remaining in existence; continued existence
whatever raises this average price must necessarily raise those wages;	この平均価格を上げるものは何であれ、必然的に賃金も上げなければならない。	whatever|何であれ|pronoun|no matter what	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
so that the labourer may still be able to purchase that quantity of those necessary articles which the state of the demand for labour, whether increasing, stationary, or declining, requires that he should have. {See book i.chap. 8}	労働者は、労働需要の状態が増加、停滞、減少のいずれであれ、彼が持つべきである必要品を購入することができる。{第1巻第8章を参照}	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	still|まだ|adverb|even now or even then	be able to|できる|auxiliary verb|have the ability to	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	article|品物|noun|a particular item or object	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing, as with respect to circumstances or attributes	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	demand|需要|noun|an insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|減少|verb|become smaller or fewer	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	have|持つ|verb|hold in one's hand or in one's possession	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book
A tax upon those articles necessarily raises their price somewhat higher than the amount of the tax, because the dealer, who advances the tax, must generally get it back, with a profit.	これらの品物に課税すると、必然的にその価格は税額よりも多少高くなる。なぜなら、税金を前払いする業者は、通常、利益をつけて税金を取り戻さなければならないからである。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	article|品物|noun|a particular item or object	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of two or more quantities	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Such a tax must, therefore, occasion a rise in the wages of labour, proportionable to this rise of price.	したがって、そのような税は、この価格の上昇に比例した労働賃金の上昇をもたらす。	such a tax|そのような税|noun|a tax of the type mentioned	must|～に違いない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be required to	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in amount, value, or price	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	proportionable|比例した|adjective|being in proportion; having a due relation	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something

It is thus that a tax upon the necessaries of life operates exactly in the same manner as a direct tax upon the wages of labour.	このように、生活必需品に対する税は、労働賃金に対する直接税と全く同じように作用する。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	operate|作用する|verb|have an effect or influence	manner|同じように|noun|a way of doing something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
The labourer, though he may pay it out of his hand, cannot, for any considerable time at least, be properly said even to advance it.	労働者は、自分の手で支払うかもしれないが、少なくともかなりの期間、それを前払いすることさえできない。	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due
It must always, in the long-run, be advanced to him by his immediate employer, in the advanced state of wages.	長期的には、賃金の前払いによって、常に直接の雇用主から前払いされる。	in the long-run|長期的には|adverb|in the long term	be advanced|前払いされる|verb|be paid before it is due	immediate employer|直接の雇用主|noun|the person or organization that employs someone directly	advanced state|前払い|noun|the state of being paid before it is due
His employer, if he is a manufacturer, will charge upon the price of his goods the rise of wages, together with a profit, so that the final payment of the tax, together with this overcharge, will fall upon the consumer.	彼の雇用主は、もし製造業者ならば、賃金の上昇分を利益と共に商品の価格に上乗せするので、税金の最終的な支払いはこの上乗せ分と共に消費者に転嫁される。	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	charge|上乗せする|verb|ask for a particular price	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use
If his employer is a farmer, the final payment, together with a like overcharge, will fall upon the rent of the landlord.	もし彼の雇用主が農民ならば、最終的な支払いは、同様の過剰請求と共に、地主の地代に転嫁される。	employer|雇用主|noun|a person or organization that employs people	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	overcharge|過剰請求|noun|an excessive price or charge	fall upon|転嫁される|verb|be the responsibility of	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others

It is otherwise with taxes upon what I call luxuries, even upon those of the poor.	私が贅沢品と呼ぶものに対する税金は、貧しい人々に対するものでさえ、そうではない。	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of or in the event that	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions
The rise in the price of the taxed commodities, will not necessarily occasion any rise in the wages of labour.	課税された商品の価格の上昇は、必ずしも労働賃金の上昇をもたらすわけではない。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that is bought and sold	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
A tax upon tobacco, for example, though a luxury of the poor, as well as of the rich, will not raise wages.	例えば、タバコに対する税金は、富裕層だけでなく貧困層の贅沢品でもあるが、賃金は上昇しない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking	for example|例えば|adverb|by way of illustration	poor|貧困層|noun|people who lack money or material possessions	rich|富裕層|noun|people who have a great deal of money or material possessions	raise|上昇|verb|go up or cause to go up	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
Though it is taxed in England at three times, and in France at fifteen times its original price, those high duties seem to have no effect upon the wages of labour.	イギリスでは3倍、フランスでは15倍の税金が課せられているが、これらの高額な関税は労働賃金に影響を与えていないようだ。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	three|3倍|adjective|the number 3	fifteen|15倍|adjective|the number 15	high|高額な|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	have no effect|影響を与えていない|verb|not have an effect	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee
The same thing maybe said of the taxes upon tea and sugar, which, in England and Holland, have become luxuries of the lowest ranks of people;	イギリスやオランダでは、最下層の人々の贅沢品となっているお茶や砂糖に対する税金についても同じことが言える。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	thing|こと|noun|an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a specific name to	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	tea|お茶|noun|a hot drink made by infusing the dried, cured leaves of the tea plant in boiling water	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in Europe	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or value	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
and of those upon chocolate, which, in Spain, is said to have become so.	スペインではチョコレートもそうであると言われている。	chocolate|チョコレート|noun|a food made from roasted and ground cacao seeds	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	be said to|と言われている|verb|be reported to be

The different taxes which, in Great Britain, have, in the course of the present century, been imposed upon spiritous liquors, are not supposed to have had any effect upon the wages of labour.	イギリスでは、今世紀中に酒類に課せられたさまざまな税金は、労働賃金に何の影響も及ぼさなかったと考えられている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	the present century|今世紀|noun|the century that is currently in progress	spiritous liquors|酒類|noun|alcoholic beverages	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money paid to a worker for their work
The rise in the price of porter, occasioned by an additional tax of three shillings upon the barrel of strong beer, has not raised the wages of common labour in London.	強いビールの樽に3シリングを課税したことによるポーター価格の上昇は、ロンドンの一般労働者の賃金を引き上げることはなかった。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	three shillings|3シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	strong beer|強いビール|noun|beer with a high alcohol content	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	common labour|一般労働者|noun|a worker who does not have any special skills or training	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England and the United Kingdom
These were about eighteen pence or twenty pence a-day before the tax, and they are not more now.	課税前は1日18ペンスか20ペンスだったが、今もそれ以上ではない。	about|約|adverb|approximately	eighteen|18|numeral|the number 18	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	pence|ペンス|noun|a British unit of money	a-day|1日|noun|a period of 24 hours	before|前|preposition|earlier than	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	now|今|adverb|at the present time

The high price of such commodities does not necessarily diminish the ability of the inferior ranks of people to bring up families.	そのような商品の価格が高くても、下層階級の人々が家族を養う能力が低下するわけではない。	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	diminish|低下する|verb|become or make smaller or less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something	bring up|養う|verb|care for and educate (a child)
Upon the sober and industrious poor, taxes upon such commodities act as sumptuary laws, and dispose them either to moderate, or to refrain altogether from the use of superfluities which they can no longer easily afford.	地味で勤勉な貧しい人々にとって、そのような商品に対する税金は奢侈禁止法として機能し、彼らがもはや簡単に買うことができなくなった贅沢品の使用を控えさせるか、あるいは完全に控えさせる。	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	act|機能する|verb|to be in effect or operation	sumptuary law|奢侈禁止法|noun|a law that limits or prohibits the consumption of certain goods or services	dispose|控えさせる|verb|to make someone willing to do something	moderate|控えさせる|verb|to make or become less extreme, severe, or intense	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	superfluity|贅沢品|noun|something that is more than is needed or wanted	afford|買う|verb|to be able to pay for something
Their ability to bring up families, in consequence of this forced frugality, instead of being diminished, is frequently, perhaps, increased by the tax.	このような強制的な節約の結果、家族を養う能力は低下するどころか、むしろ税金によって増加することが多い。	bring up|養う|verb|to care for and educate	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	forced|強制的な|adjective|done or produced with effort or difficulty	frugality|節約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness	instead of|どころか|conjunction|as an alternative to; rather than	diminished|低下する|verb|make or become less	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	increased|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
It is the sober and industrious poor who generally bring up the most numerous families, and who principally supply the demand for useful labour.	一般的に最も多くの家族を養い、有用な労働力の需要を主に供給しているのは、地味で勤勉な貧しい人々である。	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	bring up|養う|verb|care for and educate	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	labour|労働力|noun|work, especially hard physical work
All the poor, indeed, are not sober and industrious;	確かに、すべての貧しい人々が地味で勤勉なわけではない。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily
and the dissolute and disorderly might continue to indulge themselves in the use of such commodities, after this rise of price, in the same manner as before, without regarding the distress which this indulgence might bring upon their families.	そして、放蕩で無秩序な人々は、この価格上昇後も、以前と同じように、そのような商品の使用に耽り続け、この耽溺が家族にもたらす苦悩を顧みないかもしれない。	dissolute|放蕩な|adjective|lacking in moral restraint	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	indulge|耽る|verb|allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	distress|苦悩|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other
Such disorderly persons, however, seldom rear up numerous families, their children generally perishing from neglect, mismanagement, and the scantiness or unwholesomeness of their food.	しかし、そのような無秩序な人々は、めったに大家族を養うことはなく、彼らの子供たちは一般的に、怠慢、不手際、食料の不足や不健康さから死んでしまう。	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	rear up|養う|verb|to bring up or raise	numerous|大家族|adjective|consisting of a great number	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state of being uncared for	mismanagement|不手際|noun|the state of being poorly managed	scantiness|不足|noun|the state of being insufficient	unwholesomeness|不健康|noun|the state of being unhealthy
If by the strength of their constitution, they survive the hardships to which the bad conduct of their parents exposes them, yet the example of that bad conduct commonly corrupts their morals;	彼らが体質の強さによって、親の悪行によってさらされた困難を乗り越えたとしても、その悪行の例は、一般的に彼らの道徳を堕落させる。	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	constitution|体質|noun|the physical or mental state of a person	survive|乗り越える|verb|continue to live or exist	hardship|困難|noun|a state of difficulty or misfortune	expose|さらす|verb|make visible or accessible	conduct|行為|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	example|例|noun|a thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain
so that, instead of being useful to society by their industry, they become public nuisances by their vices and disorders.	そのため、彼らは勤勉によって社会に役立つどころか、悪徳や無秩序によって公害となってしまう。	instead of|どころか|conjunction|as an alternative to; rather than	being useful to|役立つ|verb|be of service to	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	by|によって|preposition|through the agency of	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working	become|なる|verb|come to be	public nuisance|公害|noun|a crime that is committed in public and that disturbs or endangers the public	by|によって|preposition|through the agency of	vice|悪徳|noun|immoral or wicked behavior	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement
Through the advanced price of the luxuries of the poor, therefore, might increase somewhat the distress of such disorderly families, and thereby diminish somewhat their ability to bring up children, it would not probably diminish much the useful population of the country.	したがって、貧困層の贅沢品の価格上昇によって、そのような無秩序な家庭の苦悩が多少増大し、それによって子供を育てる能力が多少低下するかもしれないが、国の有用な人口が大幅に減少することはないだろう。	through|によって|preposition|by means of	advanced|上昇した|adjective|having progressed beyond the usual or expected	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	poor|貧困層|noun|people who have little or no money	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an item that is not essential but is desirable for its comfort or appearance	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	distress|苦悩|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	disorderly|無秩序な|adjective|lacking order or regularity	family|家庭|noun|a group of people who live together and are related by blood or marriage	diminish|低下する|verb|make or become less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something	bring up|育てる|verb|care for and educate (a child)	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	diminish|減少する|verb|make or become less	much|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	useful|有用な|adjective|able to be used for a particular purpose or in a particular way	population|人口|noun|all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country

Any rise in the average price of necessaries, unless it be compensated by a proportionable rise in the wages of labour, must necessarily diminish, more or less, the ability of the poor to bring up numerous families, and, consequently, to supply the demand for useful labour;	必需品の平均価格の上昇は、労働賃金の比例的な上昇によって補償されない限り、必然的に、貧困層が大家族を養い、その結果、有用な労働の需要を満たす能力を多かれ少なかれ減少させる。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	average price|平均価格|noun|the price of a good or service that is the average of all the prices	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary or essential	be compensated|補償される|verb|to be paid or reimbursed for something	proportionable rise|比例的な上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something that is in proportion to something else	wages of labour|労働賃金|noun|the amount of money that a worker is paid for their work	diminish|減少させる|verb|to make or become smaller or less	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to do something	bring up|養う|verb|to care for and educate a child	numerous families|大家族|noun|a family with many members	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result; therefore	supply|満たす|verb|to provide or give something that is needed or wanted	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	useful labour|有用な労働|noun|work that is productive or beneficial
whatever may be the state of that demand, whether increasing, stationary, or declining;	その需要の状態がどのようなものであれ、増加、停滞、減少のいずれであれ、	whatever|どのようなものであれ|pronoun|no matter what	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|減少|verb|become or make smaller or fewer
or such as requires an increasing, stationary, or declining population.	あるいは、人口の増加、停滞、減少を必要とするものである。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to connect alternatives	such as|～のような|conjunction|for example	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	stationary|停滞|adjective|not moving or not intended to be moved	decline|減少|noun|a reduction in the size, amount, or value of something

Taxes upon luxuries have no tendency to raise the price of any other commodities, except that of the commodities taxed.	贅沢品に対する税は、課税された商品の価格を除いて、他のどの商品の価格も上げる傾向はない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on
Taxes upon necessaries, by raising the wages of labour, necessarily tend to raise the price of all manufactures, and consequently to diminish the extent of their sale and consumption.	必需品に対する税は、労働賃金を引き上げることで、必然的にすべての製造品の価格を引き上げ、その結果、販売と消費の規模を縮小させる傾向がある。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	tend|傾向がある|verb|be inclined or have a tendency	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	diminish|縮小させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	extent|規模|noun|the area covered by something
Taxes upon luxuries are finally paid by the consumers of the commodities taxed, without any retribution.	贅沢品に対する税は、最終的には課税された商品の消費者が支払うことになり、報復はない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	retribution|報復|noun|punishment for a crime or wrongdoing
They fall indifferently upon every species of revenue, the wages of labour, the profits of stock, and the rent of land.	これらは、あらゆる種類の収入、労働賃金、株の利益、土地の賃料に無差別に課せられる。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	species|種類|noun|a category of biological classification ranking immediately below a genus or subgenus and above a subspecies or variety	revenue|収入|noun|income	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth
Taxes upon necessaries, so far as they affect the labouring poor, are finally paid, partly by landlords, in the diminished rent of their lands, and partly by rich consumers, whether landlords or others, in the advanced price of manufactured goods;	必需品に対する税は、労働貧民に影響を与える限り、最終的には、一部は地主が土地の賃料の減少で、一部は地主であろうとなかろうと、富裕な消費者が工業製品の価格上昇で支払うことになる。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	labouring poor|労働貧民|noun|people who are poor and have to work	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	rent|賃料|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	diminish|減少|verb|make or become less	rich|富裕な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	manufactured goods|工業製品|noun|goods that have been produced in a factory	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something
and always with a considerable overcharge.	そして、常にかなりの過大請求を伴う。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; ever; continually	with|伴う|preposition|having or possessing	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	overcharge|過大請求|noun|a charge that is too high
The advanced price of such manufactures as are real necessaries of life, and are destined for the consumption of the poor, of coarse woollens, for example, must be compensated to the poor by a farther advancement of their wages.	生活に本当に必要なものであり、貧しい人々の消費に充てられる粗毛織物などの工業製品の価格上昇は、賃金のさらなる上昇によって貧しい人々に補償されなければならない。	advanced price|価格上昇|noun|an increase in the price of something	real necessaries|本当に必要なもの|noun|things that are absolutely essential	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose or end	poor|貧しい人々|noun|people who have little or no money	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	coarse woollens|粗毛織物|noun|a type of fabric made from thick, rough wool	compensate|補償される|verb|to make up for something	farther advancement|さらなる上昇|noun|an increase in the amount or level of something	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
The middling and superior ranks of people, if they understood their own interest, ought always to oppose all taxes upon the necessaries of life, as well as all taxes upon the wages of labour.	中流階級と上流階級の人々は、もし自分の利益を理解しているなら、生活必需品に対するあらゆる税金や労働賃金に対するあらゆる税金に常に反対するべきである。	middling|中流|adjective|of average or moderate quality	superior|上流|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	understand|理解する|verb|perceive the intended meaning of words, language, or a speaker	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|used to express duty or moral obligation	oppose|反対する|verb|be against something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
The final payment of both the one and the other falls altogether upon themselves, and always with a considerable overcharge.	どちらの税金も最終的には自分たちの負担となり、常にかなりの過大請求を伴う。	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	fall upon|負担となる|verb|be the responsibility of	altogether|結局|adverb|completely; totally	themselves|自分たち|pronoun|used to refer to the people or things previously mentioned as the subject of the clause	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; ever	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	overcharge|過大請求|noun|an excessive price or charge
They fall heaviest upon the landlords, who always pay in a double capacity;	彼らは常に二重の資格で支払う地主に最も重くのしかかる。	fall|のしかかる|verb|move downward, as through the air, under the influence of gravity	heaviest|最も重く|adjective|of very great weight	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a service provided	double|二重|adjective|having two parts, elements, or aspects	capacity|資格|noun|the ability or power to do something
in that of landlords, by the reduction, of their rent;	地主の場合には、地代の減少によってである。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	reduction|減少|noun|the act of reducing something	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property
and in that of rich consumers, by the increase of their expense.	富裕な消費者の場合には、支出の増加によってである。	rich|富裕な|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The observation of Sir Matthew Decker, that certain taxes are, in the price of certain goods, sometimes repeated and accumulated four or five times, is perfectly just with regard to taxes upon the necessaries of life.	マシュー・デッカー卿の観察によると、ある種の税金は、ある種の商品の価格に四、五回も重ねて累積されることがあるというが、生活必需品に対する税金については、これはまったく正しい。	Matthew Decker|マシュー・デッカー|noun|a British merchant and writer on economic issues	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	certain|ある種の|adjective|specific but not mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	repeat|重ねる|verb|do or say again	accumulate|累積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	four or five|四、五|noun|a small number	perfectly|まったく|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is entirely or completely	just|正しい|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	regard|関して|noun|a particular aspect or point of view	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
In the price of leather, for example, you must pay not only for the tax upon the leather of your own shoes, but for a part of that upon those of the shoemaker and the tanner.	たとえば、革の価格では、自分の靴の革にかかる税金だけでなく、靴屋や皮なめし業者の革にかかる税金の一部も支払わなければならない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning or similar process	for example|たとえば|adverb|by way of illustration	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	shoe|靴|noun|an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot	shoemaker|靴屋|noun|a person who makes or repairs shoes	tanner|皮なめし業者|noun|a person who tans hides or skins
You must pay, too, for the tax upon the salt, upon the soap, and upon the candles which those workmen consume while employed in your service;	あなたはまた、これらの職人があなたのために働いている間に消費する塩、石鹸、ろうそくに対する税金も支払わなければならない。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning	candle|ろうそく|noun|a stick of wax with a wick inside that is lit to produce light	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	workman|職人|noun|a person who does manual or industrial work	employ|雇う|verb|give work to (someone) and pay them for it	service|仕事|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone
and for the tax upon the leather, which the saltmaker, the soap-maker, and the candle-maker consume, while employed in their service.	そして、塩職人、石鹸職人、ろうそく職人が働いている間に消費する革に対する税金も支払わなければならない。	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making clothes, shoes, bags, etc.	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	saltmaker|塩職人|noun|a person who makes salt	soap-maker|石鹸職人|noun|a person who makes soap	candle-maker|ろうそく職人|noun|a person who makes candles	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	while|働いている間に|conjunction|during the time that; at the same time that	employed|働いている|verb|have a paid job

In Great Britain, the principal taxes upon the necessaries of life, are those upon the four commodities just now mentioned, salt, leather, soap, and candles.	イギリスでは、生活必需品に対する主な税金は、今述べた四つの商品、塩、革、石鹸、ろうそくに対するものである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	four|四つ|numeral|one more than three	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making shoes, clothes, furniture, and other objects	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having an alkaline reaction	candle|ろうそく|noun|a cylindrical or conical mass of wax with a central wick that is lit to produce light

Salt is a very ancient and a very universal subject of taxation.	塩は非常に古く、非常に普遍的な課税対象である。	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing; the fact of being taxed
It was taxed among the Romans, and it is so at present in, I believe, every part of Europe.	塩はローマ人の間でも課税されていたし、現在でもヨーロッパのあらゆる地域で課税されていると思う。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	at present|現在|noun|the time now existing	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The quantity annually consumed by any individual is so small, and may be purchased so gradually, that nobody, it seems to have been thought, could feel very sensibly even a pretty heavy tax upon it.	塩は、個人が年間に消費する量が非常に少なく、また、少しずつ購入することができるので、かなり重い税金をかけても、誰もあまり感じないだろうと考えられたようだ。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	annually|年間|adverb|once a year	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	small|少ない|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	gradually|少しずつ|adverb|in a gradual manner	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	think|考える|verb|have a particular opinion, belief, or idea about someone or something	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch or sensation	sensibly|あまり|adverb|in a reasonable manner	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
It is in England taxed at three shillings and fourpence a bushel;	イギリスでは、塩は1ブッシェルあたり3シリング4ペンスの税金がかけられている。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	three shillings and fourpence|3シリング4ペンス|noun|a sum of money	bushel|ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume for dry goods
about three times the original price of the commodity.	これは、塩の元の価格の約3倍である。	about|約|adverb|approximately	three|3|numeral|the number 3	times|倍|noun|an instance of something happening	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|塩|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
In some other countries, the tax is still higher.	他の国では、税金はさらに高い。	some other|他の|adjective|some additional or different	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree; even more
Leather is a real necessary of life.	皮革は生活に本当に必要なものだ。	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal	real|本当の|adjective|true; genuine	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms
The use of linen renders soap such.	リネンの使用は石鹸をそのようなものにしている。	use|使用|noun|the act of using something	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	soap|石鹸|noun|a cleansing agent made from fats and oils
In countries where the winter nights are long, candles are a necessary instrument of trade.	冬の夜が長い国では、ろうそくは貿易に必要な道具である。	winter|冬|noun|the season of the year that is coldest	night|夜|noun|the period of darkness in a day	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	candle|ろうそく|noun|a stick of wax with a wick inside that is lit to produce light	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Leather and soap are in Great Britain taxed at three halfpence a-pound; candles at a penny; taxes which, upon the original price of leather, may amount to about eight or ten per cent.; upon that of soap, to about twenty or five-and-twenty per cent.; and upon that of candles to about fourteen or fifteen per cent.; taxes which, though lighter than that upon salt, are still very heavy.	皮革と石鹸はイギリスでは一ポンドにつき三ハーフペンスの税金がかけられ、ろうそくは一ペニーの税金がかけられている。皮革の元値に対する税金は約八から一〇パーセントにのぼり、石鹸の元値に対する税金は約二〇から二五パーセントにのぼり、ろうそくの元値に対する税金は約一四から一五パーセントにのぼる。塩に対する税金よりは軽いが、それでも非常に重い税金である。	Leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making clothes, shoes, bags, etc.	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of fat or oil with alkali	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	three halfpence|三ハーフペンス|noun|a small British coin worth half a penny	a-pound|一ポンド|noun|a unit of weight equal to 16 ounces or 453.592 grams	candle|ろうそく|noun|a stick of wax with a wick inside that is lit to produce light	penny|一ペニー|noun|a British bronze coin worth one hundredth of a pound	original price|元値|noun|the price at which something is first sold	amount to|のぼる|verb|to be equal to	about eight or ten per cent|約八から一〇パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred	about twenty or five-and-twenty per cent|約二〇から二五パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred	about fourteen or fifteen per cent|約一四から一五パーセント|noun|a proportion of one hundred	lighter|軽い|adjective|of less weight	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight
As all those four commodities are real necessaries of life, such heavy taxes upon them must increase somewhat the expense of the sober and industrious poor, and must consequently raise more or less the wages of their labour.	これら四つの商品はすべて生活に本当に必要なものなので、それらにかかる重税は、地味で勤勉な貧しい人々の出費を多少増やし、その結果、彼らの労働賃金を多少なりとも上昇させなければならない。	all|すべて|determiner|the whole amount of	four|四つ|determiner|the number 4	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	real|本当の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	such|そのような|determiner|of the type previously mentioned	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sober|地味な|adjective|not affected by alcohol; not drunk	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	raise|上昇させる|verb|move to a higher position	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|approximately; roughly

In a country where the winters are so cold as in Great Britain, fuel is, during that season, in the strictest sense of the word, a necessary of life, not only for the purpose of dressing victuals, but for the comfortable subsistence of many different sorts of workmen who work within doors;	イギリスのように冬が寒い国では、その季節には燃料は、言葉の最も厳密な意味で、食料を調理する目的だけでなく、屋内で働く多くの異なる種類の労働者の快適な生活のために、生活必需品である。	winter|冬|noun|the season of the year that is coldest	cold|寒い|adjective|having a low temperature	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	fuel|燃料|noun|a substance that is burned to produce heat or power	season|季節|noun|one of the four periods of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)	strict|厳密な|adjective|following rules or standards exactly	sense|意味|noun|a way in which a word or expression can be understood	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	dressing|調理|verb|prepare (food) for eating	victuals|食料|noun|food	comfortable|快適な|adjective|providing physical ease and relaxation	subsistence|生活|noun|the condition of being able to provide for oneself	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works, especially a manual or industrial worker	door|ドア|noun|a hinged barrier used to close an entrance to a room or building
and coals are the cheapest of all fuel.	そして石炭はすべての燃料の中で最も安い。	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	cheapest|最も安い|adjective|low in price or value
The price of fuel has so important an influence upon that of labour, that all over Great Britain, manufactures have confined themselves principally to the coal counties;	燃料の価格は労働の価格に非常に重要な影響を及ぼすので、イギリス全土で製造業は主に石炭産出地に限定されている。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	fuel|燃料|noun|a substance that is burned to produce heat or power	influence|影響|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict someone or something within limits of space, scope, quantity, or time	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown combustible mineral consisting of carbonized vegetable matter, used as a fuel
other parts of the country, on account of the high price of this necessary article, not being able to work so cheap.	国の他の地域では、この必需品の価格が高いため、それほど安く働くことができない。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	on account of|ため|preposition|because of	high price|高価格|noun|a price that is higher than average	necessary|必需品|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	article|品物|noun|a particular item	not being able to|できない|verb|to be unable to do something	work|働く|verb|to be employed	so cheap|それほど安く|adverb|to such a low degree or extent
In some manufactures, besides, coal is a necessary instrument of trade;	そのうえ、一部の製造業では石炭は貿易に必要な道具である。	in some manufactures|一部の製造業では|noun phrase|in some manufacturing industries	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	necessary|必要な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the activity or business of buying and selling goods and services
as in those of glass, iron, and all other metals.	ガラス、鉄、その他すべての金属の製造業のように。	glass|ガラス|noun|a hard and brittle substance	iron|鉄|noun|a hard, strong, magnetic, malleable, ductile, silver-gray metal	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured
If a bounty could in any case be reasonable, it might perhaps be so upon the transportation of coals from those parts of the country in which they abound, to those in which they are wanted.	補助金がどんな場合でも合理的であるならば、石炭が豊富な国の地域から石炭が不足している地域への石炭の輸送に対しても、おそらくそうだろう。	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	reasonable|合理的|adjective|based on or acting on reason or good judgment	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of moving people or goods from one place to another	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	abound|豊富である|verb|be plentiful or very common	want|不足している|verb|feel a need or a wish for
But the legislature, instead of a bounty, has imposed a tax of three shillings and threepence a-ton upon coals carried coastways;	しかし、立法府は補助金の代わりに、沿岸で運搬される石炭に1トンあたり3シリング3ペンスの税金を課した。	legislature|立法府|noun|the legislative branch of a government	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered by a government or other organization for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	three shillings and threepence|3シリング3ペンス|noun|a sum of money	a-ton|1トンあたり|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown combustible mineral consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel	carry|運搬する|verb|move or transport from one place to another
which, upon most sorts of coal, is more than sixty per cent.	これは、ほとんどの種類の石炭に対して60パーセント以上である。	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	sixty|60|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of six and ten	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
of the original price at the coal pit.	炭鉱での元値の。	coal pit|炭鉱|noun|a mine from which coal is extracted
Coals carried, either by land or by inland navigation, pay no duty.	陸路または内陸水路で運搬される石炭には、関税はかからない。	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	inland navigation|内陸水路|noun|the use of inland waterways for transport	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
Where they are naturally cheap, they are consumed duty free;	石炭がもともと安い場所では、無税で消費される。	naturally|もともと|adverb|in a natural manner	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods	free|無税|adjective|not subject to a duty
where they are naturally dear, they are loaded with a heavy duty.	石炭がもともと高価な場所では、重税が課せられる。	where|場所|adverb|in or to the place that	naturally|もともと|adverb|in a natural manner	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	heavy|重い|adjective|having a lot of weight	duty|税|noun|a tax on imported goods

Such taxes, though they raise the price of subsistence, and consequently the wages of labour, yet they afford a considerable revenue to government, which it might not be easy to find in any other way.	このような税は、生活必需品の価格を上げ、その結果労働賃金も上げるが、政府にかなりの収入をもたらし、他の方法では簡単には得られないかもしれない。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	subsistence|生活必需品|noun|the action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	find|得る|verb|discover or notice	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
There may, therefore, be good reasons for continuing them.	したがって、それを続けるべき十分な理由があるかもしれない。	there may|あるかもしれない|verb|it is possible that there is	be|ある|verb|exist	good reason|十分な理由|noun|a valid or sufficient reason
The bounty upon the exportation of corn, so far as it tends, in the actual state of tillage, to raise the price of that necessary article, produces all the like bad effects;	穀物の輸出に対する奨励金は、耕作の現状において、その必需品の価格を上げる傾向がある限り、同様の悪影響をすべて生み出す。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	corn|穀物|noun|a cereal plant	tillage|耕作|noun|the cultivation of land	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	article|品物|noun|a particular item	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	effect|影響|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause
and instead of affording any revenue, frequently occasions a very great expense to government.	そして、収入を得る代わりに、しばしば政府に非常に大きな出費をもたらす。	afford|得る|verb|have enough money to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The high duties upon the importation of foreign corn, which, in years of moderate plenty, amount to a prohibition;	外国産穀物の輸入に対する高関税は、適度に豊作の年には禁止に等しい。	high duty|高関税|noun|a tax or fee that is charged on goods when they are imported into a country	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad for sale	foreign corn|外国産穀物|noun|grain grown in a country other than one's own	moderate plenty|適度に豊作|noun|a situation in which there is a sufficient supply of something	amount to|等しい|verb|to be equal to or equivalent to	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, or the state of being forbidden
and the absolute prohibition of the importation, either of live cattle, or of salt provisions, which takes place in the ordinary state of the law, and which, on account of the scarcity, is at present suspended for a limited time with regard to Ireland and the British plantations, have all had the bad effects of taxes upon the necessaries of life, and produce no revenue to government.	そして、生きた牛や塩漬け食料の輸入の絶対禁止は、通常の法律の状態で行われ、不足のために、現在、アイルランドとイギリスの農園に関して一定期間停止されているが、すべて生活必需品に対する税金の悪影響があり、政府に収入をもたらさない。	absolute prohibition|絶対禁止|noun|a law or rule that completely forbids something	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	live cattle|生きた牛|noun|cattle that are alive	salt provision|塩漬け食料|noun|food that has been preserved in salt	take place|行われる|verb|happen	ordinary state|通常の状態|noun|the usual or normal state of affairs	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	suspend|停止する|verb|temporarily stop	limited time|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is fixed or has a definite end	regard|に関して|verb|think of or consider in a specified way	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain and Ireland	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown	have all|すべて持っている|verb|possess or own	bad effect|悪影響|noun|an effect that is harmful or undesirable	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
Nothing seems necessary for the repeal of such regulations, but to convince the public of the futility of that system in consequence of which they have been established.	このような規制を廃止するために必要なことは、その結果として確立された制度の無益さを国民に納得させること以外には何もないように思われる。	repeal|廃止|noun|the action of revoking or annulling a law or congressional act	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	convince|納得させる|verb|cause (someone) to believe firmly in the truth of something	futility|無益|noun|the quality of being pointless or of having no purpose	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method

Taxes upon the necessaries of life are much higher in many other countries than in Great Britain.	生活必需品に対する税金は、イギリスよりも他の多くの国でずっと高い。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living	much higher|ずっと高い|adjective|to a much greater extent or degree	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Duties upon flour and meal when ground at the mill, and upon bread when baked at the oven, take place in many countries.	粉ひき小屋で挽いた小麦粉や食事、オーブンで焼いたパンに対する関税は、多くの国で課せられている。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	flour|小麦粉|noun|a fine powder obtained by grinding grain, especially wheat, and used to make bread, cakes, and pastry	meal|食事|noun|an occasion when people eat, especially as a regular occurrence	mill|粉ひき小屋|noun|a building fitted with machinery for grinding grain into flour	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that has been mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	oven|オーブン|noun|an enclosed compartment, as in a kitchen range, in which food is baked, roasted, or heated	take place|課せられる|verb|happen or occur
In Holland the money-price of the bread consumed in towns is supposed to be doubled by means of such taxes.	オランダでは、町で消費されるパンの貨幣価格は、そのような税金によって倍になるとされている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	money-price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	bread|パン|noun|a food made from flour and water	consume|消費する|verb|eat or drink	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
In lieu of a part of them, the people who live in the country, pay every year so much a-head, according to the sort of bread they are supposed to consume.	その一部の代わりに、その国に住む人々は、彼らが消費すると想定されるパンの種類に応じて、毎年一人当たりかなりの額を支払う。	in lieu of|の代わりに|preposition|instead of	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	live|住む|verb|have as one's permanent home	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	every year|毎年|adverb|annually	so much|かなりの額|adverb|a lot	head|一人当たり|noun|a person	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
Those who consume wheaten bread pay three guilders fifteen stivers;	小麦粉パンを消費する人は、三ギルダー十五スティーバーを支払う。	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	wheaten bread|小麦粉パン|noun|bread made from wheat flour	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	three|三|numeral|the number 3	guilder|ギルダー|noun|the basic monetary unit of the Netherlands	fifteen|十五|numeral|the number 15	stivers|スティーバー|noun|a former Dutch coin worth one twentieth of a guilder
about six shillings and ninepence halfpenny.	約六シリング九ペンス半ペニーである。	about|約|adverb|approximately	six|六|numeral|the number 6	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	ninepence|九ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to nine pennies	halfpenny|半ペニー|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to half a penny
Those, and some other taxes of the same kind, by raising the price of labour, are said to have ruined the greater part of the manufactures of Holland {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	これらや、同じ種類の他の税金は、労働価格を上げることで、オランダの製造業の大部分を破壊したと言われている。	those|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	some|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	other|他の|determiner|the remaining one or ones of a number or group	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	ruin|破壊する|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe
p. 210, 211.}.	210、211頁}。
Similar taxes, though not quite so heavy, take place in the Milanese, in the states of Genoa, in the duchy of Modena, in the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, and the Ecclesiastical state.	同じような税金は、それほど重くはないが、ミラノ、ジェノヴァ、モデナ公国、パルマ、プラセンティア、グアスタラ公国、教皇領でも課せられている。	similar|同じような|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	take place|課せられる|verb|happen or occur	Milanese|ミラノ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Milan	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a seaport in northwestern Italy	duchy|公国|noun|the territory ruled by a duke or duchess	Modena|モデナ|noun|a city in northern Italy	Parma|パルマ|noun|a city in northern Italy	Placentia|プラセンティア|noun|a city in northern Italy	Guastalla|グアスタラ|noun|a city in northern Italy	Ecclesiastical|教皇領|adjective|of or relating to a church or to organized religion
A French author {Le Reformateur} of some note, has proposed to reform the finances of his country, by substituting in the room of the greater part of other taxes, this most ruinous of all taxes.	ある著名なフランス人作家(ル・レフォルマトゥール)は、他の税金の大部分の代わりに、この最も破壊的な税金を課すことで、自国の財政を改革することを提案した。	French|フランス人|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	author|作家|noun|a person who writes books	note|著名な|noun|a short written message	reform|改革する|verb|make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	substitute|代わりに課する|verb|use or add in place of another	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ruinous|破壊的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin
There is nothing so absurd, says Cicero, which has not sometimes been asserted by some philosophers.	キケロは、これほど馬鹿げたことはなく、一部の哲学者によって主張されたことがないと述べている。	Cicero|キケロ|noun|a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	philosopher|哲学者|noun|a person who studies or writes about philosophy

Taxes upon butcher’s meat are still more common than those upon bread.	肉に対する税金は、パンに対する税金よりもさらに一般的である。	butcher's meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or bird that is eaten as food	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour and water, mixed together and baked	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people
It may indeed be doubted, whether butcher’s meat is any where a necessary of life.	肉がどこであれ生活必需品であるかどうかは、確かに疑わしい。	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable
Grain and other vegetables, with the help of milk, cheese, and butter, or oil, where butter is not to be had, it is known from experience, can, without any butcher’s meat, afford the most plentiful, the most wholesome, the most nourishing, and the most invigorating diet.	穀物やその他の野菜は、牛乳、チーズ、バター、またはバターが手に入らない場合は油の助けを借りて、肉がなくても、最も豊富で、最も健康的で、最も栄養価が高く、最も元気を与える食事を摂ることができることが経験からわかっている。	grain|穀物|noun|the seed of a cereal	vegetable|野菜|noun|a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food	milk|牛乳|noun|a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals	cheese|チーズ|noun|a food made from the pressed curds of milk	butter|バター|noun|a pale yellow edible fatty substance made by churning the cream of milk	oil|油|noun|any of various greasy, thick, slippery substances	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	plentiful|豊富な|adjective|existing or available in large quantities; abundant	wholesome|健康的な|adjective|promoting or conducive to health or well-being	nourishing|栄養価の高い|adjective|providing nourishment; nutritious	invigorating|元気を与える|adjective|giving strength or energy
Decency nowhere requires that any man should eat butcher’s meat, as it in most places requires that he should wear a linen shirt or a pair of leather shoes.	ほとんどの場所では、麻のシャツや革靴を履く必要があるように、礼儀正しさはどこでも肉を食べることを要求していない。	decency|礼儀正しさ|noun|conformity to standards of good or proper behavior	nowhere|どこにも|adverb|not anywhere	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	butcher|肉屋|noun|a person who prepares and sells meat	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	shirt|シャツ|noun|a garment for the upper body with a collar and sleeves and buttons down the front	pair|一足|noun|two things of the same type that are used together	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal	shoe|靴|noun|a covering for the foot having a sole and an upper part

Consumable commodities, whether necessaries or luxuries, may be taxed in two different ways.	消費財は、必需品であれ贅沢品であれ、二つの異なる方法で課税される。	consumable|消費|adjective|able to be used up	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	whether|であろうと|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	two|二つ|adjective|one more than one	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
The consumer may either pay an annual sum on account of his using or consuming goods of a certain kind;	消費者は、ある種の商品を使用または消費したことに対して、年額を支払うことができる。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	annual|年額|adjective|happening once a year	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
or the goods may be taxed while they remain in the hands of the dealer, and before they are delivered to the consumer.	あるいは、商品が販売者の手元にある間に、消費者に引き渡される前に課税される。	or|あるいは|conjunction|used to introduce an alternative	goods|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store	be taxed|課税される|verb|be required to pay a tax	remain|ある|verb|be in a specified state	hand|手元|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	dealer|販売者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	before|前に|preposition|earlier than	be delivered|引き渡される|verb|be given or sent to someone
The consumable goods which last a considerable time before they are consumed altogether, are most properly taxed in the one way;	消費されるまでにかなりの時間を要する消費財は、一方の方法で課税されるのが最も適切である。	consumable|消費される|adjective|able to be used up	last|要する|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	taxed|課税される|verb|impose a tax on	one|一方|adjective|the number 1	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
those of which the consumption is either immediate or more speedy, in the other.	消費が即時的またはより迅速なものは、他方の方法で課税される。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	immediate|即時的|adjective|happening or done without delay	speedy|迅速|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	other|他方|adjective|the remaining one of two or more things
The coach-tax and plate tax are examples of the former method of imposing;	馬車税や食器税は、前者の課税方法の例である。	coach-tax|馬車税|noun|a tax on coaches	plate tax|食器税|noun|a tax on plates	example|例|noun|something that is typical of its kind	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
the greater part of the other duties of excise and customs, of the latter.	その他の物品税や関税の大部分は、後者の課税方法である。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned

A coach may, with good management, last ten or twelve years.	馬車は、うまく管理すれば、10年から12年もつ。	coach|馬車|noun|a large, closed, four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	last|もつ|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	ten|10年|noun|the number 10	twelve|12年|noun|the number 12
It might be taxed, once for all, before it comes out of the hands of the coach-maker.	馬車は、馬車製造業者の手から出るまでの間に、一度だけ課税される。	be taxed|課税される|verb|be imposed a tax on	once for all|一度だけ|adverb|once and for all; finally	come out of|出る|verb|move or travel from the inside of something to the outside	hand|手|noun|the end of the arm beyond the wrist	coach-maker|馬車製造業者|noun|a person who makes coaches
But it is certainly more convenient for the buyer to pay four pounds a-year for the privilege of keeping a coach, than to pay all at once forty or forty-eight pounds additional price to the coach-maker; or a sum equivalent to what the tax is likely to cost him during the time he uses the same coach.	しかし、馬車を所有する特権のために、馬車製造業者に一度に40ポンドや48ポンドの追加料金を支払うよりも、年間4ポンドを支払う方が、買い手にとって確かに都合がよい。あるいは、同じ馬車を使用している間にかかる税金に相当する金額を支払うよりも、年間4ポンドを支払う方が都合がよい。	privilege|特権|noun|a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group of people	keep|所有する|verb|have or retain possession of	coach|馬車|noun|a horse-drawn carriage	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	once|一度に|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	forty|40|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of four and ten	forty-eight|48|numeral|the cardinal number that is the product of four and twelve	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary to what is usual or already present	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely; surely	convenient|都合がよい|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of (a specified sum)	time|間に|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	use|使用する|verb|convert to one's own purposes or for one's own ends
A service of plate in the same manner, may last more than a century.	同様に、銀食器は1世紀以上もつ。	service|食器|noun|a set of dishes	plate|皿|noun|a flat dish with raised edges that you eat or serve food from	manner|同様に|noun|a way of doing something	last|もつ|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	century|世紀|noun|a period of 100 years
It is certainly-easier for the consumer to pay five shillings a-year for every hundred ounces of plate, near one per cent.	消費者にとって、銀食器100オンスごとに年間5シリング、つまり1パーセント近くを支払う方が、確かに楽である。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-year|年間|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	every hundred ounces|100オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	plate|銀食器|noun|a flat dish, typically made of china, from which food is eaten	near one per cent|1パーセント近く|noun|a hundredth part of a whole
of the value, than to redeem this long annuity at five-and-twenty or thirty years purchase, which would enhance the price at least five-and-twenty or thirty per cent.	価値の、この長期年金を25年または30年で買い取るよりも、少なくとも25パーセントまたは30パーセント価格が上昇する。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	redeem|買い取る|verb|buy back	long|長期|adjective|having a great extent or duration	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	five-and-twenty|25|noun|the number 25	thirty|30|noun|the number 30	enhance|上昇する|verb|increase the value or quality of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
The different taxes which affect houses, are certainly more conveniently paid by moderate annual payments, than by a heavy tax of equal value upon the first building or sale of the house.	住宅にかかるさまざまな税金は、住宅の最初の建築や販売時に同額の重税を課すよりも、適度な年払いで支払う方が確かに都合がよい。	affect|かかる|verb|have an effect on	house|住宅|noun|a place where people live	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	conveniently|都合がよい|adverb|in a way that is easy or convenient	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	annual|年払い|adjective|happening once a year	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	heavy|重税|adjective|of great weight	equal|同額|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	building|建築|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling something

It was the well-known proposal of Sir Matthew Decker, that all commodities, even those of which the consumption is either immediate or speedy, should be taxed in this manner;	マシュー・デッカー卿の有名な提案は、すべての商品、即時または迅速に消費されるものも含めて、この方法で課税されるべきだというものだ。	Matthew Decker|マシュー・デッカー|noun|a British merchant and writer on economic issues	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay	speedy|迅速|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	tax|課税|verb|impose a tax on	manner|方法|noun|a way in which something is done or happens
the dealer advancing nothing, but the consumer paying a certain annual sum for the licence to consume certain goods.	業者は何も前払いせず、消費者は特定の商品を消費する許可証に対して一定の年額を支払うというものである。	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	annual|年額|adjective|happening or done once a year	licence|許可証|noun|a document giving official permission to do something	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or use up
The object of his scheme was to promote all the different branches of foreign trade, particularly the carrying trade, by taking away all duties upon importation and exportation, and thereby enabling the merchant to employ his whole capital and credit in the purchase of goods and the freight of ships, no part of either being diverted towards the advancing of taxes,	彼の計画の目的は、輸出入関税をすべて撤廃し、それによって商人が全資本と信用を商品の購入と船の運賃に投入できるようにすることで、外国貿易のあらゆる部門、特に運送業を発展させることにあった。	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of something	scheme|計画|noun|a plan of action	promote|促進する|verb|to further the progress of	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	carrying trade|運送業|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	take away|撤廃する|verb|to remove or abolish something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods out of a country	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	freight|運賃|noun|the charge for transporting goods by land, sea, or air	ship|船|noun|a large vessel for traveling on water	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	divert|転用する|verb|to change the direction or course of something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The project, however, of taxing, in this manner, goods of immediate or speedy consumption, seems liable to the four following very important objections.	しかし、この方法で即時または迅速に消費される商品に課税するという計画は、以下の4つの非常に重要な異議申し立ての対象となるように思われる。	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	immediate|即時|adjective|happening or done without delay	speedy|迅速|adjective|very fast	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	liable|対象となる|adjective|legally responsible for something	objection|異議申し立て|noun|an expression of opposition to something
First, the tax would be more unequal, or not so well proportioned to the expense and consumption of the different contributors, as in the way in which it is commonly imposed.	第一に、税金は、通常課せられるやり方よりも不平等になるか、あるいは、異なる納税者の支出と消費にそれほど比例しなくなるだろう。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; not of the same quantity, value, or status	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; in most cases	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
The taxes upon ale, wine, and spiritous liquors, which are advanced by the dealers, are finally paid by the different consumers, exactly in proportion to their respective consumption.	業者が前払いするビール、ワイン、蒸留酒に対する税金は、最終的にはそれぞれの消費量に正確に比例して、さまざまな消費者によって支払われる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ale|ビール|noun|a type of beer	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	spiritous liquor|蒸留酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage that has been distilled	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
But if the tax were to be paid by purchasing a licence to drink those liquors, the sober would, in proportion to his consumption, be taxed much more heavily than the drunken consumer.	しかし、もしこれらの酒を飲むための許可証を購入することで税金を支払うことになったら、酒を飲まない人は、消費量に比例して、酒を飲む人よりもはるかに重い税金を課せられる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade	drink|飲む|verb|take (a liquid) into the mouth and swallow	sober|酒を飲まない人|adjective|not affected by alcohol; not drunk	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	drunken|酒を飲む人|adjective|affected by alcohol; drunk	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
A family which exercised great hospitality, would be taxed much more lightly than one who entertained fewer guests.	手厚いもてなしをする家庭は、客をあまり招かない家庭よりもはるかに軽い税金を課せられる。	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	great|手厚い|adjective|of major significance or importance	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	family|家庭|noun|a group of people who live together and are related to each other	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	lightly|軽い|adverb|to a small degree; slightly	entertain|招く|verb|provide with amusement or enjoyment
Secondly, this mode of taxation, by paying for an annual, half-yearly, or quarterly licence to consume certain goods, would diminish very much one of the principal conveniences of taxes upon goods of speedy consumption;	第二に、この課税方法は、特定の商品を消費するための年額、半年額、または四半期額の許可証を支払うことで、迅速に消費される商品に対する税金の主な利便性の1つを大幅に減らすことになる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	annual|年額|adjective|happening or produced once a year	half-yearly|半年額|adjective|happening or produced twice a year	quarterly|四半期額|adjective|happening or produced four times a year	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	speedy|迅速な|adjective|very fast	convenience|利便性|noun|the state of being able to proceed with something with little effort or difficulty
the piece-meal payment.	分割払いである。	piece-meal|分割|adjective|done in small parts or stages	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
In the price of threepence halfpenny, which is at present paid for a pot of porter, the different taxes upon malt, hops, and beer, together with the extraordinary profit which the brewer charges for having advanced than, may perhaps amount to about three halfpence.	ポーター一杯に現在支払われている三ペンス半の価格には、麦芽、ホップ、ビールに対するさまざまな税金と、醸造業者が前払いしたことで請求する特別利益が、おそらく三ペンス半ほど含まれている。	threepence halfpenny|三ペンス半|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	pot|一杯|noun|a small container for drinking from	porter|ポーター|noun|a dark brown beer	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	hops|ホップ|noun|a climbing plant used to give beer its bitter taste	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	charge|請求する|verb|ask for a specified price	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	amount to|含まれる|verb|be equal to	about|ほど|adverb|approximately
If a workman can conveniently spare those three halfpence, he buys a pot of porter.	労働者がこの三ペンス半を都合よく捻出できるなら、彼はポーター一杯を買う。	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	conveniently|都合よく|adverb|in a convenient manner	spare|捻出する|verb|give up or do without	three|三|numeral|the number 3	halfpence|半ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth half a penny	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	pot|一杯|noun|a vessel used for cooking or storing food
If he cannot, he contents himself with a pint;	捻出できないなら、彼はパイントで我慢する。	cannot|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	content|我慢する|verb|be happy with	pint|パイント|noun|a unit of liquid volume equal to one eighth of a gallon
and, as a penny saved is a penny got, he thus gains a farthing by his temperance.	そして、一ペニー節約すれば一ペニー手に入るので、彼はこうして節制によって一ファージングを得る。	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	save|節約する|verb|spend less money	penny|ペニー|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound	get|手に入る|verb|come into possession of	farthing|ファージング|noun|a former British coin worth one quarter of a penny	temperance|節制|noun|moderation in action, thought, or feeling
He pays the tax piece-meal, as he can afford to pay it, and when he can afford to pay it, and every act of payment is perfectly voluntary, and what he can avoid if he chuses to do so.	彼は税金を支払う余裕があるときに、支払う余裕がある分だけ支払い、支払いの行為はすべて完全に自発的であり、そうしたいと思ったら避けることができる。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	piece-meal|少しずつ|adverb|a little at a time; gradually	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	when|ときに|conjunction|at the time that; at or during the time that	every|すべて|determiner|each and all of a group of people or things	act|行為|noun|something that is done	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is entirely or wholly	voluntary|自発的|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will	avoid|避ける|verb|keep away from or stop oneself from doing
Thirdly, such taxes would operate less as sumptuary laws.	第三に、そのような税は奢侈禁止法としての効果が小さい。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	operate|効果がある|verb|be in effect or in force	less|小さい|adjective|not as great or as much as that indicated	sumptuary law|奢侈禁止法|noun|a law that limits or prohibits the consumption of certain goods or services
When the licence was once purchased, whether the purchaser drunk much or drunk little, his tax would be the same.	一度許可証を購入すれば、購入者が飲酒量の多寡にかかわらず、税額は同じである。	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	drunk|飲酒|noun|the state of being drunk	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	same|同じ|adjective|not different; identical
Fourthly, if a workman were to pay all at once, by yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly payments, a tax equal to what he at present pays, with little or no inconveniency, upon all the different pots and pints of porter which he drinks in any such period of time, the sum might frequently distress him very much.	第四に、もし労働者が、現在支払っている税額に等しい税金を、年払い、半年払い、四半期払いで、一括して支払うとしたら、そのような期間に飲むポーター酒のすべてのポットやパイントに対して、ほとんど、あるいはまったく不便を感じずに支払うとしても、その合計額はしばしば彼を非常に苦しめることがある。	Fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	at once|一括して|adverb|immediately; without delay	yearly|年払い|adjective|happening or done once a year	half-yearly|半年払い|adjective|happening or done twice a year	quarterly|四半期払い|adjective|happening or done four times a year	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	no|まったく|determiner|not any	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	time|期間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	sum|合計額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	distress|苦しめる|verb|cause pain, anxiety, or sorrow to
This mode of taxation, therefore, it seems evident, could never, without the most grievous oppression, produce a revenue nearly equal to what is derived from the present mode without any oppression.	したがって、この課税方法は、最も悲惨な抑圧なしには、現在の方法から得られる収入にほぼ等しい収入を、何の抑圧もなしに生み出すことはできないように思われる。	mode of taxation|課税方法|noun|a method of taxation	evident|明らかである|adjective|clear or obvious	grievous|悲惨な|adjective|causing great pain or suffering	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	revenue|収入|noun|income	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner
In several countries, however, commodities of an immediate or very speedy consumption are taxed in this manner.	しかし、いくつかの国では、即時または非常に迅速に消費される商品には、この方法で課税されている。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	immediate|即時の|adjective|happening or done without delay	speedy|迅速な|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something
In Holland, people pay so much a-head for a licence to drink tea.	オランダでは、人々はお茶を飲む許可証に一人当たりかなりの金額を支払っている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	so much|かなりの金額|adverb|a lot; a great deal	a-head|一人当たり|adverb|for each person	licence|許可証|noun|a permit from an authority to own or use something	drink|飲む|verb|take liquid into the mouth and swallow it
I have already mentioned a tax upon bread, which, so far as it is consumed in farm houses and country villages, is there levied in the same manner.	すでに述べたように、農家や田舎の村で消費されるパンには、同じように課税されている。	mention|述べる|verb|to speak about briefly	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	bread|パン|noun|a food made of flour or meal that is mixed with a liquid, usually water, and kneaded, shaped, and baked	farm house|農家|noun|a house on a farm	country village|田舎の村|noun|a village in the country	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something

The duties of excise are imposed chiefly upon goods of home produce, destined for home consumption.	物品税は、主に国内消費を目的とした国産品に課せられる。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives	produce|国産品|noun|something that is produced	destined|目的とした|verb|to intend for a particular purpose or end	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
They are imposed only upon a few sorts of goods of the most general use.	物品税は、最も一般的に使用される数種類の商品にのみ課せられる。	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	a few|数種類|determiner|a small number of	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole
There can never be any doubt, either concerning the goods which are subject to those duties, or concerning the particular duty which each species of goods is subject to.	これらの関税の対象となる商品に関しても、各商品に課せられる特定の関税に関しても、疑問の余地はない。	be subject to|の対象となる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	concerning|に関して|preposition|about	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or instance	species|種|noun|a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
They fall almost altogether upon what I call luxuries, excepting always the four duties above mentioned, upon salt, soap, leather, candles, and perhaps that upon green glass.	塩、石鹸、革、ろうそく、そしておそらく緑色のガラスに課せられる上記の四つの関税を除いて、それらはほとんどすべて私が贅沢品と呼ぶものに課せられる。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	except|除いて|preposition|not including; other than	above|上記の|adjective|mentioned earlier in this text	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	soap|石鹸|noun|a substance used with water for washing and cleaning	leather|革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning, used for making shoes, clothes, furniture, etc.	candle|ろうそく|noun|a stick of wax with a wick inside that is lit to produce light	green|緑色の|adjective|of the color intermediate between blue and yellow in the spectrum	glass|ガラス|noun|a hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent, made by fusing sand with soda and lime and cooling rapidly

The duties of customs are much more ancient than those of excise.	関税は物品税よりもはるかに古い。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the manufacture, sale, or distribution of a particular commodity or service
They seem to have been called customs, as denoting customary payments, which had been in use for time immemorial.	関税は、太古の昔から使われていた慣習的な支払いを意味するcustomsと呼ばれていたようだ。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	custom|慣習|noun|a practice or behavior that is usual or traditional	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	time immemorial|太古の昔|noun|a time in the distant past beyond memory or record
They appear to have been originally considered as taxes upon the profits of merchants.	関税はもともと商人の利益に対する税金と考えられていたとみられる。	appear|みられる|verb|seem to be; give the impression of being	originally|もともと|adverb|in or at the beginning	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
During the barbarous times of feudal anarchy, merchants, like all the other inhabitants of burghs, were considered as little better than emancipated bondmen, whose persons were despised, and whose gains were envied.	封建無政府の野蛮な時代には、商人は、他のすべての都市住民と同様に、人格を軽蔑され、利益を妬まれた解放奴隷とほとんど変わらないと考えられていた。	feudal anarchy|封建無政府|noun|a state of disorder due to the absence or nonrecognition of authority	barbarous|野蛮な|adjective|uncivilized	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	burgh|都市|noun|a town or city	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	emancipated|解放された|adjective|freed from legal, social, or political restrictions	bondman|奴隷|noun|a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them	despise|軽蔑する|verb|to look down on with intense aversion	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	envy|妬む|verb|to feel resentful or unhappy because of someone else's success or advantages
The great nobility, who had consented that the king should tallage the profits of their own tenants, were not unwilling that he should tallage likewise those of an order of men whom it was much less their interest to protect.	王が自分たちの小作人の利益に課税することに同意していた大貴族は、王が自分たちの利益を守るよりもはるかに少ない人々の階級の利益に課税することにも不本意ではなかった。	great nobility|大貴族|noun|a person of high rank in a country's social hierarchy	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	king|王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	tallage|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	unwilling|不本意|adjective|not ready, eager, or prepared to do something	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	order|階級|noun|a social class	protect|守る|verb|keep safe from harm or injury
In those ignorant times, it was not understood, that the profits of merchants are a subject not taxable directly;	このような無知な時代には、商人の利益は直接課税の対象ではないということは理解されていなかった。	ignorant|無知な|adjective|lacking knowledge or awareness in general	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells commodities for profit	taxable|課税対象|adjective|subject to taxation	directly|直接|adverb|without changing direction or stopping
or that the final payment of all such taxes must fall, with a considerable overcharge, upon the consumers.	あるいは、そうしたすべての税金の最終的な支払いは、かなりの過大請求とともに消費者に降りかかるに違いないということは理解されていなかった。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	fall|降りかかる|verb|move from a higher to a lower position	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use

The gains of alien merchants were looked upon more unfavourably than those of English merchants.	外国商人の利益は、イギリス商人の利益よりも不利に見られていた。	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	alien|外国の|adjective|belonging to a foreign country	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	English|イギリスの|adjective|belonging to or relating to England or its people or language	unfavourably|不利に|adverb|in a way that is not favourable
It was natural, therefore, that those of the former should be taxed more heavily than those of the latter.	したがって、前者の利益には後者の利益よりも重い税が課せられるのは当然のことだった。	natural|当然|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	heavily|重く|adverb|to a great extent
This distinction between the duties upon aliens and those upon English merchants, which was begun from ignorance, has been continued front the spirit of monopoly, or in order to give our own merchants an advantage, both in the home and in the foreign market.	無知から始まったこの外国商人とイギリス商人に対する関税の区別は、独占の精神から、あるいは国内市場と海外市場の両方で自国の商人に有利にするために続けられた。	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	alien|外国商人|noun|a foreigner	English|イギリス商人|noun|the language of England	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	home|国内市場|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	foreign|海外市場|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own

With this distinction, the ancient duties of customs were imposed equally upon all sorts of goods, necessaries as well its luxuries, goods exported as well as goods imported.	この区別を除いて、古代の関税は、必需品も贅沢品も、輸出品も輸入品も、あらゆる種類の商品に平等に課せられていた。	with this distinction|この区別を除いて|prepositional phrase|except for this distinction	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	custom|税関|noun|a place where taxes are collected on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something	equally|平等に|adverb|in the same way or to the same degree	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is needed	luxury|贅沢品|noun|something that is not necessary but that is very expensive and enjoyable	export|輸出品|noun|a product that is sold to another country	import|輸入品|noun|a product that is bought from another country
Why should the dealers in one sort of goods, it seems to have been thought, be more favoured than those in another?	ある種の商品の取引業者が、他の取引業者よりも優遇されるべき理由はないと考えられたようだ。	dealer|取引業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	sort|種|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	favour|優遇|verb|prefer one person or thing over another
or why should the merchant exporter be more favoured than the merchant importer?	あるいは、輸出商が輸入商よりも優遇されるべき理由はないと考えられたようだ。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	exporter|輸出者|noun|a person or company that exports goods	merchant importer|輸入商|noun|a person or company that imports goods	favour|優遇|verb|to prefer one person or thing over another	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event

The ancient customs were divided into three branches.	古代の関税は三つの部門に分けられていた。	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group
The first, and, perhaps, the most ancient of all those duties, was that upon wool and leather.	最初の、そしておそらく最も古い関税は、羊毛と皮革に対するものだった。	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	most|最も|adjective|to the greatest extent or degree	ancient|古い|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning
It seems to have been chiefly or altogether an exportation duty.	それは主に、あるいはもっぱら輸出税だったようだ。	chiefly|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	altogether|もっぱら|adverb|entirely; completely	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods
When the woollen manufacture came to be established in England, lest the king should lose any part of his customs upon wool by the exportation of woollen cloths, a like duty was imposed upon them.	毛織物工業がイギリスに定着すると、毛織物の輸出によって国王が羊毛に対する関税の一部を失うことのないように、毛織物にも同様の関税が課せられた。	woollen manufacture|毛織物工業|noun|the industry of making woollen cloth	come to be established|定着する|verb|become established	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	lest|ないように|conjunction|for fear that	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a kingdom	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	any part|一部|noun|a portion of something	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	woollen cloth|毛織物|noun|cloth made from wool	like duty|同様の関税|noun|a similar tax	be imposed upon|課せられる|verb|be forced to accept or put up with
The other two branches were, first, a duty upon wine, which being imposed at so much a-ton, was called a tonnage;	他の二つの部門は、第一に、ワインに課せられる関税で、これはトン当たりに課せられるので、トン税と呼ばれていた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one or ones already mentioned or implied	two|二つの|adjective|the number 2	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	so much|トン当たり|adverb|to a great extent	ton|トン|noun|a unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds	tonnage|トン税|noun|a tax on ships calculated on the basis of their cargo capacity
and, secondly, a duty upon all other goods, which being imposed at so much a-pound of their supposed value, was called a poundage.	第二に、他のすべての品物に課せられる関税で、これは想定される価値の1ポンド当たりに課せられるので、ポンド税と呼ばれていた。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	good|品物|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	poundage|ポンド税|noun|a tax of a certain amount per pound
In the forty-seventh year of Edward III., a duty of sixpence in the pound was imposed upon all goods exported and imported, except wools, wool-felts, leather, and wines which were subject to particular duties.	エドワード三世の四十七年には、羊毛、羊毛フェルト、皮革、ワインなど特別な関税の対象となるものを除き、輸出入されるすべての品物に1ポンドあたり6ペンスの関税が課せられた。	Edward III|エドワード三世|noun|King of England from 1327 to 1377	forty-seventh year|四十七年|noun|the year after the forty-sixth year	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	wool-felt|羊毛フェルト|noun|a fabric made by matting, condensing and pressing woolen fibers together	leather|皮革|noun|a material made from the skin of an animal by tanning or a similar process	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a single or specific person, thing, or matter	export|輸出|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	import|輸入|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
In the fourteenth of Richard II., this duty was raised to one shilling in the pound;	リチャード二世の十四年には、この関税は1ポンドあたり1シリングに引き上げられた。	Richard II|リチャード二世|noun|King of England from 22 June 1377	fourteenth|十四年|noun|the number 14	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	one shilling|1シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|1ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
but, three years afterwards, it was again reduced to sixpence.	しかし、三年後には再び6ペンスに引き下げられた。	three years|三年|noun|a period of three years	afterwards|後に|adverb|later; after that	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth six pennies
It was raised to eightpence in the second year of Henry IV.; and, in the fourth of the same prince, to one shilling.	ヘンリー四世の二年目には8ペンスに引き上げられ、同じ王の四年目には1シリングに引き上げられた。	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	eightpence|8ペンス|noun|a sum of eight pennies	second year|二年目|noun|the second year of a period	Henry IV|ヘンリー四世|noun|King of England from 30 September 1399	fourth|四年目|noun|the fourth year of a period	one shilling|1シリング|noun|a sum of twelve pennies
From this time to the ninth year of William III., this duty continued at one shilling in the pound.	このときからウィリアム三世の九年目まで、この関税は1ポンドあたり1シリングのままだった。	from this time to|このときから|adverb|from now on	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689	ninth year|九年目|noun|the ninth year of a period	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or in a certain state	one shilling|1シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
The duties of tonnage and poundage were generally granted to the king by one and the same act of parliament, and were called the subsidy of tonnage and poundage.	トン税とポンド税は、通常、国王に議会の同一の法令によって認められ、トン税とポンド税の補助金と呼ばれた。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	tonnage|トン税|noun|a tax on the tonnage of a ship	poundage|ポンド税|noun|a tax on the value of goods	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	grant|認める|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	act|法令|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low
The subsidy of poundage having continued for so long a time at one shilling in the pound, or at five per cent., a subsidy came, in the language of the customs, to denote a general duty of this kind of five per cent.	ポンド税の補助金は、長い間1ポンドあたり1シリング、つまり5パーセントで続いたため、関税の用語では、補助金は5パーセントのこの種の一般関税を意味するようになった。	poundage|ポンド税|noun|a tax of a certain amount of money for each pound in value of a thing	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or operation	long|長い|adjective|having or being of great physical length	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	one shilling|1シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	five percent|5パーセント|noun|a proportion or share in every hundred	come|なる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	language|用語|noun|the system of communication used by a particular community or country	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
This subsidy, which is now called the old subsidy, still continues to be levied, according to the book of rates established by the twelfth of Charles II.	この補助金は、現在では旧補助金と呼ばれ、チャールズ二世の十二年目に制定された税率表に基づいて、現在も徴収され続けている。	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	book of rates|税率表|noun|a table of the rates at which taxes are levied	Charles II|チャールズ二世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 30 January 1649
The method of ascertaining, by a book of rates, the value of goods subject to this duty, is said to be older than the time of James I.	税率表によって、この関税の対象となる商品の価値を確定させる方法は、ジェームズ一世の時代よりも古いと言われている。	ascertain|確定させる|verb|find out or establish with certainty	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	book of rates|税率表|noun|a book that lists the rates for various goods and services	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	be said to be|と言われている|verb|be reported to be	James I|ジェームズ一世|noun|King of England from 24 March 1603
The new subsidy, imposed by the ninth and tenth of William III., was an additional five per cent.	ウィリアム三世の九年目と十年目に課せられた新しい補助金は、さらに5パーセントだった。	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689 until his death	ninth|九年目|noun|the number nine in a series	tenth|十年目|noun|the number ten in a series	additional|さらに|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	five|5|noun|the number five in a series	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the greater part of goods.	商品の大部分に課せられた。	upon|に課せられた|preposition|on	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
The one-third and the two-third subsidy made up between them another five per cent.	三分の一と三分の二の補助金は、その間にさらに5パーセントを占めた。	one-third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	two-third|三分の二|noun|two of three equal parts	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	make up|占める|verb|constitute or comprise	another|さらに|adjective|an additional one	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
of which they were proportionable parts.	これらは、そのうちの比例した部分だった。	of which|そのうちの|preposition|of the thing that	be|だった|verb|exist or live	proportionable|比例した|adjective|having a due proportion
The subsidy of 1747 made a fourth five per cent.	1747年の補助金は、四つ目の5パーセントとなった。	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	fourth|四つ目|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	five|5|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the greater part of goods;	商品の大部分に課せられた。	upon|課せられた|preposition|on	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade; a commodity
and that of 1759, a fifth upon some particular sorts of goods.	そして1759年の補助金は、五つ目の5パーセントとなった。	1759|1759年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	fifth|5パーセント|noun|one of five equal parts	goods|品物|noun|a thing that is produced and sold in a store
Besides those five subsidies, a great variety of other duties have occasionally been imposed upon particular sorts of goods, in order sometimes to relieve the exigencies of the state, and sometimes to regulate the trade of the country, according to the principles of the mercantile system.	これらの五つの補助金のほかに、国家の緊急事態を救済するため、また、重商主義の原則に従って、国の貿易を規制するために、特定の種類の商品に、時折、他の多種多様な関税が課せられた。	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	those five subsidies|これらの五つの補助金|noun phrase|those five subsidies	a great variety of|多種多様な|noun phrase|a great variety of	other duties|他の関税|noun phrase|other duties	have occasionally been imposed upon|課せられた|verb phrase|have occasionally been imposed upon	particular sorts of goods|特定の種類の商品|noun phrase|particular sorts of goods	in order sometimes to relieve|救済するため|verb phrase|in order sometimes to relieve	the exigencies of the state|国家の緊急事態|noun phrase|the exigencies of the state	and sometimes to regulate|規制するため|verb phrase|and sometimes to regulate	the trade of the country|国の貿易|noun phrase|the trade of the country	according to the principles of the mercantile system|重商主義の原則に従って|noun phrase|according to the principles of the mercantile system

That system has come gradually more and more into fashion.	この制度は、しだいに流行するようになった。	come into fashion|流行する|verb|become popular or fashionable	gradually|しだいに|adverb|in a gradual manner; slowly
The old subsidy was imposed indifferently upon exportation, as well as importation.	古い補助金は、輸入だけでなく輸出にも無差別に課せられた。	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing
The four subsequent subsidies, as well as the other duties which have since been occasionally imposed upon particular sorts of goods, have, with a few exceptions, been laid altogether upon importation.	その後の四つの補助金は、それ以来、特定の種類の商品に時折課せられてきた他の関税と同様に、わずかな例外を除いて、すべて輸入に課せられてきた。	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	as well as|と同様に|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	since|以来|preposition|from a particular time in the past until now	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; sometimes	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific, or particular thing	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	have|課せられてきた|verb|possess, own, or hold	few|わずかな|adjective|a small number of	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally; wholly	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country
The greater part of the ancient duties which had been imposed upon the exportation of the goods of home produce and manufacture, have either been lightened or taken away altogether.	国産品や国産品の輸出に課せられていた古代の関税の大部分は、軽減されたか、あるいは完全に撤廃された。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	home produce|国産品|noun|goods produced in one's own country	manufacture|国産品|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something	lighten|軽減する|verb|make lighter or less heavy	take away|撤廃する|verb|remove or withdraw something
In most cases, they have been taken away.	ほとんどの場合、それらは取り去られた。	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually; more often than not	take away|取り去る|verb|remove or carry something from a place
Bounties have even been given upon the exportation of some of them.	それらの一部の輸出に対しては、補助金さえ与えられた。	bounty|補助金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
Drawbacks, too, sometimes of the whole, and, in most cases, of a part of the duties which are paid upon the importation of foreign goods, have been granted upon their exportation.	外国製品の輸入に際して支払われる関税の一部、あるいはほとんどの場合、その全部について、輸出に際して払い戻しが認められている。	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services out of a country for sale
Only half the duties imposed by the old subsidy upon importation, are drawn back upon exportation;	古い補助金によって輸入に課せられた関税の半分だけが、輸出の際に払い戻される。	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts into which something is or can be divided	draw back|払い戻す|verb|to take back or withdraw	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting something
but the whole of those imposed by the latter subsidies and other imposts are, upon the greater parts of the goods, drawn back in the same manner.	しかし、後者の補助金やその他の課税によって課せられた関税の全額は、商品の大部分について、同様に払い戻される。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	whole|全額|noun|all of something	those|それら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	imposed|課せられた|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	other|その他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	impost|課税|noun|a tax, especially one on imported goods	upon|について|preposition|on top of; on	greater|大部分|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	drawn back|払い戻される|verb|to take back or withdraw	manner|同様に|noun|a way of doing something
This growing favour of exportation, and discouragement of importation, have suffered only a few exceptions, which chiefly concern the materials of some manufactures.	輸出を優遇し、輸入を阻害するこの傾向は、主に一部の製造業の原材料に関するわずかな例外を除いて、拡大している。	favour|優遇|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	discouragement|阻害|noun|the action of discouraging	importation|輸入|noun|the action of importing	suffer|除いて|verb|feel pain in a part of your body	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or rule	chiefly|主に|adverb|above all; mainly	concern|関する|verb|be about or connected with	material|原材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machinery, especially on a large scale
These our merchants and manufacturers are willing should come as cheap as possible to themselves, and as dear as possible to their rivals and competitors in other countries.	これらの原材料は、我が国の商人や製造業者にとってできるだけ安く、他の国の競合他社にとってはできるだけ高く入手できることが望ましい。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	willing|望ましい|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	cheap|安い|adjective|low in price or value	dear|高い|adjective|high in price or value	rival|競合他社|noun|a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field of activity
Foreign materials are, upon this account, sometimes allowed to be imported duty-free; spanish wool, for example, flax, and raw linen yarn.	このため、外国の原材料は、スペイン産の羊毛、亜麻、生麻糸など、無税で輸入できることがある。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	material|原材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	sometimes|ことがある|adverb|occasionally; at times	allow|できる|verb|permit; let	duty-free|無税|adjective|exempt from taxes or excises	spanish|スペイン産の|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	flax|亜麻|noun|a plant of the genus Linum	raw|生|adjective|not cooked	linen|麻|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	yarn|糸|noun|a continuous length of interlocked fibers, either natural or synthetic, used in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, and rope making
The exportation of the materials of home produce, and of those which are the particular produce of our colonies, has sometimes been prohibited, and sometimes subjected to higher duties.	国産の原材料や植民地の特定の産物の輸出は、禁止されたり、高関税が課せられたりすることがある。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	home produce|国産|noun|the produce of one's own country	material|原材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	higher|高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent than average or usual	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
The exportation of English wool has been prohibited.	英国産羊毛の輸出は禁止されている。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	English|英国産|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft wavy or curly hair forming the coat of a sheep or goat	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid
That of beaver skins, of beaver wool, and of gum-senega, has been subjected to higher duties;	ビーバーの皮、ビーバーの毛、セネガガムの輸出には高関税が課せられている。	beaver skin|ビーバーの皮|noun|the skin of a beaver	beaver wool|ビーバーの毛|noun|the wool of a beaver	gum-senega|セネガガム|noun|a gum obtained from the roots of a plant	be subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo	higher duty|高関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
Great Britain, by the conquests of Canada and Senegal, having got almost the monopoly of those commodities.	イギリスは、カナダとセネガルを征服したことで、これらの商品をほぼ独占している。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Canada|カナダ|noun|a country in northern North America	Senegal|セネガル|noun|a country in West Africa	conquest|征服|noun|the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by military force	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold

That the mercantile system has not been very favourable to the revenue of the great body of the people, to the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, I have endeavoured to show in the fourth book of this Inquiry.	重商主義が、国民の大多数の収入や、国の土地と労働の年間生産物にあまり好ましくなかったことを、私はこの研究の第4巻で示そうと努力した。	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic system in which the government intervenes to increase the wealth of the nation by encouraging exports and limiting imports	favourable|好ましい|adjective|to be approved of or liked	revenue|収入|noun|income	great body of the people|国民の大多数|noun|the majority of the people	annual produce|年間生産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a year	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	endeavour|努力する|verb|to try hard to do or achieve something	fourth|第4|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	inquiry|研究|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.
It seems not to have been more favourable to the revenue of the sovereign;	重商主義は、君主の収入にもあまり好ましくなかったようである。	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be	favourable|好ましい|adjective|giving approval to	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler
so far, at least, as that revenue depends upon the duties of customs.	少なくとも、その収入が関税に依存している限りは。	so far|少なくとも|adverb|to the extent or degree that	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	depend|依存する|verb|be controlled or determined by	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods

In consequence of that system, the importation of several sorts of goods has been prohibited altogether.	この制度の結果、いくつかの種類の品物の輸入が全面的に禁止された。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country from abroad for sale	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	goods|品物|noun|merchandise; wares	altogether|全面的に|adverb|completely; totally
This prohibition has, in some cases, entirely prevented, and in others has very much diminished, the importation of those commodities, by reducing the importers to the necessity of smuggling.	この禁止は、ある場合には、輸入業者を密輸の必要性に追い込むことで、それらの品物の輸入を完全に阻止し、またある場合には、非常に減少させた。	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of two or more people or things	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	commodity|品物|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	importer|輸入業者|noun|a person or company that imports goods or services	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people
It has entirely prevented the importation of foreign wollens;	外国製の毛織物の輸入は完全に阻止された。	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	importation|輸入|noun|the act of bringing something in from a foreign country	foreign|外国製|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	wollens|毛織物|noun|a fabric made from wool
and it has very much diminished that of foreign silks and velvets,	外国製の絹やビロードの輸入は非常に減少した。	foreign|外国製の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	velvet|ビロード|noun|a fabric with a thick, soft, smooth surface
In both cases, it has entirely annihilated the revenue of customs which might have been levied upon such importation.	どちらの場合も、そうした輸入品に課せられたかもしれない関税収入を完全に消滅させた。	in both cases|どちらの場合も|adverb|in either situation	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	annihilate|消滅させる|verb|destroy utterly	revenue|収入|noun|income	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	have been levied|課せられた|verb|have been imposed	importation|輸入品|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country

The high duties which have been imposed upon the importation of many different sorts of foreign goods in order to discourage their consumption in Great Britain, have, in many cases, served only to encourage smuggling, and, in all cases, have reduced the revenues of the customs below what more moderate duties would have afforded.	イギリスでの消費を阻止するために、多くの異なる種類の外国製品の輸入に課せられた高関税は、多くの場合、密輸を助長するだけに終わり、いずれの場合も、関税収入をより穏当な関税がもたらすであろう額よりも低下させた。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	discourage|阻止する|verb|prevent or try to prevent from doing something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	high|高い|adjective|of great vertical extent	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	serve|助長する|verb|be of use to	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	revenue|収入|noun|income	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	afford|もたらす|verb|have enough money to pay for
The saying of Dr. Swift, that in the arithmetic of the customs, two and two, instead of making four, make sometimes only one, holds perfectly true with regard to such heavy duties, which never could have been imposed, had not the mercantile system taught us, in many cases, to employ taxation as an instrument, not of revenue, but of monopoly.	スウィフト博士の格言によれば、関税の算術では、二足す二は四になるのではなく、時には一になるだけだが、重税についてはこの格言は完全に真実であり、重商主義が多くの場合に課税を収入ではなく独占の道具として用いることを教えなかったら、重税は決して課せられなかったであろう。	Dr. Swift|スウィフト博士|noun|Jonathan Swift, an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin	arithmetic|算術|noun|the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of numbers using various operations on them	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	two and two|二足す二|noun|the sum of two and two	four|四|noun|the number 4	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	one|一|noun|the number 1	hold true|真実である|verb|be valid or correct	heavy duty|重税|noun|a high tax	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism	teach|教える|verb|impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something	many cases|多くの場合|noun|a large number of instances	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of tax	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service

The bounties which are sometimes given upon the exportation of home produce and manufactures, and the drawbacks which are paid upon the re-exportation of the greater part of foreign goods, have given occasion to many frauds, and to a species of smuggling, more destructive of the public revenue than any other.	国産品や国産製品の輸出に与えられることがある奨励金や、外国製品の大部分の再輸出に支払われる払い戻し金は、多くの詐欺や、他の何よりも公的収入を破壊する密輸の一種を招いてきた。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be someone else	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	destructive|破壊的な|adjective|causing great and irreparable damage or harm	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government from taxation and other sources
In order to obtain the bounty or drawback, the goods, it is well known, are sometimes shipped, and sent to sea, but soon afterwards clandestinely re-landed in some other part of the country.	奨励金や払い戻し金を得るために、商品が船積みされて海に送られることがあるが、その後すぐに密かに国内の他の場所に再上陸させられることはよく知られている。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	drawback|払い戻し金|noun|a disadvantage or problem	obtain|得る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	well known|よく知られている|adjective|famous	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	ship|船積みする|verb|send by ship	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	clandestinely|密かに|adverb|secretly	re-land|再上陸させる|verb|land again	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The defalcation of the revenue of customs occasioned by bounties and drawbacks, of which a great part are obtained fraudulently, is very great.	奨励金や払い戻し金によって生じる関税収入の横領は、その大部分が不正に取得されているが、非常に大きい。	defalcation|横領|noun|the misappropriation of money or property entrusted to one's care	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	drawback|払い戻し金|noun|a disadvantage or problem	fraudulently|不正に|adverb|in a dishonest or deceptive manner	great|大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance
The gross produce of the customs, in the year which ended on the 5th of January 1755, amounted to £5,068,000.	1755年1月5日に終わった年の税関の総生産額は506万8000ポンドに達した。	gross produce|総生産額|noun|the total value of goods and services produced in a country during one year	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	the year|その年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	end|終わる|verb|come or bring to a final point; finish	5th|5日|noun|the ordinal number of five	January|1月|noun|the first month of the year	1755|1755年|noun|the year 1755	amount to|達する|verb|be equivalent to	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
The bounties which were paid out of this revenue, though in that year there was no bounty upon corn, amounted to £167,806.	この収入から支払われた奨励金は、その年には穀物に対する奨励金がなかったにもかかわらず、16万7806ポンドに達した。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	year|年|noun|the period of time that the earth takes to make one complete orbit of the sun	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as
The drawbacks which were paid upon debentures and certificates, to £2,156,800.	債券や証明書に対して支払われた払い戻し金は215万6800ポンドに達した。	debenture|債券|noun|a bond that is not secured by a specific asset	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that attests to the truth of something	drawback|払い戻し金|noun|a disadvantage or problem	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	reach|達する|verb|arrive at a destination
Bounties and drawbacks together amounted to £2,324,600.	奨励金と払い戻し金は合わせて232万4600ポンドに達した。	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	drawback|払い戻し金|noun|a disadvantage or problem	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	2,324,600|232万4600|numeral|two million three hundred twenty-four thousand six hundred
In consequence of these deductions, the revenue of the customs amounted only to £2,743,400;	これらの控除の結果、税関の収入はわずか274万3400ポンドに達した。	in consequence of|の結果|preposition|as a result of	deduction|控除|noun|the action of deducting or subtracting something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	£2,743,400|274万3400ポンド|noun|a sum of money
from which deducting £287,900 for the expense of management, in salaries and other incidents, the neat revenue of the customs for that year comes out to be £2,455,500.	そこから給与やその他の事案の管理費として28万7900ポンドを差し引くと、その年の税関の純収入は245万5500ポンドとなる。	from which|そこから|adverb|from that place	deduct|差し引く|verb|take away or subtract	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	other|その他の|adjective|additional; further; more	incident|事案|noun|an event or occurrence	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	come out to be|となる|verb|amount to; be equal to
The expense of management, amounts, in this manner, to between five and six per cent.	このように、管理費は5~6%にのぼる。	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	management|管理|noun|the process of managing something	amount|のぼる|verb|be equal to in number or quantity	five|5|noun|the number 5	six|6|noun|the number 6	percent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon the gross revenue of the customs;	税関の総収入に対してである。	upon|に対して|preposition|on top of	gross revenue|総収入|noun|the total amount of money a company makes before any deductions	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country
and to something more than ten per cent.	そして10%以上になる。	ten|10|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than
upon what remains of that revenue, after deducting what is paid away in bounties and drawbacks.	奨励金や払い戻しで支払われたものを差し引いた後の収入の残りに対してである。	remain|残り|verb|be left after others have been removed	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	drawback|払い戻し|noun|a disadvantage or problem

Heavy duties being imposed upon almost all goods imported, our merchant importers smuggle as much, and make entry of as little as they can.	輸入されるほとんどすべての品物に重税が課せられているので、我が国の輸入商人はできるだけ密輸し、できるだけ輸入を少なくする。	heavy duty|重税|noun|a high tax	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	almost all|ほとんどすべて|determiner|nearly all	goods|品物|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who imports or exports goods illegally	as much as|できるだけ|adverb|to the greatest extent or degree possible	as little as|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree possible
Our merchant exporters, on the contrary, make entry of more than they export;	反対に、我が国の輸出商人は輸出するよりも多く輸出申告する。	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the contrary; on the other hand	make entry of|輸出申告する|verb|to make a record of something in a book or other document	more than|よりも多く|adverb|to a greater extent than	export|輸出する|verb|to send or take goods or services to another country for sale
sometimes out of vanity, and to pass for great dealers in goods which pay no duty gain a bounty back.	時には虚栄心から、また無税で奨励金がもらえる品物の大商人と思われるために。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	out of|から|preposition|from	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	pass for|と思われる|verb|be accepted as	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	dealer|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	goods|品物|noun|an article of merchandise	pay|払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	duty|税|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy
Our exports, in consequence of these different frauds, appear upon the custom-house books greatly to overbalance our imports, to the unspeakable comfort of those politicians, who measure the national prosperity by what they call the balance of trade.	これらのさまざまな不正行為の結果、我が国の輸出は税関の帳簿上、輸入を大幅に上回っているように見え、貿易収支と呼ばれるもので国の繁栄を測る政治家たちを言葉にできないほど安心させている。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	fraud|不正行為|noun|the crime of deceiving someone in order to gain something	appear|見える|verb|be or become visible	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where duties are collected on imported goods	overbalance|上回る|verb|be greater in weight, value, or importance than (something else)	politician|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in politics, especially as a holder of or a candidate for an elected office	measure|測る|verb|ascertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units or by comparing it with an object of known size	national prosperity|国の繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services

All goods imported, unless particularly exempted, and such exemptions are not very numerous, are liable to some duties of customs.	輸入されるすべての品物は、特に免除されない限り、またそのような免除は非常に多くはないが、関税の対象となる。	import|輸入する|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	good|品物|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	liable|対象となる|adjective|legally responsible for something	customs|関税|noun|a duty or tax imposed on imported or exported goods
If any goods are imported, not mentioned in the book of rates, they are taxed at 4s:93⁄4d. for every twenty shillings value, according to the oath of the importer, that is, nearly at five subsidies, or five poundage duties.	関税率表に記載されていない品物が輸入された場合、輸入者の宣誓に基づき、20シリングごとに4シリング93⁄4ペンスの税金が課せられる。これはほぼ5つの補助金、または5つのポンド税に相当する。	book of rates|関税率表|noun|a book that lists the rates of duty on imported goods	import|輸入する|verb|bring in goods or services from another country	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	oath|宣誓|noun|a solemn promise or statement of fact	importer|輸入者|noun|a person or company that imports goods or services	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a sum of money equal to twenty shillings	five subsidies|5つの補助金|noun|a sum of money given by the government to help an industry or business	five poundage duties|5つのポンド税|noun|a tax of five pounds per unit of weight or value
The book of rates is extremely comprehensive, and enumerates a great variety of articles, many of them little used, and, therefore, not well known.	関税率表は非常に包括的で、多種多様な品目を列挙しているが、その多くはほとんど使われておらず、そのためあまり知られていない。	book of rates|関税率表|noun|a book that lists the rates of customs duties	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	comprehensive|包括的|adjective|covering or including much; inclusive	enumerate|列挙する|verb|specify one by one	great variety|多種多様|noun|a large number of different types of things	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	many of them|その多く|noun|a large number of people or things	little used|ほとんど使われていない|adjective|not used very much	not well known|あまり知られていない|adjective|not famous or well-known
It is, upon this account, frequently uncertain under what article a particular sort of goods ought to be classed, and, consequently what duty they ought to pay.	このため、特定の種類の品物をどの品目に分類すべきか、またその結果、どのような関税を支払うべきかが不明確になることがよくある。	upon this account|このため|adverb|for this reason	frequently|よく|adverb|often	uncertain|不明確|adjective|not known or definite	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	ought to|べき|auxiliary verb|should	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a good or service
Mistakes with regard to this sometimes ruin the custom-house officer, and frequently occasion much trouble, expense, and vexation to the importer.	これに関する間違いは、税関職員を破滅させることがあり、輸入者に多くのトラブル、出費、悩みをもたらすことが多い。	mistake|間違い|noun|an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgment caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.	regard to|に関する|preposition|with reference to; concerning	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	custom-house officer|税関職員|noun|a person who works at a custom-house	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	occasion|もたらす|verb|be the cause of; bring about	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	vexation|悩み|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried
In point of perspicuity, precision, and distinctness, therefore, the duties of customs are much inferior to those of excise.	したがって、明瞭性、正確性、明確性の点で、関税は消費税よりもはるかに劣っている。	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	perspicuity|明瞭性|noun|the quality of being clear and easy to understand	precision|正確性|noun|the quality of being exact or accurate	distinctness|明確性|noun|the quality of being clear and easy to understand	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	excise|消費税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods and services produced or sold within a country

In order that the greater part of the members of any society should contribute to the public revenue, in proportion to their respective expense, it does not seem necessary that every single article of that expense should be taxed.	社会の構成員の大部分が、それぞれの支出に応じて公的収入に貢献するためには、その支出のすべての品目に課税する必要はないと思われる。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	member|構成員|noun|a person who belongs to a group or an organization	society|社会|noun|the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	every single|すべての|adjective|each and every one of	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on
The revenue which is levied by the duties of excise is supposed to fall as equally upon the contributors as that which is levied by the duties of customs;	消費税によって徴収される収入は、関税によって徴収される収入と同様に、納税者に平等に課せられると考えられている。	revenue|収入|noun|income	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity or service	customs|関税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who pays tax	equally|平等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	suppose|考えられている|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable
and the duties of excise are imposed upon a few articles only of the most general used and consumption.	そして、消費税は、最も一般的に使用され消費される少数の品目にのみ課せられる。	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	a few|少数の|determiner|a small number of	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something; not specialized or limited	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
It has been the opinion of many people, that, by proper management, the duties of customs might likewise, without any loss to the public revenue, and with great advantage to foreign trade, be confined to a few articles only.	多くの人々の意見では、適切な管理によって、関税も同様に、公的収入を損なうことなく、また、外国貿易に大きな利益をもたらすように、少数の品目に限定することができるとされている。	opinion|意見|noun|a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge	many people|多くの人々|noun|a large number of people	proper management|適切な管理|noun|the process of managing something in a way that is correct or suitable	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|the exchange of goods and services between countries	be confined to|限定される|verb|be limited to	a few articles|少数の品目|noun|a small number of items

The foreign articles, of the most general use and consumption in Great Britain, seem at present to consist chiefly in foreign wines and brandies;	イギリスで最も一般的に使用され消費されている外国製品は、現在のところ主に外国産のワインとブランデーであると思われる。	foreign article|外国製品|noun|a product made in a foreign country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	at present|現在のところ|adverb|at the present time; now	consist in|～にある|verb|be composed or made up of	foreign wine|外国産のワイン|noun|a wine made in a foreign country	brandy|ブランデー|noun|a strong alcoholic drink made from distilled wine or fermented fruit juice
in some of the productions of America and the West Indies, sugar, rum, tobacco, cocoa-nuts, etc.	アメリカや西インド諸島の産物である砂糖、ラム酒、タバコ、ココナッツなどである。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking	cocoa-nut|ココナッツ|noun|the large brown seed of a tropical palm, having a hard woody shell lined with edible white flesh and containing a clear liquid
and in some of those of the East Indies, tea, coffee, china-ware, spiceries of all kinds, several sorts of piece-goods, etc.	東インド諸島の産物である茶、コーヒー、陶磁器、あらゆる種類の香辛料、数種類の布製品などである。	East Indies|東インド諸島|noun|the islands of Southeast Asia	tea|茶|noun|a hot drink made by infusing the dried, cured leaves of the tea plant in boiling water	coffee|コーヒー|noun|a hot drink made from the roasted and ground beans of a tropical shrub	china-ware|陶磁器|noun|objects made from clay and hardened by heat	spicery|香辛料|noun|a spice or a mixture of spices	piece-goods|布製品|noun|a piece of cloth of a particular length, especially as produced by a loom
These different articles afford, the greater part of the perhaps, at present, revenue which is drawn from the duties of customs.	これらの品目は、おそらく現在、関税から得られる収入の大部分を占めている。	afford|占める|verb|to be able to pay for	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	at present|現在|adverb|at the moment; now	revenue|収入|noun|income	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
The taxes which at present subsist upon foreign manufactures, if you except those upon the few contained in the foregoing enumeration, have, the greater part of them, been imposed for the purpose, not of revenue, but of monopoly, or to give our own merchants an advantage in the home market.	前述の列挙に含まれる少数のものを除いて、現在外国製品に課せられている税金は、その大部分が収入を得るためではなく、独占のため、あるいは自国の商人に国内市場で有利に働くように課せられている。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	subsist|課せられる|verb|exist or continue to exist	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	manufacture|製品|noun|a product that has been made in a factory	except|除いて|verb|not include; leave out	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time or order	enumeration|列挙|noun|the action of mentioning a number of things one by one	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	give|与える|verb|cause someone or something to receive	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	advantage|有利|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
By removing all prohibitions, and by subjecting all foreign manufactures to such moderate taxes, as it was found from experience, afforded upon each article the greatest revenue to the public, our own workmen might still have a considerable advantage in the home market;	すべての禁止を撤廃し、すべての外国製品に、経験から判明したように、各品目について国民に最大の収入をもたらす程度の適度な税金を課すことで、自国の労働者は依然として国内市場でかなりの優位性を保つことができるだろう。	remove|撤廃する|verb|take away or off	prohibition|禁止|noun|the action of forbidding something, especially by law	subject|課す|verb|cause to experience or undergo	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things made in a factory	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	afford|もたらす|verb|provide or supply	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	public|国民|noun|the people as a whole	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works in a skilled or unskilled manual job	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position
and many articles, some of which at present afford no revenue to government, and others a very inconsiderable one, might afford a very great one.	そして、現在政府に収入をもたらさない品目や、ごくわずかな収入しかもたらさない品目も、非常に大きな収入をもたらすようになるかもしれない。	afford|もたらす|verb|to be able to do something without causing problems	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources

High taxes, sometimes by diminishing the consumption of the taxed commodities, and sometimes by encouraging smuggling frequently afford a smaller revenue to government than what might be drawn from more moderate taxes.	高い税金は、課税対象商品の消費を減らしたり、密輸を助長したりすることで、より適度な税金から得られる収入よりも政府の収入が減ることが多い。	high tax|高い税金|noun|a tax that is higher than average	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	taxed commodity|課税対象商品|noun|a good or service that is subject to taxation	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	encourage|助長する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	afford|与える|verb|provide or supply	smaller revenue|より少ない収入|noun|a lesser amount of money received	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	what|もの|noun|that which	might be drawn|得られる|verb|obtain or derive	more moderate tax|より適度な税金|noun|a tax that is not as high as average

When the diminution of revenue is the effect of the diminution of consumption, there can be but one remedy, and that is the lowering of the tax.	収入の減少が消費の減少によるものである場合、唯一の救済策は税率の引き下げである。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	remedy|救済策|noun|a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury	lowering|引き下げ|noun|the action of reducing something	tax|税率|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
When the diminution of revenue is the effect of the encouragement given to smuggling, it may, perhaps, be remedied in two ways;	収入の減少が密輸の助長によるものである場合、おそらく二つの方法で是正することができる。	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	effect|結果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	encouragement|助長|noun|the action of giving someone support, confidence, or hope	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border or other boundary	remedy|是正する|verb|to put right; to correct	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one; 2
either by diminishing the temptation to smuggle, or by increasing the difficulty of smuggling.	密輸の誘惑を減らすか、密輸の困難さを増やすかである。	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two alternatives	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult
The temptation to smuggle can be diminished only by the lowering of the tax;	密輸の誘惑は、税率の引き下げによってのみ減らすことができる。	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	lowering|引き下げ|noun|the action of reducing something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
and the difficulty of smuggling can be increased only by establishing that system of administration which is most proper for preventing it.	そして密輸の困難さは、それを防ぐのに最も適した行政システムを確立することによってのみ増やすことができる。	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or quality of being difficult	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border	can be increased|増やすことができる|verb|be able to be made greater	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	by establishing|確立することによって|verb|by setting up or bringing into existence	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	which is most proper for|最も適した|relative clause|that is most suitable for	preventing|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising

The excise laws, it appears, I believe, from experience, obstruct and embarrass the operations of the smuggler much more effectually than those of the customs.	経験から考えると、消費税法は関税法よりも密輸業者の活動をはるかに効果的に妨害し、困難にしているように思われる。	excise law|消費税法|noun|a law that imposes a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events	obstruct|妨害する|verb|be or get in the way of	embarrass|困難にする|verb|cause to feel awkward, self-conscious, or ashamed	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who smuggles goods	customs|関税法|noun|a system of duties imposed by a government on imported or exported goods
By introducing into the customs a system of administration as similar to that of the excise as the nature of the different duties will admit, the difficulty of smuggling might be very much increased.	関税に、異なる関税の性質が許す限り消費税のそれに似た管理システムを導入することによって、密輸の困難さは非常に増大するかもしれない。	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business or organization	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	admit|許す|verb|allow to enter	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	increase|増大する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
This alteration, it has been supposed by many people, might very easily be brought about.	この変更は、多くの人が想定しているように、非常に簡単に実現できるかもしれない。	alteration|変更|noun|the act of changing something	many people|多くの人|noun|a large number of people	very easily|非常に簡単に|adverb|in a very easy manner	bring about|実現する|verb|cause to happen

The importer of commodities liable to any duties of customs, it has been said, might, at his option, be allowed either to carry them to his own private warehouse;	関税の対象となる商品の輸入者は、自分の選択で、それらを自分の私設倉庫に運ぶか、	importer|輸入者|noun|a person or company that brings in goods from a foreign country	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	liable|対象となる|adjective|legally responsible for something	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	option|選択|noun|the right or ability to choose	private|私設|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale
or to lodge them in a warehouse, provided either at his own expense or at that of the public, but under the key of the custom-house officer, and never to be opened but in his presence.	あるいは、自費または公費で用意された倉庫に預け、税関職員の鍵の下で保管し、その職員の面前でしか開封できないようにすればよいとされている。	lodge|預ける|verb|to provide with temporary accommodation	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	at one's own expense|自費で|adverb|using one's own money	at the expense of|公費で|adverb|using public money	under the key of|鍵の下で|adverb|locked	in the presence of|面前で|adverb|when someone is there
If the merchant carried them to his own private warehouse, the duties to be immediately paid, and never afterwards to be drawn back;	商人が自分の私設倉庫に運んだ場合、関税は即時に支払われ、その後は決して返金されない。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	private|私設|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	immediately|即時に|adverb|at once; instantly	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	draw back|返金|verb|to move or cause to move back or away
and that warehouse to be at all times subject to the visit and examination of the custom-house officer, in order to ascertain how far the quantity contained in it corresponded with that for which the duty had been paid.	そして、その倉庫は、税関職員の訪問と検査をいつでも受けられるようにし、その中に含まれている量が、関税が支払われた量とどの程度一致しているかを確認できるようにする。	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	subject to|受けられる|adjective|exposed or liable to	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going or coming to see a person or place socially, as a guest or for sightseeing	examination|検査|noun|the act of inspecting or investigating something closely and thoroughly	custom-house officer|税関職員|noun|a person who works at a custom-house	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	correspond|一致する|verb|be in harmony or agreement	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
If he carried them to the public warehouse, no duty to be paid till they were taken out for home consumption.	商人が公の倉庫に運んだ場合、国内消費のために取り出されるまで関税は支払われない。	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	public warehouse|公の倉庫|noun|a warehouse that is open to the public	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used by a country's residents
If taken out for exportation, to be duty-free; proper security being always given that they should be so exported.	輸出のために取り出された場合は、関税が免除される。適切な保証は、常にそれらが輸出されるように与えられる。	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	duty-free|免税|adjective|not subject to taxes or excise	security|保証|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	give|与える|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone
The dealers in those particular commodities, either by wholesale or retail, to be at all times subject to the visit and examination of the custom-house officer;	これらの特定の商品の卸売業者または小売業者は、いつでも税関職員の訪問と検査を受けなければならない。	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	wholesale|卸売|noun|the sale of goods in large quantities to be retailed by others	retail|小売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	subject to|受けなければならない|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	visit|訪問|noun|an act of going or coming to see a person or place socially, as a guest or for sightseeing	examination|検査|noun|a detailed inspection or investigation
and to be obliged to justify, by proper certificates, the payment of the duty upon the whole quantity contained in their shops or warehouses.	そして、適切な証明書によって、彼らの店や倉庫に含まれている全量に対する関税の支払いを正当化することを義務付けられる。	be obliged to|義務付けられる|verb|be required to do something	justify|正当化する|verb|show or prove to be right or reasonable	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	certificate|証明書|noun|a document that formally states that something is true or that someone has a particular status or right	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale
What are called the excise duties upon rum imported, are at present levied in this manner;	輸入ラム酒に対する物品税と呼ばれるものは、現在この方法で徴収されている。	excise duty|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	import|輸入|verb|bring in (goods or services) from a foreign country	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)
and the same system of administration might, perhaps, be extended to all duties upon goods imported;	そして、同じ管理システムが、おそらく、輸入品に対するすべての関税に拡大されるかもしれない。	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business or organization	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	import|輸入品|noun|a product brought into a country from abroad
provided always that those duties were, like the duties of excise, confined to a few sorts of goods of the most general use and consumption.	ただし、これらの関税は、物品税のように、最も一般的に使用され消費される数種類の商品に限定される。	provide|ただし|verb|to give or supply	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	confine|限定される|verb|to keep or restrict within limits	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using something up
If they were extended to almost all sorts of goods, as at present, public warehouses of sufficient extent could not easily be provided;	もし、現在のようにほとんどすべての種類の商品に拡大されたら、十分な規模の公共倉庫を簡単に用意することはできないだろう。	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	public|公共の|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	provide|用意する|verb|make available for use; supply
and goods of a very delicate nature, or of which the preservation required much care and attention, could not safely be trusted by the merchant in any warehouse but his own.	そして、非常にデリケートな性質の商品や、保存に多くの注意と注意を要する商品は、商人自身の倉庫以外では安全に信頼することはできない。	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	preservation|保存|noun|the act of keeping something in its original state	require|要する|verb|need for a particular purpose	care|注意|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	safely|安全に|adverb|in a safe manner	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale

If, by such a system of administration, smuggling to any considerable extent could be prevented, even under pretty high duties;	もし、このような管理システムによって、かなり高い関税の下でさえ、かなりの程度の密輸を防ぐことができるならば、	system|システム|noun|a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	extent|程度|noun|the area covered by something	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
and if every duty was occasionally either heightened or lowered according as it was most likely, either the one way or the other, to afford the greatest revenue to the state;	そして、すべての関税が、国家に最大の収入をもたらす可能性が最も高い方法に応じて、時折引き上げられたり引き下げられたりするならば、	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; from time to time	heighten|引き上げる|verb|make higher	lower|引き下げる|verb|make lower	afford|もたらす|verb|be able to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation
taxation being always employed as an instrument of revenue, and never of monopoly;	課税は常に収入の道具として使われ、独占の道具として使われることはなく、	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	employ|使う|verb|use	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	revenue|収入|noun|income	never|決して|adverb|not ever; on no occasion; at no time	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service
it seems not improbable that a revenue, at least equal to the present neat revenue of the customs, might be drawn from duties upon the importation of only a few sorts of goods of the most general use and consumption;	少なくとも現在の関税の純収入に等しい収入が、最も一般的に使用され消費される数種類の商品の輸入に対する関税から得られる可能性は低くないと思われる。	revenue|収入|noun|income	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	might|得られる|auxiliary verb|be possible or likely	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country	only|数種類の|adjective|not more than; solely	sort|種類|noun|a category of things	goods|商品|noun|merchandise	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	consumption|消費|noun|the action of using something up
and that the duties of customs might thus be brought to the same degree of simplicity, certainty, and precision, as those of excise.	そして、関税は、消費税と同じ程度の単純さ、確実性、正確さをもたらすことができるかもしれない。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale or manufacture of goods	simplicity|単純さ|noun|the quality or condition of being easy to understand or do	certainty|確実性|noun|the quality or state of being certain	precision|正確さ|noun|the quality, condition, or fact of being exact and accurate
What the revenue at present loses by drawbacks upon the re-exportation of foreign goods, which are afterwards re-landed and consumed at home, would, under this system, be saved altogether.	外国製品の再輸出に際して、その後再上陸して国内で消費されるものについては、現在のところ収入が減額によって失われているが、この制度の下では、それらはすべて節約されるだろう。	revenue|収入|noun|income	at present|現在|adverb|now	lose|失う|verb|be deprived of or cease to have or retain	drawback|減額|noun|a disadvantage or problem	re-exportation|再輸出|noun|the exportation of something that has been imported	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	goods|製品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	afterwards|その後|adverb|later; subsequently	re-landed|再上陸|verb|land again	consumed|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	at home|国内で|adverb|in one's own country	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention or determination	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method
If to this saving, which would alone be very considerable, were added the abolition of all bounties upon the exportation of home produce;	この節約だけでもかなりのものだが、これに国産品の輸出に対するあらゆる奨励金の廃止が加われば、	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money that is spent	alone|だけでも|adverb|only; without anyone or anything else	considerable|かなりのもの|adjective|large in amount or extent	add|加わる|verb|join or combine two or more things together	abolition|廃止|noun|the ending of something	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of sending goods or services to another country for sale	home produce|国産品|noun|goods produced in one's own country
in all cases in which those bounties were not in reality drawbacks of some duties of excise which had before been advanced;	これらの奨励金が実際には以前に前払いされた消費税の一部を減額したものではない場合には、	in all cases|すべての場合に|noun phrase|in every situation	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward, typically a sum of money, offered for the capture or death of a criminal or enemy	in reality|実際には|adverb|in fact; really	drawback|減額|noun|a disadvantage or problem	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods or services	advance|前払い|verb|pay or give something before it is due
it cannot well be doubted, but that the neat revenue of customs might, after an alteration of this kind, be fully equal to what it had ever been before.	関税の純収入は、この種の変更の後、これまでに得られた収入と完全に同等になるだろうことは疑いようがない。	it cannot be doubted|疑いようがない|verb|be certain or sure	neat|純粋な|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	fully|完全に|adverb|completely or entirely	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status

If, by such a change of system, the public revenue suffered no loss, the trade and manufactures of the country would certainly gain a very considerable advantage.	このような制度の変更によって、公的収入が損失を被らなければ、その国の貿易と製造業は確かに非常に大きな利益を得るだろう。	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	suffer|被る|verb|undergo or experience something bad	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
The trade in the commodities not taxed, by far the greatest number would be perfectly free, and might be carried on to and from all parts of the world with every possible advantage.	課税されない商品の貿易は、圧倒的に多くが完全に自由であり、あらゆる可能な利点をもって世界のあらゆる地域との間で行われるだろう。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	far|圧倒的に|adverb|by a great distance	great|多い|adjective|of major significance or importance	number|数|noun|a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a manner or to a degree that is flawless or faultless	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	part|地域|noun|something that is less than the whole	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
Among those commodities would be comprehended all the necessaries of life, and all the materials of manufacture.	これらの商品には、生活必需品や製造材料のすべてが含まれる。	among|中に|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	comprehend|含む|verb|include or comprise	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
So far as the free importation of the necessaries of life reduced their average money price in the home market, it would reduce the money price of labour, but without reducing in any respect its real recompence.	生活必需品の自由輸入が国内市場での平均貨幣価格を下げる限り、労働の貨幣価格は下がるが、その実質報酬はいかなる点でも下がらない。	so far as|限り|conjunction|to the extent that	free importation|自由輸入|noun|the act of bringing goods into a country without paying taxes or duties	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	average money price|平均貨幣価格|noun|the average price of a good or service in terms of money	home market|国内市場|noun|the market for goods and services within a country	reduce|下がる|verb|make or become smaller or less	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of a good or service in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	without reducing|下がらない|verb|not make or become smaller or less	real recompence|実質報酬|noun|the actual reward or benefit received for something
The value of money is in proportion to the quantity of the necessaries of life which it will purchase.	貨幣の価値は、それが購入する生活必需品の量に比例する。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for
That of the necessaries of life is altogether independent of the quantity of money which can be had for them.	生活必需品の価値は、それらのために得られる貨幣の量とは全く無関係である。	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	independent|無関係|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
The reduction in the money price of labour would necessarily be attended with a proportionable one in that of all home manufactures, which would thereby gain some advantage in all foreign markets.	労働の貨幣価格の低下は、必然的にすべての国内製造業の貨幣価格の低下を伴い、それによってすべての海外市場で何らかの利益を得ることになる。	reduction|低下|noun|the act of reducing something	money price|貨幣価格|noun|the price of something in terms of money	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	attend|伴う|verb|go with or accompany	proportionable|比例した|adjective|being in proportion	one|1つ|noun|the number 1	home manufacture|国内製造業|noun|the manufacture of goods in one's own country	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	gain|得る|verb|obtain or win something	some advantage|何らかの利益|noun|a benefit or gain	foreign market|海外市場|noun|a market outside one's own country
The price of some manufactures would be reduced, in a still greater proportion, by the free importation of the raw materials.	一部の製造業の価格は、原材料の自由輸入によって、さらに大きな割合で低下するだろう。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	reduce|低下する|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	raw material|原材料|noun|a material or substance used in the primary production or manufacture of goods	free importation|自由輸入|noun|the act of bringing in goods from a foreign country without paying import duties
If raw silk could be imported from China and Indostan, duty-free, the silk manufacturers in England could greatly undersell those of both France and Italy.	生糸を中国やインドから免税で輸入できれば、イギリスの絹織物業者はフランスやイタリアの業者よりもはるかに安く売ることができるだろう。	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed	China|中国|noun|a country in East Asia	Indostan|インド|noun|a country in South Asia	duty-free|免税|adjective|exempt from taxes or customs duties	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	Italy|イタリア|noun|a country in Europe
There would be no occasion to prohibit the importation of foreign silks and velvets.	外国の絹やビロードの輸入を禁止する必要はないだろう。	occasion|必要|noun|a time or place at which something happens	prohibit|禁止する|verb|formally or legally forbid	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods and services into a country	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	silk|絹|noun|a fine, strong, soft, lustrous fiber produced by silkworms and used to make textiles and clothing	velvet|ビロード|noun|a fabric with a thick, soft, smooth surface
The cheapness of their goods would secure to our own workmen, not only the possession of a home, but a very great command of the foreign market.	彼らの商品の安さは、我が国の労働者にとって、国内市場の占有だけでなく、海外市場の占有も確実にするだろう。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	secure|確実にする|verb|make certain or definite	workman|労働者|noun|a person who works	possession|占有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	home|国内市場|noun|the place where one lives	foreign market|海外市場|noun|a market outside of one's own country
Even the trade in the commodities taxed, would be carried on with much more advantage than at present.	課税される商品の貿易でさえ、現在よりもはるかに有利に行われるだろう。	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than; also	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	tax|課税|verb|impose a tax on	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
If those commodities were delivered out of the public warehouse for foreign exportation, being in this case exempted from all taxes, the trade in them would be perfectly free.	もしこれらの商品が、この場合にはすべての税金が免除される外国輸出のために公共倉庫から配達されたならば、それらの貿易は完全に自由になるだろう。	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	deliver|配達する|verb|take or send something to a particular destination; convey	public warehouse|公共倉庫|noun|a warehouse that is open to the public	foreign exportation|外国輸出|noun|the act of exporting something to a foreign country	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a perfect manner; to perfection	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes
The carrying trade, in all sorts of goods, would, under this system, enjoy every possible advantage.	この制度の下では、あらゆる種類の商品の運搬貿易は、あらゆる可能な利益を享受するだろう。	carrying trade|運搬貿易|noun|the business of transporting goods from one place to another	all sorts of|あらゆる種類の|noun|a wide range of	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	every possible|あらゆる可能な|adjective|all that is possible	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position
If these commodities were delivered out for home consumption, the importer not being obliged to advance the tax till he had an opportunity of selling his goods, either to some dealer, or to some consumer, he could always afford to sell them cheaper than if he had been obliged to advance it at the moment of importation.	もしこれらの商品が国内消費のために配達されたならば、輸入者は、ある業者またはある消費者に自分の商品を販売する機会を得るまで税金を前払いする必要がないので、輸入の時点で前払いしなければならない場合よりも常に安く販売することができる。	If|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	these|これらの|determiner|used to refer to a group of people or things that are near or that have already been mentioned	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	be delivered|配達される|verb|be taken or sent to the intended recipient	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	importer|輸入者|noun|a person or organization that imports goods or services	not being obliged to|する必要がない|verb|not be required to do something	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	till|まで|conjunction|up to the point in time or the event mentioned	he had an opportunity of|機会を得る|verb|have a chance to do something	selling|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	his|彼の|determiner|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned	goods|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link alternatives	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	or|または|conjunction|used to link alternatives	some|ある|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	he could always afford to|常に余裕がある|verb|have enough money to do something	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	them|それらを|pronoun|used to refer to a group of people or things that have already been mentioned	cheaper|より安く|adjective|low in price or value	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	he had been obliged to|義務がある|verb|be required to do something	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due	it|それ|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	at the moment of|時点で|noun|a particular time	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale
Under the same taxes, the foreign trade of consumption, even in the taxed commodities, might in this manner be carried on with much more advantage than it is at present.	同じ税制の下で、課税される商品でさえ、消費の外国貿易は、この方法で現在よりもはるかに有利に行われるかもしれない。	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	same|同じ|adjective|not different	tax|税制|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	foreign trade|外国貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	taxed|課税される|adjective|subject to tax	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	this manner|この方法|noun|this way	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

It was the object of the famous excise scheme of Sir Robert Walpole, to establish, with regard to wine and tobacco, a system not very unlike that which is here proposed.	ワインやタバコに関して、ここで提案されているものとあまり違わない制度を確立することが、ロバート・ウォルポール卿の有名な物品税制度の目的だった。	Robert Walpole|ロバート・ウォルポール|noun|the first Prime Minister of Great Britain	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and to a lesser extent for use as snuff or chewing tobacco	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method
But though the bill which was then brought into Parliament, comprehended those two commodities only, it was generally supposed to be meant as an introduction to a more extensive scheme of the same kind.	しかし、当時議会に提出された法案は、この二つの商品だけを対象としていたが、一般的には、同種のより広範な制度への導入を意図したものと考えられた。	Parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	comprehend|対象とする|verb|include or comprise	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	suppose|考える|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	introduction|導入|noun|the action of introducing something	scheme|制度|noun|a systematic plan of future action
Faction, combined with the interest of smuggling merchants, raised so violent, though so unjust a clamour, against that bill, that the minister thought proper to drop it;	派閥は、密輸商人の利害と相まって、その法案に対して非常に不当な騒ぎを起こしたため、大臣はそれを撤回するのが適切だと考えた。	faction|派閥|noun|a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group	combine|相まって|verb|join or merge	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	raise|起こす|verb|cause to be heard or known	violent|激しい|adjective|using or involving physical force intended to hurt or kill	unjust|不当な|adjective|not fair or just	clamour|騒ぎ|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd	bill|法案|noun|a proposed law	minister|大臣|noun|a person appointed by a state leader to head a ministry	proper|適切|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	drop|撤回|verb|stop doing or having something
and, from a dread of exciting a clamour of the same kind, none of his successors have dared to resume the project.	そして、同じ種類の騒ぎを起こすことを恐れて、彼の後継者の誰もその計画を再開しようとはしなかった。	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	dread|恐れ|noun|a feeling of fear or worry	exciting|起こす|verb|cause to happen or occur	clamour|騒ぎ|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd	kind|種類|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic	successor|後継者|noun|a person who takes over a job or position from someone else	dare|しようとする|verb|have the courage to do something new or dangerous	resume|再開する|verb|begin again or continue after a pause or interruption	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something

The duties upon foreign luxuries, imported for home consumption, though they sometimes fall upon the poor, fall principally upon people of middling or more than middling fortune.	国内消費のために輸入される外国の贅沢品に対する関税は、時には貧しい人々にも課せられるが、主に中流以上の人々に課せられる。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services that are used up by individuals or households	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; chiefly	middling|中流の|adjective|of average or moderate quality, amount, or size	more than|以上の|preposition|to a greater extent than
Such are, for example, the duties upon foreign wines, upon coffee, chocolate, tea, sugar, etc.	例えば、外国産のワイン、コーヒー、チョコレート、紅茶、砂糖などに対する関税がそうである。	such|そうである|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	for example|例えば|adverb|as an example	foreign|外国産の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	coffee|コーヒー|noun|a hot drink made from the roasted and ground beans of a tropical shrub	chocolate|チョコレート|noun|a food made from roasted and ground cacao seeds	tea|紅茶|noun|a hot drink made by infusing the dried leaves of the tea plant in boiling water	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	etc|など|abbreviation|et cetera

The duties upon the cheaper luxuries of home produce, destined for home consumption, fall pretty equally upon people of all ranks, in proportion to their respective expense.	国内消費向けの安価な国産贅沢品に対する関税は、各自の支出に応じて、あらゆる階級の人々にほぼ平等に課せられる。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	cheaper|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	home produce|国産|noun|goods produced in one's own country	home consumption|国内消費|noun|the amount of goods and services used in a country	fall|課せられる|verb|be imposed or charged	pretty equally|ほぼ平等に|adverb|in a fair and just manner	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	rank|階級|noun|a position in the social hierarchy	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The poor pay the duties upon malt, hops, beer, and ale, upon their own consumption;	貧しい人々は、麦芽、ホップ、ビール、エールに対する関税を、自分たちの消費に対して支払う。	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	hop|ホップ|noun|a climbing plant with lobed leaves and conelike flowers	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer that is brewed using a warm fermentation method	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
the rich, upon both their own consumption and that of their servants.	富裕層は、自分たちの消費と使用人の消費の両方に対して支払う。	rich|富裕層|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	servant|使用人|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties

The whole consumption of the inferior ranks of people, or of those below the middling rank, it must be observed, is, in every country, much greater, not only in quantity, but in value, than that of the middling, and of those above the middling rank.	下層階級、つまり中流階級以下の人々の消費量は、どの国でも、中流階級以上の人々の消費量よりも、量だけでなく価値においてもはるかに大きいことに注意しなければならない。	inferior rank|下層階級|noun|a social class below the middle class	middling rank|中流階級|noun|the social class between the upper and lower classes	whole consumption|消費量|noun|the total amount of something that is consumed	every country|どの国でも|noun|each and every country	much greater|はるかに大きい|adjective|much larger	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	middling|中流|adjective|of average or moderate quality	above|以上|preposition|higher than
The whole expense of the inferior is much greater titan that of the superior ranks.	下層階級の支出総額は、上層階級の支出総額よりもはるかに大きい。	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	inferior|下層階級|adjective|of low standard or quality	superior|上層階級|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
In the first place, almost the whole capital of every country is annually distributed among the inferior ranks of people, as the wages of productive labour.	まず第一に、どの国の資本もほとんどすべてが、生産労働の賃金として、毎年下層階級の人々に分配されている。	in the first place|まず第一に|adverb|first of all; before anything else	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	whole|すべて|adjective|complete; entire	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	every|どの|adjective|each and all of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year; every year	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces or police force	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker	productive|生産|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Secondly, a great part of the revenue, arising from both the rent of land and the profits of stock, is annually distributed among the same rank, in the wages and maintenance of menial servants, and other unproductive labourers.	第二に、土地の地代と資本の利潤の両方から生じる収入の大部分は、下私やその他の非生産的労働者の賃金や維持費として、毎年同じ階級に分配されている。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of people	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	maintenance|維持費|noun|the work of keeping something in good condition	menial|下僕|adjective|(of a task) not requiring much skill and lacking prestige	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties or as a personal attendant	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities
Thirdly, some part of the profits of stock belongs to the same rank, as a revenue arising from the employment of their small capitals.	第三に、資本の利潤の一部は、彼らの小さな資本の使用から生じる収入として、同じ階級に属している。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	belong|属している|verb|be a member of or be connected with	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military or police force	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	arise|生じる|verb|come into being; originate	employment|使用|noun|the state of having paid work	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The amount of the profits annually made by small shopkeepers, tradesmen, and retailers of all kinds, is everywhere very considerable, and makes a very considerable portion of the annual produce.	小規模な店主、商人、あらゆる種類の小売業者が毎年得る利益の額は、どこでも非常に大きく、年産額の非常に大きな部分を占めている。	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	make|得る|verb|earn or gain	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	small|小規模な|adjective|little in size	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	tradesman|商人|noun|a person engaged in trade or commerce	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person or business that sells goods to the public	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	considerable|大きい|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	annual|年産|adjective|occurring once every year	produce|額|noun|agricultural and other primary products
Fourthly and lastly, some part even of the rent of land belongs to the same rank;	第四に、そして最後に、土地の地代の一部でさえ同じ階級に属している。	fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	belong|属している|verb|be a member of or be connected with	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy
a considerable part to those who are somewhat below the middling rank, and a small part even to the lowest rank;	かなりの部分が中流階級よりやや下の人々のものであり、ごく一部は最下層階級のものである。	a considerable part|かなりの部分|noun phrase|a large part	those who|人々|noun phrase|people who	somewhat|やや|adverb|to some extent; slightly	below|下|preposition|in a lower position than	middling rank|中流階級|noun phrase|the middle class	a small part|ごく一部|noun phrase|a small portion	even|さえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	the lowest rank|最下層階級|noun phrase|the lowest class
common labourers sometimes possessing in property an acre or two of land.	一般労働者が一エーカーか二エーカーの土地を所有することがある。	common labourer|一般労働者|noun|a person who does unskilled work	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	property|所有物|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	acre|エーカー|noun|a unit of area equal to 43,560 square feet	two|二|numeral|one more than one
Though the expense of those inferior ranks of people, therefore, taking them individually, is very small, yet the whole mass of it, taking them collectively, amounts always to by much the largest portion of the whole expense of the society;	したがって、これらの下層階級の人々の支出は、個々に見ると非常に小さいが、集合的に見ると、その全体量は常に社会全体の支出の大部分を占めている。	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	inferior|下層|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	individually|個々に|adverb|one by one; separately	small|小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	mass|量|noun|a large amount of something	collectively|集合的に|adverb|as a group; all together	amount|占める|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or effect	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	largest|大部分|adjective|of more than average size, extent, or capacity	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
what remains of the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, for the consumption of the superior ranks, being always much less, not only in quantity, but in value.	上位階級の消費のために、その国の土地と労働の年産物から残るものは、量だけでなく価値においても常にずっと少ない。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	annual|年|adjective|happening once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
The taxes upon expense, therefore, which fall chiefly upon that of the superior ranks of people, upon the smaller portion of the annual produce, are likely to be much less productive than either those which fall indifferently upon the expense of all ranks, or even those which fall chiefly upon that of the inferior ranks, than either those which fall indifferently upon the whole annual produce, or those which fall chiefly upon the larger portion of it.	したがって、主に上位階級の人々の支出に課せられる支出税は、年産物のより小さな部分に課せられるので、すべての階級の支出に無差別に課せられるものや、下位階級の支出に主に課せられるものよりも、年産物全体に無差別に課せられるものや、年産物の大部分に主に課せられるものよりも、はるかに生産性が低いと考えられる。	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	annual|年産物|adjective|happening or produced once a year	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other	inferior|下位|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	larger|大部分|adjective|of greater size or extent
The excise upon the materials and manufacture of home-made fermented and spirituous liquors, is, accordingly, of all the different taxes upon expense, by far the most productive;	したがって、自家製のアルコール飲料の原料と製造に対する物品税は、あらゆる支出税の中で、はるかに生産性が高い。	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	material|原料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	home-made|自家製|adjective|made in the home	fermented|発酵|adjective|having undergone fermentation	spirituous|アルコール|adjective|containing alcohol	liquor|飲料|noun|an alcoholic drink	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	all|あらゆる|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	different|さまざま|adjective|not the same	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	by far|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; by a great deal	productive|生産性が高い|adjective|producing much or many
and this branch of the excise falls very much, perhaps principally, upon the expense of the common people.	そして、この物品税の分野は、おそらく主に、一般の人々の支出に大きく影響する。	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body	fall|影響する|verb|have an effect on	very much|大きく|adverb|to a great extent	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general
In the year which ended on the 5th of July 1775, the gross produce of this branch of the excise amounted to £3,341,837:9:9.	1775年7月5日に終わった年には、この物品税の分野の総生産額は334万1837ポンド9シリング9ペンスに達した。	the year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	end|終わる|verb|come to an end; finish	5th|5日|noun|the ordinal number of five	July|7月|noun|the seventh month of the year	1775|1775年|noun|the year 1775	gross|総|adjective|without deduction of tax or other expenses	produce|生産額|noun|the amount of something that is produced	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	9|9|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one	9|9|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one	9|9|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one

It must always be remembered, however, that it is the luxuries, and not the necessary expense of the inferior ranks of people, that ought ever to be taxed.	しかし、課税されるべきなのは、下層階級の人々の必需品ではなく、贅沢品であることを常に忘れてはならない。	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be remembered|忘れてはならない|verb|be kept in mind	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	necessary expense|必需品|noun|something that is required or essential	inferior rank|下層階級|noun|a person of lower social class	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	be taxed|課税される|verb|be imposed a tax on
The final payment of any tax upon their necessary expense, would fall altogether upon the superior ranks of people;	彼らの必需品に対する税金の最終的な支払いは、すべて上流階級の人々にかかるだろう。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessary|必需品|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	fall|かかる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally; wholly	superior|上流階級|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality
upon the smaller portion of the annual produce, and not upon the greater.	年産物のより小さな部分にかかるのであって、より大きな部分にかかるわけではない。	upon|かかる|preposition|on	smaller|より小さな|adjective|of less size or extent	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole	annual|年産物|adjective|happening or done once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	greater|より大きな|adjective|of more size or extent
Such a tax must, in all cases, either raise the wages of labour, or lessen the demand for it.	そのような税金は、いずれにせよ、労働賃金を引き上げるか、労働需要を減らすかのどちらかである。	such a tax|そのような税金|noun|a tax of the type mentioned	in all cases|いずれにせよ|adverb|no matter what happens	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	wages|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	lessen|減らす|verb|make or become less	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
It could not raise the wages of labour, without throwing the final payment of the tax upon the superior ranks of people.	税金の最終的な支払いを上流階級の人々に負担させなければ、労働賃金を引き上げることはできない。	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	final|最終的な|adjective|coming at the end of a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	superior|上流の|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces or police force
It could not lessen the demand for labour, without lessening the annual produce of the land and labour of the country, the fund upon which all taxes must be finally paid.	労働需要を減らすことは、すべての税金が最終的に支払われるべき資金である、その国の土地と労働の年産物を減らすことなしにはできない。	lessen|減らす|verb|make or become less	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	annual|年産物|adjective|happening or produced once a year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is available for a particular purpose	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, or after many problems or delays
Whatever might be the state to which a tax of this kind reduced the demand for labour, it must always raise wages higher than they otherwise would be in that state;	このような税金が労働需要を減らす状態がどのようなものであれ、その税金は常に、その状態でなければ得られる賃金よりも高く賃金を引き上げなければならない。	Whatever|どのようなものであれ|pronoun|no matter what	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something combined with the ability to pay for it	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
and the final payment of this enhancement of wages must, in all cases, fall upon the superior ranks of people.	そして、この賃金上昇の最終的な支払いは、いずれにせよ、上流階級の人々に負担されることになる。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	enhancement|上昇|noun|an increase or improvement in quality, value, or extent	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	fall upon|負担される|verb|be the responsibility of	superior|上流|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality

Fermented liquors brewed, and spiritous liquors distilled, not for sale, but for private use, are not in Great Britain liable to any duties of excise.	販売用ではなく私用に醸造された発酵酒や蒸留酒は、英国では消費税の対象とはならない。	fermented liquor|発酵酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation	spiritous liquor|蒸留酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage made by distillation	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods or services
This exemption, of which the object is to save private families from the odious visit and examination of the tax-gatherer, occasions the burden of those duties to fall frequently much lighter upon the rich than upon the poor.	この免除は、私的な家庭を税金徴収人の忌まわしい訪問や検査から救うことを目的としているが、この税金の負担は、貧しい人よりも金持ちにかかることが多く、はるかに軽い。	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	object|目的|noun|the purpose or aim of an action	save|救う|verb|prevent from being lost, wasted, or spent	private|私的な|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	family|家庭|noun|a group of people living together in one house, such as parents and children	odious|忌まわしい|adjective|extremely unpleasant; repulsive	visit|訪問|noun|an act of going or coming to see a person or place socially, as a tourist, or on business	examination|検査|noun|a detailed inspection or investigation	occasion|かかる|verb|cause or produce	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	duty|税金|noun|a tax levied on the import of goods	frequently|多く|adverb|often; many times	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	lighter|軽い|adjective|of little weight; not heavy
It is not, indeed, very common to distil for private use, though it is done sometimes.	確かに、私用に蒸留することはあまり一般的ではないが、時々行われることはある。	private|私用|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	common|一般的|adjective|of or relating to the great majority of people	distil|蒸留する|verb|convert a liquid into a vapor and then condense it back into a liquid again	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times
But in the country, many middling and almost all rich and great families, brew their own beer.	しかし、田舎では、多くの中流家庭やほとんどすべての富裕層や大家族が、自分たちでビールを醸造している。	country|田舎|noun|the land of a nation	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	middling|中流|adjective|of average or moderate quality	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	all|すべて|adjective|the whole amount of	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	great|大家族|adjective|of major significance or importance	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer
Their strong beer, therefore, costs them eight shillings a-barrel less than it costs the common brewer, who must have his profit upon the tax, as well as upon all the other expense which he advances.	そのため、彼らの強いビールは、一般の醸造業者よりも一樽あたり8シリング安く、税金やその他の経費を前払いするだけでなく、利益も得なければならない。	strong beer|強いビール|noun|beer with a high alcohol content	cost|かかる|verb|require the payment of	common brewer|一般の醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due
Such families, therefore, must drink their beer at least nine or ten shillings a-barrel cheaper than any liquor of the same quality can be drank by the common people, to whom it is everywhere more convenient to buy their beer, by little and little, from the brewery or the ale-house.	したがって、そのような家族は、一般の人々が飲むことができる同じ品質の酒よりも、少なくとも1樽あたり9シリングか10シリング安いビールを飲むことができる。一般の人々は、どこでもビール醸造所やエールハウスから少しずつビールを買う方が便利である。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	drink|飲む|verb|take into the mouth and swallow	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	nine|9|noun|the number 9	ten|10|noun|the number 10	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency worth one twentieth of a pound	cheaper|安い|adjective|low in price or value	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	common people|一般の人々|noun|people in general; the public	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	brewery|ビール醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	ale-house|エールハウス|noun|a place where ale is sold
Malt, in the same manner, that is made for the use of a private family, is not liable to the visit or examination of the tax-gatherer but, in this case the family must compound at seven shillings and sixpence a-head for the tax.	同様に、私用に作られた麦芽は、徴税吏の訪問や検査の対象にはならないが、この場合、家族は一人当たり7シリング6ペンスの税金を支払わなければならない。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	in the same manner|同様に|adverb|in the same way	private family|私用|noun|a family that is not open to the public	liable|対象|adjective|legally responsible for something	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	examination|検査|noun|the act of inspecting something closely	tax-gatherer|徴税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	compound|支払う|verb|to pay	seven shillings and sixpence|7シリング6ペンス|noun|an amount of money	a-head|一人当たり|adverb|for each person	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Seven shillings and sixpence are equal to the excise upon ten bushels of malt;	7シリング6ペンスは、麦芽10ブッシェルに対する物品税に相当する。	seven shillings and sixpence|7シリング6ペンス|noun|a sum of money	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or importance	ten bushels|10ブッシェル|noun|a unit of volume	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as "malting"
a quantity fully equal to what all the different members of any sober family, men, women, and children, are, at an average, likely to consume.	酒を飲まない家族の男性、女性、子供の平均的な消費量に相当する量である。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	fully|相当する|adverb|completely or entirely	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in number, amount, value, or quality	sober|酒を飲まない|adjective|not drunk or intoxicated	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	man|男性|noun|an adult male human being	woman|女性|noun|an adult female human being	child|子供|noun|a young human being below the age of puberty	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
But in rich and great families, where country hospitality is much practised, the malt liquors consumed by the members of the family make but a small part of the consumption of the house.	しかし、田舎の歓待が盛んな裕福で大家族では、家族が消費する麦芽酒は、家の消費量のごく一部にすぎない。	country|田舎|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	hospitality|歓待|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	rich|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	malt liquor|麦芽酒|noun|a fermented alcoholic beverage brewed from a mixture of malted barley and other grains	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	small|ごく一部|adjective|little in size, amount, or degree	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
Either on account of this composition, however, or for other reasons, it is not near so common to malt as to brew for private use.	しかし、この合成のためか、他の理由のためか、私用に醸造するほど麦芽にすることはあまり一般的ではない。	on account of|のため|preposition|because of	composition|合成|noun|the act of putting together	other|他の|adjective|not the same; different	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	common|一般的|adjective|occurring, found, or done often; prevalent	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer or other alcoholic drinks	private|私用|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only
It is difficult to imagine any equitable reason, why those who either brew or distil for private use should not be subject to a composition of the same kind.	私用に醸造したり蒸留したりする人が、同じ種類の合成の対象とならない理由を想像するのは難しい。	equitable|公正な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	private|私用|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer	distil|蒸留する|verb|convert a liquid into a vapor and then condense it back into a liquid	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	composition|合成|noun|the act of putting things together to form a whole

A greater revenue than what is at present drawn from all the heavy taxes upon malt, beer, and ale, might be raised, it has frequently been said, by a much lighter tax upon malt;	麦芽、ビール、エールに対するすべての重税から現在得られている収入よりも、麦芽に対するはるかに軽い税によって、より多くの収入が得られるとよく言われている。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as malting	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavored with hops	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	drawn|得られる|verb|obtain or derive	greater|より多い|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	raised|得られる|verb|obtain or derive	frequently|よく|adverb|often; many times	said|言われている|verb|express (something) in words	lighter|より軽い|adjective|of less weight	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
the opportunities of defrauding the revenue being much greater in a brewery than in a malt-house;	麦芽工場よりもビール醸造所の方が収入を騙す機会がはるかに多い。	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	defraud|騙す|verb|illegally obtain money from	revenue|収入|noun|income	brewery|ビール醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	malt-house|麦芽工場|noun|a place where malt is made
and those who brew for private use being exempted from all duties or composition for duties, which is not the case with those who malt for private use.	私用に醸造する人は、私用に麦芽にする人とは違って、すべての関税や関税の合成を免除されている。	private use|私用|noun|use by a private person	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer	exempt|免除される|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	composition|合成|noun|the act of putting together	malt|麦芽にする|verb|convert into malt

In the porter brewery of London, a quarter of malt is commonly brewed into more than two barrels and a-half, sometimes into three barrels of porter.	ロンドンのポーター醸造所では、麦芽の四分の一は通常二樽半以上、時には三樽のポーターに醸造される。	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	porter brewery|ポーター醸造所|noun|a brewery that produces porter	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer or other alcoholic drinks	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	porter|ポーター|noun|a kind of dark beer
The different taxes upon malt amount to six shillings a-quarter; those upon strong ale and beer to eight shillings a-barrel.	麦芽に対するさまざまな税金は、四分の一あたり六シリングにのぼり、強いビールやビールに対する税金は一樽あたり八シリングにのぼる。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as malting	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equivalent to	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	strong ale|強いビール|noun|a kind of beer	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	eight shillings|八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	a-barrel|一樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends
In the porter brewery, therefore, the different taxes upon malt, beer, and ale, amount to between twenty-six and thirty shillings upon the produce of a quarter of malt.	したがって、ポーター醸造所では、麦芽、ビール、エールに対するさまざまな税金は、麦芽の四分の一の生産に対して二十六から三十シリングにのぼる。	porter brewery|ポーター醸造所|noun|a brewery that produces porter	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	amount to|のぼる|verb|to be equal to	twenty-six|二十六|numeral|the number 26	thirty|三十|numeral|the number 30	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried
In the country brewery for common country sale, a quarter of malt is seldom brewed into less than two barrels of strong, and one barrel of small beer;	地方の醸造所では、地方で一般に販売するために、麦芽の四分の一を二樽以下の強いビールと一樽以下の小さなビールに醸造することはめったにない。	country|地方|noun|the land of a nation	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	common|一般|adjective|of or relating to the great body of people	country sale|地方販売|noun|the sale of goods in a rural area	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	less than|以下|preposition|not as much as	two|二|numeral|one more than one	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	strong|強い|adjective|having great power or force	one|一|numeral|the smallest positive integer	small|小さな|adjective|of a size that is less than average, usual, or expected
frequently into two barrels and a-half of strong beer.	しばしば二樽半の強いビールに醸造される。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	two|二|numeral|one more than one	barrel|樽|noun|a round wooden container with flat ends	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	strong|強い|adjective|having great power or force	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain
The different taxes upon small beer amount to one shilling and fourpence a-barrel.	小ビールにかかるさまざまな税金は、一樽あたり一シリング四ペンスにのぼる。	small beer|小ビール|noun|beer of low alcoholic strength	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equivalent to	one shilling|一シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	fourpence|四ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to four pennies	a-barrel|一樽あたり|noun|a cylindrical container with slightly bulging ends
In the country brewery, therefore, the different taxes upon malt, beer, and ale, seldom amount to less than twenty-three shillings and fourpence, frequently to twenty-six shillings, upon the produce of a quarter of malt.	したがって、地方の醸造所では、麦芽、ビール、エールに対するさまざまな税金は、麦芽の四分の一の生産に対して、めったに二十三シリング四ペンス以下になることはなく、しばしば二十六シリングにのぼる。	country|地方|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	seldom|めったに|adverb|not often; rarely	amount to|になる|verb|to be equal to	less than|以下|preposition|not as much as	twenty-three|二十三|numeral|the number 23	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency worth one twentieth of a pound	fourpence|四ペンス|noun|a former British coin and unit of currency worth four pennies	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	twenty-six|二十六|numeral|the number 26	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried
Taking the whole kingdom at an average, therefore, the whole amount of the duties upon malt, beer, and ale, cannot be estimated at less than twenty-four or twenty-five shillings upon the produce of a quarter of malt.	したがって、王国全体を平均すると、麦芽、ビール、エールに対する関税の総額は、麦芽の四分の一の生産に対して二十四、五シリング以下とは見積もれない。	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	average|平均|noun|a number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data, in particular the mode, median, or (most commonly) the mean, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the values in the set by their number	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as malting	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from malted barley, hops, water, and yeast	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts into which something is or can be divided	produce|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials
But by taking off all the different duties upon beer and ale, and by trebling the malt tax, or by raising it from six to eighteen shillings upon the quarter of malt, a greater revenue, it is said, might be raised by this single tax, than what is at present drawn from all those heavier taxes.	しかし、ビールとエールに対するさまざまな関税をすべて撤廃し、麦芽税を三倍にするか、麦芽の四分の一に対して六シリングから十八シリングに引き上げれば、この単一税によって、現在それらの重税すべてから得ているものよりも、より多くの収入が得られるとされている。	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	take off|撤廃する|verb|remove or abolish	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	trebling|三倍にする|verb|make three times as great or as many	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, level, or value of	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	single|単一の|adjective|only one; not one of several	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight; having a high density

- In 1772, the old malt tax produced......... £722,023: 11: 11	一七七二年には、旧麦芽税は七二万二〇二三ポンド一一シリング一一ペンスの収入をもたらした。	1772|1772年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	old|旧|adjective|having existed for a long time	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a kiln	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|もたらす|verb|cause to happen or exist	722,023: 11: 11|七二万二〇二三ポンド一一シリング一一ペンス|noun|a number
- The additional... £356,776: 7: 93⁄4	増税分は三五万六七七六ポンド七シリング九ペンス三クォーターだった。	additional|増税分|adjective|extra or added	356,776|三五万六七七六|number|three hundred fifty six thousand seven hundred seventy six	7|七|number|seven	9|九|number|nine	3⁄4|三クォーター|number|three quarters
- In 1775, the old tax produced............... £561,627: 3: 71⁄2	一七七五年には、旧税は五六万一六二七ポンド三シリング七ペンス半の収入をもたらした。	1775|1775年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	old|旧|adjective|having existed for a long time	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|もたらす|verb|cause to happen or exist	561,627|五六万一六二七|noun|a number	3|三|noun|a number	71⁄2|七ペンス半|noun|a number
- The additional... £278,650: 15: 33⁄4	増税分は二七万八六五〇ポンド一五シリング三ペンス三クォーターだった。	additional|増税分|adjective|extra or added	278,650|二七万八六五〇|number|two hundred seventy-eight thousand six hundred fifty	15|一五|number|fifteen	33⁄4|三ペンス三クォーター|number|three pence three quarters
- In 1774, the old tax produced ............ £624,614: 17: 53⁄4	一七七四年には、旧税は六二万四六一四ポンド一七シリング五ペンス三クォーターの収入をもたらした。	1774|一七七四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	old|旧|adjective|having existed for a long time	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	624,614|六二万四六一四|noun|a number	17|一七|noun|a number	5|五|noun|a number	3⁄4|三クォーター|noun|a fraction
- The additional....£310,745: 2: 81⁄2	増税分は三一万七四五ポンド二シリング八ペンス半だった。	additional|増税分|adjective|extra or added	310,745|三一万七四五|number|three hundred ten thousand seven hundred forty five	2|二|number|two	81⁄2|八ペンス半|number|eight and a half
- In 1775, the old tax produced ............£657,357: 0: 81⁄4	一七七五年には、旧税は六五万七三五七ポンド八ペンス四分の一の収入をもたらした。	1775|1775年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	old|旧|adjective|having existed for a long time	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|もたらす|verb|cause to happen or exist	657,357|六五万七三五七|noun|a number	0|0|noun|the numerical digit 0	8|八|noun|the numerical digit 8	1⁄4|四分の一|noun|one quarter
- The additional....£323,785: 12: 61⁄4	増税分は三二万三七八五ポンド一二シリング六ペンス四分の一だった。	additional|増税分|adjective|extra or added	323,785|三二万三七八五|number|three hundred twenty-three thousand seven hundred eighty-five	12|一二|number|twelve	61⁄4|六ペンス四分の一|number|six and a quarter
- £5,855,580: 12: 03⁄4
- Average of these four years .............. £958,895: 3: 0	この四年間の平均は九五万八八九五ポンド三シリングだった。	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	four years|四年間|noun|a period of four years	958,895|九五万八八九五|noun|a number	3|三|noun|a number	0|零|noun|a number
-
- In 1772, the country excise produced.......£1,243,120: 5: 3	一七七二年には、地方消費税は収入を一二四万三一二〇ポンド五シリング三ペンス生み出した。	1772|一七七二年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods and services	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	1,243,120|一二四万三一二〇|noun|a number	5|五|noun|a number	3|三|noun|a number
- The London brewery 408,260: 7: 23⁄4	ロンドンの醸造所は四〇万八二六〇ポンド七シリング二クォーター	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	408,260|四〇万八二六〇|number|four hundred eight thousand two hundred sixty	7|七|number|seven	23⁄4|二クォーター|number|two and three quarters
- In 1773, the country excise................£1,245,808: 3: 3	一七七三年には、地方消費税は収入を一二四万五八〇八ポンド三シリング三ペンス生み出した。	1773|一七七三年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods and services	1,245,808: 3: 3|一二四万五八〇八ポンド三シリング三ペンス|noun|a number
- The London brewery 405,406: 17: 101⁄2	ロンドンの醸造所は四〇万五四〇六ポンド一七シリング一〇ハーフペンス	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	405,406: 17: 101⁄2|四〇万五四〇六ポンド一七シリング一〇ハーフペンス|noun|a large sum of money
- In 1774, the country excise................£1,246,373: 14: 51⁄2	一七七四年には、地方消費税は収入を一二四万六三七三ポンド一四シリング五ハーフペンス生み出した。	1774|1774年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods and services	1,246,373|一二四万六三七三|noun|a number	14|一四|noun|a number	51⁄2|五ハーフペンス|noun|a number
- The London brewery 320,601: 18: 01⁄4	ロンドンの醸造所は三二万六〇一ポンド一八シリングクォーター	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	320,601|三二万六〇一|number|three hundred twenty thousand six hundred one	18|一八|number|eighteen	01⁄4|クォーター|number|a quarter
- In 1775, the country excise................£1,214,583: 6: 11⁄4	一七七五年には、地方消費税は収入を一二一万四五八三ポンド六シリングクォーター生み出した。	1775|1775年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	country|地方|noun|a political state or nation or its territory	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale of goods and services	1,214,583|一二一万四五八三|noun|a number	6|六|noun|a number	11⁄4|クォーター|noun|a quarter
- The London brewery 463,670: 7: 01⁄4	ロンドンの醸造所は四六万三六七〇ポンド七シリングクォーター	London|ロンドン|noun|the capital city of England	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made	463,670|四六万三六七〇|number|four hundred sixty three thousand six hundred seventy	7|七|number|seven	01⁄4|クォーター|number|one quarter
- 4)£6,547,832: 19: 21⁄4
- Average of these four years ..............£1,636,958: 4: 91⁄2	この四年間の平均は一六三万六九五八ポンド四シリング九ペンス半	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	four years|四年間|noun|a period of four years	1,636,958|一六三万六九五八|number|one million six hundred thirty-six thousand nine hundred fifty-eight	4|四|number|four	91⁄2|九ペンス半|number|nine and a half
- To which adding the average malt tax........ 958,895: 3: 01⁄4	これに平均麦芽税を加えると九五万八八九五ポンド三シリングクォーター	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	average|平均|noun|the usual or ordinary amount, rate, degree, or kind	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
-
- The whole amount of those different	これらの諸税の総額は	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	amount|額|noun|the total of two or more quantities	different|諸|adjective|not the same; unlike	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
- taxes comes out to be........£2,595,835: 7: 10	二五九万五八三五ポンド七シリング一〇ペンスとなる。	come out to be|となる|verb|to be revealed or made known	2,595,835: 7: 10|二五九万五八三五ポンド七シリング一〇ペンス|noun|a number
-
- But, by trebling the malt tax,	しかし、麦芽税を三倍にすれば、	trebling|三倍にする|verb|make three times as great or as many
- or by raising it from six to	つまり六シリングから	six|六|noun|the number 6	to|から|preposition|from
- eighteen shillings upon the quarter	一クォーターあたり一八シリングに引き上げれば、	eighteen shillings|一八シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	upon|あたり|preposition|on	quarter|クォーター|noun|a period of three months
- of malt, that single tax would produce.....£2,876,685: 9: 0	その税だけで二八七万六六八五ポンド九シリングになる。	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit worth one twentieth of a pound
- A sum which exceeds the	この額は、	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
- foregoing by.... 280,832: 1: 3	前述の額を二八万八三二ポンド一シリング三ペンス上回る。	foregoing|前述の|adjective|going before in time; previous	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	pence|ペンス|noun|a monetary unit of the United Kingdom

Under the old malt tax, indeed, is comprehended a tax of four shillings upon the hogshead of cyder, and another of ten shillings upon the barrel of mum.	確かに、旧麦芽税には、サイダーのホッグスヘッドあたり四シリング、マムのバレルあたり一〇シリングという税が含まれている。	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	four|四|numeral|the number 4	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	cyder|サイダー|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice	ten|一〇|numeral|the number 10	barrel|バレル|noun|a cylindrical container with slightly bulging ends, made of wood or metal bands	mum|マム|noun|a strong beer made from wheat and oat malts
In 1774, the tax upon cyder produced only £3,083:6:8.	一七七四年には、サイダー税は三〇八三ポンド六シリング八ペンスしか生み出さなかった。	1774|一七七四年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	cyder|サイダー|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	only|しか|adverb|and no more; and nothing else; and no one else	£3,083:6:8|三〇八三ポンド六シリング八ペンス|noun|a sum of money
It probably fell somewhat short of its usual amount;	おそらく、通常の額には少し足りなかったのだろう。	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	fall short of|足りない|verb|fail to reach or achieve	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done frequently or regularly	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size, value, or extent
all the different taxes upon cyder, having, that year, produced less than ordinary.	その年は、サイダーに対するあらゆる税が、通常よりも少なく徴収された。	all|あらゆる|adjective|the whole amount of	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	cyder|サイダー|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice	that year|その年|noun|the year being discussed	produce|徴収される|verb|cause to be	less than|よりも少なく|preposition|not as much as	ordinary|通常|adjective|normal or usual
The tax upon mum, though much heavier, is still less productive, on account of the smaller consumption of that liquor.	マムに対する税は、はるかに重いが、その酒の消費量が少ないため、さらに収益が少ない。	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	upon|に対する|preposition|on	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	heavier|重い|adjective|of great weight	still|さらに|adverb|to an even greater extent	less|少ない|adjective|small in quantity or amount	productive|収益|adjective|producing much or many	on account of|ため|preposition|because of	smaller|少ない|adjective|small in size or amount	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
But to balance whatever may be the ordinary amount of those two taxes, there is comprehended under what is called the country excise, first, the old excise of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of cyder;	しかし、この二つの税の通常の額がいくらであれ、それを相殺するために、地方消費税と呼ばれるものには、まず、サイダーのホッグスヘッドあたり六シリング八ペンスの旧消費税が含まれている。	balance|相殺する|verb|to be equal or equivalent to	whatever|いくらであれ|pronoun|no matter what	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	first|まず|adverb|before anything else; initially	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	six|六|adjective|one more than five	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a former British coin worth eight pennies	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	cyder|サイダー|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice
secondly, a like tax of six shillings and eightpence upon the hogshead of verjuice;	第二に、ヴェルジュのホッグスヘッドあたり六シリング八ペンスの同様の税金である。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	like|同様の|adjective|similar	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	eightpence|八ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one eighth of a shilling	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask	verjuice|ヴェルジュ|noun|the sour juice of unripe grapes or other sour fruit
thirdly, another of eight shillings and ninepence upon the hogshead of vinegar;	第三に、酢のホッグスヘッドあたり八シリング九ペンスの別の税金である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	eight|八|numeral|the number 8	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	ninepence|九ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to nine pennies	vinegar|酢|noun|a sour liquid obtained by acetic fermentation of dilute alcoholic liquids and used as a condiment or preservative
and, lastly, a fourth tax of elevenpence upon the gallon of mead or metheglin.	そして最後に、ミードまたはメテグリンのガロンあたり十一ペンスの第四の税金である。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	lastly|最後に|adverb|finally	fourth|第四の|adjective|coming after three others in a series; 4th	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	elevenpence|十一ペンス|noun|a sum of money equal to eleven pence	gallon|ガロン|noun|a unit of volume for liquid measure equal to four quarts	mead|ミード|noun|an alcoholic drink of fermented honey and water	metheglin|メテグリン|noun|a spiced or medicated mead
The produce of those different taxes will probably much more than counterbalance that of the duties imposed, by what is called the annual malt tax, upon cyder and mum.	これらの諸税の収入は、おそらく、サイダーとマムに課せられる、いわゆる年額麦芽税による関税収入をはるかに上回るであろう。	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization receives from its business activities	different|諸|adjective|not the same as each other	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	much more|はるかに|adverb|to a much greater extent	counterbalance|上回る|verb|act against with an equal force or effect	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	annual|年額|adjective|happening or produced once a year	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	cyder|サイダー|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice	mum|マム|noun|a strong beer made from wheat and barley

Malt is consumed, not only in the brewery of beer and ale, but in the manufacture of low wines and spirits.	麦芽は、ビールやエールの醸造だけでなく、低級ワインや蒸留酒の製造にも消費される。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	consume|消費される|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	brewery|醸造|noun|a place where beer is made	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	low wine|低級ワイン|noun|a type of wine	spirit|蒸留酒|noun|an alcoholic drink made by distillation
If the malt tax were to be raised to eighteen shillings upon the quarter, it might be necessary to make some abatement in the different excises which are imposed upon those particular sorts of low wines and spirits, of which malt makes any part of the materials.	もし麦芽税が四半期あたり十八シリングに引き上げられるなら、麦芽が原料の一部を占める、低級ワインや蒸留酒の特定の種類に課せられる諸々の物品税を多少減額する必要があるかもしれない。	malt tax|麦芽税|noun|a tax on malt	be raised to|引き上げられる|verb|be increased to	eighteen shillings|十八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	upon the quarter|四半期あたり|noun|a period of three months	make some abatement|多少減額する|verb|reduce the amount of something	different excises|諸々の物品税|noun|a tax on the manufacture, sale, or distribution of a particular commodity or service	imposed upon|課せられる|verb|be forced to accept or put up with	particular sorts|特定の種類|noun|a specific type or kind	low wines|低級ワイン|noun|a type of wine that is not of high quality	spirits|蒸留酒|noun|an alcoholic drink that is made by distilling a fermented liquid	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	makes any part of|一部を占める|verb|be a part of	materials|原料|noun|a substance from which something is made or can be made
In what are called malt spirits, it makes commonly but a third part of the materials;	麦芽酒と呼ばれるものでは、麦芽は通常原料の三分の一を占めるにすぎない。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a kiln	spirit|酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
the other two-thirds being either raw barley, or one-third barley and one-third wheat.	残りの三分の二は、生の大麦か、三分の一が大麦で三分の一が小麦である。	other|残りの|adjective|the remaining one or ones	two-thirds|三分の二|noun|two of the three equal parts into which something is or can be divided	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice or alternative	raw|生の|adjective|not cooked	barley|大麦|noun|a hardy cereal plant	one-third|三分の一|noun|one of the three equal parts into which something is or can be divided	wheat|小麦|noun|a cereal plant
In the distillery of malt spirits, both the opportunity and the temptation to smuggle are much greater than either in a brewery or in a malt-house; the opportunity, on account of the smaller bulk and greater value of the commodity, and the temptation, on account of the superior height of the duties, which amounted to 3s. 10 2/3d. upon the gallon of spirits.	麦芽酒の蒸留所では、密輸の機会と誘惑は、ビール醸造所や麦芽製造所よりもはるかに大きい。機会は、商品の容積が小さく価値が大きいためであり、誘惑は、酒一ガロンあたり三シリング十ペンス二ファーシングという非常に高い関税のためである。	distillery|蒸留所|noun|a factory for distilling spirits	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	spirit|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	brewery|ビール醸造所|noun|a factory for brewing beer	malt-house|麦芽製造所|noun|a factory for producing malt	bulk|容積|noun|the main or greater part of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	gallon|ガロン|noun|a unit of volume for liquid measure equal to four quarts	3s.|三シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	10 2/3d.|十ペンス二ファーシング|noun|a former British coin worth one twelfth of a shilling
{Though the duties directly imposed upon proof spirits amount only to 2s. 6d per gallon, these, added to the duties upon the low wines, from which they are distilled, amount to 3s 10 2/3d.	蒸留酒に直接課せられる関税は、一ガロンあたり二シリング六ペンスにすぎないが、蒸留酒の原料である低級ワインに関税を加えると、三シリング十ペンス二ファーシングになる。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	proof spirit|蒸留酒|noun|a spirituous liquor containing 50 percent alcohol by volume	amount|なる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	gallon|ガロン|noun|a unit of volume for liquid measure equal to four quarts	add|加える|verb|join or combine	low wine|低級ワイン|noun|a wine of low alcoholic strength	distill|蒸留する|verb|convert (a liquid) into a vapor and condense it again	amount|なる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	3s 10 2/3d|三シリング十ペンス二ファーシング|noun|three shillings, ten pence, and two thirds of a penny
Both low wines and proof spirits are, to prevent frauds, now rated according to what they gauge in the wash.}	低級ワインと蒸留酒は、不正を防止するため、現在は洗浄液の量に応じて課税されている。	low wine|低級ワイン|noun|a wine of low quality	proof spirit|蒸留酒|noun|a spirit that has been distilled to a certain strength	prevent|防止する|verb|keep from happening	fraud|不正|noun|a deception deliberately practiced in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain	rate|課税する|verb|to be placed in a particular class or grade

By increasing the duties upon malt, and reducing those upon the distillery, both the opportunities and the temptation to smuggle would be diminished, which might occasion a still further augmentation of revenue.	麦芽税を増やし、蒸留酒税を減らすことで、密輸の機会と誘惑の両方が減り、収入がさらに増加する可能性がある。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a kiln	distillery|蒸留酒|noun|a place where alcoholic drinks are made by distilling	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source

It has for some time past been the policy of Great Britain to discourage the consumption of spiritous liquors, on account of their supposed tendency to ruin the health and to corrupt the morals of the common people.	イギリスでは、酒類の消費が庶民の健康を損ね、道徳を堕落させる傾向があると考えられているため、酒類の消費を抑制する政策がとられてきた。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	discourage|抑制する|verb|cause a loss of confidence or hope	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	spiritous liquors|酒類|noun|alcoholic beverages	ruin|損ねる|verb|damage irreparably	health|健康|noun|the condition of being sound in body and mind	corrupt|堕落させる|verb|cause to act dishonestly	morals|道徳|noun|a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do
According to this policy, the abatement of the taxes upon the distillery ought not to be so great as to reduce, in any respect, the price of those liquors.	この政策によれば、蒸留酒税の減額は、いかなる意味においても、酒類の価格を下げるほど大きくすべきではない。	according to|によれば|preposition|as stated or reported by	policy|政策|noun|a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual	abatement|減額|noun|a reduction in the amount of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	distillery|蒸留酒製造所|noun|a factory or plant where alcoholic beverages are distilled	ought to|すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	reduce|下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
Spiritous liquors might remain as dear as ever;	酒類はこれまで通り高価なままでよい。	spiritous liquor|酒類|noun|an alcoholic beverage	remain|ままでよい|verb|stay in the same place or condition	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money
while, at the same time, the wholesome and invigorating liquors of beer and ale might be considerably reduced in their price.	同時に、健康的で元気の出るビールやエールの価格を大幅に下げることができる。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	wholesome|健康的な|adjective|promoting health or well-being	invigorating|元気の出る|adjective|giving strength or energy	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer made with a top-fermenting yeast
The people might thus be in part relieved from one of the burdens of which they at present complain the most;	こうして国民は、現在最も不満を抱いている負担の一つから、ある程度解放されるかもしれない。	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	be relieved|解放される|verb|be freed from a duty or responsibility	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	complain|不満を抱く|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance
while, at the same time, the revenue might be considerably augmented.	同時に、収入もかなり増えるかもしれない。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	be augmented|増える|verb|be made greater or more intense

The objections of Dr. Davenant to this alteration in the present system of excise duties, seem to be without foundation.	現行の物品税制度のこの変更に対するダヴェナント博士の異議には、根拠がないように思われる。	Dr. Davenant|ダヴェナント博士|noun|Charles Davenant, an English economist	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	present|現行の|adjective|existing or occurring now	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	excise duty|物品税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods produced or sold within a country	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
Those objections are, that the tax, instead of dividing itself, as at present, pretty equally upon the profit of the maltster, upon that of the brewer and upon that of the retailer, would so far as it affected profit, fall altogether upon that of the maltster;	その異議とは、税金が現在のように麦芽製造業者の利益、醸造業者の利益、小売業者の利益にほぼ均等に分割されるのではなく、利益に影響する限り、麦芽製造業者の利益にすべてかかるというものである。	objection|異議|noun|an expression or feeling of disapproval	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	divide|分割する|verb|separate into two or more parts	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	equally|均等に|adverb|in a way that is fair and just	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	fall|かかる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person who sells goods in small quantities to the general public
that the maltster could not so easily get back the amount of the tax in the advanced price of his malt, as the brewer and retailer in the advanced price of their liquor;	麦芽製造業者は、醸造業者や小売業者が酒の値上げで税額を取り戻すのと同じように、麦芽の値上げで税額を取り戻すことはできない。	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	get back|取り戻す|verb|regain possession of	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	advanced price|値上げ|noun|an increase in the price of something	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	retailer|小売業者|noun|a person who sells goods in small quantities to the general public	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
and that so heavy a tax upon malt might reduce the rent and profit of barley land.	そして、麦芽にかかる重税は大麦地の賃借料と利潤を減らすかもしれない。	heavy|重い|adjective|having great weight	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

No tax can ever reduce, for any considerable time, the rate of profit in any particular trade, which must always keep its level with other trades in the neighbourhood.	どんな税金も、かなりの期間にわたって、特定の業種の利潤率を低下させることはできない。利潤率は常に近隣の他の業種と同じ水準を保たなければならない。	no tax|どんな税金も|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	ever|かなりの期間にわたって|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	trade|業種|noun|the business of buying and selling goods and services	rate|利潤率|noun|a measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area or region around a place
The present duties upon malt, beer, and ale, do not affect the profits of the dealers in those commodities, who all get back the tax with an additional profit, in the enhanced price of their goods.	麦芽、ビール、エールに対する現在の関税は、これらの商品のディーラーの利益に影響を与えず、ディーラーはすべて、商品の値上げで税金に追加利益を加えて取り戻している。	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	affect|影響する|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	dealer|ディーラー|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	get back|取り戻す|verb|regain possession of	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	enhanced|値上げ|adjective|increased	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that something costs
A tax, indeed, may render the goods upon which it is imposed so dear, as to diminish the consumption of them.	税金は、確かに、課税される商品を非常に高価にし、その消費を減少させるかもしれない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced or provided	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	dear|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less
But the consumption of malt is in malt liquors;	しかし、麦芽の消費は麦芽酒にある。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a kiln	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
and a tax of eighteen shillings upon the quarter of malt could not well render those liquors dearer than the different taxes, amounting to twenty-four or twenty-five shillings, do at present.	そして、麦芽の四分の一に課せられる十八シリングという税金は、これらの酒を、現在課せられている二十四、五シリングにのぼるさまざまな税金よりも高くすることはできない。	eighteen shillings|十八シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as "malting"	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	dearer|より高く|adjective|more expensive	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	twenty-four|二十四|noun|the number 24	twenty-five|二十五|noun|the number 25	shillings|シリング|noun|a unit of money in the UK	do|課せられる|verb|perform or carry out	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
Those liquors, on the contrary, would probably become cheaper, and the consumption of them would be more likely to increase than to diminish.	それどころか、これらの酒はおそらく安くなり、消費量は減少するよりも増加する可能性が高い。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	become cheaper|安くなる|verb|become less expensive	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less

It is not very easy to understand why it should be more difficult for the maltster to get back eighteen shillings in the advanced price of his malt, than it is at present for the brewer to get back twenty-four or twenty-five, sometimes thirty shillings, in that of his liquor.	麦芽製造業者が麦芽の値上げで十八シリングを取り戻すのが、ビール醸造業者が酒の値上げで二十四、五シリング、ときには三十シリングを取り戻すよりも、なぜ難しいのか理解するのはあまり簡単ではない。	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	eighteen shillings|十八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	advanced price|値上げ|noun|an increase in the price of something	brewer|ビール醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	twenty-four or twenty-five|二十四、五|noun|the numbers 24 and 25	thirty shillings|三十シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink
The maltster, indeed, instead of a tax of six shillings, would be obliged to advance one of eighteen shilling upon every quarter of malt.	実際、麦芽製造業者は、六シリングという税金の代わりに、麦芽の四分の一につき十八シリングを前払いしなければならない。	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	instead of|の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	six shillings|六シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	eighteen shillings|十八シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number	every quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling
But the brewer is at present obliged to advance a tax of twenty-four or twenty-five, sometimes thirty shillings, upon every quarter of malt which he brews.	しかし、ビール醸造業者は現在、醸造する麦芽の四分の一につき、二十四、五シリング、ときには三十シリングを前払いしなければならない。	brewer|ビール醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	twenty-four|二十四|adjective|the number 24	twenty-five|二十五|adjective|the number 25	thirty|三十|adjective|the number 30	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer
It could not be more inconvenient for the maltster to advance a lighter tax, than it is at present for the brewer to advance a heavier one.	麦芽製造業者が軽い税金を前払いすることは、ビール醸造業者が重い税金を前払いするよりも不便ではありえない。	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	lighter|軽い|adjective|of less weight	brewer|ビール醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	heavier|重い|adjective|of greater weight
The maltster does not always keep in his granaries a stock of malt, which it will require a longer time to dispose of than the stock of beer and ale which the brewer frequently keeps in his cellars.	麦芽製造業者は、麦芽の在庫を常に穀倉に保管しているわけではないが、ビール醸造業者が地下室に保管しているビールやエールの在庫よりも処分するのに長い時間を要する。	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	granary|穀倉|noun|a building for storing grain	stock|在庫|noun|a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use	brewer|ビール醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	cellar|地下室|noun|a room below ground level in a house
The former, therefore, may frequently get the returns of his money as soon as the latter.	したがって、前者は後者と同じくらい早く資金を回収できることが多い。	former|前者|noun|the first of two things mentioned	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	as soon as|と同じくらい早く|adverb|at the earliest possible time	latter|後者|noun|the second of two things mentioned
But whatever inconveniency might arise to the maltster from being obliged to advance a heavier tax, it could easily be remedied, by granting him a few months longer credit than is at present commonly given to the brewer.	しかし、麦芽製造業者がより重い税金を前払いしなければならないことから生じる不便は、現在ビール醸造業者に一般的に与えられているよりも数ヶ月長い信用を与えることによって、簡単に是正できる。	whatever|どんな|adjective|no matter what	inconveniency|不便|noun|the quality or state of being inconvenient	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	maltster|麦芽製造業者|noun|a person who makes malt	obliged|義務付けられる|verb|be required to do something	advance|前払いする|verb|pay (money) before it is due	heavier|より重い|adjective|of greater weight	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	easily|簡単に|adverb|without difficulty or effort	remedied|是正される|verb|put right; correct	granting|与える|verb|give or allow (something) to	brewer|ビール醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer

Nothing could reduce the rent and profit of barley land, which did not reduce the demand for barley.	大麦の需要を減らさなければ、大麦地の賃料と利益を減らすことはできない。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service
But a change of system, which reduced the duties upon a quarter of malt brewed into beer and ale, from twentyfour and twenty-five shillings to eighteen shillings, would be more likely to increase than diminish that demand.	しかし、ビールやエールに醸造される麦芽の四分の一に対する関税を24シリングと25シリングから18シリングに引き下げる制度の変更は、その需要を減少させるよりも増加させる可能性が高い。	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	quarter|四分の一|noun|one of four equal parts	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated grain, especially barley, used in brewing and distilling	brew|醸造する|verb|make (beer) by boiling and fermentation	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	twentyfour|24|numeral|the number that is one more than twenty-three	twenty-five|25|numeral|the number that is one more than twenty-four	eighteen|18|numeral|the number that is one more than seventeen	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	demand|需要|noun|the desire for something coupled with the ability to pay for it
The rent and profit of barley land, besides, must always be nearly equal to those of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land.	そのうえ、大麦地の賃料と利潤は、常に他の同等に肥沃で同等によく耕作された土地の賃料と利潤にほぼ等しくなければならない。	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	barley|大麦|noun|a hardy cereal plant that has been cultivated since prehistoric times	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition to; as well as	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost but not quite	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops
If they were less, some part of the barley land would soon be turned to some other purpose;	もしそれらがより少なければ、大麦地の一部はすぐに他の目的に転用されるだろう。	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	other|他の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied
and if they were greater, more land would soon be turned to the raising of barley.	そしてもしそれらがより大きければ、より多くの土地がすぐに大麦の栽培に転用されるだろう。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	they|それら|pronoun|used to refer to two or more people or things previously mentioned or easily identified	be|である|verb|to exist or live	greater|より大きい|adjective|larger or more important	more|より多くの|adjective|a greater or additional amount or degree	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention, wish, or determination	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	be turned to|転用される|verb|to change the direction or position of	the raising of|栽培|noun|the action of growing plants or crops
When the ordinary price of any particular produce of land is at what may be called a monopoly price, a tax upon it necessarily reduces the rent and profit of the land which grows it.	土地の特定の生産物の通常価格が独占価格と呼べるものである場合、それに対する税は必然的にそれを生産する土地の賃料と利潤を減少させる。	ordinary price|通常価格|noun|the price that is usually charged for a good or service	particular produce|特定の生産物|noun|a specific product that is produced	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	monopoly price|独占価格|noun|the price that a monopolist charges for a good or service	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	reduce|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or value	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
A tax upon the produce of those precious vineyards, of which the wine falls so much short of the effectual demand, that its price is always above the natural proportion to that of the produce of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land, would necessarily reduce the rent and profit of those vineyards.	ワインの効果的需要が非常に不足しているため、その価格が常に他の同等に肥沃で同等によく耕作された土地の生産物に対する自然な比率を上回っている、それらの貴重なブドウ園の生産物に対する税は、必然的にそれらのブドウ園の賃料と利潤を減少させるだろう。	fall short of|不足する|verb|fail to reach or achieve	effectual demand|効果的需要|noun|the demand for a good or service that is backed up by the ability to pay	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	above|上回る|preposition|higher than	natural proportion|自然な比率|noun|the ratio of two quantities that is found in nature	reduce|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord for the use of land or property	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain made in a transaction
The price of the wines being already the highest that could be got for the quantity commonly sent to market, it could not be raised higher without diminishing that quantity;	ワインの価格は、通常市場に出荷される量に対して得られる最高価格であるため、その量を減らさずにそれ以上高くすることはできない。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	highest|最高|adjective|of the greatest vertical extent	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount of something, especially that can be measured	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	could not|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	raise|上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	diminishing|減らす|verb|make or become less
and the quantity could not be diminished without still greater loss, because the lands could not be turned to any other equally valuable produce.	そして、その土地を他の同等に価値のある生産物に転用することができないため、さらに大きな損失を被ることなく量を減らすことはできない。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	land|土地|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	turn|転用する|verb|change in course, direction, or position	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	equally|同等に|adverb|in the same manner or degree	valuable|価値のある|adjective|worth a great deal of money	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process
The whole weight of the tax, therefore, would fall upon the rent and profit;	したがって、税の全重量は地代と利潤にかかるだろう。	whole|全|adjective|complete; entire	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	profit|利潤|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
properly upon the rent of the vineyard.	正確にはブドウ園の地代にかかる。	properly|正確には|adverb|in a correct manner	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown
When it has been proposed to lay any new tax upon sugar, our sugar planters have frequently complained that the whole weight of such taxes fell not upon the consumer, but upon the producer;	砂糖に新しい税を課すことが提案されたとき、我が国の砂糖農園主は、そのような税の全重量が消費者ではなく生産者にかかるとしばしば不満を述べた。	lay|課す|verb|put or set down	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants, especially sugar cane and sugar beet, consisting essentially of sucrose	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	complain|不満を述べる|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	weight|重量|noun|the force exerted on a body by gravity	fall|かかる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	producer|生産者|noun|a person, company, or country that makes, grows, or supplies goods or commodities for sale
they never having been able to raise the price of their sugar after the tax higher than it was before.	彼らは課税後、砂糖の価格を課税前よりも高くすることができなかった。	be able to|できる|verb|have the ability to	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent than average or usual	before|前|preposition|earlier than; in front of
The price had, it seems, before the tax, been a monopoly price;	課税前は価格は独占価格だったようである。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
and the arguments adduced to show that sugar was an improper subject of taxation, demonstrated perhaps that it was a proper one;	そして、砂糖が課税の不適切な対象であることを示すために挙げられた議論は、おそらくそれが適切な対象であることを示した。	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or right	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	proper|適切な|adjective|correct or right
the gains of monopolists, whenever they can be come at, being certainly of all subjects the most proper.	独占者の利益は、いつでも手に入れることができるのであれば、あらゆる対象の中で最も適切なものである。	gain|利益|noun|an increase in wealth or resources	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person or group having exclusive control over a commodity or service	whenever|いつでも|adverb|at whatever time	come at|手に入れることができる|verb|to reach or arrive at	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate
But the ordinary price of barley has never been a monopoly price;	しかし、大麦の通常価格は独占価格ではなかった。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant that is grown for its seed	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service in a particular market
and the rent and profit of barley land have never been above their natural proportion to those of other equally fertile and equally well cultivated land.	そして、大麦地の賃借料と利潤は、他の同等に肥沃で同等によく耕作された土地の賃借料と利潤に対する自然な比率を超えることはなかった。	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	barley|大麦|noun|a hardy cereal plant that has been cultivated since prehistoric times	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	above|超える|preposition|at a higher level or position than	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	proportion|比率|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	equally|同等に|adverb|in a way that is the same in amount or value	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many young or much fruit or vegetation	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	cultivated|耕作された|adjective|prepared and used for growing crops
The different taxes which have been imposed upon malt, beer, and ale, have never lowered the price of barley;	麦芽、ビール、エールに課せられたさまざまな税金は、大麦の価格を下げたことはなかった。	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	barley|大麦|noun|a cereal plant grown chiefly for its seed
have never reduced the rent and profit of barley land.	大麦地の賃借料と利潤を減らしたことはなかった。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	rent|賃借料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	profit|利潤|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue
The price of malt to the brewer has constantly risen in proportion to the taxes imposed upon it;	麦芽の価格は、麦芽に課せられた税金に比例して上昇し続けた。	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as "malting"	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
and those taxes, together with the different duties upon beer and ale, have constantly either raised the price, or, what comes to the same thing, reduced the quality of those commodities to the consumer.	そして、これらの税金は、ビールやエールに対するさまざまな関税とともに、常に価格を上げたり、同じこととして、消費者にとってこれらの商品の品質を低下させたりした。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	raise|上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	reduce|低下させる|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or value	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use
The final payment of those taxes has fallen constantly upon the consumer, and not upon the producer.	これらの税金の最終的な支払いは、生産者ではなく、常に消費者にかかっている。	final|最終的な|adjective|last in a series	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fall|かかる|verb|move or be moved from a higher to a lower position	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	producer|生産者|noun|a person, company, or country that makes, grows, or supplies goods or commodities for sale

The only people likely to suffer by the change of system here proposed, are those who brew for their own private use.	ここで提案されている制度の変更によって損害を被りそうなのは、自家用に醸造している人だけである。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	suffer|損害を被る|verb|undergo or feel pain or distress	private|自家用|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	use|使用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used
But the exemption, which this superior rank of people at present enjoy, from very heavy taxes which are paid by the poor labourer and artificer, is surely most unjust and unequal, and ought to be taken away, even though this change was never to take place.	しかし、この上位階級の人々が現在享受している、貧しい労働者や職人が支払っている非常に重い税金からの免除は、確かに最も不公平で不平等であり、この変更が決して行われないとしても、取り去られるべきである。	exemption|免除|noun|the action of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the hierarchy of a society	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	poor|貧しい|adjective|lacking sufficient money to live at a standard considered comfortable or normal in a society	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	artificer|職人|noun|a skilled craftsman	surely|確かに|adverb|without doubt; certainly	unjust|不公平|adjective|not just; unfair	unequal|不平等|adjective|not equal; uneven	ought to|するべきである|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or to say what is right or desirable	take away|取り去る|verb|remove or carry something from a place	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	take place|行われる|verb|happen; occur
It has probably been the interest of this superior order of people, however, which has hitherto prevented a change of system that could not well fail both to increase the revenue and to relieve the people.	しかし、これまで収入を増やし、国民を救済するという両方の目的を達成できなかった制度の変更を阻止してきたのは、おそらくこの上位階級の人々の利益であった。	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	order|階級|noun|a rank or level in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	fail|達成できなかった|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving a particular goal	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	relieve|救済する|verb|alleviate or reduce	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a particular country

Besides such duties as those of custom and excise above mentioned, there are several others which affect the price of goods more unequally and more indirectly.	上記のような関税や物品税のほかにも、商品の価格にもっと不平等に、もっと間接的に影響を与える税金がいくつかある。	besides|ほかにも|preposition|in addition to; as well as	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	above mentioned|上記の|adjective|mentioned previously	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	unequally|不平等に|adverb|in an unequal manner	indirectly|間接的に|adverb|in an indirect manner
Of this kind are the duties, which, in French, are called peages, which in old Saxon times were called the duties of passage, and which seem to have been originally established for the same purpose as our turnpike tolls, or the tolls upon our canals and navigable rivers, for the maintenance of the road or of the navigation.	このような税金は、フランス語ではペアージュと呼ばれ、古代サクソン時代には通行税と呼ばれ、もともとは道路や水路の維持のために、わが国の有料道路の通行料や運河や河川の通行料と同じ目的で制定されたものと思われる。	French|フランス語|noun|the language of France	peages|ペアージュ|noun|a toll	old Saxon times|古代サクソン時代|noun|the period of English history from the arrival of the Saxons in the 5th century to the Norman Conquest in 1066	passage|通行|noun|the action of moving through or past something	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road on which a toll is charged	toll|通行料|noun|a charge for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	canal|運河|noun|an artificial waterway	navigable|航行できる|adjective|deep enough and wide enough for ships to travel on	river|川|noun|a large natural stream of water	road|道路|noun|a way on land between two places that has been paved to allow travel by transport	navigation|航行|noun|the process or activity of directing the course of a ship, aircraft, or other type of vehicle
Those duties, when applied to such purposes, are most properly imposed according to the bulk or weight of the goods.	これらの税金は、そのような目的に適用される場合、商品の容積または重量に応じて課せられる。	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	apply|適用される|verb|be relevant or appropriate	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	properly|適切に|adverb|in a correct manner	impose|課せられる|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	bulk|容積|noun|the main or greater part of something	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of an object
As they were originally local and provincial duties, applicable to local and provincial purposes, the administration of them was, in most cases, entrusted to the particular town, parish, or lordship, in which they were levied;	これらはもともと地方や地方の目的のために適用される地方や地方の税金であったため、その管理はほとんどの場合、徴収された特定の町、教区、または領主に委ねられていた。	local|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a province	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import of goods	applicable|適用される|adjective|capable of being applied	local|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a particular area or place	provincial|地方の|adjective|of or relating to a province	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business or organization	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	entrust|委ねる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	lordship|領主|noun|the position or authority of a lord	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment
such communities being, in some way or other, supposed to be accountable for the application.	そのような共同体は、何らかの形で、その適用に責任があると考えられていた。	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	some way or other|何らかの形で|noun|in one way or another	be accountable for|責任がある|verb|be responsible for	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation
The sovereign, who is altogether unaccountable, has in many countries assumed to himself the administration of those duties;	まったく責任を負わない君主は、多くの国でこれらの税金の管理を自ら引き受けてきた。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely	unaccountable|責任を負わない|adjective|not responsible or accountable	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	assume|引き受ける|verb|take on oneself	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported goods
and though he has in most cases enhanced very much the duty, he has in many entirely neglected the application.	そして、ほとんどの場合、彼は税金を非常に増額したが、多くの場合、その適用を完全に無視した。	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually; more often than not	enhance|増額する|verb|increase the value or quality of	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported goods	in many|多くの場合|adverb|frequently; often	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	neglect|無視する|verb|fail to care for properly
If the turnpike tolls of Great Britain should ever become one of the resources of government, we may learn, by the example of many other nations, what would probably be the consequence.	イギリスの有料道路通行料が政府の収入源の1つになったとしたら、他の多くの国の例から、おそらくどのような結果になるかを学ぶことができるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	turnpike|有料道路|noun|a road for which a toll is charged	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	resource|収入源|noun|a source of supply or support	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something
Such tolls, no doubt, are finally paid by the consumer;	そのような通行料は、間違いなく、最終的には消費者が支払うことになる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	toll|通行料|noun|a fee paid for using a road, bridge, or tunnel	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	finally|最終的に|adverb|after a long time, process, or series of events	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods and services
but the consumer is not taxed in proportion to his expense, when he pays, not according to the value, but according to the bulk or weight of what he consumes.	しかし、消費者は、価値に応じてではなく、消費する物の容積や重量に応じて支払う場合、支出に比例して課税されるわけではない。	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that if one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	bulk|容積|noun|the main or greater part of something	weight|重量|noun|a measure of the heaviness of an object
When such duties are imposed, not according to the bulk or weight, but according to the supposed value of the goods, they become properly a sort of inland customs or excise, which obstruct very much the most important of all branches of commerce, the interior commerce of the country.	そのような税金が、容積や重量ではなく、商品の想定価値に応じて課せられると、それらは適切に一種の内陸関税または物品税となり、あらゆる商業部門の中で最も重要な、国内の商業を非常に妨げる。	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	impose|課する|verb|to force (something) to be accepted, used, or done	bulk|容積|noun|the main mass or majority of something	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	obstruct|妨げる|verb|to be or put in the way of; to block	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	interior|国内|adjective|inside; inner

In some small states, duties similar to those passage duties are imposed upon goods carried across the territory, either by land or by water, from one foreign country to another.	一部の小国では、通行税に類似した税金が、陸路または水路で、ある外国から別の外国へ、領土を横断して運ばれる品物に課せられる。	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	small|小|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	similar|類似した|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance	passage|通行|noun|the action or process of moving through or across something	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	land|陸路|noun|the part of the earth's surface that is not covered by water	water|水路|noun|the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is the major constituent of all living matter and that when pure is an odorless, tasteless, very slightly compressible liquid oxide of hydrogen H2O which appears bluish in thick layers, freezes at 0° C and boils at 100° C, has a maximum density at 4° C and a high specific heat, is feebly ionized to hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, and is a poor conductor of electricity and a good solvent
These are in some countries called transit-duties.	これらは、一部の国では通過税と呼ばれる。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned before	some countries|一部の国|noun|a small number of countries	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	transit-duties|通過税|noun|a tax on goods passing through a country
Some of the little Italian states which are situated upon the Po, and the rivers which run into it, derive some revenue from duties of this kind, which are paid altogether by foreigners, and which, perhaps, are the only duties that one state can impose upon the subjects of another, without obstruction in any respect, the industry or commerce of its own.	ポー川とそこに注ぐ川沿いにあるイタリアの小国には、この種の税金から収入を得ている国もあるが、これはすべて外国人が支払うものであり、おそらく、一国が自国の産業や商業を妨害することなく、他国の国民に課すことができる唯一の税金である。	Po|ポー川|noun|a river in northern Italy	Italian|イタリアの|adjective|of or relating to Italy or its people or language	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	derive|得る|verb|receive or obtain	revenue|収入|noun|income	duty|税金|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	foreigner|外国人|noun|a person from a foreign country	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	subject|国民|noun|a person who lives in a particular country, state, or under a particular political system	respect|妨害|noun|a particular aspect, point, or detail	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The most important transit-duty in the world, is that levied by the king of Denmark upon all merchant ships which pass through the Sound.	世界で最も重要な通過税は、デンマーク国王がズンド海峡を通過するすべての商船に課す税金である。	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	transit-duty|通過税|noun|a tax on goods passing through a country	world|世界|noun|the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on	Denmark|デンマーク|noun|a country in northern Europe	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of a country	Sound|ズンド海峡|noun|a strait between Denmark and Sweden

Such taxes upon luxuries, as the greater part of the duties of customs and excise, though they all fall indifferently upon every different species of revenue, and are paid finally, or without any retribution, by whoever consumes the commodities upon which they are imposed;	関税や物品税の大部分のような贅沢品に対する税金は、すべて無差別にあらゆる種類の収入に課せられ、課税対象の商品を消費する人が最終的に、あるいは何の報酬もなしに支払うが、	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain	customs|関税|noun|a duty or tax levied on goods imported or exported	excise|物品税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods and services produced or sold within a country	fall upon|課せられる|verb|be imposed on	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	indifferently|無差別に|adverb|without caring one way or the other	species|種類|noun|a category of biological classification ranking immediately below a genus or subgenus, and above a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characteristics distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
yet they do not always fall equally or proportionally upon the revenue of every individual.	それでも、常にすべての個人の収入に平等に、あるいは比例して課せられるわけではない。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	fall|課せられる|verb|be imposed or levied	equally|平等に|adverb|in an equal manner	proportionally|比例して|adverb|in a proportional manner	revenue|収入|noun|income	individual|個人|noun|a single human being
As every man’s humour regulates the degree of his consumption, every man contributes rather according to his humour, than proportion to his revenue: the profuse contribute more, the parsimonious less, than their proper proportion.	各人の気分によって消費の程度が決まるので、各人は収入に比例するよりもむしろ気分によって負担することになる。浪費家は適正な割合よりも多く負担し、倹約家は適正な割合よりも少なく負担する。	humour|気分|noun|a state of mind	regulate|決まる|verb|control or supervise by means of rules and regulations	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	contribute|負担する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	revenue|収入|noun|income	profuse|浪費家|adjective|giving or producing something in large quantities; abundant	parsimonious|倹約家|adjective|unwilling to spend money or use resources; frugal	proper|適正な|adjective|truly what something is said or regarded to be; genuine	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole
During the minority of a man of great fortune, he contributes commonly very little, by his consumption, towards the support of that state from whose protection he derives a great revenue.	大富豪の未成年期には、その保護によって大収入を得ている国家の維持に、消費によって貢献することはほとんどない。	minority|未成年期|noun|the state or period of being under the legal age	great fortune|大富豪|noun|a person who has a great deal of money	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	support|維持|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or other resources	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Those who live in another country, contribute nothing by their consumption towards the support of the government of that country, in which is situated the source of their revenue.	外国に住んでいる人は、収入源がある国の政府の維持に、消費によって何も貢献していない。	live in|住んでいる|verb|reside in	another country|外国|noun|a country other than one's own	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	support|維持|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or other resources	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
If in this latter country there should be no land tax, nor any considerable duty upon the transference either of moveable or immoveable property, as is the case in Ireland, such absentees may derive a great revenue from the protection of a government, to the support of which they do not contribute a single shilling.	もし後者の国に、アイルランドの場合のように、土地税も動産・不動産の譲渡に対する相当な税金もなければ、そのような不在者は、政府の保護から大きな収入を得ることができ、その維持には一シリングも貢献しない。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	transference|譲渡|noun|the action of transferring something	moveable|動産|adjective|able to be moved	immoveable|不動産|adjective|not able to be moved	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in Europe	absentee|不在者|noun|a person who is not present	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	support|維持|noun|the action of supporting something	contribute|貢献する|verb|give something, especially money, to a common purpose
This inequality is likely to be greatest in a country of which the government is, in some respects, subordinate and dependant upon that of some other.	この不平等は、政府が何らかの点で他の政府に従属し依存している国で最も大きくなる可能性がある。	inequality|不平等|noun|the quality of being unequal	be likely to|可能性がある|verb|be probable or expected	greatest|最も大きい|adjective|of the highest quality or degree	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	some respect|何らかの点|noun|a particular aspect, feature, or point	subordinate|従属する|adjective|lower in rank or position	dependent|依存する|adjective|relying on someone or something else for aid, support, or the like
The people who possess the most extensive property in the dependant, will, in this case, generally chuse to live in the governing country.	この場合、従属国で最も広大な財産を所有する人々は、一般的に統治国に住むことを選択する。	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	chuse|選択する|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives
Ireland is precisely in this situation;	アイルランドはまさにこの状況にある。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a republic in northwestern Europe occupying most of the island of Ireland	precisely|まさに|adverb|in exact terms; accurately	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time and place
and we cannot therefore wonder, that the proposal of a tax upon absentees should be so very popular in that country.	だから、不在者への課税の提案がその国で非常に人気があることは不思議ではない。	wonder|不思議に思う|verb|be curious or in doubt about	proposal|提案|noun|a plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	absentee|不在者|noun|a person who is not present	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It might, perhaps, be a little difficult to ascertain either what sort, or what degree of absence, would subject a man to be taxed as an absentee, or at what precise time the tax should either begin or end.	どのような種類の、あるいはどの程度の不在が、不在者として課税される対象となるのか、あるいは課税がいつ開始または終了するのかを確認するのは、おそらく少し難しいかもしれない。	ascertain|確認する|verb|find out or establish with certainty	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	degree|程度|noun|the extent to which something happens or is present	absence|不在|noun|the state of being away from a place or person	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	absentee|不在者|noun|a person who is not present	tax|課税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	begin|開始|verb|start to do or be something	end|終了|verb|finish or come to an end
If you except, however, this very peculiar situation, any inequality in the contribution of individuals which can arise from such taxes, is much more than compensated by the very circumstance which occasions that inequality;	しかし、この非常に特殊な状況を除けば、そのような税金から生じうる個人の負担の不平等は、その不平等を生じさせる状況そのものによって補償される以上のものだ。	except|除く|verb|not include	peculiar|特殊な|adjective|strange or odd	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	inequality|不平等|noun|the condition of being unequal	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	occasion|生じさせる|verb|cause or produce	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
the circumstance that every man’s contribution is altogether voluntary;	すべての人の負担が完全に自発的であるという状況である。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	every man's|すべての人の|noun|each person's	contribution|負担|noun|the action of contributing money, time, help, etc.	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely	voluntary|自発的|adjective|done, given, or acting of one's own free will
it being altogether in his power, either to consume, or not to consume, the commodity taxed.	課税される商品を消費するかしないかは、すべてその人の権限にある。	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally	power|権限|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on
Where such taxes, therefore, are properly assessed, and upon proper commodities, they are paid with less grumbling than any other.	したがって、そのような税金が適切に評価され、適切な商品に課せられれば、他のどの税金よりも不満を抱かずに支払われる。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	properly|適切に|adverb|in a proper manner	assess|評価する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	grumble|不満を言う|verb|complain or protest about something in a bad-tempered but muted way
When they are advanced by the merchant or manufacturer, the consumer, who finally pays them, soon comes to confound them with the price of the commodities, and almost forgets that he pays any tax.	商人や製造業者が税金を前払いすると、最終的に支払う消費者はすぐに商品の価格と混同し、税金を支払っていることをほとんど忘れてしまう。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is needed to buy something	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	confound|混同する|verb|confuse or bewilder	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Such taxes are, or may be, perfectly certain;	そのような税金は、完全に確実であるか、またはそうである可能性がある。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be|である|verb|to exist or live	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	perfectly|完全に|adverb|in a complete manner	certain|確実である|adjective|known for sure; established beyond doubt
or may be assessed, so as to leave no doubt concerning either what ought to be paid, or when it ought to be paid;	あるいは、何を支払うべきか、いつ支払うべきかについて疑問を残さないように評価されるかもしれない。	leave|残す|verb|not take with one when one goes away	doubt|疑問|noun|a feeling of uncertainty about something	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due
concerning either the quantity or the time of payment.	支払額や支払時期についてである。	concerning|について|preposition|about	quantity|支払額|noun|the amount or number of something	time|支払時期|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole
What ever uncertainty there may sometimes be, either in the duties of customs in Great Britain, or in other duties of the same kind in other countries, it cannot arise from the nature of those duties, but from the inaccurate or unskilful manner in which the law that imposes them is expressed.	イギリスの関税や他の国々の同種の関税に不確実性があるとしても、それは関税の性質から生じるものであって、関税を課す法律の表現が不正確であったり、不手際であったりすることによるものではない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	express|表現する|verb|convey (a thought or feeling) in words or by gestures and conduct

Taxes upon luxuries generally are, and always may be, paid piece-meal, or in proportion as the contributors have occasion to purchase the goods upon which they are imposed.	贅沢品に対する税金は、一般的に、また常に、分割払い、あるいは課税対象となる商品を購入する機会に応じて支払われる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	piece-meal|分割払い|noun|a method of payment in which the total cost is paid in small amounts over a period of time	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives or contributes something, in particular a sum of money	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	purchase|購入|verb|buy	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
In the time and mode of payment, they are, or may be, of all taxes the most convenient.	支払時期や支払方法において、贅沢品に対する税金は、あらゆる税金の中で最も便利なものである。	time|時期|noun|the space or span of time	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
Upon the whole, such taxes, therefore, are perhaps as agreeable to the three first of the four general maxims concerning taxation, as any other.	全体として、このような税金は、おそらく他の税金と同じように、課税に関する四つの一般原則のうち最初の三つに適合している。	upon the whole|全体として|adverb|in general	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly	agreeable|適合している|adjective|able to be accepted	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	maxim|原則|noun|a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct	concerning|に関する|preposition|about	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes
They offend in every respect against the fourth.	贅沢品に対する税金は、あらゆる点で四番目の原則に反している。	offend|反する|verb|go against	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|in all aspects	fourth|四番目|adjective|coming after three others in a series

Such taxes, in proportion to what they bring into the public treasury of the state, always take out, or keep out, of the pockets of the people, more than almost any other taxes.	このような税金は、国庫に収める額に比例して、他のほとんどの税金よりも、常に国民の懐からより多くの金を取り上げ、あるいは取り上げ続ける。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	bring into|収める|verb|cause to be in a specified state	public treasury|国庫|noun|the national treasury	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	take out|取り上げる|verb|remove something from a place	keep out|取り上げ続ける|verb|prevent from entering
They seem to do this in all the four different ways in which it is possible to do it.	贅沢品に対する税金は、四つの異なる方法で国民の懐から金を取り上げているように思われる。	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	do|行う|verb|perform or execute	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens

First, the levying of such taxes, even when imposed in the most judicious manner, requires a great number of custom-house and excise officers, whose salaries and perquisites are a real tax upon the people, which brings nothing into the treasury of the state.	第一に、このような税金の徴収は、最も賢明な方法で課税されたとしても、多数の税関吏や徴税吏を必要とし、その給与や手当は国民に対する真の税金であり、国庫には何も入らない。	First|第一に|adverb|before anything else; first of all	levying|徴収|noun|the collection of a tax	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	even when|たとえ|adverb|although	imposed|課税される|verb|to put or set (something) as a duty, burden, or punishment	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or wisdom	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	require|必要とする|verb|to need or want	great number|多数|noun|a large number	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where customs are collected	excise|徴税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods and services produced or sold within a country	officer|吏|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	perquisite|手当|noun|a benefit to which one is entitled as an addition to one's regular salary or wages	real|真の|adjective|not imitation or artificial; genuine	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	bring|入る|verb|to cause to come or go to a place	nothing|何も|pronoun|not anything; no single thing	treasury|国庫|noun|the funds of a government, corporation, or institution
This expense, however, it must be acknowledged, is more moderate in Great Britain than in most other countries.	しかし、この費用は、イギリスでは他のほとんどの国よりも控えめであることを認めなければならない。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	moderate|控えめ|adjective|not extreme or excessive	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned or implied
In the year which ended on the 5th of July, 1775, the gross produce of the different duties, under the management of the commissioners of excise in England, amounted to £5,507,308:18:81⁄4, which was levied at an expense of little more than five and a-half per cent.	一七七五年七月五日に終わった年には、イギリスの物品税委員会の管理下にあるさまざまな関税の総収入は五五〇万七三〇八ポンド一八シリング八ペンス四ファーシングに達し、その徴収費用は五パーセント半強にすぎなかった。	In the year|その年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	ended|終わった|verb|come to an end	on the 5th of July, 1775|一七七五年七月五日|noun|a date	the gross produce|総収入|noun|the total amount of money or goods produced	the different duties|さまざまな関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	under the management of|管理下にある|noun|the control and organization of something	the commissioners of excise|物品税委員会|noun|a group of people who are responsible for collecting taxes on goods and services	in England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	amounted to|達した|verb|be equal to or the same as	£5,507,308:18:81⁄4|五五〇万七三〇八ポンド一八シリング八ペンス四ファーシング|noun|a sum of money	which was levied|その徴収費用|noun|the amount of money that is collected	at an expense of|は|noun|the cost of something	little more than|強|adverb|slightly more than	five and a-half per cent|五パーセント半|noun|a percentage
From this gross produce, however, there must be deducted what was paid away in bounties and drawbacks upon the exportation of exciseable goods, which will reduce the neat produce below five millions. {The neat produce of that year, after deducting all expenses and allowances, amounted to £4,975,652:19:6.}	しかし、この総収入から、物品税対象品目の輸出に際して支払われた奨励金や払い戻し金を差し引かなければならないので、純収入は五百万ポンド以下になる。{その年の純収入は、すべての経費と手当を差し引いた後、四九七万五六五二ポンド一九シリング六ペンスとなった。}	gross produce|総収入|noun|the total amount of money or goods produced	deduct|差し引く|verb|take away or subtract	bounty|奨励金|noun|a reward or payment	drawback|払い戻し金|noun|a disadvantage or problem	exciseable goods|物品税対象品目|noun|goods that are subject to excise tax	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	neat produce|純収入|noun|the net amount of money or goods produced	below|以下|preposition|lower than	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	after|後|preposition|later or following	deduct|差し引く|verb|take away or subtract	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, usually to cover living expenses	that year|その年|noun|the year being discussed	neat produce|純収入|noun|the net amount of money or goods produced
The levying of the salt duty, and excise duty, but under a different management, is much more expensive.	塩税や物品税の徴収は、別の管理下にあるとはいえ、はるかに費用がかかる。	salt duty|塩税|noun|a tax on salt	excise duty|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	levying|徴収|noun|the collection of a tax	different|別の|adjective|not the same	management|管理|noun|the process of managing something	expensive|費用がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money
The neat revenue of the customs does not amount to two millions and a-half, which is levied at an expense of more than ten per cent., in the salaries of officers and other incidents.	関税の純収入は二百五十万ポンドにも満たず、徴収費用は役人の給与やその他の雑費で十パーセント以上にもなる。	neat|純|adjective|without anything added	revenue|収入|noun|income	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	two millions and a-half|二百五十万|noun|two and a half million	expense|費用|noun|cost	more than|以上|adverb|in excess of	ten per cent|十パーセント|noun|ten percent	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	other|その他の|adjective|additional	incident|雑費|noun|a minor event or occurrence
But the perquisites of custom-house officers are everywhere much greater than their salaries;	しかし、税関職員の収入はどこでも給与よりはるかに多い。	custom-house|税関|noun|a government office where duties are collected on imported goods	officer|職員|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	perquisite|収入|noun|a benefit to which one is entitled as an addition to one's regular salary or wages	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker
at some ports more than double or triple those salaries.	港によっては給与の二倍、三倍以上になる。	at some ports|港によっては|adverb|at some ports	more than|以上|adverb|more than	double|二倍|adjective|twice as much or as many	triple|三倍|adjective|three times as much or as many	those salaries|給与|noun|the money paid to someone for regular work
If the salaries of officers, and other incidents, therefore, amount to more than ten per cent.	したがって、役人の給与やその他の雑費が十パーセント以上になるならば、	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made usually on a monthly or biweekly basis but often expressed as an annual sum	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	incident|雑費|noun|a minor event or occurrence	amount to|なる|verb|to be equal to	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	ten percent|十パーセント|noun|a proportion or share of ten out of every hundred
upon the neat revenue of the customs, the whole expense of levying that revenue may amount, in salaries and perquisites together, to more than twenty or thirty per cent.	関税の純収入に対して、その収入を徴収する費用の総額は、給与と収入を合わせると、二十パーセントから三十パーセント以上になるかもしれない。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	neat|純|adjective|free from dirt or impurities	revenue|収入|noun|income	the whole expense|費用の総額|noun phrase|the total amount of money spent	levying|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	amount|なる|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	perquisite|収入|noun|a benefit to which one is entitled as an addition to one's regular salary or wages
The officers of excise receive few or no perquisites;	物品税の役人は、ほとんど、あるいはまったく収入を得ていない。	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	receive|得る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	no|まったくない|adjective|not any
and the administration of that branch of the revenue being of more recent establishment, is in general less corrupted than that of the customs, into which length of time has introduced and authorised many abuses.	そして、収入のこの部門の管理は、より最近に設立されたものであり、長い年月をかけて多くの不正が導入され、認められた関税の管理よりも、一般的に腐敗が少ない。	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business or organization	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	recent|最近|adjective|having happened, begun, or been done not long ago	establishment|設立|noun|the act of setting up or starting something	general|一般的|adjective|involving or affecting the whole of something	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	corrupt|腐敗した|adjective|dishonest or illegal	customs|関税|noun|a tax on goods coming into or going out of a country	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	authorise|認める|verb|give official permission for or approval to	abuse|不正|noun|the improper use of something
By charging upon malt the whole revenue which is at present levied by the different duties upon malt and malt liquors, a saving, it is supposed, of more than £50,000, might be made in the annual expense of the excise.	麦芽と麦芽酒に課せられる別々の税によって現在徴収されている収入のすべてを麦芽に課税することによって、物品税の年間経費を五万ポンド以上節約できると考えられる。	charge|課税する|verb|demand a price for	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as malting	revenue|収入|noun|income	at present|現在|adverb|now	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	different|別々の|adjective|not the same	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	malt liquor|麦芽酒|noun|a beer brewed with a high proportion of malt to hops	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money spent	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	annual|年間|adjective|happening once a year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	excise|物品税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods produced or sold within a country
By confining the duties of customs to a few sorts of goods, and by levying those duties according to the excise laws, a much greater saving might probably be made in the annual expense of the customs.	関税を数種類の品物に限定し、物品税法に従って徴収すれば、関税の年間経費をもっと節約できるかもしれない。	confine|限定する|verb|keep or restrict within limits	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	goods|品物|noun|an article of trade	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the manufacture, sale, or distribution of a commodity or service	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money spent	annual|年間|adjective|happening or recurring once a year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something

Secondly, such taxes necessarily occasion some obstruction or discouragement to certain branches of industry.	第二に、このような税は必然的に産業の特定の部門に何らかの障害や妨害をもたらす。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or give rise to	some|何らかの|determiner|an unspecified amount or number of	obstruction|障害|noun|something that obstructs or blocks	discouragement|妨害|noun|the action of discouraging someone or something	certain|特定の|adjective|having a specific but not explicitly stated value	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main body, especially a large organization	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
As they always raise the price of the commodity taxed, they so far discourage its consumption, and consequently its production.	課税される商品の価格は常に上昇するので、その消費は抑制され、結果として生産も抑制される。	raise|上昇させる|verb|cause to rise	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	discourage|抑制する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	production|生産|noun|the action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured
If it is a commodity of home growth or manufacture, less labour comes to be employed in raising and producing it.	それが国産品や国産の製品であれば、その生産に従事する労働力は減少する。	home growth|国産品|noun|a product that is grown or produced in one's own country	manufacture|国産の製品|noun|a product that is made in a factory	less|減少する|adjective|not as much or as many	labour|労働力|noun|the work done by people, especially physical work done in return for wages	come to be|従事する|verb|become	employed|従事する|verb|have a job	raising|生産|noun|the action of increasing the amount, value, or strength of something	producing|生産|noun|the action of making or creating something
If it is a foreign commodity of which the tax increases in this manner the price, the commodities of the same kind which are made at home may thereby, indeed, gain some advantage in the home market, and a greater quantity of domestic industry may thereby be turned toward preparing them.	それが外国の商品で、税金によって価格が上昇するのであれば、国内で生産される同種の商品は、それによって国内市場で多少の優位性を得ることができ、国内産業のより多くの部分がその生産に振り向けられるかもしれない。	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	increase|上昇する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	home|国内|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	market|市場|noun|a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities	advantage|優位性|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
But though this rise of price in a foreign commodity, may encourage domestic industry in one particular branch, it necessarily discourages that industry in almost every other.	しかし、外国の商品の価格が上昇すると、特定の部門では国内産業が活性化するかもしれないが、他のほとんどの部門では必然的に国内産業が衰退する。	rise|上昇|noun|an increase in the level of something	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	encourage|活性化する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	branch|部門|noun|a subdivision of a main group	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	discourage|衰退する|verb|cause to lose confidence or enthusiasm
The dearer the Birmingham manufacturer buys his foreign wine, the cheaper he necessarily sells that part of his hardware with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which, he buys it.	バーミンガムの製造業者が外国産のワインを高く買えば買うほど、そのワインを買うために売る金物類の価格は必然的に安くなる。	Birmingham|バーミンガム|noun|a city in the West Midlands of England	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or from a country other than one's own	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	dearer|高く|adjective|costing more	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	hardware|金物類|noun|tools, implements, and other articles made of metal	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
That part of his hardware, therefore, becomes of less value to him, and he has less encouragement to work at it.	そのため、彼の金物類のその部分は彼にとって価値が低くなり、彼はそれに取り組む意欲を失う。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	work at|取り組む|verb|to try to do something
The dearer the consumers in one country pay for the surplus produce of another, the cheaper they necessarily sell that part of their own surplus produce with which, or, what comes to the same thing, with the price of which, they buy it.	一国の消費者が他国の余剰生産物に支払う代金が高ければ高いほど、彼らがそれを買うために売る自国の余剰生産物の価格は必然的に安くなる。	dearer|より高価な|adjective|more expensive	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods and services for personal use	one country|一国|noun|a single nation	another|他国|noun|a different nation	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	pay|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for a good or service	cheaper|より安い|adjective|less expensive	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|inevitably; unavoidably	sell|売る|verb|exchange or deliver for money	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	own|自国|adjective|belonging to oneself	price|価格|noun|the amount of money that is paid for something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for money
That part of their own surplus produce becomes of less value to them, and they have less encouragement to increase its quantity.	彼ら自身の余剰生産物のその部分は彼らにとって価値が低くなり、彼らはその量を増やす意欲を失う。	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	encouragement|意欲|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous
All taxes upon consumable commodities, therefore, tend to reduce the quantity of productive labour below what it otherwise would be, either in preparing the commodities taxed, if they are home commodities, or in preparing those with which they are purchased, if they are foreign commodities.	したがって、消費財に対するすべての税は、課税される商品が国産品である場合はその商品の製造において、また、課税される商品が外国製品である場合はその商品を購入するために売られる商品の製造において、生産的労働の量をそうでない場合よりも減少させる傾向がある。	All taxes|すべての税|noun|the total amount of taxes	consumable commodity|消費財|noun|a good that is used up in the process of being used	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	reduce|減少させる|verb|make or become smaller or less	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces a tangible or intangible good	below|よりも|preposition|lower in position, rank, or value than	otherwise|そうでない場合|adverb|in a different way	be|である|verb|exist or live	prepare|製造|verb|make or get ready for use or consideration	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	home|国産|adjective|of or relating to a person's home or country	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own
Such taxes, too, always alter, more or less, the natural direction of national industry, and turn it into a channel always different from, and generally less advantageous, than that in which it would have run of its own accord.	そのような税もまた、常に多かれ少なかれ、国民産業の自然な方向を変え、それを自らの意志で運営していた場合とは常に異なり、一般的にあまり有利ではない経路に変える。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	always|常に|adverb|on all occasions; at all times; without exception	alter|変える|verb|make or become different	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; approximately	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	direction|方向|noun|a course along which someone or something moves	national|国民の|adjective|of or relating to a nation or its people	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	turn|変える|verb|change in position, direction, or course	channel|経路|noun|a means of communication or access	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as another or each other; unlike	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent; not so much	advantageous|有利な|adjective|to one's benefit; favorable	accord|意志|noun|an agreement or settlement of a dispute

Thirdly, the hope of evading such taxes by smuggling, gives frequent occasion to forfeitures and other penalties, which entirely ruin the smuggler;	第三に、密輸によってそのような税を回避しようとする期待は、密輸業者を完全に破滅させる没収やその他の罰則を頻繁に招く。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	hope|期待|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	evade|回避する|verb|escape or avoid, especially by cleverness or trickery	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	give|招く|verb|cause to be received	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	forfeiture|没収|noun|the loss of property or a right as a penalty	penalty|罰則|noun|a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
a person who, though no doubt highly blameable for violating the laws of his country, is frequently incapable of violating those of natural justice, and would have been, in every respect, an excellent citizen, had not the laws of his country made that a crime which nature never meant to be so.	自国の法律に違反したことは間違いなく非難されるべきだが、自然正義の法則に違反することはできないことが多く、自国の法律が自然が決してそうは意図していなかったことを犯罪とみなさなければ、あらゆる点で優れた市民であったであろう人物である。	violate|違反する|verb|break or fail to comply with	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	natural justice|自然正義|noun|the principle that people should be treated fairly and justly	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or feature of something	excellent|優れた|adjective|very good; of high quality	nature|自然|noun|the physical world and everything in it	mean|意図する|verb|intend to convey or indicate	crime|犯罪|noun|an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government
In those corrupted governments, where there is at least a general suspicion of much unnecessary expense, and great misapplication of the public revenue, the laws which guard it are little respected.	少なくとも多くの不必要な支出と公的収入の大きな誤用が一般に疑われている腐敗した政府では、それを守る法律はほとんど尊重されていない。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	guard|守る|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	respect|尊重する|verb|have due regard for the feelings, wishes, rights, or traditions of
Not many people are scrupulous about smuggling, when, without perjury, they can find an easy and safe opportunity of doing so.	偽証をせずに密輸を簡単に安全に行う機会を見つけられる場合、密輸に慎重になる人は多くない。	not many|多くない|adjective|not a large number of	people|人|noun|a human being	scrupulous|慎重な|adjective|very careful about doing something in a correct and honest way	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border	perjury|偽証|noun|the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	safe|安全な|adjective|not likely to cause or lead to harm, injury, or loss	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something
To pretend to have any scruple about buying smuggled goods, though a manifest encouragement to the violation of the revenue laws, and to the perjury which almost always attends it, would, in most countries, be regarded as one of those pedantic pieces of hypocrisy which, instead of gaining credit with anybody, serve only to expose the person who affects to practise them to the suspicion of being a greater knave than most of his neighbours.	密輸品を購入することに良心の呵責があるふりをすることは、税法違反やそれに伴う偽証を明らかに助長するものであるが、ほとんどの国では、誰からも信用を得るどころか、それを実践するふりをする人が近所のほとんどの人よりも悪党であるという疑いを抱かせるだけの、衒学的な偽善の一つと見なされるだろう。	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is true when in fact it is not	have any scruple|良心の呵責がある|verb|to have a feeling of doubt or guilt about doing something	buy|購入する|verb|to get something by paying money for it	smuggled goods|密輸品|noun|goods that have been brought into a country illegally	manifest encouragement|明らかに助長する|noun|a clear and obvious sign of support or approval	violation|違反|noun|the act of breaking a law or rule	revenue laws|税法|noun|laws that relate to the collection of taxes	perjury|偽証|noun|the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding	attend|伴う|verb|to go with or accompany	most countries|ほとんどの国|noun|the majority of countries	be regarded as|見なされる|verb|to be considered or thought of as	one of those|一つ|noun|a single person or thing	pedantic|衒学的|adjective|excessively concerned with minor details or rules	pieces of hypocrisy|偽善|noun|the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform	instead of|どころか|conjunction|rather than	gaining credit|信用を得る|verb|to be given or allowed to have something	anybody|誰からも|pronoun|any person	serve only to|だけ～する|verb|to have no other purpose or effect than	expose|さらけ出す|verb|to make known or reveal	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	affect|ふりをする|verb|to pretend to have or feel	practise|実践する|verb|to regularly do something	suspicion|疑い|noun|a feeling or thought that something is possible, likely, or true	greater knave|悪党|noun|a dishonest or unscrupulous person	most of|ほとんどの|determiner|the majority of	his neighbours|近所の人|noun|a person who lives near another person
By this indulgence of the public, the smuggler is often encouraged to continue a trade, which he is thus taught to consider as in some measure innocent;	このような国民の甘い態度によって、密輸業者はしばしば商売を続けることを奨励され、ある程度は罪がないと考えるようになります。	indulgence|甘い態度|noun|the act of indulging	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who smuggles goods	encourage|奨励する|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	trade|商売|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	innocent|罪がない|adjective|not guilty of a crime or offense
and when the severity of the revenue laws is ready to fall upon him, he is frequently disposed to defend with violence, what he has been accustomed to regard as his just property.	そして、税法の厳しさが彼に降りかかろうとすると、彼はしばしば暴力で自分の正当な財産と考えてきたものを守ろうとする。	revenue law|税法|noun|a law that relates to taxation	severity|厳しさ|noun|the quality or state of being severe	fall upon|降りかかる|verb|to happen to	defend|守る|verb|to protect from harm or danger	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	just|正当な|adjective|based on or behaving according to what is morally right and fair	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone
From being at first, perhaps, rather imprudent than criminal, he at last too often becomes one of the hardiest and most determined violators of the laws of society.	最初は犯罪者というよりは軽率だったかもしれないが、ついには社会の法律を最も大胆に、最も断固として犯す者の一人になってしまうことがあまりにも多い。	at first|最初は|adverb|in the beginning	criminal|犯罪者|noun|a person who has committed a crime	imprudent|軽率|adjective|lacking care for the consequences of an action; rash	at last|ついに|adverb|finally	too often|あまりにも多い|adverb|more often than is desirable	one|一人|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	the laws of society|社会の法律|noun|the rules that govern how people behave in a society	violator|犯す者|noun|a person who breaks or does not obey a law or rule
By the ruin of the smuggler, his capital, which had before been employed in maintaining productive labour, is absorbed either in the revenue of the state, or in that of the revenue officer;	密輸業者の破滅によって、それまで生産労働の維持に使われていた彼の資本は、国家の収入か税務官の収入に吸収される。	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who smuggles goods	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	maintain|維持|verb|cause or enable to continue	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	absorb|吸収|verb|take in or soak up	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	officer|税務官|noun|a person holding a position of authority in the armed forces, the police, or a government department
and is employed in maintaining unproductive, to the diminution of the general capital of the society, and of the useful industry which it might otherwise have maintained.	そして、非生産的なものを維持するために使われ、社会の一般資本と、そうでなければ維持できたであろう有用な産業が減少する。	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	diminution|減少|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making smaller	general capital|一般資本|noun|the capital of a company that is not allocated to a particular purpose	useful industry|有用な産業|noun|an industry that is beneficial to society	otherwise|そうでなければ|adverb|in a different way; in other circumstances

Fourthly, such taxes, by subjecting at least the dealers in the taxed commodities, to the frequent visits and odious examination of the tax-gatherers, expose them sometimes, no doubt, to some degree of oppression, and always to much trouble and vexation;	第四に、そのような税は、少なくとも課税対象商品の販売業者を、徴税吏の頻繁な訪問や忌まわしい検査にさらすことで、彼らを時折、ある程度の抑圧にさらし、常に多くのトラブルや悩みの種にしていることは間違いない。	Fourthly|第四に|adverb|in the fourth place	such|そのような|adjective|of that kind	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	dealer|販売業者|noun|a person or business that buys and sells goods	subject|さらす|verb|cause to experience or undergo	frequent|頻繁な|adjective|happening or done often	visit|訪問|noun|an act of going or coming to see a person or place socially, as a guest or for business	odious|忌まわしい|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	examination|検査|noun|a detailed inspection or investigation	expose|さらす|verb|cause to experience or undergo	sometimes|時折|adverb|occasionally; now and then	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	some degree|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	oppression|抑圧|noun|the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	much|多くの|adjective|great in quantity or degree	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	vexation|悩みの種|noun|the state of being annoyed, frustrated, or worried
and though vexation, as has already been said, is not strictly speaking expense, it is certainly equivalent to the expense at which every man would be willing to redeem himself from it.	すでに述べたように、悩みは厳密に言えば費用ではないが、誰もが喜んでその悩みから逃れるために支払うであろう費用に相当することは確かである。	vexation|悩み|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried	strictly speaking|厳密に言えば|adverb|in the strictest sense	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	redeem|逃れる|verb|buy back	himself|自分|pronoun|the male person being discussed	it|それ|pronoun|the thing being discussed
The laws of excise, though more effectual for the purpose for which they were instituted, are, in this respect, more vexatious than those of the customs.	物品税法は、制定された目的にはより効果的であるが、この点では関税法よりも厄介である。	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity	effectual|効果的|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	institute|制定する|verb|establish or introduce	respect|点|noun|a particular aspect or point	vexatious|厄介な|adjective|causing or likely to cause annoyance, frustration, or worry
When a merchant has imported goods subject to certain duties of customs;	商人が一定の関税を課せられる商品を輸入した場合、	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	import|輸入する|verb|bring in from a foreign country	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	subject to|課せられる|adjective|liable to be affected by	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
when he has paid those duties, and lodged the goods in his warehouse;	その関税を支払い、商品を倉庫に保管したとき、	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	lodge|保管する|verb|deposit or place for safekeeping	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale
he is not, in most cases, liable to any further trouble or vexation from the custom-house officer.	ほとんどの場合、その商人は税関職員からそれ以上の面倒や悩みを受けることはない。	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually	liable|受けやすい|adjective|likely to do or have something	trouble|面倒|noun|difficulty or problems	vexation|悩み|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried
It is otherwise with goods subject to duties of excise.	物品税の対象となる商品はそうではない。	be otherwise|そうではない|verb|be different	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the manufacture, sale, or distribution of a particular commodity or service
The dealers have no respite from the continual visits and examination of the excise officers.	業者は物品税官吏の絶え間ない訪問と検査から逃れることができない。	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	respite|逃れること|noun|a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant	continual|絶え間ない|adjective|happening or done without interruption	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going or coming to see a person or place socially, as a tourist, or on business	examination|検査|noun|a detailed inspection or investigation
The duties of excise are, upon this account, more unpopular than those of the customs;	このため、物品税は関税よりも不人気である。	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	customs|関税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	unpopular|不人気|adjective|not liked by many people
and so are the officers who levy them.	徴収する官吏も同様である。	officer|官吏|noun|a person who holds a position of authority or command	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine
Those officers, it is pretended, though in general, perhaps, they do their duty fully as well as those of the customs;	これらの官吏は、たぶん一般には関税官吏と同じように職務を全うしているにもかかわらず、	officer|官吏|noun|a person who holds an office	pretend|主張する|verb|to claim to be or do something that you are not or that you are not doing	in general|一般に|adverb|usually; normally	duty|職務|noun|a task or action that one is required to perform	fully|十分に|adverb|completely; totally	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods
yet, as that duty obliges them to be frequently very troublesome to some of their neighbours, commonly contract a certain hardness of character, which the others frequently have not.	職務上、近隣の人にしばしば迷惑をかけざるを得ないため、他の官吏にはあまり見られない、ある種の冷酷な性格を身につけることが多いとされている。	duty|職務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	oblige|余儀なくさせる|verb|make someone do something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	troublesome|迷惑な|adjective|causing difficulty or problems	neighbour|近隣の人|noun|a person who lives near another	commonly|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	contract|身につける|verb|catch or develop an illness or disease	character|性格|noun|the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual	hardness|冷酷さ|noun|the quality or state of being hard	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
This observation, however, may very probably be the mere suggestion of fraudulent dealers, whose smuggling is either prevented or detected by their diligence.	しかし、この観察は、おそらく、彼らの勤勉さによって密輸が阻止されたり、発見されたりする不正な業者の単なる示唆にすぎない。	observation|観察|noun|the action or process of observing something	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	mere|単なる|adjective|that is the only thing mentioned	suggestion|示唆|noun|a statement or question that implies or hints at something	fraudulent|不正な|adjective|obtained, done by, or involving deception, especially criminal deception	dealer|業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	diligence|勤勉さ|noun|careful and persistent work or effort

The inconveniencies, however, which are, perhaps, in some degree inseparable from taxes upon consumable communities, fall as light upon the people of Great Britain as upon those of any other country of which the government is nearly as expensive.	しかし、おそらく消費財に課税することとある程度切り離せない不都合は、政府の支出がほぼ同じくらい大きい他の国々の人々と同じように、イギリスの人々にも軽く降りかかる。	inconveniency|不都合|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or annoyance	inseparable|切り離せない|adjective|unable to be separated or treated separately	consumable|消費財|noun|a thing that is capable of being used up	community|共同体|noun|a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common	fall upon|降りかかる|verb|happen to	light|軽く|adverb|to a small degree; slightly	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	expensive|大きい|adjective|costing a lot of money
Our state is not perfect, and might be mended;	我々の国家は完全ではなく、改善の余地がある。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	perfect|完全|adjective|having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be	might|改善の余地がある|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability
but it is as good, or better, than that of most of our neighbours.	しかし、それは我々の隣国のほとんどの国家と同じくらい、あるいはそれよりも良い。	as good as|同じくらい|adverb|to the same extent or degree	better|より良い|adjective|of a more excellent or effective type or quality	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	neighbour|隣国|noun|a person living next door or very close

In consequence of the notion, that duties upon consumable goods were taxes upon the profits of merchants, those duties have, in some countries, been repeated upon every successive sale of the goods.	消費財に対する関税は商人の利益に対する税であるという考えから、一部の国では、それらの関税は商品が連続して販売されるたびに繰り返されてきた。	notion|考え|noun|a general understanding	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	consumable goods|消費財|noun|goods that are used up in the process of being used	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	some countries|一部の国|noun|an unspecified number of countries	repeat|繰り返す|verb|do or say again	successive|連続|adjective|following one after another without interruption	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money
If the profits of the merchant-importer or merchant-manufacturer were taxed, equality seemed to require that those of all the middle buyers, who intervened between either of them and the consumer, should likewise be taxed.	輸入商人や製造業者の利益に課税されるならば、平等の観点から、彼らと消費者の間に介在するすべての中間購入者の利益にも同様に課税されるべきであるように思われた。	merchant-importer|輸入商人|noun|a merchant who imports goods	merchant-manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a merchant who manufactures goods	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	require|要求する|verb|need for a particular purpose	middle buyer|中間購入者|noun|a buyer who is in the middle of the supply chain	intervene|介在する|verb|come between so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys goods or services for personal use	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way
The famous alcavala of Spain seems to have been established upon this principle.	スペインの有名なアルカバラはこの原則に基づいて制定されたようである。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	alcavala|アルカバラ|noun|a tax on sales or exchanges of goods	principle|原則|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning
It was at first a tax of ten per cent.	それは当初、10パーセントの税金だった。	at first|当初|adverb|in the beginning; initially	ten|10|numeral|the number 10	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
afterwards of fourteen per cent.	その後14パーセントになった。	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	fourteen|14|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
and it is at present only six per cent.	そして現在はわずか6パーセントである。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	only|わずか|adverb|no more than; merely	six|6|noun|the number 6	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
upon the sale of every sort of property whether moveable or immoveable;	動産であれ不動産であれ、あらゆる種類の財産の売却に対して課せられる。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions	moveable|動産|adjective|capable of being moved	immoveable|不動産|adjective|not capable of being moved
and it is repeated every time the property is sold. {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc.	そして、その財産が売却されるたびに繰り返される。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	it|それ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	is repeated|繰り返される|verb|do or say again	every time|たびに|adverb|on each occasion	the property|その財産|noun|a piece of land	is sold|売却される|verb|exchange or dispose of in return for money
tom. i, p. 15}	第一巻、15ページ}	tom.|巻|noun|a book	p.|ページ|noun|a leaf of a book
The levying of this tax requires a multitude of revenue officers, sufficient to guard the transportation of goods, not only from one province to another, but from one shop to another.	この税の徴収には、一地方から別の地方へだけでなく、一店舗から別の店舗への商品の輸送を監視するのに十分な多数の税務官を必要とする。	levying|徴収|noun|the collection of a tax	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	revenue officer|税務官|noun|a person who collects taxes	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	guard|監視する|verb|watch over in order to protect or control	transportation|輸送|noun|the action of transporting someone or something	good|商品|noun|a tangible product that is manufactured and then sold to the general public	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	shop|店舗|noun|a place where goods or services are sold
It subjects, not only the dealers in some sorts of goods, but those in all sorts, every farmer, every manufacturer, every merchant and shopkeeper, to the continual visit and examination of the tax-gatherers.	それは、ある種の商品の取引業者だけでなく、あらゆる種類の取引業者、すべての農民、すべての製造業者、すべての商人や店主を、徴税吏の絶え間ない訪問と検査にさらすこととなる。	subject|さらすこととなる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	dealer|取引業者|noun|a person or company that buys and sells goods	sort|種類|noun|a category of things or people having similar characteristics	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	shopkeeper|店主|noun|a person who owns or manages a shop	continual|絶え間ない|adjective|never stopping or ending	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	examination|検査|noun|the act of inspecting something closely
Through the greater part of the country in which a tax of this kind is established, nothing can be produced for distant sale.	この種の税が制定されている国の大部分では、遠隔地での販売のために生産できるものは何もない。	through|を通して|preposition|from one end or side to the other	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	establish|制定する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	distant|遠隔地|adjective|far away in space or time	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of a commodity for money
The produce of every part of the country must be proportioned to the consumption of the neighbourhood.	国のあらゆる部分の生産物は、近隣の消費量に比例しなければならない。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	produce|生産物|noun|the amount of something that is produced	neighbourhood|近隣|noun|the area around a place	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource
It is to the alcavala, accordingly, that Ustaritz imputes the ruin of the manufactures of Spain.	したがって、ウスタリッツはスペインの製造業の破滅をアルカバラに帰している。	alcavala|アルカバラ|noun|a tax on sales in Spain	Ustaritz|ウスタリッツ|noun|a town in France	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in Europe
He might have imputed to it, likewise, the declension of agriculture, it being imposed not only upon manufactures, but upon the rude produce of the land.	彼はまた、農業の衰退もアルカバラに帰していたかもしれない。それは、製造業だけでなく、土地の粗野な生産物にも課せられていたからである。	impute|帰する|verb|regard something as being caused by	declension|衰退|noun|a gradual decrease in size, amount, quality, or strength	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	rude|粗野な|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by a natural process

In the kingdom of Naples, there is a similar tax of three per cent.	ナポリ王国では、同様の税が三パーセントある。	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	Naples|ナポリ|noun|a city in southern Italy	three|三|numeral|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the value of all contracts, and consequently upon that of all contracts of sale.	すべての契約の価値に課せられ、結果的にすべての売買契約の価値に課せられる。	upon|課せられる|preposition|on	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	sale|売買|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money
It is both lighter than the Spanish tax, and the greater part of towns and parishes are allowed to pay a composition in lieu of it.	それはスペインの税よりも軽く、町や教区の大部分は、その代わりに一括払いをすることが許されている。	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	lighter|軽い|adjective|of little weight	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	parish|教区|noun|an administrative division of a county in England	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	composition|一括払い|noun|the nature of something's ingredients or constituents	lieu|代わりに|noun|instead
They levy this composition in what manner they please, generally in a way that gives no interruption to the interior commerce of the place.	彼らはこの一括払いを、自分たちの好きな方法で、通常はその場所の内部商業を妨害しない方法で徴収する。	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	composition|一括払い|noun|the act of putting things together	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	please|好きな|verb|cause to be happy or satisfied	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	interruption|妨害|noun|the stoppage of an activity	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
The Neapolitan tax, therefore, is not near so ruinous as the Spanish one.	したがって、ナポリの税はスペインの税ほど破壊的ではない。	Neapolitan|ナポリの|adjective|of or relating to Naples	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Spanish|スペインの|adjective|of or relating to Spain or its people or language

The uniform system of taxation, which, with a few exception of no great consequence, takes place in all the different parts of the united kingdom of Great Britain, leaves the interior commerce of the country, the inland and coasting trade, almost entirely free.	大した影響のない少数の例外を除いて、イギリス連合王国のすべての地域で採用されている統一課税制度は、国内の内部商業、内陸貿易、沿岸貿易をほぼ完全に自由にしている。	uniform|統一|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	a few exception|少数の例外|noun|a small number of things that are not included in a general statement	no great consequence|大した影響のない|noun|not important	take place|採用されている|verb|happen; occur	the united kingdom of Great Britain|イギリス連合王国|noun|a sovereign state in western Europe	leave|している|verb|go away from	interior|内部|adjective|inner; inside	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	the inland|内陸|noun|the interior part of a country or region	coasting|沿岸|adjective|moving easily without using much effort	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The inland trade is almost perfectly free;	内陸貿易はほぼ完全に自由である。	inland|内陸|adjective|in, towards, or connected with the interior of a country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and the greater part of goods may be carried from one end of the kingdom to the other, without requiring any permit or let-pass, without being subject to question, visit or examination, from the revenue officers.	ほとんどの商品は、許可証や通行証を必要とせず、税関職員からの質問、訪問、検査を受けることなく、王国の端から端まで運ぶことができる。	greater part|ほとんど|noun|the majority of something	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	permit|許可証|noun|a document giving official permission to do something	let-pass|通行証|noun|a document allowing someone to pass through a checkpoint	question|質問|noun|a statement asking for information	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	examination|検査|noun|a detailed inspection or investigation
There are a few exceptions, but they are such as can give no interruption to any important branch of inland commerce of the country.	いくつかの例外はあるが、国内の内陸商業の重要な分野に支障をきたすようなものではない。	a few|いくつかの|determiner|a small number of	exception|例外|noun|a person or thing that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule	give|与える|verb|cause to have or receive	interruption|支障|noun|the stoppage of an activity	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main group	inland|内陸|adjective|in or into the interior of a country	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Goods carried coastwise, indeed, require certificates or coast-cockets.	沿岸で運ばれる貨物には、確かに証明書や沿岸通関証明書が必要である。	coastwise|沿岸で|adverb|along the coast	carry|運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	goods|貨物|noun|merchandise or possessions	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	certificate|証明書|noun|a document attesting to the truth of certain facts	coast-cocket|沿岸通関証明書|noun|a document attesting to the truth of certain facts
If you except coals, however, the rest are almost all duty-free.	しかし、石炭を除けば、残りはほとんどすべて免税である。	except|除く|verb|not include; leave out	coal|石炭|noun|a black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter	rest|残り|noun|the remaining part	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly; all but	duty-free|免税|adjective|exempt from taxes or excise
This freedom of interior commerce, the effect of the uniformity of the system of taxation, is perhaps one of the principal causes of the prosperity of Great Britain; every great country being necessarily the best and most extensive market for the greater part of the productions of its own industry.	課税制度の統一の効果であるこの国内商業の自由は、おそらくイギリスの繁栄の主な原因の一つであり、どの大国も必然的に自国の産業の大部分にとって最良かつ最も広範な市場である。	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	interior|国内|adjective|situated within or inside; inner	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	effect|効果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	uniformity|統一|noun|the quality or state of being uniform	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of a tax or taxes	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance; chief	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success or good fortune	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	every|どの|determiner|used to refer to all the individual members of a set without exception	great|大|adjective|of an extent, amount, or intensity considerably above average	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	best|最良|adjective|of the most excellent or desirable type or quality	most|最も|determiner|used before the superlative of an adjective or adverb to mean ‘to the greatest extent’	extensive|広範な|adjective|covering a large area; widespread	market|市場|noun|a place or area in which commercial dealings are conducted	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
If the same freedom in consequence of the same uniformity, could be extended to Ireland and the plantations, both the grandeur of the state, and the prosperity of every part of the empire, would probably be still greater than at present.	もし同じ統一性の結果として同じ自由がアイルランドやプランテーションにまで拡大されれば、国家の壮大さと帝国のあらゆる部分の繁栄は、おそらく現在よりもさらに大きくなるだろう。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler, government, or country	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now

In France, the different revenue laws which take place in the different provinces, require a multitude of revenue officers to surround, not only the frontiers of the kingdom, but those of almost each particular province, in order either to prevent the importation of certain goods, or to subject it to the payment of certain duties, to the no small interruption of the interior commerce of the country.	フランスでは、各地方によって税法が異なるため、王国の国境だけでなく、ほとんどすべての地方の国境を多数の税関職員が取り囲む必要があり、特定の商品の輸入を阻止したり、特定の関税を課したりすることで、国内の商業活動に少なからぬ支障をきたしている。	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	multitude|多数|noun|a large number of people or things	revenue|税関|noun|income from taxation	officer|職員|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	surround|取り囲む|verb|be around something on all sides	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	frontier|国境|noun|a line that marks the boundary of an area	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods into a country from abroad	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	interruption|支障|noun|the stoppage of an activity or process	commerce|商業活動|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
Some provinces are allowed to compound for the gabelle, or salt tax;	一部の州では、塩税を合成することが認められている。	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	allow|認める|verb|permit to do something	compound|合成する|verb|combine to form a whole	gabelle|塩税|noun|a tax on salt
others are exempted from it altogether.	他の州では、塩税は完全に免除されている。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally
Some provinces are exempted from the exclusive sale of tobacco, which the farmers-general enjoy through the greater part of the kingdom.	一部の州では、王国の大部分で農民が享受しているタバコの独占販売が免除されている。	some|一部の|adjective|an unspecified number or amount of	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	exclusive|独占的な|adjective|excluding or not admitting others	sale|販売|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	farmer-general|徴税請負人|noun|a person who collected taxes for the French government before the Revolution	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
The aides, which correspond to the excise in England, are very different in different provinces.	イギリスの物品税に相当する補助金は、州によって大きく異なる。	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire
Some provinces are exempted from them, and pay a composition or equivalent.	一部の州では、それらが免除され、合成物または同等物を支払う。	some|一部の|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	exempt|免除する|verb|free from an obligation or liability imposed on others	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	composition|合成物|noun|the act of putting something together	equivalent|同等物|noun|something that is equal to or corresponds to another in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.
In those in which they take place, and are in farm, there are many local duties which do not extend beyond a particular town or district.	それが起こり、農場にある州では、特定の町や地区を超えて拡大しない多くの地方税がある。	take place|起こる|verb|happen	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government
The traites, which correspond to our customs, divide the kingdom into three great parts;	我々の関税に相当するtraitesは、王国を3つの大きな部分に分ける。	traite|traite|noun|a tax on goods entering or leaving a country	correspond|相当する|verb|be similar or equivalent to	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	divide|分ける|verb|separate into two or more parts	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	three|3|numeral|the number 3	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece of something
first, the provinces subject to the tariff of 1664, which are called the provinces of the five great farms, and under which are comprehended Picardy, Normandy, and the greater part of the interior provinces of the kingdom;	第一に、1664年の課税対象の州は、5つの大農場の州と呼ばれ、ピカルディ、ノルマンディー、および王国の内陸部の州の大部分が含まれる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	subject to|対象|adjective|likely to be affected by	tariff|課税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	1664|1664年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	five|5つ|noun|the number 5	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	under which|含まれる|verb|be included or contained in	comprehend|理解する|verb|understand something	Picardy|ピカルディ|noun|a historical region and cultural area in northern France	Normandy|ノルマンディー|noun|a historical region in northwestern France	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen
secondly, the provinces subject to the tariff of 1667, which are called the provinces reckoned foreign, and under which are comprehended the greater part of the frontier provinces;	第二に、1667年の課税対象の州は、外国と見なされる州と呼ばれ、国境の州の大部分が含まれる。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	subject to|対象|adjective|liable to be affected by	tariff|課税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	1667|1667年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	reckon|見なす|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	under which|含まれる|preposition|below or beneath which	comprehend|理解する|verb|grasp mentally; understand	frontier|国境|noun|a line that marks the limits of an area
and, thirdly, those provinces which are said to be treated as foreign, or which, because they are allowed a free commerce with foreign countries, are, in their commerce with the other provinces of France, subjected to the same duties as other foreign countries.	そして第三に、外国として扱われると言われる州、または外国との自由貿易が許されているために、フランスの他の州との貿易において、他の外国と同じ関税が課せられる州である。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	treat|扱う|verb|behave towards or deal with in a certain way	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	free|自由|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	commerce|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	subject|課する|verb|cause to experience or undergo	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods
These are Alsace, the three bishoprics of Mentz, Toul, and Verdun, and the three cities of Dunkirk, Bayonne, and Marseilles.	これらはアルザス、メンツ、トゥール、ヴェルダンの3つの司教区、そしてダンカーク、バイヨンヌ、マルセイユの3つの都市である。	Alsace|アルザス|noun|a region in northeastern France	Mentz|メンツ|noun|a city in Germany	Toul|トゥール|noun|a city in France	Verdun|ヴェルダン|noun|a city in France	Dunkirk|ダンカーク|noun|a city in France	Bayonne|バイヨンヌ|noun|a city in France	Marseilles|マルセイユ|noun|a city in France
Both in the provinces of the five great farms (called so on account of an ancient division of the duties of customs into five great branches, each of which was originally the subject of a particular farm, though they are now all united into one), and in those which are said to be reckoned foreign, there are many local duties which do not extend beyond a particular town or district.	5つの大農場の州(税関の義務を5つの大きな支部に分割したことからそう呼ばれ、それぞれが元々は特定の農場の対象であったが、現在はすべて1つに統合されている)と、外国と見なされる州の両方で、特定の町や地区を超えて拡大しない地方税が多くある。	five great farms|5つの大農場|noun|five great farms	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	division|分割|noun|the action of separating something into parts, or the state of being divided	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	branch|支部|noun|a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single, specific person, thing, or situation	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	united|統合|adjective|made or joined into a whole	foreign|外国|adjective|of, from, in, or characteristic of a country or language other than one's own	local|地方|adjective|relating or belonging to a particular area or place	duty|税|noun|a moral or legal obligation	extend|拡大|verb|make or become longer or wider	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government
There are some such even in the provinces which are said to be treated as foreign, particularly in the city of Marseilles.	外国として扱われると言われる州、特にマルセイユ市にもそのような州がいくつかある。	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	foreign|外国|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	city|市|noun|a large human settlement
It is unnecessary to observe how much both the restraints upon the interior commerce of the country, and the number of the revenue officers, must be multiplied, in order to guard the frontiers of those different provinces and districts which are subject to such different systems of taxation.	このような異なる課税制度の対象となる異なる州や地区の国境を守るために、国内の商業に対する制約と収税吏の数をどれだけ増やさなければならないかについては、言うまでもない。	observe|言うまでもない|verb|notice or perceive	interior|国内の|adjective|inside	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits	revenue|収税|noun|income	officer|吏|noun|a person who has a position of authority or control in an organization	multiply|増やす|verb|increase in number	guard|守る|verb|protect from harm	frontier|国境|noun|the border between two countries	province|州|noun|a large area of land that is part of a country	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing

Over and above the general restraints arising from this complicated system of revenue laws, the commerce of wine (after corn, perhaps, the most important production of France) is, in the greater part of the provinces, subject to particular restraints arising from the favour which has been shown to the vineyards of particular provinces and districts above those of others.	この複雑な税法制度から生じる一般的な制約に加えて、ワイン(おそらくフランスで最も重要な生産物であるトウモロコシに次ぐ)の商業は、州の大部分で、特定の州や地区のブドウ園が他の州や地区よりも優遇されていることから生じる特別な制約を受けている。	over and above|に加えて|preposition|in addition to	general restraint|一般的な制約|noun|a restriction that applies to everyone	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	complicated system|複雑な制度|noun|a system that is difficult to understand or operate	revenue law|税法|noun|a law that relates to taxation	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	corn|トウモロコシ|noun|a plant that is grown for its grain	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	particular restraint|特別な制約|noun|a restriction that applies to a specific person or group	favour|優遇|noun|an act of kindness or goodwill	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	district|地区|noun|an area of a country or city that has its own government or council
The provinces most famous for their wines, it will be found, I believe, are those in which the trade in that article is subject to the fewest restraints of this kind.	ワインで最も有名な州は、その品目の貿易がこの種の制約を最も受けていない州であることがわかるだろう。	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	famous|有名な|adjective|known about by many people	wine|ワイン|noun|an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grape juice	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	article|品目|noun|a particular item or thing	restraint|制約|noun|a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits
The extensive market which such provinces enjoy, encourages good management both in the cultivation of their vineyards, and in the subsequent preparation of their wines.	そのような州が享受する広大な市場は、ブドウ園の栽培とその後のワインの製造の両方において、優れた管理を促進する。	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	encourage|促進する|verb|give support to	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	cultivation|栽培|noun|the growing of plants	vineyard|ブドウ園|noun|a plantation where grapes are grown for winemaking	preparation|製造|noun|the action or process of getting something ready for use or consideration

Such various and complicated revenue laws are not peculiar to France.	このような多様で複雑な税法はフランス特有のものではない。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	various|多様な|adjective|of different kinds or sorts	complicated|複雑な|adjective|consisting of many interconnecting parts or elements; intricate	revenue|税法|noun|income from taxation	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	peculiar|特有の|adjective|belonging exclusively to one person, group, or thing
The little duchy of Milan is divided into six provinces, in each of which there is a different system of taxation, with regard to several different sorts of consumable goods.	ミラノの小公国は六つの州に分かれており、それぞれに消費財の種類ごとに異なる課税制度がある。	little|小|adjective|small in size	duchy|公国|noun|a territory ruled by a duke or duchess	Milan|ミラノ|noun|a city in northern Italy	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into parts	six|六|numeral|the number 6	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	each|それぞれ|adjective|every one of two or more people or things	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	regard|種類|noun|a particular aspect or point of view	consumable|消費|adjective|able to be used up	goods|財|noun|merchandise or possessions
The still smaller territories of the duke of Parma are divided into three or four, each of which has, in the same manner, a system of its own.	パルマ公のさらに小さな領土は三つか四つに分かれており、それぞれが同じように独自の制度を持っている。	still smaller|さらに小さな|adjective|even smaller	territory|領土|noun|an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state	duke|公|noun|a male member of the nobility	Parma|パルマ|noun|a city in northern Italy	divide|分かれる|verb|separate into two or more parts	three or four|三つか四つ|noun|three or four	each|それぞれ|pronoun|every one of two or more people or things	same|同じように|adjective|being the same or not different	own|独自の|adjective|belonging to (the person or thing mentioned)	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method
Under such absurd management, nothing but the great fertility of the soil, and happiness of the climate, could preserve such countries from soon relapsing into the lowest state of poverty and barbarism.	このような馬鹿げた管理のもとでは、土壌の肥沃さと気候の恵みだけが、そのような国々がすぐに貧困と野蛮の最低の状態に陥らないように守ることができる。	under|もとで|preposition|below or beneath	absurd|馬鹿げた|adjective|extremely unreasonable, illogical, or inappropriate	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	nothing but|だけ|adverb|only	great|肥沃な|adjective|of major significance or importance	fertility|肥沃さ|noun|the ability to produce offspring	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow	happiness|恵み|noun|the state of being happy	climate|気候|noun|the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	preserve|守る|verb|keep in its original state	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	relapse|陥る|verb|fall or slip back into a former state	lowest|最低の|adjective|of the least importance or value	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	barbarism|野蛮|noun|the state of being uncivilized

Taxes upon consumable commodities may either be levied by an administration, of which the officers are appointed by govermnent, and are immediately accountable to government, of which the revenue must, in this case, vary from year to year, according to the occasional variations in the produce of the tax;	消費財に対する税は、政府によって任命され、政府に直接責任を負う行政によって徴収されるか、この場合、税収は税収の臨時の変化に応じて年ごとに変動する。	consumable commodity|消費財|noun|a good that is used up in the process of being used	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in quality, amount, or nature	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|生産|noun|the amount of something produced
or they may be let in farm for a rent certain, the farmer being allowed to appoint his own officers, who, though obliged to levy the tax in the manner directed by the law, are under his immediate inspection, and are immediately accountable to him.	あるいは、一定の地代で農場に貸し付けられ、農場主は独自の役人を任命することができ、その役人は法律で定められた方法で税金を徴収する義務があるものの、農場主の直接の監督下にあり、農場主に直接責任を負う。	let in|貸し付ける|verb|allow to enter	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	allow|許す|verb|permit to do something	appoint|任命する|verb|assign a job or role to	officer|役人|noun|a person who has a position of authority in an organization	obliged|義務がある|adjective|required to do something	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	direct|定める|verb|control the operations of	law|法律|noun|the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties	under|下にある|preposition|below or beneath	inspection|監督|noun|an official examination or investigation	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or intervention	accountable|責任を負う|adjective|required or expected to justify actions or decisions
The best and most frugal way of levying a tax can never be by farm.	税金を徴収する最善かつ最も質素な方法は、決して農場ではありえない。	best|最善|adjective|of the highest quality	most|最も|adjective|to the highest degree or extent	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings where crops and/or animals are raised
Over and above what is necessary for paying the stipulated rent, the salaries of the officers, and the whole expense of administration, the farmer must always draw from the produce of the tax a certain profit, proportioned at least to the advance which he makes, to the risk which he runs, to the trouble which he is at, and to the knowledge and skill which it requires to manage so very complicated a concern.	定められた地代、役人の給与、管理費の全額を支払うために必要な額を超えて、農場主は常に税収から一定の利益を得なければならないが、それは少なくとも彼が支払う前払金、彼が負うリスク、彼が被るトラブル、そして非常に複雑な懸念を管理するために必要な知識とスキルに比例する。	over and above|を超えて|preposition|in addition to	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	stipulated|定められた|adjective|specified as a condition or requirement	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	salary|給与|noun|a fixed regular payment made to a person for work or services	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	produce|収入|noun|agricultural or natural products	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	proportioned|比例する|adjective|having a particular relationship in size, amount, or degree	advance|前払金|noun|a sum of money paid before it is due	risk|リスク|noun|a situation involving exposure to danger	trouble|トラブル|noun|difficulty or problems	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education	skill|スキル|noun|the ability to do something well	manage|管理する|verb|be in charge of or responsible for	concern|懸念|noun|worry or anxiety about something
Government, by establishing an administration under their own immediate inspection, of the same kind with that which the farmer establishes, might at least save this profit, which is almost always exorbitant.	政府は、農場主が設立したものと同じ種類の行政を、自分たちの直接の監督下に設立することで、少なくともこの利益を節約できるかもしれないが、それはほとんどの場合法外なものである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	establish|設立する|verb|set up or lay the groundwork for	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business or organization	inspection|監督|noun|the action of inspecting something	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	save|節約する|verb|keep from being lost or wasted	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high
To farm any considerable branch of the public revenue requires either a great capital, or a great credit;	公的収入の重要な部分を農場にするには、多額の資本か多額の信用が必要である。	farm|農場にする|verb|cultivate (land) as a farm	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	require|必要である|verb|need for a particular purpose	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future
circumstances which would alone restrain the competition for such an undertaking to a very small number of people.	そのような事業をめぐる競争をごく少数の人々に限定する状況である。	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	alone|単独で|adverb|without any other people or things	restrain|限定する|verb|limit or restrict	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing	undertaking|事業|noun|a business or enterprise	very small number|ごく少数|noun|a very small amount or number
Of the few who have this capital or credit, a still smaller number have the necessary knowledge or experience;	この資本や信用を持っている少数の人々のうち、さらに少ない数の人々が必要な知識や経験を持っている。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	few|少数の|adjective|a small number of	knowledge|知識|noun|information and skills acquired through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject	experience|経験|noun|practical contact with and observation of facts or events
another circumstance which restrains the competition still further.	競争をさらに制限する別の状況である。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	restrain|制限する|verb|hold back from doing something	competition|競争|noun|the activity or condition of competing
The very few who are in condition to become competitors, find it more for their interest to combine together;	競争相手になる条件を備えたごく少数の人々は、団結する方が利益になると考える。	very few|ごく少数の|adjective|a small number of	condition|条件|noun|a state of affairs that must exist or be brought about before something else can happen	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes against others	find|考える|verb|to discover or notice something	interest|利益|noun|the advantage or benefit of someone or something	combine|団結する|verb|to join or merge together
to become copartners, instead of competitors;	競争相手ではなく、共同経営者になることである。	become|なる|verb|come to be	copartner|共同経営者|noun|a partner in a business	instead of|ではなく|preposition|as an alternative to	competitor|競争相手|noun|a person or organization that competes with others
and, when the farm is set up to auction, to offer no rent but what is much below the real value.	そして、農場が競売にかけられた時には、実際の価値をはるかに下回る賃料しか提示しない。	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	set up|かける|verb|to prepare or make ready	auction|競売|noun|a public sale in which goods or property are sold to the highest bidder	offer|提示する|verb|to present for consideration, discussion, or acceptance	rent|賃料|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	real value|実際の価値|noun|the intrinsic worth of something
In countries where the public revenues are in farm, the farmers are generally the most opulent people.	公収入が農場にある国では、農場主は一般に最も裕福な人々である。	public revenue|公収入|noun|the income of a government	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who owns or manages a farm	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	opulent|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money; rich
Their wealth would alone excite the public indignation;	彼らの富だけでも国民の憤慨を招くだろう。	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	alone|だけでも|adverb|only; solely	excite|招く|verb|cause to feel strong emotions	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment
and the vanity which almost always accompanies such upstart fortunes, the foolish ostentation with which they commonly display that wealth, excite that indignation still more.	そして、そのような成り上がり者の富にほとんどいつも伴う虚栄心、彼らが普通にその富を誇示する愚かな虚栄心は、その憤慨をさらにかきたてる。	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	almost always|ほとんどいつも|adverb|very frequently	accompany|伴う|verb|go together with	upstart|成り上がり者|noun|a person who has suddenly risen to a position of prominence or importance	fortune|富|noun|a large amount of money or property	foolish|愚かな|adjective|lacking good sense or judgment	ostentation|虚栄心|noun|pretentious and vulgar display of wealth and luxury	excite|かきたてる|verb|cause strong feelings of	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust, unworthy, or mean

The farmers of the public revenue never find the laws too severe, which punish any attempt to evade the payment of a tax.	公収入の農場主は、税金の支払いを回避しようとする行為を罰する法律が厳しすぎるとは決して思わない。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	public revenue|公収入|noun|the income of a government	find|思う|verb|to discover or notice	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	evade|回避する|verb|to avoid or escape from	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
They have no bowels for the contributors, who are not their subjects, and whose universal bankruptcy, if it should happen the day after the farm is expired, would not much affect their interest.	彼らは、彼らの臣民ではなく、農場が期限切れになった翌日に起こったとしても、彼らの利益にあまり影響を与えないであろう、普遍的な破産を起こした納税者に対して、情け容赦がない。	have no bowels|情け容赦がない|verb|be merciless	contributor|納税者|noun|a person who gives money or other help to a cause or organization	subject|臣民|noun|a person who is under the authority of a ruler or state	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	expire|期限切れになる|verb|come to an end	interest|利益|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
In the greatest exigencies of the state, when the anxiety of the sovereign for the exact payment of his revenue is necessarily the greatest, they seldom fail to complain, that without laws more rigorous than those which actually took place, it will be impossible for them to pay even the usual rent.	国家の最大の危機に際して、君主が収入を正確に支払うことへの不安が必然的に最大となるとき、彼らは実際に起こった法律よりも厳しい法律がなければ、通常の地代を支払うことさえ不可能であると不平を言うことはめったにない。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	exigency|危機|noun|an urgent need or demand	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	anxiety|不安|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	fail|失敗する|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	complain|不平を言う|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties	take place|起こる|verb|happen	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land
In those moments of public distress, their commands cannot be disputed.	国民が苦しんでいるそのような瞬間に、彼らの命令に異議を唱えることはできない。	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	distress|苦しむ|verb|cause pain or suffering to	command|命令|noun|an authoritative order	dispute|異議を唱える|verb|argue about something
The revenue laws, therefore, become gradually more and more severe.	そのため、収入に関する法律は次第に厳しくなってきている。	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	gradually|次第に|adverb|in a gradual manner	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense
The most sanguinary are always to be found in countries where the greater part of the public revenue is in farm;	最も血なまぐさいものは、常に公的収入の大部分が農場にある国々で見られる。	sanguinary|血なまぐさい|adjective|involving or causing bloodshed	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals
the mildest, in countries where it is levied under the immediate inspection of the sovereign.	最も穏やかなのは、君主の直接の検査のもとで徴収される国々である。	mildest|最も穏やか|adjective|least severe or intense	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch
Even a bad sovereign feels more compassion for his people than can ever be expected from the farmers of his revenue.	悪い君主でさえ、収入の農場主から期待できるよりも、国民に対してより多くの思いやりを感じている。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	bad|悪い|adjective|of poor quality or a low standard	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	feel|感じる|verb|experience (an emotion or sensation)	compassion|思いやり|noun|a feeling of deep sympathy and sorrow for another who is stricken by misfortune, accompanied by a strong desire to alleviate the suffering	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	ever|これまで|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	expect|期待する|verb|regard (something) as likely to happen	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources
He knows that the permanent grandeur of his family depends upon the prosperity of his people, and he will never knowingly ruin that prosperity for the sake of any momentary interest of his own.	彼は、自分の家族の永続的な壮大さは、国民の繁栄にかかっていることを知っており、自分の瞬間的な利益のために、その繁栄を故意に台無しにすることは決してないだろう。	know|知っている|verb|be aware of	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	depend|かかっている|verb|be controlled or determined by	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	ruin|台無しにする|verb|damage something beyond repair	knowingly|故意に|adverb|deliberately; intentionally	momentary|瞬間的な|adjective|lasting for a very short time	interest|利益|noun|a benefit or advantage
It is otherwise with the farmers of his revenue, whose grandeur may frequently be the effect of the ruin, and not of the prosperity, of his people.	収入の農場主はそうではなく、その壮大さはしばしば国民の繁栄ではなく破滅の結果である。	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|the quality of being impressive or magnificent	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous; success

A tax is sometimes not only farmed for a certain rent, but the farmer has, besides, the monopoly of the commodity taxed.	税金は、一定の地代で農場経営されるだけでなく、農場主が課税される商品を独占することもある。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally, at times	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	farmed|農場経営される|verb|cultivate (land) as a farm	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a particular commodity	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	taxed|課税される|verb|subject to tax
In France, the duties upon tobacco and salt are levied in this manner.	フランスでは、タバコと塩に対する関税がこの方式で徴収されている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax, fee, or fine	manner|方式|noun|a way in which something is done or happens
In such cases, the farmer, instead of one, levies two exorbitant profits upon the people;	このような場合、農場主は1つではなく2つの法外な利益を国民に課す。	in such cases|このような場合|adverb|in situations like this	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	instead of|ではなく|preposition|as an alternative to	one|1つ|noun|the lowest cardinal number	two|2つの|noun|the second lowest cardinal number	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	profit|利益|noun|the financial gain a company makes after deducting all costs from its revenue	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country
the profit of the farmer, and the still more exorbitant one of the monopolist.	農場主の利益と、独占者のさらに法外な利益である。	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to an even greater extent	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high; excessive	monopolist|独占者|noun|a person or group having exclusive control over a commodity or service
Tobacco being a luxury, every man is allowed to buy or not to buy as he chuses;	タバコは贅沢品なので、誰でも買うも買わないも自由である。	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	every man|誰でも|noun|each person	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	not|ない|adverb|a word that describes the absence or lack of something	as|として|conjunction|used to indicate that something happens during the time that something else is happening	chuses|選ぶ|verb|pick out or select from a number of alternatives
but salt being a necessary, every man is obliged to buy of the farmer a certain quantity of it;	しかし塩は必需品なので、誰でも一定量を農場主から買わなければならない。	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food	being|である|verb|exist or live	necessary|必需品|noun|something that is required or indispensable	every man|誰でも|noun|each person	obliged|～しなければならない|adjective|required to do something	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
because, if he did not buy this quantity of the farmer, he would, it is presumed, buy it of some smuggler.	なぜなら、もし農場主からこの量を買わなければ、密輸業者から買うだろうと推定されるからである。	because|なぜなら|conjunction|for the reason that	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	quantity|量|noun|a particular amount	farmer|農場主|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals	would|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing the future tense	buy|買う|verb|obtain in exchange for payment	smuggler|密輸業者|noun|a person who imports or exports goods illegally
The taxes upon both commodities are exorbitant.	両商品に対する税金は法外である。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee	exorbitant|法外|adjective|(of a price or amount charged) much too high or great
The temptation to smuggle, consequently, is to many people irresistible;	結果として、密輸の誘惑は多くの人にとって抗いがたいものである。	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	smuggle|密輸する|verb|import or export goods illegally	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	irresistible|抗いがたい|adjective|too strong or pleasing to be resisted
while, at the same time, the rigour of the law, and the vigilance of the farmer’s officers, render the yielding to the temptation almost certainly ruinous.	同時に、法律の厳しさと農場主の役人の警戒心が、誘惑に屈することはほぼ確実に破滅的なものにする。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	rigour|厳しさ|noun|the quality of being extremely thorough, accurate, or careful	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government of a country	vigilance|警戒心|noun|the action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties	temptation|誘惑|noun|a strong desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise	yield|屈する|verb|give way to	ruinous|破滅的|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin
The smuggling of salt and tobacco sends every year several hundred people to the galleys, besides a very considerable number whom it sends to the gibbet.	塩とタバコの密輸は、毎年数百人をガレー船に送り、さらにかなりの数を絞首台に送っている。	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning and preserving food	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	every year|毎年|adverb|annually	several hundred|数百|adjective|an unspecified but large number	galley|ガレー船|noun|a type of ship propelled by oars	besides|さらに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in size or amount	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	gibbet|絞首台|noun|a gallows
Those taxes, levied in this manner, yield a very considerable revenue to government.	このような方法で徴収される税金は、政府にかなりの収入をもたらす。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	yield|もたらす|verb|produce or provide	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
In 1767, the farm of tobacco was let for twenty-two millions five hundred and forty-one thousand two hundred and seventy-eight livres a-year;	1767年には、タバコの農場は年間2254万1278リーヴルで貸し出されていた。	1767|1767年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	twenty-two millions five hundred and forty-one thousand two hundred and seventy-eight|2254万1278|numeral|a number	livres|リーヴル|noun|a former unit of currency in France	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
that of salt for thirty-six millions four hundred and ninety-two thousand four hundred and four livres.	塩の農場は3649万2404リーヴルで貸し出されていた。	thirty-six millions four hundred and ninety-two thousand four hundred and four|3649万2404|numeral|a number	livres|リーヴル|noun|a former French unit of currency
The farm, in both cases, was to commence in 1768, and to last for six years.	どちらの場合も、農場は1768年に開始され、6年間続くことになっていた。	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops and rearing animals	commence|開始される|verb|start	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	six years|6年間|noun|a period of time equal to six years
Those who consider the blood of the people as nothing, in comparison with the revenue of the prince, may, perhaps, approve of this method of levying taxes.	君主の収入と比べて人民の血を無価値だと考える人は、おそらくこの徴税方法を認めるだろう。	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	blood|血|noun|the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of people and vertebrate animals	people|人民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	nothing|無価値|noun|not anything; no single thing	comparison|比べて|noun|a consideration or estimate of the similarities or dissimilarities between two things or people	revenue|収入|noun|income	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the king	approve|認める|verb|have or express a favorable opinion of	method|方法|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something	levying|徴収|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)
Similar taxes and monopolies of salt and tobacco have been established in many other countries, particularly in the Austrian and Prussian dominions, and in the greater part of the states of Italy.	塩とタバコの同様の税と独占は、他の多くの国、特にオーストリアとプロイセンの領土、そしてイタリアの州の大部分で確立されている。	similar|同様の|adjective|having a likeness or resemblance	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	salt|塩|noun|a white crystalline substance which gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning or preserving food	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, and also chewed and sniffed	establish|確立する|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	Austrian|オーストリア|adjective|of or relating to Austria or its people	Prussian|プロイセン|adjective|of or relating to Prussia or its people	dominion|領土|noun|a territory or country under the control of one ruler or government	state|州|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time

In France, the greater part of the actual revenue of the crown is derived from eight different sources;	フランスでは、王室の実際の収入の大部分は8つの異なる源泉から得られている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	actual revenue|実際の収入|noun|the money that a company or organization receives from its business activities	crown|王室|noun|the monarch and his or her family	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	eight|8|numeral|the number 8	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other	source|源泉|noun|a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained
the taille, the capitation, the two vingtiemes, the gabelles, the aides, the traites, the domaine, and the farm of tobacco.	タイヤ、人頭税、2つのヴィンティエム、ガベル、補助金、取引、ドメイン、タバコ農場である。	taille|タイヤ|noun|a tax on land or property	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	two|2つの|adjective|one more than one	vingtiemes|ヴィンティエム|noun|a tax of one-twentieth	gabelles|ガベル|noun|a tax on salt	aides|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by a government or other organization	traites|取引|noun|a tax on goods entering or leaving a country	domaine|ドメイン|noun|a region or territory	farm|農場|noun|an area of land and its buildings where crops and animals are raised
The five last are, in the greater part of the provinces, under farm.	最後の5つは、地方の大部分で農場経営されている。	five|5つ|noun|the number 5	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	under farm|農場経営されている|verb|to be managed as a farm
The three first are everywhere levied by an administration, under the immediate inspection and direction of government;	最初の3つは、政府の直接の検査と指示のもと、どこでも行政によって徴収されている。	three|3つ|noun|the number 3	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places or situations	levied|徴収される|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination or investigation	direction|指示|noun|the action of directing; management
and it is universally acknowledged, that in proportion to what they take out of the pockets of the people, they bring more into the treasury of the prince than the other five, of which the administration is much more wasteful and expensive.	そして、人々のポケットから取り出す額に比例して、他の5つよりも王子の宝庫に多くをもたらすことは、広く認められている。	universally|広く|adverb|in a way that relates to or affects all or most people, places, or things	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one amount or value is the same as another in relation to a third	take out|取り出す|verb|remove something from a place	pocket|ポケット|noun|a small bag sewn into or on clothing so as to form part of it, used for carrying small articles	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come to a place	treasury|宝庫|noun|a place where treasure is stored	prince|王子|noun|a male member of a royal family other than the monarch	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	five|5つ|noun|the number 5	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	wasteful|無駄な|adjective|using or expending something of value carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money

The finances of France seem, in their present state, to admit of three very obvious reformations.	フランスの財政は、現状では、3つの非常に明白な改革を認めているように思われる。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	present state|現状|noun|the current situation	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	three|3つ|noun|the number 3	obvious|明白な|adjective|easily perceived or understood; clear	reformation|改革|noun|the act of reforming or the state of being reformed
First, by abolishing the taille and the capitation, and by increasing the number of the vingtiemes, so as to produce an additional revenue equal to the amount of those other taxes, the revenue of the crown might be preserved;	第一に、テイルと人頭税を廃止し、ヴィンティエムの数を増やすことで、他の税金の額に等しい追加収入を生み出し、王冠の収入を維持することができる。	first|第一に|adverb|before anything else; in the first place	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	taille|テイル|noun|a tax levied on the third estate in France before the Revolution	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	vingtieme|ヴィンティエム|noun|a tax of one-twentieth of the income of property in France	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	revenue|収入|noun|income	crown|王冠|noun|a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch as a symbol of authority	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state
the expense of collection might be much diminished;	徴収費用を大幅に削減できる。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	collection|徴収|noun|the action or process of collecting	might|できる|auxiliary verb|have the potential to; be able to	much|大幅に|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	diminish|削減する|verb|make or become less
the vexation of the inferior ranks of people, which the taille and capitation occasion, might be entirely prevented;	テイルと人頭税が引き起こす下層階級の人々の悩みを完全に防ぐことができる。	vexation|悩み|noun|the state of being annoyed or worried	inferior|下層|adjective|of low quality or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	taille|テイル|noun|a direct tax on land or property	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	occasion|引き起こす|noun|a particular time or event	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening or arising
and the superior ranks might not be more burdened than the greater part of them are at present.	そして、上位階級は、現在その大部分が負担しているよりも重い負担を負うことはないだろう。	superior|上位|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the military	might|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The vingtieme, I have already observed, is a tax very nearly of the same kind with what is called the land tax of England.	すでに述べたように、ヴィンティエムはイギリスの地租と呼ばれるものとほぼ同じ種類の税である。	vingtieme|ヴィンティエム|noun|a tax of one-twentieth	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land
The burden of the taille, it is acknowledged, falls finally upon the proprietors of land;	テイルの負担は、最終的には土地の所有者にかかることは認められている。	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	taille|テイル|noun|a direct tax on land or property	fall upon|かかる|verb|be the responsibility of	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business
and as the greater part of the capitation is assessed upon those who are subject to the taille, at so much a-pound of that other tax, the final payment of the greater part of it must likewise fall upon the same order of people.	そして、人頭税の大部分は、テイルの対象となる人々に課せられ、その他の税の1ポンドあたりの額が非常に高いので、その大部分の最終的な支払いも同様に同じ階級の人々にかかるに違いない。	capitation|人頭税|noun|a tax levied on each person	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	assessed|課せられる|verb|to determine the value of	subject to|対象となる|adjective|likely to be affected by	taille|テイル|noun|a tax levied on the third estate in France before the Revolution	so much a-pound|1ポンドあたりの額|noun|a certain amount per pound	final payment|最終的な支払い|noun|the last payment made on a loan or other debt	fall upon|かかる|verb|to be the responsibility of	same order|同じ階級|noun|the same class or rank
Though the number of the vingtiemes, therefore, was increased, so as to produce an additional revenue equal to the amount of both those taxes, the superior ranks of people might not be more burdened than they are at present;	したがって、ヴィンティエムの数が増加し、これらの税金の両方の額に等しい追加収入が生み出されたとしても、上位階級の人々は現在よりも重い負担を負うことはないだろう。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	revenue|収入|noun|income	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	superior|上位の|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in the armed forces	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	might|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	burden|負担|noun|a responsibility or duty that is difficult to bear	present|現在|noun|the time now existing or in progress
many individuals, no doubt, would, on account of the great inequalities with which the taille is commonly assessed upon the estates and tenants of different individuals.	テイルが通常、異なる個人の私有地や借地人に課せられる大きな不平等のために、多くの個人は間違いなくそうするだろう。	many individuals|多くの個人|noun|a large number of people	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	great inequalities|大きな不平等|noun|a state of being unequal in size, degree, or value	with which|が|relative pronoun|that	the taille|テイル|noun|a direct tax on land or property in France before the Revolution	is commonly assessed|通常課せられる|verb|to evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, or ability of	upon|に|preposition|on	the estates|私有地|noun|a large piece of land in the country with a large house on it	and|と|conjunction|and	tenants|借地人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord
The interest and opposition of such favoured subjects, are the obstacles most likely to prevent this, or any other reformation of the same kind.	このような優遇された臣民の利害と反対は、これや同じ種類の他の改革を阻止する可能性が最も高い障害である。	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something	obstacle|障害|noun|something that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	reformation|改革|noun|the action or process of reforming something
Secondly, by rendering the gabelle, the aides, the traites, the taxes upon tobacco, all the different customs and excises, uniform in all the different parts of the kingdom, those taxes might be levied at much less expense, and the interior commerce of the kingdom might be rendered as free as that of England.	第二に、ガベル、補助金、関税、タバコ税、あらゆる関税や物品税を王国のあらゆる地域で統一することで、これらの税ははるかに少ない費用で徴収でき、王国の国内商業はイギリスのそれと同じくらい自由になるかもしれない。	secondly|第二に|adverb|in the second place	gabelle|ガベル|noun|a tax on salt in France before the Revolution	aide|補助金|noun|a person who acts as an assistant	traite|関税|noun|a tax on goods imported or exported	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	custom|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods produced or sold within a country	kingdom|王国|noun|a country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
Thirdly, and lastly, by subjecting all those taxes to an administration under the immediate inspection and direction or government, the exorbitant profits of the farmers-general might be added to the revenue of the state.	第三に、そして最後に、これらすべての税金を政府の直接の検査と指示のもとで管理することで、徴税請負人の法外な利益が国の収入に加算されるかもしれない。	thirdly|第三に|adverb|in the third place	lastly|最後に|adverb|in the last place	subject|服従させる|verb|cause to experience or undergo	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	those|それらの|determiner|the ones mentioned	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	administration|管理|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	immediate|直接の|adjective|happening or done without delay	inspection|検査|noun|an official examination of the quality or condition of something	direction|指示|noun|the action of directing or guiding	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|(of a price or amount charged) much too high	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	add|加算する|verb|join or combine two or more things together or with something else	state|国|noun|a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government
The opposition arising from the private interest of individuals, is likely to be as effectual for preventing the two last as the first-mentioned scheme of reformation.	個人の私利から生じる反対は、最初に述べた改革案と同じく、最後の二つを阻止するのに効果的である可能性が高い。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of a private person	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	effectual|効果的|adjective|producing or capable of producing an intended effect	prevent|阻止する|verb|keep from happening or arising	first-mentioned|最初に述べた|adjective|the first one mentioned	scheme|改革案|noun|a systematic plan of future action	last|最後|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	two|二つ|noun|the number 2

The French system of taxation seems, in every respect, inferior to the British.	フランスの課税制度は、あらゆる点でイギリスの制度に劣っているように思われる。	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing; the fact of being taxed	seem|思われる|verb|give the impression or sensation of being	every respect|あらゆる点|noun|all aspects	inferior|劣っている|adjective|lower in rank, status, or quality	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people or language
In Great Britain, ten millions sterling are annually levied upon less than eight millions of people, without its being possible to say that any particular order is oppressed.	イギリスでは、八百万人以下の人々から毎年一千万スターリングが徴収されているが、特定の階級が圧迫されていると言うことはできない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	ten millions|一千万|noun|a very large number	sterling|スターリング|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	levied|徴収される|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment	less than|以下|preposition|not as much as	eight millions|八百万|noun|a very large number	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	being possible|できる|verb|be able to be done	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words	any|いずれの|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity	particular|特定の|adjective|relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	order|階級|noun|a social class or rank	oppressed|圧迫される|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority
From the Collections of the Abbé Expilly, and the observations of the author of the Essay upon the Legislation and Commerce of Corn, it appears probable that France, including the provinces of Lorraine and Bar, contains about twenty-three or twenty-four millions of people;	エクスピリー師の収集物や、穀物の立法と商業に関する論文の著者の観察から、ロレーヌとバール地方を含めたフランスの人口は約二千三百万から二千四百万人であると考えられる。	Abbé Expilly|エクスピリー師|noun|a French ecclesiastic and geographer	Collections|収集物|noun|a gathering of objects	Essay upon the Legislation and Commerce of Corn|穀物の立法と商業に関する論文|noun|a written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	Lorraine|ロレーヌ|noun|a region in northeastern France	Bar|バール|noun|a city in northeastern France	about|約|adverb|approximately	twenty-three|二千三百万|numeral|23	twenty-four|二千四百万|numeral|24	million|百万|numeral|1,000,000	people|人|noun|a human being
three times the number, perhaps, contained in Great Britain.	おそらくイギリスの三倍の人口である。	three|三|numeral|the number 3	times|倍|noun|the number of times something happens	number|人口|noun|the total amount of people or things	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
The soil and climate of France are better than those of Great Britain.	フランスの土壌と気候はイギリスよりも優れている。	soil|土壌|noun|the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles	climate|気候|noun|the weather averaged over a period of time	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
The country has been much longer in a state of improvement and cultivation, and is, upon that account, better stocked with all those things which it requires a long time to raise up and accumulate;	フランスはイギリスよりもずっと長い間、改良と耕作の状態にあり、そのため、育てて蓄積するのに長い時間を要するあらゆるものが豊富にある。	country|フランス|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	be in a state of|状態にある|verb|be in a particular condition	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	cultivation|耕作|noun|the action of growing crops	upon that account|そのため|adverb|for that reason	be stocked with|豊富にある|verb|be supplied with	require|要する|verb|need	raise up|育てる|verb|bring up	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
such as great towns, and convenient and well-built houses, both in town and country.	大都市や、都市部と農村部の両方にある便利で立派な家などである。	such as|など|conjunction|for example	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	town|都市|noun|a large human settlement	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	well-built|立派|adjective|of strong and solid construction	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household
With these advantages, it might be expected, that in France a revenue of thirty millions might be levied for the support of the state, with as little inconvenience as a revenue of ten millions is in Great Britain.	これらの利点を考えれば、フランスでは国家を支えるために三千万の収入が徴収され、イギリスでは一千万の収入が徴収されるのと同じくらい不便が少ないことが期待できるかもしれない。	with these advantages|これらの利点を考えれば|phrase|considering these advantages	it might be expected|期待できるかもしれない|phrase|it is possible that something will happen	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	thirty millions|三千万|numeral|30,000,000	might be levied|徴収され|phrase|could be collected	the support of the state|国家を支えるために|phrase|to help the government	as little inconvenience as|と同じくらい不便が少ない|phrase|the same amount of inconvenience as	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in northwestern Europe	ten millions|一千万|numeral|10,000,000
In 1765 and 1766, the whole revenue paid into the treasury of France, according to the best, though, I acknowledge, very imperfect accounts which I could get of it, usually run between 308 and 325 millions of livres;	1765年と1766年には、私が入手できた最も完全な、しかし非常に不完全な計算によると、フランスの国庫に支払われた収入の総額は、通常3億800万から3億2500万リーブルの間だった。	1765|1765年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1766|1766年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	France|フランス|noun|a country in Europe	treasury|国庫|noun|the place where a government or organization keeps its money	revenue|収入|noun|income	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	whole|総額|noun|the total amount	best|最も完全な|adjective|of the highest quality	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	imperfect|不完全な|adjective|not perfect	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	usually|通常|adverb|normally	run|なる|verb|be in a specified state	between|の間|preposition|in the space separating two places or things
that is, it did not amount to fifteen millions sterling;	つまり、1500万ポンドにも満たなかった。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	fifteen millions|1500万|noun|the number 15,000,000	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
not the half of what might have been expected, had the people contributed in the same proportion to their numbers as the people of Great Britain.	イギリス国民と同じ割合で国民が貢献していたら、期待されていた額の半分にも満たなかった。	half|半分|noun|one of two equal parts that together form a whole	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
The people of France, however, it is generally acknowledged, are much more oppressed by taxes than the people of Great Britain.	しかし、フランス国民はイギリス国民よりも税金に苦しんでいることは広く認められている。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	oppress|苦しむ|verb|keep down by severe and unjust use of force or authority
France, however, is certainly the great empire in Europe, which, after that of Great Britain, enjoys the mildest and most indulgent government.	しかし、フランスは確かにヨーロッパの大帝国であり、イギリスに次いで最も穏やかで寛大な政府を享受している。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt; definitely	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large and powerful state	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	mildest|最も穏やかな|adjective|not severe, harsh, or extreme	indulgent|寛大な|adjective|lenient or tolerant

In Holland, the heavy taxes upon the necessaries of life have ruined, it is said, their principal manufacturers, and are likely to discourage, gradually, even their fisheries and their trade in ship-building.	オランダでは、生活必需品に課せられた重税が主要な製造業者を破滅させ、漁業や造船業でさえも徐々に衰退させていると言われている。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	heavy tax|重税|noun|a tax that is high	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are necessary for living	ruin|破滅させる|verb|destroy or cause to collapse	principal manufacturer|主要な製造業者|noun|a company that makes goods	discourage|衰退させる|verb|cause to lose confidence or hope	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	fishery|漁業|noun|the industry or activity of catching fish	trade|業|noun|a business or profession
The taxes upon the necessaries of life are inconsiderable in Great Britain, and no manufacture has hitherto been ruined by them.	イギリスでは生活必需品にかかる税金はわずかで、これまでのところそれによって製造業が破綻したことはない。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	ruin|破綻|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction
The British taxes which bear hardest on manufactures, are some duties upon the importation of raw materials, particularly upon that of raw silk.	イギリスの税制で製造業に最も重くのしかかっているのは、原材料の輸入関税、特に生糸の輸入関税である。	bear|重くのしかかる|verb|to carry or support	hardest|最も|adverb|to the highest degree; extremely	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	tax|税制|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	raw material|原材料|noun|a material or substance used in the primary production or manufacture of a good	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing or sending goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	duty|関税|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	particularly|特に|adverb|to a higher degree than is usual or average	raw silk|生糸|noun|silk that has not been processed
The revenue of the States-General and of the different cities, however, is said to amount to more than five millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling;	しかし、総督府と各都市の収入は、525万ポンド以上に達すると言われている。	revenue|収入|noun|income	States-General|総督府|noun|the parliament of the Netherlands	different|各|adjective|not the same	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	more than|以上|adverb|in excess of	five millions|500万|noun|five million	two hundred and fifty thousand|25万|noun|two hundred and fifty thousand	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sterling|スターリング|noun|of or relating to the currency of the United Kingdom
and as the inhabitants of the United Provinces cannot well be supposed to amount to more than a third part of those of Great Britain, they must, in proportion to their number, be much more heavily taxed.	連合州の住民はイギリスの三分の一にも満たないと考えられるので、彼らは人口に比例して、はるかに重い税金を課せられているに違いない。	United Provinces|連合州|noun|a historical region in the Netherlands	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	third|三分の一|noun|one of three equal parts	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree	heavily|重い|adverb|to a great extent or degree	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions

After all the proper subjects of taxation have been exhausted, if the exigencies of the state still continue to require new taxes, they must be imposed upon improper ones.	課税に適した対象がすべて使い果たされた後、国家の緊急事態が依然として新たな税金を必要とするならば、不適切な対象に課税しなければならない。	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	proper|適した|adjective|suitable or appropriate	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	have been exhausted|使い果たされた|verb|use up or consume entirely	if|ならば|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at this time; yet	continue|必要とする|verb|persist in an activity or process	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	new|新たな|adjective|recently made, grown, or created	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; should	be imposed upon|課税される|verb|be forced to accept or put up with	improper|不適切な|adjective|not correct or proper; inappropriate
The taxes upon the necessaries of life, therefore, may be no impeachment of the wisdom of that republic, which, in order to acquire and to maintain its independency, has, in spite of its meat frugality, been involved in such expensive wars as have obliged it to contract great debts.	したがって、生活必需品に課税することは、その共和国の知恵を弾劾するものではないかもしれない。その共和国は、独立を獲得し維持するために、その肉の倹約にもかかわらず、多額の借金を抱えざるを得ないような高額な戦争に巻き込まれてきた。	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of suspended animation	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	wisdom|知恵|noun|the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise	acquire|獲得する|verb|to gain or obtain something	maintain|維持する|verb|to cause to continue or to remain in a certain state, position, or condition	independency|独立|noun|the quality or state of being independent	meat|肉|noun|the flesh of an animal or a bird that is eaten as food	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; thriftiness	expensive|高額な|adjective|costing a lot of money	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or tenancy, that is intended to be enforceable by law	debt|借金|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due
The singular countries of Holland and Zealand, besides, require a considerable expense even to preserve their existence, or to prevent their being swallowed up by the sea, which must have contributed to increase considerably the load of taxes in those two provinces.	その上、ホランドとジーランドという特異な国々は、その存在を維持したり、海に飲み込まれるのを防ぐためにさえ、かなりの費用を必要としており、それがこの二つの州の税負担をかなり増大させたに違いない。	Holland|ホランド|noun|a country in western Europe	Zealand|ジーランド|noun|a country in northern Europe	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	preserve|維持する|verb|keep in its original state	existence|存在|noun|the state or fact of existing	prevent|防ぐ|verb|keep from happening	swallow up|飲み込む|verb|engulf or consume	sea|海|noun|a large expanse of salt water covering most of the earth's surface and surrounding its land masses	contribute|増大させる|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something	load|負担|noun|a weight or source of pressure	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire
The republican form of government seems to be the principal support of the present grandeur of Holland.	共和制の政府形態は、オランダの現在の壮大さを支える主要な要素であるように思われる。	republican|共和制の|adjective|of or relating to a republic	form|形態|noun|the shape of something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	principal|主要な|adjective|most important; main	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	grandeur|壮大さ|noun|splendor and impressiveness in appearance or style
The owners of great capitals, the great mercantile families, have generally either some direct share, or some indirect influence, in the administration of that government.	大資本の所有者である大商家は、一般にその政府の運営に直接的に関与するか、間接的に影響力を持っている。	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	great capital|大資本|noun|a large amount of money	mercantile|商家|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	direct|直接的|adjective|without an intermediary	share|関与|noun|a part or portion of something	indirect|間接的|adjective|not direct	influence|影響力|noun|the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself	administration|運営|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system
For the sake of the respect and authority which they derive from this situation, they are willing to live in a country where their capital, if they employ it themselves, will bring them less profit, and if they lend it to another, less interest;	彼らがこの状況から得る尊敬と権威のために、彼らは、自分たちの資本を自分たちで運用すれば利益が少なく、他人に貸せば利子が少ない国に住むことをいとわない。	for the sake of|のために|preposition|with the aim or purpose of	respect|尊敬|noun|a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities or achievements	authority|権威|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	situation|状況|noun|all the circumstances and conditions of a particular place or time	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employ|運用する|verb|use something as a means of accomplishing a purpose	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	lend|貸す|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily on the condition that it or its equivalent be returned	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
and where the very moderate revenue which they can draw from it will purchase less of the necessaries and conveniencies of life than in any other part of Europe.	そして、彼らがそこから得ることができる非常に控えめな収入では、ヨーロッパの他のどの地域よりも生活必需品や便利品を買うことができない。	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	moderate|控えめな|adjective|not extreme	revenue|収入|noun|income	purchase|買う|verb|buy	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is necessary	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is convenient	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere
The residence of such wealthy people necessarily keeps alive, in spite of all disadvantages, a certain degree of industry in the country.	そのような裕福な人々の住居は、あらゆる不利な条件にもかかわらず、必然的にその国にある程度の産業を存続させる。	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	keep alive|存続させる|verb|to continue to exist or cause to continue to exist	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	disadvantage|不利な条件|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
Any public calamity which should destroy the republican form of government, which should throw the whole administration into the hands of nobles and of soldiers, which should annihilate altogether the importance of those wealthy merchants, would soon render it disagreeable to them to live in a country where they were no longer likely to be much respected.	共和制の政府を破壊し、行政全体を貴族や兵士の手に委ね、裕福な商人の重要性を完全に消滅させるような公衆災害は、彼らがもはやあまり尊敬されそうにない国に住むことをすぐに不快にするだろう。	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause (something) to cease to exist or be in a usable condition	republican|共和制の|adjective|of or relating to a republic	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	throw|委ねる|verb|move or cause to move in a specified way with a rapid, energetic, or violent motion	administration|行政|noun|the management of a business, organization, or system	noble|貴族|noun|a person of noble rank or birth	soldier|兵士|noun|a person who serves in an army	annihilate|消滅させる|verb|destroy utterly; reduce to nonexistence	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	disagreeable|不快な|adjective|unpleasant	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	respect|尊敬する|verb|have a deep admiration for
They would remove both their residence and their capital to some other country, and the industry and commerce of Holland would soon follow the capitals which supported them.	彼らは住居と資本の両方を他の国に移し、オランダの産業と商業はすぐにそれらを支えた首都に追随するだろう。	remove|移す|verb|move something from one place to another	residence|住居|noun|the place where one lives	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	industry|産業|noun|a particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	follow|追随する|verb|go after someone or something	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region


## CHAPTER III: OF PUBLIC DEBTS.	第3章: 公債について	chapter|章|noun|a main division of a book	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors

In that rude state of society which precedes the extension of commerce and the improvement of manufactures;	商業の拡大と製造業の改善に先立つ社会の未開の状態では、	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	precede|先立つ|verb|come before in time	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale	improvement|改善|noun|the action of improving something	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine, especially on a large scale
when those expensive luxuries, which commerce and manufactures can alone introduce, are altogether unknown;	商業と製造業だけが導入できる高価な贅沢品がまったく知られていないとき、	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	unknown|知られていない|adjective|not known or familiar
the person who possesses a large revenue, I have endeavoured to show in the third book of this Inquiry, can spend or enjoy that revenue in no other way than by maintaining nearly as many people as it can maintain.	大きな収入を得ている人は、この研究の第三巻で示したように、その収入で養える限り多くの人を養う以外に、その収入を消費したり享受したりすることはできない。	person|人|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	possess|得る|verb|have as belonging to one; own	large|大きな|adjective|of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	endeavour|示す|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series; 3rd	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	inquiry|研究|noun|an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.	spend|消費する|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	other|以外に|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	maintain|養う|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of
A large revenue may at all times be said to consist in the command of a large quantity of the necessaries of life.	大きな収入は、いつの時代でも、生活必需品を大量に手に入れることができることにあると言えるだろう。	large revenue|大きな収入|noun|a lot of money that a person or organization receives	at all times|いつの時代でも|adverb|always; on all occasions	consist in|にある|verb|be composed or made up of	large quantity|大量|noun|a lot of something	necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|things that are essential for living
In that rude state of things, it is commonly paid in a large quantity of those necessaries, in the materials of plain food and coarse clothing, in corn and cattle, in wool and raw hides.	このような未開の状態では、収入は通常、大量の生活必需品、つまり粗食や粗末な衣服の材料、穀物や家畜、羊毛や生皮で支払われる。	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of something	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	pay|支払われる|verb|give money that is owed or due	large quantity|大量|noun|a lot	necessaries|生活必需品|noun|something that is essential or very important	plain food|粗食|noun|simple food	coarse clothing|粗末な衣服|noun|rough clothing	corn|穀物|noun|a plant that produces seeds that are used for food	cattle|家畜|noun|an animal that is kept for milk or meat	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft hair that covers a sheep's body	raw hide|生皮|noun|the skin of an animal that has not been treated
When neither commerce nor manufactures furnish any thing for which the owner can exchange the greater part of those materials which are over and above his own consumption, he can do nothing with the surplus, but feed and clothe nearly as many people as it will feed and clothe.	商業も製造業も、所有者が自分の消費量を超えた材料の大部分を交換できるものを提供していない場合、所有者は余剰分をどうすることもできず、その余剰分で養える限り多くの人々を養い、衣服を与える以外にない。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	over and above|を超えた|preposition|in addition to	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	surplus|余剰分|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	feed|養う|verb|give food to	clothe|衣服を与える|verb|provide with clothes
A hospitality in which there is no luxury, and a liberality in which there is no ostentation, occasion, in this situation of things, the principal expenses of the rich and the great.	このような状況では、贅沢のないもてなしや、見栄を張らない寛大さが、富裕層や偉人の主な出費となる。	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	ostentation|見栄|noun|pretentious or showy display	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	principal|主な|adjective|first in rank or importance	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
But these I have likewise endeavoured to show, in the same book, are expenses by which people are not very apt to ruin themselves.	しかし、私は同じ本の中で、これらは人々が自分自身を破滅させるにはあまり適していない支出であることを示そうと努力した。	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	show|示す|verb|make visible or noticeable	book|本|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	ruin|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction
There is not, perhaps, any selfish pleasure so frivolous, of which the pursuit has not sometimes ruined even sensible men.	おそらく、追求が賢明な人々さえも破滅させてしまうような、軽薄な利己的な快楽は存在しないだろう。	there is not|存在しない|verb|be not present	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	any|どんな|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some	selfish|利己的な|adjective|concerned chiefly with one's own interests, benefits, welfare, etc., regardless of others	pleasure|快楽|noun|a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment	so|それほど|adverb|to such a degree or extent	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance	of which|の|preposition|belonging to or connected with	pursuit|追求|noun|the action of following or pursuing someone or something	has not|ない|verb|be not present	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	ruined|破滅させる|verb|reduce to a state of decay, collapse, or destruction	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent than was expected or usual	sensible|賢明な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason
A passion for cock-fighting has ruined many.	闘鶏への情熱が多くの人を破滅させた。	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement	cock-fighting|闘鶏|noun|a blood sport in which two roosters are placed in a ring and fight to the death	ruin|破滅させる|verb|destroy or spoil something
But the instances, I believe, are not very numerous, of people who have been ruined by a hospitality or liberality of this kind;	しかし、この種のもてなしや寛大さによって破滅した人々の例は、それほど多くはないと思う。	instance|例|noun|an example or occurrence of something	believe|思う|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	numerous|多い|adjective|consisting of a great number	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction
though the hospitality of luxury, and the liberality of ostentation have ruined many.	贅沢なもてなしや、虚栄心から来る寛大さが多くの人を破滅させたにもかかわらず。	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	liberality|寛大さ|noun|the quality of being generous	ostentation|虚栄心|noun|pretentious and vulgar display of wealth and luxury in order to impress others
Among our feudal ancestors, the long time during which estates used to continue in the same family, sufficiently demonstrates the general disposition of people to live within their income.	我々の封建的な祖先の間では、同じ家系で所領が長く続いたことは、人々が収入の範囲内で生活するという一般的な傾向を十分に示している。	among|間で|preposition|in the middle of	feudal|封建的な|adjective|of or relating to feudalism	ancestor|祖先|noun|a person from whom one is descended	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	estate|所領|noun|a large house with a lot of land	continue|続く|verb|remain in existence or operation	family|家系|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	demonstrate|示す|verb|show or make clear how something works or is done	general|一般的な|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	disposition|傾向|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	live|生活する|verb|be alive	income|収入|noun|money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments
Though the rustic hospitality, constantly exercised by the great landholders, may not, to us in the present times, seem consistent with that order which we are apt to consider as inseparably connected with good economy;	大地主が常に行っていた田舎のもてなしは、現代の私たちには、良い経済と密接に結びついていると考えられがちな秩序と一致していないように思われるかもしれないが、	rustic|田舎の|adjective|of or relating to the country	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	constantly|常に|adverb|continuously over a period of time; always	exercise|行う|verb|perform or carry out	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	landholder|地主|noun|a person who owns land	present|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	consistent|一致している|adjective|in agreement or harmony with	order|秩序|noun|a state of peace, lawfulness, and social stability	apt|考えがちな|adjective|likely to do something	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	inseparably|密接に|adverb|in a way that cannot be separated	connect|結びつく|verb|join or link together	economy|経済|noun|the wealth and resources of a country or region
yet we must certainly allow them to have been at least so far frugal, as not commonly to have spent their whole income.	それでも、彼らが少なくともこれまでのところは、収入のすべてを費やすことがない程度には質素であったことを認めなければならない。	yet|それでも|conjunction|nevertheless; even so; still	allow|認める|verb|to give permission to	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	so far|これまでのところ|adverb|to the extent or degree that	frugal|質素な|adjective|sparing or economical as regards money or food	commonly|普通は|adverb|usually; ordinarily	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	income|収入|noun|money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments
A part of their wool and raw hides, they had generally an opportunity of selling for money.	彼らは、羊毛や生皮の一部を、通常は金で売る機会があった。	wool|羊毛|noun|the soft curly or wavy hair forming the coat of a sheep or similar animal	raw hide|生皮|noun|the untanned hide of an animal	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
Some part of this money, perhaps, they spent in purchasing the few objects of vanity and luxury, with which the circumstances of the times could furnish them;	この金の一部は、おそらく、彼らは時代の状況が彼らに提供できる虚栄心と贅沢のいくつかのオブジェクトを購入するのに費やした。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	purchase|購入|verb|acquire by paying for	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.	luxury|贅沢|noun|a state of great comfort or elegance, especially when involving great expense	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	furnish|提供する|verb|supply or provide
but some part of it they seem commonly to have hoarded.	しかし、その一部は、彼らが一般的に蓄えてきたように思われる。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be	commonly|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	hoard|蓄える|verb|accumulate for future use
They could not well, indeed, do any thing else but hoard whatever money they saved.	彼らは、実際、貯めた金はすべて貯め込む以外に何もできなかった。	do|する|verb|perform, execute, or accomplish	save|貯める|verb|keep and store up	hoard|貯め込む|verb|accumulate and hide away
To trade, was disgraceful to a gentleman;	貿易をすることは、紳士にとって不名誉なことだった。	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	gentleman|紳士|noun|a man who is well mannered, courteous, or honorable
and to lend money at interest, which at that time was considered as usury, and prohibited bylaw, would have been still more so.	そして、当時は高利貸しと見なされ、法律で禁止されていた利子をつけて金を貸すことは、さらに不名誉なことだった。	at interest|利子をつけて|adverb|with an interest rate	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	be considered as|見なされる|verb|be regarded as	usury|高利貸し|noun|the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest	prohibited|禁止される|verb|formally or legally forbid	bylaw|法律|noun|a rule or law made by a local authority or corporation	still more|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent
In those times of violence and disorder, besides, it was convenient to have a hoard of money at hand, that in case they should be driven from their own home, they might have something of known value to carry with them to some place of safety.	そのうえ、暴力と無秩序の時代には、手元に金の蓄えがあると便利で、もし自宅から追い出されても、安全な場所に持ち運べる価値のあるものを手に入れることができた。	in those times|その時代に|noun phrase|at that time	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	disorder|無秩序|noun|a lack of order or regular arrangement	besides|そのうえ|adverb|in addition; as well	at hand|手元に|adverb|near in time or place	hoard|蓄え|noun|a large amount of something that is kept hidden or stored	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	in case|もし|conjunction|if	be driven|追い出される|verb|be forced to leave	home|自宅|noun|the place where one lives permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	might|できる|auxiliary verb|have the possibility or ability to do something	something|何か|noun|an unspecified or unknown thing	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	carry|持ち運ぶ|verb|take or bring from one place to another	place|場所|noun|a particular position or point in space
The same violence which made it convenient to hoard, made it equally convenient to conceal the hoard.	蓄えておくのに便利な同じ暴力は、蓄えを隠すのにも同様に便利だった。	hoard|蓄える|verb|accumulate for future use	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide
The frequency of treasure-trove, or of treasure found, of which no owner was known, sufficiently demonstrates the frequency, in those times, both of hoarding and of concealing the hoard.	埋蔵金や、所有者が不明な発見された宝物の頻度は、当時の蓄えと蓄えの隠匿の両方の頻度を十分に示している。	frequency|頻度|noun|the rate at which something occurs or is repeated over a particular period of time or in a given sample	treasure-trove|埋蔵金|noun|a collection of valuable things that is found hidden	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	known|不明|adjective|not known	demonstrate|示す|verb|clearly show the existence or truth of	hoard|蓄え|noun|a large amount of something that is stored or hidden	conceal|隠匿|verb|not allow to be seen; hide
Treasure-trove was then considered as an important branch of the revenue of the sovereign.	埋蔵金は当時、君主の収入の重要な部分と見なされていた。	treasure-trove|埋蔵金|noun|a valuable collection of objects	be considered as|と見なされる|verb|to be regarded as	important|重要な|adjective|of great significance or value	branch|部分|noun|a part of a tree	revenue|収入|noun|income	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler
All the treasure-trove of the kingdom would scarce, perhaps, in the present times, make an important branch of the revenue of a private gentleman of a good estate.	王国のすべての埋蔵金は、おそらく、現代では、良い財産を持つ私立紳士の収入の重要な部分を成すだろう。	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	treasure-trove|埋蔵金|noun|a collection of valuable things	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough	present time|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	make|成す|verb|form or constitute	important branch|重要な部分|noun|a significant part	revenue|収入|noun|income	private gentleman|私立紳士|noun|a man who is well-mannered and courteous	good estate|良い財産|noun|a large property

The same disposition, to save and to hoard, prevailed in the sovereign, as well as in the subjects.	貯蓄して蓄えるという同じ性質が、臣民だけでなく君主にも広まっていた。	disposition|性質|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	save|貯蓄する|verb|keep and store up	hoard|蓄える|verb|accumulate and store away	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler
Among nations, to whom commerce and manufacture are little known, the sovereign, it has already been observed in the Fourth book, is in a situation which naturally disposes him to the parsimony requisite for accumulation.	商業や製造業がほとんど知られていない国々では、君主は、すでに第4巻で述べたように、蓄積に必要な倹約に自然と向かう状況にある。	among|～の中で|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	little|ほとんど～ない|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	fourth|第4|adjective|coming after third and before fifth in position	book|巻|noun|a written or printed work consisting of pages bound together between two covers	situation|状況|noun|the combination of circumstances at a particular time or place	naturally|自然と|adverb|in a natural manner	dispose|向かう|verb|incline or influence	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources; frugality	requisite|必要な|adjective|required as a condition or necessary for success	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition or gradual gathering of something
In that situation, the expense, even of a sovereign, cannot be directed by that vanity which delights in the gaudy finery of a court.	そのような状況では、君主でさえ、宮廷の派手な装飾を喜ぶ虚栄心によって出費を導くことはできない。	in that situation|そのような状況では|adverb|in the situation that	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in oneself or one's appearance	delight|喜ぶ|verb|be extremely pleased	gaudy|派手な|adjective|excessively bright or showy	finery|装飾|noun|showy clothes or decoration
The ignorance of the times affords but few of the trinkets in which that finery consists.	時代の無知は、その装飾を構成する装身具をほとんど提供しない。	ignorance|無知|noun|lack of knowledge or information	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do or have something	finery|装飾|noun|showy clothes or decoration	consist|構成する|verb|be composed of	trinket|装身具|noun|a small ornament or item of jewelry that is of little value
Standing armies are not then necessary;	常備軍は必要ではない。	standing army|常備軍|noun|a permanent army
so that the expense, even of a sovereign, like that of any other great lord can be employed in scarce any thing but bounty to his tenants, and hospitality to his retainers.	そのため、君主でさえ、他の大領主と同じように、その出費は、小作人への施しや家臣へのもてなし以外にはほとんど使われない。	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	lord|大領主|noun|a person of great power or authority	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	retainer|家臣|noun|a person who is employed in a household
But bounty and hospitality very seldom lead to extravagance;	しかし、施しやもてなしが浪費につながることはめったにない。	bounty|施し|noun|something that is given freely	hospitality|もてなし|noun|the friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers	lead to|つながる|verb|to cause or result in	extravagance|浪費|noun|the spending of money or resources in a careless or wasteful way
though vanity almost always does.	虚栄心はほとんどいつもそうである。	vanity|虚栄心|noun|excessive pride in one's appearance, qualities, abilities, achievements, etc.
All the ancient sovereigns of Europe, accordingly, it has already been observed, had treasures.	すでに述べたように、ヨーロッパのすべての古代君主は宝物を持っていた。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	already|すでに|adverb|before the present time	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	treasure|宝物|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems
Every Tartar chief, in the present times, is said to have one.	現代では、すべてのタタール人の酋長が宝物を持っていると言われている。	every|すべての|adjective|each and all of a group	Tartar|タタール人|noun|a member of a Turkic people of the Eurasian steppe	chief|酋長|noun|the head of a tribe or other group	present|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold

In a commercial country, abounding with every sort of expensive luxury, the sovereign, in the same manner as almost all the great proprietors in his dominions, naturally spends a great part of his revenue in purchasing those luxuries.	あらゆる種類の高価な贅沢品にあふれた商業国では、君主は、その支配下にあるほとんどすべての大所有者と同様に、当然のことながら収入の大部分をそうした贅沢品の購入に費やす。	commercial|商業の|adjective|of or relating to commerce	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	abound|あふれる|verb|be plentiful or extremely common	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item which is expensive or difficult to obtain	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	naturally|当然のことながら|adverb|as may be expected	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	revenue|収入|noun|income	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something
His own and the neighbouring countries supply him abundantly with all the costly trinkets which compose the splendid, but insignificant, pageantry of a court.	自国や近隣諸国は、宮廷の壮麗だが取るに足らない見世物に必要な高価な装身具をすべて豊富に供給してくれる。	his own|自国|noun|the country that one belongs to	neighbouring|近隣|adjective|being close to or next to something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	abundantly|豊富に|adverb|in large amounts; plentifully	costly|高価な|adjective|having a high price	trinket|装身具|noun|a small ornament or piece of jewellery	compose|必要な|verb|make up	splendid|壮麗な|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|unimportant; of minor importance	pageantry|見世物|noun|a showy display	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person
For the sake of an inferior pageantry of the same kind, his nobles dismiss their retainers, make their tenants independent, and become gradually themselves as insignificant as the greater part of the wealthy burghers in his dominions.	同じ種類の劣った見世物のために、君主の貴族たちは家臣を解雇し、小作人を独立させ、次第に君主の支配下にある裕福な市民の大部分と同じくらい取るに足らない存在となっていく。	for the sake of|のために|preposition|with the aim or purpose of	inferior|劣った|adjective|of low standard or quality	pageantry|見世物|noun|a showy display	sake|目的|noun|purpose	dismiss|解雇する|verb|order or allow to leave	retainer|家臣|noun|a servant in a wealthy household	make|させる|verb|cause to be or become	tenant|小作人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|unimportant or of minor importance	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money, resources, or assets	burgher|市民|noun|a member of the middle class in a medieval town	dominion|支配|noun|sovereignty; control
The same frivolous passions, which influence their conduct, influence his.	彼らの行動に影響を与える同じ軽薄な情熱が、君主の行動にも影響を与える。	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	frivolous|軽薄な|adjective|lacking in seriousness or importance	passion|情熱|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement	influence|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	his|君主の|pronoun|belonging to or connected with a male person or animal previously mentioned
How can it be supposed that he should be the only rich man in his dominions who is insensible to pleasures of this kind?	君主が、その支配下にある富裕層の中で、この種の快楽に無感覚な唯一の人間であると考えることなどどうしてできるだろうか?	how|どうして|adverb|in what way or manner	be supposed|考えられる|verb|be regarded as probable or likely	be the only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	insensible|無感覚な|adjective|not aware of or not affected by something	pleasure|快楽|noun|a feeling of satisfaction or enjoyment
If he does not, what he is very likely to do, spend upon those pleasures so great a part of his revenue as to debilitate very much the defensive power of the state, it cannot well be expected that he should not spend upon them all that part of it which is over and above what is necessary for supporting that defensive power.	君主が、国家の防衛力を非常に弱めるほど収入の大部分をそうした快楽に費やすことは、ありそうなことだが、そうしないとしても、その防衛力を維持するために必要な額を超える部分をすべてそうした快楽に費やさないとは期待できない。	do|する|verb|perform or execute	spend|費やす|verb|pay out (money)	pleasure|快楽|noun|a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment	revenue|収入|noun|income	debilitate|弱める|verb|make weak or feeble	defensive power|防衛力|noun|the ability to defend oneself or one's country	support|維持する|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen or be the case
His ordinary expense becomes equal to his ordinary revenue, and it is well if it does not frequently exceed it.	君主の通常の支出は通常の収入と等しくなり、頻繁に収入を超えなければ良い方だ。	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	exceed|超える|verb|be greater than or go beyond (a limit, expectation, or standard)
The amassing of treasure can no longer be expected;	もはや宝の蓄積は期待できない。	amassing|蓄積|noun|the action or process of gathering together or acquiring a large amount of something	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems	can no longer|もはや～できない|auxiliary verb|be not able to any more	be expected|期待される|verb|regard as likely to happen or be the case
and when extraordinary exigencies require extraordinary expenses, he must necessarily call upon his subjects for an extraordinary aid.	そして、異常な事態が異常な出費を必要とするとき、君主は必然的に臣民に異常な援助を求めなければならない。	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exigency|事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	call upon|求める|verb|ask for help or support from	subject|臣民|noun|a person who owes allegiance to a monarch or other ruler	aid|援助|noun|help, typically of a practical nature
The present and the late king of Prussia are the only great princes of Europe, who, since the death of Henry IV. of France, in 1610, are supposed to have amassed any considerable treasure.	プロイセンの現国王と先代国王は、一六一〇年のフランスのアンリ四世の死以来、かなりの宝を蓄積したと考えられるヨーロッパで唯一の偉大な君主である。	present|現|adjective|existing or happening now	late|先代|adjective|no longer living; dead	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	Prussia|プロイセン|noun|a former kingdom in north-central Europe	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	great|偉大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	prince|君主|noun|the son of a king or queen	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	Henry IV|アンリ四世|noun|King of France from 1589 to 1610	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	1610|一六一〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	suppose|考えられる|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	amass|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
The parsimony which leads to accumulation has become almost as rare in republican as in monarchical governments.	蓄積につながる倹約は、君主制政府と同じく共和制政府でもほとんど珍しいものとなった。	lead to|つながる|verb|have as a result	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	become|なる|verb|come to be	rare|珍しい|adjective|not common or frequent	republican|共和制|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	monarchical|君主制|noun|a system of government with a monarch at the head
The Italian republics, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, are all in debt.	イタリアの共和国、オランダ連邦共和国は、すべて借金がある。	Italian|イタリアの|adjective|of or relating to Italy or its people or language	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	United Provinces|連邦共和国|noun|a federal republic	Netherlands|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	debt|借金|noun|something that is owed or due
The canton of Berne is the single republic in Europe which has amassed any considerable treasure.	ベルン州は、かなりの宝を蓄積したヨーロッパで唯一の共和国である。	canton|州|noun|a division of a country	Berne|ベルン|noun|the capital of Switzerland	single|唯一の|adjective|not involving anyone or anything else	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|the second smallest continent	treasure|宝|noun|a quantity of precious metals or gems
The other Swiss republics have not.	他のスイスの共和国はそうではない。	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	Swiss|スイスの|adjective|of or relating to Switzerland or its people	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them
The taste for some sort of pageantry, for splendid buildings, at least, and other public ornaments, frequently prevails as much in the apparently sober senate-house of a little republic, as in the dissipated court of the greatest king.	ある種の壮観さ、少なくとも壮麗な建物やその他の公共の装飾に対する趣味は、小さな共和国の見かけ上は地味な元老院でも、最も偉大な王の放蕩な宮廷でも、しばしば同じように広まっている。	taste|趣味|noun|a personal preference	sort|種|noun|a category of things	pageantry|壮観|noun|a stately and impressive ceremony	splendid|壮麗|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	ornament|装飾|noun|an object that is used to decorate something	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current	apparently|見かけ上|adverb|as far as one knows or can see	sober|地味|adjective|not bright or showy	senate-house|元老院|noun|the meeting place of a senate	little|小さな|adjective|small in size	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	dissipated|放蕩な|adjective|indulging in sensual pleasures	court|宮廷|noun|the residence of a sovereign or other high-ranking person

The want of parsimony, in time of peace, imposes the necessity of contracting debt in time of war.	平和な時期に倹約が欠如していると、戦争の時期に借金をする必要性が生じる。	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency	parsimony|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or resources	time|時期|noun|a period of time	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	impose|生じる|verb|to force or require someone to do something	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	contract|借金|noun|a legally binding agreement
When war comes, there is no money in the treasury, but what is necessary for carrying on the ordinary expense of the peace establishment.	戦争が起こると、国庫には平和体制の通常の経費を賄うために必要な資金しか残っていない。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	come|起こる|verb|move or travel toward or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker	treasury|国庫|noun|a place where money is kept	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	carry on|賄う|verb|continue doing something	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In war, an establishment of three or four times that expense becomes necessary for the defence of the state;	戦争では、国家防衛のためにその経費の三倍、四倍の体制が必要になる。	in war|戦争では|adverb|during a war	three or four times|三倍、四倍|noun|three or four times as much or as many	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	become necessary|必要になる|verb|become essential or required	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
and consequently, a revenue three or four times greater than the peace revenue.	結果として、平和時の収入の三倍、四倍の収入が必要になる。	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	three or four times|三倍、四倍|noun|three or four multiplied by a number	greater|必要になる|adjective|larger in size, amount, or degree	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
Supposing that the sovereign should have, what he scarce ever has, the immediate means of augmenting his revenue in proportion to the augmentation of his expense;	君主が、ほとんどありえないことだが、支出の増加に比例して収入を増やす即効性のある手段を持っていると仮定しよう。	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler, especially a monarch	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|insufficient for the demand	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	immediate|即効性のある|adjective|occurring or done without delay	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	augment|増やす|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship of size or quantity between two or more things	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
yet still the produce of the taxes, from which this increase of revenue must be drawn, will not begin to come into the treasury, till perhaps ten or twelve months after they are imposed.	それでも、この収入増加を引き出さなければならない税の収入は、課税されてからおそらく十ヶ月か十二ヶ月後まで国庫に入ってこない。	yet still|それでも|adverb|even so; even then	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization receives	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	draw|引き出す|verb|take or pull out	treasury|国庫|noun|the funds of a government, corporation, or institution	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	ten|十|noun|the number 10	twelve|十二|noun|the number 12	month|月|noun|one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	impose|課税する|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place
But the moment in which war begins, or rather the moment in which it appears likely to begin, the army must be augmented, the fleet must be fitted out, the garrisoned towns must be put into a posture of defence;	しかし、戦争が始まった瞬間、あるいはむしろ始まりそうになった瞬間に、軍隊を増強し、艦隊を整備し、駐屯地の町を防衛態勢にしなければならない。	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	army|軍隊|noun|the military forces of a country	augment|増強する|verb|make or become greater in size or amount	fleet|艦隊|noun|a group of ships	fit out|整備する|verb|equip with the necessary items	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	posture|態勢|noun|the position in which someone holds their body	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack
that army, that fleet, those garrisoned towns, must be furnished with arms, ammunition, and provisions.	その軍隊、艦隊、駐屯地の町には、武器、弾薬、食料を供給しなければならない。	army|軍隊|noun|the military forces of a nation	fleet|艦隊|noun|a group of warships under a single command	garrison|駐屯地|noun|a military post	town|町|noun|a human settlement larger than a village	must|しなければならない|auxiliary verb|be obliged to; be compelled to	furnish|供給する|verb|supply or provide	arms|武器|noun|a means of offense or defense	ammunition|弾薬|noun|projectiles and their component parts	provision|食料|noun|the action of providing or supplying something
An immediate and great expense must be incurred in that moment of immediate danger, which will not wait for the gradual and slow returns of the new taxes.	差し迫った危険の瞬間には、即座に多大な出費をしなければならないが、新しい税の収入は徐々にゆっくりとしか入ってこない。	immediate|即座の|adjective|happening or done without delay	great|多大な|adjective|of major significance or importance	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	incur|しなければならない|verb|become subject to	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	immediate|差し迫った|adjective|happening or done without delay	danger|危険|noun|exposure to or risk of injury, pain, harm, or loss	gradual|徐々に|adjective|taking place or changing slowly by degrees	slow|ゆっくりと|adjective|moving or operating or done without speed or in a leisurely manner	return|入ってくる|noun|the income from an investment
In this exigency, government can have no other resource but in borrowing.	この緊急事態に、政府は借り入れ以外に頼れる資源はない。	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	have no other resource|頼れる資源はない|verb|have no other option	borrowing|借り入れ|noun|the action of borrowing something

The same commercial state of society which, by the operation of moral causes, brings government in this manner into the necessity of borrowing, produces in the subjects both an ability and an inclination to lend.	道徳的原因の作用によって、政府をこのように借入の必要性に追い込むのと同じ商業的社会状態は、国民に貸し付ける能力と意欲の両方を生み出す。	commercial|商業的|adjective|of or relating to commerce	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	moral|道徳的|adjective|concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior	cause|原因|noun|a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or condition	operation|作用|noun|the action or process of working or functioning	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something	produce|生み出す|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	ability|能力|noun|possession of the means or skill to do something	inclination|意欲|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something
If it commonly brings along with it the necessity of borrowing, it likewise brings with it the facility of doing so.	それが一般的に借入の必要性を伴うならば、同様にそうすることの容易さも伴う。	bring along|伴う|verb|to be accompanied by	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar manner	facility|容易さ|noun|the quality of being easy to do or use

A country abounding with merchants and manufacturers, necessarily abounds with a set of people through whose hands, not only their own capitals, but the capitals of all those who either lend them money, or trust them with goods, pass as frequently, or more frequently, than the revenue of a private man, who, without trade or business, lives upon his income, passes through his hands.	商人や製造業者が多い国では、必然的に、自分の資本だけでなく、彼らにお金を貸したり、商品を預けたりしたすべての人の資本が、貿易や事業をせずに収入で生活している個人の収入が自分の手を通過するのと同じくらい、あるいはそれ以上に頻繁に通過するような一群の人々が多い。	abound with|多い|verb|be plentiful or numerous	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	set|一群|noun|a group of people	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	trust|預ける|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	pass|通過する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	private|個人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade	income|収入|noun|money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments
The revenue of such a man can regularly pass through his hands only once in a year.	そのような人の収入は、通常、年に一度しか自分の手を通過しない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	regularly|通常|adverb|normally; usually	pass through|通過する|verb|go through	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun
But the whole amount of the capital and credit of a merchant, who deals in a trade of which the returns are very quick, may sometimes pass through his hands two, three, or four times in a year.	しかし、回収が非常に早い貿易を扱う商人の資本と信用の総額は、時には年に二、三、四回も彼の手を通過することがある。	amount|総額|noun|the total	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities for profit	deal|扱う|verb|be concerned with or engaged in	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	return|回収|noun|the profit from an investment	quick|早い|adjective|moving or capable of moving with great speed	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	pass|通過する|verb|move or cause to move in a specified direction	hand|手|noun|the end of a person's arm beyond the wrist, including the palm, fingers, and thumb	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun
A country abounding with merchants and manufacturers, therefore, necessarily abounds with a set of people, who have it at all times in their power to advance, if they chuse to do so, a very large sum of money to government.	したがって、商人や製造業者が多い国では、必然的に、政府に非常に多額の資金を前払いする権限を常に持っている人々が多い。	abound with|多い|verb|be plentiful or numerous	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	set of people|人々|noun|a group of people	at all times|常に|adverb|on every occasion; always	in one's power|権限がある|noun|within one's ability or capacity	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	if one chuse to do so|そうする気があれば|conditional|if one wants to do so	very large sum of money|非常に多額の資金|noun|a lot of money	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
Hence the ability in the subjects of a commercial state to lend.	したがって、商業国家の臣民には貸し付ける能力がある。	hence|したがって|adverb|for this reason; therefore	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily

Commerce and manufactures can seldom flourish long in any state which does not enjoy a regular administration of justice;	商業や製造業は、正義の正規の執行を享受していない国では、めったに長く繁栄することはできない。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	long|長く|adverb|for a long time	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	regular|正規の|adjective|conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected	administration|執行|noun|the management of a business, organization, or institution	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment
in which the people do not feel themselves secure in the possession of their property;	人々が自分の財産の所有に安心感を抱いていないような国では、	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	feel|抱く|verb|experience (an emotion or sensation)	secure|安心感|adjective|free from danger or threat; not likely to fail, give way, etc.	possession|所有|noun|the state of having, owning, or controlling something	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively
in which the faith of contracts is not supported by law;	契約の信頼が法律に守られていないような国では、	faith|信頼|noun|complete trust or confidence in someone or something	contract|契約|noun|a legally binding agreement	support|守る|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	law|法律|noun|the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties
and in which the authority of the state is not supposed to be regularly employed in enforcing the payment of debts from all those who are able to pay.	支払い能力のあるすべての人から債務の支払いを強制するために、国家の権限が定期的に使われていないような国では、	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	employ|使う|verb|use	enforce|強制する|verb|compel observance of or compliance with	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	able|できる|adjective|having the power or skill to do something
Commerce and manufactures, in short, can seldom flourish in any state, in which there is not a certain degree of confidence in the justice of government.	要するに、商業や製造業は、政府の正義にある程度の信頼がなければ、どの国でもめったに繁栄することはできない。	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly congenial environment	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness	government|政府|noun|the governing body of a nation, state, or community
The same confidence which disposes great merchants and manufacturers upon ordinary occasions, to trust their property to the protection of a particular government, disposes them, upon extraordinary occasions, to trust that government with the use of their property.	大商人や大製造業者が、通常の場合には、特定の政府の保護に自分の財産を信頼するように仕向ける同じ信頼が、異常な場合には、その政府に自分の財産の使用を信頼するように仕向ける。	dispose|仕向ける|verb|make someone willing to do something	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person who makes goods for sale	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or event	trust|信頼する|verb|have confidence in the reliability, truth, or ability of	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone	protection|保護|noun|the action of protecting someone or something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	extraordinary|異常な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	use|使用|noun|the action of using something
By lending money to government, they do not even for a moment diminish their ability to carry on their trade and manufactures;	政府に金を貸すことで、彼らは一瞬たりとも貿易や製造業を営む能力を減らすことはない。	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	for a moment|一瞬たりとも|adverb|for a very short period of time	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	carry on|営む|verb|continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale
on the contrary, they commonly augment it.	それどころか、彼らは通常それを増大させる。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	augment|増大させる|verb|make or become greater in size or amount
The necessities of the state render government, upon most occasions willing to borrow upon terms extremely advantageous to the lender.	国家の必要性は、ほとんどの場合、政府を貸し手にとって非常に有利な条件で借り入れようとするようにする。	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	occasion|場合|noun|a particular time or instance	willing|喜んで|adjective|ready, eager, or prepared to do something	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	lender|貸し手|noun|a person or organization that lends money
The security which it grants to the original creditor, is made transferable to any other creditor;	政府が最初の債権者に与える担保は、他の債権者に譲渡可能にされている。	security|担保|noun|something given or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an obligation	grant|与える|verb|give, especially officially or formally	original|最初の|adjective|existing from the beginning; first or earliest	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	transferable|譲渡可能|adjective|capable of being transferred
and from the universal confidence in the justice of the state, generally sells in the market for more than was originally paid for it.	そして、国家の正義に対する普遍的な信頼から、通常、市場では元々支払われた額よりも高く売れる。	universal|普遍的な|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	confidence|信頼|noun|the feeling or belief that one can have faith in or rely on someone or something	justice|正義|noun|just behavior or treatment	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	originally|元々|adverb|in the beginning; at first
The merchant or monied man makes money by lending money to government, and instead of diminishing, increases his trading capital.	商人や金持ちは、政府にお金を貸すことで金を稼ぎ、取引資本を減らすどころか増やす。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	monied|金持ち|adjective|having a lot of money	make money|金を稼ぐ|verb|earn money	lend money|金を貸す|verb|give money temporarily to someone on the condition that it is returned	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	diminish|減らす|verb|make or become less	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater	trading capital|取引資本|noun|the money that a business uses to finance its operations
He generally considers it as a favour, therefore, when the administration admits him to a share in the first subscription for a new loan.	だから、彼は通常、政府が新しい融資の最初の申込みの一部を認めたとき、それを好意と考える。	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about	favour|好意|noun|an act of kindness beyond what is due or usual	administration|政府|noun|the management of a business or organization	admit|認める|verb|to allow to enter	share|一部|noun|a part or portion of a whole	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	subscription|申込み|noun|an agreement to receive or buy something regularly	loan|融資|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest
Hence the inclination or willingness in the subjects of a commercial state to lend.	だから、商業国家の国民には貸し付ける傾向や意欲がある。	hence|だから|adverb|for this reason; therefore	inclination|傾向|noun|a tendency or disposition to do something	willingness|意欲|noun|the quality or state of being prepared to do something	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give or allow the use of (something) temporarily	commercial|商業の|adjective|concerned with or engaged in commerce or trade	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory

The government of such a state is very apt to repose itself upon this ability and willingness of its subjects to lend it their money on extraordinary occasions.	そのような国家の政府は、国民が特別な機会に金を貸す能力と意欲に頼りがちである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	apt|頼りがちである|adjective|likely to do something	repose|頼る|verb|to place	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or accomplish something	willingness|意欲|noun|the quality or state of being prepared to do something	lend|貸す|verb|give to someone temporarily with the expectation of return	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event
It foresees the facility of borrowing, and therefore dispenses itself from the duty of saving.	政府は借り入れのしやすさを予見し、そのため、貯蓄の義務を免除する。	foresee|予見する|verb|see or know in advance	facility|しやすさ|noun|the quality of being easy to do or use	borrowing|借り入れ|noun|the action of borrowing something	dispense|免除する|verb|distribute or provide	duty|義務|noun|a moral or legal obligation

In a rude state of society, there are no great mercantile or manufacturing capitals.	未開の社会では、大きな商業資本や製造資本はない。	rude|未開の|adjective|lacking refinement or good manners	state|状態|noun|the condition of a person or thing	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	manufacturing|製造|noun|the making of goods or wares by manual labor or by machinery, especially on a large scale	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
The individuals, who hoard whatever money they can save, and who conceal their hoard, do so from a distrust of the justice of government;	貯蓄できるだけの金を貯め込み、その貯め込んだ金を隠す個人は、政府の正義を信頼していないからそうする。	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	hoard|貯め込む|verb|accumulate for future use	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	distrust|信頼していない|noun|the feeling that you cannot trust someone or something	justice|正義|noun|the quality of being just; righteousness
from a fear, that if it was known that they had a hoard, and where that hoard was to be found, they would quickly be plundered.	貯め込んだ金があることや、その貯め込んだ金がどこにあるか知られたら、すぐに略奪されるという恐怖からである。	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	fear|恐怖|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	be known|知られる|verb|be familiar with	hoard|貯め込んだ金|noun|a large amount of something that is kept hidden	where|どこ|adverb|in or to what place or position	be found|見つける|verb|discover or notice	quickly|すぐに|adverb|at a fast speed; rapidly	be plundered|略奪される|verb|steal goods from a place or person by force
In such a state of things, few people would be able, and nobody would be willing to lend their money to government on extraordinary exigencies.	このような状況では、ほとんどの人がそうすることはできず、誰も非常時に政府に金を貸そうとはしないだろう。	state of things|状況|noun|the way things are	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	be able to|できる|verb|have the ability to	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person	be willing to|しようとする|verb|be ready, eager, or prepared to do something	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	extraordinary|非常時|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand
The sovereign feels that he must provide for such exigencies by saving, because he foresees the absolute impossibility of borrowing.	君主は、借り入れが絶対に不可能であることを予見しているので、貯蓄によってそのような緊急事態に備えなければならないと感じている。	sovereign|君主|noun|a supreme ruler	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	provide for|備える|verb|make available for use	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money saved	foresee|予見する|verb|be aware of beforehand	absolute|絶対的な|adjective|not qualified or diminished in any way; total	impossibility|不可能|noun|the quality of being impossible	borrowing|借り入れ|noun|the action of borrowing something
This foresight increases still further his natural disposition to save.	この先見の明は、彼の貯蓄に対する生来の性質をさらに高める。	foresight|先見の明|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future	increase|高める|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	natural disposition|生来の性質|noun|a person's inherent character or attitude

The progress of the enormous debts which at present oppress, and will in the long-run probably ruin, all the great nations of Europe, has been pretty uniform.	現在ヨーロッパのすべての大国を圧迫し、長期的にはおそらく破滅させるであろう巨額の負債の増加は、かなり一様であった。	progress|増加|noun|the process of improving or developing	enormous|巨額の|adjective|very large in size, amount, or extent	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	oppress|圧迫する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	long-run|長期的|adjective|occurring over or involving a long period of time	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	pretty|かなり|adverb|to a moderately high degree; fairly	uniform|一様|adjective|not varying; the same throughout
Nations, like private men, have generally begun to borrow upon what may be called personal credit, without assigning or mortgaging any particular fund for the payment of the debt;	国家は、私人と同じように、一般的に、債務の支払いのために特定の資金を割り当てたり、抵当に入れたりすることなく、個人信用と呼ばれるもので借り入れを始めている。	nation|国家|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	private man|私人|noun|a person who is not in the military or a public official	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	begin|始める|verb|start to do something	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	personal credit|個人信用|noun|the amount of money that a person can borrow	assign|割り当てる|verb|give a task or responsibility to someone	mortgage|抵当に入れる|verb|give a loan to someone with the condition that if they do not pay it back, you can take their property	debt|債務|noun|something, especially money, that you owe someone
and when this resource has failed them, they have gone on to borrow upon assignments or mortgages of particular funds.	そして、この資源が彼らを失敗させたとき、彼らは特定の資金の譲渡または抵当で借り入れを続けた。	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	fail|失敗させる|verb|be unsuccessful in achieving one's goal	go on|続ける|verb|continue	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	assignment|譲渡|noun|a transfer of property or rights	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt

What is called the unfunded debt of Great Britain, is contracted in the former of those two ways.	英国の無基金債務と呼ばれるものは、この二つの方法の最初の方法で契約されている。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	unfunded debt|無基金債務|noun|a debt that is not funded	former|最初の|adjective|coming before in time; earlier	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens
It consists partly in a debt which bears, or is supposed to bear, no interest, and which resembles the debts that a private man contracts upon account;	それは、一部には利息を負担しない、あるいは負担しないと思われる債務で構成されており、私人が勘定で契約する債務に似ている。	consist|成り立つ|verb|be composed or made up of	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	bear|負担する|verb|carry or support	suppose|思われる|verb|think or assume that something is true or probable	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	contract|契約する|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	debt|債務|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due
and partly in a debt which bears interest, and which resembles what a private man contracts upon his bill or promissory-note.	そして、一部は利息を負担する債務で構成されており、私人が手形や約束手形で契約するものに似ている。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	bear|負担する|verb|carry or support	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	resemble|似ている|verb|be like or similar to
The debts which are due, either for extraordinary services, or for services either not provided for, or not paid at the time when they are performed;	臨時の仕事、あるいは提供されていないか、あるいは行われた時点で支払われていない仕事に対して支払われるべき債務。	due|支払われるべき|adjective|owed or payable	extraordinary|臨時の|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	service|仕事|noun|the action of helping or doing work for someone	provide|提供する|verb|make available for use; supply	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
part of the extraordinaries of the army, navy, and ordnance, the arrears of subsidies to foreign princes, those of seamen’s wages, etc.	陸海軍や兵器の臨時費の一部、外国の君主への補助金の滞納、船員の給料の滞納などである。	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	army|陸海軍|noun|the military land forces of a nation	navy|陸海軍|noun|the military sea forces of a nation	ordnance|兵器|noun|military weapons and ammunition	extraordinaries|臨時費|noun|expenses that are not usual or ordinary	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	prince|君主|noun|a male member of a royal family	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive	arrears|滞納|noun|money that is owed and should have been paid earlier	seaman|船員|noun|a person who works on a ship	wage|給料|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
usually constitute a debt of the first kind.	通常、第一種の債務を構成する。	usually|通常|adverb|in most cases; normally	constitute|構成する|verb|be a part of; make up	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality
Navy and exchequer bills, which are issued sometimes in payment of a part of such debts, and sometimes for other purposes, constitute a debt of the second kind;	海軍手形や国庫手形は、時にはそのような債務の一部を支払うために、時には他の目的のために発行されるが、第二種の債務を構成する。	Navy|海軍|noun|the military branch of a country that is responsible for conducting military operations at sea	exchequer|国庫|noun|the department of the British government that is responsible for collecting and managing the national revenue	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	issue|発行する|verb|to officially or formally announce or declare	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	debt|債務|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality
exchequer bills bearing interest from the day on which they are issued, and navy bills six months after they are issued.	国庫手形は発行日から利息が付き、海軍手形は発行後六ヶ月で利息が付く。	exchequer bill|国庫手形|noun|a bill of credit issued by the British Treasury	bear interest|利息が付く|verb|to produce or yield interest	day|日|noun|a period of time	issue|発行する|verb|to produce or make available for public use	navy bill|海軍手形|noun|a bill of credit issued by the British Navy	six months|六ヶ月|noun|a period of time
The bank of England, either by voluntarily discounting those bills at their current value, or by agreeing with government for certain considerations to circulate exchequer bills, that is, to receive them at par, paying the interest which happens to be due upon them, keeps up their value, and facilitates their circulation, and thereby frequently enables government to contract a very large debt of this kind.	イングランド銀行は、これらの手形を時価で自発的に割り引くか、国庫手形を流通させるために一定の考慮を払って政府と合意することによって、つまり、手形を額面通りに受け取り、手形にかかる利息を支払うことによって、手形の価値を維持し、流通を促進し、それによって政府がこの種の非常に大きな債務を負うことを可能にしている。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	voluntarily|自発的に|adverb|out of your own free will	discount|割り引く|verb|deduct a certain amount from the usual price	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	current value|時価|noun|the value of an asset at the present time	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	certain consideration|一定の考慮|noun|something that is taken into account when making a decision	circulate|流通させる|verb|move or cause to move continuously or freely	exchequer bill|国庫手形|noun|a short-term government security	par|額面|noun|the value that is printed on a bill, bond, or other security	interest|利息|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	facilitate|促進する|verb|make easier	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	contract|負う|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
In France, where there is no bank, the state bills (billets d’etat {See Examen des Reflections Politiques sur les Finances.}) have sometimes sold at sixty and seventy per cent.	銀行のないフランスでは、国庫手形(billets d’etat {財務に関する政治的考察の検討を参照})が六十パーセントや七十パーセントで売られることもあった。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	state bill|国庫手形|noun|a bill of exchange issued by a government	sixty|六十|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of six and ten	seventy|七十|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of seven and ten
discount.	割引。	discount|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price
During the great recoinage in king William’s time, when the bank of England thought proper to put a stop to its usual transactions, exchequer bills and tallies are said to have sold from twenty-five to sixty per cent.	ウィリアム王の時代に大改鋳が行われ、イングランド銀行が通常の取引を停止するのが適切と考えた際には、国庫手形や割符は二五パーセントから六〇パーセントで売れたという。	During|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	king William|ウィリアム王|noun|the king of England from 1689 to 1702	time|時代|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	think proper|適切と考えた|verb|consider to be right or appropriate	put a stop to|停止する|verb|cause to cease; end	usual|通常の|adjective|such as commonly or normally occurs or is done	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something	exchequer bill|国庫手形|noun|a short-term security issued by the British government	tally|割符|noun|a stick of wood with notches cut in it to record the number of items	sell|売れた|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	twenty-five|二五|numeral|the number 25	sixty|六〇|numeral|the number 60	per cent|パーセント|noun|one part in a hundred
discount;	割引。	discount|割引|noun|a reduction in the usual price
owing partly, no doubt, to the supposed instability of the new government established by the Revolution, but partly, too, to the want of the support of the bank of England.	疑いなく、一部には革命によって成立した新政府の不安定さのせいだが、一部にはイングランド銀行の支援の欠如のせいでもあった。	owing|原因で|verb|have as a cause or source	partly|一部には|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	no doubt|疑いなく|adverb|certainly; surely	supposed|考えられる|adjective|generally regarded as existing or as being true	instability|不安定さ|noun|the quality or state of being unstable	new government|新政府|noun|a government that has recently come into power	established|成立した|verb|set up or lay the foundations of	Revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order	partly|一部には|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	want|欠如|noun|a lack or deficiency of something	support|支援|noun|the action of helping or encouraging someone or something	bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom

When this resource is exhausted, and it becomes necessary, in order to raise money, to assign or mortgage some particular branch of the public revenue for the payment of the debt, government has, upon different occasions, done this in two different ways.	この資源が枯渇し、資金を調達するために、公的収入の特定の部門を債務の支払いに充てたり、抵当に入れたりすることが必要になると、政府は、異なる機会に、二つの異なる方法でこれを行ってきた。	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily drawn upon when needed	be exhausted|枯渇する|verb|be used up completely	become necessary|必要になる|verb|come to be required	raise money|資金を調達する|verb|collect money for a particular purpose	assign|充てる|verb|allocate for a particular purpose	mortgage|抵当に入れる|verb|make a loan of money on the security of	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	different occasion|異なる機会|noun|a time when something happens	two different ways|二つの異なる方法|noun|two distinct methods
Sometimes it has made this assignment or mortgage for a short period of time only, a year, or a few years, for example;	時には、この割り当てや抵当を、例えば一年や数年といった短期間だけ行ってきた。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally, at times	make|行ってきた|verb|perform or carry out	assignment|割り当て|noun|a task or piece of work allocated to someone as part of a job or course	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other lender lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	short period of time|短期間|noun|a brief period of time	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	a year|一年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years
and sometimes for perpetuity.	そして、時には永久に。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	perpetuity|永久|noun|the state or quality of lasting forever
In the one case, the fund was supposed sufficient to pay, within the limited time, both principal and interest of the money borrowed.	一つのケースでは、その基金は、限られた時間内に借りたお金の元本と利子の両方を支払うのに十分であると考えられていた。	in the one case|一つのケースでは|noun phrase|in one instance	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or will happen	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	within|以内に|preposition|inside	limited|限られた|adjective|restricted in size, extent, or amount	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	principal|元本|noun|a sum of money lent or invested on which interest is paid	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something belonging to someone else with the intention of returning it
In the other, it was supposed sufficient to pay the interest only, or a perpetual annuity equivalent to the interest, government being at liberty to redeem, at any time, this annuity, upon paying back the principal sum borrowed.	もう一つのケースでは、利子だけを支払うのに十分であるか、利子に相当する永久年金であると考えられ、政府はいつでも借りた元本を返済すれば、この年金を償還する自由があった。	other|もう一つの|adjective|the remaining one of two or more things	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	perpetual|永久の|adjective|lasting forever or for a very long time	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	redeem|償還する|verb|buy back	principal|元本|noun|a sum of money lent or invested on which interest is paid	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items
When money was raised in the one way, it was said to be raised by anticipation;	一つの方法で資金を調達したとき、それは前倒しで調達されたと言われた。	raise|調達する|verb|to collect or cause to be collected	one|一つ|adjective|the lowest cardinal number	way|方法|noun|how something is done or how it happens	anticipation|前倒し|noun|the action of anticipating something; expectation or prediction
when in the other, by perpetual funding, or, more shortly, by funding.	もう一つの方法では、永久資金調達、あるいはもっと短く資金調達によって調達された。	in the other|もう一つの方法では|adverb|in the other way	perpetual|永久の|adjective|never ending or changing	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose	shortly|短く|adverb|in a short time	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose

In Great Britain, the annual land and malt taxes are regularly anticipated every year, by virtue of a borrowing clause constantly inserted into the acts which impose them.	イギリスでは、毎年の土地税と麦芽税は、それらを課す法律に常に挿入される借入条項のおかげで、毎年定期的に前倒しされている。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening or done once every year	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a kiln	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	anticipate|前倒しする|verb|be aware of something before it happens or exists	virtue|おかげ|noun|a good or useful quality of a person or thing	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something	clause|条項|noun|a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate	insert|挿入|verb|put or fit (something) into something else
The bank of England generally advances at an interest, which, since the Revolution, has varied from eight to three per cent., the sums of which those taxes are granted, and receives payment as their produce gradually comes in.	イングランド銀行は通常、革命以来八パーセントから三パーセントまで変動してきた利子で前払いを行い、その税金が認められた額を支払い、その収入が徐々に入ってくるにつれて支払いを受ける。	Bank of England|イングランド銀行|noun|the central bank of the United Kingdom	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give (something) before it is due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	vary|変動する|verb|change or cause to change in size, amount, degree, or nature	eight|八|numeral|the number 8	three|三|numeral|the number 3	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar	sum|額|noun|a particular amount of money	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	grant|認める|verb|give, allow, or admit	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	produce|収入|noun|agricultural and other primary products
If there is a deficiency, which there always is, it is provided for in the supplies of the ensuing year.	不足がある場合、常に不足があるのだが、それは翌年の供給で補われる。	deficiency|不足|noun|the state or fact of being deficient	there is|ある|verb|exist	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	it is provided for|補われる|verb|be supplied or equipped with	ensuing|翌年の|adjective|following immediately	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun
The only considerable branch of the public revenue which yet remains unmortgaged, is thus regularly spent before it comes in.	まだ抵当に入れられていない公的収入の唯一の重要な部分は、このように入ってくる前に定期的に使われてしまう。	the only|唯一の|adjective|being the only one	considerable|重要な|adjective|worthy of consideration or notice	branch|部分|noun|a part of a tree	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	yet|まだ|adverb|up until the present time	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone	unmortgaged|抵当に入れられていない|adjective|not mortgaged	is thus|このように|adverb|in this way	regularly|定期的に|adverb|at regular intervals	spent|使われる|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services
Like an improvident spendthrift, whose pressing occasions will not allow him to wait for the regular payment of his revenue, the state is in the constant practice of borrowing of its own factors and agents, and of paying interest for the use of its own money.	切迫した状況で収入の定期的な支払いを待つことができない無計画な浪費家のように、国家は常に自らの代理人や代理店から借り入れ、自らの資金の使用に対して利子を支払っている。	improvident|無計画な|adjective|lacking care for the future	spendthrift|浪費家|noun|a person who spends money in a careless or wasteful way	pressing|切迫した|adjective|urgent	occasion|状況|noun|a particular time or event	allow|待つことができない|verb|permit	revenue|収入|noun|income	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	constant|常に|adjective|non-varying	practice|借り入れ|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method	agent|代理人|noun|a person who acts on behalf of another person or group	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes

In the reign of king William, and during a great part of that of queen Anne, before we had become so familiar as we are now with the practice of perpetual funding, the greater part of the new taxes were imposed but for a short period of time (for four, five, six, or seven years only), and a great part of the grants of every year consisted in loans upon anticipations of the produce of those taxes.	ウィリアム王の治世とアン女王の治世の大部分において、永続的な資金調達の慣行に今ほど慣れ親しむまでは、新しい税の大部分は短期間に課せられ(四、五、六、七年のみ)、毎年の交付金の大部分は、これらの税の収入を見越した貸付金で構成されていた。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	William|ウィリアム|noun|a male given name	queen|女王|noun|a female sovereign or monarch	Anne|アン|noun|a female given name	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	before|前|preposition|earlier than; prior to	become|なる|verb|come to be	familiar|慣れ親しむ|adjective|well known or easily recognized	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method	perpetual|永続的|adjective|continuing forever or indefinitely	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose	greater|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece or portion of something	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, introduced, or discovered	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	short|短い|adjective|having little length or duration	period|期間|noun|a length or portion of time	time|時間|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	four|四|numeral|the number 4	five|五|numeral|the number 5	six|六|numeral|the number 6	seven|七|numeral|the number 7	only|のみ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	great|大部分|adjective|of major significance or importance	part|部分|noun|a piece or portion of something	grant|交付金|noun|a sum of money given by a government or public body for a particular purpose	every|毎年|adjective|each and all of a group	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	consist|構成される|verb|be composed or made up of	loan|貸付金|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	anticipation|見越し|noun|the action of anticipating something; expectation or prediction	produce|収入|noun|agricultural or natural products
The produce being frequently insufficient for paying, within the limited term, the principal and interest of the money borrowed, deficiencies arose;	収入が限られた期間内に借りたお金の元本と利子を支払うのに十分でない場合が多く、不足が生じた。	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization receives	frequently|多く|adverb|often; many times	insufficient|十分でない|adjective|not enough	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe to someone	limited term|限られた期間|noun|a period of time that has a fixed end	principal|元本|noun|the original sum of money borrowed, on which interest is calculated	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice
to make good which, it became necessary to prolong the term.	それを補うために、期間を延長する必要が生じた。	make good|補う|verb|to compensate for	which|それを|pronoun|the thing that	become necessary|必要が生じる|verb|to be required	prolong|延長する|verb|to extend the duration of	term|期間|noun|a period of time

In 1697, by the 8th of William III., c. 20, the deficiencies of several taxes were charged upon what was then called the first general mortgage or fund, consisting of a prolongation to the first of August 1706, of several different taxes, which would have expired within a shorter term, and of which the produce was accumulated into one general fund.	一六九七年、ウィリアム三世八年、第二十章によって、いくつかの税の不足額は、当時第一総抵当または基金と呼ばれていたものに課せられ、それは一七〇六年八月一日に延長された、より短期間で期限切れになるはずのいくつかの異なる税からなり、その収入は一つの一般基金に蓄積された。	1697|1697年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	William III|ウィリアム三世|noun|King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 13 February 1689	8th|八年|noun|the ordinal number of eight in a series	20|第二十章|noun|the cardinal number that is the product of two and ten	deficiency|不足額|noun|the state or fact of being deficient	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	charge|課する|verb|demand payment for	first|第一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	general|総|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	consist|なる|verb|be composed or made up of	prolongation|延長|noun|the action of prolonging something or the state of being prolonged	first|一|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	August|八月|noun|the eighth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar	expire|期限切れになる|verb|come to an end	short|短期|adjective|having little length or duration	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	produce|収入|noun|agricultural and other primary products	accumulate|蓄積される|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
The deficiencies charged upon this prolonged term amounted to £5,160,459: 14: 91⁄2.	この延長された期間に課せられた不足額は、五一六万四五九ポンド、一四シリング、九ペンス半に達した。	deficiency|不足額|noun|the amount by which something is deficient	charge|課する|verb|demand payment for	prolonged|延長された|adjective|made longer	amount|達する|verb|be equal to in number or quantity

In 1701, those duties, with some others, were still further prolonged, for the like purposes, till the first of August 1710, and were called the second general mortgage or fund.	一七〇一年、これらの税は、他のいくつかの税とともに、同様の目的で、一七一〇年八月一日にさらに延長され、第二総抵当または基金と呼ばれた。	1701|一七〇一年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	duty|税|noun|a tax on imported goods	some others|他のいくつか|noun|some other things	still further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	prolonged|延長された|verb|make longer	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	first|一日に|noun|the first day of the month	August 1710|一七一〇年八月|noun|the eighth month of the year	second|第二|adjective|coming after the first in position	general|総|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
The deficiencies charged upon it amounted to £2,055,999: 7: 111⁄2.	これに課せられた不足額は、二〇五万五九九九ポンド、七シリング、一一ペンス半に達した。	deficiency|不足額|noun|the amount by which something is deficient	charge|課する|verb|impose a tax, fee, or other payment on	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	2,055,999|二〇五万五九九九|numeral|two million fifty-five thousand nine hundred ninety-nine	7|七|numeral|seven	111⁄2|一一ペンス半|numeral|eleven and a half

In 1707, those duties were still further prolonged, as a fund for new loans, to the first of August 1712, and were called the third general mortgage or fund.	一七〇七年、これらの税は、新規貸付の基金として、一七一二年八月一日にさらに延長され、第三総抵当または基金と呼ばれた。	1707|1707年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	prolong|延長する|verb|extend the duration of	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	loan|貸付|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	third|第三|adjective|coming after two others in a series	general|総|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
The sum borrowed upon it was £983,254:11:91⁄4.	これを担保に借り入れた金額は、九八万三二五四ポンド、一一シリング、九ペンス四分の一だった。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	upon|担保に|preposition|on top of	it|これ|pronoun|this	983,254:11:91⁄4|九八万三二五四ポンド、一一シリング、九ペンス四分の一|noun|a number

In 1708, those duties were all (except the old subsidy of tonnage and poundage, of which one moiety only was made a part of this fund, and a duty upon the importation of Scotch linen, which had been taken off by the articles of union) still further continued, as a fund for new loans, to the first of August 1714, and were called the fourth general mortgage or fund.	一七〇八年、これらの税はすべて(この基金の一部にされたのは半分だけだったトン税とポンド税の旧補助金と、連合条約によって廃止されたスコットランド製リネンの輸入税を除く)、新規貸付の基金として、一七一四年八月一日にさらに延長され、第四総抵当または基金と呼ばれた。	1708|1708年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	tonnage|トン税|noun|a tax on the tonnage of a ship	poundage|ポンド税|noun|a tax of a certain amount per pound sterling	moiety|半分|noun|a half	Scotch|スコットランド製|adjective|of or relating to Scotland or its people	linen|リネン|noun|a cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant	union|連合|noun|the state of being joined or connected	loan|貸付|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	fourth|第四|adjective|coming after three others in a series	general|総|adjective|involving or affecting all or most people, places, or things	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other lender lends money to someone to buy a property, and the property is used as a guarantee for the loan
The sum borrowed upon it was £925,176:9:21⁄4.	これを担保に借り入れた金額は、九二万五一七六ポンド、九シリング、二ペンス四分の一だった。	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	upon|担保に|preposition|on top of	it|これ|pronoun|this	925,176:9:21⁄4|九二万五一七六ポンド、九シリング、二ペンス四分の一|noun|a number

In 1709, those duties were all ( except the old subsidy of tonnage and poundage, which was now left out of this fund altogether ) still further continued, for the same purpose, to the first of August 1716, and were called the fifth general mortgage or fund.	一七〇九年、これらの税はすべて(この基金から完全に除外されたトン税とポンド税の旧補助金を除く)、同じ目的で、一七一六年八月一日にさらに延長され、第五総抵当または基金と呼ばれた。	1709|1709年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import of goods	tonnage|トン税|noun|a tax on the tonnage of a ship	poundage|ポンド税|noun|a tax on the value of goods	subsidy|補助金|noun|a sum of money granted by the state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	1716|1716年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	August|8月|noun|the eighth month of the year	fifth|第五|adjective|coming after four others in a series; 5th	general|総|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt
The sum borrowed upon it was £922,029:6s.	これを担保に借り入れた金額は、九二万二〇二九ポンド、六シリングだった。	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	upon|担保に|preposition|on top of; on	it|これ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned or easily identified	922,029:6s|九二万二〇二九ポンド、六シリング|noun|a number

In 1710, those duties were again prolonged to the first of August 1720, and were called the sixth general mortgage or fund.	一七一〇年、これらの税は再び一七二〇年八月一日に延長され、第六総抵当または基金と呼ばれた。	1710|一七一〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	duty|税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	again|再び|adverb|once more; another time	prolong|延長する|verb|extend the duration of	first|一日に|noun|the first day of the month	August 1720|一七二〇年八月|noun|a month in the Gregorian calendar	call|呼ばれた|verb|give a name to	sixth|第六|adjective|coming after the fifth and before the seventh in position	general|総|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
The sum borrowed upon it was £1,296,552:9:113⁄4.	これを担保に借り入れた金額は、一二九万六五五二ポンド、九シリング、一一ペンス四分の三だった。	sum|金額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	upon|担保に|preposition|on top of	it|これ|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned or easily identified	1,296,552:9:113⁄4|一二九万六五五二ポンド、九シリング、一一ペンス四分の三|noun|a number

In 1711, the same duties (which at this time were thus subject to four different anticipations), together with several others, were continued for ever, and made a fund for paying the interest of the capital of the South-sea company, which had that year advanced to government, for paying debts, and making good deficiencies, the sum of £9,177,967:15:4d, the greatest loan which at that time had ever been made.	一七一一年、同じ税(この時点で四つの異なる前借の対象となっていた)は、他のいくつかの税とともに永久に延長され、その年に政府に貸し付けた南海会社の資本の利子を支払うための基金となった。この貸付金は、負債の支払いと不足額の補填のために九一七万七九六七ポンド、一五シリング、四ペンスにのぼり、当時としては最大の貸付金だった。	In 1711|一七一一年|noun|the year 1711	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	duty|税|noun|a tax on imported goods	at this time|この時点で|noun|at the present time	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	subject to|の対象となる|verb|be affected by	four|四つ|noun|the number 4	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	anticipation|前借|noun|the action of anticipating something	together with|とともに|preposition|in addition to	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	others|他の|pronoun|other people or things	were continued|延長された|verb|be extended	for ever|永久に|adverb|always; eternally	made|なった|verb|become	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	paying|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	South-sea company|南海会社|noun|a British joint-stock company founded in 1711 to trade with Spanish America	that year|その年|noun|the year being discussed	advanced|貸し付けた|verb|lend	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	paying|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	debts|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	making|補填|verb|make or become complete	deficiencies|不足額|noun|a lack or shortage	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	£9,177,967:15:4d|九一七万七九六七ポンド、一五シリング、四ペンス|noun|a sum of money	greatest|最大の|adjective|of the highest quality	loan|貸付金|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	at that time|当時|noun|at the time being discussed	ever|かつて|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all

Before this period, the principal, so far as I have been able to observe, the only taxes, which, in order to pay the interest of a debt, had been imposed for perpetuity, were those for paying the interest of the money which had been advanced to government by the bank and East-India company, and of what it was expected would be advanced, but which was never advanced, by a projected land bank.	この時期以前に、私が知る限り、負債の利子を支払うために永久に課せられていた主な税は、銀行と東インド会社が政府に貸し付けた資金の利子を支払うための税と、計画されていた土地銀行が貸し付けると期待されていたが、実際には貸し付けられることのなかった資金の利子を支払うための税だけだった。	before|以前|preposition|earlier than	period|時期|noun|a length or portion of time	principal|主な|adjective|most important	so far as|知る限り|conjunction|to the extent that	observe|知る|verb|notice or perceive	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	perpetuity|永久|noun|the state or quality of lasting forever	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	East-India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend (money) to someone	expect|期待する|verb|regard (something) as likely to happen	project|計画する|verb|plan or intend to do or achieve	land bank|土地銀行|noun|a bank that issues long-term loans on real estate
The bank fund at this time amounted to £3,375,027:17:101⁄2, for which was paid an annuity or interest of £206,501:15:5d.	この時点での銀行基金は、三三七万五〇二七ポンド、一七シリング、一〇ペンス半に達し、これに対して年金または利子として二〇万六五〇一ポンド、一五シリング、五ペンスが支払われた。	bank fund|銀行基金|noun|a fund of money that is held by a bank	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	at this time|この時点で|adverb|at the present time	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	be paid|支払われる|verb|to receive money in exchange for work or a service	for which|これに対して|pronoun|for the thing that	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	penny|ペンス|noun|a British coin worth one hundredth of a pound
The East-India fund amounted to £3,200,000, for which was paid an annuity or interest of £160,000; the bank fund being at six per cent., the East-India fund at five per cent.	東インド基金は三二〇万ポンドに達し、これに対して年金または利子として一六万ポンドが支払われた。銀行基金は六パーセント、東インド基金は五パーセントだった。	East-India fund|東インド基金|noun|a fund for the East India Company	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	bank fund|銀行基金|noun|a fund for a bank	six per cent|六パーセント|noun|six percent	East-India fund|東インド基金|noun|a fund for the East India Company	five per cent|五パーセント|noun|five percent
interest.	利子。	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt

In 1715, by the first of George I., c. 12, the different taxes which had been mortgaged for paying the bank annuity, together with several others, which, by this act, were likewise rendered perpetual, were accumulated into one common fund, called the aggregate fund, which was charged not only with the payment of the bank annuity, but with several other annuities and burdens of different kinds.	一七一五年、ジョージ一世の第一年、第十二章によって、銀行年金の支払いのために抵当に入れられていたさまざまな税金は、この法律によって同様に永続化された他のいくつかの税金と一緒に、総合基金と呼ばれる一つの共通基金に蓄積され、銀行年金の支払いだけでなく、他のいくつかの年金やさまざまな種類の負担も負わされた。	1715|一七一五年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	George I.|ジョージ一世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714	first|第一年|noun|the first year of a period	12|第十二章|noun|the twelfth chapter of a book	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	mortgage|抵当|noun|a legal agreement by which a bank or other creditor lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor's property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt	pay|支払い|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money and will lend money to people	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	together|一緒に|adverb|with or at the same time as another person or thing	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	act|法律|noun|a thing done; a deed	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	render|永続化|verb|cause to be or become	perpetual|永続的|adjective|never ending or changing	accumulate|蓄積|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	one|一つの|noun|the lowest cardinal number; half of two; 1	common|共通|adjective|belonging to or shared by two or more people or things	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	aggregate|総合|adjective|formed or calculated by the combination of several separate elements	charge|負わされる|verb|demand (an amount) as a price from someone	not only|だけでなく|conjunction|and also; as well as	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	burden|負担|noun|a responsibility or difficulty that causes worry or stress
This fund was afterwards augmented by the third of George I., c.8., and by the fifth of George I., c. 3, and the different duties which were then added to it were likewise rendered perpetual.	この基金はその後、ジョージ一世の第三年、第八章、およびジョージ一世の第五年、第三章によって増額され、その時に追加されたさまざまな税金も同様に永続化された。	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	third|第三|noun|the ordinal number of three	George I|ジョージ一世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714	fifth|第五|noun|the ordinal number of five	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	render|永続化する|verb|cause to be or become	perpetual|永続的|adjective|never ending or changing

In 1717, by the third of George I., c. 7, several other taxes were rendered perpetual, and accumulated into another common fund, called the general fund, for the payment of certain annuities, amounting in the whole to £724,849:6:101⁄2.	一七一七年、ジョージ一世の第三年、第七章によって、他のいくつかの税金が永続化され、総額七二四八四九ポンド六シリング一〇ペンス半に達する一定の年金の支払いのために、一般基金と呼ばれる別の共通基金に蓄積された。	1717|一七一七年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	George I.|ジョージ一世|noun|King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714	third|第三年|noun|the ordinal number of three	7|第七章|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	perpetual|永続化|adjective|continuing forever or indefinitely	accumulate|蓄積|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or effect	whole|総額|noun|all of something; the entire amount of something	724,849:6:101⁄2|七二四八四九ポンド六シリング一〇ペンス半|noun|a number

In consequence of those different acts, the greater part of the taxes, which before had been anticipated only for a short term of years were rendered perpetual, as a fund for paying, not the capital, but the interest only, of the money which had been borrowed upon them by different successive anticipations.	これらのさまざまな法律の結果として、以前は短期間の年数だけ前借されていた税金の大部分は、さまざまな連続した前借によって借り入れた資金の元本ではなく利子だけを支払う基金として永続化された。	in consequence of|結果として|preposition|as a result of	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	anticipate|前借する|verb|regard as probable; expect or predict	short term|短期|noun|a period of time that is brief	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one revolution around the sun	render|永続化する|verb|cause to be or become	perpetual|永続的|adjective|never ending or changing	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	capital|元本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	borrow|借り入れる|verb|take and use (something that belongs to someone else) with the intention of returning it	different|さまざまな|adjective|not the same	successive|連続した|adjective|following one another or following others in a series	anticipation|前借|noun|the action of anticipating something; expectation or prediction

Had money never been raised but by anticipation, the course of a few years would have liberated the public revenue, without any other attention of government besides that of not overloading the fund, by charging it with more debt than it could pay within the limited term, and not of anticipating a second time before the expiration of the first anticipation.	前借によってしか資金を調達しなかったならば、数年のうちに、政府が基金に過大な負担をかけないこと、つまり、基金に限られた期間内に支払える以上の負債を負わせないこと、および最初の前借が満了する前に二度目の前借をしないことを除いて、政府が何もしなくても、公的収入は解放されていただろう。	raise|調達する|verb|to collect or bring together	anticipation|前借|noun|the action of anticipating something; expectation or prediction	course|うちに|noun|the passage of time	liberate|解放する|verb|to set free	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	attention|注意|noun|the regarding of someone or something as interesting or important	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	overload|過大な負担をかける|verb|to put too great a load on	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	limited term|限られた期間|noun|a period of time that has a fixed end	expire|満了する|verb|(of a period of time) come to an end	second|二度目|adjective|coming after the first in time or order; 2nd	first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; 1st
But the greater part of European governments have been incapable of those attentions.	しかし、ヨーロッパの政府の大部分は、そうした注意を払うことができなかった。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	European|ヨーロッパの|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	incapable|できない|adjective|lacking the ability to do something	attention|注意|noun|the action of directing one's mind to something
They have frequently overloaded the fund, even upon the first anticipation;	彼らは、最初の前借の時点でさえ、しばしば基金に過大な負担をかけた。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	overload|過大な負担をかける|verb|put too great a load on	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
and when this happened not to be the case, they have generally taken care to overload it, by anticipating a second and a third time, before the expiration of the first anticipation.	そして、そうならない場合には、彼らは通常、最初の前借が満了する前に、二度目、三度目の前借をすることで、基金に過大な負担をかけるようにした。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	when|場合には|conjunction|at or during the time that	this|そう|pronoun|the person or thing that is being discussed	happened|ならない|verb|take place; occur	not|ない|adverb|a word used to express negation	to be|である|verb|to exist or live	the case|場合|noun|a particular situation or event	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people being discussed	have|持つ|verb|to possess, own, or hold	generally|通常|adverb|in most cases; usually	taken care|するようにした|verb|to deal with or manage	to overload|過大な負担をかける|verb|to put too much weight or force on	it|基金|pronoun|the thing being discussed	by anticipating|前借することで|verb|to expect or predict	a second|二度目|adjective|coming after the first in position or time	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	a third|三度目|adjective|coming after the second in position or time	time|前|noun|the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole	before|前に|preposition|earlier than; in front of	the expiration|満了|noun|the end of the period for which something is valid	of|の|preposition|used to show a relationship between a part and a whole	the first|最初の|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	anticipation|前借|noun|the expectation or prediction of something
The fund becoming in this manner altogether insufficient for paying both principal and interest of the money borrowed upon it, it became necessary to charge it with the interest only, or a perpetual annuity equal to the interest;	こうして基金は、借り入れた資金の元本と利子の両方を支払うには全く不十分なものとなったので、利子だけを請求するか、利子に等しい永久年金を請求する必要が生じた。	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	insufficient|不十分|adjective|not enough	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	principal|元本|noun|a sum of money lent or invested on which interest is paid	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	charge|請求する|verb|ask for a specified price	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	perpetual|永久|adjective|never ending or changing	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life
and such improvident anticipations necessarily gave birth to the more ruinous practice of perpetual funding.	そして、そのような無計画な前借は、必然的に、より破滅的な永久基金の慣行を生み出した。	improvident|無計画な|adjective|lacking care for the future	anticipation|前借|noun|the action of anticipating something; expectation or prediction	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	perpetual|永久的な|adjective|never ending or changing	funding|基金|noun|a sum of money that is provided for a particular purpose
But though this practice necessarily puts off the liberation of the public revenue from a fixed period, to one so indefinite that it is not very likely ever to arrive;	しかし、この慣行は必然的に、公的収入の解放を一定期間から、到来する可能性があまりないほど不確定な期間に延期することになるが、	put off|延期する|verb|postpone or delay	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	fixed period|一定期間|noun|a period of time that is set and cannot be changed	indefinite|不確定な|adjective|not definite; not certain or exact	arrive|到来する|verb|reach a destination
yet, as a greater sum can, in all cases, be raised by this new practice than by the old one of anticipation, the former, when men have once become familiar with it, has, in the great exigencies of the state, been universally preferred to the latter.	それでも、この新しい慣行によって、あらゆる場合に、前借という古い慣行よりも大きな金額を調達することができるので、前者は、人々が一度それに慣れ親しんでしまうと、国家の大きな危機において、後者よりも普遍的に好まれるようになった。	yet|それでも|conjunction|but; nevertheless; even so	greater|より大きな|adjective|larger in size or amount	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	case|場合|noun|an instance of something occurring	raise|調達する|verb|collect or bring together	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	anticipation|前借|noun|the action of anticipating something; expectation or prediction	former|前者|adjective|denoting the first or earlier of two or more people or things mentioned	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	become familiar with|慣れ親しむ|verb|get to know well	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	exigency|危機|noun|an urgent need or demand	universally|普遍的に|adverb|in every case or on every occasion	prefer|好む|verb|like (one thing or person) better than another	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or later of two or more people or things mentioned
To relieve the present exigency, is always the object which principally interests those immediately concerned in the administration of public affairs.	現在の危機を救済することは、常に公務の執行に直接関係する人々の主な関心事である。	relieve|救済する|verb|alleviate or reduce	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	exigency|危機|noun|an urgent need or demand	object|目的|noun|a thing aimed at or sought; a goal	principally|主に|adverb|for the most part; mainly	interest|関心事|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone
The future liberation of the public revenue they leave to the care of posterity.	彼らは、公的収入の将来の解放を後世の世話に任せる。	future|将来|noun|the time that is yet to come	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	leave|任せる|verb|go away from a place	care|世話|noun|the provision of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone or something	posterity|後世|noun|all future generations

During the reign of queen Anne, the market rate of interest had fallen from six to five per cent.; and, in the twelfth year of her reign, five per cent.	アン女王の治世の間に、市場金利は六パーセントから五パーセントに下落し、彼女の治世の十二年目には、五パーセント公債は額面の九十七パーセントで売却された。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	queen|女王|noun|the female ruler of an independent state	Anne|アン|noun|the last of the Stuart monarchs	market rate|市場金利|noun|the rate of interest paid in the market	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	fall|下落する|verb|move or cause to move from a higher to a lower level	six|六|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	five|五|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one	twelfth|十二|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one	five per cent|五パーセント|noun|a proportion of five parts in every hundred	ninety-seven|九十七|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of ninety-six and one	sell|売却される|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
was declared to be the highest rate which could lawfully be taken for money borrowed upon private security.	私的担保で借り入れた金に対して合法的に取ることができる最高利率であると宣言された。	be declared|宣言される|verb|to be announced or proclaimed	highest|最高の|adjective|of the greatest value or importance	rate|利率|noun|the amount of money charged for a loan, usually expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed	lawfully|合法的に|adverb|in a way that is allowed by the law	take|取る|verb|to get into one's possession, power, or control	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	borrow|借りる|verb|to take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	security|担保|noun|something given or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an obligation
Soon after the greater part of the temporary taxes of Great Britain had been rendered perpetual, and distributed into the aggregate, South-sea, and general funds, the creditors of the public, like those of private persons, were induced to accept of five per cent.	イギリスの一時税の大部分が永続的なものとなり、総合基金、南海基金、一般基金に分配された後まもなく、公衆の債権者は、私人の債権者と同様に、五パーセントの利子を受け入れることになった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	temporary|一時的|adjective|lasting for only a limited period of time	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	perpetual|永続的|adjective|never ending or changing	distribute|分配する|verb|give shares of something to a number of recipients	aggregate|総合|noun|a whole formed by combining several parts or members	South-sea|南海|noun|the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean	general|一般|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|公衆|noun|the community as a whole	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	five percent|五パーセント|noun|a proportion or share in every hundred
for the interest of their money, which occasioned a saving of one per cent.	彼らの金の利子に対して、それは一パーセントの節約をもたらした。	for|に対して|preposition|in return for	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	occasion|もたらす|verb|cause or produce	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money that is spent	one|一|numeral|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	cent|パーセント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
upon the capital of the greater part or the debts which had been thus funded for perpetuity, or of one-sixth of the greater part of the annuities which were paid out of the three great funds above mentioned.	こうして永続的に基金化された負債の大部分の元本、あるいは上記の三つの大基金から支払われる年金の大部分の六分の一の元本に対してである。	upon|に対して|preposition|on top of	capital|元本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	perpetuity|永続|noun|the state or quality of lasting forever	one-sixth|六分の一|noun|one of six equal parts	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	three|三つ|noun|the number 3	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
This saving left a considerable surplus in the produce of the different taxes which had been accumulated into those funds, over and above what was necessary for paying the annuities which were now charged upon them, and laid the foundation of what has since been called the sinking fund.	この節約によって、これらの基金に蓄積されたさまざまな税の収入に、現在それらに課せられている年金を支払うのに必要な額を超えてかなりの余剰が生じ、以来償却基金と呼ばれるものの基礎が築かれた。	saving|節約|noun|the reduction in the amount of money that is spent	leave|生じる|verb|cause to remain	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization receives	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	lay|築く|verb|put in place	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or developed	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset
In 1717, it amounted to £523,454:7:71⁄2.	一七一七年には、それは五二万三四五四ポンド七シリング七ペンス半に達した。	1717|一七一七年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	523,454|五二万三四五四|noun|a number	7|七|noun|a number	71⁄2|七ペンス半|noun|a number
In 1727, the interest of the greater part of the public debts was still further reduced to four per cent.;	一七二七年には、公債の大部分の利子はさらに四パーセントに引き下げられた。	1727|一七二七年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	four percent|四パーセント|noun|a proportion or rate equal to four out of every hundred	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less
and, in 1753 and 1757, to three and a-half, and three per cent., which reductions still further augmented the sinking fund.	そして一七五三年と一七五七年には、三パーセント半と三パーセントに引き下げられ、この引き下げによって償却基金はさらに増大した。	1753|一七五三年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1757|一七五七年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	three and a-half|三パーセント半|noun|three and a half	three|三パーセント|noun|three	reduction|引き下げ|noun|the act of reducing something	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	augment|増大する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree

A sinking fund, though instituted for the payment of old, facilitates very much the contracting of new debts.	償却基金は、古い負債の支払いのために設立されたものではあるが、新しい負債の契約を非常に容易にする。	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund established to pay off a debt or replace a wasting asset	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
It is a subsidiary fund, always at hand, to be mortgaged in aid of any other doubtful fund, upon which money is proposed to be raised in any exigency of the state.	それは、国家の緊急時に資金を調達するために提案される、他の不確実な基金を援助するために抵当に入れられる、いつでも手近にある補助基金である。	subsidiary fund|補助基金|noun|a fund that is used to provide financial assistance to another fund	at hand|手近にある|adjective|near in time or place	mortgage|抵当に入れる|verb|pledge (property) as security for a loan	aid|援助|noun|help, typically of a practical nature	doubtful|不確実な|adjective|not certain or sure	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	raise|調達する|verb|collect or cause to be collected	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
Whether the sinking fund of Great Britain has been more frequently applied to the one or to other of those two purposes, will sufficiently appear by and by.	イギリスの償却基金が、この二つの目的のどちらに多く使われてきたかは、やがて十分に明らかになるだろう。	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	more frequently|多く|adverb|more often	apply|使われる|verb|make use of	one|一方|noun|the number 1	other|他方|noun|the remaining one of two or more people or things	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	sufficiently|十分に|adverb|to a satisfactory degree	appear|明らかになる|verb|become visible or noticeable

Besides those two methods of borrowing, by anticipations and by a perpetual funding, there are two other methods, which hold a sort of middle place between them;	前借りによる借入と永久基金による借入という二つの方法のほかに、その中間的な位置を占める二つの方法がある。	besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; apart from	those|その|determiner|the	two|二つの|determiner|the number 2	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something	anticipation|前借り|noun|the action of anticipating something	perpetual|永久|adjective|never ending or changing	funding|基金|noun|the money that is available for a particular purpose	there are|ある|verb|exist	two|二つの|determiner|the number 2	other|他の|determiner|the remaining	method|方法|noun|a way of doing something	which|その|relative pronoun|that	hold|占める|verb|have or occupy	sort|一種の|noun|a kind or type	middle|中間|adjective|in the middle	place|位置|noun|a particular position or point in space
these are, that of borrowing upon annuities for terms of years, and that of borrowing upon annuities for lives.	これらは、年限付き年金による借入と終身年金による借入である。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	are|である|verb|be	that|それ|pronoun|the one mentioned	of|の|preposition|belonging to	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something	upon|による|preposition|on	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	for|の|preposition|belonging to	terms|期間|noun|a period of time	of|の|preposition|belonging to	years|年|noun|a period of 365 or 366 days	and|と|conjunction|and	that|それ|pronoun|the one mentioned	of|の|preposition|belonging to	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something	upon|による|preposition|on	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	for|の|preposition|belonging to	lives|終身|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive

During the reigns of king William and queen Anne, large sums were frequently borrowed upon annuities for terms of years, which were sometimes longer and sometimes shorter.	ウィリアム王とアン女王の治世には、長短さまざまな年限付き年金で多額の借入が頻繁に行われた。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	king|王|noun|a male sovereign or monarch	queen|女王|noun|a female sovereign or monarch	large sum|多額|noun|a lot of money	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	term|年限|noun|a fixed period of time	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	short|短い|adjective|having a small distance or duration from end to end
In 1695, an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of fourteen per cent., or £140,000 a-year, for sixteen years.	一六九五年には、一〇〇万ポンドを一四パーセント、つまり年間一四万ポンドの年金で、一六年間借り入れる法律が通った。	1695|一六九五年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	one million|一〇〇万ポンド|noun|a thousand thousand; 1,000,000	fourteen percent|一四パーセント|noun|a proportion of fourteen parts in every hundred	£140,000|一四万ポンド|noun|a sum of money	sixteen years|一六年間|noun|a period of time
In 1691, an act was passed for borrowing a million upon annuities for lives, upon terms which, in the present times, would appear very advantageous;	一六九一年には、終身年金で百万ポンドを借り入れる法律が通った。その条件は、現在では非常に有利なものに思われるだろう。	1691|一六九一年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	act|法律|noun|a law passed by a legislative body	pass|通る|verb|be approved or adopted	million|百万ポンド|noun|a thousand thousands	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|終身|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of apparent death	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	appear|思われる|verb|seem or have the appearance of being	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit
but the subscription was not filled up.	しかし、募集は満額にはならなかった。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	subscription|募集|noun|the action of signing up for something	fill up|満額になる|verb|to become full
In the following year, the deficiency was made good, by borrowing upon annuities for lives, at fourteen per cent.	翌年には、その不足額は終身年金で、一四パーセントで借り入れることで補填された。	following year|翌年|noun|the year after the present year	deficiency|不足額|noun|the amount by which something is deficient	make good|補填する|verb|to make up for something	borrowing|借り入れ|noun|the act of borrowing	annuities|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	lives|終身|noun|the period during which a person is alive	fourteen percent|一四パーセント|noun|a number or rate equal to fourteen parts per hundred
or a little more than seven years purchase.	つまり七年分強の年金である。	a little more than|七年分強の|noun|a little more than	seven years|七年|noun|the number 7	purchase|年金|noun|a fixed sum payable regularly to a person, typically following retirement, having been accumulated over a period of years during which payments were made into a fund
In 1695, the persons who had purchased those annuities were allowed to exchange them for others of ninety-six years, upon paying into the exchequer sixty-three pounds in the hundred;	一六九五年には、これらの年金を購入した人々は、百ポンドにつき六十三ポンドを国庫に支払うことで、九十六年年金と交換することが許された。	1695|一六九五年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	person|人々|noun|a human being regarded as an individual	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	ninety-six years|九十六年|noun|a period of time	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	exchequer|国庫|noun|a government department responsible for the collection and management of the national revenue	hundred|百ポンド|noun|a unit of measurement equal to ten tens	sixty-three pounds|六十三ポンド|noun|a unit of measurement equal to twenty shillings
that is, the difference between fourteen per cent.	つまり、一四パーセントと九・六パーセントの差額である。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	difference|差額|noun|the amount by which one number or quantity is greater or less than another
for life, and fourteen per cent.	終身年金と九六年年金の差額である。	for life|終身|adjective|lasting for the duration of a person's life	fourteen|14|noun|the cardinal number that is the sum of thirteen and one	cent|セント|noun|a unit of money equal to one hundredth of a dollar
for ninety-six years, was sold for sixty-three pounds, or for four and a-half years purchase.	つまり、九十六年年金の六十三ポンド、つまり四年半分である。	ninety-six years|九十六年|noun|the number 96	sixty-three pounds|六十三ポンド|noun|the number 63	four and a-half years|四年半|noun|the number 4.5
Such was the supposed instability of government, that even these terms procured few purchasers.	政府の不安定さは、このような条件でも購入者がほとんどいないほどだった。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type or degree previously mentioned or indicated	supposed|想定される|adjective|generally assumed or believed to be the case, but not necessarily so	instability|不安定さ|noun|the quality or state of being unstable	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme or excessive degree	these|これらの|adjective|the ones previously mentioned	term|条件|noun|a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept, especially in a particular kind of language or branch of knowledge	procure|獲得する|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	few|ほとんどない|adjective|a small number of	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something
In the reign of queen Anne, money was, upon different occasions, borrowed both upon annuities for lives, and upon annuities for terms of thirty-two, of eighty-nine, of ninety-eight, and of ninety-nine years.	アン女王の治世には、終身年金と三十二年、八十九年、九十八年、九十九年の年金の両方で、さまざまな機会に資金が借りられた。	reign|治世|noun|the period during which a sovereign rules	queen|女王|noun|the female ruler of an independent state	occasion|機会|noun|a particular time or event	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|終身|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	term|年|noun|a period of time	thirty-two|三十二|numeral|the number 32	eighty-nine|八十九|numeral|the number 89	ninety-eight|九十八|numeral|the number 98	ninety-nine|九十九|numeral|the number 99
In 1719, the proprietors of the annuities for thirty-two years were induced to accept, in lieu of them, South-sea stock to the amount of eleven and a-half years purchase of the annuities, together with an additional quantity of stock, equal to the arrears which happened then to be due upon them.	一七一九年、三十二年年金の所有者は、その代わりに、年金の十一年半分の購入額に相当する南海会社株と、当時支払われるべきだった未払金に相当する追加の株を受け取るように誘導された。	1719|一七一九年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	thirty-two years|三十二年|noun|a period of time	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of something	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	lieu|代わりに|noun|instead	South-sea stock|南海会社株|noun|a type of stock	eleven and a-half years|十一年半|noun|a period of time	purchase|購入|noun|the action of buying something	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	stock|株|noun|a type of security that represents ownership in a corporation	equal|相当する|adjective|the same in value, amount, or status	arrears|未払金|noun|a sum of money that is owed but has not been paid	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	due|支払われるべき|adjective|expected or required to be paid at a certain time
In 1720, the greater part of the other annuities for terms of years, both long and short, were subscribed into the same fund.	一七二〇年には、長期・短期を問わず、他の年金の大部分が同じ基金に加入した。	1720|一七二〇年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one or ones of a number of things	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	term|期間|noun|a fixed period of time	year|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	long|長期|adjective|having a great distance or duration	short|短期|adjective|having a small distance or duration	subscribe|加入する|verb|regularly receive or pay for a publication or service	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
The long annuities, at that time, amounted to £666,821: 8:31⁄2 a-year.	当時の長期年金は、年間六六万六八二一ポンド八シリング三ペンス半にのぼった。	long annuity|長期年金|noun|a series of equal payments made at regular intervals over a long period of time	at that time|当時|adverb|at the time in question	amount to|のぼる|verb|be equal to in number, value, or effect	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	8|八|noun|the number 8	31⁄2|三ペンス半|noun|three and a half pence	a-year|年間|adverb|every year
On the 5th of January 1775, the remainder of them, or what was not subscribed at that time, amounted only to £136,453:12:8d.	一七七五年一月五日には、その残額、つまり当時加入していなかった額は、わずか一三万六四五三ポンド一二シリング八ペンスにすぎなかった。	on the 5th of January 1775|一七七五年一月五日|noun|a date	remainder|残額|noun|the part that is left over	at that time|当時|noun|at that point in time	amount to|～に達する|verb|to be equal to	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	136,453:12:8d|一三万六四五三ポンド一二シリング八ペンス|noun|a number

During the two wars which began in 1739 and in 1755, little money was borrowed, either upon annuities for terms of years, or upon those for lives.	一七三九年と一七五五年に始まった二つの戦争の間には、年限年金でも終身年金でも、ほとんど借金はされなかった。	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	1739|一七三九年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	1755|一七五五年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	little|ほとんど|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	term|年限|noun|a fixed period of time	life|終身|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
An annuity for ninety-eight or ninety-nine years, however, is worth nearly as much as a perpetuity, and should therefore, one might think, be a fund for borrowing nearly as much.	しかし、九八年または九九年の年金は、永久年金とほぼ同じ価値があり、したがって、ほぼ同じ額を借り入れるための基金であると考えられる。	ninety-eight|九八年|noun|the number 98	ninety-nine|九九年|noun|the number 99	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	perpetuity|永久年金|noun|a perpetual annuity	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
But those who, in order to make family settlements, and to provide for remote futurity, buy into the public stocks, would not care to purchase into one of which the value was continually diminishing;	しかし、家族の財産分与をしたり、遠い将来に備えるために公債を買う人は、価値が絶えず減少している公債を買おうとは思わない。	family settlement|家族の財産分与|noun|a legal agreement that divides property among family members	remote futurity|遠い将来|noun|the distant future	public stock|公債|noun|a security that represents a loan to a government	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less
and such people make a very considerable proportion, both of the proprietors and purchasers of stock.	そして、そのような人々は、公債の所有者と購入者の両方において、非常に大きな割合を占めている。	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something	stock|公債|noun|a security that represents a share in the ownership of a company
An annuity for a long term of years, therefore, though its intrinsic value may be very nearly the same with that of a perpetual annuity, will not find nearly the same number of purchasers.	したがって、長期年金は、その本質的価値は永久年金とほぼ同じであっても、購入者数はほぼ同じにはならない。	long term|長期|noun|a period of time that is long	years|年|noun|a period of time equal to 365 days	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	intrinsic value|本質的価値|noun|the value of something in itself, without taking into account its market value	perpetual annuity|永久年金|noun|an annuity that is paid for the rest of the annuitant's life	purchaser|購入者|noun|a person who buys something
The subscribers to a new loan, who mean generally to sell their subscription as soon as possible, prefer greatly a perpetual annuity, redeemable by parliament, to an irredeemable annuity, for a long term of years, of only equal amount.	新規公債の引受人は、一般的にできるだけ早く引受分を売却しようとするが、議会で償還できる永久年金は、同額の長期年金よりもはるかに好まれる。	subscriber|引受人|noun|a person who subscribes to something	new loan|新規公債|noun|a loan that has been recently issued	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	as soon as possible|できるだけ早く|adverb|without delay; as soon as one can	subscription|引受分|noun|the action of subscribing to something	sell|売却する|verb|exchange or deliver for money	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	redeemable|償還できる|adjective|able to be exchanged for money or goods	perpetual annuity|永久年金|noun|an annuity that continues until the death of the annuitant	irredeemable annuity|長期年金|noun|an annuity that cannot be redeemed	long term|長期|noun|a period of time that is long	equal amount|同額|noun|the same amount
The value of the former may be supposed always the same, or very nearly the same;	前者の価値は常に同じか、ほぼ同じであると想定できる。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	suppose|想定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions; invariably	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones; identical
and it makes, therefore, a more convenient transferable stock than the latter.	したがって、後者よりも便利な譲渡可能な公債となる。	make|なる|verb|become	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	transferable|譲渡可能な|adjective|capable of being transferred	stock|公債|noun|a security that represents ownership in a corporation

During the two last-mentioned wars, annuities, either for terms of years or for lives, were seldom granted, but as premiums to the subscribers of a new loan, over and above the redeemable annuity or interest, upon the credit of which the loan was supposed to be made.	最後に述べた二つの戦争の間、年限付き年金や終身年金は、新規公債の引受人に対するプレミアムとして、公債の信用の基礎となる償還可能な年金や利子を超えて支給されることはめったになかった。	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	last-mentioned|最後に述べた|adjective|most recently mentioned	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	term|年限|noun|a fixed period of time	life|終身|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	grant|支給する|verb|give or allow (something) to	premium|プレミアム|noun|an amount to be paid for an insurance policy	subscriber|引受人|noun|a person who pays to receive a publication or service regularly	loan|公債|noun|a sum of money that is lent or borrowed	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or founded	redeemable|償還可能な|adjective|able to be exchanged for money or goods	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
They were granted, not as the proper fund upon which the money was borrowed, but as an additional encouragement to the lender.	それらは、資金を借りるための適切な資金としてではなく、貸し手への追加の奨励として支給された。	grant|支給する|verb|give or allow something to someone	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or appropriate	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	lender|貸し手|noun|a person or organization that lends money	additional|追加の|adjective|extra; more	encouragement|奨励|noun|the action of encouraging someone or something

Annuities for lives have occasionally been granted in two different ways;	終身年金は、時折二つの異なる方法で支給された。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|生涯|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; at times; sometimes	grant|支給する|verb|give or allow something to someone, especially officially or formally
either upon separate lives, or upon lots of lives, which, in French, are called tontines, from the name of their inventor.	個別の生命に対して、あるいは多数の生命に対してであり、後者はフランス語で、発明者の名前からトンチンと呼ばれる。	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to introduce two or more alternatives	separate|個別の|adjective|not connected or joined	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	lot|多数|noun|a large number or amount	French|フランス語|noun|the Romance language of France	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	inventor|発明者|noun|a person who invents something
When annuities are granted upon separate lives, the death of every individual annuitant disburdens the public revenue, so far as it was affected by his annuity.	年金が個別の生命に対して支給される場合、年金受給者の死亡は、その年金によって影響を受ける限り、公的収入の負担を軽減する。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	grant|支給する|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	separate|個別の|adjective|forming or viewed as a unit apart or by itself	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	death|死亡|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	individual|個々の|adjective|single; separate	annuitant|年金受給者|noun|a person who receives an annuity	disburden|負担を軽減する|verb|relieve of a burden	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	affect|影響を受ける|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to
When annuities are granted upon tontines, the liberation of the public revenue does not commence till the death of all the annuitants comprehended in one lot, which may sometimes consist of twenty or thirty persons, of whom the survivors succeed to the annuities of all those who die before them;	年金がトンチンに対して支給される場合、公的収入の解放は、一群に含まれるすべての年金受給者の死亡まで開始されないが、それは時折20人または30人の人々からなり、そのうちの生存者は、彼らより先に死亡したすべての人々の年金を引き継ぐ。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	grant|支給する|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	tontine|トンチン|noun|an annuity shared by subscribers to a loan or common fund, the shares increasing as subscribers die until the last survivor enjoys the whole income	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression	commence|開始する|verb|begin	death|死亡|noun|the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism	annuitant|年金受給者|noun|a person who receives an annuity	comprehend|含まれる|verb|include or comprise	lot|一群|noun|a group of people or things	consist of|からなる|verb|be composed or made up of	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	thirty|30|numeral|the number 30	survivor|生存者|noun|a person who survives, especially a person remaining alive after an event in which others have died	succeed to|引き継ぐ|verb|take over a position or role from someone	die|死亡する|verb|stop living
the last survivor succeeding to the annuities of the whole lot.	最後の生存者は、その群全体の年金を引き継ぐ。	last|最後の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	survivor|生存者|noun|a person who survives	succeed|引き継ぐ|verb|take over a position or role from someone	whole|全体の|adjective|all of; the entire	lot|群|noun|a large number or amount
Upon the same revenue, more money can always be raised by tontines than by annuities for separate lives.	同じ収入に対して、個別の生命に対する年金よりも、トンチンによって常に多くの資金を調達できる。	upon|に対して|preposition|on	same|同じ|adjective|not different	revenue|収入|noun|income	more|より多くの|adjective|greater in amount or degree	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	can|できる|auxiliary verb|be able to	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	be raised|調達できる|verb|be collected or obtained	by|によって|preposition|through the agency of	tontine|トンチン|noun|an annuity shared by subscribers to a loan or common fund, the shares increasing as subscribers die until the last survivor enjoys the whole income	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	by|によって|preposition|through the agency of	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	for|に対する|preposition|in relation to	separate|個別の|adjective|forming or viewed as a unit apart or by itself	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
An annuity, with a right of survivorship, is really worth more than an equal annuity for a separate life;	生存権のある年金は、実際には個別の生命に対する同額の年金よりも価値がある。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	right|権利|noun|a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something	survivorship|生存|noun|the state of continuing to live or exist	equal|同額の|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death
and, from the confidence which every man naturally has in his own good fortune, the principle upon which is founded the success of all lotteries, such an annuity generally sells for something more than it is worth.	そして、すべての人が自分の幸運に自然に抱く自信から、すべての宝くじの成功の基礎となる原理から、そのような年金は一般的に価値以上のものに売れる。	confidence|自信|noun|a feeling of self-assurance arising from one's appreciation of one's own abilities or qualities	naturally|自然に|adverb|in a natural manner	fortune|幸運|noun|chance or luck as an external, arbitrary force affecting human affairs	principle|原理|noun|a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning	success|成功|noun|the accomplishment of an aim or purpose	lottery|宝くじ|noun|a game of chance in which people buy numbered tickets and prizes are awarded to the holders of numbers drawn at random	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	worth|価値|noun|the quality that renders something desirable or valuable
In countries where it is usual for government to raise money by granting annuities, tontines are, upon this account, generally preferred to annuities for separate lives.	政府が年金を与えることで資金を調達するのが普通の国では、この理由で、トンチンは一般的に個別の生命に対する年金よりも好まれる。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	raise money|資金を調達する|verb|collect money for a particular purpose	grant|与える|verb|give, especially officially or formally	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	tontine|トンチン|noun|an annuity shared by subscribers to a loan or common fund, the shares increasing as subscribers die until the last survivor enjoys the whole income	separate life|個別の生命|noun|the life of each individual in a group
The expedient which will raise most money, is almost always preferred to that which is likely to bring about, in the speediest manner, the liberation of the public revenue.	最も多くの資金を調達する便法は、ほとんど常に、最も迅速な方法で公的収入の解放をもたらす可能性のある便法よりも好まれる。	raise|調達する|verb|collect or bring together	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	speediest|最も迅速な|adjective|very fast	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	liberation|解放|noun|the action of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources

In France, a much greater proportion of the public debts consists in annuities for lives than in England.	フランスでは、公的債務の割合はイギリスよりも終身年金がはるかに大きい。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	public debt|公的債務|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	life|終身|noun|the period of time during which a person is alive	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life
According to a memoir presented by the parliament of Bourdeaux to the king, in 1764, the whole public debt of France is estimated at twenty-four hundred millions of livres;	1764年にボルドーの議会が国王に提出した回想録によると、フランスの公的債務全体は24億リーヴルと推定されている。	According to|によると|preposition|as stated by	memoir|回想録|noun|a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources	presented|提出した|verb|give formally or ceremonially	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	Bourdeaux|ボルドー|noun|a port city in southwestern France	king|国王|noun|the male ruler of an independent state	1764|1764年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	France|フランス|noun|a country in western Europe	whole|全体|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	public debt|公的債務|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	estimated|推定されている|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	twenty-four hundred millions|24億|noun|a very large number	livres|リーヴル|noun|a former monetary unit of France
of which the capital, for which annuities for lives had been granted, is supposed to amount to three hundred millions, the eighth part of the whole public debt.	そのうち、終身年金が支給された資本は、公的債務全体の8分の1である3億に達すると考えられている。	of which|そのうち|pronoun|of the things mentioned	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	for which|に対して|pronoun|for the thing mentioned	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	grant|支給する|verb|give or allow (something) to someone	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to	three hundred millions|3億|numeral|300,000,000	eighth|8分の1|numeral|one of eight equal parts	public debt|公的債務|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors
The annuities themselves are computed to amount to thirty millions a-year, the fourth part of one hundred and twenty millions, the supposed interest of that whole debt.	年金そのものは、年間3000万に達すると計算されており、これは1億2000万の4分の1であり、その全債務の想定利子である。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	amount to|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	thirty millions|3000万|noun|a very large number	year|年|noun|the time it takes the earth to make one complete orbit of the sun	fourth|4分の1|noun|the number 4 in a sequence; 4th	hundred|100|noun|the number 100 in a sequence; 100th	twenty|20|noun|the number 20 in a sequence; 20th	million|100万|noun|a very large number	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
These estimations, I know very well, are not exact;	これらの見積もりは、私がよく知っているように、正確ではない。	estimation|見積もり|noun|an approximate calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something	know|知る|verb|be aware of through observation, inquiry, or information	well|よく|adverb|in a good or satisfactory manner	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating or varying from the truth or fact; true
but having been presented by so very respectable a body as approximations to the truth, they may, I apprehend, be considered as such.	しかし、真実に近似する非常に立派な団体によって提示されたので、それらはそう見なされるかもしれないと私は理解する。	but|しかし|conjunction|on the contrary; rather	having been presented|提示された|verb|to be given or shown	so very respectable|非常に立派な|adjective|worthy of respect	body|団体|noun|a group of people with a particular purpose	approximation|近似|noun|a value or quantity that is nearly but not exactly correct	truth|真実|noun|the true or actual state of a matter	they|それら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be considered|見なされる|verb|to think of or regard in a specified way	as such|そう|adverb|in the manner or to the extent described or implied
It is not the different degrees of anxiety in the two governments of France and England for the liberation of the public revenue, which occasions this difference in their respective modes of borrowing;	フランスとイギリスの二つの政府の公的収入の解放に対する不安の程度の違いが、それぞれの借入方法にこの違いをもたらしているわけではない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free	anxiety|不安|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	occasion|もたらす|verb|be the cause of or reason for	difference|違い|noun|the state or fact of being different	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a specified relationship	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something happens or is done	borrowing|借入|noun|the action of borrowing something
it arises altogether from the different views and interests of the lenders.	それは貸し手の異なる見解と利害から生じている。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	view|見解|noun|a way of thinking about something	interest|利害|noun|a feeling of wanting to know or learn about something or someone

In England, the seat of government being in the greatest mercantile city in the world, the merchants are generally the people who advance money to government.	イギリスでは、政府の所在地が世界最大の商業都市にあるため、商人が一般的に政府に資金を提供する。	England|イギリス|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	seat of government|政府の所在地|noun|the city where the government is located	greatest|最大の|adjective|of major significance or importance	mercantile|商業の|adjective|of or relating to trade or commerce	city|都市|noun|a large human settlement	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	advance|提供する|verb|give or supply something to someone	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
By advancing it, they do not mean to diminish, but, on the contrary, to increase their mercantile capitals;	それを前進させることで、彼らは減少させるのではなく、逆に彼らの商業資本を増やすことを意味する。	advance|前進させる|verb|move forward	diminish|減少させる|verb|make or become less	increase|増やす|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
and unless they expected to sell, with some profit, their share in the subscription for a new loan, they never would subscribe.	そして、彼らが新しい融資の申込みにおける彼らの分け前を、いくらかの利益をつけて売却することを期待しない限り、彼らは決して申込みをしないであろう。	unless|～でない限り|conjunction|except if; if not	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something	share|分け前|noun|a part or portion of a whole	subscription|申込み|noun|an arrangement to receive something regularly by paying in advance	loan|融資|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever
But if, by advancing their money, they were to purchase, instead of perpetual annuities, annuities for lives only, whether their own or those of other people, they would not always be so likely to sell them with a profit.	しかし、もし彼らが資金を前払いして、永久年金の代わりに、自分自身のものであれ他人のものであれ、終身年金を購入するとしたら、彼らは常に利益をつけて売却できるとは限らない。	advance|前払いする|verb|pay or give something before it is due	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	perpetual|永久の|adjective|never ending or changing	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|終身|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
Annuities upon their own lives they would always sell with loss;	彼ら自身の生命に対する年金は、彼らは常に損失を出して売却するだろう。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
because no man will give for an annuity upon the life of another, whose age and state of health are nearly the same with his own, the same price which he would give for one upon his own.	なぜなら、年齢や健康状態が自分とほぼ同じ他人の生命に対する年金に、自分自身の生命に対する年金に支払う金額を支払う人はいないからである。	no man|誰も|noun|no person	give|支払う|verb|transfer money to someone	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	another|他人|noun|a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	age|年齢|noun|the number of years since a person was born	state|状態|noun|the particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time	health|健康|noun|the condition of being free from illness or injury	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	same|同じ|adjective|being the same as something or someone else	price|金額|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
An annuity upon the life of a third person, indeed, is, no doubt, of equal value to the buyer and the seller;	第三者の生命に対する年金は、確かに、買い手と売り手にとって等価であることは疑いない。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	third person|第三者|noun|a person other than the speaker or the person addressed	life|生命|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	buyer|買い手|noun|a person who buys something	seller|売り手|noun|a person who sells something
but its real value begins to diminish from the moment it is granted, and continues to do so, more and more, as long as it subsists.	しかし、その真の価値は、それが認められた瞬間から減少し始め、それが存続する限り、ますます減少し続ける。	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller or less	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	granted|認められる|verb|allow, agree to, or admit	continue|続ける|verb|keep doing something	subsist|存続する|verb|continue to exist
It can never, therefore, make so convenient a transferable stock as a perpetual annuity, of which the real value may be supposed always the same, or very nearly the same.	したがって、それは永久年金のように便利な譲渡可能な株にはなり得ず、その真の価値は常に同じか、ほぼ同じであると想定される。	make|なり得る|verb|become	convenient|便利な|adjective|easy to use or deal with	transferable|譲渡可能な|adjective|able to be transferred	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	perpetual|永久|adjective|never ending or changing	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	real|真の|adjective|not imagined or supposed	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	same|同じ|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value

In France, the seat of government not being in a great mercantile city, merchants do not make so great a proportion of the people who advance money to government.	フランスでは、政府の所在地が大きな商業都市ではないため、商人は政府に資金を提供する人の割合がそれほど大きくない。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	seat of government|政府の所在地|noun|the city where the government is located	mercantile city|商業都市|noun|a city that is a center of trade and commerce	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods for a living	advance money|資金を提供する|verb|to give money to someone before they have earned it	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
The people concerned in the finances, the farmers-general, the receivers of the taxes which are not in farm, the court-bankers, etc.	財政関係者、徴税請負人、徴税請負制ではない税の徴収人、宮廷銀行家などである。	finance|財政|noun|the management of money and other assets	concerned|関係する|adjective|involved or interested in	farmer-general|徴税請負人|noun|a person who collects taxes for the government	receiver|徴収人|noun|a person who collects something	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	court-banker|宮廷銀行家|noun|a banker who lends money to the government
make the greater part of those who advance their money in all public exigencies.	あらゆる公的緊急事態に資金を提供する人の大部分を占めている。	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	those|人|noun|the people or things previously mentioned	advance|提供する|verb|move forward	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	exigency|緊急事態|noun|an urgent need or demand
Such people are commonly men of mean birth, but of great wealth, and frequently of great pride.	このような人々は、普通は卑しい生まれだが、大金持ちで、しばしば非常にプライドが高い。	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	commonly|普通は|adverb|usually; generally	mean|卑しい|adjective|of low standard or quality	birth|生まれ|noun|the beginning of life	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	great|非常に|adjective|of major significance or importance	pride|プライド|noun|a feeling or deep pleasure or satisfaction derived from one's own achievements
They are too proud to marry their equals, and women of quality disdain to marry them.	彼らはプライドが高すぎて同等の者と結婚せず、上流階級の女性は彼らと結婚するのを嫌がる。	too proud|プライドが高すぎる|adjective|having too much pride	marry|結婚する|verb|take as one's spouse	equal|同等の者|noun|a person or thing considered to be the same as or equivalent to another in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	quality|上流階級|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something	disdain|嫌がる|verb|to regard with intense aversion
They frequently resolve, therefore, to live bachelors;	そのため、彼らはしばしば独身生活を決意する。	frequently|しばしば|adverb|many times; often	resolve|決意する|verb|make a firm decision about	live|生活する|verb|be alive; have life
and having neither any families of their own, nor much regard for those of their relations, whom they are not always very fond of acknowledging, they desire only to live in splendour during their own time, and are not unwilling that their fortune should end with themselves.	そして、自分自身の家族も持たず、また、いつも認めようとはしない親戚のこともあまり気にかけないので、彼らは自分の人生を華やかに生きることだけを望み、自分の財産が自分とともに終わってもかまわないと思っている。	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	regard|気にかける|verb|think carefully about	relation|親戚|noun|a person who is connected with another by blood or marriage	acknowledge|認める|verb|recognize the existence or truth of	desire|望む|verb|want or wish for	splendour|華やか|noun|the state or quality of being splendid; magnificence	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property	end|終わる|verb|come or bring to a conclusion
The number of rich people, besides, who are either averse to marry, or whose condition of life renders it either improper or inconvenient for them to do so, is much greater in France than in England.	その上、結婚を嫌う、あるいは生活環境が結婚を不適切または不便にしている富裕層の数は、フランスではイギリスよりもはるかに多い。	number|数|noun|a quantity of something	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or property	averse|嫌う|adjective|having a strong feeling of opposition or dislike	marry|結婚する|verb|get in a relationship with someone in a legal, religious, or social ceremony	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	condition|環境|noun|the state of something	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	improper|不適切|adjective|not correct or right	inconvenient|不便|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
To such people, who have little or no care for posterity, nothing can be more convenient than to exchange their capital for a revenue, which is to last just as long, and no longer, than they wish it to do.	後世をほとんど、あるいはまったく気にかけないこのような人々にとって、自分の資本を収入と交換することほど便利なことはない。収入は彼らが望む限り続くが、それ以上は続かない。	care|気にかける|noun|worry, concern, or solicitude	posterity|後世|noun|all future generations	nothing|何も|noun|not anything; no single thing	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	exchange|交換する|verb|give and receive (something) in return for something else	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	last|続く|verb|continue or be able to continue for a specified period of time	long|長く|adjective|having or being of great or more than average length	no longer|もはや～ない|adverb|not any more; not now	wish|望む|verb|want something to happen or be the case

The ordinary expense of the greater part of modern governments, in time of peace, being equal, or nearly equal, to their ordinary revenue, when war comes, they are both unwilling and unable to increase their revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense.	現代の政府の大部分の平時の通常支出は、通常収入と等しいか、ほぼ等しいので、戦争が起こると、支出の増加に比例して収入を増やすことは、政府にとって不本意であり、また不可能である。	modern|現代の|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	ordinary|通常の|adjective|of the usual or common type or standard	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	peace|平時|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	equal|等しい|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	unwilling|不本意|adjective|not willing or inclined to do something	unable|不可能|adjective|not able to do something	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
They are unwilling, for fear of offending the people, who, by so great and so sudden an increase of taxes, would soon be disgusted with the war;	政府は、税金があまりにも大きく突然増加することで、すぐに戦争に嫌気がさす国民の反感を買うことを恐れて、そうしたくないと思っている。	unwilling|したくない|adjective|not willing; reluctant	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	offend|反感を買う|verb|cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	great|あまりにも大きく|adjective|of major significance or importance	sudden|突然|adjective|happening or done quickly and without warning or preparation	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	disgusted|嫌気がさす|adjective|a feeling of strong dislike or hatred
and they are unable, from not well knowing what taxes would be sufficient to produce the revenue wanted.	そして、政府は、必要な収入を生み出すのに十分な税金が何であるかをよく知らないために、そうすることができない。	be unable|できない|verb|not be able to do something	not well knowing|よく知らない|verb|not know something well	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be sufficient|十分である|verb|be enough	produce|生み出す|verb|create or make something	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
The facility of borrowing delivers them from the embarrassment which this fear and inability would otherwise occasion.	借り入れの便宜は、この恐怖と無能力がなければ生じていたであろう困惑から彼らを救う。	facility|便宜|noun|something that makes an action or process easier	deliver|救う|verb|save or rescue	embarrassment|困惑|noun|a feeling of self-consciousness, shame, or awkwardness
By means of borrowing, they are enabled, with a very moderate increase of taxes, to raise, from year to year, money sufficient for carrying on the war;	借り入れによって、政府は、税金をごくわずかに増やすだけで、毎年、戦争を遂行するのに十分な資金を調達することができる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	borrowing|借り入れ|noun|the action of borrowing something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	year to year|毎年|adverb|from one year to the next	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
and by the practice of perpetual funding, they are enabled, with the smallest possible increase of taxes, to raise annually the largest possible sum of money.	そして、永続的な資金調達の実践によって、政府は、可能な限り最小の税金の増加で、毎年可能な限り最大の金額を調達することができる。	practice|実践|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever or for a very long time	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose	enable|可能にする|verb|to make possible, practical, or easy	smallest|最小の|adjective|of the least size, amount, or degree	increase|増加|noun|the act or process of becoming greater or more	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	largest|最大の|adjective|of the greatest size, amount, or degree	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money
In great empires, the people who live in the capital, and in the provinces remote from the scene of action, feel, many of them, scarce any inconveniency from the war, but enjoy, at their ease, the amusement of reading in the newspapers the exploits of their own fleets and armies.	大帝国では、首都や戦場から遠く離れた地方に住む人々の多くは、戦争による不便をほとんど感じず、自国の艦隊や軍隊の活躍を新聞で読むという娯楽を気楽に楽しんでいる。	great empire|大帝国|noun|a large empire	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	province|地方|noun|an administrative division of a country	remote|遠く離れた|adjective|far away in space or time	scene of action|戦場|noun|the place where something happens	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	many of them|彼らの多く|noun|a large number of people or things	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	inconveniency|不便|noun|something that causes trouble, difficulty, or discomfort	enjoy|楽しむ|verb|take delight or pleasure in	ease|気楽に|noun|the state of being comfortable	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment	newspaper|新聞|noun|a printed publication consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing news, articles, advertisements and correspondence	fleet|艦隊|noun|a large group of ships	army|軍隊|noun|an organized military force equipped for fighting on land
To them this amusement compensates the small difference between the taxes which they pay on account of the war, and those which they had been accustomed to pay in time of peace.	彼らにとって、この娯楽は、戦争のために支払う税金と平和な時期に支払うのに慣れていた税金とのわずかな差を埋め合わせてくれる。	compensate|埋め合わせる|verb|make up for	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
They are commonly dissatisfied with the return of peace, which puts an end to their amusement, and to a thousand visionary hopes of conquest and national glory, from a longer continuance of the war.	彼らは通常、平和の回復に不満を抱いており、それは彼らの娯楽と、戦争の長期化による征服と国家の栄光に対する無数の幻想的な希望に終止符を打つ。	return|回復|noun|the act of coming back to a place or condition	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	dissatisfied|不満|adjective|not satisfied; unhappy	amusement|娯楽|noun|something that provides entertainment or enjoyment	put an end to|終止符を打つ|verb|cause to stop or cease	thousand|無数の|noun|the number 1000	visionary|幻想的な|adjective|existing only in imagination or fantasy	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	conquest|征服|noun|the act of taking control of a country or area by force	glory|栄光|noun|high renown or honor won by notable achievements	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state

The return of peace, indeed, seldom relieves them from the greater part of the taxes imposed during the war.	実際、平和の回復は、戦争中に課せられた税金の大部分から彼らを解放することはめったにない。	return|回復|noun|the act of coming back to a place or condition	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	relieve|解放する|verb|to free someone from a duty, responsibility, or burden	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	impose|課する|verb|to force someone to accept something or to do something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
These are mortgaged for the interest of the debt contracted, in order to carry it on.	これらは、それを継続するために、契約した負債の利子のために抵当に入れられる。	mortgage|抵当に入れる|verb|give a loan to someone with the condition that if they do not pay it back, you can take their property	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that you owe someone	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something
If, over and above paying the interest of this debt, and defraying the ordinary expense of government, the old revenue, together with the new taxes, produce some surplus revenue, it may, perhaps, be converted into a sinking fund for paying off the debt.	もし、この負債の利子を支払い、政府の通常の経費を賄う以外に、旧収入が新税と合わせて余剰収入を生み出せば、それはおそらく負債を返済するための償却基金に転換されるかもしれない。	over and above|以外に|adverb|in addition to	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	convert|転換する|verb|change from one form or use to another	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund gradually built up by regular contributions in order to pay off a debt or replace a wasting asset	pay off|返済する|verb|pay the whole of a debt
But, in the first place, this sinking fund, even supposing it should be applied to no other purpose, is generally altogether inadequate for paying, in the course of any period during which it can reasonably be expected that peace should continue, the whole debt contracted during the war;	しかし、第一に、この償却基金は、他の目的に使われないと仮定しても、平和が続くと合理的に期待できる期間中に、戦争中に契約した負債の全額を支払うには、一般的に全く不十分である。	in the first place|第一に|adverb|first of all	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	apply|使う|verb|make use of	no other purpose|他の目的|noun|a different purpose	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	altogether|全く|adverb|completely; totally	inadequate|不十分|adjective|lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	reasonably|合理的に|adverb|in a fair and sensible way	expect|期待する|verb|regard (something) as likely to happen	continue|続く|verb|persist in an activity or process	whole|全額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement
and, in the second place, this fund is almost always applied to other purposes.	そして、第二に、この基金はほとんど常に他の目的に使用される。	in the second place|第二に|adverb|secondly	fund|基金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	almost always|ほとんど常に|adverb|nearly always	apply|使用される|verb|make use of

The new taxes were imposed for the sole purpose of paying the interest of the money borrowed upon them.	新税は、それらによって借りた金の利子を支払うという唯一の目的で課せられた。	new tax|新税|noun|a tax that has been recently introduced	impose|課する|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	sole purpose|唯一の目的上|noun|the only reason for doing something	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	money|金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
If they produce more, it is generally something which was neither intended nor expected, and is, therefore, seldom very considerable.	もしそれらがもっと生み出せば、それは一般的に意図も期待もされていなかったものであり、したがって、めったに非常に大きなものではない。	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	more|もっと|adverb|to a greater extent	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	neither|どちらも～ない|conjunction|not either	intended|意図する|verb|have as one's purpose or intention	expected|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	considerable|大きな|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent
Sinking funds have generally arisen, not so much from any surplus of the taxes which was over and above what was necessary for paying the interest or annuity originally charged upon them, as from a subsequent reduction of that interest;	償却基金は、一般的に、当初課せられた利子や年金を支払うのに必要な額を超えた税の余剰から生じたものではなく、その後の利子の削減から生じたものである。	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual redemption of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	arise|生じる|verb|come into existence or notice	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that remains when a smaller quantity is subtracted from a larger one	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is due for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	charge|課する|verb|demand (an amount) as a price from someone	subsequent|その後の|adjective|coming after something in time; following	reduction|削減|noun|the action or fact of making or becoming less
that of Holland in 1655, and that of the ecclesiastical state in 1685, were both formed in this manner.	1655年のオランダの償却基金と1685年の教皇領の償却基金は、どちらもこのようにして形成された。	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	1655|1655年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	ecclesiastical state|教皇領|noun|a state ruled by the pope	1685|1685年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	form|形成される|verb|come into existence; be produced
Hence the usual insufficiency of such funds.	そのため、そのような基金は通常不足している。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	usual|通常の|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	insufficiency|不足|noun|the state or condition of not being enough; lack

During the most profound peace, various events occur, which require an extraordinary expense;	最も深い平和の間に、特別な出費を必要とする様々な出来事が起こる。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	profound|深い|adjective|having or showing great knowledge or insight	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	various|様々な|adjective|more than one; several	event|出来事|noun|something that happens or takes place	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	extraordinary|特別な|adjective|very unusual or remarkable	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
and government finds it always more convenient to defray this expense by misapplying the sinking fund, than by imposing a new tax.	そして政府は、新しい税金を課すよりも、償却基金を誤用してこの費用を賄う方が常に都合がよいと考えているのである。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	convenient|都合がよい|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay a cost or expense	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	misapply|誤用する|verb|use wrongly or incorrectly	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund gradually built up by regular contributions in order to pay off a debt or replace a wasting asset	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
Every new tax is immediately felt more or less by the people.	新しい税金はどれも、すぐに国民に多かれ少なかれ影響を与える。	every|どれも|determiner|each and all of a group	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having started recently	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; somewhat
It occasions always some murmur, and meets with some opposition.	それは常に多少の不満を招き、多少の反対に遭う。	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	murmur|不満|noun|a low continuous sound made by a person with the lips partly closed, expressing dissatisfaction or disapproval	meet with|遭う|verb|experience or encounter	opposition|反対|noun|the action of opposing something
The more taxes may have been multiplied, the higher they may have been raised upon every different subject of taxation;	税金が増えれば増えるほど、あらゆる課税対象に対して税率が引き上げられる。	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	multiply|増える|verb|increase in number or quantity	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes
the more loudly the people complain of every new tax, the more difficult it becomes, too, either to find out new subjects of taxation, or to raise much higher the taxes already imposed upon the old.	国民が新しい税金に不満を抱けば抱くほど、新しい課税対象を見つけたり、すでに課せられている税金をさらに引き上げたりすることが難しくなる。	the more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	loudly|大声で|adverb|in a loud manner	complain|不満を抱く|verb|express dissatisfaction or annoyance about something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	difficult|難しくなる|adjective|hard to do or understand	find out|見つける|verb|discover or notice	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	raise|引き上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position
A momentary suspension of the payment of debt is not immediately felt by the people, and occasions neither murmur nor complaint.	債務の支払いの一時的な停止は、国民にすぐには感じられず、不満も苦情も生じない。	momentary|一時的な|adjective|lasting for a very short time	suspension|停止|noun|the temporary stopping of something	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; instantly	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a particular country or area	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or give rise to	murmur|不満|noun|a low continuous sound, as of a whispered conversation	complaint|苦情|noun|a statement that a situation is unsatisfactory or unacceptable
To borrow of the sinking fund is always an obvious and easy expedient for getting out of the present difficulty.	償却基金から借りることは、現在の困難から抜け出すための明白で簡単な方便である。	borrow|借りる|verb|take and use something temporarily with the intention of returning it	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset	get out of|抜け出す|verb|leave or escape from	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	difficulty|困難|noun|a thing that is hard to do or understand
The more the public debts may have been accumulated, the more necessary it may have become to study to reduce them;	公債が蓄積されればされるほど、それを減らすための研究が必要になる。	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
the more dangerous, the more ruinous it may be to misapply any part of the sinking fund;	償却基金の一部を誤用することは、より危険で、より破滅的なものになる。	the more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	dangerous|危険な|adjective|able or likely to cause harm	the more|より|adjective|to a greater extent	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	it may be|～かもしれない|auxiliary verb|it is possible that	to misapply|誤用する|verb|to use incorrectly	any part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual repayment of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset
the less likely is the public debt to be reduced to any considerable degree, the more likely, the more certainly, is the sinking fund to be misapplied towards defraying all the extraordinary expenses which occur in time of peace.	公債がかなりの程度まで減る可能性は低くなり、償却基金が平和時に発生するすべての臨時支出を賄うために誤用される可能性が高くなる。	less likely|可能性が低くなる|adjective|not as likely	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes	be reduced to|減る|verb|be decreased to	considerable degree|かなりの程度|noun|a large amount or extent	more likely|可能性が高くなる|adjective|more probable	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual redemption of a debt	be misapplied towards|誤用される|verb|be used in an inappropriate way	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	all the extraordinary expenses|すべての臨時支出|noun|all the unusual or exceptional costs	occur in time of peace|平和時に発生する|verb|happen during a time of peace
When a nation is already overburdened with taxes, nothing but the necessities of a new war, nothing but either the animosity of national vengeance, or the anxiety for national security, can induce the people to submit, with tolerable patience, to a new tax.	国民がすでに税金で過重な負担を負っている場合、新しい戦争の必要性、国家の復讐の敵意、または国家の安全保障に対する不安以外に、人々が耐え難い忍耐をもって新しい税に服従するよう誘導することはできない。	nation|国民|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	overburden|過重な負担|verb|to put too much of a load on	nothing but|以外にない|adverb|only; exclusively	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	animosity|敵意|noun|a feeling of strong dislike	vengeance|復讐|noun|punishment inflicted or retribution exacted for an injury or wrong	anxiety|不安|noun|a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome	induce|誘導する|verb|to persuade or influence someone to do something	submit|服従する|verb|to yield to the control or authority of another	tolerable|耐え難い|adjective|able to be endured	patience|忍耐|noun|the capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without becoming annoyed or anxious
Hence the usual misapplication of the sinking fund.	そのため、償却基金は通常誤用される。	hence|そのため|adverb|for this reason; therefore	usual|通常|adjective|happening or done often or regularly	misapplication|誤用|noun|the wrong or incorrect use of something

In Great Britain, from the time that we had first recourse to the ruinous expedient of perpetual funding, the reduction of the public debt, in time of peace, has never borne any proportion to its accumulation in time of war.	イギリスでは、永続的な資金調達という破滅的な手段に最初に頼ったときから、平和時の公債の削減は、戦時中の蓄積に比例することはなかった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	ruinous|破滅的な|adjective|causing or likely to cause ruin	expedient|手段|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	perpetual|永続的な|adjective|continuing forever or for a very long time	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
It was in the war which began in 1668, and was concluded by the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, that the foundation of the present enormous debt of Great Britain was first laid.	イギリスの現在の巨額の負債の基礎が最初に築かれたのは、1668年に始まり、1697年にライスウィック条約によって終結した戦争だった。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	conclude|終結する|verb|bring to an end	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	foundation|基礎|noun|the basis on which something is built or founded	first|最初|adverb|before any other person or thing in time, space, or importance	lay|築く|verb|put in a specified place or position

On the 31st of December 1697, the public debts of Great Britain, funded and unfunded, amounted to £21,515,742:13:81⁄2.	1697年12月31日、イギリスの公債は、基金化されたものと基金化されていないものを合わせて、21,515,742ポンド13シリング81⁄2ペンスに達した。	31st|31日|noun|the ordinal number of thirty-one	December 1697|1697年12月|noun|the twelfth month of the year 1697	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	funded|基金化された|adjective|having a fund or funds	unfunded|基金化されていない|adjective|not having a fund or funds	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	£21,515,742:13:81⁄2|21,515,742ポンド13シリング81⁄2ペンス|noun|a sum of money
A great part of those debts had been contracted upon short anticipations, and some part upon annuities for lives;	これらの負債の大部分は短期の見込みで契約され、一部は終身年金で契約されていた。	great part|大部分|noun|a large part	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	short anticipation|短期の見込み|noun|the expectation of something happening in the near future	some part|一部|noun|a portion of something	life annuity|終身年金|noun|a contract that provides payments for a person's lifetime
so that, before the 31st of December 1701, in less than four years, there had partly been paid off;	そのため、1701年12月31日までに、4年足らずで一部が返済されていた。	so that|そのため|conjunction|with the result that	before|までに|preposition|earlier than	the 31st of December 1701|1701年12月31日|noun|a date	in less than four years|4年足らずで|noun phrase|in a period of time less than four years	there had partly been paid off|一部が返済されていた|verb phrase|a part of something had been paid off
and partly reverted to the public, the sum of £5,121,041:12:03⁄4d; a greater reduction of the public debt than has ever since been brought about in so short a period of time.	そして一部は国民に戻り、合計5,121,041ポンド12シリング03⁄4ペンスとなった。これは、それ以来これほど短期間で達成された公債の削減額としては最大のものである。	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	revert|戻る|verb|return to a former state, condition, practice, etc.	public|国民|noun|the people as a whole	sum|合計|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	shilling|シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	pence|ペンス|noun|a monetary unit of the United Kingdom	greater|最大|adjective|of a size, amount, or intensity considerably above average	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	public debt|公債|noun|the total of the borrowings by a government	ever since|それ以来|adverb|continuously or repeatedly from a particular past time	short|短期|adjective|lasting or taking a small amount of time
The remaining debt, therefore, amounted only to £16,394,701:1:71⁄4d.	そのため、残りの負債は16,394,701ポンド1シリング71⁄4ペンスに過ぎなかった。	remaining|残りの|adjective|still existing	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	amount|達する|verb|be equal to in number, value, or effect	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	1|1|numeral|one	71⁄4|71⁄4|numeral|seven and a quarter	d|ペンス|noun|a unit of money of the United Kingdom, equal to one hundredth of a pound

In the war which began in 1702, and which was concluded by the treaty of Utrecht, the public debts were still more accumulated.	1702年に始まり、ユトレヒト条約で終結した戦争では、公債はさらに蓄積された。	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	1702|1702年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	treaty|条約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	Utrecht|ユトレヒト|noun|a city in the Netherlands	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something
On the 31st of December 1714, they amounted to £53,681,076:5:61⁄2.	1714年12月31日には、53,681,076ポンド5シリング61⁄2ペンスに達した。	on|に|preposition|at or in a place or position	31st|31日|noun|the ordinal number of thirty-one	December|12月|noun|the twelfth month of the year	1714|1714年|noun|the year 1714	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	53,681,076|53,681,076|noun|the number 53,681,076	5|5|noun|the number 5	61⁄2|61⁄2|noun|the number 61⁄2
The subscription into the South-sea fund, of the short and long annuities, increased the capital of the public debt;	短期年金と長期年金の南海基金への加入は、公債の元本を増加させた。	subscription|加入|noun|the action of making or agreeing to make regular payments to receive or use a service	South-sea fund|南海基金|noun|a fund established by the British government in 1711 to consolidate and reduce the national debt	short annuity|短期年金|noun|an annuity that is paid for a short period of time	long annuity|長期年金|noun|an annuity that is paid for a long period of time	increase|増加させる|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors
so that, on the 31st of December 1722, it amounted to £55,282,978:1:3 5/6.	そのため、1722年12月31日には55,282,978ポンド1シリング3 5/6ペンスに達した。	31st|31日|noun|the ordinal number of thirty-one	December|12月|noun|the twelfth month of the year	1722|1722年|noun|the year 1722	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	55,282,978|55,282,978|noun|the number 55,282,978	1|1|noun|the number 1	3|3|noun|the number 3	5/6|5/6|noun|the fraction five sixths
The reduction of the debt began in 1723, and went on so slowly, that, on the 31st of December 1739, during seventeen years-of profound peace, the whole sum paid off was no more than £8,328,554:17:11 3/12, the capital of the public debt, at that time, amounting to £46,954,623:3:4 7/12.	負債の削減は1723年に始まり、非常にゆっくりと進んだため、1739年12月31日には、17年間の深い平和の間に、返済された総額は8,328,554ポンド17シリング11 3/12ペンスに過ぎず、当時の公債の元本は46,954,623ポンド3シリング4 7/12ペンスに達した。	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	slowly|ゆっくりと|adverb|not quickly; gradually	on|に|preposition|at or in a place or position	during|の間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	sum|総額|noun|the total amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts, or items	pay off|返済する|verb|pay the full amount of a debt	capital|元本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or effect

The Spanish war, which began in 1739, and the French war which soon followed it, occasioned a further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after the war had been concluded by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313:1:103⁄4.	1739年に始まったスペイン戦争と、それに続くフランス戦争によって負債はさらに増加し、1748年12月31日、アーヘンの和約によって戦争が終結した後には、78,293,313ポンド1シリング103⁄4ペンスに達した。	Spanish war|スペイン戦争|noun|a war between Spain and another country	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	French war|フランス戦争|noun|a war between France and another country	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	follow|続く|verb|come after something in time	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or produce	further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	increase|増加|noun|the action of becoming greater or more numerous	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	31st|31日|noun|the last day of a month	December|12月|noun|the twelfth month of the year	1748|1748年|noun|the year 1748	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	conclude|終結する|verb|bring to an end	treaty|和約|noun|a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to in number, value, or effect	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	1|1|noun|the number 1	103⁄4|103⁄4|noun|the number 103⁄4
The most profound peace, of 17 years continuance, had taken no more than £8,328,354, 17:111⁄4 from it.	17年間続いた最も深い平和は、それから8,328,354ポンド17シリング111⁄4ペンスしか取り去らなかった。	profound|深い|adjective|having or showing great knowledge or insight	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	17 years|17年間|noun|a period of 17 years	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	no more than|しか～ない|adverb|only; merely	8,328,354|8,328,354|noun|a number	17:111⁄4|17シリング111⁄4ペンス|noun|a number
A war, of less than nine years continuance, added £31,338,689:18: 6 1/6 to it. {See James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue.}	9年足らず続いた戦争は、それに31,338,689ポンド18シリング6 1/6ペンスを加えた。{ジェームズ・ポストルスウェイトの『公的収入の歴史』を参照のこと。}	less than|足らず|adjective|not as much as	nine years|9年|noun|the period of time equal to 365 days multiplied by nine	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	31,338,689:18: 6 1/6|31,338,689ポンド18シリング6 1/6ペンス|noun|a number	James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue|ジェームズ・ポストルスウェイトの『公的収入の歴史』|noun|a book

During the administration of Mr. Pelham, the interest of the public debt was reduced, or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from four to three per cent.; the sinking fund was increased, and some part of the public debt was paid off.	ペルハム氏の政権下で、公債の利子は4パーセントから3パーセントに引き下げられ、あるいは少なくとも引き下げるための措置がとられ、償却基金が増額され、公債の一部が返済された。	Mr. Pelham|ペルハム氏|noun|a British politician	administration|政権|noun|the management of a country's affairs	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	interest|利子|noun|the money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	reduce|引き下げる|verb|make or become smaller or less	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	measure|措置|noun|an action taken to achieve a purpose	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual repayment of a debt	increase|増額|verb|make or become greater or more	pay off|返済|verb|pay the full amount of a debt
In 1755, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,675.	1755年、前回の戦争が勃発する前、イギリスの公債は72,289,675ポンドに達した。	1755|1755年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	before|前|preposition|earlier than	break out|勃発する|verb|to start suddenly	late war|前回の戦争|noun|the previous war	funded debt|公債|noun|a debt that is due to be paid at a specified future date	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
On the 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the funded debt amounted debt to £122,603,336:8:21⁄4.	1763年1月5日、和平成立時に公債は122,603,336ポンド8シリング21⁄4ペンスに達した。	on the 5th of January 1763|1763年1月5日|noun|a date	at the conclusion of|成立時に|noun|at the end of	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	funded debt|公債|noun|a debt that is due to be repaid at a specified time in the future	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	8|8|noun|a number	21⁄4|21⁄4|noun|a fraction
The unfunded debt has been stated at £13,927,589:2:2.	無担保債務は13,927,589ポンド2シリング2ペンスとされている。	unfunded debt|無担保債務|noun|a debt that is not backed by any collateral	state|述べる|verb|express clearly in words	13,927,589:2:2|13,927,589ポンド2シリング2ペンス|noun|a number
But the expense occasioned by the war did not end with the conclusion of the peace;	しかし、戦争によって生じた出費は和平の成立によって終わらなかった。	occasion|生じる|verb|cause or produce	expense|出費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet
so that, though on the 5th of January 1764, the funded debt was increased (partly by a new loan, and partly by funding a part of the unfunded debt) to £129,586,789:10:13⁄4, there still remained (according to the very well informed author of Considerations on the Trade and Finances of Great Britain) an unfunded debt, which was brought to account in that and the following year, of £9,975,017: 12:2 15/44d.	そのため、1764年1月5日には公債は(一部は新たな借入金、一部は無担保債務の一部を公債に組み込むことによって)129,586,789ポンド10シリング13⁄4ペンスに増加したが、(イギリスの貿易と財政に関する考察の非常に情報通の著者によると)その年と翌年に9,975,017ポンド12シリング2 15/44ペンスの無担保債務が残っていた。	5th|5日|noun|the ordinal number of five	January 1764|1764年1月|noun|the first month of the year 1764	funded debt|公債|noun|a debt that is funded	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, or degree	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	new loan|新たな借入金|noun|a loan that is new	partly|一部|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	unfunded debt|無担保債務|noun|a debt that is not funded	129,586,789:10:13⁄4|129,586,789ポンド10シリング13⁄4ペンス|noun|a number	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	Considerations on the Trade and Finances of Great Britain|イギリスの貿易と財政に関する考察|noun|a book by Adam Smith	very well informed|非常に情報通の|adjective|having a lot of knowledge about a particular subject	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	that year|その年|noun|the year that is being talked about	following year|翌年|noun|the year after the year that is being talked about	9,975,017: 12:2 15/44d|9,975,017ポンド12シリング2 15/44ペンス|noun|a number
In 1764, therefore, the public debt of Great Britain, funded and unfunded together, amounted, according to this author, to £139,561,807:2:4.	したがって、1764年には、この著者によれば、イギリスの公債は、公債と無担保債務を合わせると、139,561,807ポンド2シリング4ペンスに達した。	1764|1764年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	public debt|公債|noun|the total of the borrowings by a government	fund|公債|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose	unfunded|無担保債務|adjective|not having a fund or endowment	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	author|著者|noun|a person who writes a book, article, or report	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	2|2|noun|a number, two	4|4|noun|a number, four
The annuities for lives, too, which had been granted as premiums to the subscribers to the new loans in 1757, estimated at fourteen years purchase, were valued at £472,500; and the annuities for long terms of years, granted as premiums likewise, in 1761 and 1762, estimated at twenty-seven and a-half years purchase, were valued at £6,826,875.	1757年に新規融資の加入者に保険料として支給された終身年金も、14年分と見積もられ、47万2500ポンドの価値があった。また、1761年と1762年に同様に保険料として支給された長期年金は、27年半分と見積もられ、682万6875ポンドの価値があった。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	life|終身|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of apparent death	grant|支給する|verb|give, especially in a formal or official way	premium|保険料|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to an insurance company for an insurance policy	loan|融資|noun|a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest	subscriber|加入者|noun|a person who receives a publication regularly by paying in advance	estimate|見積もる|verb|roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of	purchase|分|noun|the acquisition of something by paying for it	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	long term|長期|adjective|lasting for a long time	likewise|同様に|adverb|in a similar way	twenty-seven and a-half years|27年半分|noun|a period of time lasting for twenty-seven and a half years	6,826,875|682万6875|noun|a number
During a peace of about seven years continuance, the prudent and truly patriotic administration of Mr. Pelham was not able to pay off an old debt of six millions.	約7年間続いた平和の間に、ペラム氏の賢明で真に愛国的な政権は600万ポンドの古い負債を返済することができなかった。	about seven years|約7年間|noun|a period of time	continuance|継続|noun|the action of continuing	prudent|賢明な|adjective|acting with or showing care for the consequences of an action; careful	truly|真に|adverb|in a real, genuine, or actual manner	patriotic|愛国的な|adjective|having or showing love for or devotion to one's country	administration|政権|noun|the management of a business, organization, or country	Mr. Pelham|ペラム氏|noun|a British politician	not able to|できない|verb|lack the skill, knowledge, or ability to do something	pay off|返済する|verb|pay the full amount of a debt	six millions|600万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money
During a war of nearly the same continuance, a new debt of more than seventy-five millions was contracted.	ほぼ同じ期間続いた戦争の間に、7500万ポンド以上の新たな負債が発生した。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	continuance|期間|noun|the state of continuing in existence or operation	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	more than|以上|preposition|in excess of	seventy-five millions|7500万|noun|a very large number	contract|発生する|verb|make or become shorter, smaller, or tighter

On the 5th of January 1775, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £124,996,086, 1:61⁄4d.	1775年1月5日、イギリスの公債は124,996,086ポンド1シリング6ペンス1/4に達した。	on the 5th of January 1775|1775年1月5日|noun|a date	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to or the same as	£|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	1:61⁄4d|1シリング6ペンス1/4|noun|a monetary amount
The unfunded, exclusive of a large civil-list debt, to £4,150,236:3:11 7/8.	無担保債務は、大規模な王室費負債を除いて、415万236ポンド3シリング11ペンス7/8に達した。	unfunded|無担保|adjective|not having a fund or funds	exclusive|除く|adjective|not including	large|大規模な|adjective|of great size or extent	civil-list|王室費|noun|the annual sum voted by Parliament for the expenses of the British royal family	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	4,150,236:3:11 7/8|415万236ポンド3シリング11ペンス7/8|noun|a large sum of money
Both together, to £129,146,322:5:6.	両者を合わせると、129,146,322ポンド5シリング6ペンスとなった。	both|両者|pronoun|the two people or things previously mentioned	together|合わせる|adverb|with or near each other in time or space	129,146,322:5:6|129,146,322ポンド5シリング6ペンス|noun|a number
According to this account, the whole debt paid off, during eleven years of profound peace, amounted only to £10,415,476:16:9 7/8.	この計算によると、11年間の平和な時期に返済された負債総額は、わずか1041万5476ポンド16シリング9ペンス7/8にすぎなかった。	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	whole|総額|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	pay off|返済する|verb|pay the full amount of a debt	eleven years|11年間|noun|a period of 11 years	profound peace|平和な時期|noun|a time of great peace	amount to|～にすぎない|verb|be equal to; be the same as	only|わずか|adverb|merely; just	10,415,476:16:9 7/8|1041万5476ポンド16シリング9ペンス7/8|noun|a large number
Even this small reduction of debt, however, has not been all made from the savings out of the ordinary revenue of the state.	しかし、このわずかな負債の削減でさえ、すべてが国の通常の収入からの貯蓄から行われたわけではない。	even|さえ|adverb|to the extent of; in the case of	small|わずかな|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	all|すべて|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	make|行う|verb|cause to happen; bring about	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money that a person has saved	out of|からの|preposition|from inside	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature
Several extraneous sums, altogether independent of that ordinary revenue, have contributed towards it.	通常の収入とはまったく関係のない、いくつかの余分な金額がそれに貢献している。	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not many	extraneous|余分な|adjective|not essential or relevant	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	independent|関係のない|adjective|not connected with or influenced by another person or thing	ordinary|通常の|adjective|normal or usual	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or provide something
Amongst these we may reckon an additional shilling in the pound land tax, for three years;	そのなかには、3年間にわたる地租の1ポンドあたり1シリング増額も含まれる。	amongst|なかに|preposition|in the middle of; surrounded by	reckon|含まれる|verb|be included or included as part of	additional|増額|adjective|added to something else	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	three years|3年間|noun|a period of three years
the two millions received from the East-India company, as indemnification for their territorial acquisitions;	東インド会社から領土獲得の代償として受け取った200万ポンドも含まれる。	two millions|200万ポンド|noun|two million pounds	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid something	East-India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	indemnification|代償|noun|compensation for loss or damages	territorial acquisition|領土獲得|noun|the acquisition of territory by a state or organization
and the one hundred and ten thousand pounds received from the bank for the renewal of their charter.	そして、銀行から特許更新料として受け取った11万ポンドも含まれる。	one hundred and ten thousand pounds|11万ポンド|noun|a unit of currency in the United Kingdom	receive|受け取る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep and exchange money	renewal|更新|noun|the act of renewing something	charter|特許|noun|a document granting rights or privileges
To these must be added several other sums, which, as they arose out of the late war, ought perhaps to be considered as deductions from the expenses of it.	これらに、最近の戦争から生じた他のいくつかの金額を加えなければならないが、それはおそらく戦争の費用から差し引くべきものと考えるべきだろう。	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	late|最近の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	ought|べきだろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a moral obligation or a strong recommendation	consider|考える|verb|think carefully about something	deduction|差し引くべきもの|noun|a conclusion reached by reasoning	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The principal are,	主なものは、	principal|主な|adjective|most important; main

- The produce of French prizes.............. £690,449: 18: 9	フランスの戦利品から得た収入・・・・・・690,449ポンド18シリング9ペンス	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization receives in a period of time	French|フランスの|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	prize|戦利品|noun|something that is won as a reward for success or achievement	690,449|690,449|number|six hundred ninety thousand four hundred forty nine	18|18|number|eighteen	9|9|number|nine
- Composition for French prisoners......... 670,000: 0: 0	フランス人捕虜の身代金・・・・・・670,000ポンド0シリング0ペンス	Composition|身代金|noun|the act of putting together parts or elements to form a whole	French|フランス人|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	prisoner|捕虜|noun|a person deprived of liberty and kept under involuntary restraint, confinement, or custody	670,000: 0: 0|670,000ポンド0シリング0ペンス|noun|a number
-
- What has been received from the sale	売却によって得られた収入	sale|売却|noun|the exchange of goods or services for money	receive|得る|verb|be given, presented with, or paid
- of the ceded islands......................... 95,500: 0: 0	割譲された島々・・・・・・95,500ポンド0シリング0ペンス	ceded|割譲された|adjective|given up or surrendered	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water
-
- Total, .....................................£1,455,949: 18: 9	合計・・・・・・145万5949ポンド18シリング9ペンス	total|合計|noun|the whole amount resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, amounts or items

If we add to this sum the balance of the earl of Chatham’s and Mr. Calcraft’s accounts, and other army savings of the same kind, together with what has been received from the bank, the East-India company, and the additional shilling in the pound land tax, the whole must be a good deal more than five millions.	この金額にチャタム伯爵とカルクラフト氏の勘定残高、その他同種の軍の貯蓄、銀行、東インド会社から受け取った金額、地租の追加シリングを加えると、全体で500万ポンド以上になるはずだ。	add|加える|verb|join or combine two or more things together	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	balance|残高|noun|the amount of money that remains in a bank account	account|勘定|noun|a record of the financial transactions over a period of time	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money that is left over when all expenses have been paid	bank|銀行|noun|a financial institution that provides a safe place to keep money	East-India company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	additional|追加|adjective|extra or supplementary	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	whole|全体|noun|all of something	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	five millions|500万|noun|five million pounds
The debt, therefore, which, since the peace, has been paid out of the savings from the ordinary revenue of the state, has not, one year with another, amounted to half a million a-year.	したがって、和平以来、国家の通常歳入の貯蓄から支払われた負債は、毎年50万ポンドに達していない。	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	revenue|歳入|noun|income from taxation	savings|貯蓄|noun|money that is saved	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	amount to|達する|verb|to be equal to	half a million|50万|noun|500,000	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun
The sinking fund has, no doubt, been considerably augmented since the peace, by the debt which had been paid off, by the reduction of the redeemable four per cents to three per cents, and by the annuities for lives which have fallen in;	償却基金は、和平以来、返済された負債、償還可能な4パーセントから3パーセントへの引き下げ、および減額された終身年金によって、かなり増額されたことは間違いない。	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual redemption of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset	no doubt|間違いない|adverb|certainly; surely	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent; greatly	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	pay off|返済する|verb|pay all that is owed on	redeemable|償還可能な|adjective|able to be exchanged for money or other goods	four per cents|4パーセント|noun|four percent	three per cents|3パーセント|noun|three percent	fall in|減額される|verb|decrease in amount or value
and, if peace were to continue, a million, perhaps, might now be annually spared out of it towards the discharge of the debt.	そして、もし和平が続くならば、おそらく100万ポンドが毎年、負債の返済に充てられるかもしれない。	peace|和平|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	continue|続く|verb|keep doing something	million|100万|noun|a thousand thousand	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	spare|充てる|verb|use for a particular purpose	discharge|返済|noun|the act of discharging a debt or obligation	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
Another million, accordingly, was paid in the course of last year;	それに応じて、昨年中にさらに100万ポンドが支払われた。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	million|100万|noun|a thousand thousand	accordingly|それに応じて|adverb|in a way that is appropriate or suitable	last year|昨年|noun|the year before the present year
but at the same time, a large civil-list debt was left unpaid, and we are now involved in a new war, which, in its progress, may prove as expensive as any of our former wars.	しかし同時に、多額の王室費負債が未払いのまま残され、我々は今、新たな戦争に巻き込まれており、その進行中に、我々の過去の戦争のどれよりも高くつくかもしれない。	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at the same moment	large|多額の|adjective|of great size or extent	civil-list debt|王室費負債|noun|a debt incurred by the government for the maintenance of the royal household	unpaid|未払い|adjective|not paid	involved|巻き込まれる|verb|be connected with or concerned in	new|新たな|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	progress|進行|noun|the process of improving or developing	expensive|高くつく|adjective|costing a lot of money	former|過去の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been in a particular state
{It has proved more expensive than any one of our former wars, and has involved us in an additional debt of more than one hundred millions.	我々の過去の戦争のどれよりも高くつき、1億ポンド以上の追加負債を抱えることになった。	prove|判明する|verb|be found to be; turn out to be	expensive|高くつく|adjective|costing a lot of money	former|過去の|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	involve|抱える|verb|have as a necessary logical consequence	additional|追加の|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
During a profound peace of eleven years, little more than ten millions of debt was paid;	11年間の深い平和の間に、1000万ポンド強の負債が支払われた。	during|間に|preposition|in or throughout the course of	profound|深い|adjective|having or showing great knowledge or insight	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	eleven years|11年間|noun|a period of 11 years	little more than|強|adverb|slightly more than	ten millions|1000万|noun|ten million	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due
during a war of seven years, more than one hundred millions was contracted.}	7年間の戦争の間に、1億ポンド以上が契約された。}	during|間に|preposition|throughout the course or duration of	seven years|7年間|noun|a period of seven years	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	one hundred millions|1億ポンド|noun|a very large number	be contracted|契約される|verb|be agreed to by both parties
The new debt which will probably be contracted before the end of the next campaign, may, perhaps, be nearly equal to all the old debt which has been paid off from the savings out of the ordinary revenue of the state.	次の戦役が終わるまでに契約されるであろう新たな負債は、おそらく、国家の通常の歳入から貯蓄して返済されたすべての古い負債とほぼ等しいかもしれない。	new debt|新たな負債|noun|a debt that has been incurred recently	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	be contracted|契約される|verb|be agreed upon	before the end of|終わるまでに|preposition|at or before a specified time	next campaign|次の戦役|noun|a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be nearly equal to|ほぼ等しい|verb|be almost the same as	all the old debt|すべての古い負債|noun|a debt that has been incurred for a long time	has been paid off|返済された|verb|have been paid in full	from the savings|貯蓄から|noun|the money that is saved	out of|から|preposition|from inside	the ordinary revenue|通常の歳入|noun|the income that is received on a regular basis	of the state|国家の|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
It would be altogether chimerical, therefore, to expect that the public debt should ever be completely discharged, by any savings which are likely to be made from that ordinary revenue as it stands at present.	したがって、現状の通常の歳入から貯蓄して公債を完全に返済できると期待するのは、まったく空想的なことだ。	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	chimerical|空想的な|adjective|wildly fanciful; highly unrealistic	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	discharge|返済する|verb|pay off a debt	ordinary revenue|通常の歳入|noun|the income that a government receives from taxes and other sources	savings|貯蓄|noun|the money that a person has saved	expect|期待する|verb|regard as likely to happen

The public funds of the different indebted nations of Europe, particularly those of England, have, by one author, been represented as the accumulation of a great capital, superadded to the other capital of the country, by means of which its trade is extended, its manufactures are multiplied, and its lands cultivated and improved, much beyond what they could have been by means of that other capital only.	ヨーロッパの負債を抱えた諸国の公債、特にイギリスの公債は、ある著者によって、その国の他の資本に追加された大資本の蓄積として表され、それによってその国の貿易が拡大し、製造業が増加し、土地が耕作され、改良され、他の資本だけで可能だった範囲をはるかに超えている。	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	indebted|負債を抱えた|adjective|owing money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	public fund|公債|noun|a fund of money that is raised by the government and used to pay for public services	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	author|著者|noun|a person who writes books	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods in large quantities using machinery	multiply|増加する|verb|increase in number or quantity	cultivate|耕作する|verb|prepare and use land for growing crops	improve|改良する|verb|make or become better	beyond|超えて|preposition|at or to the further side of
He does not consider that the capital which the first creditors of the public advanced to government, was, from the moment in which he advanced it, a certain portion of the annual produce, turned away from serving in the function of a capital, to serve in that of a revenue;	彼は、国民の最初の債権者が政府に貸し付けた資本は、貸し付けた瞬間から、年産物の一定部分が資本の機能から収入の機能に転換されたものだとは考えていない。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	moment|瞬間|noun|a very brief period of time	annual|年産|adjective|happening or produced once a year	portion|一定部分|noun|a part of a whole	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
from maintaining productive labourers, to maintain unproductive ones, and to be spent and wasted, generally in the course of the year, without even the hope of any future reproduction.	生産的労働者を維持することから非生産的労働者を維持することへと転換され、将来の再生産の希望すらなく、一般的に年間で消費され浪費される。	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	productive|生産的|adjective|producing or capable of producing	labourer|労働者|noun|a person who works for wages, especially in manual or industrial work	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	spend|消費する|verb|pay out (money) in buying or hiring goods or services	waste|浪費する|verb|use or expend carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	in the course of|の間に|preposition|during	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	future|将来|noun|the time that is still to come	reproduction|再生産|noun|the action or process of reproducing something
In return for the capital which they advanced, they obtained, indeed, an annuity of the public funds, in most cases, of more than equal value.	彼らが貸し付けた資本の見返りとして、彼らは確かに、ほとんどの場合、同等以上の価値の公債の年金を受け取った。	in return for|の見返りとして|preposition|in exchange for	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend (money) to someone in advance of a future payment	obtain|受け取る|verb|get, acquire, or secure	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	public fund|公債|noun|a fund of money that is raised by the government through taxation and is used to pay for public services	equal value|同等の価値|noun|the same value
This annuity, no doubt, replaced to them their capital, and enabled them to carry on their trade and business to the same, or, perhaps, to a greater extent than before;	この年金は、間違いなく彼らの資本に取って代わり、彼らが以前と同じか、あるいはそれ以上の規模で貿易や事業を継続することを可能にした。	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	enable|可能にする|verb|make it possible for someone to do something	carry on|継続する|verb|continue doing something	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	business|事業|noun|a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade
that is, they were enabled, either to borrow of other people a new capital, upon the credit of this annuity or, by selling it, to get from other people a new capital of their own, equal, or superior, to that which they had advanced to government.	つまり、彼らはこの年金の信用で他人から新しい資本を借りるか、それを売却して、政府に貸し付けた資本と同等かそれ以上の新しい資本を他人から得ることができたのである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	other people|他人|noun|people other than oneself	new capital|新しい資本|noun|a city that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that the customer will pay for these goods or services in the future	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	sell|売却する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	other people|他人|noun|people other than oneself	new capital|新しい資本|noun|a city that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	equal|同等|adjective|being the same in quantity, size, value, or status	superior|それ以上|adjective|higher in rank, status, or quality	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it
This new capital, however, which they in this manner either bought or borrowed of other people, must have existed in the country before, and must have been employed, as all capitals are, in maintaining productive labour.	しかし、彼らがこのようにして他人から買ったり借りたりしているこの新しい資本は、以前から国内に存在していたに違いないし、すべての資本がそうであるように、生産的労働を維持するために使われていたに違いない。	this new capital|この新しい資本|noun|the capital that is being discussed	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	in this manner|このように|adverb|in this way	either bought or borrowed|買ったり借りたり|verb|either bought or borrowed	other people|他人|noun|people other than oneself	must have existed|存在していたに違いない|verb|must have existed	before|以前|adverb|earlier; previously	in the country|国内に|noun|in the country	must have been employed|使われていたに違いない|verb|must have been employed	as all capitals are|すべての資本がそうであるように|adverb|as all capitals are	in maintaining|維持するために|verb|in maintaining	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services
When it came into the hands of those who had advanced their money to government, though it was, in some respects, a new capital to them, it was not so to the country, but was only a capital withdrawn from certain employments, in order to be turned towards others.	それが政府に資金を貸し付けた人々の手に渡ったとき、それはある意味彼らにとって新しい資本であったが、国にとってはそうではなく、他の用途に回すために特定の用途から引き揚げられた資本にすぎなかった。	come into|手に渡る|verb|to receive or be given something	hand|手|noun|the end of an arm	advance|貸し付ける|verb|to give or lend money	money|資金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	though|ある意味|conjunction|despite the fact that	new|新しい|adjective|not existing before; made, introduced, or discovered recently or now for the first time	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	turn|回す|verb|to move or cause to move in a circular motion	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about
Though it replaced to them what they had advanced to government, it did not replace it to the country.	彼らが政府に貸し付けた資金に取って代わったが、国にとってはそうではない。	replace|取って代わる|verb|take the place of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	country|国|noun|a political state or nation or its territory
Had they not advanced this capital to government, there would have been in the country two capitals, two portions of the annual produce, instead of one, employed in maintaining productive labour.	もし彼らがこの資本を政府に貸し付けなかったら、国内には生産的労働を維持するために使われる資本が一つではなく二つ、年産物の一部が二つあっただろう。	advance|貸し付ける|verb|give or lend money to someone	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	two|二つ|numeral|one more than one	portion|一部|noun|a part of a whole; a piece	annual|年産物|adjective|happening once every year	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work

When, for defraying the expense of government, a revenue is raised within the year, from the produce of free or unmortgaged taxes, a certain portion of the revenue of private people is only turned away from maintaining one species of unproductive labour, towards maintaining another.	政府の支出を賄うために、自由税または非抵当税の収入から年内に収入が得られると、民間人の収入の一定部分は、非生産的労働の一種の維持から別の維持へと転換されるだけである。	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	revenue|収入|noun|income	raise|得る|verb|obtain by care, effort, or the use of special means	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth makes one revolution around the sun	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	unmortgaged|非抵当の|adjective|not having a mortgage	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	private|民間の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	revenue|収入|noun|income	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole; a piece or segment	turn away|転換される|verb|change direction	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence	unproductive|非生産的な|adjective|not producing or capable of producing	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
Some part of what they pay in those taxes, might, no doubt, have been accumulated into capital, and consequently employed in maintaining productive labour;	彼らがこれらの税金で支払う額の一部は、間違いなく資本に蓄積され、結果的に生産的労働の維持に使われていたかもしれない。	some part|一部|noun|a portion of a whole	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	no doubt|間違いなく|adverb|certainly; without doubt	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	consequently|結果的に|adverb|as a result; therefore	employ|使う|verb|use	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue; keep in existence
but the greater part would probably have been spent, and consequently employed in maintaining unproductive labour.	しかし、その大部分はおそらく消費され、結果的に非生産的労働の維持に使われていただろう。	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	spent|消費される|verb|pay out or use up	consequently|結果的に|adverb|as a result; therefore	employed|使われる|verb|use or engage	maintaining|維持|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	unproductive|非生産的|adjective|not producing or able to produce large amounts of something	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
The public expense, however, when defrayed in this manner, no doubt hinders, more or less, the further accumulation of new capital;	しかし、公費がこのように支払われると、間違いなく、多かれ少なかれ、新たな資本のさらなる蓄積を妨げる。	public expense|公費|noun|the cost of something that is paid for by the government	defrayed|支払われる|verb|pay for	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	further|さらなる|adjective|more or greater in amount, degree, or extent	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
but it does not necessarily occasion the destruction of any actually-existing capital.	しかし、それは必ずしも現存する資本の破壊を招くわけではない。	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing

When the public expense is defrayed by funding, it is defrayed by the annual destruction of some capital which had before existed in the country;	公費が公債によって支払われる場合、それは以前に国内に存在していた資本の一部を毎年破壊することによって支払われる。	public expense|公費|noun|the cost of something that is paid for by the government	defray|支払う|verb|provide money to pay for	funding|公債|noun|the money provided for a particular purpose	annual|毎年|adjective|happening or done once every year	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing
by the perversion of some portion of the annual produce which had before been destined for the maintenance of productive labour, towards that of unproductive labour.	以前は生産的労働の維持に充てられていた年産物の一部を非生産的労働の維持に充てることによってである。	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	perversion|転用|noun|the action of changing something from its original use or meaning	some portion|一部|noun|a part of something	annual produce|年産物|noun|the total amount of goods and services produced in a country in one year	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	destined|充てられる|verb|to be intended for a particular purpose	maintenance|維持|noun|the action of keeping something in good condition	productive labour|生産的労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	unproductive labour|非生産的労働|noun|labour that does not produce goods or services
As in this case, however, the taxes are lighter than they would have been, had a revenue sufficient for defraying the same expense been raised within the year;	しかし、この場合、同じ支出を賄うのに十分な収入がその年内に調達されていたら、税金は本来よりも軽くなる。	as in this case|この場合|adverb|in this situation	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	be lighter than|軽くなる|verb|be less heavy than	would have been|本来|auxiliary verb|would have happened or existed	had|もし|auxiliary verb|if	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	been raised|調達される|verb|be collected or obtained	within the year|その年内に|adverb|before the end of the year
the private revenue of individuals is necessarily less burdened, and consequently their ability to save and accumulate some part of that revenue into capital, is a good deal less impaired.	個人の私的収入は必然的に負担が軽くなり、その結果、その収入の一部を貯蓄して資本に蓄積する能力がかなり損なわれなくなる。	private revenue|私的収入|noun|the income of an individual or household	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	less burdened|負担が軽くなる|verb|to have less of a load or responsibility	consequently|その結果|adverb|as a result	save|貯蓄する|verb|to keep and store up	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|to gather together or acquire a large amount of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	good deal|かなり|noun|a large amount or extent	impaired|損なわれる|verb|to make worse or less effective
If the method of funding destroys more old capital, it, at the same time, hinders less the accumulation or acquisition of new capital, than that of defraying the public expense by a revenue raised within the year.	公債方式がより多くの古い資本を破壊するならば、それは同時に、その年内に調達された収入によって公費を賄うよりも、新しい資本の蓄積や取得を妨げる度合いが小さい。	method|方式|noun|a particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or established one	destroy|破壊する|verb|cause (something) to cease to exist or be in a usable condition	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition or gradual gathering of something	acquisition|取得|noun|an asset or object bought or obtained	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for (someone) to do something	public expense|公費|noun|money spent by a government or local authority	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay (a cost or expense)	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	raise|調達する|verb|collect or bring together (money or other resources) for a particular purpose
Under the system of funding, the frugality and industry of private people can more easily repair the breaches which the waste and extravagance of government may occasionally make in the general capital of the society.	公債制度の下では、政府の浪費や贅沢が社会の一般資本に時折生じさせる損害を、民間の人々の倹約と勤勉によってより簡単に修復することができる。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	funding|公債制度|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food; thrift	industry|勤勉|noun|the quality of being hard-working and diligent	private|民間の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	more easily|より簡単に|adverb|in a way that is easier	repair|修復する|verb|restore something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	breach|損害|noun|an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct	waste|浪費|noun|the act or an instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	extravagance|贅沢|noun|the quality of being extravagant; lavishness	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; infrequently	make|生じさせる|verb|cause to happen or exist	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community

It is only during the continuance of war, however, that the system of funding has this advantage over the other system.	しかし、公債制度が他の制度に比べてこのような利点を持つのは、戦争が続いている間だけである。	continuance|継続|noun|the state of continuing	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	other|他の|adjective|the remaining one of two or more people or things; the one not already mentioned
Were the expense of war to be defrayed always by a revenue raised within the year, the taxes from which that extraordinary revenue was drawn would last no longer than the war.	戦争の費用が常にその年内に調達された収入によって賄われるとしたら、その臨時収入が引き出される税金は戦争よりも長く続かないだろう。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	raise|調達する|verb|collect or bring together	year|年|noun|the period of time during which the earth completes one revolution around the sun	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	last|続く|verb|continue or be in existence for a period of time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
The ability of private people to accumulate, though less during the war, would have been greater during the peace, than under the system of funding.	民間の人々の蓄積能力は、戦争中は少なくなるものの、平和時には公債制度よりも大きくなっていただろう。	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	private|民間の|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	less|より少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	during|間に|preposition|all through the course or duration of	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	greater|より大きい|adjective|a larger amount of	during|間に|preposition|all through the course or duration of	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method
War would not necessarily have occasioned the destruction of any old capitals, and peace would have occasioned the accumulation of many more new.	戦争は必ずしも古い資本の破壊を招くわけではなく、平和はより多くの新しい資本の蓄積を招くだろう。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	necessarily|必ずしも|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	occasion|招く|verb|be the cause of	destruction|破壊|noun|the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	peace|平和|noun|a state or period of freedom from war or other hostilities	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the acquisition or gradual gathering of something
Wars would, in general, be more speedily concluded, and less wantonly undertaken.	戦争は、一般的に、より迅速に終結し、無闇に行われることは少なくなるだろう。	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	speedily|迅速に|adverb|quickly; rapidly	conclude|終結する|verb|bring to an end	wantonly|無闇に|adverb|in a careless or unrestrained manner
The people feeling, during continuance of war, the complete burden of it, would soon grow weary of it;	戦争の継続中、人々はその完全な重荷を感じ、すぐにそれに飽き飽きするだろう。	continuance|継続|noun|the action of continuing	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	feel|感じる|verb|be aware of (something) through touch	burden|重荷|noun|a load, typically a heavy one	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	grow weary of|飽き飽きする|verb|become bored with
and government, in order to humour them, would not be under the necessity of carrying it on longer than it was necessary to do so.	そして政府は、彼らをなだめるために、必要以上に戦争を続ける必要がなくなるだろう。	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	humour|なだめる|verb|make someone laugh	carry on|続ける|verb|continue doing something	longer|長く|adjective|having a great or greater length	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite
The foresight of the heavy and unavoidable burdens of war would hinder the people from wantonly calling for it when there was no real or solid interest to fight for.	戦争の重く避けられない負担を予見することは、戦うべき真のまたは確固たる利益がないときに、人々がそれを無闇に要求するのを妨げるだろう。	foresight|予見|noun|the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future	heavy|重い|adjective|of great weight	unavoidable|避けられない|adjective|not able to be avoided	burden|負担|noun|a load, typically a heavy one	hinder|妨げる|verb|make it difficult for someone to do something	wantonly|無闇に|adverb|in a careless or unrestrained manner	call for|要求する|verb|demand or ask for
The seasons during which the ability of private people to accumulate was somewhat impaired, would occur more rarely, and be of shorter continuance.	民衆の蓄積能力が多少損なわれる時期は、よりまれにしか起こらず、また、より短期間になるだろう。	season|時期|noun|a period of the year	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	somewhat|多少|adverb|to some extent; slightly	impaired|損なわれる|verb|weakened or damaged	occur|起こる|verb|come to pass; happen	rarely|まれに|adverb|not often; seldom	continuance|継続|noun|the action of continuing in a state or condition
Those, on the contrary, during which that ability was in the highest vigour would be of much longer duration than they can well be under the system of funding.	それどころか、その能力が最も活発な時期は、資金調達システムの下で可能な期間よりもはるかに長くなるだろう。	on the contrary|それどころか|adverb|to the opposite effect	during which|その間に|adverb|in or throughout the time that	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve	highest|最も|adjective|of the greatest degree or amount	vigour|活発|noun|physical or mental strength or energy	would be|だろう|auxiliary verb|expressing a strong intention, wish, or determination	much longer|はるかに長い|adjective|a lot more	duration|期間|noun|the length of time that something continues	than|よりも|conjunction|used to introduce the second element in a comparison	they can be|可能な|verb|be able to	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose

When funding, besides, has made a certain progress, the multiplication of taxes which it brings along with it, sometimes impairs as much the ability of private people to accumulate, even in time of peace, as the other system would in time of war.	そのうえ、資金調達がある程度進歩すると、それに伴う税金の増加は、平時でさえ、他のシステムが戦時中にそうするのと同じくらい、民衆の蓄積能力を損なうことがある。	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a project or activity	make progress|進歩する|verb|move forward	multiplication|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing in number or amount	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	bring along|伴う|verb|to take or carry something with oneself	impair|損なう|verb|weaken or damage something	ability|能力|noun|the power or capacity to perform or achieve something	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	peace|平時|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	war|戦時|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
The peace revenue of Great Britain amounts at present to more than ten millions a-year.	英国の平時の歳入は、現在、年間一千万ポンド以上になる。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	peace revenue|平時の歳入|noun|the income of a government during peacetime	amount|なる|verb|to be equal to or the same as	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	ten millions|一千万|noun|a very large number	a-year|年間|noun|a period of one year
If free and unmortgaged, it might be sufficient, with proper management, and without contracting a shilling of new debt, to carry on the most vigorous war.	もし自由で抵当に入っていなければ、適切な管理のもとで、一シリングの新規負債を負うことなく、最も激しい戦争を遂行するのに十分かもしれない。	free|自由な|adjective|not under the control or in the power of another; able to act or be done as one wishes	unmortgaged|抵当に入っていない|adjective|not mortgaged	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	proper|適切な|adjective|truly or strictly so called	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, grown, or created	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	carry on|遂行する|verb|continue doing something	vigorous|激しい|adjective|strong, forceful, or energetic
The private revenue of the inhabitants of Great Britain is at present as much incumbered in time of peace, their ability to accumulate is as much impaired, as it would have been in the time of the most expensive war, had the pernicious system of funding never been adopted.	英国の住民の私的収入は、現在、平時においても、資金調達という有害なシステムが採用されなかったら最も費用のかかる戦争の時にそうであったであろうのと同じくらい、彼らの蓄積能力が損なわれている。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	private revenue|私的収入|noun|income from private sources	at present|現在|adverb|at the present time; now	peace|平時|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	accumulate|蓄積する|verb|gather together or acquire a large amount of something	impaired|損なわれる|verb|weakened or damaged	expensive|費用がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a purpose

In the payment of the interest of the public debt, it has been said, it is the right hand which pays the left.	公債の利子の支払いにおいては、右手が左手に支払うと言われている。	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	interest|利子|noun|a sum paid or charged for the use of money or for borrowing money	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	right hand|右手|noun|the hand that is on the right side of the body	left hand|左手|noun|the hand that is on the left side of the body
The money does not go out of the country.	お金は国外に流出しない。	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	go out of|流出する|verb|leave a place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It is only a part of the revenue of one set of the inhabitants which is transferred to another;	住民の一部から別の一部に移転される収入の一部にすぎない。	only|ただ|adverb|merely; simply	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	revenue|収入|noun|income	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	transfer|移転|verb|move from one place to another
and the nation is not a farthing the poorer.	そして、国は少しも貧しくならない。	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	not a farthing|少しも|adverb|not at all; not in the least	the poorer|貧しくならない|adjective|having little money or few possessions
This apology is founded altogether in the sophistry of the mercantile system;	この弁解は、まったく重商主義の詭弁に基づいている。	apology|弁解|noun|a statement of regret for having done or said something wrong	found|基づく|verb|base or establish on	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	sophistry|詭弁|noun|the use of clever but false arguments	mercantile system|重商主義|noun|an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation depends upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable"
and, after the long examination which I have already bestowed upon that system, it may, perhaps, be unnecessary to say anything further about it.	そして、私がすでにそのシステムに与えた長い検討の後、それについてこれ以上何かを言う必要はないかもしれない。	after|後に|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration from end to end	examination|検討|noun|a formal test of knowledge or skill	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	bestow|与える|verb|confer or present as a gift, honor, or responsibility	system|システム|noun|a set of things working together as a mechanism or an interconnecting network	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|used to express uncertainty or possibility	unnecessary|不必要|adjective|not needed	say|言う|verb|express (something) in words
It supposes, besides, that the whole public debt is owing to the inhabitants of the country, which happens not to be true;	その上、それは公債のすべてがその国の住民に負っているものと考えているが、それは真実ではない。	suppose|考える|verb|assume that something is true or probable	besides|その上|adverb|in addition to; as well as	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	owing to|負っている|verb|be caused by; be the result of	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	happen|真実ではない|verb|take place; occur
the Dutch, as well as several other foreign nations, having a very considerable share in our public funds.	オランダ人は、他のいくつかの外国と同様に、我が国の公的資金にかなりの割合を占めている。	Dutch|オランダ人|noun|a native or inhabitant of the Netherlands	as well as|と同様に|conjunction|in addition to; also; too	several|いくつかの|adjective|more than two but not very many	foreign|外国の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	having|占めている|verb|possess, own, or hold	very|かなり|adverb|to a great degree or extent	considerable|かなりの|adjective|notably large in size, amount, or extent	share|割合|noun|a portion of something owned by a number of people	public|公的|adjective|of or relating to the people as a whole	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
But though the whole debt were owing to the inhabitants of the country, it would not, upon that account, be less pernicious.	しかし、債務のすべてがその国の住民に負っているとしても、その点で害が少ないわけではない。	whole|すべて|adjective|all of; the entire amount of	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	owe|負っている|verb|have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	upon that account|その点で|adverb|for that reason	less|少ない|adjective|not as much or as many as	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm; highly injurious or destructive

Land and capital stock are the two original sources of all revenue, both private and public.	土地と資本ストックは、私的にも公的にも、すべての収入の二つの元の源泉である。	land|土地|noun|the solid, dry surface of the earth	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of all the shares of a company	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	original|元の|adjective|existing from the beginning	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	private|私的|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	public|公的|adjective|belonging to or connected with the state or a local authority
Capital stock pays the wages of productive labour, whether employed in agriculture, manufactures, or commerce.	資本ストックは、農業、製造業、商業のいずれに従事していようとも、生産労働の賃金を支払う。	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	productive labour|生産労働|noun|labour that produces goods or services	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The management of those two original sources of revenue belongs to two different sets of people;	収入のこれら二つの元の源泉の管理は、二つの異なる人々の集団に属している。	management|管理|noun|the process of managing	source|源泉|noun|the place from which something comes	revenue|収入|noun|income	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	set|集団|noun|a group of things that belong together	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
the proprietors of land, and the owners or employers of capital stock.	土地の所有者と資本ストックの所有者または使用者である。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	owner|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	employer|使用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities

The proprietor of land is interested, for the sake of his own revenue, to keep his estate in as good condition as he can, by building and repairing his tenants houses, by making and maintaining the necessary drains and inclosures, and all those other expensive improvements which it properly belongs to the landlord to make and maintain.	土地の所有者は、自分の収入のために、自分の地所をできるだけ良い状態に保つことに関心があり、そのために、借家人の家を建てたり修理したり、必要な排水路や囲いを作ったり維持したり、その他、地主が作ったり維持したりするのに適切な高価な改良をすべて行ったりする。	proprietor|所有者|noun|a person who has legal ownership of a business or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	sake|ため|noun|purpose; reason	revenue|収入|noun|income	estate|地所|noun|a large piece of land with a large house on it	good condition|良い状態|noun|a state of being in good condition	tenant|借家人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	repair|修理|verb|restore to good condition	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	drain|排水路|noun|a channel or pipe carrying off surplus water	inclosure|囲い|noun|something that encloses	improvement|改良|noun|an addition or change that makes something better	belong|属する|verb|be a member of	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant
But, by different land taxes, the revenue of the landlord may be so much diminished, and, by different duties upon the necessaries and conveniencies of life, that diminished revenue may be rendered of so little real value, that he may find himself altogether unable to make or maintain those expensive improvements.	しかし、さまざまな土地税によって、地主の収入は大幅に減少する可能性があり、生活必需品や便利品に対するさまざまな関税によって、減少した収入は実質価値がほとんどなくなる可能性があり、地主はこれらの高価な改良をまったく行ったり維持したりすることができなくなる可能性がある。	land tax|土地税|noun|a tax on the value of land	revenue|収入|noun|income	diminish|減少する|verb|become or make smaller	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	conveniencies|便利品|noun|something that is useful or helpful	diminished|減少した|adjective|made or become smaller	real value|実質価値|noun|the value of something in terms of goods or services that it can buy	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely	make|行う|verb|produce or create	maintain|維持する|verb|cause to continue or be in a certain state	expensive|高価な|adjective|costing a lot of money	improvement|改良|noun|the action of making or becoming better
When the landlord, however, ceases to do his part, it is altogether impossible that the tenant should continue to do his.	しかし、地主が自分の役割を果たさなくなると、借家人が自分の役割を果たし続けることはまったく不可能である。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it to others	cease|やめる|verb|come or bring to an end	part|役割|noun|a piece of something	tenant|借家人|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	continue|続ける|verb|persist in an activity or process
As the distress of the landlord increases, the agriculture of the country must necessarily decline.	地主の苦境が増すにつれて、その国の農業は必然的に衰退する。	distress|苦境|noun|extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain	increase|増す|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	decline|衰退する|verb|become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease

When, by different taxes upon the necessaries and conveniencies of life, the owners and employers of capital stock find, that whatever revenue they derive from it, will not, in a particular country, purchase the same quantity of those necessaries and conveniencies which an equal revenue would in almost any other, they will be disposed to remove to some other.	生活必需品や便利品に対するさまざまな税金によって、資本ストックの所有者や使用者は、そこから得られる収入がどれほどであれ、特定の国では、他のほとんどの国で同等の収入で購入できる生活必需品や便利品を同じ量だけ購入できないことに気づくと、他の国に移転する傾向がある。	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death or a state of apparent death	find|気づく|verb|become aware of	whatever|どれほどであれ|adjective|no matter what	revenue|収入|noun|income	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	remove|移転する|verb|move from one place to another
And when, in order to raise those taxes, all or the greater part of merchants and manufacturers, that is, all or the greater part of the employers of great capitals, come to be continually exposed to the mortifying and vexatious visits of the tax-gatherers, this disposition to remove will soon be changed into an actual removing.	そして、これらの税金を徴収するために、商人や製造業者のすべてまたは大部分、つまり大資本の使用者のすべてまたは大部分が、税金徴収人の屈辱的で厄介な訪問に絶えずさらされるようになると、この移転の傾向はすぐに実際の移転に変わるだろう。	raise|徴収する|verb|collect or levy	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	employer|使用者|noun|a person or organization that employs people	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	be exposed to|さらされる|verb|be subjected to	mortifying|屈辱的な|adjective|causing a severe loss in the respect of others	vexatious|厄介な|adjective|causing or likely to cause annoyance, frustration, or worry	visit|訪問|noun|an act of going or coming to see a person or place socially, as a guest or for business	disposition|傾向|noun|a person's inherent qualities of mind and character	remove|移転|verb|move something from one place to another	actual|実際の|adjective|existing in fact; real	removing|移転|verb|move something from one place to another
The industry of the country will necessarily fall with the removal of the capital which supported it, and the ruin of trade and manufactures will follow the declension of agriculture.	国の産業は、それを支えてきた資本の移転とともに必然的に衰退し、農業の衰退に続いて貿易と製造業の破綻が起こるだろう。	industry|産業|noun|the economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	fall|衰退する|verb|decrease in amount, value, or quality	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	removal|移転|noun|the action of moving something from one place to another	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	ruin|破綻|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods in large quantities	follow|起こる|verb|come after in time; happen later	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming

To transfer from the owners of those two great sources of revenue, land, and capital stock, from the persons immediately interested in the good condition of every particular portion of land, and in the good management of every particular portion of capital stock, to another set of persons (the creditors of the public, who have no such particular interest ), the greater part of the revenue arising from either, must, in the long-run, occasion both the neglect of land, and the waste or removal of capital stock.	土地と資本ストックという二大収入源の所有者から、土地のあらゆる部分の良好な状態と資本ストックのあらゆる部分の良好な管理に直接利害関係のある人々から、別の人々(そのような特別な利害関係のない国民の債権者)に、どちらかから生じる収入の大部分を移転することは、長期的には土地の怠慢と資本ストックの浪費または移転の両方を引き起こすに違いない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	transfer|移転する|verb|move from one place to another	immediately|直接|adverb|without delay or lapse of time	interested|利害関係のある|adjective|having a stake in something	good condition|良好な状態|noun|a state of being in good condition	good management|良好な管理|noun|the act of managing something well	another|別の|adjective|different from the one or ones already mentioned or implied	set|集合|noun|a collection of things	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	particular|特別な|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or situation	interest|利害関係|noun|a stake in something	either|どちらか|adjective|one or the other of two people or things	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	long-run|長期的|adjective|happening or continuing over a long period of time	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	neglect|怠慢|noun|the state of being neglected	waste|浪費|noun|the act of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	removal|移転|noun|the act of removing something
A creditor of the public has, no doubt, a general interest in the prosperity of the agriculture, manufactures, and commerce of the country;	国民の債権者は、間違いなく、国の農業、製造業、商業の繁栄に一般的な関心を持っている。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	manufacture|製造業|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and consequently in the good condition of its land, and in the good management of its capital stock.	そして、その結果として、その土地の良好な状態と、その資本ストックの良好な管理に。	and|そして|conjunction|used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, and to show that two things are happening at the same time	consequently|その結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	good|良好な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	condition|状態|noun|the state of something	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	good|良好な|adjective|to be desired or approved of	management|管理|noun|the process of dealing with or controlling things or people
Should there be any general failure or declension in any of these things, the produce of the different taxes might no longer be sufficient to pay him the annuity or interest which is due to him.	これらのいずれかに一般的な失敗や衰退があれば、さまざまな税金の収入は、彼に支払われるべき年金や利子を支払うのに十分ではなくなるかもしれない。	general failure|一般的な失敗|noun|a failure that affects the entire system	declension|衰退|noun|a decline in quality, value, or importance	different taxes|さまざまな税金|noun|taxes of different kinds	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization receives from its business activities	sufficient|十分|adjective|enough for the purpose	annuity|年金|noun|a fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
But a creditor of the public, considered merely as such, has no interest in the good condition of any particular portion of land, or in the good management of any particular portion of capital stock.	しかし、国民の債権者は、単にそのように考えれば、土地の特定部分の良好な状態や資本ストックの特定部分の良好な管理には関心がない。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	capital stock|資本ストック|noun|the value of a company's assets minus its liabilities
As a creditor of the public, he has no knowledge of any such particular portion.	国民の債権者として、彼はそのような特定の部分について何も知らない。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	knowledge|知識|noun|information, understanding, and skills that you gain through education or experience	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	portion|部分|noun|a part of a whole
He has no inspection of it.	彼はそれを検査することはない。	have no inspection|検査することはない|verb|not inspect	it|それ|pronoun|the thing or animal previously mentioned
He can have no care about it.	彼はそれを気にかけることができない。	have no care|気にかけない|verb|not be concerned about something	about|について|preposition|on the subject of; concerning
Its ruin may in some cases be unknown to him, and cannot directly affect him.	その破滅は、場合によっては彼には知られておらず、直接彼に影響を与えることはできない。	ruin|破滅|noun|the state of decay, collapse, or destruction	in some cases|場合によっては|adverb|sometimes	be unknown to|知られていない|verb|not known or familiar to	directly|直接|adverb|without an intermediary; in a direct manner	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on; make a difference to

The practice of funding has gradually enfeebled every state which has adopted it.	資金調達の慣行は、それを採用したすべての国を徐々に弱体化させてきた。	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	funding|資金調達|noun|the act of providing money for a project or activity	gradually|徐々に|adverb|in a slow and steady way	enfeeble|弱体化させる|verb|make weak or weaker	adopt|採用する|verb|take up and use as one's own	state|国|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory
The Italian republics seem to have begun it.	イタリア共和国がそれを始めたようだ。	Italian|イタリア|adjective|of or relating to Italy or its people or language	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	seem|ようだ|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being
Genoa and Venice, the only two remaining which can pretend to an independent existence, have both been enfeebled by it.	独立した存在を装うことができる残りの2つ、ジェノヴァとヴェネツィアは、どちらもそれによって弱体化した。	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a city in Italy	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in Italy	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	two|2つ|noun|the number 2	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	pretend|装う|verb|act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	independent|独立した|adjective|not dependent on another for livelihood or subsistence	existence|存在|noun|the fact or state of existing	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	enfeeble|弱体化する|verb|make weak or weaker
Spain seems to have learned the practice from the Italian republics, and (its taxes being probably less judicious than theirs) it has, in proportion to its natural strength, been-still more enfeebled.	スペインはイタリア共和国からその慣行を学んだようで、(その税金はおそらく彼らの税金よりも賢明ではなかった)その自然の強さに比例して、さらに弱体化した。	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula, includes 17 autonomous regions with diverse geography and cultures	seem|ようである|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	learn|学ぶ|verb|gain knowledge or skills	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories relating to it	Italian|イタリアの|adjective|of or relating to Italy, its people, or its language	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	less|より少なく|adjective|a smaller amount of	judicious|賢明な|adjective|having or showing good judgment or taste	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	natural|自然の|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	strength|強さ|noun|the quality or state of being physically strong	still|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent; even more	enfeeble|弱める|verb|make weak or weaker
The debts of Spain are of very old standing.	スペインの負債は非常に古い。	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe	old|古い|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time
It was deeply in debt before the end of the sixteenth century, about a hundred years before England owed a shilling.	16世紀の終わりまでには、イギリスが1シリングを借りる約100年前に、それは深く借金を抱えていた。	the end of the sixteenth century|16世紀の終わり|noun|the last year of the 16th century	about a hundred years|約100年前|noun|approximately 100 years	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	owe|借りる|verb|have an obligation to pay or repay in return for something received	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound
France, notwithstanding all its natural resources, languishes under an oppressive load of the same kind.	フランスは、その天然資源にもかかわらず、同じ種類の圧倒的な負荷の下で衰弱している。	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	natural resource|天然資源|noun|a material or substance that occurs in nature and can be used by humans	languish|衰弱する|verb|lose or lack vitality	oppressive|圧倒的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	load|負荷|noun|a weight or force that is applied to something
The republic of the United Provinces is as much enfeebled by its debts as either Genoa or Venice.	連合州共和国は、ジェノヴァやヴェネツィアと同じくらい負債によって弱体化している。	The republic of the United Provinces|連合州共和国|noun|a republic in the Netherlands	as much|同じくらい|adverb|to the same degree or extent	enfeeble|弱体化する|verb|make weak or weaker	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	Genoa|ジェノヴァ|noun|a city in Italy	Venice|ヴェネツィア|noun|a city in Italy
Is it likely that, in Great Britain alone, a practice, which has brought either weakness or dissolution into every other country, should prove altogether innocent?	イギリスだけが、他のすべての国に弱体化や解散をもたらした慣行が、まったく無害であることが証明されるだろうか?	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	alone|だけ|adverb|without any other people or things	practice|慣行|noun|the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories about such application or use	weakness|弱体化|noun|the state or quality of lacking the power to perform	dissolution|解散|noun|the breaking up of a whole into its parts	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	innocent|無害|adjective|not guilty of a crime or other harmful act

The system of taxation established in those different countries, it may be said, is inferior to that of England.	これらの国々で確立された課税制度は、イギリスの制度に劣っていると言えるかもしれない。	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	establish|確立する|verb|to cause to be recognized and accepted	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	may|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	be said|言える|verb|to be able to be expressed in words	inferior|劣っている|adjective|of lower standard or quality
I believe it is so.	私はそうだと思う。	believe|思う|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	so|そう|adverb|to the extent or degree indicated
But it ought to be remembered, that when the wisest government has exhausted all the proper subjects of taxation, it must, in cases of urgent necessity, have recourse to improper ones.	しかし、最も賢明な政府でさえ、課税の適切な対象をすべて使い果たしてしまった場合には、緊急の必要に迫られて、不適切な対象に頼らざるを得なくなることを忘れてはならない。	ought to|～すべきである|auxiliary verb|should	be remembered|覚えておくべきである|verb|be kept in mind	wisest|最も賢明な|adjective|having or showing experience, knowledge, and good judgment	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	exhaust|使い果たす|verb|use up completely	proper|適切な|adjective|suitable or right in the circumstances	subject|対象|noun|a person or thing that is being discussed, studied, or dealt with	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	urgent|緊急の|adjective|requiring immediate action or attention	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	have recourse to|頼る|verb|turn to for help or support	improper|不適切な|adjective|not suitable or right in the circumstances
The wise republic of Holland has, upon some occasions, been obliged to have recourse to taxes as inconvenient as the greater part of those of Spain.	賢明なオランダ共和国も、スペインの税制の大部分と同じくらい不便な税制に頼らざるを得なくなったことがある。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe	tax|税制|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	inconvenient|不便な|adjective|causing trouble, difficulty, or discomfort
Another war, begun before any considerable liberation of the public revenue had been brought about, and growing in its progress as expensive as the last war, may, from irresistible necessity, render the British system of taxation as oppressive as that of Holland, or even as that of Spain.	公的収入がかなり解放される前に始まり、前回の戦争と同じくらい費用がかかるようになったもう一つの戦争は、抵抗できない必要性から、イギリスの課税制度をオランダやスペインと同じくらい抑圧的なものにするかもしれない。	another|もう一つの|adjective|one more; an additional	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	begin|始まる|verb|start to happen or exist	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression	bring about|もたらす|verb|cause to happen	grow|なる|verb|become larger or greater over a period of time	expensive|費用がかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	last|前回の|adjective|coming after all others in time or order	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	irresistible|抵抗できない|adjective|too strong or too attractive to be resisted	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	oppressive|抑圧的|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	that|それ|pronoun|the thing mentioned before	Holland|オランダ|noun|a country in western Europe	Spain|スペイン|noun|a country in southwestern Europe
To the honour of our present system of taxation, indeed, it has hitherto given so little embarrassment to industry, that, during the course even of the most expensive wars, the frugality and good conduct of individuals seem to have been able, by saving and accumulation, to repair all the breaches which the waste and extravagance of government had made in the general capital of the society.	実際、我が国の現在の課税制度は、これまで産業にほとんど迷惑をかけていないことを誇りにしており、最も費用のかかる戦争の過程でさえ、個人の倹約と善行は、貯蓄と蓄積によって、政府の浪費と贅沢が社会の一般資本に与えたすべての損害を修復することができたように思われる。	honour|名誉|noun|the quality of knowing and doing what is morally right	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of a tax or taxes	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories	embarrassment|迷惑|noun|a feeling of self-consciousness, shame, or awkwardness	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up until the present	expensive|費用のかかる|adjective|costing a lot of money	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	frugality|倹約|noun|the quality of being careful with money or food; economy in the use of resources	good conduct|善行|noun|behavior that is morally right	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinct from a group	saving|貯蓄|noun|the money that a person has saved	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the action or process of accumulating something	repair|修復|verb|restore something damaged, faulty, or worn to a good condition	breach|損害|noun|an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct	waste|浪費|noun|the action or process of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose	extravagance|贅沢|noun|the spending of money in an extravagant, lavish, or wasteful way	society|社会|noun|the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community
At the conclusion of the late war, the most expensive that Great Britain ever waged, her agriculture was as flourishing, her manufacturers as numerous and as fully employed, and her commerce as extensive, as they had ever been before.	イギリスがこれまでに戦った中で最も費用がかかった前回の戦争の終結時には、イギリスの農業はこれまでと同じように繁栄し、製造業者はこれまでと同じように多く、十分に雇用され、商業もこれまでと同じように広範囲に行われていた。	conclusion|終結|noun|the end or finish of an event or process	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	ever|これまでに|adverb|at any time in the past or future; on any occasion; at all	wage|戦う|verb|engage in a war or military conflict	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming	flourish|繁栄する|verb|grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	numerous|多い|adjective|great in number; many	fully|十分に|adverb|completely or entirely	employ|雇用する|verb|provide work for	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
The capital, therefore, which supported all those different branches of industry, must have been equal to what it had ever been before.	したがって、これらすべての産業を支えた資本は、これまでにないものであったに違いない。	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	industry|産業|noun|economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
Since the peace, agriculture has been still further improved;	和平以来、農業はさらに改善されてきた。	since|以来|preposition|in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present	peace|和平|noun|a state or period of mutual concord between governments and peoples, especially after a period of war or hostility	agriculture|農業|noun|the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products
the rents of houses have risen in every town and village of the country, a proof of the increasing wealth and revenue of the people;	家賃は国のあらゆる町や村で上昇しており、人々の富と収入が増加していることの証拠である。	rent|家賃|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord in return for the use of property	house|家|noun|a place where people live permanently, especially as a member of a family or household	rise|上昇する|verb|go up	town|町|noun|an urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, and that is generally larger than a village and smaller than a city	village|村|noun|a small human settlement in a rural area	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	proof|証拠|noun|evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	revenue|収入|noun|income	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
and the annual amount of the greater part of the old taxes, of the principal branches of the excise and customs, in particular, has been continually increasing, an equally clear proof of an increasing consumption, and consequently of an increasing produce, which could alone support that consumption.	特に、旧税の大部分、特に物品税と関税の主要部門の年間額は継続的に増加しており、消費の増加、ひいては生産の増加の明らかな証拠であり、それだけが消費を支えることができる。	annual|年間の|adjective|happening or done once a year	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	old|旧|adjective|having lived or existed for a long time	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	excise|物品税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods produced or sold within a country	customs|関税|noun|a tax levied on goods imported into a country	continually|継続的に|adverb|without interruption	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	produce|生産|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially
Great Britain seems to support with ease, a burden which, half a century ago, nobody believed her capable of supporting,	イギリスは、半世紀前には誰もが支えることができるとは信じていなかった重荷を、楽に支えているように見える。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	seem|思われる|verb|appear to be; give the impression of being	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	ease|楽に|noun|freedom from difficulty or effort	burden|重荷|noun|a heavy load	half a century ago|半世紀前|noun|50 years ago	nobody|誰も|pronoun|no person; not a single person	believe|信じる|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	capable of|できる|adjective|having the ability to do something
Let us not, however, upon this account, rashly conclude that she is capable of supporting any burden;	しかし、このことから、イギリスがどんな重荷にも耐えられると軽率に結論づけてはならない。	let|～しよう|verb|allow or permit	not|～ない|adverb|negation	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; yet; still; though	upon|～に基づいて|preposition|on; on top of	this|この|adjective|the one near or the one just mentioned	account|説明|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of an event or action	rashly|軽率に|adverb|without careful thought or planning	conclude|結論づける|verb|reach a decision or form an opinion about something	that|～ということ|conjunction|used to introduce a clause that expresses a statement or hypothesis	she|イギリス|noun|the United Kingdom	is capable of|～できる|verb|have the ability to do something	supporting|耐える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	any|どんな～でも|determiner|one, some, or all indiscriminately of whatever quantity; one or some of whatever quantity	burden|重荷|noun|a heavy load
nor even be too confident that she could support, without great distress, a burden a little greater than what has already been laid upon her.	イギリスが、すでに課せられているものより少し大きい負担を、大きな苦痛を伴わずに支えることができると過信してはならない。	nor|また|conjunction|and not; also not	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	be too confident|過信する|verb|have too much confidence	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, or be in favor of	great distress|大きな苦痛|noun|a state of extreme physical or mental suffering	burden|負担|noun|a load, especially a heavy one	a little greater|少し大きい|adjective|a small amount or degree greater	what has already been laid upon|すでに課せられているもの|noun|something that has already been imposed on someone or something

When national debts have once been accumulated to a certain degree, there is scarce, I believe, a single instance of their having been fairly and completely paid.	国債がいったんある程度まで累積すると、公正かつ完全に支払われた例はほとんどないと思う。	national debt|国債|noun|the total amount of money that a country owes to its creditors	accumulate|累積する|verb|increase in number or amount	certain degree|ある程度|noun|a certain amount or extent	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	believe|思う|verb|accept that (something) is true, especially without proof	single instance|例|noun|an example of something	fairly|公正に|adverb|justly or impartially	completely|完全に|adverb|totally or utterly
The liberation of the public revenue, if it has ever been brought about at all, has always been brought about by a bankruptcy;	公的収入の解放は、もしそれが起こったとしても、常に破産によってもたらされてきた。	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt
sometimes by an avowed one, though frequently by a pretended payment.	時には公然と、しかししばしば支払いをしたふりをして。	sometimes|時には|adverb|occasionally; at times	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	avowed|公然と|adjective|declared openly	one|1|noun|the lowest cardinal number	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	by|によって|preposition|near or next to	pretended|ふりをして|adjective|not real; false

The raising of the denomination of the coin has been the most usual expedient by which a real public bankruptcy has been disguised under the appearance of a pretended payment.	貨幣の額面を上げることは、実際の公的破産を支払いをしたふりをして隠すための最も一般的な手段であった。	raise|上げる|verb|lift or move to a higher position	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	expedient|手段|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	real|実際の|adjective|not imaginary; having objective existence	public|公的|adjective|of or concerning the people as a whole	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	disguise|隠す|verb|change the appearance or nature of so as to hide the identity	appearance|ふり|noun|an outward or visible aspect	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something
If a sixpence, for example, should, either by act of parliament or royal proclamation, be raised to the denomination of a shilling, and twenty sixpences to that of a pound sterling;	例えば、議会法や国王布告によって、6ペンスが1シリングに、20シリングが1ポンドに引き上げられたとしたら、	sixpence|6ペンス|noun|a coin worth six pennies	parliament|議会|noun|the legislative body of a country	royal|国王|adjective|of or relating to a king or queen	proclamation|布告|noun|an official public announcement	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	twenty|20|numeral|the number 20	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic unit of money in the United Kingdom
the person who, under the old denomination, had borrowed twenty shillings, or near four ounces of silver, would, under the new, pay with twenty sixpences, or with something less than two ounces.	古い額面で20シリング、つまり4オンス近くの銀を借りた人は、新しい額面では20シリング、つまり2オンス弱で返済することになる。	old denomination|古い額面|noun|the value of a unit of money as compared to that of another country	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	near four ounces|4オンス近く|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	new|新しい|adjective|recently made, produced, or created	twenty sixpences|20シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	less than two ounces|2オンス弱|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound
A national debt of about a hundred and twenty-eight millions, near the capital of the funded and unfunded debt of Great Britain, might, in this manner, be paid with about sixty-four millions of our present money.	イギリスの基金債務と非基金債務の元本に近い約1億2800万の国民負債は、この方法で、現在の約6400万の資金で支払うことができる。	about|約|preposition|approximately	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	twenty|二十|noun|the number 20	eight|八|noun|the number 8	million|百万|noun|the number 1,000,000	national debt|国民負債|noun|the total amount of money that a country owes	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	funded|基金|adjective|having a fund	unfunded|非基金|adjective|not having a fund	capital|元本|noun|the wealth in money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	this manner|この方法|noun|this way	about|約|preposition|approximately	sixty|六十|noun|the number 60	four|四|noun|the number 4	million|百万|noun|the number 1,000,000	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now
It would, indeed, be a pretended payment only, and the creditors of the public would really be defrauded of ten shillings in the pound of what was due to them.	実際、それは支払いのふりをするだけで、国民の債権者は実際には彼らに支払われるべき1ポンドあたり10シリングをだまし取られることになる。	indeed|実際|adverb|really; truly; in fact	pretended|ふりをする|adjective|not real; false	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	defraud|だまし取る|verb|illegally obtain money from someone by deception
The calamity, too, would extend much further than to the creditors of the public, and those of every private person would suffer a proportionable loss;	災難はまた、国民の債権者よりもはるかに広がり、すべての個人の債権者は比例した損失を被ることになる。	calamity|災難|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress	extend|広がる|verb|stretch out so as to reach farther	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	private person|個人|noun|a person who is not a public figure	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to (something bad or unpleasant)	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
and this without any advantage, but in most cases with a great additional loss, to the creditors of the public.	そして、これは何の利益もなく、ほとんどの場合、国民の債権者に大きな付加的な損失をもたらす。	without|なしに|preposition|not having or not accompanied by	advantage|利益|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position	most|ほとんど|determiner|the majority of	case|場合|noun|an instance of a situation; an example	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	additional|付加的な|adjective|added, extra, or supplementary	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole
If the creditors of the public, indeed, were generally much in debt to other people, they might in some measure compensate their loss by paying their creditors in the same coin in which the public had paid them.	実際、国民の債権者が一般的に他の人々に多額の借金を負っている場合、彼らは国民が支払った同じ硬貨で債権者に支払うことで、ある程度損失を補償できるかもしれない。	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	much|多額の|adjective|a great deal of	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	other|他の|adjective|used to refer to a person or thing that is different or distinct from one already mentioned or known about	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility	compensate|補償する|verb|make up for	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	coin|硬貨|noun|a flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole
But in most countries, the creditors of the public are, the greater part of them, wealthy people, who stand more in the relation of creditors than in that of debtors, towards the rest of their fellow citizens.	しかし、ほとんどの国では、国民の債権者は、その大部分が裕福な人々であり、彼らは他の国民に対して債務者というよりは債権者の関係にある。	most|ほとんど|adjective|the majority of	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of	wealthy|裕福な|adjective|having a great deal of money	stand|ある|verb|be in a specified state or condition	debtor|債務者|noun|a person or organization that owes money	fellow citizen|国民|noun|a person who is a member of the same country as another person
A pretended payment of this kind, therefore, instead of alleviating, aggravates, in most cases, the loss of the creditors of the public;	したがって、この種の支払いのふりは、ほとんどの場合、国民の債権者の損失を軽減するどころか、悪化させる。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is the case when in fact it is not	alleviate|軽減する|verb|make less severe	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|make worse	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	loss|損失|noun|the fact or process of losing something or someone
and, without any advantage to the public, extends the calamity to a great number of other innocent people.	そして、国民に何の利益もなく、災難を他の多くの無実の人々にまで及ぼす。	advantage|利益|noun|a state or condition of being more likely to succeed or to prosper than others	public|国民|noun|the people of a country or area considered as a whole	extend|及ぼす|verb|make or become longer or wider	calamity|災難|noun|an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress	innocent|無実|adjective|not guilty of a crime or other wrong act
It occasions a general and most pernicious subversion of the fortunes of private people;	それは、私人の財産の一般的で最も有害な転覆を引き起こす。	occasion|引き起こす|verb|cause or give rise to	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things; widespread	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm; highly injurious or destructive	subversion|転覆|noun|the act of subverting something	private|私人|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	fortune|財産|noun|a large amount of money or property
enriching, in most cases, the idle and profuse debtor, at the expense of the industrious and frugal creditor;	ほとんどの場合、勤勉で質素な債権者を犠牲にして、怠惰で浪費家の債務者を富ませる。	enrich|富ませる|verb|make rich or richer	in most cases|ほとんどの場合|adverb|usually	idle|怠惰な|adjective|avoiding work or effort	profuse|浪費家の|adjective|giving or producing something in large quantities	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	at the expense of|犠牲にして|preposition|with the loss or suffering of	industrious|勤勉な|adjective|working hard and steadily	frugal|質素な|adjective|simple and plain and costing little	creditor|債権者|noun|a person to whom money is owed
and transporting a great part of the national capital from the hands which were likely to increase and improve it, to those who are likely to dissipate and destroy it.	そして、国民資本の大部分を、それを増加させ改善する可能性の高い人々の手から、それを散逸させ破壊する可能性の高い人々の手に移す。	national capital|国民資本|noun|the capital of a nation	great part|大部分|noun|a large part	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	improve|改善|verb|make or become better	dissipate|散逸|verb|disappear or cause to disappear	destroy|破壊|verb|cause to cease to exist; cause the destruction of
When it becomes necessary for a state to declare itself bankrupt, in the same manner as when it becomes necessary for an individual to do so, a fair, open, and avowed bankruptcy, is always the measure which is both least dishonourable to the debtor, and least hurtful to the creditor.	国家が破産宣告をする必要が生じた場合、個人が破産宣告をする必要が生じた場合と同じように、公正で公開された公然の破産は、常に債務者にとって最も不名誉ではなく、債権者にとっても最も害の少ない措置である。	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	declare|宣告する|verb|make a formal statement about a fact, occurrence, or intention	bankrupt|破産|adjective|declared in law as unable to pay their debts	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	fair|公正|adjective|just or impartial	open|公開|adjective|not closed or blocked	avowed|公然|adjective|openly acknowledged or declared	measure|措置|noun|an action taken to achieve a purpose	least|最も少なく|adjective|smallest in amount or extent	dishonourable|不名誉|adjective|not honourable; shameful	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed
The honour of a state is surely very poorly provided for, when, in order to cover the disgrace of a real bankruptcy, it has recourse to a juggling trick of this kind, so easily seen through, and at the same time so extremely pernicious.	国家の名誉は、真の破産の不名誉を隠すために、このように簡単に見破られ、同時に非常に有害な手品に頼ったときには、確かに非常に貧弱なものである。	honour|名誉|noun|high respect; great esteem	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	poorly|貧弱に|adverb|in a poor manner	provide for|備える|verb|make available for use	disgrace|不名誉|noun|loss of reputation or respect	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	recourse|頼る|noun|a source of help in a difficult situation	juggling trick|手品|noun|a trick involving sleight of hand	easily|簡単に|adverb|in an easy manner	at the same time|同時に|adverb|at one and the same time	extremely|非常に|adverb|to a very great degree	pernicious|有害な|adjective|causing great harm

Almost all states, however, ancient as well as modern, when reduced to this necessity, have, upon some occasions, played this very juggling trick.	しかし、古代から現代に至るまで、ほとんどすべての国家は、この必要性に迫られたとき、時折、この手品を行ってきた。	almost all|ほとんどすべての|adjective|nearly all	state|国家|noun|a politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory	however|しかし|conjunction|nevertheless; on the other hand	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	modern|現代|adjective|of or relating to the present or recent times	reduce|迫られる|verb|make or become smaller or less	necessity|必要性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary	upon some occasions|時折|adverb|at times; now and then	play|行う|verb|engage in an activity	trick|手品|noun|a clever and skillful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit
The Romans, at the end of the first Punic war, reduced the As, the coin or denomination by which they computed the value of all their other coins, from containing twelve ounces of copper, to contain only two ounces;	ローマ人は、第一次ポエニ戦争の終わりに、他のすべての硬貨の価値を計算する基準となる硬貨であるアスを、銅12オンスから2オンスへと減らした。	Roman|ローマ人|noun|a citizen of ancient Rome	at the end of|終わりに|preposition|at the final point of	first|第一次|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest; 1st	Punic war|ポエニ戦争|noun|a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	As|アス|noun|a bronze coin of ancient Rome	coin|硬貨|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	denomination|基準|noun|the value of a unit of money	compute|計算する|verb|determine by mathematical means	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	twelve|12|numeral|the number 12	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity	two|2|numeral|the number 2
that is, they raised two ounces of copper to a denomination which had always before expressed the value of twelve ounces.	つまり、彼らは2オンスの銅を、それまでは常に12オンスの価値を表していた単位に引き上げたのです。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	raise|引き上げる|verb|increase the amount, value, or strength of	two ounces|2オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity	denomination|単位|noun|a unit of value	twelve ounces|12オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to three quarters of a pound
The republic was, in this manner, enabled to pay the great debts which it had contracted with the sixth part of what it really owed.	共和国は、この方法で、実際に負っていた額の6分の1で、負っていた巨額の負債を支払うことができるようになった。	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	great|巨額の|adjective|of major significance or importance	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	sixth|6分の1|adjective|coming after five others in a series; 6th	really|実際に|adverb|in fact; actually	owe|負う|verb|have a debt or obligation
So sudden and so great a bankruptcy, we should in the present times be apt to imagine, must have occasioned a very violent popular clamour.	現代では、これほど突然で大規模な破産は、非常に激しい国民の反発を招いたに違いないと想像しがちである。	so sudden and so great|これほど突然で大規模な|adjective|very sudden and very great	bankruptcy|破産|noun|the state of being bankrupt	present times|現代|noun|the time that is happening now	apt to|しがちである|adjective|likely to	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something that is not present or that is not the case	must have|に違いない|auxiliary verb|be certain or very likely to	occasion|招く|verb|cause or produce	very violent|非常に激しい|adjective|very intense or forceful	popular|国民の|adjective|of or relating to the general public	clamour|反発|noun|a loud and confused noise, especially that of a crowd
It does not appear to have occasioned any.	そのようなことは起こらなかったようである。	appear|起こる|verb|come into existence or become visible	occasion|起こす|verb|cause or produce
The law which enacted it was, like all other laws relating to the coin, introduced and carried through the assembly of the people by a tribune, and was probably a very popular law.	それを制定した法律は、貨幣に関する他のすべての法律と同様に、護民官によって人民議会に提出され、可決されたものであり、おそらく非常に人気のある法律だった。	enact|制定する|verb|make into law	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design that is used as money	assembly|議会|noun|a group of people who are elected to make laws for a country or state	tribune|護民官|noun|an official in ancient Rome who was elected by the plebeians to protect their rights	popular|人気のある|adjective|liked or admired by many people
In Rome, as in all other ancient republics, the poor people were constantly in debt to the rich and the great, who, in order to secure their votes at the annual elections, used to lend them money at exorbitant interest, which, being never paid, soon accumulated into a sum too great either for the debtor to pay, or for any body else to pay for him.	ローマでは、他のすべての古代共和国と同様に、貧しい人々は常に富裕層や偉い人々に借金をしており、彼らは毎年の選挙で票を確保するために、法外な利子でお金を貸していたが、それは決して支払われることがなく、すぐに債務者が支払うことも、他の誰かが彼のために支払うこともできないほどの金額に膨れ上がった。	Rome|ローマ|noun|the capital city of Italy	as in|と同様に|preposition|in the same way as	all|すべての|determiner|the whole amount of	other|他の|determiner|not the same as the one already mentioned	ancient|古代|adjective|belonging to the very distant past	republic|共和国|noun|a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	constantly|常に|adverb|all the time; continuously	debt|借金|noun|something that is owed or due	rich|富裕層|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets	great|偉い人々|adjective|of major significance or importance	who|彼ら|pronoun|used to refer to a person previously mentioned or easily identified	in order to|ために|conjunction|with the intention of	secure|確保|verb|make safe or certain	vote|票|noun|a formal expression of opinion or choice	annual|毎年の|adjective|happening or done once every year	election|選挙|noun|the process of choosing a person or group of people for a position by voting	used to|していた|auxiliary verb|did or was something in the past	lend|貸す|verb|give someone money or something else for a period of time, expecting it to be returned	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	exorbitant|法外な|adjective|unreasonably high	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	which|それは|pronoun|used to refer to a thing previously mentioned or easily identified	never|決して|adverb|at no time in the past or future; on no occasion; not ever	paid|支払われる|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	accumulated|膨れ上がった|verb|increase or acquire a large amount of something	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	too great|大きすぎる|adjective|very large or extreme	either|どちらも|conjunction|used to link alternatives	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	else|他の誰か|pronoun|used to refer to a person or thing other than the one already mentioned	for|のために|preposition|in order to achieve or obtain	him|彼|pronoun|used to refer to a man previously mentioned or easily identified
The debtor, for fear of a very severe execution, was obliged, without any further gratuity, to vote for the candidate whom the creditor recommended.	債務者は、非常に厳しい執行を恐れて、それ以上の謝礼なしに、債権者が推薦した候補者に投票せざるを得なかった。	debtor|債務者|noun|a person who owes money	fear|恐れ|noun|an unpleasant emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat	severe|厳しい|adjective|very great or intense	execution|執行|noun|the carrying out of a sentence of death on a condemned person	obliged|せざるを得ない|adjective|required to do something	further|それ以上の|adjective|more or greater in amount, degree, or extent	gratuity|謝礼|noun|a gift of money, over and above payment due for service, as to a waiter or bellhop	creditor|債権者|noun|a person to whom money is owed	recommend|推薦する|verb|suggest or put forward as being suitable for a particular purpose or role
In spite of all the laws against bribery and corruption, the bounty of the candidates, together with the occasional distributions of coin which were ordered by the senate, were the principal funds from which, during the latter times of the Roman republic, the poorer citizens derived their subsistence.	贈収賄や汚職を禁止するあらゆる法律にもかかわらず、候補者の報奨金と、元老院の命令で時折配布される貨幣が、ローマ共和国後期の貧しい市民の生計を支える主な資金源となっていた。	in spite of|にもかかわらず|preposition|without being influenced by; notwithstanding	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	bribery|贈収賄|noun|the act of giving money, goods, or other valuables to influence a public official	corruption|汚職|noun|dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power	bounty|報奨金|noun|a reward offered for the capture or death of a criminal	candidate|候補者|noun|a person who is running for office	senate|元老院|noun|the upper house of the U.S. Congress	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with a distinctive design that is used as money	distribution|配布|noun|the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients	principal|主な|adjective|most important; main	fund|資金|noun|a sum of money that is set aside for a particular purpose	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	subsistence|生計|noun|the minimum amount of food and other necessities required to stay alive
To deliver themselves from this subjection to their creditors, the poorer citizens were continually calling out, either for an entire abolition of debts, or for what they called new tables;	貧しい市民は、債権者へのこの服従から逃れるために、債務の完全な廃止か、彼らが新しい表と呼ぶものを絶えず要求していた。	deliver|逃れる|verb|save or rescue from	subjection|服従|noun|the state of being under the control of another person or group	creditor|債権者|noun|a person or organization to whom money is owed	poorer|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	citizen|市民|noun|a person who lives in a particular town or city	continually|絶えず|adverb|without interruption	call out|要求する|verb|to speak loudly	abolition|廃止|noun|the action of officially ending something	debt|債務|noun|something that is owed or due	new|新しい|adjective|recently created or having been in existence for a short time
that is, for a law which should entitle them to a complete acquittance, upon paying only a certain proportion of their accumulated debts.	つまり、累積債務の一定の割合を支払うだけで、完全な無罪放免を認める法律を求めていた。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	law|法律|noun|a rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority	entitle|認める|verb|give (someone) a legal right or claim to	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	acquittance|無罪放免|noun|a legal document that releases a person from a debt or other obligation	upon|支払うだけで|preposition|on the condition or occurrence of	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	only|だけ|adverb|and no one or nothing more or else	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	accumulated|累積|adjective|having increased or been added to over a period of time	debt|債務|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due
The law which reduced the coin of all denominations to a sixth part of its former value, as it enabled them to pay their debts with a sixth part of what they really owed, was equivalent to the most advantageous new tables.	すべての額面の貨幣を以前の価値の6分の1に減らす法律は、彼らが実際に負っている額の6分の1で借金を返済することを可能にしたので、最も有利な新しい表に相当した。	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	sixth|6分の1|noun|one of six equal parts	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	enable|可能にする|verb|make possible	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	pay|返済する|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due	sixth|6分の1|noun|one of six equal parts	owe|負っている|verb|have a debt or obligation	equivalent|相当する|adjective|equal in value, amount, function, meaning, etc.	advantageous|有利な|adjective|favourable; of benefit
In order to satisfy the people, the rich and the great were, upon several different occasions, obliged to consent to laws, both for abolishing debts, and for introducing new tables;	人々を満足させるために、富裕層や偉い人たちは、何度か、借金を廃止したり、新しい表を導入したりする法律に同意せざるを得なかった。	satisfy|満足させる|verb|meet the requirements of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	rich|富裕層|noun|having a great deal of money or property	great|偉い人|adjective|of major significance or importance	several|何度か|adjective|more than two but not very many	occasion|時|noun|a particular time	obliged|せざるを得なかった|adjective|required to do something	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	abolish|廃止する|verb|formally put an end to	debt|借金|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	table|表|noun|a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at
and they probably were induced to consent to this law, partly for the same reason, and partly that, by liberating the public revenue, they might restore vigour to that government, of which they themselves had the principal direction.	そして、彼らはおそらく、一部は同じ理由で、また一部は、公的収入を解放することで、彼ら自身が主な指揮を執っていた政府に活力を取り戻すために、この法律に同意するように仕向けられたのであろう。	consent|同意する|verb|give permission for something to happen	law|法律|noun|a rule or set of rules made by the government	reason|理由|noun|a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	liberate|解放する|verb|set free	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	principal|主な|adjective|most important	direction|指揮|noun|the management or guidance of a group of people or an organization
An operation of this kind would at once reduce a debt of £128,000,000 to £21,333,333:6:8.	この種の操作は、1億2800万ポンドの負債を2133万3333ポンド6シリング8ペンスに即座に減らすだろう。	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	this kind|この種の|noun|this type of	at once|即座に|adverb|immediately	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	128,000,000|1億2800万|numeral|128 million	21,333,333:6:8|2133万3333ポンド6シリング8ペンス|numeral|21,333,333 pounds, 6 shillings, and 8 pence
In the course of the second Punic war, the As was still further reduced, first, from two ounces of copper to one ounce, and afterwards from one ounce to half an ounce;	第二次ポエニ戦争の過程で、アスはさらに減らされ、最初は銅2オンスから1オンスになり、その後1オンスから半オンスになった。	second|第二次|adjective|coming after the first in position	Punic war|ポエニ戦争|noun|a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 to 146 BC	course|過程|noun|the development of events over a period of time	still further|さらに|adverb|to a greater extent or degree	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	first|最初|adjective|coming before all others in time or order; earliest	two ounces|2オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	copper|銅|noun|a reddish-brown metal that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity	one ounce|1オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	half an ounce|半オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to one thirty-second of a pound
that is, to the twenty-fourth part of its original value.	つまり、元の価値の24分の1になった。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	twenty-fourth|24分の1|adjective|one of twenty-four equal parts	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
By combining the three Roman operations into one, a debt of a hundred and twenty-eight millions of our present money, might in this manner be reduced all at once to a debt of £5,333,333:6:8.	ローマの3つの操作を1つにまとめることで、現在の1億2800万ポンドの負債は、この方法で一度に533万3333ポンド6シリング8ペンスに減らすことができる。	three|3つ|noun|the number 3	Roman|ローマ|adjective|of or relating to ancient Rome or its people or language	operation|操作|noun|the action or process of operating something	one|1つ|noun|the number 1	hundred|100|noun|the number 100	twenty-eight|28|noun|the number 28	millions|100万|noun|the number 1,000,000	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	reduce|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	once|一度|adverb|on one occasion or for one time only	debt|負債|noun|something, especially money, that is owed or due
Even the enormous debt of Great Britain might in this manner soon be paid.	イギリスの莫大な負債でさえ、この方法ですぐに支払われるかもしれない。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	enormous|莫大な|adjective|very large in size, amount, or extent	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	soon|すぐに|adverb|in or after a short time	pay|支払う|verb|give (someone) money that is owed for work done, goods received, or a debt incurred

By means of such expedients, the coin of, I believe, all nations, has been gradually reduced more and more below its original value, and the same nominal sum has been gradually brought to contain a smaller and a smaller quantity of silver.	このような便法によって、すべての国の貨幣は、その元の価値よりも次第に低下し、同じ名目金額に含まれる銀の量は次第に少なくなっていったと私は信じる。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	such|このような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	expedient|便法|noun|a means of achieving a particular end	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	nation|国|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	gradually|次第に|adverb|slowly or by degrees	reduce|低下する|verb|make or become smaller or less	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	nominal|名目上の|adjective|existing in name only	sum|金額|noun|a particular amount of money	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something

Nations have sometimes, for the same purpose, adulterated the standard of their coin;	国々は時々、同じ目的で、貨幣の基準を改悪した。	nation|国々|noun|a large group of people who share a language, culture, history, and usually a territory	sometimes|時々|adverb|occasionally; at times	same|同じ|adjective|not different or other	purpose|目的|noun|the intention to do something	adulterate|改悪する|verb|make worse by the addition of something of lesser value or quality	standard|基準|noun|a level of quality or attainment
that is, have mixed a greater quantity of alloy in it.	つまり、より多くの合金を混ぜたのである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words; to put it differently	have mixed|混ぜた|verb|to combine or blend together	greater|より多くの|adjective|larger in size or amount	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something	alloy|合金|noun|a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion
If in the pound weight of our silver coin, for example, instead of eighteen penny-weight, according to the present standard, there were mixed eight ounces of alloy;	例えば、我が国の銀貨の1ポンド重量に、現在の基準に従って18ペニー重量の代わりに8オンスの合金が混ぜられたとしたら、	pound weight|1ポンド重量|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 ounces	silver coin|銀貨|noun|a coin made of silver	eighteen penny-weight|18ペニー重量|noun|a unit of mass equal to 24 grains	present standard|現在の基準|noun|the current norm or requirement	eight ounces|8オンス|noun|a unit of mass equal to 16 drams	alloy|合金|noun|a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion
a pound sterling, or twenty shillings of such coin, would be worth little more than six shillings and eightpence of our present money.	1ポンド、つまりそのような貨幣の20シリングは、現在の貨幣の6シリング8ペンスより少し多い価値しかないだろう。	pound sterling|1ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	twenty shillings|20シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	six shillings|6シリング|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom	eightpence|8ペンス|noun|a former monetary unit of the United Kingdom
The quantity of silver contained in six shillings and eightpence of our present money, would thus be raised very nearly to the denomination of a pound sterling.	こうして、現在の貨幣の6シリング8ペンスに含まれる銀の量は、1ポンドの額面まで引き上げられるだろう。	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	silver|銀|noun|a white lustrous soft ductile malleable metal	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within	six|6|numeral|the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one	shilling|シリング|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to one twentieth of a pound	eightpence|8ペンス|noun|a former British coin and monetary unit equal to eight pennies	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	raise|引き上げる|verb|move something to a higher position	very nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
The adulteration of the standard has exactly the same effect with what the French call an augmentation, or a direct raising of the denomination of the coin.	基準の改悪は、フランス人が増額と呼ぶもの、つまり貨幣の額面の直接的な引き上げと全く同じ効果を持つ。	adulteration|改悪|noun|the making of something worse by the addition of another substance	standard|基準|noun|something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example	effect|効果|noun|something that is produced by an agency or cause; result	French|フランス人|noun|a native or inhabitant of France	call|呼ぶ|verb|give a name to	augmentation|増額|noun|the action or process of increasing	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money

An augmentation, or a direct raising of the denomination of the coin, always is, and from its nature must be, an open and avowed operation.	増額、つまり貨幣の額面の直接的な引き上げは、常に、またその性質上、公然と公表された操作である。	augmentation|増額|noun|an increase in the size, amount, or extent of something	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	always|常に|adverb|at all times; on all occasions	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	open|公然と|adjective|not closed or blocked	avowed|公表された|adjective|openly acknowledged or declared	operation|操作|noun|the action or process of operating something
By means of it, pieces of a smaller weight and bulk are called by the same name, which had before been given to pieces of a greater weight and bulk.	それによって、より小さな重量と容積の貨幣が、以前より大きな重量と容積の貨幣に与えられていた同じ名前で呼ばれる。	by means of|によって|preposition|by the use of	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	smaller|より小さな|adjective|of less size or extent	weight|重量|noun|the amount that something weighs	bulk|容積|noun|the mass or volume of something	call|呼ばれる|verb|give a name to	same|同じ|adjective|being the same one or ones	name|名前|noun|a word or set of words using which a person is referred to	before|以前|adverb|at a time in the past	give|与えられていた|verb|transfer the possession of something to someone	greater|より大きな|adjective|of more size or extent
The adulteration of the standard, on the contrary, has generally been a concealed operation.	反対に、基準の改悪は、一般的に隠された操作である。	adulteration|改悪|noun|the making of something worse by the addition of another substance	standard|基準|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations	on the contrary|反対に|adverb|to the opposite effect	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	concealed|隠された|adjective|kept secret; hidden	operation|操作|noun|the action or fact of functioning
By means of it, pieces are issued from the mint, of the same denomination, and, as nearly as could be contrived, of the same weight, bulk, and appearance, with pieces which had been current before of much greater value.	それによって、同じ額面の貨幣が造幣局から発行され、また、以前流通していたはるかに価値の高い貨幣と、できるだけ同じ重量、容積、外観になるように工夫される。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	piece|貨幣|noun|a small part of something	issue|発行される|verb|to officially or formally announce or declare	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is made	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	weight|重量|noun|the heaviness of a person or thing	bulk|容積|noun|the size or mass of something large	appearance|外観|noun|the way that someone or something looks	current|流通している|adjective|happening or existing now	value|価値|noun|the importance, worth, or usefulness of something
When king John of France, {See Du Cange Glossary, voce Moneta; the Benedictine Edition.} in order to pay his debts, adulterated his coin, all the officers of his mint were sworn to secrecy.	フランスのジョン王が、借金を返済するために貨幣を改悪したとき、造幣局のすべての役人は秘密を守ると誓った。	John|ジョン|noun|a male given name	France|フランス|noun|a republic in western Europe	pay|返済する|verb|give money that is owed or due	debt|借金|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	adulterate|改悪する|verb|make worse by the addition of something of lesser value or quality	coin|貨幣|noun|a flat, typically round piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	mint|造幣局|noun|a place where money is coined	officer|役人|noun|a person holding a position of authority or command	swear|誓う|verb|make a solemn promise or statement of fact
Both operations are unjust.	どちらの操作も不正である。	both|どちらも|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	unjust|不正な|adjective|not just; unfair
But a simple augmentation is an injustice of open violence;	しかし、単純な増額は公然たる暴力の不正である。	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	augmentation|増額|noun|an increase in the size, amount, or extent of something	open|公然たる|adjective|not concealed or secret	violence|暴力|noun|behavior involving physical force intended to hurt or kill someone
whereas an adulteration is an injustice of treacherous fraud.	一方、改悪は裏切りの詐欺の不正である。	adulteration|改悪|noun|the act of making something worse	treacherous|裏切りの|adjective|characterized by betrayal or disloyalty	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be someone else
This latter operation, therefore, as soon as it has been discovered, and it could never be concealed very long, has always excited much greater indignation than the former.	したがって、この後者の操作は、発見されるとすぐに、そして長い間隠し通すことは決してできないが、常に前者よりもはるかに大きな憤慨を引き起こした。	latter|後者|adjective|the second of two things mentioned	operation|操作|noun|the action of operating something	as soon as|するとすぐに|conjunction|immediately after	discover|発見する|verb|find out or notice	conceal|隠す|verb|not allow to be seen; hide	long|長い|adjective|having a great distance or duration	excite|引き起こす|verb|cause to happen or exist	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust or unworthy
The coin, after any considerable augmentation, has very seldom been brought back to its former weight;	貨幣は、かなりの増額の後、以前の重量に戻されることはめったにない。	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	augmentation|増額|noun|the action or process of making or becoming greater	seldom|めったにない|adverb|not often; rarely	bring back|戻す|verb|cause to return to a previous state
but after the greatest adulterations, it has almost always been brought back to its former fineness.	しかし、最大の改悪の後、それはほとんど常に以前の純度に戻された。	after|後|preposition|later or following (the event mentioned)	adulteration|改悪|noun|the making of a product worse than it was	bring back|戻す|verb|cause to return	fineness|純度|noun|the state or quality of being pure
It has scarce ever happened, that the fury and indignation of the people could otherwise be appeased.	人々の激怒と憤慨が他の方法でなだめられたことはほとんどない。	fury|激怒|noun|violent anger	indignation|憤慨|noun|anger aroused by something unjust or unworthy	appease|なだめる|verb|make peace with	scarce|ほとんどない|adjective|not enough; insufficient

In the end of the reign of Henry VIII., and in the beginning of that of Edward VI., the English coin was not only raised in its denomination, but adulterated in its standard.	ヘンリー八世の治世の終わりとエドワード六世の治世の初めに、イギリスの貨幣は額面が上昇しただけでなく、その品位が改悪された。	Henry VIII|ヘンリー八世|noun|King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death	Edward VI|エドワード六世|noun|King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death	English|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to England or its people or language	coin|貨幣|noun|a piece of metal with an official stamp, used as money	denomination|額面|noun|the value of a unit of money	raise|上昇する|verb|go up or cause to go up	standard|品位|noun|something used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations
The like frauds were practised in Scotland during the minority of James VI.	同様の詐欺がジェームズ六世の少数派の間にスコットランドで行われた。	fraud|詐欺|noun|a person who deceives others, especially by pretending to be someone else	practise|行う|verb|perform or work at, especially as a profession	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	James VI|ジェームズ六世|noun|King of Scotland from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland from 24 March 1603
They have occasionally been practised in most other countries.	他のほとんどの国でも時折行われてきた。	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory

That the public revenue of Great Britain can never be completely liberated, or even that any considerable progress can ever be made towards that liberation, while the surplus of that revenue, or what is over and above defraying the annual expense of the peace establishment, is so very small, it seems altogether in vain to expect.	イギリスの公的収入が完全に解放されることは決してあり得ないし、その収入の余剰、つまり平和体制の年間経費を賄う以上のものが非常に小さいうちは、その解放に向けてかなりの進歩が期待できるということは、まったく無駄な期待であるように思われる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	public revenue|公的収入|noun|the income of a government	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; absolutely	liberated|解放される|verb|be set free	even|さえ|adverb|to a greater extent or degree than is usual or expected	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	made|なされる|verb|cause to happen or exist	while|うちは|conjunction|during the time that	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount of something left over when requirements have been met	over and above|以上に|adverb|in addition to	defraying|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	annual|年間|adjective|happening or done once every year	expense|経費|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	very|非常に|adverb|to a great degree	small|小さい|adjective|little in size	altogether|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	vain|無駄な|adjective|having no real value or importance
That liberation, it is evident, can never be brought about, without either some very considerable augmentation of the public revenue, or some equally considerable reduction of the public expense.	公的収入をかなり増やすか、公的支出を同等に減らさなければ、この解放は決して実現できないことは明らかである。	liberation|解放|noun|the act of setting someone free	evident|明らか|adjective|easy to understand or see	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	public expense|公的支出|noun|money spent by a government

A more equal land tax, a more equal tax upon the rent of houses, and such alterations in the present system of customs and excise as those which have been mentioned in the foregoing chapter, might, perhaps, without increasing the burden of the greater part of the people, but only distributing the weight of it more equally upon the whole, produce a considerable augmentation of revenue.	より平等な地租、より平等な家賃税、前章で述べたような現行の関税制度の変更は、おそらく国民の大部分の負担を増やすことなく、その重みを全体にもっと平等に分配するだけで、収入をかなり増やすことができるであろう。	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	house rent|家賃|noun|the amount of money paid to a landlord for the use of a house	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	foregoing chapter|前章|noun|the chapter that comes before the current one	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country	weight|重み|noun|the force of gravity on a body	revenue|収入|noun|income	augmentation|増加|noun|an increase in the size, amount, or extent of something
The most sanguine projector, however, could scarce flatter himself, that any augmentation of this kind would be such as could give any reasonable hopes, either of liberating the public revenue altogether, or even of making such progress towards that liberation in time of peace, as either to prevent or to compensate the further accumulation of the public debt in the next war.	しかし、最も楽観的な計画者でさえ、この種の増額が、公的収入を完全に解放するか、あるいは平和時にその解放に向けて進歩を遂げ、次の戦争で公的債務がさらに蓄積するのを防ぐか、あるいは補償するかのいずれかについて、合理的な希望を与えることができるようなものであるとは、ほとんど自負できないであろう。	sanguine|楽観的な|adjective|optimistic or positive, especially in an unrealistic way	projector|計画者|noun|a person who makes plans	scarce|ほとんど～ない|adjective|not enough; insufficient	flatter|自負する|verb|to praise or compliment someone excessively	augmentation|増額|noun|an increase in the size, amount, or extent of something	reasonable|合理的な|adjective|based on or acting on good judgment or reason	hope|希望|noun|a feeling of expectation and desire for something to happen	liberate|解放する|verb|to set free	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government from taxation and other sources	altogether|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	progress|進歩|noun|forward or onward movement toward a destination	prevent|防ぐ|verb|to keep from happening	compensate|補償する|verb|to make up for something	accumulation|蓄積|noun|the gathering together of something	public debt|公的債務|noun|the total of the financial obligations owed by a government	next war|次の戦争|noun|a war that is expected to happen in the future

By extending the British system of taxation to all the different provinces of the empire, inhabited by people either of British or European extraction, a much greater augmentation of revenue might be expected.	イギリスの課税制度を、イギリス人またはヨーロッパ系の人々が住む帝国のすべての州に拡大することで、収入の大幅な増加が期待できる。	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become larger or more extensive	empire|帝国|noun|an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy	British|イギリス人|noun|a citizen of the United Kingdom	European|ヨーロッパ系|adjective|of or relating to Europe or its people	extraction|系|noun|the action of extracting something	augmentation|増加|noun|the action or process of making or becoming greater	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and arising from sales or other business activities
This, however, could scarce, perhaps, be done, consistently with the principles of the British constitution, without admitting into the British parliament, or, if you will, into the states-general of the British empire, a fair and equal representation of all those different provinces;	しかし、これは、イギリス議会、あるいはイギリス帝国の総会で、すべての異なる州の公正で平等な代表を認めずに、イギリス憲法の原則に従って行うことは、おそらくほとんど不可能であろう。	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it	British parliament|イギリス議会|noun|the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom	British empire|イギリス帝国|noun|the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom	fair|公正な|adjective|just or impartial	equal|平等な|adjective|the same in quantity, size, degree, or value	representation|代表|noun|the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other; unlike	province|州|noun|an administrative division of a country
that of each province bearing the same proportion to the produce of its taxes, as the representation of Great Britain might bear to the produce of the taxes levied upon Great Britain.	各州の代表は、その州の税収に占める割合が、イギリスの代表がイギリスに課せられた税収に占める割合と同じになるようにする。	each province|各州|noun|each of the provinces	bear|占める|verb|have or show	same proportion|同じ割合|noun|the same ratio	taxes|税収|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	bear|占める|verb|have or show	taxes|税収|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
The private interest of many powerful individuals, the confirmed prejudices of great bodies of people, seem, indeed, at present, to oppose to so great a change, such obstacles as it may be very difficult, perhaps altogether impossible, to surmount.	多くの有力な個人の私利や、大勢の人々の確固たる偏見は、確かに、現時点では、乗り越えるのが非常に困難で、おそらく全く不可能であるような障害を、このような大きな変化に反対しているように見える。	private interest|私利|noun|the interest of an individual or group of individuals	powerful|有力な|adjective|having great power or influence	individual|個人|noun|a single human being as distinguished from a group	confirmed|確固たる|adjective|firmly established or verified	prejudice|偏見|noun|a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	change|変化|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	obstacle|障害|noun|something that obstructs or hinders progress	difficult|困難な|adjective|not easy; requiring much effort	impossible|不可能|adjective|not possible; unable to be done or achieved	surmount|乗り越える|verb|overcome (a difficulty or obstacle)
Without, however, pretending to determine whether such a union be practicable or impracticable, it may not, perhaps, be improper, in a speculative work of this kind, to consider how far the British system of taxation might be applicable to all the different provinces of the empire;	しかし、そのような連合が実行可能か不可能かを決定するふりをせずに、この種の思索的な研究において、イギリスの課税制度が帝国のすべての異なる州にどの程度適用できるかを検討することは、おそらく不適切ではないだろう。	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	practicable|実行可能|adjective|capable of being put into practice or of being done or accomplished	impracticable|不可能|adjective|not feasible; not practicable	pretend|ふりをする|verb|to act as if something is true when in fact it is not	determine|決定する|verb|to decide or settle (something) definitely	speculative|思索的な|adjective|involving or based on conjecture rather than knowledge	work|研究|noun|a task or undertaking that is paid for	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing; the fact of being taxed	applicable|適用できる|adjective|capable of being applied; relevant	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor
what revenue might be expected from it, if so applied;	もしそうであれば、そこからどのような収入が期待できるか。	what|どのような|adjective|which kind of	revenue|収入|noun|income	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|may	be expected|期待できる|verb|be regarded as likely to happen or be done	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point
and in what manner a general union of this kind might be likely to affect the happiness and prosperity of the different provinces comprehended within it.	そして、この種の一般的な連合が、その中に含まれるさまざまな州の幸福と繁栄にどのような影響を与える可能性があるか。	in what manner|どのような影響|noun phrase|in what way	general union|一般的な連合|noun phrase|a union of all the workers in a particular industry	affect|影響を与える|verb|have an effect on	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	prosperity|繁栄|noun|the state of being prosperous
Such a speculation, can, at worst, be regarded but as a new Utopia, less amusing, certainly, but no more useless and chimerical than the old one.	そのような思索は、最悪の場合、新しいユートピアと見なされるかもしれないが、確かにあまり面白くないが、古いものよりも無駄で空想的ではない。	speculation|思索|noun|the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence	at worst|最悪の場合|adverb|in the worst case	regard|見なす|verb|consider or think of in a specified way	Utopia|ユートピア|noun|an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect	amusing|面白い|adjective|causing laughter or entertainment	useless|無駄な|adjective|not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose or desired outcome	chimerical|空想的な|adjective|wildly fanciful or highly improbable

The land-tax, the stamp duties, and the different duties of customs and excise, constitute the four principal branches of the British taxes.	地租、印紙税、関税と物品税のさまざまな税が、イギリスの税の4つの主要な部門を構成している。	land-tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on documents	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on goods produced or sold within a country	constitute|構成する|verb|be the parts or elements of	four|4つ|noun|the number 4	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	branch|部門|noun|a division of a large organization	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people

Ireland is certainly as able, and our American and West India plantations more able, to pay a land tax, than Great Britain.	アイルランドは確かにイギリスと同じくらい地租を支払う能力があり、アメリカや西インドのプランテーションはイギリスよりも地租を支払う能力がある。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	certainly|確かに|adverb|without doubt	able|できる|adjective|having the power or skill to do something	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	West India|西インド|noun|the region of the Caribbean	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown	more|より|adverb|to a greater extent	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in northwestern Europe
Where the landlord is subject neither to tythe nor poor’s rate, he must certainly be more able to pay such a tax, than where he is subject to both those other burdens.	地主が十分の一税も貧困税も課せられていないところでは、地主は他の二つの負担を課せられているところよりも、確かにそのような税を支払う能力があるに違いない。	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	be subject to|課せられる|verb|be exposed or liable to	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	poor|貧困|adjective|having little or no money	rate|税|noun|a tax or other charge	pay|支払う|verb|give money in exchange for a good or service	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load
The tythe, where there is no modus, and where it is levied in kind, diminishes more what would otherwise be the rent of the landlord, than a land tax which really amounted to five shillings in the pound.	モダスがなく、現物で徴収される十分の一税は、実際には1ポンドあたり5シリングに相当する地租よりも、地主の地代をより多く減らす。	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	modus|モダス|noun|a fixed payment in lieu of tithes	levied|徴収される|verb|impose or collect a tax or other payment	in kind|現物で|adverb|in goods or services rather than money	diminishes|減らす|verb|make or become smaller or less	landlord|地主|noun|a person who rents land, a building, or an apartment to a tenant	rent|地代|noun|a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or land	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on the value of land	five shillings|5シリング|noun|a former British coin worth one twentieth of a pound	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
Such a tythe will be found, in most cases, to amount to more than a fourth part of the real rent of the land, or of what remains after replacing completely the capital of the farmer, together with his reasonable profit.	そのような十分の一税は、ほとんどの場合、土地の実際の地代の4分の1以上、または農民の資本を適正な利益とともに完全に置き換えた後に残るものの4分の1以上に相当することがわかるだろう。	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	most cases|ほとんどの場合|noun|the majority of instances	more than|4分の1以上|adverb|in excess of	fourth part|4分の1|noun|one of four equal parts	real rent|実際の地代|noun|the amount of money paid for the use of land or property	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	what remains|残るもの|noun|the part that is left	after|後に|preposition|following	replacing|置き換える|verb|take the place of	completely|完全に|adverb|totally	capital|資本|noun|wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available for a purpose such as starting a company or investing	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living	together with|とともに|adverb|in addition to	reasonable|適正な|adjective|fair and sensible	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
If all moduses and all impropriations were taken away, the complete church tythe of Great Britain and Ireland could not well be estimated at less than six or seven millions.	もしすべてのモダスとすべての私有が取り去られたら、イギリスとアイルランドの完全な教会の十分の一税は、600万から700万ポンド以下とは見積もれないだろう。	take away|取り去る|verb|remove something from a place	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	less than|以下|preposition|not as much as	six or seven millions|600万から700万ポンド|noun|a large number
If there was no tythe either in Great Britain or Ireland, the landlords could afford to pay six or seven millions additional land tax, without being more burdened than a very great part of them are at present.	もしイギリスにもアイルランドにも十分の一税がなかったら、地主は現在その大部分が負担しているよりも重い負担を負うことなく、600万から700万ポンドの追加の地租を支払う余裕があるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tax of one tenth of the produce of the land or of one's income	landlord|地主|noun|a person who owns land or property and rents it out to others	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	six or seven millions|600万から700万|noun|a large number	additional|追加の|adjective|added to something else	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land	burdened|負担する|verb|be weighed down with a heavy load	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
America pays no tythe, and could, therefore, very well afford to pay a land tax.	アメリカは十分の一税を支払っていないので、地租を支払う余裕がある。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	tythe|十分の一税|noun|a tenth of something	afford|余裕がある|verb|have enough money to pay for	land tax|地租|noun|a tax on land
The lands in America and the West Indies, indeed, are, in general, not tenanted nor leased out to farmers.	実際、アメリカや西インド諸島の土地は、一般的に農民に貸し付けられたり、賃貸されたりしていない。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	indeed|実際|adverb|in fact; really	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; in most cases	tenant|借り手|noun|a person who occupies land or property rented from a landlord	lease|賃貸|verb|grant use or occupation of (something) under a lease	farmer|農民|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals for a living
They could not, therefore, be assessed according to any rent roll.	したがって、それらは賃借料に従って評価することはできない。	could not|できない|auxiliary verb|be unable to	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	be assessed|評価される|verb|be evaluated or estimated	rent roll|賃借料|noun|a list of tenants and the rents they pay
But neither were the lands of Great Britain, in the 4th of William and Mary, assessed according to any rent roll, but according to a very loose and inaccurate estimation.	しかし、ウィリアムとメアリーの4年目には、イギリスの土地も賃借料に従って評価されたのではなく、非常に大雑把で不正確な見積もりに基づいて評価された。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	William and Mary|ウィリアムとメアリー|noun|joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702	rent roll|賃借料|noun|a list of tenants and the rents they pay	loose|大雑把な|adjective|not held or tied together, or not held or fastened firmly	inaccurate|不正確な|adjective|not accurate; not exact or correct
The lands in America might be assessed either in the same manner, or according to an equitable valuation, in consequence of an accurate survey, like that which was lately made in the Milanese, and in the dominions of Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia.	アメリカの土地は、ミラノやオーストリア、プロイセン、サルディニアの領土で最近行われたような正確な調査の結果、同じ方法で評価されるか、公正な評価に従って評価される可能性がある。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	assess|評価する|verb|evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	equitable|公正な|adjective|just or fair; impartial	valuation|評価|noun|the determination of the value of something	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	accurate|正確な|adjective|free from error; correct	survey|調査|noun|an examination of the condition, amount, or extent of something	lately|最近|adverb|recently; not long ago	Milanese|ミラノ|noun|a native or inhabitant of Milan	Austria|オーストリア|noun|a landlocked country in central Europe	Prussia|プロイセン|noun|a former kingdom in north-central Europe	Sardinia|サルディニア|noun|a large Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea

Stamp duties, it is evident, might be levied without any variation, in all countries where the forms of law process, and the deeds by which property, both real and personal, is transferred, are the same, or nearly the same.	印紙税は、法的手続きの形式や、不動産と動産の両方の財産が移転される証書が同じかほぼ同じであるすべての国で、何の変更もなく徴収できることは明らかである。	stamp duty|印紙税|noun|a tax on the transfer of property	evident|明らか|adjective|easy to understand or see	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect a tax	variation|変更|noun|a change in the form, state, or quality of something	law process|法的手続き|noun|the process of making or enforcing laws	deed|証書|noun|a legal document that transfers ownership of property	property|財産|noun|something of value owned by a person or organization	real|不動産|adjective|relating to land or buildings	personal|動産|adjective|relating to a particular person	transfer|移転|verb|move from one place to another

The extension of the custom-house laws of Great Britain to Ireland and the plantations, provided it was accompanied, as in justice it ought to be, with an extension of the freedom of trade, would be in the highest degree advantageous to both.	イギリスの関税法がアイルランドと植民地に拡大されれば、公正に貿易の自由が拡大されれば、両者にとって最高に有利になるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	plantation|植民地|noun|a large estate or farm on which crops are grown for sale	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	custom-house law|関税法|noun|a law that regulates the collection of customs duties	justice|公正|noun|just behavior or treatment	freedom of trade|貿易の自由|noun|the right to trade without restrictions	advantageous|有利|adjective|to one's benefit
All the invidious restraints which at present oppress the trade of Ireland, the distinction between the enumerated and non-enumerated commodities of America, would be entirely at an end.	現在アイルランドの貿易を圧迫しているすべての不当な制約、アメリカの列挙品と非列挙品の区別は、完全に終わりを告げるだろう。	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	oppress|圧迫する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely; totally	at an end|終わりを告げる|verb|to come to an end; to finish
The countries north of Cape Finisterre would be as open to every part of the produce of America, as those south of that cape are to some parts of that produce at present.	フィニステレ岬の北にある国々は、現在その岬の南にある国々がアメリカの産物の一部に開放されているように、アメリカの産物のあらゆる部分に開放されるだろう。	Cape Finisterre|フィニステレ岬|noun|a cape in Spain	north|北|noun|the direction that is to your left when you are facing east	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	open|開放される|verb|not closed or blocked	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	south|南|noun|the direction that is to your right when you are facing east	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The trade between all the different parts of the British empire would, in consequence of this uniformity in the custom-house laws, be as free as the coasting trade of Great Britain is at present.	イギリス帝国のすべての異なる部分間の貿易は、関税法のこの統一の結果として、イギリスの沿岸貿易が現在そうであるように自由になるだろう。	British empire|イギリス帝国|noun|the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	custom-house law|関税法|noun|a law that regulates the collection of customs duties	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	coasting trade|沿岸貿易|noun|trade or traffic by ship along or near a coast	present|現在|noun|the time that is happening now
The British empire would thus afford, within itself, an immense internal market for every part of the produce of all its different provinces.	こうしてイギリス帝国は、その内部に、すべての異なる属州の産物のあらゆる部分のための巨大な国内市場を提供することになる。	British empire|イギリス帝国|noun|the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom	afford|提供する|verb|be able to do something or have something	within|内部に|preposition|inside	immense|巨大な|adjective|extremely large or great	internal market|国内市場|noun|a market comprising the member states of the European Union	every part|あらゆる部分|noun|all of something	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	province|属州|noun|an administrative division of a country
So great an extension of market would soon compensate, both to Ireland and the plantations, all that they could suffer from the increase of the duties of customs.	市場のこのような大拡大は、アイルランドと植民地の両方にとって、関税の増加によって被るすべての損害をすぐに補うだろう。	extension|拡大|noun|the action of extending something	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in Europe	plantation|植民地|noun|a colony	suffer|被る|verb|experience or be subjected to	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	customs|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods

The excise is the only part of the British system of taxation, which would require to be varied in any respect, according as it was applied to the different provinces of the empire.	イギリスの課税制度の中で、帝国の異なる属州に適用される場合に、何らかの点で変更を必要とするのは、物品税だけである。	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler, government, or emperor
It might be applied to Ireland without any variation;	アイルランドには、変更なしに適用できるだろう。	apply|適用する|verb|make use of something	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	variation|変更|noun|a change or slight difference in condition, amount, or level
the produce and consumption of that kingdom being exactly of the same nature with those of Great Britain.	その王国の生産と消費は、イギリスのそれとまったく同じ性質のものだからである。	produce|生産|noun|the amount of something that is produced	consumption|消費|noun|the amount of something that is consumed	kingdom|王国|noun|a country ruled by a king or queen	exactly|まったく|adverb|completely; totally	same|同じ|adjective|not different	nature|性質|noun|the basic or inherent features of something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
In its application to America and the West Indies, of which the produce and consumption are so very different from those of Great Britain, some modification might be necessary, in the same manner as in its application to the cyder and beer counties of England.	アメリカや西インド諸島に適用する場合は、生産と消費がイギリスとは非常に異なるので、イギリスのサイダーやビールの産地に適用する場合と同じように、多少の変更が必要になるかもしれない。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	cyder|サイダー|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented apple juice	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	county|産地|noun|a territorial division of a country	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	modification|変更|noun|the act of making a change	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite

A fermented liquor, for example, which is called beer, but which, as it is made of molasses, bears very little resemblance to our beer, makes a considerable part of the common drink of the people in America.	例えば、ビールと呼ばれる発酵酒は、糖蜜で作られているので、イギリスのビールとほとんど似ていないが、アメリカの人々の一般的な飲み物のかなりの部分を占めている。	fermented liquor|発酵酒|noun|an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic beverage made from grain	molasses|糖蜜|noun|a thick, dark, sticky liquid obtained as a byproduct of the refining of sugar	bear resemblance|似ている|verb|be similar to	common drink|一般的な飲み物|noun|a beverage that is widely consumed	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
This liquor, as it can be kept only for a few days, cannot, like our beer, be prepared and stored up for sale in great breweries;	この酒は、数日しか保存できないので、イギリスのビールのように、大規模な醸造所で製造して販売用に貯蔵することはできない。	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	a few days|数日|noun|a small number of days	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	brewery|醸造所|noun|a place where beer is made
but every private family must brew it for their own use, in the same manner as they cook their victuals.	各家庭が食事を調理するのと同じように、自家用に醸造しなければならない。	every|各|adjective|each	private|私|adjective|belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group of people only	family|家庭|noun|a group of people living together in one house	brew|醸造する|verb|make beer or other alcoholic drinks	use|用|noun|the purpose for which something is made or done	same|同じ|adjective|being the same or not different	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	cook|調理する|verb|prepare food by heating it	victuals|食事|noun|food
But to subject every private family to the odious visits and examination of the tax-gatherers, in the same manner as we subject the keepers of ale-houses and the brewers for public sale, would be altogether inconsistent with liberty.	しかし、すべての家庭を、酒場の主人や公衆販売用の醸造業者に課しているのと同じように、税吏の忌まわしい訪問や検査にさらすことは、自由とは全く相容れない。	subject|課す|verb|cause to experience or undergo	private family|家庭|noun|a family that is not part of the government or the military	odious|忌まわしい|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	visit|訪問|noun|the act of going to a place	examination|検査|noun|the act of inspecting something closely	tax-gatherer|税吏|noun|a person who collects taxes	keeper|主人|noun|a person who owns or manages a business	ale-house|酒場|noun|a place where beer is sold and drunk	brewer|醸造業者|noun|a person who makes beer	public sale|公衆販売|noun|the sale of goods to the general public	altogether|全く|adverb|completely or totally	inconsistent|相容れない|adjective|not in agreement or harmony
If, for the sake of equality, it was thought necessary to lay a tax upon this liquor, it might be taxed by taxing the material of which it is made, either at the place of manufacture, or, if the circumstances of the trade rendered such an excise improper, by laying a duty upon its importation into the colony in which it was to be consumed.	もし、平等のために、この酒に課税する必要があると考えられるならば、製造場所で原料に課税するか、貿易の状況がそのような物品税を不適当にするならば、消費される植民地への輸入に課税することによって、課税することができる。	sake|ため|noun|purpose	equality|平等|noun|the state of being equal	lay a tax|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	material|原料|noun|the substance from which a thing is or can be made	place of manufacture|製造場所|noun|the place where something is made	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	render|する|verb|cause to be or become	excise|物品税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods produced within a country	improper|不適当|adjective|not suitable or proper	lay a duty|課税する|verb|impose a tax on	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	consume|消費する|verb|eat, drink, or ingest
Besides the duty of one penny a-gallon imposed by the British parliament upon the importation of molasses into America, there is a provincial tax of this kind upon their importation into Massachusetts Bay, in ships belonging to any other colony, of eight-pence the hogshead;	イギリス議会がアメリカへの糖蜜の輸入に課した1ガロン1ペンスの関税のほかに、マサチューセッツ湾への輸入には、他の植民地に属する船舶によるものには、ホッグスヘッドあたり8ペンスの地方税がある。	Besides|ほかに|preposition|in addition to; as well as	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	parliament|議会|noun|the highest legislative body of a country	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	one penny|1ペンス|noun|a British bronze coin worth one hundredth of a pound	a-gallon|1ガロン|noun|a unit of liquid volume equal to eight pints	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	molasses|糖蜜|noun|a thick dark sticky liquid obtained as a byproduct of the refining of sugar	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	Massachusetts Bay|マサチューセッツ湾|noun|a bay of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Massachusetts	ship|船舶|noun|a large seagoing vessel	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	eight-pence|8ペンス|noun|a sum of money equal to eight pennies	hogshead|ホッグスヘッド|noun|a large cask
and another upon their importation from the northern colonies into South Carolina, of five-pence the gallon.	北部植民地からサウスカロライナへの輸入には、1ガロン5ペンスの税金がある。	another|別の|adjective|different from the one already mentioned	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing goods or services into a country from abroad for sale	northern|北部|adjective|of or relating to the north	South Carolina|サウスカロライナ|noun|a state in the southeastern United States	five-pence|5ペンス|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom, equal to five pennies	gallon|ガロン|noun|a unit of volume for liquid measure equal to four quarts
Or, if neither of these methods was found convenient, each family might compound for its consumption of this liquor, either according to the number of persons of which it consisted, in the same manner as private families compound for the malt tax in England; or according to the different ages and sexes of those persons, in the same manner as several different taxes are levied in Holland; or, nearly as Sir Matthew Decker proposes, that all taxes upon consumable commodities should be levied in England.	あるいは、これらの方法のいずれも適当でないと判断された場合には、各家庭は、イギリスの麦芽税のように、家族構成員の数に応じて、あるいはオランダのいくつかの税金のように、家族構成員の年齢や性別に応じて、この酒の消費量に応じて課税されるか、あるいは、マシュー・デッカー卿が提案しているように、消費財に対するすべての税金をイギリスで徴収することになる。	neither|いずれも|determiner|not either	convenient|適当な|adjective|suitable for a particular purpose	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	compound|課税される|verb|to make something worse	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	liquor|酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	number|数|noun|a quantity or amount	person|人|noun|a human being	consist|成る|verb|to be composed of	private|私有の|adjective|belonging to a particular person or group	family|家族|noun|a group of people who are related to each other	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	age|年齢|noun|the number of years that a person has lived	sex|性別|noun|the state of being male or female	person|人|noun|a human being	manner|方法|noun|a way of doing something	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue	levy|徴収する|verb|to impose or collect a tax	Matthew Decker|マシュー・デッカー|noun|a British merchant and writer on economics	propose|提案する|verb|to suggest or put forward a plan or idea	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe
This mode of taxation, it has already been observed, when applied to objects of a speedy consumption, is not a very convenient one.	すでに述べたように、この課税方法は、すぐに消費される物品に適用される場合には、あまり便利ではない。	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	speedy|すぐに|adjective|done or occurring very quickly	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
It might be adopted, however, in cases where no better could be done.	しかし、これ以上の方法がない場合には、この方法を採用することもできる。	be adopted|採用される|verb|be taken up and used	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	case|場合|noun|a situation or event that occurs	no better|これ以上|adjective|not more; not better	could be done|できる|verb|be able to be done

Sugar, rum, and tobacco, are commodities which are nowhere necessaries of life, which are become objects of almost universal consumption, and which are, therefore, extremely proper subjects of taxation.	砂糖、ラム酒、タバコは、どこでも生活必需品ではなく、ほとんど普遍的に消費される対象となっているため、課税の対象として非常に適している。	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking	nowhere|どこでも|adverb|not anywhere	necessaries|必需品|noun|something that is absolutely essential	life|生活|noun|the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	universal|普遍的|adjective|of, affecting, or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; general	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing; the imposition of taxes
If a union with the colonies were to take place, those commodities might be taxed, either before they go out of the hands of the manufacturer or grower;	もし植民地との連合が成立すれば、これらの商品は製造業者や生産者の手を離れる前に課税されるか、	take place|成立する|verb|happen	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	be taxed|課税される|verb|be imposed a tax on	manufacturer|製造業者|noun|a person or company that makes goods for sale	grower|生産者|noun|a person who grows crops or raises animals
or, if this mode of taxation did not suit the circumstances of those persons, they might be deposited in public warehouses, both at the place of manufacture, and at all the different ports of the empire, to which they might afterwards be transported, to remain there, under the joint custody of the owner and the revenue officer, till such time as they should be delivered out, either to the consumer, to the merchant-retailer for home consumption, or to the merchant-exporter; the tax not to be advanced till such delivery.	あるいは、この課税方法がこれらの人々の状況に適さない場合には、製造場所と帝国のすべての港の両方の公共倉庫に預けられ、その後、所有者と税務官の共同管理のもとで、消費者、国内消費のための小売商人、輸出商人のいずれかに引き渡されるまでそこに保管されることになる。税金はそのような配達まで前払いされない。	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	suit|適する|verb|be right or appropriate for	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	public warehouse|公共倉庫|noun|a warehouse that is open to the public	manufacture|製造|noun|the making of goods or articles by hand or by machine	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	transport|輸送する|verb|take or carry people or goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or ship	remain|保管される|verb|stay in the same place or condition	owner|所有者|noun|a person who owns something	revenue officer|税務官|noun|a person who collects taxes	deliver|引き渡す|verb|take or send something to the intended recipient	consumer|消費者|noun|a person who buys and uses goods or services	merchant-retailer|小売商人|noun|a person who sells goods in small quantities directly to the public	merchant-exporter|輸出商人|noun|a person who sells goods to other countries	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	delivery|配達|noun|the action of delivering something
When delivered out for exportation, to go duty-free, upon proper security being given, that they should really be exported out of the empire.	輸出のために引き渡された場合、適切な担保が提供されれば、それらは本当に帝国から輸出されるべきであるとして、免税となる。	deliver|引き渡す|verb|to give or send something to someone	exportation|輸出|noun|the action of exporting	duty-free|免税|adjective|not subject to taxes or customs duties	security|担保|noun|something that is given or held as a guarantee that a loan or other obligation will be repaid	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler or government
These are, perhaps, the principal commodities, with regard to which the union with the colonies might require some considerable change in the present system of British taxation.	これらはおそらく、植民地との連合が現在のイギリスの課税制度にかなりの変更を必要とするかもしれない主要な商品である。	these|これら|pronoun|the ones mentioned	perhaps|おそらく|adverb|possibly; maybe	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	regard|関して|noun|a feeling of respect and admiration	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	require|必要とする|verb|need for a particular purpose	considerable|かなりの|adjective|large in amount or extent	change|変更|noun|the act or instance of making or becoming different	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes

What might be the amount of the revenue which this system of taxation, extended to all the different provinces of the empire, might produce, it must, no doubt, be altogether impossible to ascertain with tolerable exactness.	この課税制度を帝国のすべての州に拡大した場合に得られる収入の額は、おそらく、かなり正確に確かめることは全く不可能であろう。	amount|額|noun|a quantity of something	revenue|収入|noun|income	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	extend|拡大する|verb|make or become longer or wider	empire|帝国|noun|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	produce|得られる|verb|make or manufacture from components or raw materials	ascertain|確かめる|verb|find out or establish the truth or facts about something	tolerable|かなり|adjective|able to be endured	exactness|正確さ|noun|the quality of being accurate; precision
By means of this system, there is annually levied in Great Britain, upon less than eight millions of people, more than ten millions of revenue.	この制度によって、イギリスでは毎年800万人未満の国民から1000万ポンド以上の収入が徴収されている。	by means of|によって|preposition|using or with the help of	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	less than|未満|preposition|not as much as	eight millions|800万人|noun|a number equal to eight times one million	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	more than|以上|preposition|to a greater extent than	ten millions|1000万|noun|a number equal to ten times one million	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source
Ireland contains more than two millions of people, and, according to the accounts laid before the congress, the twelve associated provinces of America contain more than three.	アイルランドには200万人以上の人々が住んでおり、議会に提出された報告書によると、アメリカの12の連合州には300万人以上が住んでいる。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in the British Isles	contain|住んでいる|verb|have or hold within	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	two millions|200万人|noun|a very large number	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	according to|によると|preposition|as stated by or in	the accounts|報告書|noun|a record of financial transactions over a period of time	laid before|提出された|verb|put forward for consideration	the congress|議会|noun|the national legislative body of a country	the twelve associated provinces|12の連合州|noun|the twelve provinces that are associated with each other	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	contain|住んでいる|verb|have or hold within	more than|以上|adverb|to a greater extent than	three|300万人|noun|a number one more than two
Those accounts, however, may have been exaggerated, in order, perhaps, either to encourage their own people, or to intimidate those of this country;	しかし、これらの報告は、おそらく自国民を勇気づけるためか、この国の人々を威圧するために誇張されている可能性がある。	account|報告|noun|a statement of the facts of a situation	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	exaggerate|誇張する|verb|represent something as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is	order|ため|noun|a command, instruction, or request	encourage|勇気づける|verb|give support, courage, or hope to	intimidate|威圧する|verb|frighten or overawe (someone), or make them afraid, especially in order to make them do something
and we shall suppose, therefore, that our North American and West Indian colonies, taken together, contain no more than three millions;	そのため、北米と西インドの植民地を合わせると300万人を超えないと仮定する。	North American|北米|adjective|of or relating to North America	West Indian|西インド|adjective|of or relating to the West Indies	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	take together|合わせる|verb|combine or join	contain|超えない|verb|have or hold within itself	three millions|300万人|noun|three million people
or that the whole British empire, in Europe and America, contains no more than thirteen millions of inhabitants.	つまり、ヨーロッパとアメリカのイギリス帝国全体の人口は1300万人を超えない。	British empire|イギリス帝国|noun|the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom	Europe|ヨーロッパ|noun|a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere	America|アメリカ|noun|a land mass in the Western Hemisphere that is often considered a continent in its own right as well as a part of North America	contain|含む|verb|have or hold within itself	no more than|超えない|adverb|not more than; only	thirteen millions|1300万|noun|the number 13,000,000	inhabitant|人口|noun|a person who lives in a particular place
If, upon less than eight millions of inhabitants, this system of taxation raises a revenue of more than ten millions sterling;	800万人未満の住民に対して、この課税制度が1000万ポンド以上の収入を上げているならば、	less than|未満|adjective|not as much as	eight millions|800万|noun|a number equal to eight times one million	inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	more than|以上|adjective|not less than	ten millions|1000万|noun|a number equal to ten times one million	sterling|ポンド|noun|the currency of the United Kingdom
it ought, upon thirteen millions of inhabitants, to raise a revenue of more than sixteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling.	1300万人の住民に対しては、1625万ポンド以上の収入を上げるべきである。	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should	thirteen millions|1300万|noun|13,000,000	inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	raise|上げる|verb|increase	revenue|収入|noun|income	sixteen millions|1600万|noun|16,000,000	two hundred and fifty thousand|25万|noun|250,000	pounds|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	sterling|スターリング|noun|of, relating to, or denominated in British money
From this revenue, supposing that this system could produce it, must be deducted the revenue usually raised in Ireland and the plantations, for defraying the expense of the respective civil governments.	この収入から、この制度がそれを生み出せると仮定すると、それぞれの民政政府の費用を賄うために、アイルランドとプランテーションで通常徴収される収入を差し引かなければならない。	revenue|収入|noun|income	suppose|仮定する|verb|assume that something is the case on the basis of evidence or probability but without proof or certain knowledge	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	deduct|差し引く|verb|subtract	revenue|収入|noun|income	usually|通常|adverb|normally; generally	raise|徴収する|verb|collect or levy	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things having a mutual relationship	civil government|民政政府|noun|a government of a country that is not a military government
The expense of the civil and military establishment of Ireland, together with the interest of the public debt, amounts, at a medium of the two years which ended March 1775, to something less than seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds a year.	アイルランドの文民と軍隊の設置費用は、公債の利子と合わせて、1775年3月で終了した2年間の平均で、年間75万ポンド弱に達する。	expense|費用|noun|cost incurred in making or doing something	civil|文民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|軍隊|noun|the armed forces of a country	establishment|設置|noun|the action of establishing something or being established	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt	amount|達する|verb|be equal to or equivalent to	two years|2年間|noun|a period of time equal to 24 months	end|終了する|verb|come or bring to a final point; finish	March 1775|1775年3月|noun|the third month of the year	medium|平均|noun|the average value of a set of numbers	something less than|弱|noun|a quantity that is not as great as	seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds|75万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
By a very exact account of the revenue of the principal colonies of America and the West Indies, it amounted, before the commencement of the present disturbances, to a hundred and forty-one thousand eight hundred pounds.	アメリカと西インド諸島の主要な植民地の収入の非常に正確な計算によると、それは現在の騒動が始まる前には、14万1800ポンドに達していた。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	revenue|収入|noun|income	very|非常に|adverb|to a high degree	exact|正確な|adjective|not deviating from truth or fact	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	amount|達する|verb|to be equal to in number, value, or effect	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	forty-one|四十一|noun|the number 41	thousand|千|noun|the number 1000	eight|八|noun|the number 8	hundred|百|noun|the number 100	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom
In this account, however, the revenue of Maryland, of North Carolina, and of all our late acquisitions, both upon the continent, and in the islands, is omitted;	しかし、この計算では、メリーランド州、ノースカロライナ州、および大陸と島々の両方での最近のすべての買収の収入は省略されている。	account|計算|noun|a record of financial transactions	Maryland|メリーランド州|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	North Carolina|ノースカロライナ州|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	revenue|収入|noun|income	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	omit|省略する|verb|leave out or exclude
which may, perhaps, make a difference of thirty or forty thousand pounds.	それはおそらく、3万から4万ポンドの差を生むかもしれない。	make a difference|差を生む|verb|have an effect or impact	thirty or forty thousand pounds|3万から4万ポンド|noun|a unit of money in the United Kingdom
For the sake of even numbers, therefore, let us suppose that the revenue necessary for supporting the civil government of Ireland and the plantations may amount to a million.	したがって、偶数のために、アイルランドとプランテーションの文民政府を支援するために必要な収入が100万に達するかもしれないと仮定しよう。	for the sake of|のために|preposition|for the purpose of	even number|偶数|noun|a number that is divisible by two	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	let us suppose|仮定しよう|verb|assume that something is the case	revenue|収入|noun|income	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	support|支援|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	civil government|文民政府|noun|a government that is led by civilians	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in Europe	plantation|プランテーション|noun|a large farm or estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown
There would remain, consequently, a revenue of fifteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds, to be applied towards defraying the general expense of the empire, and towards paying the public debt.	その結果、帝国の一般経費を賄い、公的債務の支払いに充てられるべき1525万ポンドの収入が残ることになる。	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	fifteen millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds|1525万ポンド|noun|a large amount of money	revenue|収入|noun|income	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	general expense|一般経費|noun|the cost of running a business	public debt|公的債務|noun|the money that a government owes to its creditors
But if, from the present revenue of Great Britain, a million could, in peaceable times, be spared towards the payment of that debt, six millions two hundred and fifty thousand pounds could very well be spared from this improved revenue.	しかし、もし英国の現在の収入から、平和な時代にその負債の支払いに100万を割くことができるなら、この改善された収入から625万ポンドを割くことができるだろう。	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	revenue|収入|noun|income	million|100万|noun|a thousand thousand	peaceable|平和な|adjective|inclined or disposed to peace	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	six millions|600万|noun|six thousand thousand	two hundred and fifty thousand|25万|noun|two hundred and fifty thousand	pound|ポンド|noun|the basic monetary unit of the United Kingdom	improved|改善された|adjective|made or become better	revenue|収入|noun|income
This great sinking fund, too, might be augmented every year by the interest of the debt which had been discharged the year before;	この大きな償却基金も、前年に返済された負債の利子によって毎年増額される可能性がある。	sinking fund|償却基金|noun|a fund formed by periodically setting aside money for the gradual or eventual redemption of a debt or replacement of a wasting asset	augment|増額する|verb|make or become greater in size, amount, or degree	every year|毎年|adverb|once a year	discharge|返済する|verb|pay off a debt	the year before|前年|noun|the year preceding the current year
and might, in this manner, increase so very rapidly, as to be sufficient in a few years to discharge the whole debt, and thus to restore completely the at-present debilitated and languishing vigour of the empire.	そして、この方法で、非常に急速に増加し、数年で全負債を返済するのに十分であり、こうして、現在衰弱し、衰退している帝国の活力を完全に回復させるかもしれない。	in this manner|この方法で|adverb|in this way	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	rapidly|急速に|adverb|very quickly	sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as many as required	a few years|数年|noun|a small number of years	discharge|返済する|verb|pay off a debt	whole|全|adjective|all of; the entire	debt|負債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	restore|回復させる|verb|bring back to a former or original state	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly	at-present|現在|adjective|now; at this time	debilitated|衰弱した|adjective|weakened	languishing|衰退している|adjective|becoming weaker or less intense	vigour|活力|noun|physical or mental strength or energy
In the meantime, the people might be relieved from some of the most burdensome taxes;	その間に、国民は最も負担の大きい税金の一部から解放されるかもしれない。	in the meantime|その間に|adverb|in the intervening period of time	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	be relieved|解放される|verb|be freed from a duty or responsibility	some|一部|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	burdensome|負担の大きい|adjective|imposing a severe burden	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
from those which are imposed either upon the necessaries of life, or upon the materials of manufacture.	生活必需品や製造材料に課せられる税金からである。	from|から|preposition|used to indicate a starting point	those|それら|pronoun|the people or things previously mentioned	which|もの|pronoun|the thing previously mentioned	are imposed|課せられる|verb|be forced to accept something	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more things	upon|に|preposition|on top of	the necessaries of life|生活必需品|noun|the things that are necessary for life	or|または|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more things	upon|に|preposition|on top of	the materials of manufacture|製造材料|noun|the materials that are used to make something
The labouring poor would thus be enabled to live better, to work cheaper, and to send their goods cheaper to market.	こうして、労働する貧困層は、より良い生活を送り、より安く働き、より安く商品を市場に送れるようになるだろう。	labouring poor|労働する貧困層|noun|people who are poor and work for a living	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way; therefore	be enabled to|できるようになる|verb|be given the means or opportunity to do something	live better|より良い生活を送る|verb|have a more enjoyable or fulfilling life	work cheaper|より安く働く|verb|work for less money	send cheaper|より安く送る|verb|send for less money	market|市場|noun|a place where goods and services are bought and sold
The cheapness of their goods would increase the demand for them, and consequently for the labour of those who produced them.	彼らの商品の安さは、それらの需要を増大させ、結果としてそれらを生産した人々の労働に対する需要を増大させるだろう。	cheapness|安さ|noun|the quality of being low in price	increase|増大させる|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work
This increase in the demand for labour would both increase the numbers, and improve the circumstances of the labouring poor.	労働需要の増加は、労働者階級の貧困層の数を増やすと同時に、その状況を改善するだろう。	increase|増加|noun|the action of increasing something	demand|需要|noun|the desire for a particular good or service	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	increase|増やす|verb|make or become greater or more numerous	number|数|noun|a quantity that can be counted	improve|改善する|verb|make or become better	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
Their consumption would increase, and, together with it, the revenue arising from all those articles of their consumption upon which the taxes might be allowed to remain.	彼らの消費は増加し、それに伴って、税金が残ることを許されるかもしれない彼らの消費のすべての品目から生じる収入も増加するだろう。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	increase|増加する|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	article|品目|noun|a particular item or object	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have gone

The revenue arising from this system of taxation, however, might not immediately increase in proportion to the number of people who were subjected to it.	しかし、この課税制度から生じる収入は、課税対象となる人の数に比例してすぐには増加しないかもしれない。	arise|生じる|verb|come into being or existence	revenue|収入|noun|income	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the imposition of taxes	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	immediately|すぐに|adverb|at once; without delay	increase|増加|verb|become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree
Great indulgence would for some time be due to those provinces of the empire which were thus subjected to burdens to which they had not before been accustomed;	帝国の諸州は、これまで慣れ親しんだことのない負担を負わされることになるため、しばらくの間は大きな寛容が必要となるだろう。	great|大きな|adjective|of major significance or importance	indulgence|寛容|noun|the act of indulging	for some time|しばらくの間|adverb|for a period of time	be due to|必要となる|verb|be caused by	those provinces|諸州|noun|the provinces	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of a single ruler	thus|こうして|adverb|in this way	subjected to|負わされる|verb|be forced to undergo	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	which|これまで|relative pronoun|that	before|前に|adverb|earlier	been accustomed|慣れ親しんだ|verb|be used to
and even when the same taxes came to be levied everywhere as exactly as possible, they would not everywhere produce a revenue proportioned to the numbers of the people.	そして、同じ税金が可能な限り正確にどこでも徴収されるようになったとしても、どこでも人口に比例した収入を生み出すわけではない。	even when|～であっても|conjunction|although	same|同じ|adjective|not different	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	come to be|～になる|verb|become	everywhere|どこでも|adverb|in all places	exactly|正確に|adverb|in a precise manner	levy|徴収する|verb|impose or collect (a tax, fee, or fine)	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	revenue|収入|noun|income from a business or other source	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one varies in accordance with changes in the other	number|人口|noun|a quantity representing the count of all the members of a set
In a poor country, the consumption of the principal commodities subject to the duties of customs and excise, is very small;	貧しい国では、関税や物品税の対象となる主要な商品の消費量は非常に少ない。	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	principal|主要な|adjective|most important	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	subject to|対象となる|verb|be affected by or vulnerable to	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	customs|関税|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular good or service
and in a thinly inhabited country, the opportunities of smuggling are very great.	そして、人口が希薄な国では、密輸の機会が非常に多い。	thinly inhabited|人口が希薄な|adjective|having a low population density	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border or other boundary
The consumption of malt liquors among the inferior ranks of people in Scotland is very small;	スコットランドの下層階級の人々の麦芽酒の消費量は非常に少ない。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	malt liquor|麦芽酒|noun|a fermented alcoholic beverage made from grain	inferior rank|下層階級|noun|a person of low social status	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
and the excise upon malt, beer, and ale, produces less there than in England, in proportion to the numbers of the people and the rate of the duties, which upon malt is different, on account of a supposed difference of quality.	そして、麦芽、ビール、エールに対する物品税は、品質の違いを想定して麦芽に対する税率が異なるため、人口と税率に比例してイングランドよりも少ない収入を生み出している。	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as malting	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavored with hops	ale|エール|noun|a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	there|そこで|adverb|in that place	in England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	in proportion to|比例して|adverb|in a way that is directly related to	the number of|数|noun|the total amount of something	the people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	the rate of|率|noun|the amount of something in relation to another thing	the duties|税率|noun|a tax levied on the import or export of goods	which|それ|pronoun|the thing that	upon|に対して|preposition|on top of	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried in a process known as malting	is different|異なる|verb|be unlike or dissimilar	on account of|のために|preposition|because of	a supposed difference of|違い|noun|the state of being unlike or dissimilar	quality|品質|noun|the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind; the degree of excellence of something
In these particular branches of the excise, there is not, I apprehend, much more smuggling in the one country than in the other.	物品税のこれらの特定の分野では、私の理解では、一方の国で他方の国よりも密輸がはるかに多いということはない。	excise|物品税|noun|a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a particular commodity	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a particular person, thing, or group	branch|分野|noun|a subdivision of a main body	apprehend|理解する|verb|to understand or perceive	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
The duties upon the distillery, and the greater part of the duties of customs, in proportion to the numbers of people in the respective countries, produce less in Scotland than in England, not only on account of the smaller consumption of the taxed commodities, but of the much greater facility of smuggling.	蒸留酒に対する税金、および関税の大部分は、それぞれの国の人口に比例して、課税対象商品の消費量が少ないだけでなく、密輸がはるかに容易なため、スコットランドではイングランドよりも少ない収入を生み出している。	distillery|蒸留酒|noun|a place where spirits are distilled	duty|税金|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	customs|関税|noun|a tax on the import or export of goods	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	respective|それぞれの|adjective|belonging or relating separately to each of two or more people or things	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	account|ため|noun|a statement of the financial transactions over a period of time	smaller|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	commodity|商品|noun|a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods
In Ireland, the inferior ranks of people are still poorer than in Scotland, and many parts of the country are almost as thinly inhabited.	アイルランドでは、下層階級の人々はスコットランドよりもさらに貧しく、国の多くの地域はほとんど同じように過疎である。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	inferior|下層|adjective|of lower status or quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	still|さらに|adverb|even more; to a greater extent	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little money or few possessions	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in northern Europe	many|多くの|adjective|a large number of	part|地域|noun|a piece of something	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	thinly|過疎|adverb|in a sparse or scanty manner	inhabit|住む|verb|live in or occupy
In Ireland, therefore, the consumption of the taxed commodities might, in proportion to the number of the people, be still less than in Scotland, and the facility of smuggling nearly the same.	したがって、アイルランドでは、課税対象商品の消費量は、人口に比例してスコットランドよりもさらに少なく、密輸のしやすさはほぼ同じである。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	therefore|したがって|adverb|for that reason; consequently	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	facility|しやすさ|noun|something that makes an action or process easier	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people
In America and the West Indies, the white people, even of the lowest rank, are in much better circumstances than those of the same rank in England; and their consumption of all the luxuries in which they usually indulge themselves, is probably much greater.	アメリカと西インド諸島では、最下層の白人でさえ、イギリスの同じ階級の白人よりもはるかに良い状況にある。そして、彼らが通常ふけるすべての贅沢品の消費は、おそらくはるかに大きい。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	white|白人|noun|a person with light-colored skin	even|でさえ|adverb|to a greater extent than usual	lowest|最下層|adjective|of the least importance or value	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action	luxury|贅沢品|noun|an inessential, desirable item that is expensive or difficult to obtain	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	indulge|ふける|verb|allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell
The blacks, indeed, who make the greater part of the inhabitants, both of the southern colonies upon the continent and of the West India islands, as they are in a state of slavery, are, no doubt, in a worse condition than the poorest people either in Scotland or Ireland.	確かに、大陸の南部植民地と西インド諸島の両方の住民の大部分を占める黒人は、奴隷状態にあるため、スコットランドやアイルランドの最も貧しい人々よりも悪い状態にあることは間違いない。	make|占める|verb|form or constitute	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	inhabitants|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	both|両方|conjunction|used to link two alternatives	southern colonies|南部植民地|noun|the colonies in the south	continent|大陸|noun|a large landmass on Earth	West India islands|西インド諸島|noun|the islands in the West Indies	state of slavery|奴隷状態|noun|the condition of being a slave	worse condition|悪い状態|noun|a state of being that is not as good as it could be	poorest people|最も貧しい人々|noun|the people who have the least money	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to link two alternatives
We must not, however, upon that account, imagine that they are worse fed, or that their consumption of articles which might be subjected to moderate duties, is less than that even of the lower ranks of people in England.	しかし、その理由で、彼らの食事がより悪いとか、適度な関税の対象となる品物の消費量が、イギリスの下層階級の人々の消費量よりも少ないと考えるべきではない。	must not|いけない|auxiliary verb|be not allowed to	imagine|想像する|verb|form a mental image of something	worse|より悪い|adjective|of poorer quality or lower standard	fed|食事|noun|the action of eating	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	article|品物|noun|a particular item	subjected to|対象となる|verb|be exposed to or affected by	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	less|少ない|adjective|a smaller amount of	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively
In order that they may work well, it is the interest of their master that they should be fed well, and kept in good heart, in the same manner as it is his interest that his working cattle should be so.	彼らがよく働くためには、彼らがよく食べ、元気でいられるようにすることが主人の利益であり、それは彼の働く牛がそうであるべきことが彼の利益であるのと同じである。	in order that|ために|conjunction|with the intention that; so that	work well|よく働く|verb|perform well	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	master|主人|noun|a person who has control over another person	feed well|よく食べさせる|verb|provide with food	keep in good heart|元気でいられるようにする|verb|maintain in a good condition	in the same manner as|同じように|adverb|in the same way that	working cattle|働く牛|noun|cattle that are used for work	be so|そうである|verb|be like that
The blacks, accordingly, have almost everywhere their allowance of rum, and of molasses or spruce-beer, in the same manner as the white servants;	したがって、黒人はほとんどどこでも、白人の召使と同じように、ラム酒や糖蜜、またはスプルースのビールを支給されている。	black|黒人|noun|a person with dark skin	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result	almost everywhere|ほとんどどこでも|adverb|in almost all places	allowance|支給|noun|a sum of money that is given to someone regularly	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented molasses	molasses|糖蜜|noun|a thick, dark, sticky liquid obtained as a byproduct of the refining of sugar	spruce|スプルース|noun|an evergreen coniferous tree	beer|ビール|noun|an alcoholic drink made from fermented grain	white|白人|noun|a person with light-colored skin	servant|召使|noun|a person who performs duties for others, especially a person employed in a house on domestic duties
and this allowance would not probably be withdrawn, though those articles should be subjected to moderate duties.	そして、これらの品物が適度な関税の対象になったとしても、この手当はおそらく撤回されることはないだろう。	allowance|手当|noun|a sum of money paid regularly to a person, usually to help them pay for the things that they need	withdraw|撤回する|verb|take back or away	article|品物|noun|a particular item or object	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods
The consumption of the taxed commodities, therefore, in proportion to the number of inhabitants, would probably be as great in America and the West Indies as in any part of the British empire.	したがって、課税対象商品の消費量は、住民数に比例して、おそらくアメリカや西インド諸島では大英帝国のどの地域でも同じくらい大きいだろう。	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that when one changes, the other changes in a similar manner	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea	British empire|大英帝国|noun|the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom
The opportunities of smuggling, indeed, would be much greater;	密輸の機会は、確かに、はるかに大きいだろう。	opportunity|機会|noun|a chance to do something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods or people	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	much|はるかに|adverb|to a great extent or degree
America, in proportion to the extent of the country, being much more thinly inhabited than either Scotland or Ireland.	アメリカは、国土の広さに比べて、スコットランドやアイルランドよりもはるかに人口密度が低い。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	in proportion to|に比べて|preposition|in a quantity that is the same as or similar to another quantity	extent|広さ|noun|the area covered by something	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of western Europe
If the revenue, however, which is at present raised by the different duties upon malt and malt liquors, were to be levied by a single duty upon malt, the opportunity of smuggling in the most important branch of the excise would be almost entirely taken away;	しかし、現在麦芽と麦芽酒に課せられている異なる関税によって徴収されている収入が、麦芽に課せられる単一の関税によって徴収されるならば、消費税の最も重要な部門における密輸の機会は、ほとんど完全に奪われるだろう。	revenue|収入|noun|income	raise|徴収される|verb|collect or levy	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	malt|麦芽|noun|germinated cereal grain that has been dried	liquor|麦芽酒|noun|an alcoholic drink	single|単一|adjective|only one	excise|消費税|noun|a tax on the sale or manufacture of goods	opportunity|機会|noun|a chance to do something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal transportation of goods	almost|ほとんど|adverb|very nearly	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely
and if the duties of customs, instead of being imposed upon almost all the different articles of importation, were confined to a few of the most general use and consumption, and if the levying of those duties were subjected to the excise laws, the opportunity of smuggling, though not so entirely taken away, would be very much diminished.	そして、関税が、ほとんどすべての異なる輸入品に課せられるのではなく、最も一般的に使用され消費される少数の品目に限定され、それらの関税の徴収が消費税法に従うならば、密輸の機会は、完全に奪われるわけではないが、非常に減少するだろう。	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported or exported goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	instead of|～の代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	impose|課する|verb|to put or set (something) in place or into effect	almost all|ほとんどすべて|determiner|nearly all	different|異なる|adjective|not the same	article|品目|noun|a particular item	importation|輸入|noun|the action of bringing something into a country from abroad	confine|限定する|verb|to keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits	a few|少数|determiner|a small number of	most|最も|determiner|to the greatest extent	general|一般的|adjective|affecting or concerning all or most people, places, or things	use|使用|noun|the action of using something	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	if|もし|conjunction|on the condition or supposition that; in the event that	levying|徴収|noun|the imposing and collecting of a tax, fee, or fine	subject|従う|verb|to cause to experience or undergo	opportunity|機会|noun|a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something	smuggling|密輸|noun|the illegal movement of goods or people across a border or other boundary	though|しかし|conjunction|despite the fact that; although	not so|それほど～ない|adverb|to a lesser extent	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	take away|奪う|verb|to remove or withdraw something	would be|だろう|auxiliary verb|used to express a strong intention, wish, or determination	very much|非常に|adverb|to a great extent; very
In consequence of those two apparently very simple and easy alterations, the duties of customs and excise might probably produce a revenue as great, in proportion to the consumption of the most thinly inhabited province, as they do at present, in proportion to that of the most populous.	これら二つの明らかに非常に単純で簡単な変更の結果として、関税と消費税は、おそらく、最も人口密度の低い州の消費に比例して、現在最も人口の多い州の消費に比例して得ているのと同じくらい大きな収入を生み出すだろう。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something	two|二つ|noun|the number 2	apparently|明らかに|adverb|as far as one knows or can see	simple|単純な|adjective|easy to understand or do	easy|簡単な|adjective|able to be achieved without great effort	alteration|変更|noun|the action or process of altering something	duty|関税|noun|a tax on imported goods	customs|税関|noun|the authority or procedure by which a government or international organization inspects and regulates goods imported and exported by a country	excise|消費税|noun|a tax levied on certain goods and services produced or sold within a country	produce|生み出す|verb|make or create	revenue|収入|noun|income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature	proportion|比例|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	consumption|消費|noun|the using up of a resource	province|州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	populous|人口の多い|adjective|having a large population

The Americans, it has been said, indeed, have no gold or silver money, the interior commerce of the country being carried on by a paper currency;	アメリカ人は、確かに、金貨や銀貨を持たず、国内の商業は紙幣によって行われていると言われる。	American|アメリカ人|noun|a citizen of the United States	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; in fact	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	interior|国内|adjective|inside; inner	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes
and the gold and silver, which occasionally come among them, being all sent to Great Britain, in return for the commodities which they receive from us.	そして、時折彼らのもとに入る金や銀は、すべてイギリスに送られ、彼らが我々から受け取る商品と引き換えにされる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	occasionally|時折|adverb|now and then; at times	come among|入る|verb|be included in	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	in return for|引き換えに|preposition|in exchange for	commodity|商品|noun|a good or service that can be bought and sold
But without gold and silver, it is added, there is no possibility of paying taxes.	しかし、金や銀がなければ、税金を支払う可能性はない、と付け加えられる。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	add|付け加える|verb|say or write something further	possibility|可能性|noun|the state or fact of being possible	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
We already get all the gold and silver which they have.	我々はすでに彼らが持っている金や銀をすべて手に入れている。	get|手に入れる|verb|come into possession of	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
How is it possible to draw from them what they have not?	彼らが持っていないものを彼らから引き出すことは、いかにして可能だろうか?	draw|引き出す|verb|pull or move something out of a place	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold

The present scarcity of gold and silver money in America, is not the effect of the poverty of that country, or of the inability of the people there to purchase those metals.	アメリカにおける金銀貨の現在の不足は、その国の貧困や、人々がそれらの金属を購入できないことによるものではない。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	present|現在の|adjective|existing or occurring now	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	inability|できないこと|noun|the state of being unable to do something	purchase|購入|verb|buy	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, copper, and gold)
In a country where the wages of labour are so much higher, and the price of provisions so much lower than in England, the greater part of the people must surely have wherewithal to purchase a greater quantity, if it were either necessary or convenient for them to do so.	労働賃金がイギリスよりもはるかに高く、食料品の価格がはるかに低い国では、人々の大部分は、もし必要であるか、あるいはそうすることが便利であれば、より多くの量を購入する資金を必ず持っているに違いない。	wage|賃金|noun|a fixed regular payment made by an employer to an employee	labour|労働|noun|work, especially hard physical work	higher|より高い|adjective|of greater vertical extent	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something	provision|食料品|noun|the action of providing or supplying something	lower|より低い|adjective|of lesser vertical extent	England|イギリス|noun|a country in Europe	greater|より多い|adjective|to a higher degree or extent	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	surely|確かに|adverb|with certainty; definitely	have|持っている|verb|possess, own, or hold	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement	necessary|必要である|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	convenient|便利である|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
The scarcity of those metals, therefore, must be the effect of choice, and not of necessity.	したがって、これらの金属の不足は、必然的なものではなく、選択の結果であるに違いない。	scarcity|不足|noun|the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage	metal|金属|noun|any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured	choice|選択|noun|the act of choosing or selecting	necessity|必然性|noun|the quality or state of being necessary, unavoidable, or inevitable

It is for transacting either domestic or foreign business, that gold or silver money is either necessary or convenient.	金貨や銀貨が必要であるか、あるいは便利なのは、国内または海外の取引を行うためである。	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the home	foreign|海外の|adjective|of or relating to a country other than one's own	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	gold|金貨|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	silver|銀貨|noun|a precious metal of high economic value	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	necessary|必要である|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	convenient|便利である|adjective|involving little trouble or effort

The domestic business of every country, it has been shewn in the second book of this Inquiry, may, at least in peaceable times, be transacted by means of a paper currency, with nearly the same degree of conveniency as by gold and silver money.	本書の第二巻で示したように、あらゆる国の国内取引は、少なくとも平和な時代には、金貨や銀貨とほぼ同じ程度の利便性で紙幣によって行われうる。	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the home	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	every country|あらゆる国|noun|all countries	second book|第二巻|noun|the second volume of a book	this Inquiry|本書|noun|this book	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	peaceable|平和な|adjective|inclined or disposed to peace	be transacted|行われる|verb|be carried out or accomplished	means|手段|noun|a method, style, or manner of doing something	paper currency|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|almost	same degree|同じ程度|noun|the same extent or amount	conveniency|利便性|noun|the quality of being convenient	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
It is convenient for the Americans, who could always employ with profit, in the improvement of their lands, a greater stock than they can easily get, to save as much as possible the expense of so costly an instrument of commerce as gold and silver;	金や銀のような高価な商業手段の費用をできるだけ節約することは、土地の改良に、容易に得られるよりも多くの資本を常に利益をもって投入できるアメリカ人にとって都合がよい。	It is convenient for|にとって都合がよい|verb|be useful or helpful to	American|アメリカ人|noun|a citizen of the United States	land|土地|noun|the solid surface of the earth	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain	employ|投入する|verb|use	costly|高価な|adjective|having a high price	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
and rather to employ that part of their surplus produce which would be necessary for purchasing those metals, in purchasing the instruments of trade, the materials of clothing, several parts of household furniture, and the iron work necessary for building and extending their settlements and plantations;	そして、むしろ、これらの金属を購入するのに必要な余剰生産物の一部を、貿易の道具、衣料品の材料、家庭用家具のいくつかの部分、そして居住地や農園の建設と拡張に必要な鉄工品を購入するのに使う方が都合がよい。	employ|使う|verb|use	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	purchase|購入|verb|buy	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel)	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	clothing|衣料品|noun|items worn to cover the body	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	household|家庭|noun|a family living together in one dwelling	part|部分|noun|a piece or segment of something such as an object, area, or period of time	iron|鉄|noun|a strong, hard magnetic silvery-gray metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel	work|仕事|noun|an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose of result	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	building|建物|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	extension|拡張|noun|the action of extending something or the state of being extended	settlement|居住地|noun|an official agreement or decision that ends a dispute or conflict	plantation|農園|noun|a large farm, especially in a tropical or subtropical country, on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are grown
in purchasing not dead stock, but active and productive stock.	死んだ資本ではなく、活動的で生産的な資本を購入する方が都合がよい。	dead stock|死んだ資本|noun|capital that is not being used	active|活動的な|adjective|characterized by energetic action or movement	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or capable of producing
The colony governments find it for their interest to supply the people with such a quantity of paper money as is fully sufficient, and generally more than sufficient, for transacting their domestic business.	植民地政府は、国内取引を行うのに十分な量の紙幣を国民に供給することが、自分たちの利益になると考えている。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	find|考える|verb|discover or notice	interest|利益|noun|money paid for the use of money	supply|供給する|verb|provide or furnish with	people|国民|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	quantity|量|noun|how much there is of something	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	fully sufficient|十分な|adjective|as much or as good as required	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	more than|以上|adjective|to a greater extent than	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise
Some of those governments, that of Pennsylvania, particularly, derive a revenue from lending this paper money to their subjects, at an interest of so much per cent.	これらの政府のいくつか、特にペンシルバニア州政府は、この紙幣を国民に何パーセントかの利子で貸し付けることで収入を得ている。	some of|いくつかの|determiner|an unspecified number or amount of	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of North America	derive|得る|verb|obtain something from a specified source	revenue|収入|noun|income	lend|貸し付ける|verb|give someone money that you expect them to pay back	paper money|紙幣|noun|money made of paper	subject|国民|noun|a person who lives in a country, state, etc., and is subject to its laws	interest|利子|noun|money paid regularly at a particular rate for the use of money lent, or for delaying the repayment of a debt
Others, like that of Massachusetts Bay, advance, upon extraordinary emergencies, a paper money of this kind for defraying the public expense;	マサチューセッツ湾のような他の州では、特別な緊急事態に際して、公費を賄うためにこの種の紙幣を発行する。	Massachusetts Bay|マサチューセッツ湾|noun|a bay of the Atlantic Ocean in Massachusetts	advance|発行する|verb|to give or lend money	extraordinary emergency|特別な緊急事態|noun|a situation that is very unusual and serious and that must be dealt with immediately	public expense|公費|noun|money that is spent by the government or by a public organization
and afterwards, when it suits the conveniency of the colony, redeem it at the depreciated value to which it gradually falls.	そしてその後、植民地の都合に合うときに、徐々に下落した減価した価値で償還する。	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	suit|合う|verb|be appropriate or satisfactory for	conveniency|都合|noun|the quality of being convenient	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	redeem|償還する|verb|buy back	depreciated value|減価した価値|noun|the value of an asset after deducting any loss in value	gradually|徐々に|adverb|slowly or by degrees
In 1747, {See Hutchinson’s History of Massachusetts Bay vol.	1747年には、{ハッチンソンのマサチューセッツ湾史第2巻を参照。	1747|1747年|noun|a year in the Gregorian calendar	Hutchinson|ハッチンソン|noun|a surname	History of Massachusetts Bay|マサチューセッツ湾史|noun|a book by Thomas Hutchinson	vol.|第2巻|noun|volume
ii. page 436 et seq.} that colony paid in this manner the greater part of its public debts, with the tenth part of the money for which its bills had been granted.	436頁以降}この植民地は、この方法で公的債務の大部分を、その紙幣が発行された金額の10分の1で支払った。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	public debt|公的債務|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	tenth|10分の1|noun|one of ten equal parts	money|金額|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes
It suits the conveniency of the planters, to save the expense of employing gold and silver money in their domestic transactions;	植民地の農園主にとって、国内取引に金銀貨幣を使う費用を節約することは都合がよい。	suit|都合がよい|verb|be convenient or favorable for	conveniency|都合|noun|the quality of being convenient	planter|農園主|noun|a person who owns or operates a plantation	domestic|国内|adjective|of or relating to the home	transaction|取引|noun|an instance of buying or selling something
and it suits the conveniency of the colony governments, to supply them with a medium, which, though attended with some very considerable disadvantages, enables them to save that expense.	そして、植民地政府にとっても、かなりの不利益を伴うとはいえ、その費用を節約できる媒体を提供することは都合がよい。	suit|都合がよい|verb|be convenient or favorable for	conveniency|都合|noun|the quality of being convenient	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	supply|提供する|verb|make available for use; provide	medium|媒体|noun|a means of effecting or conveying something	attend|伴う|verb|be present at	disadvantage|不利益|noun|an unfavorable circumstance or condition that reduces the chances of success or effectiveness	enable|できる|verb|make possible	save|節約する|verb|spend less money
The redundancy of paper money necessarily banishes gold and silver from the domestic transactions of the colonies, for the same reason that it has banished those metals from the greater part of the domestic transactions in Scotland; and in both countries, it is not the poverty, but the enterprizing and projecting spirit of the people, their desire of employing all the stock which they can get, as active and productive stock, which has occasioned this redundancy of paper money.	紙幣の過剰は、スコットランドの国内取引の大部分から金銀を排除したのと同じ理由で、必然的に植民地の国内取引から金銀を排除する。そして、両国において、この紙幣の過剰を引き起こしたのは、貧困ではなく、人々の進取の気性と投機心、手に入れられるすべての資本を活動的で生産的な資本として利用したいという欲望である。	redundancy|過剰|noun|the state of being redundant	paper money|紙幣|noun|money in the form of banknotes	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result	banish|排除する|verb|expel from a country or place	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	domestic transaction|国内取引|noun|a transaction that takes place within a country	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	both|両方の|determiner|the two	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	enterprizing|進取の気性に富んだ|adjective|willing to do new things or take risks	projecting|投機的な|adjective|involving a high risk of loss	spirit|気性|noun|a person's character or attitude	desire|欲望|noun|a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen	employ|利用する|verb|use	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	active|活動的な|adjective|doing or involving a lot of things	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities

In the exterior commerce which the different colonies carry on with Great Britain, gold and silver are more or less employed, exactly in proportion as they are more or less necessary.	さまざまな植民地がイギリスと行っている対外貿易では、金と銀は、必要性に応じて多かれ少なかれ使用されている。	exterior commerce|対外貿易|noun|trade between two or more countries	carry on|行う|verb|continue doing something	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	more or less|多かれ少なかれ|adverb|to some extent; in some degree	employed|使用されている|verb|use	exactly|応じて|adverb|in a precise manner	proportion|割合|noun|a part or share in relation to the whole	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite
Where those metals are not necessary, they seldom appear.	これらの金属が必要でないところでは、めったに現れない。	where|～するところでは|conjunction|in the place that	necessary|必要|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	seldom|めったに～ない|adverb|not often; rarely
Where they are necessary, they are generally found.	必要とされるところでは、たいてい見つかるものである。	where|必要とされるところでは|adverb|in the place that	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	generally|たいてい|adverb|in most cases; usually	find|見つかるものである|verb|discover or notice

In the commerce between Great Britain and the tobacco colonies, the British goods are generally advanced to the colonists at a pretty long credit, and are afterwards paid for in tobacco, rated at a certain price.	イギリスとタバコ植民地の間の貿易では、イギリスの商品は一般にかなり長期の信用で入植者に前払いされ、その後、一定の価格で評価されたタバコで支払われる。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant widely cultivated for its leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people or language	generally|一般に|adverb|in most cases; usually	pretty|かなり|adverb|very or extremely	long|長期の|adjective|having a great distance or duration	credit|信用|noun|the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future	afterwards|その後|adverb|at a later time; subsequently	certain|一定の|adjective|having a fixed and definite value	price|価格|noun|the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something
It is more convenient for the colonists to pay in tobacco than in gold and silver.	入植者にとって、金や銀で支払うよりもタバコで支払う方が便利である。	colonist|入植者|noun|a person who settles in a new colony	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	pay|支払う|verb|give money that you owe in exchange for a service or goods	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
It would be more convenient for any merchant to pay for the goods which his correspondents had sold to him, in some other sort of goods which he might happen to deal in, than in money.	どんな商人にとっても、取引先が売った商品の代金を、お金ではなく、たまたま扱っている他の種類の商品で支払う方が便利だろう。	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over in exchange for money	money|お金|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	convenient|便利|adjective|involving little trouble or effort
Such a merchant would have no occasion to keep any part of his stock by him unemployed, and in ready money, for answering occasional demands.	そのような商人は、時折の要求に応えるために、自分の株の一部を遊ばせて現金で保有しておく必要がないだろう。	such|そのような|adjective|of the type previously mentioned	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	have no occasion to|必要がないだろう|verb|not have a reason to	keep|保有する|verb|have or retain possession of	part|一部|noun|a piece or portion of something	stock|株|noun|a supply of goods or materials	unemployed|遊ばせて|adjective|not having a job	ready money|現金|noun|money that is available immediately	answering|応える|verb|respond to a question or request	occasional|時折の|adjective|happening or done infrequently and irregularly
He could have, at all times, a larger quantity of goods in his shop or warehouse, and he could deal to a greater extent.	彼はいつでも自分の店や倉庫に大量の商品を保管することができ、より大規模に取引することができた。	at all times|いつでも|adverb|on every occasion; always	larger quantity|大量|noun|a greater amount	goods|商品|noun|an article of trade	shop|店|noun|a place where goods or services are sold	warehouse|倉庫|noun|a large building where raw materials or manufactured goods may be stored prior to their distribution for sale	greater extent|より大規模|noun|a larger size or amount
But it seldom happens to be convenient for all the correspondents of a merchant to receive payment for the goods which they sell to him, in goods of some other kind which he happens to deal in.	しかし、商人のすべての取引先にとって、彼がたまたま扱っている他の種類の商品で、彼に売った商品の代金を受け取ることが便利になることはめったにない。	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	sell|売る|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money	payment|代金|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	goods|商品|noun|an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale	deal in|扱う|verb|trade in; buy and sell
The British merchants who trade to Virginia and Maryland, happen to be a particular set of correspondents, to whom it is more convenient to receive payment for the goods which they sell to those colonies in tobacco, than in gold and silver.	バージニアとメリーランドに貿易するイギリスの商人は、たまたま、金や銀よりもタバコでこれらの植民地に売る商品の支払いを受けるのが便利な、特定の取引先の集団である。	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	British|イギリス|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	happen to be|たまたま〜である|verb|to occur by chance	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	correspondent|取引先|noun|a person who writes letters	convenient|便利な|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
They expect to make a profit by the sale of the tobacco;	彼らはタバコの販売で利益を上げようと期待している。	expect|期待する|verb|regard something as likely to happen	make a profit|利益を上げる|verb|gain money
they could make none by that of the gold and silver.	彼らは金や銀の販売では利益を上げることができなかった。	make|上げる|verb|produce or create	none|利益|noun|not any; not one	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
Gold and silver, therefore, very seldom appear in the commerce between Great Britain and the tobacco colonies.	したがって、金や銀は、イギリスとタバコ植民地の間の貿易にほとんど現れない。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	very seldom|ほとんどない|adverb|not often; rarely	appear|現れる|verb|come into sight; become visible	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
Maryland and Virginia have as little occasion for those metals in their foreign, as in their domestic commerce.	メリーランドとバージニアは、国内の商業においても、海外の商業においても、これらの金属を必要とする機会がほとんどない。	Maryland|メリーランド|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	Virginia|バージニア|noun|a U.S. state on the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States	have as little occasion|ほとんど必要としない|verb|have little need for	those metals|これらの金属|noun|the metals mentioned previously	foreign|海外の|adjective|of or relating to a country or language other than one's own	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to a country's internal affairs or its own citizens	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
They are said, accordingly, to have less gold and silver money than any other colonies in America.	したがって、彼らはアメリカの他のどの植民地よりも金銀の貨幣が少ないと言われている。	accordingly|したがって|adverb|as a result; consequently	less|より少ない|adjective|not as much or as many	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America
They are reckoned, however, as thriving, and consequently as rich, as any of their neighbours.	しかし、彼らは近隣のどの植民地にも劣らず繁栄し、結果として豊かであると見なされている。	reckon|見なす|verb|consider or regard in a specified way	thrive|繁栄する|verb|flourish or prosper	consequently|結果として|adverb|as a result; therefore	rich|豊か|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets

In the northern colonies, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, the four governments of New England, etc.	北部の植民地、ペンシルバニア、ニューヨーク、ニュージャージー、ニューイングランドの四つの政府などでは、	northern|北部の|adjective|of or relating to the north	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Pennsylvania|ペンシルバニア|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	New York|ニューヨーク|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	New Jersey|ニュージャージー|noun|a state in the northeastern United States	New England|ニューイングランド|noun|a region of the northeastern United States	four|四つの|adjective|being one more than three	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	etc.|など|abbreviation|et cetera
the value of their own produce which they export to Great Britain is not equal to that of the manufactures which they import for their own use, and for that of some of the other colonies, to which they are the carriers.	彼らがイギリスに輸出する自国産品の価値は、彼らが自国用に輸入する製品の価値や、彼らが運搬者である他の植民地の一部のために輸入する製品の価値に等しくない。	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	produce|産品|noun|agricultural and other primary products	export|輸出する|verb|send (goods or services) to another country for sale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	import|輸入する|verb|bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale	manufacture|製品|noun|a thing or things produced in a factory	use|用|noun|the action of using something or the state of being used	carrier|運搬者|noun|a person or thing that carries something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
A balance, therefore, must be paid to the mother-country in gold and silver and this balance they generally find.	したがって、差額は金銀で母国に支払わなければならず、この差額は通常彼らが見つけ出す。	balance|差額|noun|the amount of money that remains in an account after all the debits and credits have been balanced	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice something

In the sugar colonies, the value of the produce annually exported to Great Britain is much greater than that of all the goods imported from thence.	砂糖植民地では、毎年イギリスに輸出される産品の価値は、そこから輸入されるすべての商品の価値よりもはるかに大きい。	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	export|輸出する|verb|send or take goods or services to another country for sale	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	thence|そこから|adverb|from that place	import|輸入する|verb|bring in goods or services from another country for sale
If the sugar and rum annually sent to the mother-country were paid for in those colonies, Great Britain would be obliged to send out, every year, a very large balance in money;	もし、毎年母国に送られる砂糖とラム酒がこれらの植民地で支払われるならば、イギリスは毎年非常に大きな差額を送金しなければならないだろう。	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	mother-country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	pay for|支払われる|verb|give money in exchange for	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	be obliged to|しなければならない|verb|be required to	send out|送金する|verb|send something to a destination	balance|差額|noun|the amount of money that remains after deducting all costs and expenses from the income
and the trade to the West Indies would, by a certain species of politicians, be considered as extremely disadvantageous.	そして、西インド諸島との貿易は、ある種の政治家によって、非常に不利であると見なされるだろう。	West Indies|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	politician|政治家|noun|a person who is involved in politics	consider|見なす|verb|think of as being; regard as
But it so happens, that many of the principal proprietors of the sugar plantations reside in Great Britain.	しかし、砂糖農園の主な所有者の多くがイギリスに住んでいるという状況になっている。	happen|起こる|verb|take place; occur	many|多く|adjective|a large number of	principal|主な|adjective|most important; main	proprietor|所有者|noun|the owner of a business	reside|住む|verb|live in a particular place	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
Their rents are remitted to them in sugar and rum, the produce of their estates.	彼らの地代は、彼らの農園の産物である砂糖とラム酒で支払われる。	rent|地代|noun|a payment made by a tenant to a landlord	remit|支払われる|verb|send (money) in payment or as a gift	sugar|砂糖|noun|a sweet crystalline substance obtained from various plants	rum|ラム酒|noun|an alcoholic liquor made from fermented molasses or juice of the sugar cane	produce|産物|noun|something that is produced, especially by agriculture
The sugar and rum which the West India merchants purchase in those colonies upon their own account, are not equal in value to the goods which they annually sell there.	西インド諸島の商人がこれらの植民地で自らの勘定で購入する砂糖とラム酒は、彼らが毎年そこで販売する商品の価値とは等しくない。	West India|西インド諸島|noun|the islands of the Caribbean Sea	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods	purchase|購入する|verb|buy	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	account|勘定|noun|a record of financial transactions	equal|等しい|adjective|the same in quantity, size, value, or status	annually|毎年|adverb|once a year	sell|販売する|verb|give or hand over (something) in exchange for money
A balance, therefore, must necessarily be paid to them in gold and silver, and this balance, too, is generally found.	したがって、差額は必然的に金と銀で支払われなければならず、この差額も一般的に存在する。	balance|差額|noun|the amount of money that remains in an account after all the debits and credits have been balanced	necessarily|必然的に|adverb|as a necessary result; inevitably	pay|支払う|verb|give money that is owed or due	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	too|また|adverb|in addition; also; as well	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually

The difficulty and irregularity of payment from the different colonies to Great Britain, have not been at all in proportion to the greatness or smallness of the balances which were respectively due from them.	さまざまな植民地からイギリスへの支払いの困難さと不規則性は、それぞれが支払うべき残高の大小とはまったく比例していなかった。	difficulty|困難さ|noun|the state or condition of being difficult	irregularity|不規則性|noun|the state or quality of being irregular	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	greatness|大きさ|noun|the quality of being great	smallness|小ささ|noun|the quality of being small	balance|残高|noun|the amount of money that remains in a bank account	due|支払うべき|adjective|owed or payable	respectively|それぞれ|adverb|separately or individually and in the order already mentioned
Payments have, in general, been more regular from the northern than from the tobacco colonies, though the former have generally paid a pretty large balance in money, while the latter have either paid no balance, or a much smaller one.	支払いは、一般的に、タバコ植民地よりも北部からの方が定期的だったが、前者は一般的にかなり大きな残高を支払い、後者は残高を支払わないか、はるかに小さい残高を支払った。	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	in general|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	regular|定期的|adjective|happening or done frequently and at evenly spaced intervals	northern|北部|adjective|of or relating to the north	tobacco|タバコ|noun|a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being smoked or chewed	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	generally|一般的に|adverb|usually; normally; on the whole	pretty|かなり|adverb|to a moderately high degree	large|大きい|adjective|of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity	balance|残高|noun|the amount of money that you have in your bank account	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	either|どちらか|conjunction|used to indicate a choice between two or more possibilities	much|ずっと|adverb|to a great extent; a lot	smaller|より小さい|adjective|of a size that is less than average or usual
The difficulty of getting payment from our different sugar colonies has been greater or less in proportion, not so much to the extent of the balances respectively due from them, as to the quantity of uncultivated land which they contained;	私たちのさまざまな砂糖植民地から支払いを得ることの難しさは、それらが含む未開墾地の量ほど、それぞれが支払うべき残高の範囲に比例して大きくも小さくもなかった。	difficulty|難しさ|noun|the state or quality of being difficult	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	sugar colony|砂糖植民地|noun|a colony that produces sugar	extent|範囲|noun|the area covered by something	balance|残高|noun|the amount of money that remains in a bank account	due|支払うべき|adjective|owed or payable	uncultivated land|未開墾地|noun|land that has not been prepared for growing crops	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of something
that is, to the greater or smaller temptation which the planters have been under of over-trading, or of undertaking the settlement and plantation of greater quantities of waste land than suited the extent of their capitals.	つまり、プランテーション経営者が過剰取引をしたり、資本の規模に適した量よりも多くの荒地の開拓や植林を行ったりすることへの誘惑が大きかったり小さかったりすることである。	that is|つまり|adverb|in other words	planter|プランテーション経営者|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	under|下で|preposition|below or beneath	over-trading|過剰取引|noun|trading beyond one's means	undertaking|行うこと|noun|a task or project	settlement|開拓|noun|the action of settling	plantation|植林|noun|a large farm on which crops such as cotton, tobacco, or sugar are grown
The returns from the great island of Jamaica, where there is still much uncultivated land, have, upon this account, been, in general, more irregular and uncertain than those from the smaller islands of Barbadoes, Antigua, and St. Christopher’s, which have, for these many years, been completely cultivated, and have, upon that account, afforded less field for the speculations of the planter.	このため、未開墾地がまだ多く残るジャマイカ島からの収益は、長年完全に開墾され、そのためにプランテーション経営者の投機の余地が少ないバルバドス、アンティグア、セントクリストファーなどの小さな島々からの収益よりも、一般的に不規則で不確実なものとなっている。	great island|大島|noun|a large island	Jamaica|ジャマイカ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	uncultivated land|未開墾地|noun|land that has not been prepared for growing crops	return|収益|noun|the amount of money that a company or organization makes in a particular period of time	Barbadoes|バルバドス|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	Antigua|アンティグア|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	St. Christopher's|セントクリストファー|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	smaller island|小島|noun|a small island	many years|長年|noun|a long period of time	completely|完全に|adverb|in a complete manner	cultivated|開墾された|adjective|prepared for growing crops	planter|プランテーション経営者|noun|a person who owns or manages a plantation	speculation|投機|noun|the act of buying or selling something in the hope of making a profit without having any real knowledge of the value of what is being bought or sold
The new acquisitions of Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent’s, and Dominica, have opened a new field for speculations of this kind;	グレナダ、トバゴ、セントビンセント、ドミニカの新しい買収は、この種の投機のための新しい分野を開いた。	acquisition|買収|noun|the act of acquiring something	Grenada|グレナダ|noun|an island country in the Caribbean Sea	Tobago|トバゴ|noun|an island in the Caribbean Sea	St. Vincent's|セントビンセント|noun|an island in the Caribbean Sea	Dominica|ドミニカ|noun|an island in the Caribbean Sea	open|開く|verb|to make or become accessible	field|分野|noun|an area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture	speculation|投機|noun|the act of speculating	kind|種|noun|a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic
and the returns front those islands have of late been as irregular and uncertain as those from the great island of Jamaica.	そして、これらの島々からの収益は、最近ではジャマイカ島からの収益と同じように不規則で不確実なものとなっている。	return|収益|noun|the money that a company or organization makes	front|前|noun|the part of something that faces forward	island|島|noun|a piece of land surrounded by water	late|最近|adverb|recently	irregular|不規則な|adjective|not regular	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not certain

It is not, therefore, the poverty of the colonies which occasions, in the greater part of them, the present scarcity of gold and silver money.	したがって、植民地の大部分で金銀貨が不足しているのは、植民地の貧困が原因ではない。	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	occasion|原因|noun|something that happens or is done	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	scarcity|不足|noun|a lack of something
Their great demand for active and productive stock makes it convenient for them to have as little dead stock as possible, and disposes them, upon that account, to content themselves with a cheaper, though less commodious instrument of commerce, than gold and silver.	彼らの活動的で生産的な資本に対する大きな需要は、彼らにとってできるだけ不生産的な資本を少なくすることが都合よく、そのために彼らは金や銀よりも安価で、しかしあまり便利ではない商業手段で満足するようにしている。	great demand|大きな需要|noun|a lot of people wanting something	active|活動的な|adjective|doing something or moving	productive|生産的な|adjective|producing or able to produce large amounts of goods, crops, or other commodities	stock|資本|noun|the goods or money that a business has	little|少し|adjective|small in size, amount, or degree	dead|不生産的な|adjective|no longer having life	convenient|都合のよい|adjective|involving little trouble or effort	as little as possible|できるだけ少なく|adverb|to the smallest extent or degree possible	dispose|処分する|verb|get rid of	upon that account|そのために|adverb|for that reason	content|満足する|verb|be happy with	cheaper|安価な|adjective|low in price or cost	less commodious|あまり便利ではない|adjective|not having enough space	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement	commerce|商業|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services
They are thereby enabled to convert the value of that gold and silver into the instruments of trade, into the materials of clothing, into household furniture, and into the iron work necessary for building and extending their settlements and plantations.	それによって、彼らはその金銀の価値を貿易の道具、衣料品の材料、家庭用家具、そして彼らの居住地や農園の建設と拡張に必要な鉄製品に変えることができる。	thereby|それによって|adverb|as a result of that; consequently	convert|変える|verb|change from one form or use to another	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement, especially one for delicate or scientific work	trade|貿易|noun|the action of buying and selling goods and services	clothing|衣料品|noun|items worn to cover the body	material|材料|noun|the matter from which a thing is or can be made	furniture|家具|noun|the movable, generally functional, articles that equip a room, house etc	household|家庭|noun|a group of people living together in one dwelling	iron|鉄|noun|a strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal	work|製品|noun|a thing or things done or made	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	building|建設|noun|a structure with a roof and walls, such as a house or factory	extending|拡張|verb|make or become larger or more extensive
In those branches of business which cannot be transacted without gold and silver money, it appears, that they can always find the necessary quantity of those metals;	金銀貨なしでは取引できない業種では、彼らは常に必要な量の金銀を入手できるようだ。	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	money|貨幣|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	branch|業種|noun|a subdivision of a main group	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	metal|金属|noun|a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity	find|入手する|verb|discover or notice	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
and if they frequently do not find it, their failure is generally the effect, not of their necessary poverty, but of their unnecessary and excessive enterprise.	そして、もし彼らがそれを頻繁に見つけられないならば、彼らの失敗は一般的に彼らの必然的な貧困ではなく、彼らの不必要で過剰な事業の結果である。	find|見つける|verb|discover or notice	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	failure|失敗|noun|lack of success	generally|一般的に|adverb|in most cases; usually	effect|結果|noun|a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	necessary|必然的な|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present; needed	poverty|貧困|noun|the state of being extremely poor	unnecessary|不必要な|adjective|not needed or required	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual, normal, or necessary	enterprise|事業|noun|a business or company
It is not because they are poor that their payments are irregular and uncertain, but because they are too eager to become excessively rich.	彼らの支払いが不規則で不確実なのは彼らが貧しいからではなく、彼らが過度に金持ちになることを熱望しているからである。	because|から|conjunction|for the reason that	poor|貧しい|adjective|having little or no money, goods, or other means of support	payment|支払い|noun|the action or process of paying someone or something	irregular|不規則な|adjective|not regular; not following a regular pattern	uncertain|不確実な|adjective|not certain; not definitely known or decided	eager|熱望している|adjective|strongly wanting to do or have something	excessively|過度に|adverb|to a greater degree or extent than is usual or desirable	rich|金持ち|adjective|having a great deal of money or assets
Though all that part of the produce of the colony taxes, which was over and above what was necessary for defraying the expense of their own civil and military establishments, were to be remitted to Great Britain in gold and silver, the colonies have abundantly wherewithal to purchase the requisite quantity of those metals.	植民地税の収入のうち、自国の文民および軍事施設の費用を賄うのに必要な額を超える部分はすべて金銀で英国に送金されることになっていたが、植民地にはこれらの金属を必要量購入する資金が豊富にある。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	produce|収入|noun|the amount of money that a person or organization receives	over and above|を超える|adjective|in addition to	necessary|必要な|adjective|being essential, indispensable, or requisite	defray|賄う|verb|provide money to pay for	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	civil|文民|adjective|of or relating to the state or its citizens	military|軍事|adjective|of or relating to the armed forces	establishment|施設|noun|a business organization or public institution	remit|送金する|verb|send money in payment or as a gift	Great Britain|英国|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	abundantly|豊富に|adverb|in large quantities; plentifully	wherewithal|資金|noun|the money or other resources needed for a particular purpose	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying for	requisite|必要|adjective|required or necessary	quantity|量|noun|the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing
They would in this case be obliged, indeed, to exchange a part of their surplus produce, with which they now purchase active and productive stock, for dead stock.	この場合、彼らは確かに、現在活発で生産的な株を購入している余剰生産物の一部を、死んだ株と交換する義務を負うことになる。	in this case|この場合|adverb|in the situation that is being discussed	be obliged|義務を負う|verb|be required to do something	indeed|確かに|adverb|truly; really; certainly	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	active|活発|adjective|doing or involving a lot of things	productive|生産的|adjective|producing a lot of something	stock|株|noun|a share of the value of a company which can be bought, sold, or traded as an investment	dead|死んだ|adjective|no longer alive
In transacting their domestic business, they would be obliged to employ a costly, instead of a cheap instrument of commerce;	彼らは国内取引において、安価な商業手段の代わりに高価な手段を採用せざるを得なくなるだろう。	transact|行う|verb|carry out or conduct	domestic|国内の|adjective|of or relating to the home	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	employ|採用する|verb|use or engage the services of	costly|高価な|adjective|of high price or value	instead of|代わりに|preposition|as an alternative to	cheap|安価な|adjective|low in price or value	instrument|手段|noun|a tool or implement
and the expense of purchasing this costly instrument might damp somewhat the vivacity and ardour of their excessive enterprise in the improvement of land.	そして、この高価な道具を購入する費用は、土地の改良における彼らの過剰な事業の活気と熱意を多少挫くかもしれない。	purchase|購入する|verb|acquire by paying money	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	costly|高価な|adjective|of high price or value	instrument|道具|noun|a tool or implement	damp|挫く|verb|make less intense or vigorous	vivacity|活気|noun|the quality of being lively or energetic	ardour|熱意|noun|a strong feeling of enthusiasm and eagerness	excessive|過剰な|adjective|more than is usual or proper	enterprise|事業|noun|a business or company	improvement|改良|noun|the action of improving something
It might not, however, be necessary to remit any part of the American revenue in gold and silver.	しかし、アメリカの収入の一部を金銀で送金する必要はないかもしれない。	might|かもしれない|auxiliary verb|expressing possibility or probability	not|ない|auxiliary verb|expressing negation	be necessary|必要である|verb|be required or essential	remit|送金する|verb|send money in payment	any part|一部|noun|a portion of something	American|アメリカの|adjective|of or relating to the United States of America	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal
It might be remitted in bills drawn upon, and accepted by, particular merchants or companies in Great Britain, to whom a part of the surplus produce of America had been consigned, who would pay into the treasury the American revenue in money, after having themselves received the value of it in goods;	アメリカの余剰生産物の一部が委託されたイギリスの特定の商人や会社に引き落とされ、受け入れられた手形で送金され、その商人や会社は、その価値を商品で受け取った後、アメリカの収入を金銭で国庫に支払うことになる。	remit|送金する|verb|send money, especially by post	bill|手形|noun|a written order to pay a stated sum from one person to another	draw upon|引き落とす|verb|use as a source	accept|受け入れる|verb|receive willingly	particular|特定の|adjective|of or relating to a single person, thing, or group	merchant|商人|noun|a person who buys and sells goods in large quantities	company|会社|noun|a business organization	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	surplus|余剰|noun|an amount that is more than what is needed	produce|生産物|noun|something that is produced	part|一部|noun|a piece of something	consign|委託する|verb|entrust to the care of another	treasury|国庫|noun|the place where a government or organization keeps its money	revenue|収入|noun|income	money|金銭|noun|a current medium of exchange in the form of coins and banknotes	value|価値|noun|the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something	good|商品|noun|a thing that is produced and sold
and the whole business might frequently be transacted without exporting a single ounce of gold or silver from America.	そして、この取引はすべて、アメリカから金や銀を1オンスも輸出することなく行われることが多かった。	business|取引|noun|a commercial or industrial enterprise	frequently|しばしば|adverb|often; many times	be transacted|行われる|verb|be carried out or accomplished	ounce|オンス|noun|a unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound	gold|金|noun|a yellow precious metal	silver|銀|noun|a white precious metal	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America

It is not contrary to justice, that both Ireland and America should contribute towards the discharge of the public debt of Great Britain.	アイルランドとアメリカの両国がイギリスの公債の返済に貢献することは、正義に反することではない。	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	America|アメリカ|noun|a country in North America	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	discharge|返済|noun|the act of paying off a debt	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in order to help achieve or improve something
That debt has been contracted in support of the government established by the Revolution; a government to which the protestants of Ireland owe, not only the whole authority which they at present enjoy in their own country, but every security which they possess for their liberty, their property, and their religion;	その負債は、革命によって成立した政府を支援するために契約されたものであり、アイルランドのプロテスタントは、現在自国で享受しているすべての権限だけでなく、自由、財産、宗教のために所有するすべての安全保障をその政府に負っている。	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	support|支援|noun|the action of helping someone by sharing work or providing money, or the state of being helped	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	Revolution|革命|noun|a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in north-western Europe occupying the greater part of the island of Ireland	protestant|プロテスタント|noun|a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation	owe|負っている|verb|have a debt or obligation	authority|権限|noun|the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions collectively	religion|宗教|noun|the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods
a government to which several of the colonies of America owe their present charters, and consequently their present constitution;	アメリカの植民地のいくつかが現在の憲章、そして結果的に現在の憲法に負っている政府である。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	owe|負っている|verb|have a debt to	charter|憲章|noun|a document granting rights or privileges	constitution|憲法|noun|the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it
and to which all the colonies of America owe the liberty, security, and property, which they have ever since enjoyed.	そして、アメリカのすべての植民地が、それ以来享受してきた自由、安全、財産を負っている政府である。	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	owe|負っている|verb|have or feel a duty or obligation to do something	liberty|自由|noun|the state of being free from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views	security|安全|noun|the state of being free from danger or threat	property|財産|noun|a thing or things belonging to someone; possessions belonging to a person or group	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in
That public debt has been contracted in the defence, not of Great Britain alone, but of all the different provinces of the empire.	その公債は、イギリスだけのためではなく、帝国のすべての異なる属州を守るために契約されたものである。	public debt|公債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler or government
The immense debt contracted in the late war in particular, and a great part of that contracted in the war before, were both properly contracted in defence of America.	特に前回の戦争で契約された莫大な負債と、その前の戦争で契約された負債の大部分は、どちらもアメリカを守るために適切に契約されたものだった。	immense|莫大な|adjective|extremely large or great	debt|負債|noun|something that is owed or due	contract|契約する|verb|make or enter into a legally binding agreement	late|前回の|adjective|happening or done after the usual or expected time	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	before|前の|preposition|earlier than; in front of	America|アメリカ|noun|the United States of America

By a union with Great Britain, Ireland would gain, besides the freedom of trade, other advantages much more important, and which would much more than compensate any increase of taxes that might accompany that union.	イギリスとの連合によって、アイルランドは貿易の自由に加えて、はるかに重要な他の利点を得ることができ、それは連合に伴う税金の増加を補って余りあるものである。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	freedom|自由|noun|the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	advantage|利点|noun|a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position	compensate|補う|verb|make up for	increase|増加|noun|the action or fact of becoming or making greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree	tax|税金|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
By the union with England, the middling and inferior ranks of people in Scotland gained a complete deliverance from the power of an aristocracy, which had always before oppressed them.	イングランドとの連合によって、スコットランドの中流階級と下層階級の人々は、それまで常に彼らを抑圧していた貴族の権力から完全に解放された。	England|イングランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	union|連合|noun|the state of being joined or connected	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a division of the United Kingdom	middling|中流階級|adjective|of average or moderate quality	inferior|下層階級|adjective|of low quality	rank|階級|noun|a position in a social hierarchy	aristocracy|貴族|noun|the highest social class in some societies	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act	deliverance|解放|noun|the action of being rescued or set free	oppress|抑圧する|verb|keep down by unjust use of force or authority
By a union with Great Britain, the greater part of people of all ranks in Ireland would gain an equally complete deliverance from a much more oppressive aristocracy;	イギリスとの連合によって、アイルランドのあらゆる階級の人々の大部分は、はるかに抑圧的な貴族から同様に完全な解放を得るだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	people|人々|noun|human beings in general or considered collectively	all ranks|あらゆる階級|noun|all social classes	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	equally|同様に|adverb|in the same manner	complete|完全な|adjective|having all the necessary or appropriate parts	deliverance|解放|noun|the action of being rescued or set free	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	aristocracy|貴族|noun|the highest social class in some countries
an aristocracy not founded, like that of Scotland, in the natural and respectable distinctions of birth and fortune, but in the most odious of all distinctions, those of religious and political prejudices;	スコットランドのような、生まれや財産という自然で尊敬に値する区別ではなく、あらゆる区別の中で最も忌まわしい、宗教的・政治的偏見に基づく貴族制である。	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government or state ruled by an aristocracy	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	natural|自然な|adjective|existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind	respectable|尊敬に値する|adjective|worthy of respect	distinction|区別|noun|a difference or contrast between similar things or people	odious|忌まわしい|adjective|deserving strong dislike or hatred	prejudice|偏見|noun|an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge
distinctions which, more than any other, animate both the insolence of the oppressors, and the hatred and indignation of the oppressed, and which commonly render the inhabitants of the same country more hostile to one another than those of different countries ever are.	他の何よりも、抑圧者の横柄さと抑圧される者の憎しみと憤りの両方をかきたて、同じ国の住民を異なる国の住民よりも互いに敵対させる区別である。	distinction|区別|noun|the quality or state of being distinguishable	more than|よりも|preposition|to a greater extent than	other|他の|adjective|not the same as the one already mentioned	animate|かきたてる|verb|make lively or more interesting	insolence|横柄さ|noun|the quality of being rude and disrespectful	hatred|憎しみ|noun|a very strong feeling of dislike	indignation|憤り|noun|anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; in most cases	render|させる|verb|cause to be or become	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	hostile|敵対する|adjective|showing or feeling opposition or dislike	one another|互いに|pronoun|each other	different|異なる|adjective|not the same as each other or as another
Without a union with Great Britain, the inhabitants of Ireland are not likely, for many ages, to consider themselves as one people.	イギリスとの連合がなければ、アイルランドの住民は長い間、自分たちを一つの国の人々と考えることはないだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the west coast of Great Britain	inhabitant|住民|noun|a person who lives in a particular place	many ages|長い間|noun|a long period of time	one people|一つの国の人々|noun|a group of people who share a common culture, language, history, and often a common territory

No oppressive aristocracy has ever prevailed in the colonies.	植民地では抑圧的な貴族制が広まったことは一度もない。	oppressive|抑圧的な|adjective|unjustly harsh or severe	aristocracy|貴族制|noun|a government in which power is held by the nobility	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current
Even they, however, would, in point of happiness and tranquillity, gain considerably by a union with Great Britain.	しかし、彼らでさえ、幸福と平穏という点では、イギリスとの連合によってかなりの利益を得るだろう。	even|でさえ|adverb|to an extreme degree	they|彼ら|pronoun|the people previously mentioned	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	point|点|noun|a particular place, especially one with an established purpose	happiness|幸福|noun|the state of being happy	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being tranquil	gain|得る|verb|obtain or secure	considerably|かなり|adverb|to a large extent	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or the state of being united	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
It would, at least, deliver them from those rancourous and virulent factions which are inseparable from small democracies, and which have so frequently divided the affections of their people, and disturbed the tranquillity of their governments, in their form so nearly democratical.	少なくとも、小規模な民主主義とは切り離せない、そして、その形態がほぼ民主主義であるために、国民の愛情を分断し、政府の平穏を乱してきた、憎しみに満ちた悪意ある派閥から彼らを解放するだろう。	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	deliver|解放する|verb|set free; rescue	small|小規模な|adjective|little in size	democracy|民主主義|noun|a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state	inseparable|切り離せない|adjective|unable to be separated or treated separately	frequently|頻繁に|adverb|often; many times	divide|分断する|verb|separate into two or more parts	affection|愛情|noun|a feeling of liking and caring for someone or something	disturb|乱す|verb|interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of	tranquillity|平穏|noun|the quality or state of being calm and peaceful	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	form|形態|noun|the visible shape or configuration of something	nearly|ほぼ|adverb|very close to; almost	democratic|民主主義の|adjective|relating to or supporting democracy
In the case of a total separation from Great Britain, which, unless prevented by a union of this kind, seems very likely to take place, those factions would be ten times more virulent than ever.	イギリスから完全に分離した場合、この種の連合によって阻止されない限り、起こる可能性が非常に高いと思われるが、これらの派閥はこれまで以上に10倍も悪質になるだろう。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	total separation|完全な分離|noun|the state of being completely separated	take place|起こる|verb|happen	faction|派閥|noun|a group of people forming a cohesive minority within a larger group	ten times|10倍|noun|nine more than one	virulent|悪質な|adjective|extremely harmful or poisonous
Before the commencement of the present disturbances, the coercive power of the mother-country had always been able to restrain those factions from breaking out into any thing worse than gross brutality and insult.	現在の騒動が始まる前は、母国の強制力は常にこれらの派閥がひどい残虐行為や侮辱よりも悪いことを起こさないように抑制することができていた。	commencement|開始|noun|the beginning of something	present|現在の|adjective|existing or happening now	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	mother-country|母国|noun|the country of one's birth	coercive|強制的な|adjective|using force or threats	power|力|noun|the ability to do something or act in a particular way	restrain|抑制する|verb|hold back from doing something	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one	break out|起こる|verb|happen suddenly	gross|ひどい|adjective|very bad or serious	brutality|残虐行為|noun|savage physical or mental violence	insult|侮辱|noun|a disrespectful or scornfully abusive remark or action
If that coercive power were entirely taken away, they would probably soon break out into open violence and bloodshed.	もしその強制力が完全に取り去られたら、彼らはおそらくすぐに公然と暴力と流血を起こすだろう。	coercive power|強制力|noun|the power to force someone to do something	entirely|完全に|adverb|completely	take away|取り去る|verb|remove or carry away	break out|起こす|verb|start suddenly	open violence|公然と暴力|noun|violence that is not hidden or secret	bloodshed|流血|noun|the killing or wounding of people
In all great countries which are united under one uniform government, the spirit of party commonly prevails less in the remote provinces than in the centre of the empire.	一つの統一政府の下に統合されたすべての大国では、党派心は通常、帝国の中心部よりも辺境の地ではあまり広まっていない。	all|すべての|determiner|the whole quantity or extent of	great|大|adjective|of major significance or importance	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	one|一つの|determiner|the lowest cardinal number; half of two	uniform|統一|adjective|not varying; the same throughout	government|政府|noun|the group of people with authority to govern it	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character; the soul	party|党派|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence or control government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office	commonly|通常|adverb|usually; generally	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent; not so much	remote|辺境|adjective|far away in space or time	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	centre|中心|noun|the middle point of something
The distance of those provinces from the capital, from the principal seat of the great scramble of faction and ambition, makes them enter less into the views of any of the contending parties, and renders them more indifferent and impartial spectators of the conduct of all.	これらの地方が首都から、派閥と野心の大きな争いの主な場所から離れているため、彼らは争っているいずれの党派の見解にもあまり入り込まず、すべての党派の行動に対してより無関心で公平な観察者となっている。	distance|距離|noun|the space between two points	province|地方|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	capital|首都|noun|the city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region	seat|場所|noun|a place where someone or something is located	scramble|争い|noun|a situation in which many people are trying to get or do something	faction|派閥|noun|a small organized dissenting group within a larger one	ambition|野心|noun|a strong desire to achieve something	enter|入り込まない|verb|go or come in	view|見解|noun|a particular way of considering or regarding something; an attitude or opinion	party|党派|noun|a political organization that seeks to influence or control government policy, typically by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office	conduct|行動|noun|the manner in which a person behaves	indifferent|無関心な|adjective|having no particular interest in or feeling about something	impartial|公平な|adjective|treating all rivals or disputants equally; just or fair	spectator|観察者|noun|a person who watches at a show, game, or other event
The spirit of party prevails less in Scotland than in England.	党派心はイングランドよりもスコットランドであまり広まっていない。	spirit|精神|noun|the nonphysical part of a person that is the seat of emotions and character	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current	less|あまり|adverb|to a smaller extent; not so much	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom	England|イングランド|noun|a country that is part of the United Kingdom
In the case of a union, it would probably prevail less in Ireland than in Scotland; and the colonies would probably soon enjoy a degree of concord and unanimity, at present unknown in any part of the British empire.	連合の場合、それはおそらくスコットランドよりもアイルランドであまり広まっていないだろうし、植民地はおそらくすぐに、現在大英帝国のどの部分でも知られていない程度の調和と全会一致を享受するだろう。	in the case of|の場合|preposition|if	union|連合|noun|the act of uniting or joining two or more things together	prevail|広まる|verb|be widespread or current	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	Scotland|スコットランド|noun|a country in northern Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	enjoy|享受する|verb|take delight or pleasure in	degree|程度|noun|the amount, level, or extent to which something happens or is present	concord|調和|noun|a state of agreement or harmony	unanimity|全会一致|noun|the condition of being unanimous	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time	part|部分|noun|a piece of something	British empire|大英帝国|noun|the United Kingdom and the territories that were once under its control
Both Ireland and the colonies, indeed, would be subjected to heavier taxes than any which they at present pay.	確かに、アイルランドと植民地の両方が、現在支払っているどの税よりも重い税を課せられるだろう。	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things mentioned	Ireland|アイルランド|noun|a country in western Europe	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	indeed|確かに|adverb|really; truly; certainly	be subjected to|課せられる|verb|be forced to undergo or endure	heavier|重い|adjective|of great weight	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	at present|現在|adverb|now; at this time
In consequence, however, of a diligent and faithful application of the public revenue towards the discharge of the national debt, the greater part of those taxes might not be of long continuance, and the public revenue of Great Britain might soon be reduced to what was necessary for maintaining a moderate peace-establishment.	しかし、国債の返済に向けて公的収入を熱心に忠実に適用した結果、これらの税の大部分は長く続かず、イギリスの公的収入はすぐに適度な平和体制を維持するために必要な額に減額されるかもしれない。	consequence|結果|noun|the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring earlier	diligent|熱心な|adjective|showing care and effort in your work or duties	faithful|忠実な|adjective|loyal, constant, and steadfast	application|適用|noun|the act of putting something into operation	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government from taxation and other sources	discharge|返済|noun|the act of paying off a debt	national debt|国債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes	greater part|大部分|noun|the majority of something	long continuance|長く続く|noun|the act of continuing for a long time	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by the government from taxation and other sources	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	soon|すぐに|adverb|in a short time	reduce|減額される|verb|make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size	moderate|適度な|adjective|average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree	peace-establishment|平和体制|noun|a state of peace and order

The territorial acquisitions of the East India Company, the undoubted right of the Crown, that is, of the state and people of Great Britain, might be rendered another source of revenue, more abundant, perhaps, than all those already mentioned.	東インド会社の領土獲得は、王権、つまりイギリスの国と国民の疑いようのない権利であり、すでに述べたすべてのものよりも、おそらくもっと豊富な収入源になるかもしれない。	The East India Company|東インド会社|noun|a British trading company formed in 1600	territorial acquisition|領土獲得|noun|the acquisition of territory by a state	undoubted right|疑いようのない権利|noun|a right that is not in doubt	Crown|王権|noun|the power and authority of a king or queen	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	another source of revenue|収入源|noun|a source of income	more abundant|もっと豊富な|adjective|more plentiful	already mentioned|すでに述べた|verb|already said
Those countries are represented as more fertile, more extensive, and, in proportion to their extent, much richer and more populous than Great Britain.	これらの国々は、イギリスよりも肥沃で、広大で、その広さに比例して、はるかに豊かで人口が多いとされている。	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory	fertile|肥沃な|adjective|producing many offspring or much fruit or vegetation	extensive|広大な|adjective|covering a large area	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship in which one quantity is equal to a fraction of another	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe
In order to draw a great revenue from them, it would not probably be necessary to introduce any new system of taxation into countries which are already sufficiently, and more than sufficiently, taxed.	これらの国から多額の収入を得るためには、すでに十分に、あるいは十分すぎるほど課税されている国に、新たな課税制度を導入する必要はおそらくないだろう。	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	great|多額の|adjective|of major significance or importance	revenue|収入|noun|income	them|これらの国|pronoun|the countries	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	necessary|必要|adjective|required to be done, achieved, or present	introduce|導入する|verb|bring into use or operation	new|新たな|adjective|recently created or having come into existence only a short time ago	system|制度|noun|a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method	taxation|課税|noun|the action of taxing	country|国|noun|a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory
It might, perhaps, be more proper to lighten than to aggravate the burden of those unfortunate countries, and to endeavour to draw a revenue from them, not by imposing new taxes, but by preventing the embezzlement and misapplication of the greater part of those which they already pay.	おそらく、これらの不幸な国の負担を悪化させるよりも軽減し、新たな税を課すのではなく、すでに支払っている税の大部分の横領や不正使用を防ぐことで、収入を得るように努力する方が適切かもしれない。	burden|負担|noun|a heavy load	aggravate|悪化させる|verb|make worse	lighten|軽減する|verb|make lighter	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	draw|得る|verb|obtain	revenue|収入|noun|income	impose|課す|verb|force (something unwelcome) to be accepted or put in place	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	embezzlement|横領|noun|theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one's trust or belonging to one's employer	misapplication|不正使用|noun|the use of something in an inappropriate way

If it should be found impracticable for Great Britain to draw any considerable augmentation of revenue from any of the resources above mentioned, the only resource which can remain to her, is a diminution of her expense.	イギリスが上記の資源のいずれかから収入を大幅に増やすことが不可能であることが判明した場合、イギリスに残された唯一の資源は支出の削減である。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	impracticable|不可能|adjective|not feasible; not practicable	draw|得る|verb|get or receive	augmentation|増加|noun|the action or process of increasing	revenue|収入|noun|income	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	remain|残る|verb|be left after others have been removed	only|唯一|adjective|being the only one	resource|資源|noun|a source of supply or support	diminution|削減|noun|the action or process of making or becoming less	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
In the mode of collecting and in that of expending the public revenue, though in both there may be still room for improvement, Great Britain seems to be at least as economical as any of her neighbours.	公的収入の徴収方法と支出方法については、どちらも改善の余地があるかもしれないが、イギリスは少なくとも近隣諸国と同程度に経済的であるように思われる。	mode|方法|noun|a way or manner in which something is done or happens	collect|徴収する|verb|bring or gather together	public revenue|公的収入|noun|income received by a government	expend|支出する|verb|spend or use up	both|両方|determiner|the two people or things just mentioned	room for improvement|改善の余地|noun|the potential for improvement	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	at least|少なくとも|adverb|not less than; as much as	economical|経済的|adjective|providing good value in terms of money spent	neighbour|近隣諸国|noun|a person living near or next door to the speaker or person referred to
The military establishment which she maintains for her own defence in time of peace, is more moderate than that of any European state, which can pretend to rival her either in wealth or in power.	イギリスが平和時に自国防衛のために維持している軍事施設は、富や権力においてイギリスに匹敵するヨーロッパ諸国よりも穏健である。	military establishment|軍事施設|noun|the armed forces of a country	maintain|維持する|verb|keep in good condition	peace|平和|noun|a state of tranquility or quiet	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	moderate|穏健|adjective|not extreme or excessive	European state|ヨーロッパ諸国|noun|a country in Europe	wealth|富|noun|a great quantity of money or valuable possessions	power|権力|noun|the ability to do or act
None of these articles, therefore, seem to admit of any considerable reduction of expense.	したがって、これらの項目のいずれも、支出の大幅な削減を認めているようには見えない。	none of|いずれも|pronoun|not one of	these|これらの|determiner|the ones that are near or that are being indicated or experienced	article|項目|noun|a particular item or thing	seem|見えない|verb|appear to be	admit|認める|verb|to accept as true; to acknowledge	considerable|大幅な|adjective|large in amount or extent	reduction|削減|noun|the act of reducing something	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The expense of the peace-establishment of the colonies was, before the commencement of the present disturbances, very considerable, and is an expense which may, and, if no revenue can be drawn from them, ought certainly to be saved altogether.	植民地の平和維持費は、現在の騒動が始まる前は非常に高額であり、もし植民地から収入を得ることができなければ、間違いなくすべて節約できるはずの費用である。	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	peace-establishment|平和維持費|noun|the cost of maintaining peace	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	disturbance|騒動|noun|an interruption of a settled and peaceful condition	considerable|高額|adjective|large in amount or extent	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation or other sources	ought|できるはず|auxiliary verb|should	altogether|すべて|adverb|completely; totally
This constant expense in time of peace, though very great, is insignificant in comparison with what the defence of the colonies has cost us in time of war.	平和時のこの一定の支出は、非常に大きいとはいえ、戦時中の植民地防衛に要した費用と比べれば取るに足らないものである。	time of peace|平和時|noun|a period of time when there is no war	constant|一定の|adjective|non-varying	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	great|非常に大きい|adjective|of major significance or importance	insignificant|取るに足らない|adjective|of minor importance	comparison|比べれば|noun|the act of evaluating two things by determining the similarities and the differences between them	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	war|戦時中|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state
The last war, which was undertaken altogether on account of the colonies, cost Great Britain, it has already been observed, upwards of ninety millions.	すでに述べたように、もっぱら植民地のために行われた前回の戦争は、イギリスに九千万ポンド以上の費用がかかった。	last war|前回の戦争|noun|the most recent war	undertake|行う|verb|take on or assume	altogether|もっぱら|adverb|entirely	account of|のために|noun|a statement of the reasons for or causes of something	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	already|すでに|adverb|before or by now or the time in question	observe|述べる|verb|notice or perceive	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	ninety millions|九千万ポンド|noun|a very large number
The Spanish war of 1739 was principally undertaken on their account;	一七三九年のスペイン戦争は、主に植民地のために行われた。	Spanish war|スペイン戦争|noun|a war between Spain and another country	1739|一七三九年|noun|the year 1739	undertake|行われる|verb|to take on or begin to do something	account|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
in which, and in the French war that was the consequence of it, Great Britain, spent upwards of forty millions;	この戦争と、その結果として起こったフランスとの戦争で、イギリスは四千万ポンド以上を費やした。	in which|この戦争で|relative pronoun|in the war	French|フランス|adjective|of or relating to France or its people or language	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	upwards of|以上|preposition|more than	forty millions|四千万|noun|a very large number
a great part of which ought justly to be charged to the colonies.	その大部分は、当然植民地に負担させるべきである。	a great part of|大部分|noun|a large part of	ought|当然|auxiliary verb|should	to be charged to|負担させる|verb|to be made to pay for	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
In those two wars, the colonies cost Great Britain much more than double the sum which the national debt amounted to before the commencement of the first of them.	この二つの戦争で、植民地はイギリスに、最初の戦争が始まる前の国債総額の二倍以上の費用をかけさせた。	two|二つの|adjective|one more than one	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	cost|費用|noun|the price paid to acquire, produce, accomplish, or maintain something	commencement|始まり|noun|the beginning of something	national debt|国債|noun|the total amount of money that a government owes to its creditors	amount|総額|noun|the total of two or more quantities	double|二倍|adjective|twice as many or as much
Had it not been for those wars, that debt might, and probably would by this time, have been completely paid;	これらの戦争がなければ、この国債は、おそらく今頃は完全に返済されていただろう。	had it not been for|なければ|conditional phrase|if it were not for	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	debt|国債|noun|something, typically money, that is owed or due	probably|おそらく|adverb|almost certainly; as far as one knows or can tell	by this time|今頃|adverb|by now; by the present time	completely|完全に|adverb|totally; utterly; absolutely	pay|返済する|verb|give (someone) money that is owed or due
and had it not been for the colonies, the former of those wars might not, and the latter certainly would not, have been undertaken.	そして、植民地がなければ、前者の戦争は起こらなかったかもしれないし、後者の戦争は間違いなく起こらなかっただろう。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	former|前者|adjective|having previously filled a particular role or been a particular thing	latter|後者|adjective|denoting the second or second mentioned of two people or things	certainly|間違いなく|adverb|without doubt; definitely	undertake|起こる|verb|take on a task or job
It was because the colonies were supposed to be provinces of the British Empire, that this expense was laid out upon them.	植民地がイギリス帝国の属州であると考えられていたために、この費用が植民地にかけられたのである。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	British Empire|イギリス帝国|noun|the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	lay out|かける|verb|spend money
But countries which contribute neither revenue nor military force towards the support of the empire, cannot be considered as provinces.	しかし、帝国の維持に収入も軍事力も貢献しない国は、属州とはみなせない。	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	revenue|収入|noun|income from taxation	military force|軍事力|noun|the armed forces of a country	support|維持|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or other resources	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire
They may, perhaps, be considered as appendages, as a sort of splendid and shewy equipage of the empire.	おそらく、それらは付属物、帝国の一種の壮麗で派手な装備品とみなされるかもしれない。	appendage|付属物|noun|something that is added to something else	splendid|壮麗な|adjective|magnificent; very impressive	shewy|派手な|adjective|showy; attracting attention	equipage|装備品|noun|equipment; the set of articles or tools used for a particular purpose
But if the empire can no longer support the expense of keeping up this equipage, it ought certainly to lay it down;	しかし、帝国がもはやこの装備を維持する費用を支えることができなくなったら、間違いなくそれを手放すべきである。	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	no longer|もはや|adverb|not anymore	support|支える|verb|give assistance to, especially financially	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	keep up|維持する|verb|maintain at a certain level	equipage|装備|noun|the equipment and supplies for a particular activity	lay down|手放す|verb|to give up or renounce something
and if it cannot raise its revenue in proportion to its expense, it ought at least to accommodate its expense to its revenue.	そして、もし帝国がその支出に比例して収入を増やすことができないなら、少なくともその支出を収入に合わせるべきである。	raise|増やす|verb|increase in size, amount, or degree	revenue|収入|noun|income	proportion|比例|noun|a relationship between quantities such that one is a constant multiple of the other	expense|支出|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	accommodate|合わせる|verb|provide with something needed	ought|べきである|auxiliary verb|should
If the colonies, notwithstanding their refusal to submit to British taxes, are still to be considered as provinces of the British empire, their defence, in some future war, may cost Great Britain as great an expense as it ever has done in any former war.	もし植民地が、イギリスの税に従うことを拒否したにもかかわらず、依然として大英帝国の属州とみなされるなら、将来の戦争で、その防衛には、イギリスが過去の戦争で費やしたほどの費用がかかるかもしれない。	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	notwithstanding|にもかかわらず|preposition|in spite of	refusal|拒否|noun|an act of refusing	submit|従う|verb|to yield to the authority or control of another	British|イギリスの|adjective|of or relating to Great Britain or its people	tax|税|noun|a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions	still|依然として|adverb|even now or at a particular time in the past or future; yet	be considered|みなされる|verb|to think carefully about something	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	defence|防衛|noun|the action of defending from or resisting attack	future|将来|noun|the time that is still to come	war|戦争|noun|a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups within a nation or state	cost|かかる|verb|to require the payment of (a specified sum)	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something
The rulers of Great Britain have, for more than a century past, amused the people with the imagination that they possessed a great empire on the west side of the Atlantic.	イギリスの支配者たちは、一世紀以上も前から、大西洋の西側に大帝国を所有しているという想像力で人々を楽しませてきた。	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	for more than a century|一世紀以上も前から|noun phrase|for a period of more than a hundred years	amuse|楽しませる|verb|cause to laugh or smile	imagination|想像力|noun|the ability to form new images and ideas in the mind	possess|所有する|verb|have as belonging to one; own	great empire|大帝国|noun phrase|a large group of states or countries under a single supreme authority	west side|西側|noun phrase|the part of something that is towards the west	Atlantic|大西洋|noun|the second-largest of the world's oceans, with an area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres
This empire, however, has hitherto existed in imagination only.	しかし、この帝国はこれまでのところ想像の中にしか存在しなかった。	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	however|しかし|adverb|nevertheless; on the other hand	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up to this time	imagination|想像|noun|the ability to form new images and ideas in the mind
It has hitherto been, not an empire, but the project of an empire;	それはこれまでのところ、帝国ではなく、帝国の計画だった。	hitherto|これまでのところ|adverb|until now; up to this time	empire|帝国|noun|a group of countries or states under the control of one ruler	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something
not a gold mine, but the project of a gold mine;	金鉱ではなく、金鉱の計画だった。	gold mine|金鉱|noun|a mine where gold is extracted	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something
a project which has cost, which continues to cost, and which, if pursued in the same way as it has been hitherto, is likely to cost, immense expense, without being likely to bring any profit;	これまでに費用がかかり、今後も費用がかかり、これまでと同じように追求すれば、利益をもたらす可能性は低いが、莫大な費用がかかる可能性のあるプロジェクトである。	cost|費用がかかる|verb|require the payment of	continue|かかる|verb|keep doing something	pursue|追求する|verb|follow or chase after	hitherto|これまで|adverb|until now; up to this time	likely|可能性|adjective|probable; having a high probability	bring|もたらす|verb|cause to come or be taken to a place	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
for the effects of the monopoly of the colony trade, it has been shewn, are to the great body of the people, mere loss instead of profit.	植民地貿易の独占の影響は、国民の大多数にとって利益ではなく損失にすぎないことが示されている。	for|にとって|preposition|in order to achieve or obtain	effect|影響|noun|a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	monopoly|独占|noun|the exclusive supply of a good or service	colony|植民地|noun|a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country	trade|貿易|noun|the activity of buying and selling goods and services	people|国民|noun|the citizens of a country	profit|利益|noun|a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something
It is surely now time that our rulers should either realize this golden dream, in which they have been indulging themselves, perhaps, as well as the people;	我々の支配者たちが、おそらく国民と同様に、彼ら自身が耽溺してきたこの黄金の夢を実現するか、	ruler|支配者|noun|a person exercising government or dominion	realize|実現する|verb|achieve or accomplish something	golden dream|黄金の夢|noun|a dream of great happiness or success	indulge|耽溺する|verb|allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of	people|国民|noun|the inhabitants of a country or area
or that they should awake from it themselves, and endeavour to awaken the people.	あるいは、彼ら自身がその夢から覚めて、国民を目覚めさせようと努力するべき時が来たことは確かである。	awake|目覚める|verb|stop sleeping	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something
If the project cannot be completed, it ought to be given up.	もしその計画が完了できないなら、それは放棄されるべきである。	project|計画|noun|a plan or scheme to do something	complete|完了する|verb|finish; bring to an end	ought to|べきである|auxiliary verb|should; must	give up|放棄する|verb|stop doing something; abandon
If any of the provinces of the British empire cannot be made to contribute towards the support of the whole empire, it is surely time that Great Britain should free herself from the expense of defending those provinces in time of war, and of supporting any part of their civil or military establishment in time of peace;	もし大英帝国のどの属州も帝国全体の維持に貢献させることができなければ、イギリスが戦時中にそれらの属州を防衛し、平和時にそれらの属州の文民または軍事施設のいずれかの部分を支援する費用から解放されるべき時が来たことは確かである。	British empire|大英帝国|noun|the United Kingdom and the territories that it used to govern	province|属州|noun|a principal administrative division of a country or empire	contribute|貢献する|verb|give or supply in common with others	support|維持|noun|the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or other resources	Great Britain|イギリス|noun|an island in the North Atlantic off the north coast of continental Europe	free|解放する|verb|release from or as if from confinement, slavery, or oppression	expense|費用|noun|a cost incurred in making or doing something	defend|防衛する|verb|resist an attack made on (someone or something); protect from harm or danger	peace|平和|noun|a state or period of mutual concord with no fighting or war
and endeavour to accommodate her future views and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances.	そして、将来の見通しや計画を、その状況の真の平凡さに適応させるよう努力するべきである。	endeavour|努力する|verb|try hard to do or achieve something	accommodate|適応させる|verb|provide with a place to live or stay	future|将来|noun|the time that is still to come	view|見通し|noun|a way of thinking about something	design|計画|noun|a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made	circumstance|状況|noun|a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action